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1,000.000 


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IKDUSTRIAL  FACTS 


rti— ^ 


^ 


RECEIPTS, 
CALCULATIONS.&0. 

IN 

EVERY  BUSINESS 


500    ENGRAVINGS 


mMtmmmmmmtmommmtMommi 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 

NCSU  Libraries 


http://www.archive.org/details/universalassistaOOmoor 


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THE 

UNIVERSAL   ASSISTANT, 

AND 

COMPLETE  MECHANIC. 

coNTAim?ro  ovet 

ONE   MILLION   INDUSTRIAL  FACT* 

•ALCSlATIOIt.  lECCIPTS.  ^ROCEtlES.  TRADf  SieRITt,  IBIEI. 

IHSIRESS  FORMS.  LECAL  ITEMS.  ETC.,  IR  EVERT 

OCCBPATIOH.  FRIM  THE 

HOUSEHOLD  TO  THE  MANUFACTORT, 
BY   R.   MOORE. 


Illustrated  with  COO  Engraving*. 


X«t  «M  hay*  Facts,  rasl,  certain,    unmiatakable    Facta.  th«r«   e»m    ^ 
oo  Bctaaca  without  them."— ROBBRT  DICK. 


I  STANDARD    EXPORT    EDITION. 

PRICE.  IN  CLOTM  BINDING.  $3.00  ;  IN  LEATHER    LIBPARY  STYLE.  $4JM. 

NEW   YOMK  : 
J.  8.  OGILVIE,   PCBUSHRR, 

57  Roffe  Str«at. 


/fl25»*.  y  »%  AM.  _ 


Albany,  is  13  f.M. 


A-tlanta.  11  30  A.M. 


Augusta,  Ga..  n  39  a.m. 


Saltimore.  Md.,  la  oa  p.m 
Bangor.  Me.    w  33  P.M. 


Bath.  Me.,  12  39  PM. 
Boston,  Mass.,  12  24  PJt. 


Buffalo.  N.  v.,  II  53  A.M, 
CamVge.  Mass.,  1924  P.M. 


Charlest'n.  S.C,  11  43  A.M 
Chicago.  111.,  tx  17  A.M. 


Cincinnati.  0.,  xi  30  A.M. 
Cleveland,  O..  xi  41  A-.M. 


Columbia,  S.C.,  11  44 A.M 


Columbus.  O..  II  36  A.M. 


Danville,  Va..  11  50  A.M. 
Denver,  Col.,  10  08  A.M. 


Detroit.  Mich.,  1136A.M, 
Dubuque,  la.,  ii  05  a.m. 


Galveston.Tex.,  1049  A.M. 


Halifax,  N.  S.,  12  54  p.m. 


Hamihoo.   Ont..ii49  a.m. 


Jlannibal.  Mo.,  11  07  ..V.M. 


Hartford.  Ct..  12  17  P.M. 


Havana.  Cuba.  11  38  a.m. 


Houston,  Tex.,  10  44  a.m. 


Indian -.p's.  Ind.,  11 24  a.m. 


Jackscnv'e,  111.,  1107  a.m. 


Jeff'n  City, Mo.,  1059A.M. 
Kalama.  W.  T..  8  58  A.M. 


Kansaj;  City,  Mo.  10  49  a.m 


Knoxv'e,  Tenn.,  11 33  A.M 


l.a ramie.  W*y  T.,  10 12  A.M 


Ixiuis^-ille,  Ky.,  11  »6  A.M 


Lincoln,  Neb.,  10  41  A.M. 


little  Rock, Ale,  1059  A.M 


London,  Eng.,  5  08  p.m. 
liiaccn,  Ga..  11  37  A.M. 
Wcrap's.  Tenn..  11 08  a.m. 


TOR  MEASUREMENT  OF  TIME  iMoSaonTWrB.,  f* JTKW  1 
SEE  PAGE  773.  ^      iMontreal.  Caa..  ,2  .4  P'.>^^ 

Table  Showing  the  Time  ln;Nashv'eTenn.,ii2i  a.m. 
Various  Parts  of  the  World 
when  it  Is  Noon  at 
WASHINQTON,  D.  C. 


Meridian,  Miss.,  11  14  a.m. 
Mexico,  10  33  A-M. 


Miiwau'e,  Wis.,  11 16  a.m. 


Minneapolis,  10  55  A.M. 
Mobile,  Ala.,  11  iSa.m. 


COPYRIGHT, 


XI. 


Aa:ooxi.z2, 

1879,  ' 

ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED. 


N.  Haven,  Ct.,  ij  16  P.M.- 


N.  London,  Ci.,  12  215  p.m. 


New  York,  la  12  p.m. 


N.  Orleans,  La.,  11  08  a.m. 


Omaha,  Neb.,  10  44  a.m.'. 
Ottawa,  Can.,  12  05  p.m. 


Paducah.  Ky.,  11  16  a.m. 


Panama,  it  56  a.m. 


Paris,  France,  5  17  p.m. 
Pensacola,  Fla..  n  19  p.m. 
'Pbilada.,  Pa.,  12  07  p.m.. 
{Pittsborg,  Pa..  11  48  a.m. 
Port  Hope,  Can..  11  54  a.m. 
Pt.  Huron,Mch.,ii34A.M» 
PortlaaA,  Me.,  12  37  p..M.«t 
Portsm'th.  Va.,  12  03  p.m.i 
Provide'ce.  R.I.,  12  22  p.m- 
Quebec,  Can.,  12  23  p.m.-^ 
Quincy,  III..  11  07  A.f, 
Richmond,  Va.,  11  58  a..i«^ 
Rome,  Ga.,  ii  32  a.m. 
St.  John.  N.  B.,  12  44  pjx. 
St.  Johns.  N.  F.,  1  37  F.M. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo..  1050A.M.- 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  II  07  A.M.  I 

St.  Paul,  Minn.,  to  z6  a  m^ 

St.  Step'n,  N,B.,  12  39  a. .m. 

Salt  Lake  City,  9  40  a.m.  ^ 

Santa  Fe,  10  04  a.m. 

San  Francisco.  8.58  .\.m. 

Sault  St.  Marie,  ir.31  a.m. 

Savannah,  Ga.,  11  44  \.itj 

Selma,  Ala.,  11  20  a,m. 

Shreveport.  La.,  1057 a.m. 

Sioux  City,  la..  10  42  a.m. 

Terre  Haute,  11  i8  a.m. 

ToroQto,  Can.,  11  51  a.m.  • 
jViucennes,  Ind.  11  17  a.m» 

Vera  Crui,  10  43  a.m. 
jVicksb'g,  Misx,  11  05  a.m. 

W^^ung'I^  NC.»ti  jSZm". 


Active  Agents  fiAnished  with  permanent  and  profitable  eraploymeni 
every rt'here  selling  our  Publications.  New  Illustrated  Catalogue,  with  Con- 
tents of  the  Universal  Asslitant  and  Complete  9Ieclianl«, 
Terms,  etc.,  to  Agents,  sent  fre«  to  any  address. 

Ad<ire«5  J.  «.  OGILTIE,  5T  Rose  Street,  New  York. 


PREFACl. 


Thia  work  is  wsued  with  the  design  of  supplying  rerf 
importaot  omiasioDs  iu  the  author's  antecedent  writings  and 
coiupilatiotis.  His  most  fervid  acknowledguients  are  dua 
for  the  great  encourage  me  ut  accorded  to  his  previous  efforts, 
and  the  favorable  opinions  expressed  regarding  them.  Tha 
result  has  been  that,  stimulated  by  the  experience  of  th» 
past,  ho  has  in  the  present  work,  made  special  exertions  to 
present  an  immense  array  of  rare  and  most  valuable  infor- 
mation relating  to  Commerce  and  the  Industrial  Arts.  The 
vital  concerns  of  health,  home,  domestic  felicity,  and  other 
all-important  interests,  have  also  received  due  attention, 
and  to  make  the  information  more  compreliensive  and  com- 
plete, he  has  quoted  hirgely  from  his  previously  pubUshed 
■works,  wherever  he  judged  it  necessary  to  do  so.  These 
extracts  include  a  few  items  for  machinists  use,  and  tlio 
diagrams  for  saw-filing,  selected  from  the  "  Boston  Machin- 
ist" and  Bailey's  work  "  On  Saw-filing,"  by  permission  of 
the  pubhahers,  John  Wiley  &  Son,  of  New  York,   togetii* 


ft  FREFACE. 

with  a  few  extracts  from  the  '•  Watchmakers'  Manual,**  oy 
permission  of  the  Publishers,  Jesse  Haney  &  Co,  New  York^ 
In  addition  to  the  matter  above  alluded  to,  many  valuabl« 
tables  are  now  published  for  the  first  time,  together  with 
much  new  and  most  important  matter  specially  adapted  for 
the  use  of  commercial,  manufacturing,  and  mechanical  men 
in  both  hemispheres.  A  past  experience  of  many  years 
devoted  to  the  welcome  task  of  supplying  technical  informa* 
tion  to  business  men,  mechanics,  &c.,  has  qualified  th» 
author  to  judge  regarding  their  wants,  and  to  act  intelli* 
g?ntly  in  endeavoring  to  supply  them.  His  effort  has  been 
to  act  as  the  harbinger  of  mechanical  improvements  and 
general  progress,  and  he  can  say  without  ostentation,  that 
the  present  work  is  the  result  of  prolonged  and  continuous 
labor ;  the  best  authorities  have  been  consulted,  and  endea- 
vors have  been  made  to  make  it  plain ,  easily  understood, 
and  commensurate  with  the  exacting  requirements  of  thi« 
progi'eMive  tif*. 


COMPLETE  INDEX  OF 

Moore's  Universal  Assistant. 


Honsekeeping  Department. 


Apple  Sance '. .  27 

''      Molaoies i» 

Bread 10  to  14 

Biscuits aO-21-J2 

Bttkuii,'  powder 'il 

CT 

27 

30 


Beef 

Putter 

BUmc  mange 

Crackert 

Cake6 . .  . 

CoBtarda 

Creams 

Chickens 

Charlotte  de  roaae 

Citron 

Ducks 

Dnmpllngs 

FricaHec-a 25 

Fish 87 

Fruit   extracts 80 

Geese W 

Hash )& 

Honey ^..  80 

Ice  CTeun >S) 

Ices 28;  Wine' Jelly 

Jellies 5»'  Yeast 


Jams 80 

>',;fflr.f  %\ 

^  «-.•« 

!  09fr\es 30 

:  .r   Uooaekeepera 80 

lit* is-ao-a? 

Puddings a 

P-jdJing  sauces fA 

us Ji 

»7 

trv,  boiled as 

.y 21 

.   meats 27 

togetridof 84 

_'e,  setting >. 10 

s ,'. 84 

-      s     ;w ..;. 94-85 

27  '•  SSejuonings Jt. 84 

"    Silads „ '...  85 

Succotash at 


Sausage. . . 

Stews 

Tomatoes. 
Turkey . . . 
Tnrnlp<>. 


Formers'  Department. 


Axle  CTcase.   .  W 

Bk.*e-keeplng 01-74 

Birds,  food  for M 

BugH  on  plants SU 

Butter  M 

C'owK,  tri'iiiment  for fiO 

Cattle,        ••  " tW 

food  for O) 

Cheoj'e SI 

Eve  water  for  animals W 

Fertili/prs 44-45-U»-47-48-!M-58-rilt 

I-'ruit,  to  pask 49 

Food  for  animals ; 60 

Graftlii!? .  40 

liar,  ftrftw   equal  to 48 

•'    cost    of  67 

U  Dfses*  check  nan 87 

fmiiiiK 87-3S-n 

dia<:ruinM -It-fJ 

"         rawiu^f    and  training 31-^2 

••         liiiiiiients 3;1.W 

t-h-M-ing 84-43 

kicking - SO 

liniken   legs 36 

<lisen^'e8 m-^ 

medicines  and  treatments  in  case 

of  sickuesH 30-43-44 

"         to   t»une 43 

oils a3-3S 

"         ointments 3d 


^■28 
.  .  !« 
...  W 

...  .a 

■  10 


44 


Horses'  harness  galls 

epizootic .'.J 

"         points  of  A  good ."."1 

a>re 58-54 

Lime,  to  hum , W 

Moths,  to  destroy M 

Milk M 

Meat,  to  pickle M 

(minus H) 

Orchards,  tu  renew  old ftV.'iS 

OaL^ .'i9 

Potatoes 4»-r-» 

Ploughing 57 

Kulcrt   to  reckon  cost  of  article 5' 

IliUrt,  how  toilrlveont 5? 

Itubl>er,  HTtiflcisl 54 

Stump  oiucliiuc f50 

shct»p ol  ■•;■  0 

Salt fO 

Springs,  how  to  form..  M 

Seed,  rwiuircd  to  plant 67-';!l 

Threshing  l>y  ftesu? K-oO 

Tobatvo.  to'cnltiviMe 49 

T.inilps .  01 

Trapping  game RJ 

Tivec 4»-.*ia 

Veruiiu  on  unlniiJs 4» 

trees..   49  S« 

Vinegar . . .  51 

^S•heat M 


Lumber  Department 

Logs,  loading 


Carpentry.    British 86 

4'on*irni^"tion  of  roofs 96-100 

Logs,  fUUKr's  caniji 7i< 

'•     coct  of  supplies  for  cotter's  camp..  97 
•     cutting 78 


.  7T 

breaking  a  jam  af 78 

qualities  of TP-Sr 

spracc ..  N 

seasoftisg,  tvr«lv«  processus  <^         ^ 


Lumber  Deparrni'- 

■ ta 


tiuned. 


.li« 


'rtf'f.  ftrci  ruTiff 


■1   feet,       I 


"1  Ulii> 

Wooo 


;>atruuvK  re»Uieoc«or ke 

JKMU liS 

Hj>, 

•r     '-htOf tfej 

trom  cnuJdaj; 74 

1   water iO'ii 


•Biitlin^,  joists,  plank*, 

ct.  ,  tu  meftaurt- 

-.to  And  nnmber  retiuin 


..e  of. 


for 74 

-'InesBof  : 3J-! 

value  of b^' 

..-.h  of 101 

j-.a  of 8>lol 

rf  m  euength  of  by  aea- 

88 

•rse  ttrenglh  of iU 


Scientilic  Fact^ 


)  find  qiianiuy  rotyiired. 
for 

of 


.110 
.Vii 
.132 

.lao 
.Id) 

.129 
.134 


laoi 


H«»t  iilid  cclil   l-'i 

Implement,  decay  of iH 

Dyers'  and  Bleachers'  Department 


McnntaJn.*,  heighih  of..  119 

M'tals,  value  of !;« 

flight  of iX 

Meafurt-e,   varions iSA-iH-t^ 

of  length 12r-15S»-13a 

Strength,  tcnrile,  of  varioas  materulii. .  .131 

'•        rrn'hin^.  of  materials 131 

"jiis  per  acre UV 

- 11: 

ual l-T 

-::;•  :r. UU 

Water  Falls U9 


.  'JJine  colors,  to  render  f«oInbIe 141 

"         '■        new  mordant  for 142 

■  ator Hfi 

137-147 

;.roof 148 

.    :  i^enapon 14*5 

ili'k.  reviver    for 147 

Dvc.-,   v;.rioa; lSt-135-136-137-138 

139-1-10-141 
Feathers, 143-145 

Barbers'  Department. 


Flowers 145 

Fell  hilts,  to  dye,  stiifen  and  bleach (>3 

Furs,  to  clean 144 

to  dye : 14« 

"        motas 145 

^  lange  or  dye..  143- 144- 143 

^  14ij 

\\  14U-14« 

t<"> jjrv'. tiA  moths 145 

Washing  fluids 144 

.  153-154-155 


Medical  Department. 

186-187-lSs  •'  '■  r^     -y  pectoral,  Av 
plaister 


death. 


It- 


routh . 

-••fT. 


of. 


1  '.iiuuatlu 147-lS8-mto  i 

w'uf.s  cuake 1"i7 

Cod  !i'. er  oil 156 

CalfTucl  TegetableaubsiiUitefor 156 

C**t.,r  oTl 1 59 

Ch' i-ra    1S)-1M 

lae-ise-F'.    - 

V 

- .  'a?  dniggisti 

I   .1  .  T , :    : 

Onio^TiC  »««ur^ 155-156- r* 

■ia»      •      '    •     n •• M 


LV) 

1:10 

148-156-l«)-ia3-:C4 

1 ; IM-IM 

n 148-15d-lS9 

1C5 

.al  meningitia ISI 

IK 

r;e6S  from l>r 

.c  oxide  gas lf« 

r  cnrv .-, 1* 

,t W8 

«  ;i .Til] native 195 

Children,  discai^es  and  aifoa  of  in. .195 

to  an 

"        whooping   coQgfa 188 

diarrhoea 196 

colic 19« 

ferer 197-1 98-1 991801 

rk  kets IC'7 

scroftila lif~ 

CIS 1.9 

spiaams IV' 

bnia,  MlarcvaMt  •< ^...M 


«) 


lEedical  Departmeut 

thildren,  water  in  the  head 197-198 

"       mumps 198 

"       scairlet  faver 198 

'•       measals / SAX) 

"       typhoid  fe^-er 200 

typhus  fever 201 

Dentists' compositions  and  dcpt...  151-152 

Diphtheria,  remedy  for 149 

Drnukeuuees.  core  for l.'JO 

Druggists'  colors 159 

Drowning 187-188 

Deafness 189 

Diarrhoea 193 

Dropsv 19-2 

Diuretics 191-193 

Eeeential  oils,  to  extract 1S9 

Earache 18'J 

Essence 159 

Embalming,  new  method 163 

Female  complaints 161-102-163-183 

Felone 105 

Frozen  limbs 187 

Jumigntingpaper 189 

Fly  paper in9 

Freckle  cure ir-3 

Food,  power  of 137-179 

Fevers 103 

Glycerine  preparation 154 

Gonorrhoea,  cure  for 163 

Gout,  cure  for 104-180 

Headache,  remedy  for 113-165-194 

Hair  dyes,  itc,  etc 153-154-155 

Health,  and  how  to  keep  it 100-181 

India  cholagogue 156 

Injuries 180 

Jaundice 191 

Kidney  disease 161-172-180 

Lockjaw,  cure  for 153 

Lungs 148 

Liniments 150-104-165-189-190 

Menstruation 100-101 

Nitrate  of  silver 15^ 

Keuralgia,  remedy  for 148-194 

Oxygen  gas .' 188 

Ointments 149-190-191 

Otis 19.3 

Pain  killer 150-152 


-Continued. 

Fills 148-150- 

Pulmonic  wafers 

Powders 

Piles,  cures  and  ointment 

Plasters 

Roses,  oU  of 

Ra/ior  strop  pastte 

Rules  for  action 

Radway >  remedies 

Rheumatism 165-189- 

Rat  exterminator 

Root  beer 

Stammeriug 

Sweating  drops 

Spasms 

Shampooing lo:i- 

Shaving 

Shaving  soaps 

Small  pox  remedies 

Syrups 149-150-156-165-185-190 

Soothing  syrup 149' 

Salve 151-163- 

Suu5 

Smelling  salts 

Scidlitz  powders 

Scarlet  Fever Kis 

Spitting  of  blood 

Swellings 

Sleep 

Trichinae 

Troches,  Brown's  bronchial 

Teeth,  to  fill,  extract  and  clean 161- 

"       artificial 

Tapeworm 

Tinctures 

Tumors 

Vermifuges 150- 

Voice 

Washes ISO- 
Warts 159- 

Worm  lozenges 

Wine 

Waters,  vichy,  and  others 

ViHiooping  cough 104- 

Weak  back 

Wieus 


igs 

159 
159 
163 
19a 
153 
153 
147 
IM 
191 
100 
U*t 
Wi) 
159 
150 
1.55 
153 
153 
INS 
192 
•150 
-104 
IW 
100 

im 

■198 
ISO 
194 
195 
149 
150 
160 
15a 
195 
159 
190 
193 
195 
190 
105 
149 
156 
160 
196 
180 
194 


Grocers'  and  Confectioners'  Department. 


Alcohol,  percentage  sf  in  liquors 209 

Beer 221-224 

Bluing  218 

Blacking 216 

Bread 213 

Butter 20;r-214-.225 

Beef,  various  kinds  of 'Z22 

Baking  powder 202 

Bitters,  Stoughton 334 

Bitters,  various 227 

tigars 213 

Candied  lemon  peel 2('2 

Cider 220-221-2':7 

Candlae 204 

Coffee 212-213 

Cordial 223-227 

Colors,  various 224-230 

Candy,  vaxious ,280-231-382-238-334-235 

236-337-233-289 

Cream     :  821 

Catsup 314 

Dyes 224 

EggB 20S 


Ether,  vai'ions  kinds 

Tire  kindlers 

Flour 213- 

Flavoring  extracts 207-213 

Fruit,  preserving 207-309-217- 

Freezing  preparation 

Fish 

Fruit  butter 

Flavoring  extracts,  27  klnda  of 

Gincer  ale 


21 5-; 


Grocers,  hint  to 

Hams 

Honey 

Ice  chest 

Ice  cream 

Inks 

Jelly 

Kindlers 

Liquors 221-2S7-2Si) 

Lemonade 

Mustard 

Meats,  etc.,  to  preserve  and  cook 

218-210 


23, 
230 
-214 
-223 

■213 

23;^ 
•iii 

225 
798 
206 

•m? 

216 
239 
302 
230 
210 

2af 

210 

3S0 
2-i<? 

a  if 
2-r. 

3>» 


(3) 


Grocers'  and  Confectiouers' , Department.— Con tinu*d, 

Itlllt S14-219 

gead 223 
ucila^e 302 

Nectar  cream 223 

Oils 214 

Powders 219 

Percentage  in  Belling  goods 210-211 

Pickles 218-219 

Pop  roj;al 224 

Preserving 239 

Snnll 213 

Soda  wnter 233-234 

Soda  sjrups 223-227-228 

Soup 224 

Tanuers,  Curriers,  Boot,  Shoe  and  Rubber  Manufacturers,  Marble 
Workers'  and  Bookbinders'  Department. 

Barometers 232 

Blacking,  variona 240-241-340 

Builer  rinM 243 


Bangaree. 

Syrups,  various aSt-aSS^BaT 

Standi  polish .ai» 

Soap 208-901 

Sauces .217-219 

Tobacco 218 

Tallow. 904 

Tea 2ia 

Terrapin 224 

Vinegar 20S 

Weigiits  and  measures 2O.5-?OC.a08 

Wine 208-2a0-234-225-22« 

Wax,  various  kinds  of .,  ....21ft 


Bookbinders'  varnish 248 

"  sprinkles 248 

"  marbling 247-248 

"  giJdiii^j  249 

Cement 241 

Coloring 240 

Curriers'  size,  paste,  skirting 247 

Dyeing 245-247-230 

Glue,  to  make 249 

Harness  oil,  varnish,  etc 241 

Heel  balls 241 

Hose  Composition 242 

Horn  in  imitation  of  tortoise  shell . .  251-274 

Ivory,  etching  fluid  for 251 

"      working 251 

Japan  liquid  for  leather 241 


Leather  scraps,  to  utilize , 343 

Leathc  -  finish 245 

Marbling  books 247 

Marble,  to  cut,  polish,  cement  for,  to 

Btam,  ink  for,  to  gild,  etc.,  etc 858 

Packing  for  engines,  valves  etc 243 

Parchment,  to  make 249 

Fearl,  mother  of,  work 250-878 

"        working 250 

Rubber  goods 24©-248 

Sizing  for  boots  end  shoes 240 

Stains  for  leather 241 

Springs,  light  buffer 248 

Springs  and  washes 242-248 

Tannine,  various  methods  of..  243-244-245 

246 
Trappers'  and  anglers'  secret  for  game 

andflsh 258 

Varnishes,  various 240-241 

Vulcanite  or  ebonite ai2-343 


leather,  patent , 240 

Painters,  Cabinet-makers,  Gilders  Bronzerg'  and  Glass  Stainers* 
Department, 

Bronzing,  gold  powder  for 285 

directions  for 285-286 

China,  drilling 377 

Compound  colors 253 

Colorings 257-258-801 

Carriage  painting ^^'^ 

"       gilding 280 

"       bronzing 280 

Dyes  for  veneers 272-273 

Drying 633 

Engravings,  to  clean 200 

Etching 275 

Furniture,  to  polish,  ebonize,  etc...  291-292 

rillin?  compo.sition 267 

Gilt  frames,  reviver  for 292 

Glazing  colored  potters 297 

Gravel  nouses,  how  to  build 300 

Glasses,  to  silver  looking 294 

eiasi^  bcstAvindow 286-297 

soluble 29-3 

bottle  .   .., -^"i 

gilding 270 

"       to  rtain  or  color 295 

'■'       designs  on 276 

"       staining 293-294 

"       drilling 2^7 

*ndei-8'  oimoln 286 

day i-'*:''! 

**        (itopping  composition , A-M 

'•       jiiouldinss  to  wlutcn.... S86 


GUdersin  oU 287 

"        water  and  oil 288 

Graining  203-264-265-266 

Glue 278 

Glue^  white 288 

Gilding,  gold  size  for 281 

on  wood  and  glass...  861-276-276-277 

Glass,  ground,  imitation  of 268 

"        painting  on 268 

"        pencils  for  writing  on , ,  .268 

"        grinding 275 

Japan  drier 288 

Kalsomine,  silver  polii^h 299 

Mirrors,  to  repair  silvering  of ,388 

Mounting,  best  material 890 

Mortar  and  Plaster,  22  kinds....  297-898-399 
Measurements  of  stone  or  brick  'work. .  .889 

Milk,  painting  in 309 

Oilflni:=bes  889 

"    to  bleach 281 

"    boiled 638 

"    paint,  to  reduce 862-283 

"    factitious  linseed 888 

"    paintings,  to  revive  colors  of 290 

"    to  preserve  and  varnish 2'.K)-291 

Ormtmeut,  to  copy  on 281 

"  compositions  tot .......... ..VStt 

Pc'srl  work 273 

I'litty "  .    ishivtsi 

Polishes ,.., ,    .,, gtiS 


¥^ 


f  alaters,  Cabinet-makers,  eflders,  Bronzers*  and  Glass  Stalner, 
Department.— Continued. 


Painting,  hoaee 866 

Eigne,  how  to aa>a61-2o3-2ii8 

Painters  hmtsto 256-2o7-2r7 

Paint,  stone  color 258 

"       marble  imitation 274 

"       to  mix £58 

"       Invisible  green 209 

"       for  knotting 259 

"       whitelead 859-206 

"       to  cure  damp  walls 260 

"       variouB  260-633-033 

"       transparent  cloth 2G2 

"       banners,  etc 261-274 

'"       imitation  of  ground  glass 2C2 

"       hard  drying 203 

"       stains  for  wood 8o3-2G9-271-2?<} 

"       fancy  figures  on 2C9 

"       transparent,  for  window  shades.  .273 

"       magic  lantern  slides  '.274 

"       marine,  for  metals  in  eaJt  water.  .274 

oilcloth 274 

"       for  wagons  and  carriages 280-231 

"       to  remove  old 281 

"       farmers' SCO 

"       durable  outside 300 

"       without  oil  or  lead 300-301 

"       green 300 

milk 301 

"       for  walls 801 

"       flexible,  for  canvas 283 

Porcelain  finish 233 

"         colors 294-295 

Painters  cream CO 

Polish  brush £89 


Polish  reviver 286 

Polishes  for  furniture 901-29S 

Polishing  brass  and  stone SQJl 

Plaster,  estimate  of  materials  and  labor 

for  100  square  yards  of  lath  and 900 

"       casts,  to  varnish 306 

"       casts,  to  bronze 806 

"       casts,  to  whiten 290 

"       of  Paris 806-807 

"       22  kmdfl 897-298-299 

Paris  green 301 

Putty 333 

Itoofing 805 

Size,  bad  smell  from  animal 292 

Staircases 632 

Space ; 633 


Size. 


.286 


"       gilders,  parchment 

"       matt  gold .286 

"       burnished  eold 286 

"       gold  for  gilding 286 

Stains  for  varioaa  articles ....     «o8-269-271 

«72-273 

Smalt 283 

Terra  cotta  manufacture 303 

Varnishes 272-275-27'8.283-284-285-806 

"       cabinet-makers 839 

Vermilion.. 281 

Window  glass,  to  incrust  with  jewels. .  .2f3 

M'ood,  to  poli.sh , 891 

to  stain 258-!86e-S71-272-289-290 

"       stains  for 298 

Wash  for  bams  and  houses 299 

Whitewash 301-a» 


Builders'  Calculations,  and  Important  Information  for. 

Calculations,  etc.,  f  or  huilderg,  gi\-ing  estimate  for  cost  of  material,  cost  of  labor, 
qnantitr  <.r  mtterl'il  necessary,  and  viirioxis  other  information  of  practical  utility, 
which  builders  wUl  consult  their  own  interests  hy  perusing 80(K)02-303-306-a08 

Watchmakers,  Gilders,  Jewelers,  etc.,  Tables  and  Receipts. 

Gold  French  plate JS* 

"     from  gilt  metal HI 

"     polishing  powder 811 

eovorclgns,  to  reduce 8(S 


Alloys 833-336-338-337-338-339-351 

Artificial  pearls 341 

Acid,  to  destroy  the  effect  of 349 

Burnishers,  to  make 820 

Burnisher,  to  prepare  for  polishing 330 

Brass,  to  temper. . . .' 327 

Brushes,  to  clean 849 

Cannon  pinion,  to  tighten 812 

Clock,  to  clean  a 330 

"       *x>  brash 330 

"        to  oil  properly 331 

"       to  make  strike  correctly 331 

"        defects  to  look  after 331 

"       diah,  figures  on 381 

"       hands,  to  re-black 349 

"       faces,  to  silver 3."j0 

Copper,  to  refine 845 

Diamonds,  to  make  brooches 329 

jeweling 329 

"  to  make  flits 329 

mill,  to  make JB9-380 

"  dust,  to  m«ke 830 

"  polishing 3.V! 

tnaui«01ng 852-SSa 

file*,  to  make  diamond 320 

"       "     pivot 329 

€<  id,  American  standard  for 848-343 

"     t')  If  move  tin  from  stock 34.1 

'•      BrlTinh   ttai.dar'l  for  342 

''      i'.«jrllug  Milu'iof SK' 


"     dust,  to  fuse 8>t8 

"     lost  in  coloring. . .  - 'SMS 

"     oomix)8ition8 837 

"     artificial 397 

"  to  find  the  number  of  karats  in  ...  338 

"  valuable  receipts  for  anxiths..  ^1-33^3 

"     melting  and  refining 333 

"     reflnea  sweepings 33:1 

"  quantity  require  to  make  alloys .  .338 

"     alloys a«-835-.336-337-338 

"     alloys,  dry  coloring  tor 333 

"         "       wet  coloring  for 334 

"  "       table  showinij  projKjrtioa 

of  in 396 

"     to mxke  brittle  strong 543 

"     plated  Htock,  to  make. .« .'!343 

"  from  tho  surf  ace  <  if  siivej,.*"*"*  344 

"     to  separate  from  lac©  .-..,..]"• ^44 

"     tarnish  on  plnted  £oq^ ^ 

"     tinge .,^  344 

;;     to  '««»« .'.V.V.'.".".'  344  850"3:;1 

to  cWmua  \>- .  uidhed  in •oldi.ri'ug.  .31'^ 

amalgam,  to  iwUb* 349 

ennmeling 35.3^1 

Cil.'.ln;?  ii-i.-toi ..   3Ji7-»l9 

t.lu'ii  tocut .,  ., 2t5 


1r»tclimaker»,    Gilders,  Jewelers,  etc.,  Tables   and  Beceipts.— 

Continued, 


CKldtog 33T-34»-353  ■ 

IroD,  to  <.«««  harden 312 

"    vo  remove  met  from 330  '. 

JewBlere  soldering  fluid 837 

allOTS 888 

"       cement,  Tarious  kinde 344 

Jewelry,  coloring  of 339-340 

"       reviver  for  old 341 

Nickel  plating 346-353 

Plating 346-3i7-348-34&-3oS-364 

Pivot  wood 309 

Pinion,  to  determine  correct  diameter 

of  a 313 

PoliEhing  broocliing  to  make  319 

Polish  eteel,  to 3ia 

Polishing,  crocns  powder  for 319-3i0 

Pinions, "to  preserve 330 

"       to  remedy  worn 331 

Poliihing  diamonds 354 

Plates 354 

Eeflning 344-34.5 

Spiifigs,  producing  isochronism  in..  S13-814 

315 

Stee..  to  remove  rust  from .320 

•'      t    drill  into  hard 311 

"     t.  temper 326-309 

"     tc  remove  bluing  from  Si9 

Spectacles,  to  determine  focal  distance. 331 

•Euvex,  aUoy  for 337-338 

eolders 339-340 

»«      English  etandard  for a39 

*  emfths 340 

••       articles,  dead  white  on 340 

"       pickle  for  whitening S40-341 

*  plating 353 

"       omameBtal  designs  on 311 

"       to  extract  from  waste 341 

**       to  frost  polished -341 

"       plating  fluid 341 

*  plated  stock 343 

"       to  refine 344 

"       to  cleanse,  tarnished  in  8oldering.346 

••       ware,  to  wash 349 

"       refining 3o0.3."l 

"       platers  stripping  liquid  350 


Silvering  hooks  and  eyes Ml 

various  melds &4S 

'■       shells SCO 

clock  faces ;i'x) 

"       glass  globes,  etc o5<) 

Soldering,  various  kluds  of —  3S9-340-&41 

S-15 

Time,  measurement  of ;73 

Tempering  brat-s S.;7 

driU# .S-r 

"  springs .^^ 

clicks  ratchets,  etc ;-,.- 

"  to  draw  temper  from  sf^e! 

'•  staffs,  cylinders  or  pinicn^    ■  ■> 

Watch   cleaning...?..... SaT-o.h-^'J 

Watches,  pith  for  cleaning ai9 

to  pivot ;309 

levers  of 809-SU 

compensation  balance SIO 

•'         spring  miinufacture 3lO-.>n 

■'  spring  tempering .31  ] 

hands .311 

'•  wheels,  to  pat  in 3il 

"  movements,  to  frost 813-3:^ 

adjustments  to  position...  316-317 

regulating 817-316-320 

'■  compensation 318-319 

rules  for  determining  accuracy 

of  workmanship  in 3S0 

list  of  trains  of 821-326 

to  put  in  beat 3S6 

dials .326 

'•  to  make  keep  good  time 326 

to  prevent  a  chain  running  off 

fu.=ee  327 

"  to  weaken  the  hairspriag 387 

'  to  tiffhten  a  ruby  pin 327 

■•  to  btue  screws 329 

alloy  for  pinion  sockets .3S9 

makers  oil .-. .354 

■'  mainsprings 1013 

"         oil,  to  pnri^ 1013 

' '         wheels,  to  restore  lustre ICIS 


Machinists'  and  Engineers  Department. 


Bra.-s 


Anc&ors.  to  make - 480 

Anvils,  makiuf  andTepairlng 480-4S1 

Axle  trees  and  ooxes,  nardenin^ 503 

Antimony,  to  obtain  commercial 504 

Alloys  and  their  melting  heats 520 

Artisans,  suggestions  to 634 

Anvils,  to  temper 669 

Bronze,  black,  for  iron  or  steel 517-518 

Brass  and  copper,  to  tin 515 

Brass,  to  clean 61.3-515 

"      dead  appearance  of 513 

"      to  lacquer 513 

"      solution 510 

Brassing  iron 510-513 

Baldwin's  locomotive  "ircHi  sides," 421 

Borax,  sBbstltute  for 438-460 

Boiing  holes 486 

"        tools  for 488 

Pelting  sad  fiktion 4S8 

Bearing;*  self -lubricating  anti-friction  for4SS  f 


Burslar  alarm 4^9 

Belting,  to  find  length  of  when  rolled ti^i 

Bronze  i-latinum. .". 491 

malleable . .  .4 

paint,  for  iron .  .  .-IS 

4*J-5]3 

yellow  for   steam  enguiij. 491 

for  machinery 492 

turnings,  to  me!'. 669 

tubes 5C8 

polish  for  512 

for  castiiii; 492 

for  gilding 493 

to  cast  solid 4t^ 

manufacture  of 492-493 

work  for  lenses 51.8 

zinc  tiiming  acid 516 

or  copper  tubes,  to  bend .V« 

cheap 4  1 

solution.  ■/lO 


Machittists'  and  Engrlncers'  Depitrtnieat,— Continued. 


^ilmeW 492 

•'       to  re{>air  CTRoked <97 

iXnck  lead  polish  liqnid 501 

Bronzing  compogitiou,  38  kinds...  508-509 

1014 

metal 671 

liquids 509-510-516 

"  and  gas  flttinge 623 

Bnfler,  india-rubber 529 

Benzine,  to  deodorize 554 

Bplte,  to  remedy  slip  of  driving 556 

Blasting  })owders 556 

"         rocks 557 

"        to  make  diialin  for 557 

Belting,  experiments  with  rubber  and 

leather 659 

Button  manufacture 566-567 

Bnrometer,  to  construct  a 685-586 

Cements,  various 87 

Carol,  artificial 575 

Cement 379-381  -482-429-424-425-426-512 

Cotton  waste,  to  clean 434-477-064 

"       presses 441-669 

"       ginning 447 

"       to  make  gun 498 

factory 559-560 

"         si7>e  for  dressing 560 

"       seed,  proceeds  oi  one  ton  of 687 

Chains  maniifacturing 481 

Copper,  to  enamel 601-580 

''        platesor  rods 510 

"        or  zinc  solution  of 510 

"        and  brass,  to  tin 515 

"         hardening 524 

"         welding  525 

Cooling  compound 389 

Chuck  rest,  to  set  the 476 

"       pulleys ^ 476 

Crucibles,  composition  for 491-50'3 

Coal,  stowage  of 558 

Compass,  the  marine 560 

Coloro<l  tires,  improved 562 

Cloth  Macintosh : 563-564 

Corn  starch,  manufacture  of 565 

Cutlery  manufacture 568-569 

Coal  and  iron,  memoranda  coucerning 

6OT-628 
Coal,  to  And  consumption  of  per  hour. .  .663 
Oo;ic,  to  strike  out  the  frustrum  of  a.. 672 

DriUs 449-460 

"       and  planers,  care  of 468 

"        spiral 471 

ill-proof  diamond  chill 460 

sockets,  to  make 476-477 

"       to  forge  a  twist 486-487 

Oiimng 485-186 

Dysiot 491 

Dams,  mill 505 

"       rock 506 

"      frame 506-507 

log 606 

"       brush  or  log 507 

Damas  keening 544-545 

Dccalcomine  and  pictures 647 

Die  sinking 648 

Dies  and  moulds 5.50 

Diofging  earth Sr^ 

Engineers,  instrnctione  to...  354-335-a">6-.V)7 
a-^-3.-i»-S95-«J)6-397-89f>-399-400-401 -402-403-401 
Jlsfiincers    memoranda  of  tempera- 
tures for ?«« 

"        elgnale ....    'i  -" 


Engineore  and  agiachinigto'  tsblo* 6)0 

t'->l8.. 8W 

Engine,   blowing - 887 

portable 400 

"       Cornish 400 

"       power  of 404 

'       fire  cement  for 408 

•'       dummy 418 

"       high-pressure 436-4;i7 

"        to  set  valve  of ....361 

"       valves,  various  instructions  In 

regard  to 301-362-363 

"        proportion  of  various   parts  of 869 

"       cylinders 369 

"       stroke  of 870 

"       horse-power  of 870 

"       balance  wheels 870 

"       to  reverse  an 370 

"        marine  beam 371-372-373-374 

"    ■   duties  to  marine  and  other.. ii74-375 
'•       dimensions  of  chimney  for  a 

land 664 

"        lever 385 

"       works,  the  Waterouf  Company's. 430 

"        the  waterous 430-481-483 

Engravers  border  wax  and  cement 650 

Engravings,  cast 560 

Earth  diggmg 558 

"     weight  of 658 

Explosive,  force  of  various  substances 

666-667 

Evaporative  powers  of  fuel 420 

Emery  wheels  for  polishing 501 

Electrotype  plates 545 

Engraving  on  wood,  steel   and  metals 

648-649-550-580 

Etching  fluids 550 

Ellipse,  to  find  the  area  of  an 672 

Freight  tables,  English 104-105-106 

Flanges,  to  stand  brazing 379 

Fire  clay  for  boiler  furnaces 383 

"     escapes 387 

Piling  and  finishing 485-529 

File  a  hole  square,  to 489 

"        manufacture 571 

Fluxes 602-520 

Fishing 514 

Fuel,  value  of 561 

"        properties  of 627 

"       gain  in 65S 

"       consumption  of 662-663 

"       ratio  of  combustion  of  per  hour. 664 

Fire  anniliilator ^ 5^5 

Freight,  by  water  and  rail  comparative 

cost  of 67 

Grindstones,  to  make  from  sand 8? 

Glue,  various  kinds  of gf 

Gravities  and  weights  of  metals,  liquids 

woods,  etc 62'1-S35 

Gold  leaf 579-580 

Glass  tubes,  to  bend 6ii4 

Gravity,  specific 582 

Gauge  ror  wire 45is 

Gedge's  metal SiJfQ 

Gauges 418 

Giifard's  injector,  and  mode  of  operation 

of 419-430 

G'.ue 423-^-426 

f -erir-cutting ^ 

Gune,  to  remedy  s<attering  shot MS 

■'      I'ronzing  fluid  for 548 

"      Jiluing  on ......542 


Machinists'  and  Engineers'  Department.— Continued. 


(km,  barreJe,   browiung  for 543-544 

"      Ftocks,  vArnif-h  for 544 

"      barrels,  boring M4 

€Ha»s  door  plates,  to  make 559 

Hose,  to  repair 424 

Beat,  effwt  of   on  varions  bodicB 497 

Hay 50" 

Harp,  to  construct  an   ^olian 564 

Iron  and  steel,  breAking  and  crushing 

Btrains  of 663 

"       weight  of  square  and  round  cast 

6(»-e09 

"       tube  manufacture 507-668 

"       retorta,  to  mend 541 

"       stoves,  cracked 526 

"       to  copper 518 

*'       smoke  pipe,  paint  for 518 

"       caatings,  to  coat  with  gold  oreil- 

vcr ..516 

"       wire  brassing 613 

"       cast,  to  tin 515-510 

"       to  prevent  from  rusting 516-662 

"       wire  silvering 513 

"       brassing 510-515-516 

"       to  galvanize . .    4'J7-503-517 

"       railings,  compo*'tc 503 

"       malleable  cast 60K-503 

"       castings,  burning  together 502 

"       cast,  copperaa  dip  for 501 

"       to  coat  with  emery 434 

"       vensels,  to  mend 425 

"       ruating,  to  prevent 425-517 

"       to  polish  like  steel 458 

"       to  improve  poor 468 

"       case  hardening , 4<''2-463 

"       malleable 462-463 

"       scrape  cast,  smooth 476 

"       squaring  cast  surfaces 486 

"       work,  black  varniflh  for 489 

••       to  turn  chUled 489 

"       drilling  holes  in  cast 489 

"       casts  and  castings 491 

"       manufacture  of 496 

"       cast,  brazing 563 

"       pipes,  weight  of  cast,  of  different 

sizes 60C-607 

"       to  chill  cast  499 

"       to  harden  cast 499 

"       moulding  patterns,  varnish  for. .  .499 

"      black  polish  for 499 

"       TamlBn  for .499 

"       to  soften  cast .499 

"       cast  ornaments ..499 

*  cannons,  to  break 499 

"       Dowlals  Works 500 

"       to  enamel  cast 600-501 

•*       rusher  sheet  601 

"       boats  to  clean  grease  from 664 

•  work  and  pipes,  to  varnish 671 

**       notes  on  f  orgiugs 672 

"       to  reetore  burnt 672 

"       production,  cost  of 6&4 

"       works,  various 684-686 

"       work,  enf^ned  for 685 

"       to  test  quality  of 686 

"       mould,  to  remove  from  marble 687 

^inventors,  special  to 683 

lee 557 

tek 650-551-579-1016 

♦•     various  kinds  of,  and  how  to  mjxke. 

610-G3S 

•     prlntexa,  to  remove  from  paper 578 


# 


Japanning 50 ^"53? 

Keys ^-fi 

"      how  to  fit 4*iS 

Lightnint:  calculator... 107  to  115 

Life-saving 66-116-117 

lx>comotive  breakdowns  on  the  road, 

temporary  repairs  in 427-4!a6-4E9 

aCrampton 41S-419 

"  eiiginee,  table  showing  pro- 

portion of  various  partd  of.SOl 
"  boilers,  proportions  of .   ..404 

405-100 

"  extraordincry  duty  of 660 

"  average  proportion  of  the 

various  parts  of 406-407 

"  rale  to  Hud  the  horsepower 

of  a 407 

"  Stephemion's  "  Rocket"407-408 

' '  a<lheeion  of  on  rail  s . . .  41 1-413 

"  engine,  Baldwin's  Standard 

Passenger 413 

"  engineer.  Goo.  Stephenson 

414-415 

"  valves 531 

"  sparks  from  the 417 

French 417 

"  American 4l7 

Lathe,  to  ict  a 466 

lathes,  care  of 468 

Lining  boxes  with  Babbitt  metal 485 

Lend  ore,  flux  for  reducing 499 

"    shot 517 

"    pipes,  various  information  in  re- 
gard to 518-519 

"    pencils,    black 564-565 

"    pipe 568 

"    polish,  liquid  black 587 

"    pipe,  weight  of  different  Bizes 611 

Lacquers,  colorings,  etc... 510-511-520 

Labels,  gum  for  backing 546 

Lubricators,  economic  ...:...  556-1014-1015 

Labor  on  embankments  657 

Linen,  siziug"  for 660 

Lubricant  for  turning  tools 578 

Light,  the  Drummond 580 

Liquids,  gravities  and  weights  of 634 

"       expansion  of  in  volume 633 

2ttachinery,  velocity  of  woodworking. . .  93 

"  "        "    wheels 98 

"       lubricants 889-890 

Mill  for  spinning  and  weaving 559 

Mucilage  426 

Mills,  various 441 

"      sugar 411-6G8 

"     oil 441 

"      fulling 441 

"      indelible  ink  for  cotton   and 

woolen 441 

"       wind 44i 

flour 442-505-506-643 

"       saw  and  grist 444 

Meerschaum,  artificial 456 

Machines,  putting  together 485 

MetaJs  to  harden 458 

"      to  plane 488-484 

"     to  dye 488 

"      sundry  compositions 494-4^-496 

"     refining  fluxes  for 603 

paint  for 614 

paste  for  cleaning 516 

fancy  colors  on , . . .  f  Irt 

WTitug  iiucriptioas  on 5jO 


Machinists'  and  Engineers'  Denartment.— Conlinned. 


Jfetals,  gravities  and  weighta  or fiS-t 

"       lineal  expang ii^u  of 63'^ 

MctftJ,  aiUi-frirfion 400-491 

"       brazing 401 

"       tough  type 491 

"       superior  r>ell 492 

"       p>od  Britjjnnia 493-494 

"       castings,  shrinkage  of 497 

"       reflector 500 

"       for  gilt  ware BOO 

"       for  type 500 

"       work  to  cloud 515 

"       workers,  eheet  diagrams  for  and 

explanations  of 62.3-531 

"       elbows 523 

Mildew  on  tails .498 

Mirrora,  amalgam  for 500 

Machines,  electrical  amalgam  for 500 

Moulding,  eand  for  503 

Millstones 504-505 

Milldams 505 

Machinery,  colors  for  painting 514 

Mechanical  drawing,  colors  for 514 

' '  dra\vlng,  tracing  paper 614 

Mosgnito  bar 520 

Moulds  and  dies 550 

Matches 562 

Metronome,  to  construct  a 564 

Microscope,  to  make  a 575 

Mills  and  milling 643  to  653-<154-657 

Moulders  and  patternmakers  table 609 

Machinists,  hint  to 669 

Mechanical  movements 674  to  683 

Manufactnrers,  profits  of 687 

Nails,  number  of  American  machine 

made  cut  in  a  pound 672 

KeecUe  maniifacture 569-570-571 

Nickel  plating 671-672-686-687 

Oil  canisters 670 

"    to  bleach  fixed 555 

"    for  fine  mechanism 555 

"    to  make  linseed  and  cotton 556-556 

"    to  make  coal 556 

"    lubricators 550 

"    neats  foot 556 

"    to  purify - 554 

"    to  prevent  sperm  gumming 389 

"    patent  lubricating 522 

"    paintings,  to  clean  and  renew 551 

' '    Kerosene  and  carbon,  manufacture. . .  558 

Oxides,  to  reduce 496 

Pumps,  feed,  for  engines 629 

Pump,  nautical 103 

Ports,  to  ascertain  the  breadth  of 664 

Piston,  stroke  of 363 

rings 387-388-389 

"        effectivepressureof  steam  on.  ..412 

Pntty,  French 424 

"        imperishable -^ 

Pulleys,  to  chuck 476 

paper  friction 487-488 

"        hardening  wood  for 490 

Pulley,  to  find  size  required 498 

Printers"  rollers 545-578 

"       colored  inks 679 

"       and  publishers'  table 577 

Printing  on  glass 545-546 

"        in  bronze 579 

"       in  gold 579 

Pen  making 571-573 

Pens.  goM .';72 

Papiar  nmche  574 


(9) 


Paper  coloring  and  sizing  of 547 

to  traus-fer  pictures  from 647 

"      for  rlraughtsmen 54* 

ninkiii)' 6  J7-3'i'8-679 

"      colored BT8 

magic — 561 

Picture,  to  print  a 651 

Photographers,  formulae  for 552 

Photograph  painting  in  oil  colors. .  ..552-553 

"  water  colors 55S 

Pianos,  to  recover  hammers  in .562 

Powder,  for  percussion 575 

Eespirator,  a  fireman's 386 

Kiiilway  train  speed  table 408 

"       signals 410 

"       passenger traiifti,  speed  of..  410-411 

"        cross  ties 430 

"       passenger  coach,  the  first 421 

Reamer,  to  dip  a  fluted 490 

Retorts,  to  mend 541 

"        to  purify ." 542 

Rubber  hand  stamns ' .551 

Rocks,  blasting  anS  weight  of 557-558 

Railroad  cars,  cost  of 6','3 

' '       passenger  cars 673 

"       locomotive 673 

"       sleeping  coach 673 

"       box,  baggage,  coal  and  freight 

cars 674 

"       Englinh  carriages 674 

Ships,  anti-fouling  composition  for 101 

Ships,  to  stop  holes  in 86 

Specula,  polishing  powder  for 87 

Saws,   filing 92-93 

"       to  repair 95-97 

"        speed  of  circular 92-94-95 

Steam  packing 8.50 

"       to  worK  expansively 3.o9-360 

' '       table  showing  average  pressure  of  .360 
"       boilers  on  the  form,  strength,  etc., 

of 364-365-366-867-368 

"       boiler  shells 368 

"       boilers,  composition   for  cover- 
ing   368 

"        boilers,  heat  of  water  in..     561 

"       boilers,  prevention  of  scale  in.3C8-369 

'■        boDers  ,  marine  and  other .. .  376-378 

379-660-661 

"       boiler,  marine,  full  page  cut  of. .  ..377 

"        boiler  tubes,  cleaning .379 

"       pipe,  jacketing 379 

gauges 381-382-383 

"       pipes ;iS3 

"        Doiler  leaks 3. 

fire  engine. .....  383-884-385-399 -*i 

"       cylinders :>, 

"       boilers,  various .SOfKJ'j-i 

"       pipes  and  cylinders,  non-conduc- 
tor for 420 

"       latent  heat  of 422 

"       bums  and  scalds 422 

"       pipe  joints 428 

■■'       engine  indicator,  Richard's 432 

"       power  required  for  various  pur- 
poses... j 435 

"       saw  machine,  for  stones 435 

"        engines,  p,.--rtable  ...  4:>;i-4'7-4.S3-439 
"        machinorj  inventors.. 413-4'J0-H0-.574 

Ship,  cost  of  per  ton 116 

"       to  find  the  meridian 116" 

Forew  cutting 4^3-490. 

Ships,  calculAtiooB  of  toojuge. .  102-lUd-119 


MaehinistV  and  Engineers  i^eparlment.— Continued. 

ToOiS,  dipping  when  hardening fM 

working  steel  for .4M 

to  mak«  harden  and  temper..  ..  464 


Stnamer  or   Balling   vchspI,    how   to 

gliar"  1   ' 420 

Ste&.ii-ti..   .  aodern  ocean  'u^ 

••       '    hulls 573 

Stc^l  '.^  eMin? 458-459-498 

rdened 458 

und   improve 469-460 

_i  iron  or 4«W 

"    toor.uze 51-3  I  Tins  and  linnin 

"    to  prevent  from  rusting 516-66".i 

"    to  copier 518 

"    plate  engravin? 549 

"    to  test  quality^  of 631 

"    springs 631-6S2 

"    or  '.r.m  blue  for 617 

"    wei'.'ht  of  flat  per  foot 609 

Spirit  methylated 488 

Silver  aluminum 491 

"        Gprnian 494-513 

''        frum  gold,  to  separate 6-33 

to  wTite  with 515 

to  separate  from  copper 515 

«:erro  metal 399 

Shaft,  to  calculate  strength  of 626 

Shafts 390-149 

Steam  iiserd,  facts  for 390-392-393 

Safes,  hardening  and   filling,  for  fire- 
proof  478 

Shafting,  to  straighten 4t^ 

turning 486 

Shaft,  to  find  speeA  of  a  counter 498 

Sails,  mildew  on 489 

Soldering 514-515-519-5-30-521 

Screw  threads 477-4S3 

Saw,  to  braze  a  band 4s-3 

Smelting  copper  and  lead 584 

Silvering,  mixture  for 515 

by  heat 515 

"  powder 515 

Solder,  removing  zinc  and  iron  from 515 

St"" -'     ■".,  of  hauling 567 

t;  J 560 


465-467-46S-469-170-17 1-47-3-473-474-475 
476-573-5eC-6£9 

to  cast  chill  iron , 491 

Tool  handki  to  make •. 48> 

Turning  and  borins 485 

..   516-517-572 
5t!0-581 

Tin  to  copper 5i23 

"    to  sejjarate  from  Itiud 511 

"    gold  laconer  for 528 

'■    to  crystallize 52* 

"    to  remove  from  copper  vessels 573 

"    plates, number,  size,  weight,  length 

and  breadth  of 670 

can  tops,  to  strike  outand  uevel 671 


Tacks. 
Valves,  to  n? 

pro: 
Talve  pear. 
Yam  is  n  for 

bia. 


in  I-l 


559 
ensure  of  slide.... 669 

'.pet 664 

.ink and  ...  400-410 

.~s 514 

k  inr  cool    bucket* 521 


S  of 565-566 

S  of 575 

js:  J  uTiting 5b0 

i>  :■  load  in ess 

, .  luiauent  loads  on  bridges. 625 

am,  warming  by 628 

boiler  iron  thickness  oi  and  pres- 
sure allowed  by  U.  S.  Laws — 628 

"       briler  plates  and  bolt* 629 

"       boiler,  bursting   or  collapeing 

pressure 629 

**       boiler  joints,  strength  of  riveted. 629 

"        boiler  tubes,  to  preserve 662-1014 

"       boiler,  diameter   and  height  of 

chimney  for  any  664 

•*       boilers,    calculation    regarding 

dimensions,  power,  etc..  of. 664-665 

**        power,  enormous  results  of 668 

engine,   »o    get    into   line    and 

square  shaft  of 6^9 

Tinware,  sizes  of  different  kinds  of 522 

"        ^Id  v.vnish  for 426 

Tnnuels,  submarine 448 

railway 449-9^12 

Toa'^r;;\  1 457-458-460-461  -468-463-404 

47M79-573-580 
Tempering  510.000,  or  secret  ofU.  8.  Gov- 
ernment   57S 

ITiKiliiig  grain .447 


"        for  balloons 575 

"        for  metals. 687 

Velocity  of  various  bodies,  table  show- 
ing average 667 

Water,  cold,  aiid  feed  pumps 629 

"        to  find  height  or  a  column  of aJ9 

"        quantitv  requisite  for  a  boiler .  620-661 

weight  "of 624 

"        works 4.35 

works,  filters  for  ., 435 

■'        pipes  to  unite So 

wheel 4:ft-*r^ 

"        velocity    and    discharge   of  for 

gate  orifices  444 

"        annealing 463 

gau^in^  streams  of 558 

"        neat  of  in  boiler* 561 

fresh 562-563 

"        horse  power  of  engine  to  raise 

to  a  given  height 664 

•'        velocity  to    dLscnarge  a   given 

volume  in  a  given  time 664 

''        heating  power  of 626 

Wood  cut* 545 

*'       engraving  on 548 

"      to  petrify 564 

"      to  render    indestructible 567 

"      gravities  and  weights  of 6^ 

Wheels,  pitch  of 445 

I        •'         emery 477-4tfi 

"         to  true  corundum 477 

I       "         strength  of  leeth 628 

I  Wheels 487 

I  Wheel  gearing 445-446-44T 

1      ■'        to  conipnte  weight  of  rim 447 

•      "        to  compute  dimensions  of  rim. .  .447 

I  Welding  various  metal 458-459-488 

!  Wagon  tires 499 

I  Weights  and  measures,  table  of  to 

I  eign 576 

Washing  powder 5Ht 

I  WeiEht'in  tons  required  to  break  barn 
I         of.  etc.,  of  various  materials. . . .  rtiO-6S6 

.  Zinc  to  purify 517 

I      ■'    solution' of 510 

"    osier's  of.  tonaducf  . .  P.IO 

I  Zincing iij 


I'acts  for  Gas  Compauies  and  Consnuieri. 


Facte  for  Gaa  Companies  and  Coasn 

mers 5*3-533 

Gas,  explosion  of 533-534 

•'    pressore  of ;... 634-535 

"    pipea .' 535 

"    tubiDE;  and  burners 535 

"    qnality  of  iiluminating 535-536 

"    machines 537-538-539 

"    meters 539-5i0 

"    water 540 


Gas  welis ..,  •* 

"    cngrines ....Ml 

' '    from  pitch  pine .Ml 

•    raelei  s,  to  prevent  from  freezing 543 

"    meter,  how  to  read  the -.548 

"    to  purify 538 

"    to  avoid  waste  of... -..543 

Hydro-carbons,  classification  of ..539 

Time,  measurement  of 778 


Useful  Items  for  Daily  Kemembrance. 


Arithmetical   gigns  and   their   signifi 

cation 610 

Children  and  home  conversation 589 

Cleanliness  and  ventilation 590-638 

Cribs  and  boxes,  size  and  capacities  of  .611 
Circles,  diameter,  circitaference  and 

areas  of 612  to  616 

Colors,  symbolic  meaning  of 593 

Cockroach  destroyer 701 

Coffee,  glaze  for  roast 1016 

Daily  savings  at  compound  interest 587 

Food,  time  required  for  digestion  of 

different  articles  of 623 

"       comparative  value  of  various 633 

Habits  of  a  man  of  business 591 

How  to  make  d  fortune .  591-592-593 

Home  after  business  hours 589 

Horse,  performancea  of  a 6.59 

Inks 1016 

Interest  table 597 

legal  brevities 587 

Light,  loss  of  by  use  of  shades 630 

Laundry  secrets 634 

Married  life,  its  joys  and  sorrows 


568-589 
Measures  for  varioua  purposes 631 

Engineers,  Mill  Oimers,  Mechanics,  etc.,  Department. 


Mamage  forms;  and  certificates 824-825 

Measures,  tables  showing  value  of  the 

British  and  the  U.  S 634 

"        of  various  nations,  for  a  mile.  ..631 

Manifold  paper 1016 

Profanity 587 

Ready  reckoner €01to604-611 

' '       reckoner,  3000  lbs.  to  the  ton 598 

' '       reckoner,  ^40  lbs.  to  the  ton 599 

Kats.  to  rid  a  house  of 703 

Selfishness, 587-588 

Safe  business  rules 590 

Save  a  little 594 

Starch,  enamel  silver  poli&h 1015 

Superior  baking  powder 1015 

Table  conversation 590 

The  best  things 594 

Value  of  current  coins 826 

"     of  foreign  coins 1016 

Well  worthy  of  imitation 590 

Weight,  stature,  etc.,  of  man 605 

Weather,  tables  for  telling  the 630 

Wind,  force  of  tie 6-30 

Wages   table 595-596 


Bolt,  speed  and  pitch  of 653 

Bolting  cloth 650 

Belt,  to  find  length  of  a  driving 653 

Beil  holes,  where  to  cut  in  floor 653 

Belts  and  belting 654 

Burrs,  to  grind  without  water 654 

"      to  prevent  heating - 652 

Circles,  proportion  of 637-638 

Circamfercncc  of  any  diameter 638 

of  a  circle 638 

"  of  an  ellipse , 638" 

Circle  circa  ill  iVrence.  and  area  of 638 

Driver,  to  toKjpate  revolutions  of  a 638 

Grain  elevator^:,  arrangement,  propor- 
tion, capacity  etc.,  of 687 

Lathe  gearing,  a  compound 635-636 

Mill,   sucar 668-669 

"      stones,  to  remove  glaze  from 652 

*      stones,     speed,    capacity    and 

poTverof 651 

■"      stone  dress .» .  tiSO 


MiU,  flour,    sectional   view  of  a  com- 
plete  W3 

"      hoppers,  hipped  roofs,  etc 636-665 

"      trrinding  wheat  in 645-646 

"      flour 643-644-^45 

gtanda.Td  grinding 636 

stone,  balancing 647-&48-649-650 

"      portable M9-652 

bolting  cloth,  number  of  meshes  in. 650 
Mills,  saw.  power  and  capacity  of. .  639-642 

••     sawfilintrfor 639-640-641-642 

"     other  information   in  regard  to... 441 
442-444-.505-500-643-668 

Oat  meal  kiln,  temperature  of K6 

Pinion,  to  compute  the  number  of  revolu- 
tions of  a 636 

"       to  compute  the  diameter  of 638 

Pulleys 653-654 

Shafting,  to  prevent  accidents  from 654 

Stream,  horse  power  of 657-5.58-659 

Wheel.*,  to  compute  number  of  t£«ili  iu.  638 


Farm  Buildings,  Agricultural  Tables,  Land  Measurement,  etc. 


Apples,  potatoes,  etc..  to  find  the  num- 
ber of  bushels  of  in  a  bin 694-718 

Animals,  growth,  life,  etc.,  of  703 

Barrel  or  cask,  to  find  the  contenta  of. .  .693 

Bushel,  legal  weight  of  a 707 

Bee  flowers 717-718 

Buttfr  and  chee«e.  amount  of  obtaina- 
ble from  milk 719-720-721 

Com  in  the  crib,  to  measure 6ff2-69:l 

'.'istcJTis,  capacities  of  .   .095 


Cattle,  to  compute  the  weight  of  live.695-696 

food  for 696-697 

"        to  soU 714 

Crops,  relative  to 698-699 

Cheese  manufacture 719  to  7^ 

Farm  buildings 688-68W 

Fences,  how  to  build  and  quantity  of 

material  raquired  for 708-701 

Fertilizers 709-710-711 -7 12-7IS 

Farmers,  rules  for <8<^4M 


^^■~  ■ 


rami  Buiiaings  Agrieultural  Tables,  Land  Measur^mpiit.  etc.— 

Continnod. 

K»rmer«.  ftm-irj  hfme  '■>f    infrj^st  to         I  Laud  mpaFuromcnt *'^*  "'^ 

eui-'jW  t  XieaMireiccnla.  vnriuue...  .  oui-.Oi-.i.»:--.i* 

"       grand  id«  f'»r 690-700  i  Manor**,  varioae 70»-riO-vli-Tl  >-;  19 

Food,  nutritive  qnalifiee  of TIT    Potatoes,  qoantitr  rpqnirwl...     TU 

••      fart-^oins  power  of  723-723    Produce,  averugo  ci>niiK>pition  of .     .16 

Grists  proc<^eda  of 6t>l     Pickle*,  cucumber 718 

Grain  biJup,  tdble  exhibiting  capacities  of. 893  ;  Roots,  storage  of  in  c-cllars «M 

Dercentage  of  oil  in 718  '  Rats,  to  rid  a  bouse  of TW 

"      In  the  grauarv,  to  meaeure (38  '  Shinelc>.  to  find  iinmUr  requinx)  for  a 

Gnano '. 711-'''  '"'^f  2^ 

Hay,  weight  of fool  tor ;;;j.  215 

••      measuring  in  bnlk P'lll" 2S".l 

Hoge,  gross  and  net  weight  and  priceof     •<     -       ,  .luantitr  required ™*",;i? 

floraes.  food  for.      '  -      >       -.  viulitv  of 7K 

Hens,  winter  treatment  of '  C     U    .   n  bod?,  capacity  of «Q4 

Ice  house,  to  coa*-truct Jij    W  iuat,  sowing  of 708 

Geological  Facts  and  Origin  and   Formation  of  the  Earth. 

Geoloeical  facts 7«ito7»l    Origin  of  the  e«rth  7S'>to74« 

Dirision  of  the  circle 774    Agt  of  tho  earth 775 

Tables  for  Printers. 

Inks      74(>-7«-756-757-758-7S>-101«  !  Posters 7S« 

ninotrations  737-7ri8  ,  Table*,  etc..  for  printers  and  compositor* 

Pro^f  readine ' .' .  75i-75.Vr4  ,  746-747-f48-74^730-751-75a-;« 

Prceoco,  performances  of 7Xi  i 

Tatent  Office  Rales,  Charges,  etc.,  etc. 

Patents  how  to  obtain 760    Patents,  duration  of 780 

foreign 700-763  gruniing  of 7W 

«'        fee* 760-761-763,         '"        caveats 761 

Facts  Relating  to  Human  Life,  etc.,  etc. 

Food,  facts  concerning 765  :  Population  of  the  globe 76« 

Ixmg  life ''^  I  "  of  various  coantrie*  . 770-771-778 

Mortality,  statistics 768-783-754  | 

Areas  of  Lakes,  Seas,  etc.,  and  Height  of  Mountains,  etc. 

Capacity  of  Cbarchea,  theatres,   opera         '  Mountains,  highest 768-70 

bonees,  halls,  etc 772    Oceans  and  seas,  an-a  of 7f4 

Lakes,  area  of  767  ,  Rivers,  length  of 7W 

Telegraphy,  Photography,  Banting  and  Trapping. 

Honiing  and  trapping 785-7S«-7>C-7>«    Photography 77»-7«>-781-7>«-7«8-7B« 

^  7«-79a    Telegraphy :76-7rr-77B 

Book-keeping  and  Tarions  Business  Rules. 

Interest  table 7«5-79« 

State  and  I'rovincial  law 8*7 

Tute  allowed  by  the  jobbers  of  New 


Book-keeping 791-7V5-793-7»4-7« 

Busineaa  forms,  local  and  commercial 

803  to  885 

to  conduct  a  successful 796-799 

Collection  of  debts  in  all  States,  Terri- 
tories and  Canada 888  to  92S 

Basin€«9  rule*,  aafe 80OW1-908-80S 

Special  Laws  of  the  foUorring  States  and  Territories,  etc 


York  City 707 

Tables  of  weights.  measuMs.moi.ey  ex- 
change tables,  etc 205-306^- 


Aiabama 828 

Arkansas 831 

California 831 


Kansas 5CT 

Kentucky *« 

Louisiana. 6*?* 


Colorado 835  '  Maine fM 

Connecticut 838    Maryland 866 

Districtof  Colombia «40    M'-'sa/'hosettB.  861 

Dakota -"    v    -^    -  -     £78 

Delaware '- 8™ 

Florida 5i 

.W5 


Georgia ^  i"- _^ 

Idaho -na wa 

Dlinnis -*» -^ 

Indiana •"       -"■   \^''a ™ 

Ifiwtk S&5    TTew  Hampa^ure ...914 


Special  Laws  of  the  foUowingr  Stales  and  Tenltories,  etc  — 
Continued. 


Ifffw  Jsner 886 

N  w  York .688 

New  Merico 

North  Carolina 890 

Ohio 692 

Oregon 895 

Pennevlrania  898 

Rhode  Island 900 

8«ath  Carolina 902 

Tennessse 904 

Texas 906 

UUh 


VfTDiomt pot 

Viririiiin tiO 

890  I  Waihiiigton  Territory 9^3 

"^    West   Virginia Ci.3 

Wisconsin 913 

Wjomins 91V 


CAKADA. 

New  Brunswick 901 

Nova   Scotia BCS 

Ontario 917 

908  I  Quebec ....9?3 

Tables  for  Miners. 


ABtKjbig  and  8m«Uing  metal  451-1009 

Amalgamation,  Mexican  process 968 

barrel 971  to  976 

Assays  of  minerals 1009  to  1013 

Blow  pipe  assays 991-994 

Comstock    lode 944 

Cupellation  of  gold  and  silver..  980-981-994 

Dynamics  of  vblcanic  force 945 

Geological  epochs 937 

Gk)ld  and  silver  mills,  arrangement  of. .  .957 

Hydrostatic   balance 995 

Lfxi^^ating  tubs 990 

Miscellaneous.. 8SJ4-925-926 

Mines,  heat  in 941 

"       description  of 939 

*       height  of 940 

*'       exploitation  in 948 

"       timbering  of 990-953 

"       penetration  of 953 

"       the  deep  of  the  world 1014 

JDning  in  Colorado 581-583-583-929 

"       Bomenclature 936 

*'       flume 938 

**       placer,  hydnmlic,.,,...,..  4U-454 

(18) 


Mining  machinery 435 

"       for  gold C67 

details  of 947 

"       machinery 948  to  951-9o4-'J,"i5 

956-961-962-963-964-96a-973-974-9r6 

Mineral  wealth  of  North  America 9:^0 

veins  and  deposits 933-934-P:i5 

"       wealth  of  the  world 946 

Metals,  characteristics 995 

Metallurer.  synopsis  of 996  to  1003 

Ores,  roaVting  and  mixing. . .  977-9>»2  to  0S9 

Ore  furnaces 0S2  to  989 

Prospecting  for  gold 452 

Pcni,  wealth  of 927 

India,  wealth  of 9-.:S-929 

Quartz,  crushing 435 

Kock,  composition  of  various 933 

Silver,  emdting 456-l)U)-lC0 

metallurgy  of .  .960  to  9G4-1004  to  1008 

"        ores 965  to  968-«70^9ri-!C8-5«r9 

The  Sutro  tunnel 942-9-10-9'U 

Treatment  of  gold  ore 958-:;5» 

Teat  tubes 90MM 


BAKING  AND  COOKING  DEPARTMENT. 

Note, —The  ob«ervaiit  tradosraan  will  notice  that  the  follo\ring 
tonniilffl  may  be  adaptf>l  for  sumlier  qiuintitiee,  or  tor  huusehold  as*, 
in  any  desired  inatauce,  by  a  proportiouute  subdivision  of  the  ma- 
teriald  used. 

Hop  Yexst.— Boil  9  oza.  of  hojw  with  3  |>a{1^  of  wntnr  :  pnt  9 1h^ 
M  ffood  flour  in  a  tab,  and  strain  Oil       •     -  ,-      ■         ,    ,  .^^ 

aiakd  it  into  a  slid  piiete  ;  beat  it  i.  .f 

Ihe  hop-water  into  tliP!  paste  ;  let  It  ill 

1^  qtB.  stock  yeaat  It  will  riae  1  to  o  iiiclioa,  but  do  uot  disturb  it 
ujitd  it  drops. 

ftTOCK  OR  Malt  Ykast.— Boil  12  ow.  of  good  hoi>->  with  4  pails  of 
water  for  about  6  minutes;  t'uou  stmin  off  enous^h  of  the  liiiuid 
among  8  lbs.  of  good  sifted  flour  in  a  tul),  to  rendor  it  into  a  stiff 
patite,  world n£j  it  up  thoroui,'hlv  with  a  clean  stick  ;  thou  add  the  rest 
of  the  liquid  to  ti\e  paste;  let  it  stand  till  lukewarm,  and  pulverire 
any  remaining  lumps  with  your  fini;ers.  No\f  add  alxiut  H  lbs.  malt 
and  6  qt8.  stock  yea^jt;  allow  it  to  work  in  a  warm  place  till  it  rises 
and  falls  a!:jain.  which  will  0'\;upy  from  S  to  12  hours;  strain  throuc^h 
a  hair  sieve  auii  stiud  in  a  cool  place.  In  warm  wivttlier  4  »als.  cold 
water  mii^ht  bo  added  to  tlie  above,  provlms  to  st^x-kin-.?  it  away. 

OosiPKKssED  Yeast. — Tliis  yeast,  so  extensively  used  in  Europe, 
is  obtained  by  strainin*  tli^  common  yeast  in  breweries  and  distil- 
leries until  a  moist  m:iss  is  obt.iiiie<l",  which  is  then  phuHnl  in  hak 
bags,  and  the  rest  of  tho  water  pre.>sed  out  until  thu  nmss  is  nearly 
dry.  It  Is  then  sewed  up  in  strnn^r  iiii«n  bi'.,'s  for  tmnsiK):-tatIon.  It 
will  keep  a  long  Lme,  and  is  very  highly  esteemed  by  bakers.  See 
Vifintm  Bread. 

Ferment.— Boil  2  pecks  of  good  potatoes,  strain,  and  place  thera 
In  a  ferment  tub;  add  8  or  9  lbs.  flour,  ?nd,  with  a  masher,  intermix 
all  thoroughly  together  and  turn  in,  say,  (i  or  H  gals,  water,  or  enough 
to  make  it  milkwarm;  add  2  gals,  stock-  ye;ist,  set  it  in  a  warm  place, 
allowing  it  to  rise  and  fall,  not  letting  it  .stand  very  long  after  it  falls, 
as  it  is  liable  to  sour  in  warm  weather;  strain,  and  all  is  rejidy. 

Note. — Good  yea^t  for  the  purpose  of  renewing  your  old  stock 
may  be  made  by  boiling  a  i)et"k  of  clean  potatoes  in  4  iiails  of  water; 
when  fcbout  done,  add  12  ozs.  hoi*,  and  boil  tlie  |H>tatoes  until  soft: 
put  12  lbs.  flour  into  a  cle;in  tub;  make  into  a  stiff  paste  with  part  or 
the  hop-water;  ne.vt  add  the  whole,  including  potatoes  and  hopa, 
ru'.bing  the  potatoes  through  a  coarse  sieve,  letting  it  stand  till  lulii» 

a 


lO  BAKING  AND    COOKING   RECEIPTS. 

warm ;  then  stock  away.  This  is  for  renewms;  yonr  old  malt  or  bop 
yeast  when  the  latter  runs  out,  and  not  for  general  use;  or  it  may  be 
eubstitated  by  yeast  from  another  shop. 

Seting  Sponge. — For  a  quantity  of,  say,  3  barrels  of  floar.  put  It 
ic  thf  trough;  sift  it  ;  add+i  pails  of  ferment,  and  about  4^  water 
(cold  water  during  warm  weather,  and  warm  water  during  coi  );  in- 
temiLx  and  work  it  up  smooth,  allowing  it  to  rise  and  fall,  whej  it  is 
ready.  A  delav  in  the  process,  for  the  space  of  30  minutes  or  so, 
may  be  effected,  if  desired,  by  the  addition  of  a  handful  of  salt  when 
the  sponge  is  being  set  The  sponge  being  ready,  9  lbs.  oi  *ilt,  in- 
cluding the  last  mentioned,  are  now  weighed,  dissolved,  and  turned 
iato  the  sponge,  together  with  9  pails  oi  water  (of  2^  gals,  to  each 
pail);  mix  all  thoroughly  and  knead  the  dough,  letting  it  get  a  good 
proof,  when  it  will  be  re-;idy  Vj  mLx  up  into  loaves.  A  g'wd  method 
for  warm  weather  to  work  flour  that  is  new  and  soft,  is  to  make  yen 
dough  right  up,  straining  in  all  your  ferment,  salt  and  water,  wit.  - 
out  setting  any  sponge.  When  the  dough  rises  well,  work  it  qowd, 
turning  up  the  sides,  and  allow  it  ti  riso  oace  more  pre\ious  to 
throwin^r  it  out  of  the  trough,  adding  alu.n  if  dosirod.  With  flour 
that  worts  soft  and  clammy,  requiring  9  lbs.  of  salt  to  the  batch, 
omit  4i  pounds,  and  suhstitute  2J  lbs.  alun,  1  lb.  of  alum  being 
equivalent  to  2  lbs.  salt.  Alum  assists  inferior  flour  in  maldng  white 
bread.  The  rule  here  laid  down  is  8  ozs.  s;ilt  tn  each  pail  of  water, 
but  a  little  more  might  be  used  occasionally  with  beneflL 

LoHDON  WuiTE  BazAD. — The  common'  proportions  used  by  the 
London  bakers,  are:  Flour,  Isa'^k;  commou  salt,  4 i  lbs. ;  alum,  5 
0Z8. ;  yeast  4  pts. ;  warm  water  for  the  8;jongo,  about  3  gals.  The* 
alum  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  whit  nini  the  bread,  but  Liebig  haa 
demonstrated  that  this  purpose  may  be  better  subserved  by  the  usa 
of  clear  lime  water  in  mixing  up  the  dough. 

It  is  the  commendahle  ambition  in  the  English  bakers  to  impart 
that  i>eouliar  tint  so  highly  prized  by  connoisseurs,  and  so  success- 
fully produced  at  Vienna  and  Paris.  At  Vienna,  it  has  long  been 
known  that  if  the  hearth  of  an  oven  be  cleaned  with  a  moistened 
wisp  of  straw,  the  crust  of  bread  baked  in  it  immediately  after  pre- 
sents a  rich  vellow  tint;  the  theory  is  that  the  aqueous  vapor  retained 
in  the  oven  nas  a  beneficial  eiTeet 

The  proper  temperature  of  the  oven  is  between  200"  and  223"* 
Centigrade,  equivalent  to  424°  and  480^  Fahr.,  and  may  be  known 
by  the  emission  of  sparks  from  a  piece  of  wood  rubbed  on  the  oven. 

The  dough  loses  about  l-7th  of  its  weight  if  baked  iu  batches,  but 
fully  \  If  baked  in  small  loaves  and  'placed  in  the  oven  separatelv. 
The  best  breiid  contains  about  ll-liJths  of  its  weight  of  added  water, 
and  common  bread  often  .-nu'^h  more  than  J.  The  proportion  of  wa- 
ter in  the  London  bread  h  is  gre  itlv  increased  of  late  yejirs.  owing 
to  the  use  of  the  fraudulent  method  of  making  the  dough  with  rice 
jelly  or  moss  jelly,  iu  which  Iceland  moss,  Irish  moss,  or  other  moss- 
es are  used,  by  boiling  7  lbs.  of  moss  in  10  gals,  of  water,  and  using 
the  resultant  jelly  in  making  70  lbs.  of  flour  into  dough,  which  is 
then  fermented  and  baked  in  the  usual  way.  It  is  said  that  flour 
treate^l  in  this  way  will  yield  fully  double  its  weight  of  good  bread. 
According  ^)  Heeru,  lOO'lbs.  of  wheaten  flour  will  yield  at  least  125 
to  126  lbs.  of  bread — some  say  135  lbs. ;  iOO  lbs.  of  rye  meal,  131  lb». 
oX  bread     A.  i  oz.  carbonate  of  magnesia,  added  to  the  flour  for  a 


BAKINS   AXD    COOKING    EECEIPT8.  11 

(Wb.  loaf,  materially  improves  th«  quality  of  the  bread  ©Ten  when 
made  from  the  very  worst  seconds  flour. 

Paris  Baker's  White  Bread.— On  80  lbs.  of  the  dough  left 
from  the  previous  day's  baking,  as  much  luke-warm  water  is  poured 
as  will  make  820  lbs.  flour  iuto  a  rather  thin  dough.  As  soon  as  thia 
nas  risen,  80  lbs.  are  taken  out  and  reserved  in  a  warm  place  for  next 
day's  baking.  One  pound  of  dni  yeast  dissolved  in  loarm  water  is 
then  added  to  the  remaining  portion,  and  the  wkole  lightly  kneaded. 
As  soon  as  it  is  sufficiently  "  risen,"  it  is  then  made  ii  to  loaves,  and 
•hortly  afterwards  baked,  the  loaves  being  placed  in  the  oven  with- 
out touching  each  other,  so  that  they  nmv  be  "  crusted"  all  round. 

Thb  Secrets  of  Viexxa  Bread.— the  proportions  of  Vienna 
hread,  confessedly  inferior  to  none  in  the  world,  are :  Flour  100  lbs  : 
water  and  milk,  9  gals. ;  salt,  6  lbs.  4  ozs. ;  pressed  veast,  18  lbs.  12 
ors.  According  to  Prof.  Horsford,  good  fresh  middlings  flour  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  avera.^e  Hungarian  flour  used  in  Vienna. 
The  fresh  pressed  yeast  is  obtained  by  skimming  the  froth  from  beer 
mash  in  active  fercaenfcition.  This  contains  the  upper  yeast,  which 
must  be  repeatedly  washed  with  cold  water  imtil  only  the  pure  white 
yea«t  settles  clear  from  the  water.  This  soft,  tenacious  mass,  after 
the  water  has  been  drawn  off,  is  gathered  into  bags  and  subifted  to 
hydraulic  pressure,  until  there  remams  a  semi-solid,  somewhat  brit- 
tle, dough-Uke  substance,  still  containing  considerable  water.  Thia 
la  the  pressed  yeast,  which  will  keep  for  eighty  days  in  summer,  an4 
much  longer  on  ice.     For  use  it  should  be  fresh  and  sweet 

The  mixing  is  commenced  by  emptying  the  flour  sacks  into  a  zino- 
lined  trough  about  2^  feet  wide  and  8  feet  long,  half  round  in  form. 
Then  with  a  pail  holding  about  5  gals.,  equal  parts  of  milk  and  wa- 
ter are  poured,  and  left  to  stand  until  the  mixture  attains  the  temper- 
ature of  the  room,  between  70o  and  80°  Fahr.  It  is  then  poured  into 
one  end  of  the  trough  and  mixed  with  the  bare  hand  with  a  small 
portion  of  the  flour  to  form  a  thin  emulsion.  The  pressed  yeapt  ia 
next  crumbled  finely  in  the  hands,  and  added  in  the  proiwrtiou  of  3^ 
ozs.  to  every  3  qts.  of  liqiud,  and  then  1  oz.  of  salt  iu  same  propor- 
tion is  intermingled  through  the  mass.  The  trough  is  now  covered 
and  left  undisturbed  for  |  of  an  hour,  and  after  this  the  rest  of  the 
flour  is  incorporated  with  the  mass  in  the  above-named  proportions. 

The  mass  of  dough,  being  allowed  to  rest  for  2^  hours,  becomes  a 
Bmooth,  tenacious,  puflfed  mass  of  yellowish  color,  which  yields  to 
indentation  without  rupture  and  is  elastic.  It  is  now  weighed  into 
pound  masses,  and  each  lump  ia  cut  by  machinery  into  12  small 
pieces,  each  |  inch  in  thickness.  Of  each  one  of  these,  the  corners 
are  brought  together  in  the  centre  and  pinched  to  secure  them  Then 
the  lump  is  reversed  and  placed  on  a  long  dough  board  for  farther 
fermeLtation,  until  the  whole  batch  is  ready  for  the  oven.  Before 
bemg  introduced  into  the  latter,  the  rolls  are  again  reversed  and  re- 
stored to  their  original  position,  having  c«nsiderablv  increased  in 
volume,  to  be  still  farther  enlarged  in  the  oven  to  at  least  twice  the 
size  of  the  original  dough.  In  the  oven  they  do  n.>t  touch  each  other, 
and  the  baking  occupies  about  15  minutes.  To  glaze  the  surface  they 
are  touched  in  the  process  of  baking  with  a  siwnge  dipped  in  mUk, 
which  besides  imparting  to  them  a  smooth  surface,  increases  the 
brilliancy  of  the  slightly  reddish  cinnamon  color  and  adds  to  tilt 
frateful  arom»  of  title  crust. 


19  BAKING   AND    COOKING   RECEIPTS. 

Aerated  BreaI/. — ^The  water  used  in  forraiug  the  dough  igpl»c«d 
In  a  v«9sel  capable  of  withstanding  a  high  pressure,  and  carbonic  acid 
gas  1*  forced  into  it  to  the  extent  10  or  12  atmospheres.  The  watet 
will  absorb  and  refciiu  it  whatever  may  be  its  densitj',  in  quantitiea 
equal  to  its  own  bulk,  so  long  as  it  is  retained  in  a  close  vessel  uudei 
pressure.  The  flour  and  salt,  of  whicli  the  dough  ia  to  be  formed,  is 
next  placed  in  another  powerful  vessel  of  a  spheroidal  fonn,  con- 
structed with  a  simple  kueading  appantus  working  from  without 
and  operating  through  a  closelj-  packed  stuiling-box.  luto  tiiis  ves- 
sel is  forced  a  pressure  eqnl\alent  to  that  in  the  aerated  water  vessel, 
then  by  means  of  a  pipe  connecting  the  two  vessels,  the  aerated 
water  is  drawn  into  the  flour  and  the  kneading  apparatus  is  operated 
at  the  same  time,  the  water  acting  simply  as  limpid  water  among  the 
Hour,  forming  a  jiast}'  mass  of  the  requisite  tenacity.  The  pressure  is 
now  withdrawn,  and  the  gas  escapes  from  tlie  water,  and  in  doing  so, 
raises  the  dough  in  a  beautiful  and  rapid  manner, the  lutermLxture  being 
thorough  and  complete.  The  mixing  vessel  may  have,  sav,  an  inter- 
nal capacity  of  10  bushels  ;  to  fill  this  with  tlie  iutlated  bread  dough 
only  3^  bushelsof  flour  are  required.  In  the  iutcrmixture  of  water 
with  flour  the  pasty  mass  nica.nues  rather  Ic.-js  than  half  the  bulk  of 
the  original  dry  flour,  or  about  IJ  bushels  instead  of  o^,  the  es.V)aud- 
ed  dougli  represents  nearly  5  parts  gaseous  to  one  solid.  The  subse- 
quent baking  expands  it  to  a  much  greater  extent,  makmg  the 
proportions  of  gaseous  to  solid  iu  all  about  10  to  1.  It  must  be  self- 
evident  that  this  bread  is  very  pure,  nothing  but  flour,  water,  and 
salt,  being  used,  and  reliable  experimeuts  have  demonstrated  that 
118  loaves  i:an  be  made  from  the  same  weight  of  flour  which  by  fer- 
meutition  will  make  only  105  or  106,  tlie  loss  in  the  Latter  being 
caused  by  the  emission  of  carbonic  acid  g:is  through  the  dou^'h  dur- 
ing the  process  of  fermentation  and  manufacture.  In  baking  this 
bread,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  have  tlie  heat  admitted  through 
the  bottom  of  the  oven,  with  means  of  regulating  the  heat  of  the  top, 
50  that  the  bread  is  cooked  through  the  bottom,  :iud  the  heat  subse- 
quently admitted  above  towards  "the  last,  in  order  to  perfect  the  top 
crust.  Tliese  precautions  are  taken  owing  to  the  low  temperature  of 
the  dough  when  placed  in  the  oven,  caused  by  the  use,  of  cold  water 
in  the  baking  process,  and  the  sudden  expansion  on  rising  inducing 
a  temperature  of  40°  Fahr.,  lower  than  ordinary  fermented  dough. 
This  in  connertion  with  its  slow  s[jringing  until  it  reaches  the  boiling 
point,  renders  it  desirable  to  delay  tlie  formation  of  the  top  crust 
until  the  last  moment. 

Another  Aerated  Brk.vd.— 1.  Dis.solve  1  oz.  of  sesqni-carbon- 
ate  of  ammonia  m  water,  sufficient  to  make  Tibs,  of  flour  into  a  dougli, 
which  must  be  formed  into  loaves,  and  baked  immediately.  2. 
Divide  3  lbs.  flour  into  two  portions:  mix  up  the  first  with  water, 
holding  in  .solution  2  ozs.  bicarbonate  of  scnla  ;  then  mix  the  second 
portion  of  flour  with  water,  to  which  1  oz.  of  muriatic  acid  has  been 
added  ;  knead  each  mats  of  the  dough  thoroughly.  When  this  is 
done,  mix  both  portions  together  as  rapidly  and  perfectly  as  possible 
form  the  mass  into  loaves  and  bake  immediately.  This  bread  con- 
tains no  yeast,  and  is  very  wholesome.  i\'o<e.— Carbonate  of  mag- 
nesia and  muriatic  acid  chemicallv  combined,  form  common  salt. 

Heaxtht  Mixed  Bread.— Boil  3  lbs.  of  rice  to  a  soft  pulp  i« 
water  ;  pare  and  cook  by  steam  6  lbs.  of  your  best  potatoes,  maeh 
your  potatoes  and  rub  them  up  with  rice  pulp  ;  add  to  the  whide  6 


BAKING  AND    COOKING   EECirPTS.  It 

"$».  floTur ,  make  all  into  a  dough  -with  water,  ferment  ^itk  yeast,  Iflt 
It  Btand  a  proper  length  of  time,- and  then  place  it  iu  the  oven  to  bake. 

Another  EXCELLE^•T  Bre.W). — Knead  21  lbs.  flour  with  9  lb«  of 
pared  and  mashed  potatoes,  from  which  the  water  has  been  well 
steamed  off  previous  to  mashing  :  mix  toget'uer  while  the  potatoes  ara 
warm,  adding  about  3  or  4  spoonfuls  of  Siilt.  Then  add  about  3 
e^s.  milk-warm  water,  with  9  large  spoonfuls  of  yeast  gradually  to 
the  potatoes  and  flour  ;  knead  and  work  it  well  into  a  smooth  dough, 
and  let  it  stand  4  hours  before  putting  into  the  oveu. 

French  Briad.— Ti\ke  nice  rice,  |  lb.  ;  tie  it  up  in  a  t^iick  linen 
bag,  giving  it  enough  room  for  it  to  swell :  boil  from  three  to  four 
hours  till  it  becomes  a  perfect  paste  ;  niix  while  warm  with  7  lbs. 
flom  ;  adding  the  usual  quantities  of  yeas^t,  salt,  and  water.  Allow 
the  dough  to  work  a  proper  time  near  the  fire,  then  divide  into  loaves, 
dust  them  in,  and  knead  vigorously. 

Dtspepsia  Bread. — The  following  receipt  for  making  bread  has 
proved  highly  salutary  to  persons  afflicted  with  dyspepsia,  viz.  : — 3 
quarts  unbolted  wheat  meal ;  1  quart  soft  water,  warm  but  not  hut ; 
1  gill  of  fresh  yeast  ;  1  gill  molasses,  or  not,  as  may  suit  the  taste  ;  1 
teaspoonful  of  saleratus. 

For  the  sake  of  tlie  industrious  house-wife,  and  not  for  bakers,  as 
they  are  supposed  to  know  already,  it  may  be  weU  to  state  that  30 
minutes'  baking  will  suffice  for  1  lb.  loaves  and  cakes  ;  and  15  minutes 
additional  for  every  lo.  after  the  first  for  larger  ones.  Thus  a  1  lb. 
loaf  requires  -^  hour,  a  2  lb.  loaf  J  huur,  and  a  4  lb.  loaf  IJ  houi-. 

Superior  Bread  from  Buckwheat  Meal. — To  2  qts.  of  sifted 
buckwheat  meal,  add  hot  water  enough  to  wet  the  same,  when  suf- 
ficiently cooled,  add  1  tcaspoonf  id  or  more  of  6;ilt,  half  a  pint  of 
yea.st,  and  half  a  teaspoonful  of  mola.«se3  ;  then  add  wheat  flour 
enough  to  make  it  into  loaves  (it  shoidd  be  I-cneaded  well)  ;  and  when 
risen  Ught,  bake  or. 'iteam  it  three  or  more  hours.  If  this  should  get 
60ur  while  rising,  add  a  teaspoonful  of  sugar  and  a  little  saleratus, 
dissolved  iu  water.  For  bread  from  Indian  meal  proceed  in  the  same 
wav,  using  it  in:.-tead  of  buckwheat  meal. 

Oorn-SIeal  Bread,  Xo.  1. — Take  2qt^.  of  com  meal,  with  about 
a  pint  of  (thin)  bread  sponge,  and  water  enough  to  wet  it  ;  mix  in 
about  a  half  a  pint  of  wheat  flour,  and  a  tablesi>oouf  ul  of  salt ;  let  it 
rise  and  then  knead  well  the  secojid  time  ;  bake  li  hours. 

Corn-Meal  Bread  No.  2- — Mix  2  qtvS.  of  new  com-meal  with 
three  pints  of  warm  water  ;  add  1  tabiespoonf  ul  of  salt,  2  table- 
spoonfuls  of  sugar  and  one  large  fciblespoonf  id  of  hop  yeast:  let  it 
gtand  in  a  warm  place  five  hours  to  ri.-:e  ;  then  add  1.^  teacupfnls  of 
wheat  flour,  and  a  half  pint  of  warm  water.  Let  it  rise  again  IJ 
hours,  then  pour  into  a  pan  well  greased  with  sweet  lard,  and  let  it 
rise  a  few  minutes.    Then  bake  in  a  moderately  hot  oven,  li  hours. 

Cokn-Meal  Bbfab,  No  3. — Take  2  qts.  of  white  corn-meal,  1 
ibfkblespoonful  of  I'  ^d,  1  pint  of  hot  water  :  mix  the  lard  in  water  . 
«tir  it  well  that  ii  may  get  heated  thoroughly,  and  add  one-half  pint 
of  cold  water.  When  the  mixture  is  cool  enough,  add  two  well- 
beaten  eggs,  and  two  tablespooufuls  of  home-made  yeast  Bake 
1  hour  in  a  moderately  heated  oven.  If  for  breakfast  make  "^ei 
night. 

Be.st  Boston  Brown  Bread.—  Take  100  lbs.  of  Indian  meei ;  M 
lbs.  rye  meal  ;  and  10  lbs.  flour  ;  sift  and  intermix  together  in  the 
trwugh ;  strain  in  four  gals,  mplasses ;  2  gals,  ferment  or  yeast ;  dissolve  t 


14  BAKIKG  JLXD  COGKH^G  EECEIPT9. 

lb.  aoda  and  4  lbs.  salt  in  water  and  add  that  Kow  add  watel 
•noDgh  to  mix  all  rather  stiff,  mixing  well  and  breaking  all  liunpe. 
How  mix  in  water  enough  to  form  a  batter  sufficiently  tliiu  to  remair 
even  on  top  :  allow  it  to  stand  2  or  S  hoars  after  mixing,  before  put- 
ting it  into  the  pans  and  OTen,  then  bake  from  6  to  10  hoon  in  n 
eiow  oven. 

Boston,  ok  Soft  Cbackebsi. — First  8irtin4  bdirela  /  flonr  intc 
the  trough,  add  2  j^ls  of  etock-yeast,  au  J  ubout  9  paiLs  of  water  , 
mix  all  into  a  sponge  and  allow  ii  t?  stand  uutil  it  ri-sfej  and  falla 
twice.  The  sponire  will  require  about  6  or  8  hours  to  beoome  ready, 
if  it  sours  a  little,  jjo  much  the  better.  Usually  it  is  set  about  dood 
for  the  work  next  day,  and  if  set  warm,  for  using  stock  yeast  inctead 
of  ferment,  it  will  come  less  rapidly.  The  sponge  being  ready,  add 
to  it  from  8  to  10  pails  more  water  ;  mix  and  break  the  six)ugc  up 
weU,  maldng  a  stiff  dough,  and  let  it  stand  until  next  morning.  It  \i 
raj iiisite  that  the  dough  should  be  sour,  to  en.-'are  good  crackers. 
When  ready,  remove  a  sample  of  it  suiBcient  for  one  ovenful  of 
crackers  ;  take  it  to  another  part  of  the  trough,  and  add  to  it  from  8 
to  6  lbs.  of  butter  or  lard,  the  proportion  to  b«  addi.*d  to  be  estimated 
by  the  dimensioHs  of  the  pie.-e  so  sejjarattd  ;  soda  in  solution  is  now 
to.be  added,  made  by  dissolving  i^da,  I  lb.  in  cold  water,  1  qt,  and 
the  detiohed  pieoe of  dji:i,h  mav  be  intermixed  with  1  pt.  of  the 
liquid,  representing  8  cc3.  of  g<>da,  but  the  exact  quantity  required 
must  be  ascertain^  by  the  acidity  or  age  of  the  dough,  and  the  judg< 
ment  of  an  ex|>erieuced  practitioner.  Mix  the  soda  and  butter 
thoroughly  into  the  do-.igh,  and  put  it  through  the  rollers  repeatedly 
or  until  smooth.  Place  a  sample  of  this  dough  in  the  ovon  to  deter- 
mine whether  or  not  it  contains  the  proper  quantity  of  soda.  When 
baked,  too  much  soda  will  induce  a  yellow  appearance,  and  more 
dough  without  soda  must  be  added  ;  a  deficiency  of  soda  will  be  in- 
dicated by  a  sour  smell,  and  in  that  case  more  soda  mu.^t  be  added 
When  all  is  right,  the  dongh  is  put  through  tlie  uiachine,  and  the 
Bucceediu*  batch  of  crackers  is  commen'^evl  by  Eelecting  another 
piece  of  di^ugh  and  pnx-eeding  as  above,  adding" the  butter  and  soda 
in  the  required  propirtion,  each  batch  reqiiirLug  more  soda  on  ac- 
count of  the  increasing  acidity  acquired  by  long  exposure  tci^the  air 
An'othek  WAT. — Set  the  sponge  on  the  previous  night,  and  the 
next  day  in.«te«d  of  making  duugh  of  it,  st  v-ct  a  iiortion  of  the  sponge, 
adding  it  to  the  butter  and  soda  a*  above  directed,  working  tiiem  well 
intr  it,  and  adding  tiour  enough  to  make  a  stiff  dough,  and  it  is  ready 
for  the  break.  \\'hen  yon  detach  part  of  the  sponge  to  n-'ake  the 
batch,  add  water  enough  to  the  sponge,  and  stir  it  up  witb  more 
flour,  thus  continuing  to  renew  the  sjxmge  as  fast  as  it  is  used. 

Soda  Ckackxrb  are  made  by  the  same  process,  of  the  same  dough  ; 
after  using  the  scraps,  add  a  little  more  butter,  rolling  them  thinn  ei 
and  cutting  them  square.  ^ 

OvsTEE  Crackee.«  are  made  of  the  same  dough,  using  tlie  scrap* 
also.  Butter,  ifugar,  and  other  crackers  are  made  the  same  way, 
adding  respectively  butter  and  sugar. 

Cream  Cr-^ckeks.— Rub  together  14  lbs.  flour  ana  1  lb.  batter  ; 
then  add  1  lb.  pounded  sugar.  48  eggs,  and  flavor  :  mix  thoroughly, 
ftnd  work  it  quite  stiff  and  smooth  ;  roll  out  quite  thii\  -cut  them  with  a 
cutter  in  the  form  of  a  oak  leaf  ;  put  them  into  boiling  water  and 
boil  till  thev  float ;  remove  with  a  skimmer  and  dry  them  on  cloth^ 
•ad  bake  oo  cle&u  itaiu  without  being  buttered,  in  a  warm  ovaB. 


BAKING  Am>   COOKIXG   BECEIPTS.  td 

Chkap  Ladt  Cake. — Break  up  2  lbs.  butter,  mix  in  3  Hie.  sugar, 
ribbing  well  together  for  6  or  10  minutes,  add  2  pts.  whites  of  eggs, 
&  third  at  a  time,  beat  all  up  light,  then  add  4  lbs.  flour,  and  1  oz.  soda, 
digsolved  in  2  pts.  milk,  and  2  ozs.  cream  tartar  ;  intermix  all  well  to- 
gether, bake  in  pans  about  1^  ins.  deep,  in  loaves  that  will  weigh  from 
2  to  3  lbs.,  when  baked,  take  out  of  the  pans  and  frost  on  tlie  undei 
side.     Mark  in  slices  |  of  an  inch  thick. 

Fbost  Cakes.— Beat  2  lbs.  butter  and  3  lbs.  sugar  together  until 
quite  light,  add  30eg.?8, 10  at  a  time,  beating  after  each  addition,  then 
a  little  ext.  lemon,  add  3  lbs.  flour,  stir  just  enough  to  mix  ;  put  in  flat, 
square  pans,  greased,  and  bake  in  a  slow  oven,  when  done,  frost  on 
the  under  side  and  mark  in  squares. 

CriKON  Fro3T  Cake  is  made  similar  to  the  above,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  sUced  citron  when  the  flour  is  added,  or  preferably  put  th« 
citron  on  the  batter  alter  it  is  in  the  pans.    Bake  as  the  last. 

SHREWSBrsY  Cake.— Rub  2  lbs.  butter,  and  2  lbs.  of  sugar  to- 
gether, add  24  eggs,  6  at  a  time,  beating  them  in,  dissolve  and  add 
twice  as  much  soda  as  will  lie  on  a  dime  in  a  httle  water,  mix  in  4  lb& 
flour,  roll  and  cut  out  ^ith  any  plain  or  fancy  shaped  cutter,  put  oa 
buttered  tins,  and  bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Lemon  Ca^e. — Rub  tJMther  6  lbs.  of  light  brown  sugar,  and 
2  lbs.  of  lard  or  butter,  add  16  eggs,  12  qts.  of  milk  with  2  ozs.  of  soda 
dissolved  therein,  2  ozs.  ammonia,  a  few  drops  extract  of  lemon  for 
flavor,  and  flour  sufBcient  to  make  a  stiff  batter;  drop  them  either 
with  the  hand  or  -with  a  spoon,  into  scalloped  pans,  aud  sprinkle  a  few 
currants  on  the  top  of  eacn.  and  bake  in  a  moderate  ovt^n. 

Rock  Cake. — Rub  together  4  lbs.  sugar,  and  8  lbs.  of  flour,  make  a 
hollow  in  the  middle,  and  add  6  eggs,  1^  pts.  milk,  1  lb.  8  oz.  of  but- 
ter, and  2  oz.  ammonia,  mix  all  together,  roll  out  and  cut  out  with  a 
plain  cutter,  rather  thick,  put  on  jians,  and  witji  a  fork  scratch  the  top 
of  each  until  it  is  quite  rough.     Bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Cup  C.^ke. — Break  up  2  lbs.  butter,  add  3  lbs.  sugar,  and  16  eggs. 
a  third  at  a  time,  beat  up  light,  add  5  lbs.  flour,  2  pts.  milk,  and 
ammonia  2  ozs.,  make  all  smooth  by  thorough  mixing.  Bake  in 
email  pans  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Weddikq  Cake.— Rub  4  lbs.  butter  and  4  lbs.  light  brown  sugar 
well  together,  adding  40  eggs,  one  quarter  at  a  time,  teating  well,  then 
add  2  pts.  molasses,  2  pts.  good  brandy,  1  oz.  each  of  mace,  nutmeg, 
cassia,  and  cloves,  all  well  blended  in  and  mixed  with  the  mass,  thea 
add  5  lbs.  flour,  8  lbs.  currants,  9  lbs.  stoned  raisins,  and  3  lbs.  citron, 
intermix  all  thoroughly,  put  it  in  pans,  spread  smootli  on  top,  and  it  is 
ready  for  the  oven.  These  materials  will  make  4  loaves  of  9  lbs.  each, 
and  will  require  careful  baking  for  from  4  to  6  hours  in  a  cool  oven, 
otherwise  it  wiU  be  burnt  on  the  outside.  To  frost  this  amount  of 
cake  beat  up  the  whites  of  10  eggs  in  a  bowl,  with  sufficient  pulverized 
sugar  to  render  the  mixture  stiff  enough  to  spread  on  the  cake, 
using  a  wooden  spoon  (probably  2^  lbs.  will  be  required),  beat  all  to- 
gether for  15  or  20  minutes  ;  spread  it  on  the  cake,  after  the  latter 
becomes  cool,  and  set  it  away  until  the  next  day.  when  another  coat 
of  the  frosting  compositioD  must  be  applied,  and  the  cake  set  awav 
until  the  day  following  to  await  the  final  ornamenting.  This  is  ef- 
fected with  the  assistance  of  ornamenting  tubes,  &c.,  together  with  a 
frosting  composition  of  a  much  stiffer  consistence  than  that  previooaly 
ased.  Note. — One-half,  or  even  one-quarter  of  the  above  quantity  ol 
6ake  will  be  found  amply  sufficieut  fox  moi>t  oesaiiooji, 


16  BJULING   AKD    COOKING   H£CB1TTS. 

AsoTHXB  Wedding  Cake.— Use  2  Iba.  sngar,  3  Ibe.  flour,  8  ho* 
megs,  18  eggs,  1  oz.  allspice,  1  or.  cloves,  3  lbs.  currantg,  2  Ibe.  citroiL. 
3  lbs.  Bultaiui  raieins.  a  little  ammoiiia,  and  1  gill  brandy.  Proceed 
witb  the  mixture  a.^  dire*"ted  in  the  foregoing,  and  bake  in  a  slow  ov^ea. 

Cocoa  M-r  Cahx.«. — To  each  lb.  of  grafed  cocoanat«  add  1  lb.  ot 
powdered  sugar  and  the  whites  of  4  eggg,  put  all  in  a  kettls 
and  cook  on  die  fire  for  about  30  minutes,  stirring  well  all  tfie 
time,  and  avoid  burning,  cook  to  a  soft  and  mushy  contiiFtence,  turn 
it  out  and  add  to  each  lb.  of  cocoanut  as  previously  weighed  2  oz«.  of 
flour,  working  it  well  into  the  mixture.  Now  put  it  in  well  greased 
pans,  selecting  a  small  piece  in  your  hands,  rolling  it  round  and  lay- 
ing it  on  tJie  jjans,  putting  them  about  1  inch  apart,  to«illow  for  spread- 
ing, and  bake  in  a  cool  oven. 

QtJKEX  Cake.— Rub  together  2  lbs.  sugar  and  2  lbs.  butter,  next 
add  16  eggs,  1  ]tt  milk,  1  oz.  of  anmionia,  t^tir  all  well  together,  then 
add  the  floor  :  bate  in  Pinar©  pan«  with  a  few  corrunts  on  top. 

Drop  Cake.— K  '  '     r -.    ■      .    .-pr  and  1 J  Ibe.  of  butter,  add 

13  eggs,  in  3  diffi :  luilk,  li  ozs.  soda.  IJ  ozs.  of 

amnionia,  fLivor  v  well  together,  add  flour  iuffl- 

cient  to  make  a  stiil'  'uai u.  i ,  drop  on  l.utwsred  jiaus,  bake  in  a  quick  oven. 

Molasses  Pouxd  Cakr.  —Mix  Uij^etber  1  gat  molasses,  3  lbs.  but- 
ter, 8  eggs,  2  qts.  water,  8  ozs.  of  soda,  and  add  sifted  flour  sufficient 
to  make  a  ftift  batter.     Bake  in  sm.ill  scallojied  pans,  in  a  ojo\  oven. 

Ce<>s3  BrNS.- Work  24  lbs.  dough,  2  lbs.  sugar.  2  lbs.  butter,  12 
eggs  and  a  little  cinnamon  into  the  dough,  and  set  away  to  rise:  Lhen 
pinch  them  off  in  about  2  oz.  pieces ;  mould  them  up ;  pin  out ;  put 
on  i^ans,  and  mark  them  across  with  a  knife,  or  croes  them  with 
strips  of  dough. 

Gold  C.aki:.— Rub  together  2  lbs.  butter,  and  2\  lbs.  brown  sugar  : 
add  the  yolks  of  30  eggs,  a  few  at  a  time.  Ijeaiing  all  well  up  ;  add 
1  qt.  milk  with  1  oz.  soda  di**olved  in  it,  stir  well  up  ;  and  add  4  lbs. 
flour  ;  1  oz.  cream  tartar  ;  a  little  lemon  extract ;  mix  all  up  lightly, 
and  bake  in  small  pans  in  a  warm  oven. 

New  Tork  Sponge  C.akk.— Beat  16  eggs  and  2  lbs.  sogar  together 
about  5  minutes  :  next  add  2  ozs.  ammonia.  1  pt.  milk,  and  flavor  ;  mi^ 
all  ;  add  the  flour,  stirring  carefully,  but  sufficient  to  mix.  Bake  in 
little  round  pans,  in  a  warm  oven, 

Ladt  Cake. — Rub  2  lbs.  butter  and  4  lbs.  sugar  together  until  it  % 
qcite  light:  then  add  the  whites  of  60  ejrtrs,  one-fourth  at  a  time, 
beating  well:  next  flavor  with  a  little  oU  of  almonds:  stir  slightly; 
then  add  2  lbs.  flour  and  1  lb.  com  starch,  and  stir  up  lightly.  Bake 
in  a  slow  oven  and  turn  over  and  frost  on  the  under  side. 

Gp.orxD-RiCE  Cakes.— Rub  together  2  lbs.  butter  and  4  Ibe.  gnsrar; 
add  16  eggs:  beat  up  thoroughly;  add  2  j-ts.  milk,  4  oz*.  ammonia, 
and  flavor  with  lemon:  stir  all  up:  add  4  lbs.  of  rice  flour,  and  mix 
thoroughly:  drop  on  buttered  pans  about  the  size  of  an  ^g,  and  bake. 

Ckeam  Cakes.— Take  1  qt.  water,  and  1  lb.  dark  oearse-grained 
lard ;  boil  together  in  a  kettle,  and  then  stir  in  17  oxe.  of  best  quality 
flour;  boil  afl  4  or  5  minute?,  or  until  it  is  quite  smooth;  then  turn  it 
out  on  a  board,  aud  scrape  the  kettle  with  a  knife;  now  put  your 
paste  in  the  kettle  again,  with  10  eggs:  stir  well  together  until  all  is 
noooth:  thee  add  18  or  20  more  eggs,  oi  until  the  batter  is  of  tb« 
right  thickness ;  next  dissolve  J  oa.  soda  in  a  little  water,  and  mix  m 
tltoroughly;  drop  on  ]-:aus  5'^ghtly  greased;  waah  th  -m  or  Uip  witk 


BAKING    AND    COOKING   EECEIPTg,  17 

9gs,  and  bake  in  a  qnick  oven.  They  inrill  require  16  U  18  minntc* 
to  oake  with  a  proper  lieat.  W  hen  baked,  remove  from  tL  e  fire ;  split 
them  til  rough  the  centre  and  fill  them  with,  the  foUowing  cream: 
Place  on  the  fire  1  qt.  milk  in  a  kettle,  mix  4  oz.  dour,  8  oz.  white 
engar,  4  eggs,  and  a  little  silt  in  another  vessel ;  when  the  milk  boUs, 
turn  in  the  mixture,  stirring  briskly ;  when  it  boils,  remove  from  the 
fire,  and  flavor  with  lemon  or  vanilla  as  desired. 

EocK  Cakes. — Kub  well  togotlier  6  lbs.  flour,  and  2  lbs.  butter, 
maiiing  a  cavity  in  the  middle;  put  in  2  lbs.  sugar,  2  lbs.  currants,  8 
*ggs,  dissolved  soda,  1  oz.,  and  a  little  e?s.  lemon,  with  milk  sufficient 
to  mix  up  BtaH;  now  take  a  four-^)ronged  fork  and  work  of  pieces  of 
dough  the  size  of  walnuts ;  place  on  pans,  and  bake  in  a  cool  oven. 

S>TJ'W  Cakes. — Rub  2  lbs.  butter  and  2  lbs.  sugar  well  together; 
then  add  the  whites  of  24  egae,  3  at  a  time ;  beat  up  well ;  add  12  oz«. 
flour,  2^  Iba.  of  arrowpjot;  add  the  flavor  and  mix  lightly.  Make  Q 
loaves  of  this  qnantitv,  either  round  or  square;  pat  lemon  peel  on 
top,  and  bake  iu  a  cool  oven. 

Moss  Cake. — Rub  6  lbs.  of  flour  and  3  lbs.  of  butter  weU  together 
then  add  2  lbs.  sugar,  8  eggs,  and  flavor  with  ess.  of  lemon ;  mix  well 
together  until  smooth  and  stiff.  Now  take  a  piece  the  size  of  an  egg 
pUiih  it  through  a  sieve,  and  form  it  in  bum  h€;s  to  resemble  moss 
])ut  on  buttered  pans,  and  bake  very  carefully  in  u  moderate  oven  to 
a  delicate  brown  color. 

New  Yoek  Luxuh  Cake. — Rub  together  14  lbs.  flour,  2  lbs.  but- 
ter; then  add  3  qta.  milk,  1  oz.  soda,  1  oz.  tartaric  acid,  and  8  ozs.  ar- 
rowroot; mix  all  quite  stiff,  break  it  well,  and  snap  them  off  about  aa 
big  as  walnuts;  pin  them  out;  dock  them  full  of  holes,  and  bake  on 
clean  pans  in  a  warm  oven. 

Tea  Cake.— Rub  12  lbs.  of  flour  and  6  lbs.  of  butter  together;  add 
6  lbs.  sugar,  24  eggs,  2  ozs.  of  soda,  4  ozs.  cream  tartar;  flavor  and 
add  milk  Eufficient  to  make  a  nice,  soft  dough;  mix  up  lightly,  roll 
out,  and  cut  with  any  fancy-shaped  clatters,  bake  in  a  warm  oven. 

Fancy  Cake. — Rub  tog'ether  4  lbs.  sugar  and  3  lbs.  batter;  add 
40  eggs  in  4  difllereut  lots ;  add  1  oz.  soda  dissolved  in  a  little  milk ; 
mix  well ;  tlien  stir  in  4  lbs.  of  flour ;  1  oz.  cream  tatar ;  a  Uttle  ex- 
tract of  lemon;  mbciag  all  well  together,  bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Raisin  Cake. — Rub  together  1  lb.  butter  and  1^  lbs.  powdered 
sugar;  add  18  eggs,  one  third  at  a  time,  beating  well  in;  add  J  oz. 
dissolved  soda,  stii-ring  well  in ;  add  a  little  ext.  lemon ;  2  lbs.  2  ozs.  of 
flour;  1  lb.  1  oz.  sultana  rai?ins ;  and  mix  aU  well  together.  Bake  in 
a  slow  oven  in  pans  about  1^  inches  deep. 

PouKD  Cake, — Break  up  and  weU  mix  1  lb.  of  fresh  butter 
with  1  lb.  of  powdered  sugar;  add  10  eggs,  a  few  at  a  time,  beating 
up  lightly;  add  lib.  of  flour  ;  a  very  UttTe  soda  ;  mix  ail  so  as  to  make 
She  flour'smooth ;  bake  in  a  slow  oven. 

Silver  Cake. — Rub  together  2  lbs.  butter  and  4  lbs.  powdered 
Bugar;  add  the  whites  of  30  eggs,  in  3  lots  at  a  time;  beat  up  well; 
add  2  pts.  milk  with.l  oz.  soda;  6  lbs.  flour,  1  oz.  cream  tartar;  with 
a  little  varulla  flavor;  mix  up  lightly  and  bake  as  the  last. 

Ginger  Snai'S- — Put  2  qts.  molasses;  1|  lbs.  of  lard;  3  ozs.  of 
ground  ginger;  2  ozs.  of  soda,  and  1  pL  water,  into  a  bowL  Mix  all 
together;  add  flour  enough  to  make  a  stiff  dough;  then  work  in  2 
lbs.  sugar;  roll  thin;  cut  in  long  strips  in  rolls  on  tLe  table ;  cut  them 
offwiui'*,  knife  or  cutter  the  desired  size;  put  on  battered  tins; 
0Atten  theoi  down  a  little  with  the  hand,  and  bake  ui  a  slow  ovec 

a 


IS  BAKING  AND   COOKINQ  RECEIPTS. 

GmoEB  Case.— Fat  13  eggs  and  2  pte.  cresrt  on  the  fire  hi  a  oop* 
per  or  tin  dish;  stir  until  warm;  then  add  2  lbs.  butter;  2  lbs.  sngkr: 
10  oas.  ginger;  allow  it  to  stay  on  a  slow  fire  and  continue  stirring  till 
the  butter  is  melted;  then  set  off;  when  cold  add  8  lbs.  floor;  mix  up 
emooth;  roll  out  thin,  and  cut  with  a  circular  catter;  place  on  paper, 
and  bake  in  a  hot  oven. 

CixNAMON  Cakes.— Put  12  eggs  and  6  dessert  spoonfuls  of  rose 
water  into  a  bowl ;  whisk  together,  and  add  2  lbs.  nue  sugar,  and  1 
oz.  of  ground  cinnamon  and  flour  sufflcicnt  to  make  a  nice  stiff  paste; 
roll  them  out;  cut  into  any  desired  shape,  and  bake  them  on  paper, 
in  a  slow  oven. 

Seed  Cakes. — ^Rub  together  1  lb.  butter  and  2  lbs.  flour;  then  into 
a  hollow  in  the  centre ;  put  4  lbs.  sugar ;  2  qts.  milk ;  4  ozs.  caraway 
seeds,  and  a  little  ammonia;  mix  up,  but  do  not  work  it  much;  roll 
out;  cut  with  a  small  cutter,  and  bake  in  a  warm  oven. 

Sfice  Cake. — Mix  togetlier  3  lbs.  sugar  and  1^  lbs.  butter ;  add  H 
pts.  milk;  15  eggs,  a  few  at  a  time;  2  oz.  ammonia;  one  nutmeg 
and  a  half;  fib.  currants;  5  lbs.  .lour.  Mix  up  well  and  bake  in 
deep,  square  pans  in  a  slow  oven. 

New  York  Famct  Cake. — Rub  together  2  lbs.  sugar  and  1  lb. 
butter;  add  12  eggs  a  few  at  a  tijne,  beat  all  up  well;  add  §  qt.  of 
Bour  milk;  S|  lbs.  flour;  §  oz.  soda;  %  oz.  cream  tartar,  and  extract 
of  lemon  for  flavor.     Mix  np  smooth  and  bake  in  .scalloped  pans. 

M.4.CHIKE  Jumbles. — Rub  togetlier  3  lbs.  sugar  and  2  lb.  4  ozs. 
butter:  add  12  eggs  a  few  at  a  time,  be,it  all  up  well ;  |  oz.  of  ammo- 
nia; li  pts.  milk;  a  little  ext.  lemon,  and  5  ll».  4  ozs.  of  flour;  and 
stir  sutBciontly  to  mix. 

Champagne  Blscltts.— ^Vork  up  2  lbs.  butter  in  a  basin  to  » 
thick  cream;  add  2  lbs.  of  sugar;  2  lbs.  flour;  ">6  yolks  of  eggs;  1  oz 
caraway  seeds;  a  little  salt;  whisk  up  the  wliites  of  the  36  eggs  and 
add  them;  get  a  sheet  of  strong  paper;  fold  it  in  reversed  plaits  like  a 
fan,  to  form  trenches  about  1  inch  deep;  fill  a  biscuit  forcer  with  part 
of  the  batter;  forco  out  some  fiuger-like  biscuits  into  the  trenches 
about  3  inches  long;  sifting  sugar  over  them,  and  bake  them  of  a 
light-fawn  color  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Ckeam  T.uiTAB  Biscuit.— "Work  in  3  lbs.  sifted  flour  with  2  ozs. 
butter;  add  2  oz.<.  cream  tartar;  di.sh  the  middle  and  pour  in  1  pt. 
milk  aud  1  pt.  water,  previou.«lv  adding  1  oz.  soda  to  the  milk;  mix 
all  up  briskly,  but  don"t  make  it  too  stiff.  Flatten  it  out;  cnt  with  a 
biscuit  cutter;  place  thera  on  buttered  tins  close  together  and  bake  io 
a  quick  oven. 

Washington  Cakb.— Rub  together  4  lbs.  sogar  and  2  lbs.  8  om. 
of  butter ;  16  eggs ;  2  pts.  water  and  2  ozs.  of  ammonia ;  with  flour 
eufScient  to  make  a  suitable  dough  to  roll;  cut  out  with  a  scalloped 
cutter,  aud  bake  ia  a  warm  oven. 

Brandy  Snaps.— Mix  up  1^  pounds  flour,  ^  lb.  butter,  i  lb  sugar, 
\  oz.  <^oves,  aud  i  pint  molasses.    Mix  all  together  anc'  bane. 

Washington  Pie.— Rub  together  1  lb.  butter,  and  U  lbs  powder. 
«^  sugar,  add  1  pt.  of  eggs,  a  httle  at  a  time,  beat  np  well,  add^  oz. 
soda  dissolved  in  ^  pt.  milk  ;  flavor  with  ext.  lemon,  stir  np,  ana  add 
2  lbs.  flour  and  1  oz.  ci-eam  tartar  ;  mix  together,  put  on  pans  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick  and  bake  in  a  quick  oven. 

Another — Rub  together  2  lbs.  lard,  3  lbs.  powdered  sugar,  and 
ftdd  1  qt.  eggs,  a  little  at  a  time,  1  oz.  soda  digsoWed  in  1  qt  miUc,  3 


f  BAKIKG   A>T)    COOKIXG   HECEIPT8.  W 

Mt.  -^^eaIn-ta^tar,  a  little  lemon  extract  and  4|  lbs.  Horn  mix  aJi 
together  and  bake  as  above. 

FiLLiXG  FOR  THE  ABO^  Pte?.— Add  to  stewed  and  strained  dried 
apples,  I  lb.  of  sugar  to  each  lb.  of  apples,  boil  all  together  for  |  houi 
rtirring  well  ;  fill  with  tliis,  or  use  cranberry  jelly  or  currant  jelly  or 
raspberry  jam,  or  the  latter  intermixed  with  stewed  dried  apples,  or 
apple  fiUing  alone  is  very  good.  A  qood  filling  for  sliced  apple  pks  is 
Baade  by  slicing  cour  ajjples,  Iwttom  your  plates  add  the  sliced  apples 
with  enough  powdered  sugar  to  sweeten,  adding  cinnamon,  salt  and 
a  little  butter,  with  water  until  the  pLiteis  two-thirds  full,  then  cover 
with  puff-paste,  and  trim  it  round  in  proper  style  with  a  knife.      ' 

Lemon  Pies.— Eub  together  1  lb.  butter  andlOjlbs.  flour  with  cold 
water  snfacient  to  make  a  good  stiff  dough  to  bottom  vour  plates  with, 
rimming  them  around  with  puff-paste,  and  fill  with  the  following 
mixture  :  put  into  a  bowl  the  juio«  of  3  lemons,  the  grated  rind  of  1 
with  1^  lbs.  of  finely  powdered  sugar  and  9  eirgs.  Mix  thoroughly, 
and  fill  your  plates  with  the  mixture  ;  bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 

Another  fitti.ig. — 3  lemons,  6  egg«-,  £  lb.  sugar,  ^  pt.  milk,  with  salt 
and  nutmeg.    Mix  as  the  last. 

Anather  tcithout  lemons. — 1  lb.  sugar,  \  lb.  flour,  10  eggs,ipt.  mUk, 
i  oz.  tartaric  acid,  a  little  lemon  essence  and  salt. 

Frosting  for  Lemon  Pies. — iozs.  pulverized  sugar,  whites  of  6  eggs 
beaten  to  a  stiff  froth  and  the  sugar  gradually  added  to  it,  intermix 
thoroughly,  cover  the  pics,  top  them  off  with  this  frosting,  run  them 
into  a  moderate  oven  and  bake  them  lo  a  nice  brown. 

Short  Pcff  Paste  for  Piks.— Mix  together  4  lbs.  flour,  Ih  lbs. 
butter,  add  4  eggs,  a  little  salt  aud  1  \it.  water  or  a  little  more,  work 
all  to  a  smooth  paste,  spread  out  -with  the  hand,  put  1-^  lbs.  more 
butter  in  the  middle,  fold  the  dough  over  the  butter,  so  as  to  cover  it, 
let  it  stand  o  miuutes,  silt  flour  over  the  paste  and  on  the  slab,  roll 
out  to  the  length  of  7  feet  and  3  feet  wide  (for  half  this  quantity  one 
half  of  these  dimensions  will  be  re<juired)  Fold  it  over  and  turn  so 
that  the  sides  will  face  you,  rejjeating  the  rolling  twice,  when  the 
paste  will  be  fit  for  use. 

Common  Paste  for  Pif^s.— Rub  together  4  lbs.  flour,  and  4  Its.  of 
lard  with  salt  sufHcient ;  add  just  water  enough  to  mix  the  dough  ■.  it 
may  be  better  to  put  flour  on  the  bench,  make  a  set  of  it,  adding  the 
gait,  lard,  water,  and  stirring  together. 

Paste  to  cover  Pjep.— Mix  togother  1^  lbs.  of  lard  of  butter 
with  2  lbs.  flour  with  sufficient  salt  and  w.iter  to  mix.  Cranberry 
pies  should  have  strips  of  puff  paste  across  the  top,  the  edges  wet,  and 
a  strip  of  puff  paste  placed  around  the  rim,  keeping  this  strip  i  inch 
outside  of  the  edge  of  the  plate,  as  it  will  contract  while  baking. 

Ccstaed  for  Pies. — Put  12  esgs.  h  lb.  sugar,  ^  oz.  salt,  and  a  little 
ext.  lemon  into  a  bowl,  beat  weU  tnge'ther,  add  2  qts.  miik  aud  strain. 

Filling  for  Squash  Pies. — Tliorouglily  clean  5  lbs.  of  squash,  slice 
it  up  and  stew  it  ;  when  thoroughly  cot'.ked  drain  off  the  water,  rub 
to  a  mush  through  a  strainer,  then  add  \\  lbs.  sugar,  6  egg.<i,  2  qts. 
milk,  f  oz.  ginger,  a  little  c-ct.  lemon,  and  stilt  sufficient. 

Filling  for  Mince  Pies.— P.oil  3  lbs.  of  chopped  meat,  clear  of 
ijones  and  tough  pieces,  chop  fine ;  peel,  core  and  chop  9  lbs.  of  good 
apples,  add  4f  lbs.  brown  sng-nr,  ?i  qts.  molasses,  3  ozs.  each  of  nut- 
meg, cassia,  cloves  and  all-:pice,  3  lbs.  raisins^  1^  lbs.  currants,  \h  pts. 
brandy,  1  gUl  cider,  |  lb.  salt.  Mix  all  the  ingredients  together  in  a 
veseel,  omitting  the  apples  and  brandy,  intermix  well  togeSier;  tlieo 


to  BAKING   AKD    COOKDTG   RECEIPTS. 

•di  them  and  reduce  to  the  proper  consistency  with  water.  OoW 
♦rlth  a  cloth,  tying  itdown  tightly  to  prevent  evaporation  and  set  awaj 
ft  1  cool  place"  for  use. 

lcxCRa.\MMA_N-x-FACTUEE. — Bcat  the  required  quantity  of  iceyerj 
fine  in  a  stout  bag  or  by  any  other  nieanp,  and  add  fine  salt  iu  ratio 
of  one  part  of , salt  to  four  yiarts  of  ice.  mixing  thoroughly  with  a  rtiok. 
I'aek  the  coinv»ound  neatly  in  the  freezer  around  tiie  cylinder  to  the 
topj  then  put  m  tlie  crenm  (which  shouli  be  cool)  you  wish  to  fi-ee2e, 
anj,  after  covering,  proceed  to  tum  tlie  cn-vuk  ba^'k  asid  forth  alter- 
nately 10  or  12  times  each  wp.y  until  the  cream  is  snffici.^ntiy  thick  tc 
beat/which  will  be  knovrn  bv  the  opi>o»ition  to  tlie  beater,  then  turn 
forward  quite  briskly  for  a  sfioit  p]iai  e  in  order  to  impart  an  even  azid 
good  appearance  t-^  the  cre^im  ;  moke  tl-.orough  wort:  of  the  l>entinj?, 
then  remove  t'  _ '  Jll  the  pail  with  ice  and  salt.  .  ;'.y  to 

harden.     Itv  iutrod;ue  p.'".d;i;  aial  i  e  i  .  ■  .v  it 

to  grow  stifT  v  .:,  or  beat  it  too  cm "h.  nr  to  ;  ;  .eez' 

Uig  process  by  poaiiiig  o:f  water  from  the  melted  ice.  Tut  i.tht  time 
to  I'eat  it  i«  when  it  is  dense  enouch  to  rise,  of  about  the  thicknest 
of  li":l!t  batter,  if  beaten  when  ligid  the  product  will  nvit  be  sa 
yatisfaetory.  A."  the  cream  expand^  in  freezing,  the  cjlinder  ehould 
be  filled  |  full  and  no  more. 

fi'va'rhcrnj  and  Rnttphrrnt  Cream  Ice. — 1.  Pass  3  lbs.  of  picVed 
strawberries  or  raspljerries "through  a  coai-se  hair-sieve,  add  1\  qts. 
double  cres^m,  ^^  lbs.  sifted  sugar,  nux  well  togetiicr,  freeze  as  above, 
and  mould  it.  h"  a  deep  red  is  desired,  it  may  be  imi)ai-ted  by  a  few 
dro]»  of  cochiueal. 

2.  Ice  CRK.VJI,  Best  Qcalitt.— Bcr.t  v    "  ■        '       '  'thl| 

n>s.  sugnr  ;  lx)iI3  qts.  goc.-l  crer.m,  set  it  •  mk, 

thpu  add  the  sugar  and  eggs,  flavor  with  V:  r  .ste. 

Let  it  cool,  iilace  in  the  freezer  and  i.rcK-eed  an  ainj^e. 

.3.  ,'<vbsiifvte  for  errant. — Boil  1  qt  cf  got  d  milk  with  li  ozs.  of 
arrowroot,  having  firj^t  brought  the  milk  to  tlie  V  •''■—  "  ■■*  nnd 
mi.xcd  the  arrowrt.>ot  smooth  with  a.  little  coid  milk.  >  th.e 

fi'.e;  add  2  fresh  eggs,  8  ozs.  of  powdered  sugar,  mi.:  .  it  to 

cool  and  flavor  previotis  to  putting  in  the  freezer. 

4.  Chocolate  Cream  Ice. — Grata  f  lb.  of  the  he<t  French  choco- 
l.-.te  into  1\  qts.  of  Injiltng  mUk,  allow  it  to  boil  till  tiiitk,  adding  |  lb. 
fugT\r  :  add  when  cool.  1?;  qts.  cream,  stirring  well,  and  enijity  into 
t::e  fTP?:rer.  The  addition  of  8  eggs  and  lemon  flavor  to  t!ie  alx>va 
v;:"  '     '  •  eit. 

•  am. — Boil  together  1  qt  irilk,  1  lb.  engw,  8  oza. 
f-  and  4  yolks  of  eggs,  uutU  it  commences  to  thicken, 

o.  Oraitfjc  C'i'.iihi  Ice. — Mix  together  in  a  stew-j^aa.  1  qt  milk  Ot- 
cr^,ini,  1  lb.  sugar,  the  juice  of  8  oranges,  the  rinds  of  4  orajiges  rub- 
lied  on  the  pugar,  and  4  yolks  of  ejigs,  until  the  compf>nnd  Itegins  to 
thicken  ;  stir  briskly,  and  .•strain,  freezing  when  coo!,  us  above. 

7.  Pine  Ajrph  Cream  I^r. — Put  on  the  fire  in  a  copper  or  tin  vessB» 
3  lb.  of  strained  pineapple  pnlp,  12  ozs.  pngftr,  1^  pts.  milk  or  cream, 
did  S  yolks  of  cgss  ;  beat  suflleieutly  to  tliicktiii,  ixit  to  boil  the 
cream,  .otrain  the  .'uixtnre  into  a  vessel  and  set  -  •  ■■ 'o.il  previous 
to  freering.  See  other  formulae  for  icecrejim  ui  :ers'  De;<t. 

Ckeam~Taetar  Biscuit. — Use  2  qts.  flour. .  ulsofsoda, 

2  ditto  cream  tiirtar  2  pts.  milk.     Mix,  and  foliuv,   r  .c  aitrectOQS  lOJ 
cr«km-tartar  biaciw^ven  above,  and  bake  in  a  warm  otml 


BAKIKG  AND   COOKIJXO  nECEXPTS.  21 

C'^COANTTT  Dbops.— 1  Tb.  grated  cocoantit,  ^  lb.  Trhite  e'.israr,  the 
whites  of  6  eggs,  cut  to  a  stiff  froth.  Tou  must  have  euongh  whitM 
of  egg  to  wet  the  whole  mixture.  Drop  on  battered  pliites,  in  pieces 
tiie  gize  of  an  egg. 

Trench  Rolls.— 1  ounce  of  butter,  1  lb.  of  flour,  1  gill  of  home- 
riade  yeast,  1  egg,  milk  enough  to  make  a  dough.  Rub  the  butter 
through  the  flour,  beat  the  egg  and  stir  in,  then  add  the  yeast,  milk, 
and  a  little  salt.  Knead  the  dough  ;  when  it  is  light,  mould  it  out 
into  large  bi  icmts,  and  bake  thera  on  tin.-4. 

MtTFFiiJS.  ~A  quart  of  milk,  2  eggs,  2  spoonfuls  of  yeast,  2  lbs.  of 
Hour,  a  lump  of  butter  eize  of  an  egg— which  u  to  lie  melted  in  the 
luilk— and  a  little  salt  ;  the  milk  is  to  be  warmed,  and  the  ingredienta 
added.  Let  it  rise,  and  then  turn  the  mixture  into  buttered  pans, 
end  bake  to  a  light  brown. 

Bath  Cakes.— Mix  well  together,  1  lb.  flonr.  I  lb.  butter,  5  eggs 
and  a  ciuifol  of  yeast,  set  tlie  whole  before  the  fire  to  rise  ;  after  it 
rises,  add  J  lb.  w]ut«  sugar,  and  1  ounce  caraway  seeds  well  mixed 
in.  and  roll  the  paste  into  little  cakes,  b:ike  them  on  tins. 

No.  1  CKACKER3. — Butter,  1  cup  ;  ealt,  1  te.ispoon  ;  flour,  2  qts. 
Enb  tlioronghly  toget'ter  with  the  hand,  and  wet  up  with  water  ; 
beat  well,  and  beri  in  flour  to  mal.e  qiute  brittle  a::d  hard ;  then 
pinch  off  pieces  and  roll  out  each  cracker  by  itself. 

Sugar  Ceai  kers. — Flour,  4  lbs. ;  loaf  sugar  and  ^tter,  of  each 
J  lb.  ;  water,  IJ  pts.  ;  malce  as  above.  / 

Naples  Biscctxt. — Wliite  sugar,  egc^,  and  floni*,  of  each  4  lbs. 

Lesion  Bisctjit.— Take  3^  lbs.  •vi^hite  sugar,  4  lbs.  flour,  J 
cimce  saleratus,  ^  lb.  suet,  a  little  milk  to  wet  the  dough,  cut 
them  out  about  the  size  of  marbles,  put  them  on  pans  a  little  greased, 
and  balce  them  in  a  Ix^t  oven  and  flavor  them  with  essence  of  lemon. 

Aberxethy  Biscuit.— Take  8  lbs.  of  flour,  V$  lb.  of  butter,  1  quart 
of  sweet  milk,  12  ounces  of  sugar,  1  oimce  of  caraway  seeds,  6  eggs  ; 
mix  dough  of  the  above,  break  them  in  pieces  of  about  two  ounces, 
mould  them  off,  roll  them  out,  prick  them  and  bake  them  in  a 
moderate  oven. 

Savoy  Bisctjit.— Take  of  sugar  the  weight  of  14  eggs,  of  flour 
the  weight  of  6  eggs,  beat  the  yolks  and  whites  of  12  eggs,  separate, 
grate  in  the  rind  of  a  lemon  ;  after  being  in  the  oven  a  few  minutes 
t,rate  on  some  sugar.  You  may  add  peach-water,  or  lemon  juice, 
or  any  flavoring  extract. 

Ginger  Snaps.— Tal^e  7  lbs.  of  flour,  1  qt.  of  molasses,  1  lb.  of 
brown  sugar,  1  lb.  butter,  2  ounces  ground  ginger,  and  then 
take  1  giU  of  water,  f  of  an  ounce  of  saleratus  ;  mix  them  all  into 
doughj  and  cut  them  one  something  larger  than  marbles,  and  bake 
til  em  m  a  moderate  oven. 

York  Biscuit.— 3  lbs.  flour,  |  lb.  butter,  |  lbs.  sugar;  wet  up,  and 
raise  with  sour  milk  and  saleratus. 

Traveller's  Biscott.- 2  Ibe.  of  flour,  |  of  a  pound  of  sugar,  J  lb. 
b:itter,  1  teaspoonful^of  dissolved  saleratus,  milk  sufBcient  to  fonn 
«  dough.  Cut  up  the  butter  in  the  flour,  add  the  sugar,  and  put 
iu  the  saleratus  and  milk  together,  so  as  to  form  dough.  Knead 
it  till  it  becomes  perfectly  smooth  and  light.  Roll  it  in  sheets  alx)at 
i  of  an  inch  thick,  cut  the  cakes  with  a  cutter  or  the  top  «l  a 
•ambler.    Bake  in  a  moderate  oven. 


2f  aiccTG  A3n>  cooEiNa  sccsms. 

BAKnro  Powder  tob  Bracuir. — Bicarbonate  of  soda  4  Tba.,  ermia 
of  tartar  8  lbs.  These  ingredients  should  be  thoroo^hJy  dned  uul 
well  miied.  and  pat  np  proof  against  dampness.  U^e  about  8  tea- 
spoonfuls  to  each  quart  of  flour,  miT  np  with  cold  water  or  milk, 
and  put  it  into  the  oven  at  once. 

Bbowx  Bread  for  Biscctts. — Com  meal  4  qts.,  rye  floor  3  qtg., 
wheat  flour  1  qt.,  molasses  2  tablespoonfuls,  yeast  6  tablegpoon- 
fuls,  soda  2  teaspoonfuls.    Mix  during  the  evening  for  breakfast 

licKCE  Pies — Meat  1  lb.,  snet  3^  I'us..  currants,  raisins  and  plums 
£  lbs.,  one  glass  brandy  or  wine,  allspice,  cinnamor*  and  clones  to 
your  taste,  sugar  sufficient  to  sweeten.    Baked  in  a  short  crust 

Fkctt  Pies. — For  all  kinds  of  fruit  pies  have  your  fruit  sweet- 
ened to  your  taste,  and  then  pat  in  a  short  crost  Bake  in  a  hot 
rren. 

PcntPKHT  PrE. — Stew  the  pumpkin  dry,  and  make  it  like  sqnash 
^e,  only  season  rather  higher.  In  the'  country,  where  this  real 
TanJt«  pie  is  prepared  in  perfection,  ginger  is  aImo*t  always  nsed. 
with  other  spices.  T.' "re.  too,  part  cr^n.  instead  of  milk,  is  mixed 
with  the  pumpkin,  y«  ^ich  gives  a  richer  flavor. 

Lkmox  Pie. — 1  lemon  grated,  2  ^gs,  ^  cup  of  sujar,  1  cnp  of  mo- 
lasses, 1  of  water,  and  3  tablespoonmls  of  flour.    This  makes  3  piea. 

LKJioy  Pie  with  thkee  cbcsts. — A  layer  of  crust,  a  layer  of  le- 
mon, sliced  flne,  a  little  sugar,  layer  of  crust  again^  and  sugar  tmd 
lemon  again,  then  the  npi.>er  crust 

Another  Way. — 1  cup  of  sugar,  1  cup  sweet  rnliv,  i  egg,  1) 
lemon  the  grated  peel  and  juice,  1  tablespoonfnl  of  flour;  then 
after  baking,  the  white  of  an  egg  beaten,  sweetened,  and  put  on 
the  top  ;  then  set  in  the  oven  and  browned. 

Crctcb  Pie. — Mmce  any  cold  meat  T°ry  finely,  seawn  it  to  taste, 
and  put  it  into  a  pie-dish  ;  have  some  liilely-gnited  bread  crumbs, 
with  a  little  salt  pepper,  and  nutmeg,  and  pour  into  the  dish  anr 
nice  graw  that  may  be  at  hand  ;  then  cover  it  over  with  a  thick 
layer  of  the  bread  crumbs,  and  put  small  pieces  of  batter  over  the 
top.    Place  it  in  the  oven  till  quite  hot 

WASHrycToy  Pie. — 1  cun  of  sngar,  third  of  a  cup  of  bntter,  half 
a  cup  of  sweet  milk,  1  ana  a  third  cup  of  flour,  1  egg,  half  a  tea- 
spoonful  of  soda,  1  of  cream  of  tartar,  lemon  flavor.  Grea.<e  2 
lonnd  tins,  and  put  in  the  above.  Bake  until  done.  Then  put  it 
on  a  dinner  plate,  spread  with  nice  apple-sauce,  or  sauce  of  any 
kind  ;  then  another  layer  of  cake  on  top.  It  is  mce  without  sauce, 
but  sauce  improves  it" 

Fbot  Pie. — 1  cup  of  <mgar,  1  of  water,  tablespoonful  of  flour,  ter»- 
spoonfnl  of  lemon  essenc-e  (or  lemon  grated).  1  teaspoonfnl  of  cre^im 
of  tartar,  half  a  teaspoonful  of  soda,  half  a  cnp  of  dried  currant.*  •. 
mix  and  boiU  stirring  to  prevent  the  flour  from  settling. 

Chicken  Pie. — Take  one  pair  of  good  young  chickens,  cut  in  small 
pieces,  season  with  pepper  and  salt  and  wnall  stripe  of  salt  pork,  put 
la  saucepan  with  water  to  cover  it  boil  for  half  an  hour,  add  fionr 
and  butter  to  thicken  the  grary,  have  ready  a  lar^e  dish,  served 
with  paste,  pot  all  in  the  dish  covered  with  a  good  ridi  paste.  Bake 
for  half  an  nour. 

Veal  Pot  Pie.— Take  2  pounds  of  best  veal,  cut  in  smaM 
fiaoM,  hali  poojod  oi  ealt  pork,  eliced  thin,   four  qnarta  of  "xni. 


BAKTS'O   AJrO    COOKDfG   RrCEIPTg.  23 

water »  jteppet  abd  jwlt  all,  pnt  on  the  fire  j  after  boDlnjr  for  1 
hoar  nave  b  pounds  of  light  bread  dongh,  pick  small  pieces,  B.ny 
one  ounce  pieces,  put  in  saucepan,  with  the  veal  and  ])ork,  and  let 
it  boil  for  twenty  niinntes.  Sei-ve  as  soon  as  takea  from  tha 
fire. 

Plum  Pn>Drxo. — Pound  6  crackers,  and  poak  them  oven  night  in 
toilk  enough  to  cover  them,  tlien  add  3  pints  of  milk,  4  or  6  eif;t.:s, 
raisins  i  lb.,  spice  with  nutmeg  and  sweeten  with  sugar  and 
molasses.    Bake  about  2  hours. 

Tapioca  Pi'ddixg. — Pick  and  mash  a  coffee  cnp  full  of  tapioctv, 
and  pour  upon  it  1  pint  boiling  milk  ;  after  stinding  ^  an  hour,  aud 
another  pint  of  cold  milk,  with  sugar  and  raisins  if  you  desire. 

Baked  Ptddixg. — 5  tablospoonfuls  of  com  gtanhto  1  quart  of 
milk,  dissolve  the  starch  in  a  part  of  the  miik,  heat  tlie  remainder 
of  the  milk  to  nearly  boiling,  having  salted  it  a  little,  then  add 
the  dissolved  starch  to  the  milk,  hoilS  minutes,  stirring  it  briskly  ; 
allow  it  to  cool,  and  then  thoroughly  mis  with  it  3  eggs,  well  beat- 
en, with  3  tablesixKjnfnls  of  sucrar  ;  flavor  to  fci.^te  and  bake 
it  i  an  hour.    Tliis  pudding  ranks  second  to  none. 

Or-VKGe  PTDDrxG.— Take  1  lb.  of  butter,  1  lb.  of  sngar,  10  ^cgs, 
the  juice  of  2  oranges,  boil  the  peel,  then  poimd  it  fine  and  mix  it 
with  the  juice.  Add  the  juice  of  1  lemon,  a  wineglas.'»ful  of 
brandy,  wine  and  rose-water.  If  you  do  nut  h;ive  the  fiuit  add 
tiie  extracts. 

Cocoaxut  PtTDDixG.  To  a  large  grated  coco.inut  add  the  whites 
of  6  eggs,  \  lb  of  engnr,  6  ounces  of  butter,  J  a  wineglassfol  of 
rose-water,  and  baked  in  or  out  of  paste. 

Rice  Pcddixg.— Take  1  lb.  of  ri-^e,  boiled  wcU  with  rich  milk, 
Btirring  well  until  it  is  soft,  and  then  add  ^  lb.  butter,  12  eggs,  well 
beaten,  and  spice  to  yonr  ta,<te,  and  b.nke  it. 

II.VBD  Times  PrDcixG. — h  pint  of  molasses  or  syrup,  J  pint  water, 
2  teaspoonfuls  of  soda,  l' teaspoonful  of  salt,  flour  enough  to 
make  a  batter  ;  b<>il  in  a  bag  3  hours.    Eat  it  with  sauce. 

B^VKED  Apple  Piddixg.— Pare  andqnarter  four  ktrge  apples,  boil 
them  tender  with  the  riad  of  a  lemmi  in  so  little  water  that  when 
done  no  water  may  renKiin,  beat  tliem  quite  fine  in  a  mortar,  add 
the  crumb  of  a  small  roll,  J  lb.  butter  melted^  the  yolks  of  6  and 
whites  of  3  eggs,  juice  of  J  lemon,  sugar  to  your  tuste,  beat  all 
well  topetlier.  all  in  ]»a,<te. 

Grouxd  Rice,  or  Sago  Pupdixg.— Boil  a  largo  6]K)onfnl  of  it, 
Iieaped,  in  1  i>int  mUk  with  lemon  peel  and  cinmimon;  when  coH, 
%dd  sugar,  and  nutmegs,  and  4  eggs  well  beaten. 

Custard  Pcddixg.— Take  1  pint  mUk,  4  spoonfuls  flour,  6  cgg<?, 
nice  to  your  ti.<te  and  bake. 

WiXTKR  Ptddixg.— Take  the  crust  of  baker's  loaf  of  bread,  and 
fill  it  with  plnnis,  lj<iil  it  in  milk  and  water. 

Baked  Potato  Pt-dp^xg.— B.aked  potafcies  sldmmed  and  mashed, 
12  07,.,  suet  1  o7..,  cheese,  grated  fine,  1  o:^.,  milk  1  gili  Mix  tj;© 
l><)tat*>e.s,  suet,  milk,  cheese  and  aU  t<5gether,  if  not  of  a  proper 
CuiL-^istence,  add  a  little  water.     Bake  in  an  earthen  pot. 

College  Ptddixg.— f  lb.  of  stale  bread,  grated  ;  the  same  quan- 
tity of  beef  suet,  chopped  very  fine  ;  1  lb.  of  cnrrants,  J  nutmeg,  a 
few  doves,  a  glass  of  brandy,  2  or  3  eggs,  2  ppoonfuls  of  cream  o« 


24  BAKISQ  AXD   COOKIN'G   EECEIPTS. 

lailk;  miT  these  xrell  to;:ether,  and  mnke  into  a  pa?te  In  tTie  Art* 
of  e^.  Fry  them  gently  over  a  cleur  fire,  in  i  IL.  of  butter  ;  let 
them  be  of  nice  brown  color  all  over.  You  luay  add  blanched 
almonds  and  pwettmeat^.    S'^rre  them  np  ^rith  -wine. 

Familv  ProDi-VCr. — 1  quait  of  sweet  uii!k,  1  pint  of  bread  cmmbs 
Foaked  in  the  milk,  3  eg^  well  beaten,  1  t^acupful  of  sii<rar,  littl<» 
mace,  6  good  tart  apples,  pared,  cores  <itj  ont,  and  Stand  thora 
in  the  pudding,  and  steam  imtil  tlie  ai^ples  a:c  well  done.  An  hour 
■will  suffice. 

Cottage  PcDDiyn. — 1  e^rj,  1  cTip  of  fajnw,  1  of  sweet  millr, 
1  tea?]K>onfi.l  of  pr>da.  2  of  c:-"am  ct  tu-tar,  1  iiint  of  flour,  and  a, 
little  salt    To  be  e:iteu  with  iiuiii  an  1  s.i _  r. 

Gkeen'  GooaEBEEKiKs  lurke  a  I  'irdng  a  pint  of 

them  ijuo  a  pint  of  batter,  and  til'.'-  ^. 

Li-M  N  IVddixg. — M'.lt  6  oz.  < .--  .:  over  tli9  BSire 

quantity  of  i^owdercd  lo.f  Fu:,"^r.  .«ti-.ir  i  v^  wtll  till  C0I4,  tlien 
g.'-ate  the  rind  of  a  lar^re  leniou,  :•  ..1  add  it  with  8  eggs  treli  beaten 
and  tae  juife  of  2  k-iuoua  :  n'.T  tlie  Trao'a  till  it  is  completely 
mixed  together,  and  bake  tao  j^iddinj  wiih  a  parte  rcurid  ths 
dish. 

SArcKS  A>T>  CsE-Vxis  FOK  rrPDixo". — ^1.  Take  equal  Tjnr:ni5t:.-'3 
of  Bugar  and  molasses,   boil  tliera  to.:^ei'.sr,  and   stir  in   s  li^tlo 

fldur.    2.  Take  tiie  juice  of'an  or.^ncc,  a  r         "^ ^  r'"'       -  rj 

of  good  cream.    3.  Good  pour  c;eaia  i. 

■with  or  -withont  eeasoninpj,  makes  a  ;.  '       .   _         ■» 

■well,  then  add  a  cap  of  rtewed  aji  ^''s  anu  :.  l  .;  i  <^i  ^^  /.,:.r. 

BiiKF  Ste-IK  ■w;r:t  Oxioxs. — Prc'isire  a  ruiiip  st<ak  by  pounding 
it  till  quite  tender, 5ea.«on  with  p.'.] t,  pt?;or  and  fre.-h  buttur.  put 
in  the  ettiik  and  fry  it,  wkcn  br< >^vn  en  oue  Fide  turn  over,  do  not 
let  it  scorch,  when' nicely  d-no  tr^Vo  it  i:p,  put  a  little  fioar  over 
tr.e  steak,  then  add  gr   '     "'  f  hot  water,  .sea-^oiied  with 

more  salt  aad  '^p;';  cr.  i  n  put  tl^e  ■water  over  tli9 

lire  and  b«il  a^ain,  auJ  2  !r. 

Peel  2  dozen  orj-ju:^,  put  tlxu  oii  to  boil  ■with  about  2  quarts 
of  water  an  hour  liefore  v\o  .=tcak  is  put  on  to  fry.    When  the  stcaJt 
U  done,  cut  them  up,  put  them  in  tLe  fr^.ing  p;in,  pet^on  well  with 
fcAt,  pepper,  aud  b-atter,  f^Tui^ile  with  flour,  h-t:r  all  -well  together, 
p'nc-e  nver  the  fire,  str  often  t->  prevent  pc^rchiug  ;  when  tliby  are 
a  '1  aud  t^oft,  tarn  them  over  tlie  ste.;k. 

;  Fou  SrcFrixo. — 1  lb.  of  f<ut,  diied  and  sifted  ;  half 
;:;.    ....  .     i  groimd  ■white  pe:  xr  ;  t.vo  o^mccs  of  <lri»^  thyme; 

1  oz.  of  dried  marjoram  ;  auJ  oura  oz.  of  imtmeir.  WhPii  this 
F'-:i.-:oning 5«  iu;ed,  parsley  only  is  recuired  to  bo  cin.pj.M  in  Bufi- 
«;ent  quantity  to  ma'.:e  t'.r^  stcfSng  g;fcn-  Tlic  proi«j:^fon.s  lire— 
J  iwund  of  bre;>.d  crumbs  ;  o  e-.,'gs  ;  J  lb.  of  eaet ;  J  oz.  of  sea- 
U'-.jfng  ;  and  the  peel  of  half  a  lemon,  grr.tcd. 

EcoNOJiiCAi.  Soup. —Put  into  a  sauoe^jan  one-pound  pieces  of 
Etile  bread,  three  larsre  onions  gljcpd.  a  pmall  caMncre  cut  fin*^, 
.    ^.,.T.  ■^  o,,,'  f -V,  •..      ..^  o  ,-..,.,•■,  1  „.  .4  ^c  celery  (or  t].erem:uns  d 

c  f  salt,'  a  tal/.e^poonful  of 

'^f    Diarjoram   aud    th.^m?. 

i' :t    tLe-'O    ii^ij  n-Vj    q  ;.i;t.^    ot   an.r    v.-«ik   stock,  (the  liauoi    ia 

frhlcli  mattoQ  ha3  betsn  boiled  will  do,)  and  let  tLem  boil  1m 


BAKING   AND    COOKING   RECEIPTS.  25 

trro  hours  ;  rub  throngh  a  fine  hair-sieve,  add  a  pint  of  new 
milk,  boil  up,  and  serve  at  once. 

Vegetable  Socp. — Talte  a  shin  of  a  beef,  3  large  carrote,  S  larga 
yellow  onions,  6  turnip?,  h  lb.  of  rice  or  barley;  pai-sley,  leela, 
summer  savory  ;  put  all  Fnto  a  i=r>ui>-kettle,  and  let  it  boil  four 
hours ;  add  pepper  and  salt  to  taste  :  strve  altogether.  It  rtuikea 
a  Rood  family  s^oup. 

Pea  Soup. — Beef  5  lbs.,  water  5  qts.,  6  large  carrot?,  6  good 
turnips,  3  lai^e  onions,  salt  sufficient,  put  it  on  a  giX)d  slow 
fire,  let  it  boil  3  hours,  thcu  strain  all  the  broth  from  me;it  and 
vegetables,  and  then  add  3  lbs.  of  sjilit  peas  to  the  broth ;  set  it  on 
a  slow  fire  for  2  hours,  stirring  oft«n,  so  tha,t  all  the  peas  "wtII  di.s- 
eolve  ;  take  1  lb.  fresh  sausage  meat,  fried  to  a  crL*n  and  fried  bread 
crumbs  ;  put  altogether,  add  a  few  fine  herbs,  and  serve  hot. 

Fricassee  Chickexs. — Take  2  large  young  chickens,  cut  in  small 
pieces,  put  in  cold  water  for  1  hour  to  fctlce  all  the  blood  out,  then 
put  in  saucepan  to  parboil  for  half  an  hour,  then  take  from  sauce- 

Ean  drained  well,  nave  ready  1  qt.  good  fresh  cream,  2  oz.  good 
ntter,  1  oz.  of  flour,  all  well  mixed  together  ;  put  in  siiucepan 
with  the  chickens ;  put  on  the  fii-e  to  boil  tender  ;  season  -n-ith 
pepper  and  salt ;  served  with  toast  bread  in  the  bottom  of  the 
dish. 

„  Baked  To:matoe.s. — Wash  the  tomatoes,  take  out  the  seed,  make 
a  dressing  of  crumbs  of  bread  and  onions  chopped  fine ;  add 
salt,  butter  nnd  pepper.    Bake  and  serve  hot 

Stewed  Tomatoes. — Scald  the  tomatoes  with  hot  water,  take 
off  the  skins,  put  them  in  an  earthen  vessel,  strain  oil  the  water, 
and  add  butter,  salt  and  pepper  to  ti?te. 

Mashed  Tukntps. — Wash  turnips,  boil  well,  take  them  up  in  the 
colander,  press  out  nil  the  water,  mash  very  fine  ;  season  with  salt, 
butter  and  sugar.     Serve  hot  with  tiimmings. 

Hashed  Meat. — Take  2  lbs.  of  fat  corned  beef,  well  boiled  and 
cold ;  1  lb.  of  well  boiled  potatoes,  cold  ;  1  large  white  onion  ; 
put  in  chopping  tray,  mince  it  fine,  put  all  in  saucepan  together, 
add  2  ozs.  butter  ;  pepper  and  salt  to  taste  ;  add  boiling  water  to 
make  it  soft;  set  it  on  a  slow  fire,  stii-ring  it  often.  "When  well  stewed, 
serve  hot.    It  ma'cea  a  fine  relLsh  for  breakfast. 

Lobster  Salad. — Take  hi^ide  of  large  lobster,  mince  fine,  take 
yolk  of  2  eggs  boiled  hard  aud  mashed  fine,  with  four  tablespoon- 
fnls  of  sweet  oil;  pepper,  salt,  vuiegar,  and  mustard  to  t;iste;  mix 
well;  add  celery  or  lettuce  to  taste;  then  when  serving,  garnish 
with  hard-boiled  eggs. 

Succotash. — Take  1  doz.  ears  of  com,  cut  the  grains  from  the 
cob,  add  1  qt.  of  Lima  bean-s,  and  mix  with  the  com ;  put  it  on  to 
boil  in  3  qts.  of  water  with  1  lb.  of  pork  cut ;  add  black  pepper  and 
salt  to  ti^^te.  When  the  water  has  boiled  away  to  ^  me  original 
quantity,  serve  in  a  tureen  as  soup. 

M.\ccARO?ri  Soup. — 1  lbs.  of  lean  beef,  4  qts.  of  water,  carrot, 
turnip,  onions  ;  set  it  for  4  hours  ttll  all  mix  together ;  straiu  it  all 
through  a  sieve  ;  have  2  lbs.  of  maccaroni  broken  into  pieces  of  one 
inch  long  ;  put  all  into  a  saucepan  together,  aud  let  it  boil  for  10 
minut«s,  and  serve  it  hot. 

BoiLKD  CusTAED,  OB  MoCK  CsEAM.— Take  2  tableepoonf ub  com 


26  BAKINO  AKD   COOKING  BECEIPTS. 

Starch,  1  qt  of  milk,  2  or  3  eggp,  ^  a  tca«poonful  ol  salt  and  a  smifi 
piece  of  butter  :  heat  the  milktill  nearly  boiling  and  add  the  Btarch, 
previouply  dinsolTed  in  1  qt.  of  milk,  then  add  the  eggs,  well  beaten, 
with  4  tableppoonfuls  of  powdered  sugar  ;  let  it  boil  up  once  or 
t^^^ce,  stirring  it  briskly,  and  it  ia  done.  Fkror  with  lemon  or 
vanilla,  or  raspberry,  or  to  suit  your  fciste. 

Lemon  Cream.— Talce  a  pint  of  thick  cream  and  put  to  it  the 
yolks  of  two  egga,  well  beaten,  4  oz.  of  fine  sugar  and  the  tliin 
rind  of  a  lemon  ,  boil  it  up,  then  stir  till  almost  cold  ;  put  the  juice 
of  a  lemon  in  a  dish  or  bowl  and  pour  the  cream  upon  it,  etiriing 
till  quite  cold. 

FariT  C11EAM.S. — Take  i  oz.  of  isinghv.'?3  dissolved  in  a  little 
water,  then  put  1  pt.  of  good  cream,  sweetened  to  the  taste  ;  boil 
it.  When  nearly  cold  lay  some  apricot  or  mspberry  jam  on  the 
bottom  of  a  glass  dish  and  pour  it  over.    Tl.is  is  most  excellent 

Raspberky  Cream. — Put  6  ozs.  of  raspberry  jam  to  1  qt  of 
cream,  pulp  it  through  a  lawn  sieve,  add  to  it  the  juice  of  a  lemon 
and  a  httle  sugar,  and  whisk  it  till  thick.  Serve  it  in  a  dish  or 
glasses. 

To  roast  fowls  the  fire  must  be  quick  and  clear.  K  smoky  it 
■will  spoil  both  their  taste  and  loolvs.  Baste  frequently,  and  keep 
a  white  paper  pinned  on  the  brea*t  till  it  is  near  done. 

Turkey. — A  good  sized  turkey  should  be  roasted  "SJ  hours  or 
3  hours — very  slowly  at  first  If  you  wish  to  make  plain  stuffing, 
pound  a  cracker  or  crumble  some  bread  very  fine,  chop  eome 
raw  salt  pork  very  fine,  sift  some  sage,  (and  summer  savory,  or 
sweet  marjoram,  if  you  have  them  in  the  house,  and  iancjr 
them,)  and  mould  them  all  together,  seasoned  with  a  little  pepper. 
An  egg  worked  in  makes  the  stuffing  cut  better. 

Boiled  Turkey. ^i^lean  the  turkey,  fill  the  crop  with  stuffing, 
and  sew  it  up.  Put  it  over  the  fire  "in  water  enough  to  cover  it 
let  it  boil  slowly — tike  off  all  the  scum,  ^^^}cn  this  is  done,  it 
should  only  simmer  till  it  is  done.  Put  a  little  salt  into  the  water, 
and  dredge  the  turkey  in  fiour  before  boiling. 

Roast  Ducks  axd  Geese. — ^I'ake  sage,  wash  and  pick  it,  and  an 
onion  ;  chop  them  fine,  with  pepper  and  salt,  and  put  them  in  the 
belly  ;  let  the  goose  be  clean  jicked,  and  wiped  drv  with  a  cloth- 
inside  and  out  ;  put  it  down  to  the  fire,  and  roast  it  Ibrown.  Duck 
ait  dressed  in  the  same  way.  For  wild  ducks,  teal,  pigeons,  and 
other  wild  fowls,  use  only  pepper  and  salt,  with  gravy  in  tlia  dlstu 

Roast  CmcKEy. — Chickens  should  be  manag^  in  roasting  the 
fsame  as  turkeys,  only  that  they  require  less  time.  From  an  hoar 
to  an  hour  and  a  half  is  long  enough. 

Boiled  Chicken. — A  chicken  should  be  boiled  the  same  as  a 
turkey,  only  it  wiU  take  less  time — about  35  minutes  is  eufB- 
cient  Use  the  same  stuffing,  if  any,  and  serve  it  up  with  parsley, 
or  egg-sauce. 

Broiled  Chickei?. — Slit  them  down  the  back  and  season  with 
pepper  arfd  salt ;  lay  them  on  a  clear  fire  of  coah",  the  inside  next 
the  fire  till  half  done,  then  turn  and  broil  to  a  fine  brown  color. 
Broil  about  35  minutes. 

Boiled  Piokons.— Boil  them  about  15  minutes  bv  themselves  ;  thea 
bell  a  piece  of  bacon  ;  serve  with  slices  of  bacon  and  melted  butta. 


SAKDTO  AND   COOXIKG  BE0EIPT8.  fi 

FwH  CHOWDEB.—rry  a  fewsllcee  of  ealt  pork,  dieea  and  cut  th» 
fli^  in  small  pieces,  pare  and  slice  the  potatoes  and  ouioiifl,  thea 
place  them  in  the  kettle,  a  layer  of  fish,  then  of  the  tried  pork, 
potatoes,  onions,  &c.,  seasoning  each  layer  with  salt  and  pepper. 
»tew  ov«T  a  slow  fii-e  30  minutes. 

Boast  Bkef.— The  sirloin  is  consideTed  the  best  for  roasting. 
Bpit  the  meat,  pepper  the  top,  and  baste  it  well  while  roasting 
mtb  its  own  dnppmg.  and  throw  on  a  handful  of  salt  When  the 
■moke  draws  to  the  nre,  it  is  near  enough  ;  keep  the  fire  bright 
Hud  clear.    From  15  to  20  minutes  to  the  lb.  is  the  nil&  for  roast« 

BBKP  BoiLKD.— The  round  is  the  best  boilhig  piece.  Put  the 
meat  in  the  pot,  with  water  enough  to  cover  it ;  let  it  boil  very 
slow  at  first — this  is  the  great  secret  of  making  it  tender— take  o£E 
the  scum  as  it  rises.  From  2  to  3  hours,  according  to  size,  is  tha 
rule  for  boiling. 

Bbbf  Stkak. — ^The  inside  of  the  sirloin  makes  the  best  steak : 
cut  about  I  of  an  inch  thick — ^have  the  gridiron  hot,  put  on  the  meat 
and  set  it  over  a  good  fire  of  coals— turn  them  often.  Fi-om  8  to  10 
minutes  is  the  rule  for  broiling. 

Roast  Pork. — Take  a  leg  of  pork  and  wash  it  clean — cut  the 
skin  in  squares — make  a  stuflBng  of  grated  bread,  sage,  onion, 
pepper  and  salt,  moistened  with  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  Put  thi* 
under  the  skin  of  the  knuckle,  and  sprinkle  a  little  powdered  sago 
Into  the  rind  where  it  is  cut ;  rub  the  whole  surface  of  tlie  skin 
over  with  a  feather  dipped  in  sweet  oiL  8  lbs.  will  require  about 
three  hours  to  roast  it 

g^~  The  Shouldeb,  Loin,  ob  Chtnic,  and  Spare-Rib  are  roasted 
In  the  same  manner. 

Roast  Veal. — Pursue  about  the  same  course  as  in  roasting  pork. 
Roast  before  a  brisk  fine  till  it  comes  to  a  brown  color  ;  then  you  lay 
it  down,  baste  it  well  with  good  butter,  and  when  near  done,  with  a 
little  flour. 

Roast  Mutton. — The  loin,  haunch,  and  saddle  of  mutton  and 
lamb  must  be  done  the  same  as  beef.  All  other  parts  must  be  roa.st- 
ed  with  a  quick,  clear  fire  ;  baste  it  when  you  put  it  down,  and 
dredge  it  wim  a  little  flour,  just  before  you  take  it  up.  A  leg  of  mut- 
ton of  six  pounds  will  require  1  hour  to  roast  before  a  quick  nre. 

To  Boil.  Eggs. — In  3  minutes  an  egg  will  boil  soft,  in  4  the  whita 
part  is  completely  cooked,  in  10,  it  is  fit  for  a  salad.  Try  their  fresh- 
ness in  cold  water,  those  that  sink  the  soouest  are  the  freshest 

Sausagb  Meat. — Take  2  lb?,  lean  meat,  1  lb.  f;it  pork,  chop  fine, 
and  mix  with  2  tablespoonf  uls  black  pepper,  1  of  cloves,  7  of  powder 
«d  sage,  and  5  of  salt. 

Apple  Ccstard. — Take  apples,  pared,  cored,  and  slightly  stewed, 
Bufllcient  to  cover  the  dish,  8  ^gs,  1  qt  of  milk  ;  since  to  your  taste  ; 
bake  it  i  of  an  hour. 

New-England  Applk-sauce  ob  Butteb. — Boil  2  brls.  of  new 
dder  dowu  to  J^  a  brl.  Pare,  core,  and  slice  up  3  bushels  of  apple* 
(sweet  apples  are  preferable),  and  put  them  iuto  tlie  eider  thus  re- 
duced, ana  still  kept  boiling  briskly.  Stir  the  whole  mass  constantly,  to 
prevent  burning,  tUl  of  tlie  consistence  of  soft  butter.  A  nraall  quan- 
tity of  pulvenzed  allspice,  added  doriuj;  thd  bcoliug,  U  aa  im{>iov9* 


28  BAJtlK*  AND   COOKING  RECEIPTS. 

ment  Boil  in  a  brass  kettle,  and,  -when  done,  put  it  into  A  woodaa 
firkiii,  or  a  small  ca.«k,  and  it  vrill  keep  for  years. 

Apple  BvTiErt  {Pennsylvania  Method). — Boil  new  cider  down  to  V 
Pare,  cut,  and  core  equal  quantities  of  eweet  and  sour  apples.  J'ltt 
the  sweet  apples  in  a  large  kettle  to  soften  a  little  first,  as  they  are 
the  harde.«t.  Add  enough  boiled  cider  to  cook  them.  After  boiling  h 
an  hour,  stirring  often,  put  in  the  sour  apples,  and  add  more  boiled 
cider,  with  molasses  enough  to  sweeten  moderately.  Boil  until  ten- 
der, stirring  to  prevent  burning.  Pack  in  firkins  or  stone  poti  for 
■winter  use. 

Irish  Stew. — ^Take  4  lbs.  good  breast  of  fat  mutton,  cut  in  small 
pieces  ;  2  large  white  oni(jn3  ;  10  Luge  pofcUoes,  well  peeled  and 
sliced  ;  put  all  in  saucepan  together,  with  fine  herbs,  pepper  and 
gait  to  suit ;  a  little  salt  pork  is  a  good  addition  ;  ^  lb.  of  flour  ; 

tlb.  good  fresh  butter,  well  rubbed  together,  and  let  it  boil  lor  on» 
our,  and  have  it  well  cooked. 

Apple  Dr:«PLrNGS. — 6  eggs,  1^  lbs.  of  flour,  some  butter  to  your 
taste,  and  tablespoon ful  of  yeast,  and  sufHdent  milk  to  make  a 
dough  to  roll  out  ;  when  raiseil,  cutiu  small  pieces,  put  in  the  apples, 
and  cook  for  f  of  an  honr  ;  serve  with  white  sugar  or  wine  sauce. 

Boiled  Poultry. — ^Take  large  cliickens,  well  cleaned  with  cold 
•water,  put  in  saucepan  with  water  to  co'^er,  boil  1  hour  ;  served 
with  sauce. 

Hashed  Turkey.— Take  meat  from  boiled  fowls,  chop  fine,  put  in 
saucepan,  with  seasoniugs  to  suit  tadte.    Served  on  toast 

Boiled  Macc.\ro>'i. — Take  2  lbs.,  break  in  small  pieces,  put  la 
warm  water  to  steep  1  hour,  drain  off,  put  in  sjiucepan  with  2  qts. 
fresh  cream,  with  grated  cheese  -seasoned  with  red  pepper. 

STRASBTjRd  Potted  Meat. — Take  1  k  lbs.  of  the  mmp  of  beef,  cut 
into  dice,  put  it  in  an  earthen  jar,  with  J  lb.  of  butter,  tie  the  jar 
close  up  with  paper,  and  set  over  a  ix)t  to  boil  ;  when  nearly  done, 
add  cloves,  mace,  allspice,  nutmeg,  salt,  and  cayenne  pepper  to 
taste,  then  boil  till  tender,  and  let  it  get  cold,  pound  the  meat, 
•with  4  anchovies  mashed  and  boned,  add  i  lb.  of  oiled  butter, 
work  it  well  together  with  tha  gravy,  warm  a  little,  and  add 
cochineal  to,  color  then  press  Into  snail  pots,  and  pour  melted 
mutton  suet  over  the  top  of  er.ch. 

BoLOGXA  SArsA(-,Es. — Tajce  equal  quantities  of  baron  fat  and  le&n 
beef,  veal,  pork  and  beef  suet ;  chop  them  small,  season  ■with  pejj- 
per,  saltj  &c.,  with  sweet  herbs  and  sage  rubbed  fine.  Have  well 
washed  mtestines,  fill,  and  prick  them  ;  boil  gently  for  an  hour, 
and  lay  on  straw  to  dry. 

Rich  Sausaoes.— Take  30  lbs.  of  chopped  meat,  8  oz.  fine  salt, 
2|  oz.  pepper,  2  teacups  of  sage,  and  1*  cups  of  sweet  marjoram, 
passed  through  a  fine  sieve,  or,  if  preferred,  thyme  and  summer 
savory  can  be  substituted  for  the  Latter. 

How  TO  SATE  yoiR  Ipe  B:t,l. — Get  a  quantity  of  empty  barrels  or 
boxes  during  the  coldest  time  in  the  winter,  and  put  a  few  inches 
of  water  in  each ;  the  evening  when  the  cold  is  most  intense  is  the 
best  time  to  do  this.  After  the  water  ia  frozen  solid,  fill  up  again, 
repeat  the  process  until  tl:6  barrels  are  f uU  o '  solid  ice,  then  roll 
them  into  your  cellar,  cover  them  up  wit!  plenty  of  sawdust 
or  0tmw,  and  your  ice  crop  ia  safely  harvested. 


BAKING    AND    COOKCSQ   EEGEIPTS.  29 

CHAKtOTTE  RosBX.— Take  1  pt.  milk,  di<>9rtlre  ^;ta  h^at,  3  ofc 
lainglass  and  1  lb.  sugar;  add,  after  it  is  c«x)l,  1  qt.  licateu  cream 
<nd  flour,  suit  your  ta»te  and  line  out  some  monid  with  spong© 
nike,  and  put  the  cream  in  it  and  cool. 

WixE  Jeij>y.— Take  1  pt.  water  and  3oz.  isinglass,  Ij  lb.  "ugat, 
the  inice  of  2  lemons',  and  dissolve  tliat  and  let  it  come  to  a  boil, 
tlien'add  ^vine,  brandy  and  spice  to  your  taste,  and  strain  it  tLrocgh 
a  cotton  or  flannel  doth  and  put  it  va  laoulds  to  cooL 

To  M.UvE  Apple  Molasses.— Take  new  sweet  cider  just  from  tha 
prens.  made  from  gwec-t  apples,  and  boil  it  down  as  tliick  as  West 
India  molasses.  It  ghoiild  be  boiled  in  brass,  and  not  burned, 
as  that  would  injure  the  flavor.  It  will  keep  in  the  ceilar.  and  ia 
said  to  be  as  good,  '>iid  for  many  purposes  better,  than  West  India 
molasses;. 

B^"Acid  fruits  should  be  cooked  in  bright  tin,  brass,  or  bell 
metal,  and  poured  out  as  soon  as  they  are  done.  Brown  eailhen 
vessels  should  never  be  used,  as  thev  are  glazed  with,  white  lead, 
a  poison  which  very  readily  unites  witli  an  acid. 

Jellies.— Z-eTTJon  JeHi/.— Isinglass,  2  oz.  ;  water.  1  qt.  ;  boil  ;  add 
eingar,  1  lb.  ;  clarify  ;  alid,  when  nearly  cold,  add  the  juice  of  5 
lemons,  and  the  grated  veUow  rinds  of  2  oi-anges  and  2  lemons  ; 
mix  weU,  strain  off  the  peel,  and, put  it  into  glasses  or  bottles  ; 
Hartshorn  JeZ/j/.— Hartshorn,  1  lb.  ;  water  1  gaJ.  ;  peel  off  2  lemons  ; 
boil  over  a  gentle  tire  till  sufficiently  tliick  ;  straia  and  add  loaf 
BUgar,  h  lb.  ;  whites  of  10  eggs  beaten  to  a  fioth  ;  juice  of  6  lemons  ; 
mix  well  together,  then  bottle,  Isiivilass  <7c?.'!/.— Put  4  oz.  L'stnglass 
and  2  oz.  cloves  into  1  gal.  water  ;  boil  it  down  to  half  a  gal. ;  strain  it 
upon  4  lbs.  of  loaf  sugar  ;  add,  wliile  cooling  a  little  wine  ;  then  bot- 
tle. Apph/  Jelhi  from  0"ffcr.— Take  of  apple  juice,  sti-ained,  4  lbs.  ; 
sngar,  2  lbs.  ;  boil  to  a  j ell v,  and  bottle.  Goosebemi/  Jelly. —Sugax, 
4  lbs.  ;  wat«r,  2  D)S.  ;  boil  together  ;  it  will  be  nearly  solid  when  cold; 
to  tliis  svrup.  add  an  equal  weiglit  of  goosobeiTy  juice  :  give  it  a  short 
boU,  cool,  tlien  pot  it.     Currant  Jri/y.— Take  the  juice  of  red  ctir- 


it  in  1  gal,  fresh  water,  5  or  G  hours  ;  arid  the  peels  of  8  lemons,  and 
set  aU  on  to  heat ;  simmer  tiU  clear  ;  add  the  juice  of  the  8  lemons 
with  wine  and  sucar  to  tar te  ;  then  bottle, 

Blackbeeky  ^elly. — This  prepnration  of  the  bkickberry  is  more 
agreeable  tiian  the  jam.  as  the  seeds,  though  very  wholesome,  are 
not  agreeable  to  all.  It  is  made  in  the  same  way  as  currant  jellv; 
but  the  fruit  is  so  sweet  th^at  it  only  requiies  half  the  weight  of  the 
juice  in  sugar. 

Peab  Makmalade.- To  6  lbs.  of  small  pears,  take  4  lbs,  of  sugar  ; 
put  the  pears  into  a  saucepan,  with  a  Uttle  cold  water  ;  cover  it, 
and  set  it  over  the  fire  until  the  fruit  is  soft,  then  pat  them  into 
cvld  water  ;  jmre,  quarter,  and  core  them  ;  put  to  them  three  tea- 
cups of  water,  set  them  over  the  fire  ;  roll  the  sngar  fine,  mash  the 
fruit  fine  and  smooth,  put  the  sugar  to  it,  stir  it  well  together  until 
It  is  thick,  like  jelly,  then  put  it  in  tumblers,  or  jars,  and,  when  cold, 
tecure  it  as  jeUy. 

EaESEEVEi>  CiTBOx.  "Pare  and  cut  open  the  citron  ;  clean  all  ot4 


SAEIHG  A5D   COOKI^'e  BSCEIFTS. 


•scftpt  tlie  rind  ;  hofl  till  Boft.  To  1  lb.  of  dtrcn  add  1  lb.  of  mgn 
»nd  a  lemon  to  eaoh  lb.  ;  put  the  sugar  and  lemon  together,  anq 
boil  it  tiU  It  becomes  a  STTup,  skimming  it  wall ;  then  put  the  •yrup 
and  citron  together,  and  boil  it  an  hour. 

Scotch  SIarmalade.— Take  of  the  jnicc  of  Seville  orangea  2 
pta,  yellow  honey,  2  lb?.     Boil  to  a  proper  consistence. 

RABPBEKRy  Ja>l— AUow  a  pound  of  sucar  to  a  pound  of  fruit, 
mash  the  raspberries  aud  put  them,  xvitn  the  sugar,  into  youx 
rreserring  kettle.  Boil  it  slowly  for  an  hour,  skimming  it  well. 
Tie  it  up  vrith  brandy  paper.  AH  jams  are  made  in  the  aanift 
manner. 

Fbench  Hontet.— TThite  sugar,  1  lb. ;  6  eggs,  leaving  out  tha 
•whites  of  2  ;  the  juice  of  3  or  4  lemons,  and  tne  ^ated  rind  of  2, 
snd  i  lb.  of  butter ;  stir  over  a  slow  fire  nntil  it  is  of  the  consis- 
tency of  honey. 

Alxokd  Blajn^c  5Ia>'ge. — ^Take  four  ounce  of  almonds,  six  oz. 
■ugar,  boil  together  with  a  quart  of  water,  melt  in  this  two 
ounces  of  pure  isinglass,  strain  in  a  small  tin  mould  to  etilfen  It. 
When  wanted,  dip  the  mould  in  hot  water  and  turn  it  out 

Lemon  Blaxc  MA>aE. — Pour  a  pint  of  hot  water  upon  half  an 
ounce  of  isinglass  ;  when  it  is  dissolved,  add  the  juice  of  three  lemons, 
the  peel  of  two  lemons  grated,  six  yolks  of  eggs  beaten,  add  about  a 

food  wine-gla.'is  of  Madeira  vriixe  to  it ;  sweeten  to  your  taste  ;  let  it 
oil ;  then  strain  it  and  put  it  in  your  moulds. 
Molasses  Preseba'es.— Boil  1  qt.  of  molasses  about  ten  ©r  fifteen 
mirutee  to  a  thickish  consistency,  then  add  6  eggs  well  beaten,  and  a 
spoonful  of  flour.    Boil  a  few  minutes  longer,  stirring  constantly, 
then  set  off  the  fire,  aud  flavor  with  lemon  or  allspice  as  desired. 

Fkuit  ExTKACTs,  &c.— Goodalcohol,  1  ct.,  oil  of  lemon.  2  oz.  Break 
and  bruise  the  peel  of  4  lemons,  and  add' to  them  alcohol  for  a  few 
days,  then  filter.  For  currants,  peaches,  raspberries,  pine  apples, 
strawbenies,  blackberries.  &c.,  take  alcohol  and  water  half  and  half 
and  pour  over  the  fruit,  entirely  covering  it,  and  let  it  stand  for  a  fe\r 
days.  For  essence  of  cinnamon,  nutmeg,  mace,  vanilla,  &c.,  pulver- 
ize either  article  thoroughly,  and  put  about  2oz.  of  the  resultmg  pow- 
der to  each  pint  of  reduced  alcohol,  agitate  the  miitur©  irequentiy 
for  2  weeks,  ttien  filter  and  color  as  desired. 

MEAscErs  roa  Hocsekeepebs. 


Wheat  flour...  ....1  lb.  ...hl^'-art. 

Indian  in»aL l*-2  oz  '•  1  quart. 

Butter  when  6oft..l"....  "1  " 
Loaf  Biigpr,  broken  1 "...."  1  •* 
WliiteBug:ir,  powdi"loz.  "I     " 


Best  brown 

sugar 1  lb.  8  oz.  Is  1  qt 

Ecgs lOcggsara  lib. 

Flour 8qt8.     "  1  neck. 

Flour 4pk«.    *<lbu*hu 


LiQtriDg. 


16  largo  tablespooTifnla  are  14  pint 
8  lar^'d  tableflnooTif  ula  are  1  gill. 
4  lar^e  tablespoonf  ul.s  are    U  gill. 

2  gills  are. 4l>int. 

tpintaard l    qt. 


4  qts.  are 1  riJloB. 

A  common  sized  tumbler  hold*  ^  a 

pint 
A  common  sized  wine-glass  "    U  a 

gin. 
33  drops  are  equal  to  1  teaspoooail 


VAJKKEBft'    BXCEIFTS. 


31 


FARMERS    AND  STOCK    OWNERS*    DEPART- 
MENT. 


Raret's  DrRECTioys  for  Breakikq  axd  TRAI^-T^•G  or  Hobsbs. 

In  traiuing  horses  vou  must  remember  that  there  are  certain  uatiiral 

law«  that  covem  them.  For  instince,  it  Ib  natural  for  him  t<3  kick 
whenever  he  gets  badlv  frightened  ;  it  is  natural  for  him  to  eecape 
from  whatever  he  thinks  will  do  him  hanu.  His  faculties  of  seemg, 
hearin''-  and  smeUing.  have  been  given  him  to  examine  everything 
new  that  he  is  brought  in  contact  with.  And  so  long  as  you  present 
him  with  nothing  that  offends  his  eyes,  nose,  or  ears,  you  can  then 
handle  him  at  will,  notsvithstanding,  he  may  be  frightened  at  first,  so 
that  in  a  short  time  he  will  not  be  afraid  of  anything  he  is  brought  in 
contact  with.  All  of  the  whipping  and  spurring  of  hoi-ses  for  shying, 
stumbling,  &c. .  is  useless  and  cruel.  If  he  shys.  and  you  whip  him 
for  it,  it  onlv  adds  terror,  and  makes  the  object  larger  than  it  woiild 
otherwise  be  ;  give  him  time  to  examine  it  without  puuishmg  him. 
He  should  never  be  hit  with  the  whip,  under  any  circuraftances,  ot 

or  anything  that  he  does.  As  to  smelling  oil.  there  is  r.othmg  that 
assists  the  trainer  to  tame  his  horse  better.  It  is  better  to  approach  a 
colt  with  the  scent  of  honev  or  cinnamon  upon  your  hand,  than  tlie 
scent  of  hoes,  for  horses  naturally  fear  the  scent  of  hogs,  and  will 
attempt  to  escape  fi-om  it.  while  they  like  the  scent  of  honey,  cin- 
namon, or  sjilt.  To  affect  a  horse  with  drugs  vou  must  give  him  some 
preiiaration  of  opium,  and  while  he  is  under  the  influence  of  it.  you 
eannot  teach  him  anything  more  than  a  man  when  he  is  intoxicated 


32 


FARMERS'    Ex.<;EIPTS. 


with  liquor.  Another  tliinff,  you  must  remember  to  trent  him  klnd'y, 
for  there  voa  require  obedience  frcni  any  subject,  it  is  better  to  hare 
it  rendered  from  a  sense  of  love  than  fear.  You  should  be  careful 
not  to  chafe  the  lips  of  your  colt  or  hrai;  his  mouth  in  any  way  ;  if 
■vou  do  he  will  dislike  to  have  the  hridle  on.  After  he  is  taught  to 
Jollow  you,  then  put  on  the  harness,  putting  yoiir  Unes  through  the 
Eliaf  t  straps  along  the  side,  and  teach  him  to  vield  to  tlie  reins,  turn 
fhort  to  the  right  and  left,  teach  him  to  stand  still  before  he  is  ever 
hitched  up  ;  you  then  have  control  over  him.  If  he  gets  frightened, 
the  lines  should  be  used  as  a  telegraph,  to  let  hhn  know  -vniat  you 
want  him  to  do.  No  horse  is  naturally  vicious,  but  always  obeys  his 
trainer  as  soon  as  he  comprehends  what  he  would  have  him  do  ; 
you  must  be  fc-m  with  him  at  the  same  time,  and  give  him  to  imder- 
f  tand  that  you  are  the  trainer,  and  that  he  is  the  horse.  The  best  bits 
to  be  nsed  to  hoi6.  a  horse,  to  keep  his  mouth  from  gcttin;^  sore,  is  a 
straight  bar-bit,  4^  inches  long  between  tlie  rings  ;  this  operates  on 
both  sides  of  the  jaw.  while  the  ordinary  snaffle  forms  a  clamp  and 
pre.'^ses  the  side  of  the  jaw.  The  curb  or  bridoon  hurts  his  under  jaw  so 
that  he  will  stop  before  he  will  give  to  the  rein.  To  throw  a  horse,  put 
a  rope  12  feet  long  around  his  body  in  a  running  noo<e,  pass  it  down 
to  the  right  fore  foot  thPDugh  a  ring  in  a  spancil,  then  buckle  up  tha 
le£t  or  ueor  lore  loot,  tuke  a  firm  hold  of  youx  rope,  lead  him  around 


yAS!IEES'   BECEIPTfl.  oS 

nntil  he  it  tired,  pive  him  a  shove  -vdth  yon?  shonlder,  at  fiia  Kirae 
tinie  drawing  up  the  right  foot  which  brinp  him  on  his  knees,  hold 
liiru  ?teady,  and  in  a  few  moments  he  will  lie  down.  Never  attempt 
to  hold  hjm  still,  for  the  more  he  5ciifae3  the  better. 

Take  your  colt  iiit<i  a  ti>_'l!t  roum  or  jien.  and  with  a  long  whip  com^ 
tnrnce  snapping  at  the  colt's  hind  leg.  taking  care  not  to  hit  above  the 
Lxki»,  stopping  immediately  wlien the  colt  turns  hi*  head  towards 
you;  while  his  head  is  towards  you,  approach  him  with  the  left  hand 
Extended  toward  him.  h<  tiding  your  whip  in  the  right,  ready  to  snap 
Mm  as  sonn  as  he  turns  his  head  from  you.  In  {liis  way  you  can  sooa 
get  your  hands  njxm  lum.  As  soon  as  you  have  done  this,  be  careful 
to  caress  him  for'his  obedience,  and  siiap  him  for  his  disobedience. 
In  this  way  he  will  soon  Irani  that  he  Ls  safest  in  your  presence  with 
his  head  towards  vou,  and  in  a  very  short  time  you  cannot  keep  him 
away  from  yon.  fepenk  kindly  and  firmly  to  hira.  aH  the  time  caress- 
ing iiim.  cniling  by  n;irne.  and  saying,  "  Ho,  boy,"  or  *'  Ho,  Dina,"  or 
some  laiuiii.ir  wird  that  he  will  soon  learn. 

li.a  colt  is  awkward  and  careless  at  first,  you  mtist  bear  with  him, 
l^membering  that  we,  too,  were  awkward  wlien  youn? ;  allowing 
him  iris  own  wav,  until  by  degrees  he  will  come  in.  If  ne  is  wiif  u^ 
you  must  then  ciianue  your  course  of  treatmr-nt,  by  confining  him  in 
huh  a  way  t!:.it  he  is  powerless  for  harm  until  he  submits.  If  he  is 
difjposed  to  run,  use  my  jwle  check  on  him  ;  if  to  kick,  fasten  a  rope 
around  his  under  jaw,  pass  it  through  tLe  collar  and  attach  it  ti  his 
hind  feet.  In  tlils  v.ny  one  kick  will  cure  him,  as  the  force  of  the  blo\r 
falls  on  his  i:i\v.  1£  he  should  be  stubboni,  lay  1dm  down  and  confine 
iiim  niitil  yuu  subdue  him,  without  punishiua; liim  with  the  whip. 

Colts  phbold  he  broke  without  bllnd-bridies  ;  after  they  are  well 
broko,  tlicn  yon  miy  ]>ut  en  blinds.  Bridies  witlioiat  blinds  are  th© 
b-^st  unle.<s  vuu  wa;it  to  speed  your  horse,  then  it  will  be  necessary  to 
keop  him  from  i^i-c-.ns:  the  whip.  Colts  should  be  Avell  handled  "and 
tiJi'rht  to  give  re  ilii  v  to  the  rein  before  they  are  hitched  up.  K  yon 
l)it*Mi  tiiem  up  the  first  thing  and  they  become  frightened,  then  yon 
1  ave  no  control  over  them  ;  but  if  you  teach  them  to  start,  stop,  and 
stand  at  the  woi-d  before  they  are  hitched,  then  you  can  govern  them. 

CauELTY  TO  IIoit.sF.s — Bcsidcs  tlie  cruel  pimishment  inflict^  upon 
horses,  by  the  careless  and  herirtless  driver,  he  is  subjected  to  se- 
vere punishment  in  the  winter  se;ison,  by  being  comi>elled  to  take 
frozen  bits  iuto  his  mouth  in  cold  weather,"  tearing  the-jkin  from  the 
t<i:igiie  and  the  ro-of  of  his  mouth,  producing  a  heavy  iu9nmmation  in 
the  "notith  and  throat ;  he  gets  poor,  hidebound,  and  the  pymi>athetic 
nerval  of  the  her.d  ttke  up  the  inflammation,  carry  it  to  the  head  and 
eyes,  fre-^nent'v  pr.)d;icing  blindness,  and  a  htuidred  other  diseases, 
llie  whi]>  sho;;Id  be  use!  as  an  instrument  of  jih-asure  uistead  of  tor- 
tare  ;  and  your  bits  should  be  woimd  with  fl;mnel  or  leather  ;  so  that 
no  frozen  in->n  will  come  in  contact  with  his  mouth.  lij«  or  tongue. 

Rarkv's  Lini-UKXT. — Sulphuric  etiicr,  i  ozs.  ;  hartshorn,  4  oza., 
oil  of  origanum,  4  07.s.  ;  alcohol,  4  ozs.  ;  sweet  oil,  4  ozs.  Shake 
well  before  usina;.  For  sprains  on  horses,  &c.,  apply  by  rubbing  and 
cover  with  a  tiglit  flannel  bandage.  For  headache,  rub  a  little  on  the 
temp>-5  and  apply  a  blindage  wet  with  the  liniment  to  the  forehead. 

ItAR^v's  Wiz.A.RD  Oil.. — Oil  of  origanum,  6  ozs.  ;  alooliol.  6  ozs.  { 
ipLritt  turpcciiue,  1  oz, ;  cauiphor,  1  oa.    Shake  well  before  uaian, 
3 


ViJtMEIW*  BECEITT*. 


Raret's  I>TEECno^-s  for  Shoeing  HoRsiis. — "There  are  Tcry 
lew  blacksmiths  that  ever  once  think  what  a  complicated  piece  of 
machinerj^  the  foot  of  a  hor?e  is,  and  tv  one  careless  blow  they 
frequently  stop  the  working  of  this  machine".  The  majority  of  smiths, 
as  soon  as  they  pick  np  a  horse's  foot,  go  to  work  paring  the  heel, 
irom  the  fact  that  it  is  the  most  convenient  fait  of  the  foot  and  there- 
by destroy  the  heel  and  braces  of  the  foot,  causing,  in  many  instances, 
tontracted  heels.  The  heels  of  a  horse  should  be  well  kept  up  and  the 
toe  down.  By  lowering  the  heels  you  throw  the  entire  weight  of  yoni 
horse  urion  the  back  tendon  of  the  le^s,  and  thereby  prodnce  lameness 
from  overtaxing  a  very  important  set  of  tendons.  By.  beeping  up  the 
heel  yon  throw" the  weight  njxsn  the  wall  of  the  foot.l  Intnis  position 
you  prevent  stumbling,  clicking.  <S;o.  Next  the  6h#r  commences  to 
pare  away  the  pole,  thins  it  down  xuitil  he  can  feel  it  spring  with  his 
thumb.  Ask  him  why  he  does  this,  and  he  gives  yon  no  reason, 
except  from  cn.st  ?m  ;  next  comes  tl-.e  bars  or  braces  of  the  foot,  they 
are  smoothed  dov\Ti ;  next  in  his  ruinous  course,  comes  the  frc^  of 
the  feet,  they  are  subjected  to  the  same  cntting  and  smoothing  pro- 
cess. All  the  cutting,  paring,  and  smoothing  of  the  soles,  bws,  or 
frogs  is  a  decided  injury  to  the  horse  as  well  as  to  the  owner.  All  the 
corns  in  the  land  are  produced  by  this  process  of  paring.  The  frogs 
have  been  placed  in  the  foot  by  natiire  to  expand  the  wall  of  the  foot, 
and  as  soon  as  you  commence  to  cut  it,  the  oilv  sut  stanc*  commences 
t«  leak  out,  it  drys  up,  becomes  hard,  losing  its  oilv  substance,  makes 
the  wall  hard  and  dry,  inducing  it  to  crac£  The  nerves  of  the  feet 
r.re  very  i»en«itive,  and  smiths  should  be  verv  careful  not  to  crick  the 
loot,  as  it  requires  quite  a  time  to  relieve  them.  The  foot  is  a  very 
complicated  piece  of  machinery,  and  if  you  keep  a  horse  well  shod 
tnd  his  foot  in  good  condition",  you  can 'then  generallv  manage  the 
I  ;ilanc8.  The  feet  suffer  from  being  kept  too  drv.  Horses  that  stand 
on  board  floors  should  have  their  feet  wet  everv"day,  or  there  should 
be  a  vat  five  inches  deep,  five  feet  long,  and  three  wide,  filled  with 
witer  and  clay,  in  which  each  horse  can  ?tand  for  one  hour  per  week, 
rjiless  his  feet  are  feverish,  then  he  should  be  keU  in  it  an  hour  per 
day,  or  until  the  fever  subsides.  Another  source  of  injury  to  horses* 
iebt,  ia  the  h&bit  of  patronising  cheap  hia/>ifi^ithfl.    If  a  Tnap  can 


FAUMEBS'  BEOEIPTft.  35 

irire  anaiLlie  then  setanp  a  sign  as  a  farrier  or  a  TttterfnaryflTU-geon, 
when  in  fact  he  knows  nothing  of  the  anatomy  of  the  horse  afoot, 
not  having  spent  anv  time  or  money  in  acquirmg  the  necessary  tolor- 
mation,  he  can  afford  to  shoe  a  few  shillings  cheaper  than  a  weU-m- 
formed  man.-  but  the  patrons  of  such  cheap  shoemg  are  generaUy  tna 
BufEerers  All  horse-shoers  should  be  well  skilled  vetennaiy  surgeons, 
or  there  should  be  a  skilful  surgeon  attached  to  every  shop  Another 
source  of  poor  shoeing  and  injury  is  the  loss  of  elijsticity  of  the  frog, 
refnsmg  toperform  its  proper  functions  ;  the  heel  contracts  the  foot 
ToUs,  and  yon  have  a  soi'e  horse  for  ten  or  twelve  months,  for  it  re- 
onires  this  long  to  relieve  a  horse's  suffering  from  beuig  badly  shod. 

Under  the  circumstances,  the  first  thing  that  touches  the  road  or 
the  floor  of  the  stall,  should  be  the  frog,  and  the  wall  of  the  foot 
should  be  kept  cut  so  as  not  to  prevent  it  from  touching  at  eveiy  gtep; 
end  no  man  that  owns  a  horse  should  ever  allow  a  blacksmith  to  cut 
the  soles,  bars,  or  frogs  of  Lis  horse's  feet  Nature  has  adapted  ths 
fro<^  to  all  description  of  roads,  cUmates,  and  weather,  without  being 

S.red.    So  many  horses  have  been  ruined  by  this  process  of  panng, 
at  there   are  now  several   establishments   in  this  country  toat 
mannfacture  inrlia  rubber  pads,  thmkingthereby  to  supply  the  wasted 
frog  and  tl.e  ei;istieity  of  the  natural  foot     The  frog  is  msensible  to 
pr^ure,  and  vou  may  place  the  whole  weight  of  your  horse  on  the 
bof  and  he  wiU  suffer  no  inconvenience,  as  may  be  seen  from  shoemg 
wit!i  one  of  my  com  shoes  ;  besides,  tliis  is  the  only  rebable  way  to 
cure  contracted  feet;  bv  throwmg  the  weight  upon  the  frog,  you  force 
them  up  between  the  waUa  :  it  acts  as  a  wedge,  and  soon  relieves  the 
eontracted  feet     Smitlis  should  never  have  tlieir  shoes  hot  when 
fittui'^  them,  as  the  appUcation  of  hot  iron  extracts  the  oilj  substance 
from^the  hoof.      The  amount   of   cruel   punLxhment  mflicted  on 
horses  by  cross-grain  blacksmiths,  is  another  source  of  poor  shoemg. 
As  soon  as  the  horse  does  not  stand  the  smith  gets  augrv,  and  com- 
mences whipping  and  jerkhig  the  animal,  which  only  adds  terror  to 
it  so  that  he  soon  refuses  to  go  to  the  shop  if  he  can  avoid  It ;  it  la 
natural  for  horses  to  disUke  to  be  shod,  because  the  hammering  shocks 
the  nervous  system,  until  they  are  accustomed  to  it    He  should  be 
taught  to  stand,  and  his  feet  well  handled  at  home,  before  he  is  ever 
brou'^ht  to  the  shop  by  tlie  owner.  Tou  then  save  the  horse  iwundmg, 
and  file  smith  an  unmenso  amount  of  labor  that  he  never  gets  any  pay 
lor,  for  no  man  ever  thhiks  of  paymg  anything  extra  for  shoemg  a 
bad  horse.    The  waU  of  the  foot  should  never  be  rasped  above  the 
nail  holes,  and  as  htUe  below  the  clenches  as  possible  ;  all  the  raspmg 
and  filmg  but  tends  to  thin  and  weaken  the  wall  by  cutting  tlie  fibers 
of  the  foot     The  nails  should  be  counter  sunk  into  the  shoe,  so  that 
there  wiU  be  no  chance  for  the  clenches  to  rise.      No  hoi^  interferes 
with  the  heel  or  toe  ;  it  is  always  the  side  of  the  foot.     The  habit  of 
tummg  the  mside  of  the  shoe  under  causes  a  number  of  horses  to  m- 
terfere    that  would  not  if  thev  were  shod  straight  in  the  inside. 
Spread  the  heeh^as  wide  as  possible  ;  set  the  ont>^ide  a  little  under  ; 
Keep  the  toes  f  uU.  For  cUckmg  horses,  raise  the  heels  high,  cut  the  toe« 
rfiort     For  si>eedv  cuts,  pUice  your  toe  corks  a  quarter  of  an  mch  to 
the  inside  of  the  centre  of  your  shoe;  keep  the  heels  wide  apart    For 
corns  put  on  a  shoe  with  aprong,  forthemain  rim,  sons  tooovertheen- 
tli«fix^,  pare  the  wali  lower  tiiautke  frog,  BO  aahiaentiteweisUtwjUM 


86  Fi.Jm£KS'  EECEIPTg. 

thrown  on  the  fro<r.  Have  the  inner  co  A  ncjt  qnite  eo  sharp  as  th« 
enter  one,  eo  thatlf  he  gtep?  upon  the  other  foot  it  ■will  not  cut  it ; 
make  the  shoes  as  light  as  V<^?ih's  consiitent  •vrith  good  service,  as 
thev  are  ordinarily  made  ju<t  about  ^  too  heavy." 

To  Pp.e\-ext  lioR.«ES  ELicKXNG  i>'  THE  Stat.t.. — ^Fasten  a  short 
trace-<b;;in  abont  2  feet  long,  by  a  strap  to  each  hind  foot  A  better 
Tray  is  to  have  the  ."taib  made  wide  enongh  so  that  the  horse  can  turn 
in  them  easily.  Gose  them  ■with  a  door  or  bars,  and  turn  the  animal 
loose.  After"  a,  while  he  vrill  forget  the  habit,  and  stand  tied  withont 
farther  trouble. 

To  Ci  RE  Beoken'  LEr.g. — ^Inrtead  of  snmmarily  shooting  the 
horse,  in  the  crt-K-iter  ntunber  of  fractures  it  is  only  necessary  to  par- 
tially shn;^  me  horse  by  means  of  a  broad  piece  of  sail, "or  othet 
etrong  cloth  placed  nnder  tl;e  animal's  belly,  fnrnij<hed  with  2  breech- 
ings  and  2  breast  girth.s,  and  by  means  of  ror^e^  and  pulleys  attached 
to  a  croe«  beam  above,  he  is  elemted,  or  lowered,  rs  may  be  required. 
By  the  adoption  of  this  plan  every  facility  is  allowed  for  the  satisfao 
to"ry  treatment  of  frartr  res. 

lloip.\s. — This  con?i5t8  in  a  swelling  of  the  first  bar  of  the  upper 
palate.  It  ie  cnred  by  rubbing  the  swelling  2  or  3  times  a  day  with  i 
or.  of  alum  and  the  same  quandty  of  double  refined  sugar  mixed  with 
a  little  honey. 

Gravel. — Steep  ^  lb.  of  hops  in  a  quart  of  irater  and  give  it  &3  hot 
as  the  horse  can  stand  it 

H.^XTEB  PcLixsG.  A  new  way  to  prevent  horses  pulling  at  the 
halter,  is  to  put  a  very  small  rope 'under  the  horse's  tail  bringing  the 
ends  forwi'.nJ,  cros:*ing  them  on  tie  back,  and  tying  them  on  the 
breast  Put  the  luiltcr  strap  through  the  ring,  and  tie  the  Tr>i>e  Tsa 
front  of  tl.e  horse.  When  the  horse  pulls,  he  ■niill,  of  course,  find  him- 
self in  rather  an  uncomfortable  position,  and  discontinne  the  effort  to 
free  himsell 

Hide  Boc^t). — ^To  recruit  a  hide  bound  horse,  give  nitrate  potasea 
(or  saltpetre)  4  oz.,  crude  antimony  1  oz.,  sulphur  3  oz.  Nitrate  of 
p^tas.-^  and  antiiiicny  should  be"  finely  pulverized,  then  add  the 
enli'hor.  and  mix  the  whole  well  together.  Dose,  a  tablesx>oonful  ol 
this  mixture  in  a  bran  ma«h  daily. 

To  Peetent  Hobses  fkom  Jrsrpnro. — ^Pasaa  good  stout  surdnglo 
around  his  body  ;  put  on  his  halter,  and  have  the  halter  strap  long 
enough  to  go  from  nis  head,  between  his  fore  l^:n?,  then  through  the 
Eurcincle,  and  kick  to  one  of  his  hind  legs.  Procure  a  thill  strap, 
and  buckle  arunnd  the  leg  between  the  foot  and  joint,  fasten  the 
haltorstrap  in  this — shorteror  longer,  as  theobstinacy  of  the  case  may 
rcqiure.  It  i?  aI*o  useful  to  keepcolts  from  nmning  wliere  there  b 
likely  to  be  c  anger  from  the  result :  if  the  tliill  strap  should  cau*e  any 
Borenesfs  on  the  leg,  it  may  be  wound  with  a  wo<.illen  cloth,  and  it  would 
be  well  to  change  it  from"  one  leg  to  f.nother  occasionally. 

Bio  Le«. — To  cure,  use  the  *  Blistering  Liniment"  with  regtilarity 
every  tMrd  hour  until  it  blisters.  In  3  days  wash  the  lear  with  linsewl 
oiL  In  6  days  wash  it  clean  with  soap  and  water.  Repeat  every  6 
days  until  the  swelhng  goes  down.  If  there  should  be  any  callboa 
left,  apply  spavin  ointment 

Soke  Breasts. — This  generally  occurs  in  the  spring,  at  the  oohi- 
VMooenent  of  plowing.    At  tim'ea  the  fault  »  in  haviog  poor  <^ 


F1.BMEES*  fiECElVTS.  37 

•ollftni,  and  not  haTinj^  the  collar  well  fitted  to  the  horse's  breoBt;  and 
oiten,  the  hames  are  either  too  tight  or  too  loose.  There  is  a  great 
difference  in  horses  about  getting  chafed  or  galled,  and  at  times  it  has 
teemed  to  be  impossible  to'keei)  their  breasts  from  getting  sore  ;  but 
a  thorough  application  of  strong  alum  water  or  white  oak  bark  to  tlio 
breasts  of  the  animal,  3  days  before  going  to  work,  toughen  them  so 
that  they  wiU  not  get  sore/  Another  excellent  plan  iz,  wixen  you  let 
your  team  rest  for  a  few  moments  during  work,  to  raise  the  collar  and 
pull  it  a  httle  forward,  and  rub  the  breast  thoroughly  with  your 
naked  hand. 


Thb  Check  Retn"  ox  Hobses.— We  desire  to  register  an  earnest 
protest  against  this  barbarous  appendage  to  hcT.ses'  harness.  It  re- 
tards the  horse's  progress  in  every  position  both  while  ha  is  at  work, 
and  wlule  travelling  on  a  journey.  It  is  both  useless  and  cruel  in. 
every  sense  of  the  word,  without'any  compensating  qualities  to  recom- 
mend it.  Mr.  Angell,  of  the  "  Boston  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Cruelty  to  Animals,"  who  has  ti-avelled  over  a  great  part  of  Europe 
in  the  interests  of  humanity  to  our  dumb  servants,  says,  that  the  use 
of  the  cheek  rein  is  confined  to  America  alone,  being  "deservedly  di.?- 
carded  every  vphere  both  ia  England  and  on  the  Continent.  Tha 
reason  why  it  is  so  discarded,  was  veiy  graphically  explained  by  an 
extensive  horse  owner  in  Glasgow,  as  he  remarked,  in  conversation 
with  Mr.  Angell,  that  '""We  cauna  get  the  wark  oot  o'  the  horse  ■^i' 
the  check  rein."  To  check  rein  a  horse,  is  equivalent  to  trussing  a 
man's  head  backward  towards  liis  back  or  heels,  and  compelling  him, 
while  boimd  in  this  position,  to  do  duty  with  a  loaded  wheelbarrow. 

Feeding  Horses  ox  the  EoAn.— Many  i^ersoni?,  in  travelling, 
feed  their  horses  1 10  much,  and  tO(i  often,  continually  stuiBng  them, 
and  not  alloAving  them  to  rest  and  digest  lieir  food; 'of  course  they 
suffer  from  over-fulness,  and  carrying  unnecessary  weight.  Horsea 
should  be  weU  fed  in  the  evening,  and  miu*t  not  be  "stuffed  too  full  in 
tlie  morning,  and  the  travelUng  should  be  moderate  on  starting  when 
the  horse  has  a  full  stomach.  If  a  horse  sfciits  in  good  condition,  he 
can  go  20  or  25  miles  without  feeding.  The  provender  required  by- 
horses  while  travelling  or  engaged  in  ordinary  farm  work,  per  day, 
may  be  stated  thus  :  Hay  20  lbs.,  oats  3  gals.,  water  4  gals.  Muddy 
water  ia  the  best  for  horses.     Beeves  require  20  lbs.  of  hay  and  "8 


S8  FABMEBS'   BECEirTS. 

^ai».  of  water  per  day.  Quantity  will  vary  in  every  caee  according  U 
the  size,  condition,  breed,  &c.,  together  with  the  kind  of  work  in 
which  they  are  employed. 

Itch.— To  cure  a  horse  affected  with  itch,  first  reduce  his  daily 
allowance  of  food,  putting  him  on  low  diet  and  then  give  him  a  tea- 
epoonf  ul  of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  sulphur  and  antimony,  and  at 
the  end  of  a  week  or  10  days  the  sores  will  have  disappeared  and  the 
horse  will  be  covered  with  a  fine  coat  of  new  hair. 

Stoppage  of  Ukine.— Symptoms  :  Frequent  attempts  to  urinate, 
looking  round  at  his  sides,  Ijing  down,  rolling  and  stretching.  To 
cure,  take  ^  lb.  of  hops,  3  drs.  oU  of  camphor;  grind  and  mix.  Make 
this  into  3  pills.  Give  1  every  day,  with  a  drench  made  of  a  email  epoon- 
lul  of  saltpetre  and  2  oz.  of  water.    This  will  cure  as  a  general  thing;. 

To  CuHE  Balky  HoESES.^3ne  method  to  cure  a  balky  horse 
is  to  take  him  from  tlie  carriage,  whirl  him  rapidly  around  tiU  he  is 
giddy.  It  requires  two  men  to  accomplish  this, — one  at  tlie  horse's 
laiL  Don't  let  him  step  out.  Hold  him  to  the  smallest  possible  circle. 
1  dose  will  often  cure  him,  2  doses  are  final  with  the  worst  horse  that 
ever  refuged  to  stir.  Another  plan  is  to  fill  his  mouth  with  the  dirt  or 
gravel  fi^om  the  road,  and  he  will  at  once  go,  the  philosophy  of  this 
being  that  it  gives  him  something  else  to  think  about. 

Dk.  Cole's  King  of  Oils. — 1  oz.  green  coppeius  ;  2  oz.  whit« 
vitriol ;  2  oz.  common  salt  ;  2  oz.  linseed  oil  ;  8  oz.  molasses.  Boil 
over  a  slow  fire  fifteen  minutes  in  a  pint  of  urine  ;  when  almost 
cold,  add  1  oz.  of  oil  of  vitriol  and  4  oz.  of  spirits  of  turpentine. 
Apply  to  wounds  with  a  feather.    A  very  powerful  liniment, 

Sloan's  Horse  OiNTMEirr.— 4  oz.  resm  ;  4  oz.  bees-wax  ;  lard, 
8  oz.  ;  honey,  2  oz.  Mix  slowly  and  gently,  bring  to  a  boil  ;  then 
add  less  than  1  pint  spirits  tuq^entiue  ;  then  remove  and  stir  till  oooL 
Unsurpassed  for  horse  flesh,  cracked  hoofs,  human  flesh,  &c 

Mexican  Mustang  Liniment. — Petroleum,  olive  oil,  and  carbon- 
ete  of  ammonia,  each  equal  parts,  and  mix. 

Mebchant's  Gargling  Oil.— Take  2^  gals,  linseed  oil  ;  2^  gala, 
epirits  turpentine  ;  1  gal.  western  petroleum  ;  8  oz.  liquor  potass.  ; 
tap  green,  1  oz.  ;  mix  all  together,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

Arabian  Condition  Powdeks. — Ground  ginger,  1  lb  ;  sulphuret 
of  antimony,  1  lb.  ;  powdered  sulphur,  1  lb  ;  saltpetre,  1  lb.  Mix  all 
together,  ana  administer  in  a  masn,  in  such  quantities  as  may  be  re- 
quired.   The  best  condition  powder  in  existence. 

Blistering  Liniment.— 1  part  Spanish  flies,  finely  powdered  ;  3 
of  lard  ;  and  1  of  yeUow  resm.  Mix  the  lard  and  resin  together, 
and  add  the  flies  when  the  otlier  ingredients  begin  to  cooL  To  render 
it  more  active,  add  1  pint  spirits  turpentine. 

Medicated  Food  for  Horses  and  Cattle. — Take  linseed 
cake  and  pulverize  or  grind  it  up  in  the  shape  of  meal,  and  to  every 
60  lbs.  of  this  ingredient,  add  10  lbs.  Imii--;^  metd  ;  2  lbs.  sulphuret 
of  antimony  ;  2  lbs.  ground  ginger,  if  lbs.  of  8alti;)etre,  and  2  lbs. 
powdered  solphnr.  Mix  the  whole  thoi-oughly  togetlier,  put  in  neat 
boxes  or  packages  for  sale  o*-  otherwise  oi  uesfred,  and  you  will  have 
an  article  equal  in  value  to  '  Tnorbys  Fo(>i,'-  or  almost  any  other 
preparation  that  can  be  got  ^ip  ^r  tlie  purpose  of  fattening  stock  or 
cmuig  disease  in  every  cas?  ^hPi  food  or  medicine  can  be  of  any  use 
whatever.    This  article  can  '>  fed  in  any  deiiitedquautity,  begiuai^g 


FARMERS*  EECEIFT6.  S!> 

ifflth  a  lewtablespoonfnla  at  a  time,  for  s  horse,  mixiiig  it  with  hii 
grain,  and  in  the  same  proportion  to  smaller  animals,  repeating  the 
dose  and  increasing  the  quantity  as  the  cOvse  may  seem  to  require. 

Lotion  fob  Mange. — Boil  2  oz.  tobacco  in  1  quart  water  ;  strain  ; 
add  sulphur  and  soft  soap,  each  2  oz. 

For  Straiks  and  Swellings. — Strong  yin^ar  saturated  with 
common  salt,  used  warm,  is  good  for  strains  aud  reducLag  swellings. 
1  oz.  of  white  vitriol  ;  1  oz.  of  green  copx>era3  ;  2  teasix)onfuls  of 
gunpowder,  all  pulverized  together,  and  dijisolved  in  1  quart  of  soft 
water,  and  used  cold,  rubbing  in  tlioroughly,  is  one  of  the  best  appli- 
cations known  for  reducing  swellings. 

HooF-BouNX>  Wash. — Spirits  turpentine.  4  oz.  ;  tar,  4  oz.  ;  whala 
on,  8  oz.    Mix,  and  apply  to  the  hoofs  often. 

To  Toughen  Hoofs. — ^Wash  them  frequently  in  strong  orine,  and 
turn  brine  upon  the  bottoms,  And  soak  a  few  minutes  each  time. 

Scratches. — Cut  off  the  hair  close,  aud  wash  the  legs  in  strong 
goap-suds  or  urine,  or  wash  with  warm  \inegar  saturated  with  salt, 
and  afterwards  dress  over  with  a  small  quantity  of  hog's  Lard. 

CotTGH.— Quit  feeding  mu:»ty  hay,  and  feed  roots  and  laxative  food. 
Sprinkle  human  urine  on  his  lodder,  or  cut  up  cedar  boughs  and  mix 
with  his  griiiu  ;  or  boil  a  .«mall  quantity  of  flax-seed,  and  mix  it  in  a 
mash  of  scalded  bran,  adding  a  few  ounces  of  .sugar,  molasses,  or 
honey  Administer  lukewarm.  If  there  should  be  any  appearance 
of  heaves,  put  a  spoonful  of  ground  ginger  once  per  day  in  his  pro- 
vender, and  allow  him  to  drink  freely  of  lime  water. 

Split  or  Broken  Hoof. — Let  the  blacksmith  bore  two  holes  on 
each  side  of  the  crack  or  split ;  j^asslong  nails  through  the  holes  and 
clinch  tight  After  anointing  with  the  hoof-bound  Uquid,  it  will 
Boon  grow  together. 

Colic  Cube. — Bleed  freely  at  the  horse's  mouth  ;  then  take  J  lb. 
raw  cotton,  wrap  it  around  a  coal  of  fire,  so  as  to  exclude  the  air  ; 
when  it  beguis  to  smoke,  hold  it  imder  his  nope  till  he  becomes  easy. 

To  CrRH  Distemper. — Take  \\  gals,  of  blo<jd  from  the  neck  vein ; 
then  adoiiuister  sassafras  oil,  IJ  oz.    Cure,  si>eedy  and  certain. 

FofNDER  CURED  IN  24  HouRs. — Boil  or  steam  stout  oat-straw  for 
half  an  hour,  then  wrap  it  around  the  horse's  leg  quite  hot,  cover  up 
with  wet  woollen  rags  to  keep  in  the  steam  ;  in  six  hours  renew  the 
application,  take  1  gaL  of  blood  from  the  neck  vein,  and  give  1  qoait 
linseed  oil.    He  may  be  worked  next  day. 

Cure  foe  Staggers. — Give  a  mess  twice  a  week,  composed  of 
bran,  1  gal.  ;  sulphur,  1  tables]X)onfid  ;  salti^etre,  1  spoonful  ;  boiling 
eassafras  tea,  1  quart ;  assafuitida,  IJ  oz.  Keep  the  horse  from  cold 
water  for  half  a  day  afterwards. 

BrNG-BONE  AND  Spavin  Curk. — Venice  turpentine  and  Spanish 
flies,  of  each  2  oz.  ;  euphorbiiun  and  aqua-animoui;i,  of  each  1  oz.  ; 
red  precipitate,  \  oz. ;  corrosive  sublimate,  ^  oz.  ;  lard,  1^  lbs.  Pul- 
verize all,  and  put  uito  the  lard  ;  simmer  slowly  over  coals,  not 
scorching  or  burning  ;  and  pour  off,  fiee  of  sediment  For  ring- 
bones, cut  off  the  hair,  and  rab  the  omtment  well  iuto  the  lumps 
once  in  48  hours.  For  siiavins,  once  in  24  hours  for  3  mornings. 
Wash  well  previous  to  each  application  vrith  suds,  rub":''!?  over  th« 
place  with  a  smooth  stick,  to  squeeze  out  a  thick,  yellow  roatter. 
Ihid  has  removed  very  large  ring-bones. 


40  #AJ21EEES'   EECEIFTS. 

A^OTiTEB  CruE. — Take  g^veet  oil,    4   oz.  ;  spirits   tarpendnc^ 

2  oz.  ■  oil  of  stone,  1  oz.  iiix,  and  apply  three  times  per  day. 
If  the  nor.<e  is  over  four  tcoj  old,  or  in  any  ase  when  thid  is  not  suffi- 
cient, in  addition  to  it,  you  will  fit  a  bar  of  lead  just  above  it,  -wirin* 
the  ends  together,  so  it"c<)u>tuitly  wears  upon  the  enlargement ;  ana 
the  two  together  will  ouie  nine  cases  out  of  every  tea,  ia  six  weeka. 

CxTRR  FOE  BoxE  Sr.\\a>"5 — SU-X)  Kf.cite. — Corraoive  sublimate, 
quicksilver,  and  iodine,  of  each  1  oz.  Eub  the  quicksilTer  and  iodina 
together  ;  then  add  the  sublimate,  and  L'i:rtly  the  lard,  rubbing  them 
thoroughly.  Shave  off  the  hair  the  size  of  tlie  bone  enlargement ; 
grease  aU'aroimd  it,  but  not  where  the  hair  is  shaved  off,  this  pre- 
vents the  action  of  the  mediciiie,  except  on  the  sjavin.  Then  rub  in 
as  much  of  the  p^ste  as  will  he  on  a  o-cent  i.iece.  each  moming,  for 

3  or  4  mornings.  In  from  7  to  S  days,' the  whole  spavin  will  com© 
out ;  tlien  wash  the  wound  with  suds  i\>r  an  hour  or  so,  to  remove 
the  poisonous  effects  of  the  paste  ;  afterwards  heal  np  the  sore  with 
any  good  healing  salve,  or  Sloan's  Horse  OLntuient,  a^  per  recipe 
above,  keeping  the  sore  covered  while  it  is  healing  up. 

A>othi:b  tzrt  Taltaelf  Recipe  Fob  Ri>-g-boxe. — Pal- 
■rerized  qantharides,  oils  of  si^ike,  origanum,  amber,  cetLir,  Barba- 
doea  tar,  and  British  oil,  of  each  2  oz.  ;  oil  of  wunawood,  1  oz.  ; 
spirits  turi>entine,  4  oz.  ;  common  jKitash,  i  oa.  ;  nitric  acid,  6  oz,  ; 
sulphuric  acid,  4  oz.  ;  Lird,  3  lbs.  Meit  the  lard,  aud  slowly  add  the 
acids  ;  stir  well,  and  add  the  other  articles,  stirring  till  cold  ;  clip  oif 
the  hair,  and  apply  by  rubbing  and  he;iting  in.  Li  at«out  3  days,  or 
when  it  is  done  running,  wash  off  with  saap-suda,  and  apply  again. 
In  old  aises,  it  may  Uike  3  or  4  weeks  ;  but,  in  recent  caaes,  2  or  3 
applications  have  cured. 

Another. — Pulverized  cantharides,  oils  of  origanum  and  amber, 
and  spirits  turijentiue,  of  each  1  oz.  ;  olive  oU,  ^  oz.  ;  sulphuric  acid, 
3  drams  ;  put  all,  except  the  acid,  into  alcohol ;  stir  tlie  mixture,  add 
tlie  acid  slowly,  aua  coutinue  to  stir  till  the  mistnre  ceases  to  smoke; 
then  iKDttle  for  use.  Apply  to  ring-bone  or  sjxavin  with  a  sponge  tied 
on  the  end  of  a  stick,  as  long  as  it  :s  absorbed  into  the  parts  ;  twenty- 
four  hours  after,  grea^^e  well  with  lard  ;  aud  in  t-.venty-four  hours 
more,  wash  off  well  with  soap-suds.  One  applieaticm'  is  generally 
sufficient  for  spa\  ins,  hut  may  need  two  ;  ring-bcnes,  alwr.vs  two  or 
three  applicationj>,  three  or  four  daysaj^art.  whi  ■h'pr'^v  nts  lossof 
tair.    iiiis  will  .«t<ip  all  lameness,  but  doe^  :  ..uip. 

Spli>t  axd  SI-A^^^'   Lix;>:e^-t.     Oil  <  :.  ;  gum 

camphor,  2  oz.  ;  mercurial  ointment,  2  oz.  t,  1  oz.  ; 

melt  by  putting  all  into  a  wide-mouthed  bouie,  aud  seiiiUg  it  in  a 
kcttie  of  hot  water.  Apply  it  to  tone  spavins  or  splinta,  twice  dailv, 
ior  four  or  five  days,  and  a  cure  is  guaranteed. 

Poll  Eva,  and  Fisttl.^, — Common  potish  dissolved  in  3^  pint  of 
water,  1  lb.  ;  add  h  oz.  belladomia  extract,  and  1  oz.  gum  arJIhic  dis- 
solved in  a  httle  w:iter  :  work  all  into  a  j>a.-te  with  wheat  Bour,  and 
bottle  up  th^ht.  Diie.tions  :  wash  the  sores  weU  with  Cistile  soap- 
Bods  ;  then  apply  taiio-.v  all  around  them.  Next,  press  the  abova 
paste  to  the  bottom  of  all  the  orifices  :  repeat  every  two  davs  till  the 
callous  fibrous  base  around  the  poll  evil  or  fisttila*  is  completelv  de- 
gtroyed  ;  put  a  pifH?e  of  oil-clotli  over  the  sores,  and  afterwards'heal 
op  wiUi  Sloaa'8  Horse  Ointment. 


POIKTS    IN    A   HOKUt 
DLA.GRAM  OF  A  SOUXD  BOaSS. 


a 


POIJfTS  IN  A  HORSE. 

16.  K-ck. 
IT.  Breast. 
1?.  Shoulder. 

19.  Withers. 

20.  Arm. 

21.  Fore-arrtL 

22.  Fore-legs. 

23.  Knee. 

24.  Cannon-bones. 

25.  Nape. 
•26.  Crest. 
27.  Middle-hand. 
2«.  Back. 

29.  Back-hand. 

30.  Loin. 

31.  Hip. 

."2.  Croup,  or  Bomp. 
33.  Dock. 
M.  Elbow. 


1.  Forehand. 

2.  Forehead. 

3.  Face. 

4.  Nose. 

5.  Wings  of  the  nose. 

6.  Muzzle. 

7.  Jaw. 

8.  Throat. 

9.  Windpipe,  or  Throtr 
tie. 

10.  Point  of  the  Shoul- 
der. 

11.  Chin. 

12.  Curb  of  the  ChiD. 

13.  Onter  comer  of  the 
Eye. 

14.  Inner  comer  of  the 
Eye. 

12   Foreiop. 

CkjMPARATIVE  TAiCE  OF  FoOD  FOR  HORSES. — 100  Ibs.  of  JCOod  Laj 

is  equivalent  in  value  to  50  lbs.  of  oats.  57  lbs.  of  com,  273  of  carrots, 
54  lbs.  of  rye  or  barley,  105  lbs.  of  wheat  bran.  400  lbs.  of  jrreen 
clover,  275  lbs.  of  ct'^d  com,  374  Ibs.  of  wheat  straw,  442  lbs.  of  rye 
straw,  400  lbs.  of  dried  com  stalks,  45  lbs.  of  wheat,  59  Ibs.  of  com, 
62  Ibs.  of  sun-flower  seeds,  69  Ibs.  of  linseed  cake.  195  lbs.  of  oat 
•traw,  105  IVs.  af  wheat  ¥iaii;  1  lb.  of  oil  cake  ia  equal  to  14  Iba  oii^ 
be«e. 


35.  Girth. 

36.  Barrel  (the  Bibs). 

37.  F!ank. 
3$.  Quarter. 

39.  Thigh. 

40.  Stifle. 

41.  Hamstring. 

42.  Point  of  theEoek, 

43.  Hocks. 

44.  Fetlocks. 

45.  Small  Pasterns. 

46.  Large  Parfems. 

47.  Crovrn  of  theHocC- 
4S.  Hoof. 

49.  Hee.s. 

50.  Head. 

51.  Mane,orMan»HiAt 


i2 


IMSEASES   OF   THE   HORS2. 


DIAGRAM  SKOVriSG  DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 
The  above  diagram,  conie-1  from  a  circular  issued  bv  L.  W.  Wani« 
&  Ck)^,  manufact  jrera  of  Dr.  Herrick's  Horse  Medic-iues  at  67  Murray 
8t,  N.  Y.,  i?,  notwithstanding  its  hijrnbrions  appearance,  of  the  ut- 
mort  value  to  owners  of  horses  ;  for,  taken  in  connection  with  thw 
following  references  dei»crintiTe  o'  the  varioTis  numbers,  indications, 
&c.,  it  will  prove  of  great  utility  in  identifving  and  locating  di^ea^at 
in  manv  donbtf  ol  cases. 
-      rfel&nderg.  124.  Sore  Throat 

2  )  Discharge  from  the  Nostrils.  ,'25.  Tumors  caused  bv  CoUar. 

3  ;  Membrane.  126.  Can;^  Elbow  or  Tumoi 
•     (.  Giandular  Swellin'ra.              (27    Wind  Galls. 

4.  Caries  and  Diseases  of  the  Jaw.  28.  ilallenders  and  Sallenders. 

B.  Fistula  Parotid  Duct  '29.  Sr.lint.     30.  Capped  Knee. 

6.  Diseases  of  tha  Eve.  jsi.  Broken  Knees  and  Or«n  Joint 

i.  Scars  on  Forehead  and  over  the  .32.  Clap  of  the  Back  Sinews. 

c   o  ^^^f  ,^   ^  ^-  Ringbone. 

8.  Scare  irom  old  Fontaneb  and  .M.  Acute  and  Chmnic  Fonnderer 
.«        Bram  Diseases.    9.  Poll  Evil.,  Ring  Foot  33.  Groggines*. 

10.  Prurigo,  or  Mane  Scab.  '36    Quitted 

Jo    l'^}°'n  "jr'^^"?-        .  ^-  Tread    on   the   Coronet   anc? 

12.  Saddle  Galls,  Sitiasts.  &c.  |  Overreache<« 

B  1^}'^°^J?^     1^-  R^^t  Tail     38.  Sand,  Toe,  Cow  and  Quartet 

15.  Falhng  of  the  Fiuidament.  Crack* 

16.  Loiation   of  PateUa,  or  Whirl  39.  Girth  Swellin<^ 

„   „  Bope  Displaced.  ,40.  Wind  Colic.  Fret,  Gripes,  01 

17.  Hernia  or  Rupture.  >  Bellv-ache 

18.  Broken  Ribs.     19.  Farcy.  41.  Thorough  pin. 
^-  Sores  from  Constant  Bleeding.  ,42.  Capped  Hocks. 


43.  Swelled  or  Sprang  SinewiL 


21.  Bridle  Swellings.  ^„.  ,_.  „  ^^^^  ^ 

22.  Fistula  and    Inflammation   of  44.  Scratches. 

Parotid  Gland.  45.  Spavin. 

83.  Phlebitis,  01  inflamed  Jugular .46.  Curb.    47.  SwoDen  L«e& 


?ARiULRS'   BECEIFtS.  43 

To  Tam«  Ho««a.—Tak»  finelr-jTated  how*  caster,  oiU  of  th» 
diam  and  cumin  ;  keep  them  In  ieparat«  bottles  well  corked  ;  pu* 
some  of  the  oil  of  cumin  on  jrour  hand,  and  approach  the  horse  on 
the  -windy  side.  He  will  then  move  toward  you.  Then  rub  some  of 
the  cumin  on  his  nose,  give  him  a  little  of  the  ca«tor  on  anything 
he  likes,  and  get  eight  or  ten  drops  oil  of  rhodium  on  hi^  tonjue.  You 
can  then  get  him  to  do  anything  you  Uke,  Be  kind  and  attentive  to 
the  animal,  and  your  control  is  ceitaln. 

Best  Resikdt  fok  Heaves, — B;ilsam  of  fir  and  bakam  of  co- 
paiba, 4  oz.  each,  and  mix  with  ciilcmed  magnesi;i  suftlcieutly  thick 
io  naake  it  into  ball*  ;  and  give  a  iniddling-fiized  ball  night  and  morn- 
ing for  a  week  or  ten  days. 

t^CKS  FOB  BoT3  TS  HoRSES. — Give  the  horse,  first,  2  quarts  of 
new  milk,  and  1  quart  molasses  ;  15  minutes  afterwards,  give  2  quart* 
very  strong  saijetea  ;  30  minutes  softer  tlie  tea,  give  3  pints  (orenoach 
to  operate  as  physic),  of  curriers'  oiL  The  molasses  and  milk  cause 
the  bota  to  let  go  their  hold,  the  tea  puckers  them  up,  and  the  oil 
carries  them  completely  away.    Cure,  certain,  iu  the  worst  ca^es. 

lixniEjrr  fob  Swee>t.— .Vlcohol  and  spirits  turpentine,  of  each 
8  oz.  ;  camphor-gTxm,  pulverized  caatharides,  and  capsicum,  of  each 
1  oz.  ;  oil  of  spike,  3  oz.  ;  mix.  Bathe  this  liniment  in  with  a  hot 
iron,  and  a  cure  is  sure  to  follow. 

Fob  Looseness  on  ScorRrxn  ix  Hobses  ob  Cattle. — Tormon- 
til  root,  powdered.  Dose  for  a  horse  or  cow,  1  to  1^  oz.  It  may  bo 
gtirred  into  1  pint  of  milk,  and  giveu  ;  or  it  may  be  ste<'ped  in  1^ 
pints  01  milk,  then  given  from  thrco  to  six  times  daily,  until  cured. 

ScouES  A>'T>  Pi>--WoKM3  IX  HoKSES  AND  CattLe. — White  ash 
bark  burnt  into  ashes',  and  made  into  a  rather  strong  lye  ;  then  mix 
i  pint  of  it  with  1  pint  warm  water,  and  give  all  two  or  three  times 
aaUy.  This  will  certainly  carry  oil  the  worms,  which  are  the  cause, 
in  most  instances,  of  scours  and  looseness. 

English  Stable  Lixemsnt,  vert  stbosg. — Oil  of  spike,  aqua- 
ammonia,  and  oil  of  turpentine,  each  2  oz.  ;  sweet  oil,  and  oil  of 
amber,  each,  1^  oz.  ;  oil  of  origanum,  1  oz.    SIJx. 

Colic  CrsE  fob  Hobses  axd  Peksoxs.— Spirits  turpentine, 
3  ox.  ;  laudanum,  1  ox.  ;  mix  ;  and  for  a  horse  give  all  for  a  do-^e,  by 
putting  it  into  a  bottle  with  half  a  pint  of  warm  water.  If  relief  is 
not  obtained  in  an  hour,  repeat  the  dose,  addiiig  half  an  ounce  of  the 
best  powdered  aloes,  well  dissolved.  Cure,  certain. 
-  Fob  Pebsoxs,  a  dose  would  be  from  1  to  2  teaspoonfuls  in  warm 
tea  ;  children  or  weak  persons,  less. 

LiXTMEXT  FOR  FLFTT  CEXT3  FEB  o.VLLOX. — Bcst  vinegar,  2  qts.  ; 

giilverized  salt])etre,  |  lb.  ;  mix,  and  set  in  a  cool  place  tiU  dissolved, 
ivaluable  for  old  swellings,  pprains,  bruises,  &c. 

Shoeecg  Horses. — A  smith  who  shod  for  the  hunt,  and  who  said 
that  he  would  have  to  shut  up  shop  if  a  shoe  was  lost,  as  it  might 
cause  the  loss  of  a  horse  worth  a  thousand  pounds,  fastened  the  shoe 
«8  follows  : — As  he  drove  the  nails,  he  merely  bent  the  points  down 
to  the  hoof,  without  twisting  them  off,  as  the  usual  practice  is  :  he 
then  drove  the  nails  home,  and  clinched  them.  He  then  twisted  off 
the  nails,  and  filed  them  lightly  to  smooth  them,  thus  having,  as  ha 
remarked,  a  dineh  and  a  rivet  to  hold  the  nails. 

HoBss  A  IT.. — Make  a  slow  fire  of  old  shoes,  rags,  herbe,  Sm, 


44  r^LKMEBS'   BSCSTPTS. 

When  fired  a  littls,  nnother  so  as  to  make  a  great  gmok»  and  steam, 
then  set  a  barrel  without  heads,  over  the  iiie,  and  hold  the  horse'a 
head  down  in  the  barrel,  aud  smoke  hini  weiL  Tbis  will  soon  pro- 
duce a  copious  running  at  the  nose,  and  he  will  be  so  well  pleased 
that  he  will  volunuirilT  hold  his  head  in  the  smoke.  Continue  this 
half  an  hour  or  more  daily,  meanwbQe  give  him  potatoes  and  warm 
branmashea,  and  gently  physic  ii  there  be  much  co.<tiveness  which 
the  laxative  food  will  not  remove.    If  he  has  fever,  treat  him  for  it. 

Saddle  a>-d  IlAE>"rs3  Galls,  &c. — White  lead  and  Unseed  oil, 
mixed  as  for  paint,  is  unrivalled  for  healing  sadlle,  hainess,  or  col- 
lar galls  and  bruises.  Try  it.  applying  with  a  brush.  It  goon  forms 
an  air-tight  coating  and  soother  the  lain,  p<iweriall  v  assisting  nature. 

Grease  Heel. — Ley  made  from  wood-a-shes,  and  boil  white-oak 
bark  in  it  till  it  is  quite  strong,  both  in  lye  and  bark-ooze;  when  it  is 
cold,  it  is  fit  for  use.  Wa.-h  oif  the  horde's  legs  witli  Gi;-,tile  soap; 
when  dry,  apply  the  above  lay  with  a  swab  fastened  on  a  long  sti^ 
to  keep  oat  of  liis  reach,  as  the  smnrt  c?.!;?"-!  by  the  applif-ati  ju  might 
noiake  him  let  fly  without  much  wrr  :  :  ::  is  a  feiire  cure,  onlv 

it  brings  oil  the"  hair.    To  re.<tore  t-  :  the  cure  is  ellcLtea, 

make  and  apply  a  salve  by  storing  »  :  i  old  bacon ;  tlicn  form 

tee  salve  by  adding  a  little  resin,  accciiding  to  the  amuant  of  oil  whea 
6ti;wed,  or  %  lb.  resin  to  each  pound  of  oiL 

Valuable  Remedy  for  HEAVE-s.^iilcmod  magnesia,  balsam  of 
fir,  balsam  coixiiba,  of  eacbl  oz. ;  spirits  turpentine,  2  oz. ;  put  them 
all  into  1  pint  best  cider  -xinegar;  give  for  a  do.-^,  i  tableswxinf ul  in 
his  feed,  once  a  day  for  aweek;  thenevery  other  dnvfor  2or3months. 
Wet  his  hay  with  brine,  and  aL=o  his  other  feed,  lie  will  congh  mora 
at  first,  but  looser  and  looier  till  cured. 

To  DisTXXGnsH  axd  Ccre  Di^TEMPm. — ^Wet  np  bran  with  rather 
Ftronglye;  if  not  too  strong,  tlie  hor^e  will  er.t  it  greedily.  If  they 
have  the  dlsterMT^r,  a  tree  dii' '  "..<,  and  a  conse- 

quent cure,  will  be  the  result.  .  ^ ;  but  if  only  x 

cold,  with  sweliinrs  of  the  ghr  _     discovered. 

Remedy  for  Focxdeb. — Diu.v- alxjucl  gaL  blood  froia  the  neck; 
then  drench  the  horse  with  linseed  oil,  1  qt. ;  now  rub  t'je  fore-legs 
long  and  well  witli  water  as  hot  as  cVn  be  b-i;ne  without  scalding. 

Physic-Ball  fob  Horses.— B;irk;iloes  rA-^s,  fro.n.  4  to  5  or  6 
drams  (according  to  size  and  strength  of  tLs  Ijorscl;  tirtrate  of 
potassa,  1  dr.am;  ginger  and  tactile  soap,  e4i«'h  2  clvn-.u.*;  oil  of  anise, 
or  pepi^rmint,  20 droits;  pulverize  and  inaka  all  i::to  one  bill!,  with 
tl.ick  gum  solution.  Feed  by  giving  scaided  br;;n  iustead  of  oats,  for 
tvro  days  before  giving  the  physic,  and  daring  its  operation. 

Physic  fob  Cattle. — Take  ^;y  only  of  tIiedL>s«ia>>ove  forahorse, 
and  add  it  to  glauber-salta,  8  oz. ;  dissolve  all  in  gruel,  1  quart,  and 
give  as  a  drench. 

Ho'iF-AiL  rs  Sheep. — Muriatic  add  and  batter  of  antimony,  of 
each  2  oz. ;  white  vitriol,  prJverized,  1  oz. ;  mix.  Lift  the  foot^  and 
drop  a  little  of  it  on  the  bottom,  only  omt  or  t  .%-ice  a  week.  It  kills 
the  old  hoof,  and  a  new  one  soon  tikes  its  pLa^e. 

Scpeephosphate  of  Lime,  the  greatest  AoRiccT.TrR-AL  Dis- 
co \-ery  OF  THE  Age. — ^Take  a  large  puncheon,  large  tub,  or  barrel, 
and  pot  into  it  200  Iba.  water;  add,  very  slowly  and  cautiously,  100  IIh. 
of  pure  gtilphnric  acid;  you  must  be  very  careful,  while  iiiTrfiifng  thi» 


FAKMERS'    KECEIPTS;  '45 

article,  not  to  let  it  tonch  your  pld'i  or  clothing,  as  it  •wiU  icptantly 
blacken  the  slriu,  and  destroy  the  clothing,  -wherever  it  comes  in  con- 
tact; and,  when  ]r.ise<l  with  water,  it  engenders  a  very  intense  heat. 
Into  this  mixture  throw  200  lbs.  of  bones,  no  matter  how  old  or  use- 
less they  may  be.  The  snljihuric  acid  instantly  attacks  and  enters 
into  cornbinrition  with  the  boue.s,  reducing  them  to  a  payty  consistence, 
and  completely  dissoMng  tliem.  Keep  under  cover,  and  tii  m  them 
over  occr..''ionally,  wliile  the  process  is  going  on;  and,  when  com- 
pleted, dump  out  the  whole  contents  on  the  bam  floor  or  on  a  pLat- 
tonn  of  boards,  and  thoroughly  work  into  the  mass  four  times  its 
bulk  of  dry  bog-eaith  or  dry  road-dust ;  mix  and  pulverize  completely 
with  a  wooden  shovel.  The  bor^-earth  acfcs  as  an  absorbent  or  drier, 
reU'.Iniug  tlie  fertilizing  properties  of  the  compoimd,  and  rendering  it 
easy  of  uniform  distribution.  If  whole  bones  ai-e  used,  it  will  take 
six  or  eiglit  weeks  to  dissolve  them ;  if  they  are  broken  with  an  axe, 
they  will  dissolve  hi  about  throe  weeks;  if  they  are  ground  in  a  boue 
mill,  four  days  wiU  be  .sufflcieut.  This  manure  is  tlie  most  powerfid 
fertilizer  in  existence;  and,  when  made  by  these  directions,  it  is  tlie 
cheapest,  as  one  ton  is  equ;il  to  thirty-two  tons  of  barn-yard  manure. 
For  top-dressuig  grass  lands,  use  COO  lbs.  per  acre ;  for  com,  pofcitoes, 
beans,  tirmips,  frc,  apply  4.j01b3.  per  acre  in  the  dilU,  mixing  with 
the  soil;  for  wheat,  rye,  cats,  or  barley,  400  lbs.  per  acre,  harrow  in 
with  the  seed ;  for  buckwheat,  SOO  lbs.  per  acre. 

SupEKPHOSPHATK  IN  INVENT  T-FOUK  HouKS. — ^Any  farmer  who 
has  got  an  apparatus  for  steaming  food  for  cattle  can  make  super- 
phosphate in  qidck  style  by  adiuittuig  steam  from  the  boUer  into  the 
barrel  coutaining  the  water,  acid,  and  ground  bones.  The  heat  thus 
generatcl  quickens  tlie  dissolution  of  the  bones  m  a  wonderfiU  man- 
ner; and,  if  the  process  is  properly  conducted,  it  will  not  talce  over 
twenty-four  hours  in  any  case.  It  is  indispensable  that  the  barrel  be 
tightly  covered  to  retain' the  eteam. 

Fektilizer  for  Tobacco.— Add  40  lbs.  of  the  best  Peruvian 
guano  to  each  100  lbs.  of  the  superi^hosphate  made  by  the  above 
receipt,  and  you  will  have  one  of  the  most  powerful  fertiUzers  for 
tobacco  tliat  can  be  made.  If  you  do  not  have  Peruvian  guano,  use  in- 
stead isO  lbs.  of  lien  manure  to  cacli  100  lbs.  of  superimosphate. 

Ilo5iE-3L\.DK  PoucRF.TTE. — Fcw  fertilizers  are  wasted'  with  tlie 
prodigality  of  extravagance  wliich  attends  the  use  of  night  soil,  w}ii!e 
the  exercise  of  a  little  care  and  attention  is  all  tliat  is  required  to 
secure  one  of  the  most  powerful  fertilizers  in  existence.  Night  soil 
eontixins  phosphate  of  lime,  which  is  essential  to  the  growth  of 
animals'  bones,  and  which  is  not  supplied  from  the  atmosphere  lilie 
carbonic  acid  and  ammonia.  In  order  to  receive  the  droppings  in  a 
manageable  and  inoffensive  state,  the  vaidt  shoidd  be  provided  with 
a  large,  tight  box  made  of  matched  plank,  placed  to  slide  on  scanthng, 
BO  that  it  can  be  drawn  out,  by  attaching  a  horse,  whenever  required. 
Provide  plenty  of  dry,  black  loam  from  the  woods  or  swamps ;  relnse 
charcoal,  dry  peat,  or  alluvial  deposits  answer  fii-st-rate.  Keep  them 
dry,  in  ban-els  or  boxes  on  the  sjiot,  under  cover ;  spread  a  thick  layer 
on  the  bottom  of  the  receiving  box,  and  at  uitervals  of  a  few  da^-g 
throw  in  a  liberal  sui^ply  of  these  absorbents  on  the  accumulating  do 
posit.  K  a  few  haudiuls  of  plaster  are  tlirown  in  occasionally,  it  will 
BQppiesa  unpleasant  odors  and  increase  l&e  value  of  the  manure, 


46  ri,£^I££S'  S£Cf  IPI8. 

Th»  emptying  of  slops  and  dish  water  In  tho  box  slionld  be  strlcQy 
prohibite<l^>Yhen  the  box  is  filled,  you  can  remove  It,  and  convert 
ft  into  poudrette.  For  this  purpose  it  most  b«  worked  over  with  an 
additional  qaantity  of  mack,  or  other  absorbent,  in  sacli  proportion3 
that  it  win  loi-m,  with  what  haa  been  previously  added,  aoout  three- 
quarters  of  the  enrlra  cosa pound.  The  working  shnuld  b«  done  onder 
a  ghed,  and  the  whole  kept  perfectly  dry.  It  should  be  ahovelled  over 
and  mixed  several  times  at  mtervala,  and  finally  screened,  and  made 
as  uniform  thxou;;hout  as  possible;  the  finer  it  u  pulverized,  and  the 
drier  It  is  kept,  the  better. 

Home-made  Guaxo  of  Uxequaxxed  Excellence.— Save  all 
Tour  fowl  manure  from  gun  and  rain.  To  prepare  it  for  use,  spread  a 
layer  of  drv  swamp  muck  (tlie  blacker  it  is  the  better)  on  your  bam 
floor,  and  dump  on  it  tlie  whole  of  your  fowl  manure;  beat  it  Into  a 
fine  powder  with  the  back  of  your  spade;  this  done,  add  hard  wood 
ashes  and  plaster  of  Paris,  so  that  the  compound  shall  be  composed  of 
the  foUowmg  proportions :  dried  muck,  4  bushels ;  fowl  manure,  2 
bushels;  ashes,  1  bushel;  pkL^ter,  iVbi'shels.  Jlix  thoroughly,  and 
epare  no  labor;  for,  in  this  matter,  tne  elbow-grease  expended  will  ba 
■weU  paid  for.  A  little  before  planting,  moisten  the  heap  with  water, 
or,  better  still  with  urine;  cover  well  over  with  old  mats,  and  let  it  lie 
till  wanted  for  use.  Apply  it  to  bcaas,  com,  or  potatoes,  at  the  ruto 
of  a  handful  to  a  liiU;  and  mix  with  the  soil  before  dropping  the  seed. 
This  will  be  found  the  bcot  substitute  for  guano  ever  mvented,  and 
may  be  depended  on  for  brin^g  great  crops  of  turnips,  com, 
potatoes,  &c 

To  Dissolve  Labgs  Boxes  foe  Maxtre  without  Etpexse.— 
Take  any  old  flour  barrel,  and  put  into  the  bottom  a  laver  of  hard- 
wood ashes  ;  put  a  layer  of  bones  on  the  top  of  the  ashes,  and  add 
another  layer  of  ashes,  filling  the  space  Ix^tween  the  bones  with  them  ; 
then  add  b<^nes  and  ashes  alternately,  flushing  off  with  a  thick  Liver 
of  ashes.  ANTien  your  luirrel  is  tilled,  pour  on  water  ( iiriue  is  better. ) 
just  snfflcient  to  keep  tLom  wet,  but  do  not  on  any  account  suffer  it 
to  leach  one  drop  ;  for  that  would  be  like  leacliin^  your  dungheap. 
In  the  course  of  time  they  will  heat,  and  eventuallv  soften  down  so 
that  you  can  crumble  them  with  your  finger.  When  suffldently 
softened,  dump  them  out  of  the  barrel  on  a  heap  of  dry  loam,  and 
pulverize  and  crumble  them  up  till  they  are  completely  amalgamated 
mto  one  homoRcneous  ma.«8  with  the  loam,  eo  that  it  can  l»  easily 
bandied  and  distributed  when  required.  You  may  rely  on  it,  this 
manure  will  leave  its  mark,  and  mow  good  results  wherever  used. 

StrBSTircTE  FOB  ScrEJiPH03PH.\TE. — If  vou  have  inch  bone 
ground  in  a  bone-mill,  and  cannot  ailord  to  purchase  sulphuric  acid 
to  work  it  up  into  superphosphate  of  lime,  you  can  reduce  your  bones 
into  a  fine  impalpable  powder  by  simply  using  three  barrels  of  loamy 
soil  to  every  barrel  of  mch  bones  ;  mix  tliem  together.  The  bouea 
will  soon  begin  to  heat  and  ferment,  and  continue  so  for  some  time  : 
they  will  then  cool  off.  Tou  will  then  proceed  to  chop  down  ana 
pulverize  and  work  the  mass  thoroughly  ;  it  wiU  begin  to  reheat  and 
ferment  and  cool  down  again  ;  and  you  will  continue  working  it  axei 
till  the  contents  are  brought  to  the  proper  state  of  fineness,  wl^ien  yon 
wiU  have  a  fertilizer  of  astonishing  power.  It  is  only  a  year  or  two 
ftiace  a  statement  appeared  in  the  ^'  Ck>antr7  Geotleman,"  of  tii9 


«tperlm«it8  of  a  Mr.  Haskeix  with  a  mannre  vr^^,.^^  *^ 
mrthod,  who  found  it  even  '"Perior  to  superphosphate  oimn* 

How     TO    DOUBLE    TIIE    CSUAL    QUA>-riTY    OF    ^'^^^^J^^^J^ 

FABM.-Provide  a  good  supply  of  black  swamp  mould  or  loam  &om 
JhTw^K)d?wlthm  Lsy  reaJh  of  your  stable,  and  place  a  lay"  of  thu 
one  foot  thick,  under  each  horse,  with  htter  as  usual,  on  the  top  of 
toe  lo^m  or  mould.  Remove  the  droppings  of  the  amxoals  every 
Sy,  but  let  the  loam  remain  for  two  week..  ;  then  remove  it,^m)g 
tt  ^th  the  other  manure,  and  replace  with  fresh  monli  By  tWa 
Smple  means,  any  tinner  can  double  not  only. the  ^l^^^J"^^^^ 
toe  analitvof  his  manure,  and  never  feel  himself  one  penny  the 
io^riX  Ihe  t^uble  or  excuse  incurred,  while  the  f  ertilizmg  value 
Ke  hir^ents  absorbeTand  saved  by  the  loam  can  scarcely  be 

*^jS^Quincv,  jun.,  has  been  very  successful  in  keeping  cattiem 
rtables  the  year  through,  and  feeding  them  by  means  of  soiling. 
Ke  amount  of  manure  thus  made  had  enabled  him  to  improve  the 
fertility  of  a  poor  farm  of  100  acres,  so  that  in  twenty  yeara  the  hav 
Sop  hid  incr^d  from  20  to  300  tons.  The  catiie  are  kept  m  a  wdl- 
arran<-ed  stable,  and  are  let  out  uito  the  yard  an  hour  or  two  mormng 
and  afternoon  ;  but  they  generally  app^r  glad  to  retora  to  toeir 
Quarters  Bv  this  process,  one  acre  enables  Lim  to  eunport  three  ot 
four  cows.  They  are  fed  on  grass,  green  oats,  corn  fodder,  barley, 
&c  which  are  sown  at  intervals  through  the  spring  and  skinnier 
months,  to  be  cut  as  required  ;  but  he  remarks  that  his  most  valuabla 
CTop  iThis  manure  crop.  Each  cow  produces  Si  cords  of  soM,  and 
iTrds  of  liquid  manui^,  or  6^  cords  in  all.  Five  to  eirfit  imlesfrom 
Boston  such  manure  is  worth  five  to  eight  dollars  a  conL  From  thiH 
^Smate,  he  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  a  cow's  manure  may  be 
made  as  valuable  as  her  milk.  xt,..-^^^.^ 

Twenty  Dollajrs'  Worth  of  SIaxcrb  fob  almost  Nothtng.— 
U  you  have  any  dead  animal.— say,  for  instance,  the  body  of  a 
horee,-Kio  not  suffer  it  to  poUntethe  atmosphere  by  drawmg  it  away 
to  the  woods  or  any  other  out  of  the  way  place,  but  remove  it  a  short 
distance  only,  from  your  premises,  and  put  down  four  or  five  l^s 
of  muck  or  "sods,  place  the  carcass  thereon,  and  sprinkle  it  over  with 
quick-Ume,  aud  cover  over  immediately  with  «>?s  or  mould  sufflaeut 
to  make,  ^th  what  had  been  previously  added,  20  good  wagon- 
loadfl  •  and  you  will  have  withm  twelve  months  a  pile  of  manure 
worth'  S'X)  for  any  crop  you  choose  to  put  it  upon.  Lse  a  propor- 
tionate quantity  of  mould  for  smaller  animals,  but  never  less  than 
twenty  good  wagon-loads  for  a  horse  ;  and,  if  any  dogs  manifest 
too  ere^  a  regard  for  the  enclosed  carca.ss,  shoot  them  on  the  spot. 

F^COMI^ST,  SCBSTirUTE  FOB  BoxE-DusT,  Maxube  fbom 
Fish  Refuse,  &c.— The  fish  owes  its  fertilizing  value  to  the  animal 
matter  and  bone-earth  which  it  contains.  The  foroier  is  precisely 
Eimilar  to  flesh  or  blood,  consisting  of  25  per  cent  of  fibnn,  the  r^t 
bein'^  water  :  and  their  bones  are  similar  m  composition  to  those  of 
terr^trial  animals.  As  fertilizing  agents,  therefore,  the  bodi^  of 
fishes  will  act  nearly  in  the  same  way  as  the  bodies  and  Uood  of 
animals  ;  100  lbs.,  in'decaying,  produce  2^  lbs  of  ammonia  Hence 
400  lbs.  of  fish  rotted  in  compost  are  enough  for  an  acre.  The  great 
fgiif^  ig  due  to  the  ?r,^",f,T,ia/vH  portion  ;  foi  it  rendeis  the  oexoag* 


48  farmers'    RECEIPTg. 

dork-green,  and  starts  it  rery  rapidly.  One  of  the  bfest  composts  iB 
made  as  follows  :  Dried  bog-earth,  loam,  or  peat,  seven  barrels  ; 
hardwood  ashes,  two  barrels  ;  fish,  one  barrel ;  slaked  lime,  one 
bushel.  Place  a  thick  layer  of  tlie  bog-earth  on  the  bottom  ;  on  the 
top  of  this  put  a  layer  of"  the  fish,  then  a  sprinkling  of  lime,  then  a 
a  layer  of  ashes  ;  on  top  of  the  ashes  put  a  thick  layer  of  bog-earth, 
loam,  or  peat ;  then  another  thin  layer  of  fish,  lime,  and  ashes,  and 
80  on  till  your  materials  are  worked  in  ;  then  top  off  with  a  thick 
layer  of  the  absorbents,  to  rebun  the  fei  tilizuig  gases.  The  decomiw- 
sition  of  the  fish  will  proceed  very  rapidly,  and  a  very  rich  compost 
\rill  be  the  result.  It  should  be  shovelled  o\-er  and  over  and  thor- 
oughly intermixed  and  pulverized.  Put  this  on  so  as  to  have  400  lbs. 
of  fisli  to  the  acre.  It  may  be  applied  with  the  greatest  benefit  to  com, 
turnips,  potatoes,  beano,  .jtc.,  in  the  drill,  and  broad  Cii.-t  on  the  grass. 

Superpho.«phate  can  be  made  fr o:n  pogy-chnm,  or  the  refuse  of  other 
fish,  after  the  oil  is  e\"pre?sed,  by  di.<solving  in  sulphuric  acid,  and 
afterwards  mixing  with  dry  loani,  precisely  as  directed  for  making 
superphosphate  with  bones'.  AThalo-oil  or  the  oil  ot  any  fish,  when 
made  into  a  compost  with  lo-jn,  and  a  little  lime  or  wood  ashes, 
yielc^  a  very  powerfid  manure,  merely  mixed  with  absorbent  eanli 
and  applied  at  the  end  of  the  month.  Impure  whale-oii,  at  the  rat« 
of  40  gallons  i>er  acre,  has  produced  a  crop  of  23^  tons  of  tuniipa  per 
acre  ;  while  on  the  Kirae  soil,  and  during  the  same  season,  it  took  40 
bushels  of  bone-dust  to  produce  only  2"J  tons  per  acre. 

Ashes  from  Soil  by  Sr''>>-TAXZor3  Co.aibc3t:on-. — Make  your 
mound  21  feet  long  by  10^  feet  wide.  To  fire,  use  72  bushels  of  lime. 
First  a  layer  of  dry  sods'or  paiiugs  on  which  a  quantitv  of  lime  is 
spread,  mi\-hig  sods  with  it;  tlien  a  covering  of  eiiiht  inches  of  sods, 
on  whicli  the  other  half  of  the  lime  is  spreiid,  and  covered  a  foot  tliicic, 
the  height  of  the  moimd  being  about  a  yard.  In  t\veaty-fonr  hours 
it  will  take  fire.  Tlie  lime  should  be 'fresh  from  the  kiln.  It  is 
better  to  suffer  it  to  ignite  itself  than  to  eJect  it  by  the  operation 
of  water.  When  the  fire  is  fauiy  kindled,  fresh  sckIs  must  be  ajv 
plied  ;  but  got  a  g'Xid  body  of  ashes  ia  tlio  first  place.  I  think  it 
may  be  fairly  En^^ijo-cd  that  the  lime  adds  fuH  its  worth  to  the 
quaUty  of  the  ashes,  and,  when  limestone  can  be  got,  I  would  ad- 
vise the  burning  a  small  quantity  in  the  moimds,  which  would  bo 
a  great  improvement  to  the  ashes,  and  wor.ld  help  to  keep  the  fire  in. 

SoBSTirrTE  FOR  B-VRX-MAXiTEn. — DL^,-wlve  a  biLshel  of  stilt  in 
■water  enough  to  shock  5  or  6  bushels  of  lime.  The  best  rule  for  pre- 
paring the  compost  heap  is,  1  bushel  of  this  lime  to  1  load  of 
Bwamp-miick,  intimately  mixed  ;  though  3  bushels  to  5  loads  makes 
a  very  good  manure*.  In  laying  up  the  heap,  let  the  layer  of  muck 
and  lime  be  thin,  so  that  'decomposition  may  be  more  rapid  and 
complete.  "When  lime  cannot  be  got,  use  unleiached  ashes,-— 3  or  4 
bushels  to  a  cord  of  muck.  In  a  month  or  six  weeks,  overlianl  and 
work  over  the  heap,  when  it  will  be  ready  for  use.  Sprinkle  the 
salt  water  on  the  hme  as  the  heap  goes  up. 

Sheep-Dippiko  Cosipositiox". — Water,  1  gaL ;  benzine,  8  ounces  ; 
cayenne  pepi>er,  2  ounces.  Mix  ;  make  what  quantity  yon  require, 
using  these  pro^wrtions.  Dip  your  sheep  and  lajnbs  in  the  composi- 
tion, and  it  will  make  .short  work  of  the  vermin. 

Oax  oa  WaEAZ  Sisaw  uaob  squax.  to  Hat. — Bring  10  gaUou 


FARilEES'  EEOEIPTg.  49 

water  to  a  boiling  heat  ;  take  it  off  the  fire,  and  add  to  it  at  on.« 
3  gallons  of  linseed  vuigroimd  ;  let  it  remain  tUl  it  gets  cold  ;  thea 
empty  the  -n-bole  into  a  cask  containing  41  gallons  of  cold  water, 
and  let  it  remain  for  forty-eight  hours.  At  the  end  of  that  time, 
it  will  be  reduced  into  a  thin  jelly,  like  arrowroot  Spread  out  J 
t/on  straw,  and  sprinkle  it  over  regularly  with  the  whole  of  the 
liquid  from  the  cask.  The  stock  will  eat  it  up  as  clean,  and  keep 
as  fat  oh  it,  quantity  for  qtiantity,  as  they  would  do  on  hay. 

Death  fob  VEBiux  ox  Plants  or  Axtsials.— Pour  a  gallon  of 
boiling  water  on  one  pound  tobacco  leaves,  strain  it  in  twenty  minutes ;  - 
for  vermin,  on  animals  or  phmts,  this  decoction  is  certaia  death. 

EE3IE2T  FOB  CuKcrLiO  IN*  Frcit  T^ees. — Sawdust  saturated  in 
coal  oil,  and  placed  at  the  roots  of  the  tree,  will  be  a  eixre  prevent- 
ive ;  or,  clear  a  circle  around  the  tree  fi-om  ail  rubbish  ;  fill  up  all 
little  hoka  and  smooth  olf  the  ground  for  a  distance  of  at  least  3 
feet  each  way  from  the  tree,  then  phice  chips  or  email  pieces  of 
irood  on  the  ground  within  the  circle  ;  the  curculio  will  take  refuge 
in  large  numbers  below  the  chips,  and  you  can  pass  around  in  the 
mornings  and  kUl  them  off. 

GKAFTiifa  Wax. — Resia,  1  lb. ;  bees-wax,  1  lb. ;  with  tallow  or  lard 
euiflcient  to  soften  until  it  can  be  readily  applied  with  thehand;  melt- 
To  Cultivate  Tobacco. — To  raise  tobacco,  select  a  sheltered 
situation,  where  the  young  plants  can  receive  the  full  force  of  the 
suji ;  burn  over  the  surface  of  the  ground  ea  riy  in  spring  (new  land  is 
best),  rake  it  well,  ajid  sow  the  seeds  :  liave  a  dry,  mellow,  rich  soil, 
and  after  a  shower,  when  the  plants  have  got  leaves  the  size  of  a 
quarter-dollar,  transplant  as  you  would  cabbage  plants,  3^  feet  apart, 
and  weed  out  carefully  afterwards.  Break  oH  the  suckers  from  the 
foot-stalks,  as  they  appear  ;  also  the  tops  of  the  plants  when  they  are 
well  advSnced, — say,  about  three  feet  high, — except  those  designed 
for  seed,  wliich  should  be  tlie  largest  and  best  plants.  The  ripeness 
of  tobacco  is  known  by  small  dusky  spots  appearing  on  the  leaves. 
The  plants  should  then  be  cut  near  the  roots,  on  tlie  moming  of  a  day 
of  simshine,  and  sliould  he  singly  to  wither.  When  sufficiently 
withered,  gather  them  carefully  together,  and  hang  them  up  imder 
cover  to  cure  and  prepare  for  market. 

To  PRESEE^T.  Potatoes  fkoji  Rot. — Dust  over  the  floor  of  tho 
bin  with  lime,  and  put  in  about  6  or  7  inches  of  potatoes,  and  dust 
with  lime  as  before,  then  more  potatoes,  using  about  1  bushel  of  limpi 
to  40  bushels  of  jiotatoes.  The  lime  improves  the  flavor  of  the  pota-' 
toes,  and  effectually  lolls  the  fimgi  which  causes  the  rot. 

An  old  veteran  farmer,  with  G3  years'  extierience,  has  successfully 
fought  the  potato  rot  «i  the  ground,  as  follows :  He  plants  them  ia. 
the  latter  part  of  April,  or  beginniog  of  May,  and  in  the  old  of  the 
moon.  When  six  inches  high  tliey  are  pkfstered  and  dressed  out 
nicely.  Ifow  for  the  secret  When  blossonung,  take  2  parts  plaster, 
and  1  part  fine  salt,  mix  well  together,  and  put  1  lai^e  spoonfiil  of 
this  ccmpound  as  near  the  •entre  of  each  hill  as  possible.  When 
ripe,  take  them  out  of  the  ground,  have  them  dry  when  put  in  tue 
ctlLir,  and  keep  them  in  a  dry,  cool  place. 

Packixq  Fruits  for  Long  Distances.— Take  a  box  of  the  prope^ 
gir-e,  soft  paper,  and  sweet  bran.  Place  a  layer  of  bran  oa  the 
bottom,  then  each  bunch  of  grapes  is  held  by  the  hand  over  4 

A 


50  FABMEBS'  BSCEIPTi. 

rfreet  of  the  pftt)fer ;  th«  four  comers  of  the  pnper  are  bronght  op 
to  the  stalk  and  nicely  sccored  ;  then  laid  ou  its  side  in  the  box, 
and  so  on  until  the  firs*  layer  is  finished.  Thtin  dust  on  a  layer  ot 
bran,  giving  the  box  a  gentle  shake  as  von  proceed.  Begm  tlie 
second  layer  as  the  first,  and  so  on  until  tlie  ■whole  is  full.  The 
bloom  of' the  fruit  is  thus  preserved  as  fredi,  at  the  end  of  a 
ionmey  of  500  miles,  as  if  tliey  were  newly  taken  from  the  tree. 
Never  fails  to  preserve  grapes,  i^eaches,  apricots,  and  other  fruit 

Thorley's  Co^^)nrE^'TAL  Food. — The  following  is  a  formula  to 
make  1  ton  of  the  food :  take  of  ludixm  meal  ftOO  lbs.,  locust  beans  finely 
ground  600  lbs.,  best  linseed  cake  300  lbs.,  powdered  turmeric  and 
eulphur  of  each  40  lbs.,  salti>etre  20  lbs.,  licorice  27  lbs.,  ginger  3  lbs., 
anise-seed,  4  lbs. ,  coriiinder  and  gentian  of  each  10  lbs. ,  cream  of  tartai 
2  lbs.,  carbonate  of  soda  and  levigated  antimony  each  6  lbs.,  common 
salt  30  lbs.,  Peruvian  bark  4  lbs., "fenugreek  22  lbs.,  mix  thoroughly. 

CcRE  FOE  Swelled  Bags  la  CoVrs. — An  excellent  remedy  for 
Fwelled  bags  in  cows,  caused  by  cold,  etc.,  is  gum  camphor  i  oz.,  to 
Bweet  oil  2  ozs. ;  pulverize  the  gum,  and  dissolve  over  a  slow  fire. 

To  iKCBEASE  THE    PYOW  OF    MiLK  IN    COWS. — Give    your    COWB 

t'liree  times  a  day,  water  sliglitly  warm,  slightly  salted,  in  which  bran 
has  been  stirred  at  the  rate  of  1  qt.  to  2  gals,  of  water.  Yon  wiU  find 
if  yon  have  z^c  tried  tliis  daily  practice,  that  the  cow  will  give  25  per 
cent,  more  milk,  and  she  will  become  so  much  attached  to  the  diet 
that  she  will  refuse  to  drink  clear  water  unless  verv  thirsty,  but  tiiia 
mess  she  will  drink  at  almost  any  time,  and  ask  for  more.  The 
amount  of  thia  diiuk  necessary  is  an  ordinary  water-nail  full  each 
time,  morning,  noon,  and  night  Avoid  giviugcows  "  dops,"  as  they 
are  no  more  fit  for  the  animal  than  the  human. 

Home-made  Stujip  MAcinxE. — Take  3  pieces  of  common  joints, 
put  them  together  in  form  like  a  common  harrow,  letting  the  tapering 
ends  lap  bv  each  other  some  6  inches,  making  a  place  for  tlie  chain  to 
rest  in.  Cut  off  the  roots  at  any  distance  yon  please  from  the  stumpi 
place  the  machine  at  one  side  of  the  stump,  tapering  end  up :  hitch  the 
chain  on  the  opposite  side  and  pass  it  over  the  machine  ;  then  hitch  a 
good  yoke  of  oxen  thereto,  and  yon  ^U  see  tlie  stump  ri?e.  Another 
method  is  as  follows :  in  the  fall  of  the  year  boi  e  a  1-inch  hole  18 
inches  deep  into  the  centre  of  the  ttump,  and  put  in  1  oz. .  of  saltpetre, 
filling  up  with  water,  and  plujrging  the  hole  up.  In  tlie  spring  take 
out  the  ping,  put  in  half  a  gill  of  kerosene  and  set  fire  to  it.  It  will  bum 
out  the  stump,  to  the  farthest  root.  Here  is  another  pbn :  in  the  fall, 
with  an  incli  auger,  bore  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  the  sturai)  10  inches 
deep,  and  put  into  it  a  i  lb.  of  vitriol,  and  cork  the  hole  up  very  tight 
In  the  spring  the  whole" stump  and  roots  extending  all  through  theii 
ramifications  will  be  found  so  rotten  that  tlicy  can  S;  ea.«ily  enidic^ted- 

To  Sprout  Oxios.— Pour  hot  water  on'the  seed,  let  it  remain  & 
or  3  seconds,  and  they  will  immediately  sprout,  and  come  up 
much  earlier. 

To  Rexe-w  Old  Orchards.— Early  in  the  spring,  plough  th- 
entire  orchard,  and  enrich  the  whole  soil  with  a  g<x)d  dressing  of 
compost  of  manure,  swami>muck,  and  lime  ;  scrai>e  off  the  old 
bark  with  a  deck-scraper,  or  a  sh^^  hoe  ;  apply  half  a  bushel  oi 
lime,  and  the  same  of  ground  charcoal  round  each  tree.  Then 
apply  diluted  soft  soap,  or  strong  sosp-aads,  on  the  trunks  ant) 


VAJftMERS'  BSCEIPTS.  51 

Qmbs,  a£  h^  as  A  man  can  reach.  When  the  treM  ore  fat  ftxil 
bloom,  throw  over  trem  a  good  proportion  of  fine  elaked  lima, 
and  yon  will  reap  abundant  fruits  from  your  labors. 

To  Destboy  the  Moth  or  Miller. — Dr.  Waterman  eays,  "I  took 
two  white  dishes  (because  wliite  attracts  their  attention  in  the 
night)  or  deep  plates,  and  placed  them  on  the  toi>  of  the  liives, 
and  filled  tliem  about  lialf-full  of  sweetened  vinegar.  The  next 
morning  I  had  about  50  millers  caught  ;  the  second  night  I  caught 
60  more  ;  the  third  night,  being  cold,  I  did  not  get  any,  the  fouith 
night,  being  very  warm,  I  caught  about  400;  the  filtu  night  I  got 
about  200." 

To  Keep  Mum  Sweet,  Am)  Sweeten  Sour  Milk. — Put  tnto  the 
milk  a  small  quantity  of  carbonate  of  magneuia. 

To  Make  Cheap  and  Good  Vijteoak. — To  eight  gallons  of  dear 
rain-water,  add  6  quarts  of  molasses  ;  turn  tlie  mixture  into  a 
clean,  tight  cask,  shake  it  well  t^vo  or  three  times,  and  add  1  pt. 
of  good  yeast.  Place  tlie  cask  in  a  waim  place,  and  in  ten  or 
fifteen  days  add  a  sheet  of  common  wrapping-paper,  smeared  with 
molasses,  and  torn  into  narrow  strips ;  and  you  will  have  good  vinegar. 
The  paper  is  necessary  to  form  the  "  mother,"  or  life  of  the  liquor. 

Me.  Culley's  Red  Salve,  to  cube  the  Rot  in  Sheep. — Mix  4 
oz.  of  the  beet  honey,  2  oz.  of  biimt  alum  reduced  to  powder,  and 
^  a  pound  of  Armenuai  bole,  with  as  much  train  or  fish  oil  as  will 
convert  these  ingredients  into  the  consistence  of  a  salve.  The  honoy 
must  first  be  gradually  dissolved,  when  the  Armenian  bole  must  be 
Btirred  in  ;  aftenvards  the  alum  and  train-oil  are  to  be  added. 

To  Improve  the  Wool  of  Sheep,  by  Sme-Uiing. — Immediately 
after  the  sheep  are  shorn,  soak  the  roots  of  the  wool  that  remains  aU 
over  with  oil,  or  butter,  and  brimstone ;  and,  3  or  4  days  afterward, 
wash  them  with  salt  and  water.  Tlie  wool  of  next  season  will  not  be 
much  finer,  but  lie  quantity  will  be  in  greater  abundance.  It  miiy 
be  depended  upon,  that  the  sheep  will  not  bo  troubled  with  the  scab 
or  vermin  that  year.  Salt  water  is  a  safe  and  effectual  remedy 
>gainst  maggots. 

To  Mark  Sheep  WTrnocrT  Injttrt  to  the  Wool. — To  30  spoonfuls 
of  linseed  oil,  add  2  oz.  of  litharge,  1  oz.  of  lampblack ;  boil 
aJl  together,  and  mark  the  sheep  therewith. 

To  Prevent  the  Fly  in  Turnips. — From  experiments  lately 
made,  it  has  been  ascertained  tliat  lime  sown  by  hand,  or  dis- 
tribnted  by  a  machine,  is  an  iufaUible  protection  to  tumii>8  against 
the  ravages  of  this  destructive  insect.  It  should  be  applied  as 
goon  as  Bie  turnips  come  up,  and  in  the  same  daily  rotation  in 
which  they  were  sown.  The  lime  should  be  slaked  immediately 
before  it  is  used,  if  the  air  be  not  sufficiently  moist  to  render  that 
oi^eration  unnecessary. 

Coloring  for  Cheese. — ^The  coloring  for  cheese  is,  or  at  least 
should  be,  Spanish  annatto  ;  but,  as  soon  as  coloring  became 
general  in  this  country,  a  color  of  an  adulterated  kind  was  exposed 
for  sale  in  almost  every  shop.  The  weight  of  a  guinea  and  a  half 
of  real  Spanish  annatto  is  suflJcient  for  a  cheese  of  fifty  poands' 
weight.  If  a  considerable  part  of  the  cream  of  the  night's  milk 
be  taken  for  butter,  more  coloring  will  be  roquisite.  The  le?inet 
the  oheese  ia,  the  more  coloring;  it  requirea.    The  manner  of  xudns 


52  FARMERS     EECEIPT8. 

annatto  w  to  tie  np  in  a  linen  rag  the  quantity  deemed  snfBcient, 
and  put  it  into  |  pt.  of  ■warm  -water  over  night.  Tiiis  infusion  is 
put  into  the.  tub  of  milk  in  the  morning  with  the  vennet  infusion  ; 
clipping  the  rag  into  the  milk,  and  rubbing  it  agaiust  the  palm  of 
the  hand  as  long  as  any  color  runs  out.  The  yolk  of  egg  v,i'A 
color  butter. 

The  Great  Secrets  fob  Trapping  Foxes  and  other  Gajie. — 
Husk-rat  musk  and  skunk  musk  mixed.  Can  be  procured  at  the 
druggists,  or  from  the  animals  themselves.  To  be  spread  on  the  bait 
cf  any  trap.  This  receipt  has  been  sold  a3  liigh  as  §75.  Anoth"!', 
costing  $50,  for  minks,  &c. — Unslaked  lime,  i  lb.  ;  sal-ammouiacj 
3  oz.,  or  muriate  of  ammonia,  3  oz.  Mix,  and  pulreiize.  Keep  in 
a.  covered  ve,ssel  a  few  days  until  a  thorough  admixture  takes 

iikce.    Sprinkle  on  the  biiit,  or  on  the  ground  around  the  trap. 
Lcep  in  a  corked  bottle. 

Food  fob  Sixgixg  Braps. — Blanchad  tTreet  almonds,  pulverised, 
i  lb.  ;  pea  meal,  1  lb.  ;  6a4rron,  3  grs.  ;  yolks  of  2  bard  boiled  egg?- 
lieduce  all  to  a  jjovrder  by  rubbing  through  a  sieve.  Place  tlie  m;"..- 
ture  in  a  frying  pan  over  a  fire,  and  add  2  oz.  butter  and  2  oz. 
honey.  Slightly  cook  for  a  few  minutes,  stu-ring  well,  then  set  olf 
to  cool,  and  preserve  in  a  closely  corked-bottle. 

Much  Butter  from  Little  Milk.— Take  4  ozs.  pulverized  alum, 
^  oz.  pulverized  gum-arabic,  50  grs.  of  pepsin  ;  place  it  in  a  bottle  for 
use  as  retiuired.  A  teaspoonful  of  this  mixture  added  to  1  pt.  of 
new  milk  will,  upon  churning,  make  :i  U"*  of  butter.  Agents  are  sell- 
ing this  secret  for  §5. 

Composition  foe  Drivinq  out  Rats,  etc. — Keep  on  hand  a 
quantity  of  chloride  of  lime.  The  whole  secret  consists  in  scattering 
it  dry  all  aroimd  tiieir  haunts  and  into  their  holes,  and  they  wUl  leave 
at  once,  or  a  liljei-al  decoction  of  coal  tar  placed  in  the  entrance  of 
their  holes  will  do  as  well. 

How  TO  FORM  SPRI^■GS. — ^The  finest  springs  can  be  made  by  boring, 
which  is  performed  by  forcing  an  iron  rod  into  the  earth  by  its  own 
weight,  turning  it  round,  and  forcing  it  up  and  down  by  a  spring- 
pole  contrivance.  The  water  will  sometimes  spout  up  several  feet 
above  the  siu-face.  Iron  pipes  are  put  down  in  the  hole  after  the 
water  is  found.  Deprci-sed  eituatiomi,  having  a  southern  exposure, 
with  rising  ground  towards  the  noilh,  are  the  best  situations  in  the' 
United  States  or  the  Canadas  to  find  water. 

To  Burn  Lole  withoct  a  Kiln. — ilake  a  pyramidal  pile  of  large 
limestones,  with  an  arched  furnace  next  the  gTOund  for  putting  in 
the  fuel,  leaving  a  narrow  vent  or  funnel  at  the  top  ;  now  cover  the 
whole  pile  ■with  earth  or  turf,  in  the  way  that  charcoal  heaps  are 
covered,  and  put  in  the  fire.  The  heat  will  be  more  completely 
diffused  through  the  pile,  if  the  aperture  in  the  top  is  paitially  closed! 
I'roduces  a  superior  article  of  lime. 

Eye  Water  for  Horse.«  and  Cattle. — Alcohol,  1  tablesix>onful ; 
extract  of  lead,  1  teaspooufid  ;  rain  water,  ^  pint. 

To  Destroy  Mos3  on  Trees. — Paiut  them  with  white-wash  made 
of  quick  lime  and  wood  ashes. 

To  Protect  Fruit-trees  from  attack  op  Mice,  etc.— Tar,  1 
part ;  tallow,  3  parts  ;  mi«,  Apply  hot  to  tha  bark  of  the  tret  with  a 
i>aiBt  l>nuh. 


PAEMF.RS'   KECEIITS.  5S 

ft)TNTS  or  A  Good  Hobs?;. — tic  rlioiild  be  about  ir*^  ^andB  high 
ft©  head  light  and  clpnn  made,  wide  bet\»fen  the  nostrils,  and  the 
rop.trilt<  tiicnifflves  Inr^e,  transpaiT:it  .and  open  ;  broiid  in  the  fore- 
head, eres  prorainont,  dear  and  sparkliug  ;  <-~'rs  rimnll  and  nently  ?et 
on  ;  neck  rather  shoit  imd  weil  ^fet  up  ;  larjit  anii  or  s-lutuider,  well 
thrown  bade,  and  high  ;  ^v■;lherci  inched  and  hiv'li  :  le;.~  line,  iat, 
tliiu  and  small-boned  ;  body  round  and  rath-  r  lisht.  thciijih  saffl- 
cieutl\'  large  to  afford  tiubi>t:ince  wheu  it  is  neeuod  ;  lull  chest,  afford- 
ins  play  lor  the  liuigB  ;  bark  sLoit,  with  the  hind-qiuuters  set  on 
rather  obliquely.  A  rjood  drov(/hl  J-ors'- e.hin\\d  have  a  rather  large, 
well-shaped  head,  a  ciGiin,  long  ear.  full  eye,  n-ck  r?ther  long,  but 
not  too  nr.'.ch  arched  ;  Klrou;,'  witlier.^,  lyiu^  well  for\^ard  to  catch 
the  oollar  at  the  proper  3n.!:;le  lor  drar.ght,  end  broad  ghoaldcrs,  well 
sprcjid  into  the  back,  back  very  Ktiaiglit,  ribs  lone;  a.nd  well  i-ounded. 
iiiud-legs  bent  at  the  l!.x;k,  fore-lcga  lorv.ard,  land-quartorH  some- 
wh.nt  roiijid.  but  not  sufi'icicntly  to  make  thciu  look  short  ;  the  mane 
Rnd  tail  of  sliort.  bnt  not  coar.^e  hnir,  and  with  a  feUock  about  two 
iiichet*  long,  broad  laiccs,  long  hocks,  f-nurt  ehiinks,  and  hard  ankles 
or  fetlock  joints,  and  round  hocjfs,  well  opened  behind,  nnd  the 
nearer  you  ajiprouch  this  dc:;crij,tk)n  tlie  nearer  the  hot.ve  will  be  to 
1  erfection. 

Tnr.  Epizootic. — The  early  pymptom.s  of  tlie  disease  are  a  light, 
h-K-kinj!;  coutrh,  with  a  general  diJuess,  and  r,n  indisposition  t(i  move  ; 
cold  legs,  wiih  n  wateW  discharp;e  from  th.e  nostrils.  At  first,  the 
nasal  membrane  is  pale,  but,  as  the  di.<e;ise  adviiucfes,  becomes  highly 
colored,  and  tho  nuicoiis  dl.ihr.rre  changes  to  a  jjreenish  yellow 
color,  and  the  pulse  l.ecoues  more  Vnpid.  As  soon  a«  the  syniptoma 
a. .pear,  the  Kuimal  .should  be  kept  warm  in  the  sfcible,  by  blauketins. 
The  foUov.nns^  pvf'scrij-tiuns  are  rcjonimcii^hd  :  No.  1 — Linseod  oil, 
li  ozs. ;  turpentine,  1^  o.-^s. ;  liquor  ammonia  fort.,  1  oz.  Mix  all 
toijether,  and  apply  to  the  throat.  No.  2  — Nitrate  potash,  1^  ozs. ; 
tiitiirized  antimony,  IV  ozs. ;  digitalis,  1^  ozs.  Pidverize  all  to- 
pether,  and  give  one  nig^.t  and  nuriiiug.  If  not  very  bad,  the  dl.2;i- 
tahn  may  be  omitted.  The  disease  consists  of  an  inflammation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  lining  tlie  throat,  which  gradually  exterds 
from  tho  epiglottis  do-;^,-nw;;rds  till  it  reaclies  the  lungs,  when  it 
assumes  a  decidedly  dangerous  chrr.icter.  The  following  will  arre«;* 
t.ie  disease  at  once.'  if  fciken  in  time:  Boila  handful  of  smart- weed  til" 
v.V.  the  Btren';th  is  obtained,  and  jjour  tl)e  liquid  boiling-hot  over  th» 
i>-ual  mess  of  or.ts,  and,  when  all  is  c<.''d,  feed  them  to  the  horse 
V;epe;'t  till  all  symptoms  disappear.  Ci  ro  certain.  Ground  guige* 
mixed  with  the  oats,  h.^.s  also  juoved  eiTctuiil. 

A<;k  of  Horses. — />'/  Teeth. — A  .horsj  has  40  teeth,  24  double 
t'lth,  or  grinders,  4  tuahes,  or  single  file  teeth,  and  13  front  teeth, 
(■('led  gatherers.  As  a  general  thing,  mares  have  no  tushes.  Be- 
t-vpon  2  and  3  years  old,  the  CAilt  sheds  his  four  middle  teeth.  2  above 
I'ld  2  below.  Alter  3  Yc:>r8  old,  2  other  teeth  are  shed,  1  on  each 
p  '.e  of  those  formerly  changed  ;  he  now  has  8  colt's  teeth  and  8 
horse's  teeth ;  when  4  yen i^  of  age  h>i  cuts  4  new  teeth.  At  5  years 
of  age.  the  horse  sheds  his  remaining  colt's  teeth  4  in  numlier,  when 
i  is  tushes  aone.-xr.  At  6  ye.ars  of  a^  Lis  tushes  are  up,  appearfag 
wiilte,  email"  and  sliarp,  wLile  a  Bmall  circle  of  young  growing  teetn 


54  FARMEES'   RECEIPTS. 

are  ©bserTable.    Tae  mouth  is  now  complete.    At  8  jrwre  of  8;?e  ih« 
te^  have  filled  np,  the  horse  is  aged  and  his  mouth  is  said  to  he  f  ulL 

By  Eyelid. — After  a  horee  is  9  years  old,  a  \rrinkle  comes  on  the 
eyebd  at  the  upper  comer  of  the  lower  lid,  and  every  year  thereafter 
he  hasoue  well  defined  wrinkle  for  each  year  over  9.  If,  for  iustance, 
a  horse  has  three  of  these  wruikles,  ho  is  12  ;  if  4,  he  Ls  13.  Add  thn 
number  of  wrinkles  to  9,  and  you  will  invariably  judge  correctly  of  a 
horse's  age. 

Those  who  inannge  horses  should  be  careful  never  to  inflict  any 
nnnecesearv  p.iin.  for  it  is  only  by  the  law  of  kindness  that  a  horse 
can  be  trained  and  managed.  No  man  ever  yet  ptruck  a  horse,  but 
he  made  the  horse  the  wor^e  for  it.  Patieuce  and  kindness  will  a<:- 
complish  in  every  instance  what  wliipping  will  fail  to  do.  Horses 
having  a  vicious  disposition  are  invariably  made  so  from  cruel  treat- 
ment Horsies  are  designed  to  work,  aiul  daily  labor  lor  them  is  aa 
much  a  necessity  to  their  existence  as  to  that  of  man's.  It  is  not  the 
hard  drawing  and  i)onderons  loads  that  wear  out  horses  aud  make 
them  poor,  balkv  and  worthless;  but  it  is  the  hard  drivuig,  the  worry 
by  rough  and  inhuman  drivers,  that  uses  up  more  horse  flesh,  fat  and 
muscle  than  all  the  labor  a  team  performs.  Another  great  reason 
why  there  are  so  few  really  sound  animals  ia  becaiLse  of  their  being 
put  to  work  too  soon.  Horses  are  not  develoj^ed  until  they  are  5,  6  or 
V  years  old,  and  they  should  do  very  little  work  until  they  reach  that 
period.  When  a  horse  is  worked  hard  its  food  should  cliiefly  be  oats; 
if  not  worked  hard  its  food  should  chiefly  be  hay;  because  oats  supply 
more  nourishment  and  flesh  making  material  than  any  other  food; 
hay  not  so  much. 

Aktificial  Rubber  FROM  Mn.KWEED. — The  juiceorsapisexpreff- 
ed  from  the  milk-weed  by  running  it  between  iron  rollers  and  then 
allowing  it  to  ferment  or  evaporate  to  the  consistency  of  tiiin  molasses. 
It  may  then  be  slowly  boiled  to  reduce  it  to  a  thick*  mass  which  may 
be  treated  in  the  usual  way  of  manufacturing  the  genuine  rubber. 
See  Boot,  Shoe  and  Rubber  Munu/r's  Dep't. 

To  Pickle  Meat  ik  One  Dav.— Get  a  tub  nearly  full  of  rain  or 
river  water,  aud  put  two  pieces  of  thin  wood  across  it  and  set  the  beef 
on  them  at  about  the  distauce  of  1  inch  from  the  water.  Heap  aa 
much  salt  as  will  stmd  on  the  beef  and  let  it  remain  24  hours,  then 
take  off  the  beef  and  boil  it,  and  you  nill  find  it  is  completely  impreg- 
nated by  the  salt,  the  water  having  drawn  it  through  the  meat. 

Baeo>' Liebig's  Great  Fektilizkr. — Dry  peat,  20  bushels,  urn 
leached  ashes,  -3  bushels,  fine  bone  diu<t,  3  bushels,  calcined  plaster, 
8 bushels,  nitrate  of  soda,  40  lbs.,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  33  lbs.,  sul- 
phate of  soda,  40  lbs.  Mi:i  numbers  1,  2  and  3  together,  then  mix 
numbers  5,  6  and  7  in  5  buckets  of  water.  When  dissolved,  add  the  , 
liqidd  to  the  first,  second,  aud  third  articles.  WTien  mixed,  add  the 
fourth  article,  'this  is  a  chea^j  and  efficient  fertilizer,  and  this  quan- 
tity applied  to  one  or  two  acres  of  tumi',)8,  beets,  oats,  corn,  wheat, 
grapes,  &c.,  will  bring  abundant  returns. 

Another  Cheap  Fektiuzer.— Ammonia,  60  lbs.;  nitrate  of  soda, 
40  lbs. ;  ground  bone,  250  lbs. ;  plaster,  250  lbs. ;  salt  ^  bushel ;  wood 
Mhes,  3  bushels ;  stable  m:inure,  20  bushels.  Use  the  above  quantity 
on  6  acres.  Labor  included,  it  will  cost  about  $15,  in  some  placeg 
less,  and  is  equivalent  ia  value  to  some  fertilizers  which  cost  $50  oi 
£10  sterling  per  ton. 


FARMEKS'   RECEIPTS.  55 

To  Pbotkct  Sheep  niOM  the  Gad  Fly.— In  Aujrtist  and  Sep- 
tember this  fly  lays  its  eggs  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep,  where  they  aire 
hatched  and  tne  worms  crawl  into  the  head,  and  very  frequently  eat 
through  the  braia.  In  this  way  many  sheep  are  destroyed.  As  a 
protectiou.  smirch  their  noses  with  tar.  Lay  some  tar  in  a  trough  or 
on  a  board,  and  strew  fine  salt  on  it  The  i^lieep  •will  fijiish  the  opera- 
tion. The  tar  will  protect  them,  and  what  they  eat  will  promote  tiieii 
health. 


PORTABLE  STEAM  ENGINE. 
Thrkshiso  by  Stilvm  Power. — A  4  horse  power  Poitable  Engine 
rith  6  inch  cylinder  ;  pre.-Jsure  of  steam  45  lbs.  per  bquare  u-.c"-,  revo- 
ations  140  i)er  minute,  L.^s  tltreshed,  under  f?.Torr.bie  surroundings, 
.20  bushels  per  dav  of  10  hours,  coal  consumed  3  c>vt.  Another  engine 
)f  5  horse  power  thrashed  400  bushels,  coal  consumed.  4  c^<t.  Ano- 
dier  of  6  horse  power,  threshed  480  bushel*,  coal  c<msumed  5  cwt, 
iVjiotharof  7  horse  power,  threshed  5(i0  bushels,  coal  consumed  6  cwt 
Anotiier  of  8  horse  power.  threAad  640  bushels,  coal  consumed  7  cwt 
Anottier  of  10  horse  jx>wer  threshed  800  bushels  p'.'r  day,  coal  c< miume^ 
6  cwt.    Tlie  economy  of  these  pci-foiroances  c^  evident  at  a  glance, 


56 


FAEMEBS     EECEIPTS. 


and  even  if  much  less  work  than  the  above  were  effected,  it  is  e-rident 
that  such  an  engine  as  the  one  represented  above,  ■would,  if  mounted 
on  wheels,  prove  a  most  valuable  acquisition  to  any  neighlx)rhood 
composed  of  thrifty  farmers. who  might,  by  an  equitable  arrTngetrent, 
become  both  the  owners  and  beneficiaries  of  the  same.     Manj  porta- 


We  engines  are  kno-wn  to  be  performing  excellent  service,  not  only  in 
threshing  grain,  but  in  chaffing  rtniw.  bav,  &c..i'<i>l  ^ir  rattle,  cnttini: 
•wood  for  f"iel,and  sawii' 
■we  have  on«  as  novel 

ing   engine,  ri^^^-.c 


farmers'  receipts. 


57 


■ywthCT,  togetlier  with  the  necessary  fuel  and  water,  without  tits  aid 
of  horses.  An  excellent  view  of  this  most  useful  invention  is  pre- 
sented in  the  cut. 

ExcELSioK  Axle  Grease. — Tallow,  8  lbs. ;  palm  oil,  10  lbs. ;  plum- 
bago, 1  lb.  J  heat  aud  mix  well. 
Pix>0GHiNG  Table. — SHOwma  the  dtstancb  travelled  by  a 

HoBSE  IN  Plowing  an  Acre  of  Land;    and  the  quantity 

OF  Land  Cultivated  per  Day,  Computed  at  the  bate  of  16 

AND  18  Miles  per  Dai  of  9  Hours. 


Tupow 
•lice. 

Suuce  travel- 
led in  Plough- 
ing an  Acre. 

Extent  Ploughed 
per  Day. 

Furrow 
slice. 

.Space  travel- 
led iu  Plough- 
ing an  Acre. 

Extent  Ploughed 
per  Day.- 

tiche*. 

Miles. 

IS  3files. 

IG  Jk'iles. 

Inches. 

Jliles. 

18  Miles. 

16  Mile*. 

7 

14  1-2 

1  1-4 

1  1-8 

14 

7 

2  1-2 

2  X-i 

8 

12  1-2 

1  1-2 

1  1-4 

15 

6  1-2 

2  3-4 

2  2-5 

9 

11 

1  3-5 

I  1-2 

16 

6  1-6 

2  9-10 

2  3-5 

10 

9  9-10 

1  4-5 

1  3-5 

17 

5  3-4 

3  1-10 

2  3-4 

11 

9 

2 

1  3-4 

13 

5  1-2 

3  1-4 

2  9-10 

12 

8  1-1 

2  1-5 

1  9-i; 

I'.l 

5  1-4 

3  1-2 

3  1-1& 

13 

7  1-2 

2  1-3 

2  1-lt 

20 

4  9-10 

3  1-5       3  1-4 

Rapid  Rule  to  Reckon  Co.st  of  Hat,  Coal,  &c.— Multiply  tho 
number  of  poimds  by  half  the  price  per  ton,  and  remove  the  decimal 
point  three  places  to  the  left.  Example:  What  is  the  cost  of  7G4  lbs. 
of  coal  at  $14  per  ton  ?    Aus. :  $5,348. 


Process : 


764 
14-=-2=     7 


5.348 
To  Measure  Grain.— Rule.— Level  thegi-ain;  ascertain  the  .space 
it  occupies  in  cubic  feet;  multiply  the  number  of  cubic  feet  by  8,  and 
point  off  one  place  to  the  left. 

Example:  A  box  level  full  of  grain  20  ft.  long,  10  ft.  wide,  and 
5  ft.  deep,  how  many  busliels  does  the  box  contain  ?  Ans. ;  80J 
bushels. 

Process :  20x  10x5=1000x  8  ;-10  -.-800 

Or,  1(.X)0  ft. 


800.0 

N<^  .e. — Correctness  requires  the  addition  to  every  300  bushels  of  1 
extra  bushel. 

Quantity  of  Seed  required  for  a  Given  Number  of  Hills, 
OR  length  of  Drill. — Asparagus,  1  oz.  to  60 feet  drill;  beet,  1  oz.  to 
50  ft.  drill;  carrot,  1  oz.  to  180  ft.  drill,  endive,  1  oz.  to  150  ft.  drill; 
onion,  1  oz.  to  100  ft.  drill ;  parslev,  1  oz.  to  l.'SO  ft.  driU;  parsnip,  1  oz. 
to  200 ft.  drill;  radish  1  <<z.  to  100  ft.  drill;  siiiuach,  1  oz.  to  100  ft.  drill, 
turnip,!  oz.  to  150  It.  drill;  peas,  Iqt.  to  100  ft.  drill;  dwarf  beats,  Iqt. 
to  150  hills;  com,  1  (^t.  to 200  hills;  cucumber,  1  oz.  to  50  hiUs;  water* 
aielou,  1  oz.  to  30  hills ;  muskmelon,  1  oz.  to  tiO  bills;  pumpkin,  1  oz.  t» 


58  farmers'  receipts. 

40  liiU?;  early  pqunsh.  t  oz.  to50  hiUs;  marrow  squasli,  1  cz.  to  16hl!l0' 
cabbage,  1  ok.  to  3000  pLmts;  cauliflower,  1  oz.  to  3000  plants;  celery, 
1  oz.  to  4000  plajits;  egg  plant,  1  oz.  to  '20O0  plants;  lettuce,  1  oz.  to 
4000  plants,  pepper,  1  oz.  to  2000  plants;  tomato,  1  oz.  to  200P  plants. 

QuAXTiTY  OF  Seed  eeqoiked  pkk  Acke,  axd  Actual  weight 
OF  BACH  TO  THE  BcsHEi.. — Wheat,  broadcast.  If  to  2  bushels;  ditto, 
hi  drills,  1^  bushels,  weiglit  per  bnsliel,  GO  lbs;  rye,  broadcast,  1| 
bushels,  weight  5ti  lbs. ;  oats,  broadcast,  2  bushels,  weight  33  lbs. ; 
timothy,  broadcast,  2  gals. ,  45  lbs.  per  bushel ;  red  clover,  broadcast, 
8  to  4  gals.,  GO  lbs.  per  bushel;  white  clover,  broadcast,  8  lbs.,  50  Iba. 
per  bushel;  lucerne,  broadcast,  10  lbs.,  54  lbs.  per  bushel;  herd  or  red 
top,  broadcast,  1  to  1^  bushels,  14  lbs.  per  bushel;  bluegrass,  broad- 
cast, 1  to  1^  bushels,  14  lbs.  per  bushel;  millet,  broadcast,  |  to  1 
buflhel,  45  lbs.  per  bushel;  Hungarian,  broadcast,  |  to  1  bushel,  50 
lbs.  per  bushel;  com  in  hiUs,  1  to  l^gals,,  6G  lbs.  per  bushel;  tUT' 
njps  and  ruta  baga,  1  lb.,  50  lbs.  per  bushel;  onion  sets,  28  lbs.  per 
•bushel. 

The  Vitality  of  Seed3  may  be  tested  by  placing  almost  any  oi 
the  larger  seeds  or  grains  on  a  hot  pan  or  griddie ;  when  the  vitality 
is  perfect  tlie  grain  will  pop,  or  craclc  open  with  more  or  less  noise. 
Where  the  vitality  is  deiective,  or  lost,  it  remains  immovable  in  the 
vi^ssel.  A  celebrated  botanist's  recipe  for  improving  and  fertilizing 
all  kinds  of  seed,  consists  in  the  prei>aration  of  a  solution  of  lii»e, 
nitre,  and  pigeon's  dung  in  water,  and  therein  steeping  the  seed. 
Tested  on  wheat,  the  produce  of  some  of  these  grains  was  reported  at 
60,  70  and  80  stems,  many  of  the  ears  5  inches  long,  and  50  coma 
each,  and  none  less  thau'40.  The  same  botanist  (Millar)  produced 
500  plants  from  1  grain,  and  576,840  grains,  weighing  47  lbs.  Grains 
of  wheat  in  different  couutiies  yield  from  6,  10,  16,  and  even  30  to  1: 
Cape  wheat  80  to  1.  Barley  yields  from  50  to  120.  Oats  increase 
from  100  to  1000.  Wheat  and  millet  seed  germinate  in  one  day,  bar- 
ley in  7,  cabbage  in  10,  almond  and  chestnut  and  peaches  require  12 
mouths,  and  rose  and  filbert  24.  A  field  of  wheat  buried  under  au 
avalanche  for  25  years,  proceeded  on  its  growth,  &c.,  as  soon  as  the 
enow  had  melted.  A  bulbous  root  foimd  in  the  hand  of  a  mummy, 
above  2000  years  old,  lately  produced  a  plant.  Potatoes  planted  be- 
low 3  feet  do  not  vegetate  ;'at  ^  foot  they  grow  quickest,  and  at  2,  are 
retarded  2 or  3  months. 

Compound  foe  REnviNG  Exhausted  Obchabds  — Sulphate  of 
potash,  30  lbs. ;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  15  lbs. ;  salt,  35  lbs. ;  pltuster  of 
Varis,  15  lbs. ;  chloride  of  magnesia,  5  lbs.  AJl  to  be  well  powdered 
and  mingled  with  barn  manure,  and  then  dug  iu  around  the  roots  at 
the  rate  of  10  to  20  lbs.  to  a  tree.  This  cxjmpound  is  assumed  to  re- 
store those  elements  to  the  son  of  which  it  has  been  exhausted  during 
many  years  of  fruit  bearing,  and  the  secret  has  been  sold  to  hundreds 
at  extortionate  prices. 

Abtificial  Manure.— The  composition  of  Dr.  Jeannel's  artificial 
manure  for  pot  plants,  as  detailed  to  the  Centi-al  Horticultural 
Society  of  Fiance,  is  as  follows : — Nitrate  of  ammonia,  400  grammes 
(a  gramme  ==  15  grains);  phosphate  of  ammonia,  200  grammes  ;  ni- 
trate of  potash,  250  grammes;  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia,  50 gram- 
mes; sulphate  of  lime,  60  grammes ;  and  sulphate  of  iron,  40  gram- 
mes. One  gramme  or  15  grains  of  this  .i  ixture  is  dissolved  in  a  litte 
of  water,  and  used  ouce  or  twice  a  week. 


FARMERS     BECEirTS.  59 

EQnrr,\LK>-T  FKKTn,i7.iKG  PnoFEBTiEs  OF  VABrors  Mantjre*.- 
1  lb.  guanu  equals  08  Ibe.  cow  manure,  33  farm  yard  do.,  22  swine  do. 
21  horse,  1-1  human. 

Seed  Oats. — Place  your  oats  in  a  heap  at  the  leeward  end  of  the 
threshing  floor  on  a  day  when  a  gentle  breeze  is  blowing  through  th« 
bam.  TiSie  a  common  wooden  flour-scoop  and  throw  the  oats  against 
the  wind,  towards  the  other  end  t>f  the  floor.  A  few  minutes'  experi- 
ence will  enable  you  to  throw  them  so  tliat  they  will  fall  in  a  semi- 
circle at  a  nearly  uuiiorm  distance  from  where  you  stand,  the  oata 
which  fall  farthest  are  the  best  for  seed,  and  are  to  be  carefully  swept 
together  as  fast  as  they  accumulate  in  sufficient  quantities. 

BEfco  Wheat  should  not  only  be  thoroughly  cleaned  from  the 
seeds  of  weeds,  but  gnall  grains  should  be  taken  out  with  a  separator 
or  suitable  fanning  niiil,  feaviug  only  the  largest,  plumpest,  and  ear- 
liest ripejied  kernels.  To  prevent  smut,  soak  the  seed  wheat  in  brine, 
and  then  dust  it  with  unslacked  lime;  this  will  prove  a  perfect  preven- 
tive. 

To  Prodccb  the  Peab  in  Pekfectiox. — Pears  are  liable  to  crack 
when  tlie  trees  stand  in  soil  deficient  in  lime  and  potash.  These  es- 
sential elements  are  restored  to  exhausted  soil  oy  the  application  of 
wood  ashes  at  the  rate  of  400  bushels  to  the  acre,  which  ensures  the 
renewal  of  the  proper  proiX)rtions  necessary  to  supply  the  require- 
ments, viz.,  40  per  cent,  of  potash  and  SO  per  cent,  of  lime.  This  will 
check  the  cracking  of  the  fruit.  Tested.  Applied  to  the  roots  of  the 
trees  and  vegeUibies,  12  qts.  of  soot  mixed  with  1  hogshead  of  water, 
is  a  most  powerful  stimulant  of  gi-owth  and  production.  A  paint  of 
Boot  and  sweet  milk  applied  to  fruit  trees  will  keep  rabbits  olf . 

Salt  axd  its  Uses. — Salt  appears  to  be  as  necessjvi-}-  for  vegetable 
life  as  it  is  to  animal  life.  Applied  in  combination  with  other  manures 
at  the  rate  of  2  cwt.  to  the  acre,  it  never  fails  to  produce  wonderful 
results  on  ail  kinds  of  grain  and  vegetable  productions,  and  the  vor- 
acity shown  by  animals  lor  salted  hay  is  well  known. 

To  Kjxl  the  Potato  Bug. — iiix  1  lb.  Paris  green  with  10  lbs. 
poor  flour  or  fine  whiting.  To  use,  take  a  circular  piece  of  wood  4  or 
5  inches  in  diameter  (it  may  be  cut  out  of  a  2  inch  plank),  insert  a  mop 
handle  in  the  centre,  tack  on  an  old  tin  cau  with  oue  end  removed  for 
the  reception  of  the  block,  punch  tlie  other  end  with  holes  through 
which  to  silt  the  compound  on  tlie  hills  as  you  pass  along  the  rows, 
and  bore  a  hole  in  the  wooden  end  for  the  reception  of  the  mixture, 
and  fit  a  plug  to  secure  it.  The  compound  should  be  sifted  on  the 
hills  while  tlie  vines  are  wet  with  dew  or  rain. 

The  StrijjedJutjon  Cucximbeis  and  3Wo«s  may  be  destroyed,  Ist, 
By  sifting  charcoal  dust  over  the  plants  3  or  4  tirues  in  succession. 
2aid.  Use  a  solution  ol  1  peck  of  henhouse  manui-e  to  Ih  gals,  water, 
and  sprinkle  the  plants  freely  with  it  alter  sunset.  Chinch-bugs.— 
Place  any  old  rags  in  the  crotches  of  tlie  tiees.  The  worms  will  take 
ref  age  and  spin  in  the  old  rags,  when  the  latter  may  be  thrown  in  boil- 
ing water.  Co.terpillars. — I'f  e  a  solution  of  1  part  in  500  of  sulphide  of 
potasidum,  sprinkle  on  the  tree  by  means  of  a  hand  syringe.  Curculio. 
—  Make  a  very  strong  solution"  of  water  and  gas  tar,  so  that  after 
standing  48  hours  it  will  be  i>owerfulaud  dark  colored  like  creosotew 
On  the  appearance  of  the  curculio,  drench  the  tree  thoroughly  with  a 
hand-forcing  pump,  repeating  it  every  3  days  for  2  weeks,  and  d» 
•troy  all  fallen  fruit 


60  rXBHXBS'    BSCEIPTS. 

To  Rkltevb  Choked  Cattle.— In  choking,  the  accnmnlation  of 
gu  (chiedy  solpbaretted  hydrogen)  is  the  caose  of  the  animai'i 
death.  This  gas  can  be  decomj>osed  by  forcing  a  strong  solution  of 
Bait  and  water  down  the  animiils  throat ;  or,  force  the  beast  to  jump 
orer  the  bars  of  a  gate  or  fence.  When  she  touches  the  ground  on 
the  opposite  side,  the  obstruction  will  be  ejected.  Another  way  is  to 
nse  four  or  five  feet  of  |-inch  rubber  hose,  and  push  the  obstractiafc 
down. 

FAitBOW  Cows. — Feed  them  liberally,  and  they  will  give  rich  milk, 
ttongh  perhaps  but  little  of  it  Let  taem  hare  three  or  four  qnarts 
of  meal  per  day  through  the  wint«r  and  spring,  and  do  not  stop  giv- 
ing it  when  the  grass  comes.  As  soon  as  it  dries  them  up,  they  will 
be  fit  for  the  butcher. 

To  Cook  Food  fob  Cattle. — To  Cook  Hay. — Cut  it,  wet  it  well, 
p<7t  it  in  an  upright  tank  or  cask,  with  a  false  bottom  and  tight 
.  eover,  press  it  down  firmly,  and  pass  the  steam  in  under  the  fiQsa 
cover.  To  C'X>k  Com. — Soak  as  many  barrels,  half  full,  as  you  wisli 
to  cook  from  15  to  24  hours  ;  turn  on  steam  and  cook  until  done, 
and  the  barrels  will  be  fulL  To  Make  ifush. — Fill  as  many  barrels, 
half  fnll  of  water,  as  you  wish  to  make  barrels  of  mush ;  bring  the 
water  nearly  to  a  boil  by  passing  the  steam  to  the  bottom  ;  stir  into 
each  barrel  from  li  to  1|  bushete  of  meal  until  well  mixed  ;  then  cook 
until  done,  when  the  barrels  should  be  full.  To  Cook  VeqetubUs. — 
FiU  the  barrels  fulL  and,  if  no  other  cover  is  at  hand,  chop  the  top 
fine  with  a  shovel ;  then  cover  them  up  with  meal  or  proven- 
der, and  cook  until  done  ;  have  holes  in  the  bottom  of  the  barreli 
to  carry  ofif  condensed  steam. 

To  Fattex  Sheep. — Sheep  will  fatten  readily  on  good  clover-hay 
alone,  if  the  hay  has  been  cut  in  full  bloom,  so  as  to  reuiin  all  ite 
juices  before  they  are  turned  into  woody  fibre,  and  of  a  good  green 
color.  A  sheep  of,  say  l-lO  lbs.  live-w'ejght,  will  consume  21  lbs.  of 
clover-hay  i>er  week,  and  increase  in  wei<:ht  2  lbs.  Allowing  that  it 
would  ordinarily  ttke  14  lbs.  to  keep  it  in  good  stationary  condi- 
tion, an  expendJtcre  of  7  lbs.  of  hay  extra  will  produce  ij  lbs.  of 
mutton,  worth  in  the  sprln.?  10  cent.«,  — perhaps  more,  —  so  that  the 
hay  is  literally  realizing  to  the  farmer  at  the  rate  of  S30  oi 
more  to  the  ton.  No  other  stock,  we  think,  will  give  a  return  for 
the  trouble  of  fattening  like  this.  To  fatten  sheep  more  rapidly, 
the  daily  addition  of  a  small  qu-mtity  of  oats  to  their  feed  will  priv 
duce  good  effects.  Keep  their  quarters  dry,  weil-veutilated,  and 
abundantly  littered  with  dean  straw,  with  freedom  of  access  to  good 
water,  and  an  occasional  taste  of  salt.  The  health  of  sheep  during 
the  grazing  season  will  be  promoted  by  giving  the  sheep  tar  at  the 
rate  of  a  gill  a  day  for  every  20  sheep  ;  and,  if  given  pine  boogha 
once  or  twice  a  week,  they  wiu  create  appetite,  prevent  disease,  and 
increase  their  health.  The  best  sheep  to  keep,  both  for  wool  and  mut- 
ton, ia  the  American  Merino. 

Hat  Racks  fob  Sheep. — The  cheapest  and  best  rack  for  sheep 
ean  be  made  of  8  boards,  4  long  and  4  short  ones,  nailed  to  4 

rB,  forming  an  enclosure  12  or  more  feet  long,  as  the  case  may 
and  32  inches  wide.  The  bottom  board  should  be  at  least  10 
inches  wide,  and  the  top  one  need  not  be  over  4,  with  a  space  be« 
tween  of  from  G  to  8  mche^.  depending  somewhat,  upon  the  sire  of 
the  aheep  that  are  to  eat,  wit'i'thair  heads  through  tiiis  apertam 


OW   BEK   KEEPING. 


61 


Co>-sTBUcnoN'  OF  Eee  nrrEfl.-" 
Few  departments  of  economy  and 
use  are  more  productive  of  utui^, 
profit,  and  real  pleasure  than  tba 
intelligent  management  of  the  hon- 
ev  bee,  but  perhai'S  no  otlier  sub- 
ject is  leis  understood  by  the  enor- 
mous masses  of  the  vast  populatim 
■who   iQ   every   gi-de   of  soaety, 
mi-ht  bo    heiiefited  by  a  correct 
knov.  led  ^e  of  the  subject.    Inoracr 
to  manacle  bees  with  profit  it  is  ne- 
cessary to  discr.rd  the  old  method  o£ 
Euffocriticn  vl'-'J  sv.Ii-Uur,  t^e  o.d 
br.rrels,   holIu^T  l.^^s  straw  hive?, 
boxes,  &c.,  cf  tl-o  i.zf.t,  and  keep 
abreast  witLi  the  cow  di-covenes of 
the  age.     A'A  t^at  is  requirel  for 
succef  s  is  to  r  1-"^  ^c'l,  and  always 
work  in  hancony  with,  and  never 
agniust,  the  h  avcn  d-:nvai 
instincts  which  guide   the 
marvellous  onerarloncf  this  ■ 
wondei-:ul  inrect      Fore- 
most amon»  tlie  anplirjices 
wliich  bcneut  miin  and  t"- 
cllitat«  tl.e  labors  of    the 
boes  we  would  mention  tl'.a 
Americcji  MovnMe  Comb 
Hive,  cut3  of  wliich  are  pre- 
sented herewith. 

D'rcciion3pr  m<:/^l:i:j  i'.-^ 

Ancriccn  Hive. — ^The  bot- 

.    tom  beard   is   l"i  inches 

-^"^   ■^Me  13  iucheslcn^randlj 

inches  thick.  The  front  r.nd 

■5      br.ck  are  U\  inches  wi'.o 

f.nd  1C\  mc'ies  long.  Tho. 

8x10  cbscrvr.tion  door  in 

thijbaclc,  is  cut  out  with  a 

bn7.ziaw,  3  inches  from  the  bottom,  and  th'n  £t  r  r,  g  in.wicej.ro 
fcicked  on  the  sides  and  top  of  the  oneuln^  even  w.ui_t:ie  o:..cr  ee_o 
to  lea-c e  an  i  in.  r.ibl .-t  on  the  inr4de  for  t-ic  g.as.^  1  l.e  O-' /  ».^^ 
bhed  by  nailing  an  inch  clamp  ou  eud^and  side,  ^^^^^^^J^.^  and  hung  to 
the  clamp  abov^.  B^th  front  and  b.-ick  hare  r.  ^^f^X^'^^^^A'^^^^^l 
on  the  m^ide,  aero.,  the  top  4^  in.  ^l<ie  and  f  1^  deep,  and  the  samo 
extend  down  the  ed-e  i  in.  wide,  a^mst  which  t"emo7,:,^-i:;ilJ^- 
to  fit.  The  clamp  is  nailed  on  the  front  Ti  m.  up  fr^^™  t";^^f  ?r:; 
and  the  H  in.  flyliolesai-e  bored  3  ins.   &om  centre  to  centre  just 

*^S  stationary  side  with  theli  in.  clamp  on  the  ^y?%^^^^'}^  ^%2^ 
Ini  lone  and  15  ins.  wide.    A  part  of  the  front  is  cut  off  3  ms.  from 


62  ON  BEE  ELEEFI^G. 

the  bottom,  to  ■within  If  in.  of  ttie  edpre  next  to  the  movable  side,  and 
the  last  surface  is  lelt  beveUnjg  out  to  make  the  entrance  block  C, 
aasy  of  removal,  -which  is  l-f.  ^^^-  long,  to  the  beveled  point,  and 
2  ins.  wide,  and  beveled  each  side  and  between  the  1^  piUars,  Ij  ins. 
upon  the  outside,  and  §  in.  upon  the  inside,  and  the  edges  rounded 
o2  to  leave  a  bee  passage  g  oi  an  in.  high.— -(See  entrance  block  in  th« 
fiistcut.) 

The  block  is  held  i:i  pkice  bv  the  base  of  the  same  button  that 
holds  the  entrance  sli  Je,  B.  Tlie  entrance  slide  B  is  1}  ins.  vride,  15 
ins.  long,  and  §  in.  tLkk,  having  2  notches  fin.  high  and  lin.  long, 
cut  to  fit  the  pillars,  C,  when  closing  the  hive. 

A  movable  side  to  fit  over  the  open  part  of  the  hive,  (as  shown 
wide  oi)en  in  cut)  secured  bj  chimps,  is  IG^  ius.  long,  and  14  ins.  ■wide 
at  the  top  and  ^  less  ct  t'.e  'bottom  to  make  it  easy  to  remove. 

Before  nailing  the  bod/ of  the  hive  together,  niil  a  clamp  3  ins. 
T-ideand  Li}  ins.  long  on  ti.a  under  side  of  the  bottom  board,  cross- 
wise to  prevent  it  from  war-in^.  Use  vrrought  nails  and  drive  them 
through  upon  a  heavy  iron  to  dinch  them,  end  nail  the  clamps  on 
the  front  and  back  in  the  same  mr.nncr.  Fa£t;n  the  bottom  board  la 
a  vice  and  nail  the  back  on  the  bevelled  end  just  even  "with  tho 
lower  part  of  the  observation  door,  and  use  tvro  or  three  long  brad 
nails  near  the  edge  next  to  the  moveable  side.  Kc:::t  noil  on  tho 
stationary  side  fii-mly  to  the  back  and  bottom  board,  especially  at  tho 
front  edge,  then  to  the  front  having  the  movable  side  in  place.  Nr.il 
the  clamp  on  the  upper  end  of  the  stationary  side,  nailingthronghtl.a 
ends  into  the  front  and  back.  I7ext,  cr.il  the  strip  under  tha 
bottom  board  next  the  moveahio  side,  -which  is  1-1  ins.  long  by  2^  ins. 
•wide  at  the  back  end,  and  runs  to  a  point  r.t  the  otiier  end.  Vail  the 
1|  in.  clamps  on  the  ends  of  t::e  movsLlo  side,  -when  the  two  hooks 
and  metallic  buttons  are  acre-wed  on  the  edge  of  the  front  and  baclc 
after  painting.  When  finished  the  movable  siJe  k\  in.  shorter  than 
the  front  and  back,  to  avoid  kiiiing  bees  that  may  be  on  the  stand 
-when  closing  the  hive.  The  adjustable  bevelled  strips  re; t  upon  tha 
frame  rabbets  ne.^t  tho  stationary  side,  and  holds  the  frames  over 
against  the  movable  si  Jo, 

There  are  nine  of  the  movable  comb  frame?,  and  all  are  made 
alike.  The  bees  pass  up  into  the  honey  boxes  through  slots  or  mor- 
tises. Each  of  the  two  slots  in  the  projecting  edge  of  tho  top  bars,  ia 
^in.  wideand  2  ins.  long.  The  side  bars  are7-ietli  of  an  inch  thick,  12 
in.  long  and  |  -wide  being  sawed  froralumberthatthickncss.  Thetop 
bars  lack  t!r  in-  of  14  in.  in  Icnsrth,  and  lack  1-lGth  of  an  inch  of  1^  irL<!-  ia 
■width.  Tlaey  are  sawed  7-ICth  of  an  inch  thick  from  a  plank  -which 
should  be  exactlv  the  right  thickness  for  their  -width. 

The  Improved  Comb  Guide,  -which  the  bees  invariably  follow,  is 
constnicted  in  a  manner  that  secures  straight  combs.  A  groove  is 
made  in  the  centre  of  the  lower  side  of  the  top  bar,  into  which  is  in- 
serted a  thin  strip  of  wood  having  its  lower  edge  coated  with  bees- 
wax Tlie  projecting  nails  in  the  side  br.rs  to  keep  the  frames  apart 
should  have  large  heads  and  be  driven  throuTh  a  nole  In  an  iron  or 
hard  piece  of  wood,  9-lCth  of  an  inch  tliiclc.  The  frames  are  held  from 
the  walls  of  the  hive  by  a  triangular  strip  across  the  front,  5-16th 
in  thick,  and  the  one  on  the  back  is  not  nailed  on  until  the  glass  is  in, 
when  it  is  dressed  to  give  the  frames  |  in.  piay  between  the  triaiH 
golar  strips. 


•K  3h     XJLZFIMQ.  i 

! 

The  tops  and  bottous  of  the  13  small  honey  boxes  are  4J  x  6J  Ins. 
tnd  about  J  in.  tliick.  A  slot  li  x  3  ins.  is  cut  across  the  tops  and 
bottoms  of  all  except  the  tops  o!  six  of  the  first  set  of  boxes.  Tn& 
four  comer  posts  are  f  in.  square  and  5  ins.  long.  The  end  glasa  4  x 
5  and  side  glass  5 1  6  ins.  are  held  in  place  bv  atwoprong  naiTo-.r 
strip  of  tin  through  the  comer  of  the  posts  and  the  prongs  bent  each 
tray  over  the  glass. 

The  end  pieces  of  the  caps  are  15^  ins  long,  8J  ins.  Mvide  at  the  end.-* 
and  1C|  ins.  vricle  in  the  centre,  each  having  a  1^  in.  hole,  covered -with 
■wire  cloth  on  the  inside.  The  side  pieces  are  17  ins.  long  and  8^  ■wide 
the  upper  edge  sa^wed  beveling  to  fit  the  roof  boards. 

The  roof  boards  are  20^  ins.  long,  and  each  11  ins,  ■wide,  ■with  the 
npner  edge  beveled  to  fit,  and  the  lower  edge  levelc  -1  to  ctand  plumb. 
A  i]t  inch  half  round  is  nailed  on  the  top  to  cover  the  joint 

In  painting,  give  the  hives  one  coat  of  ■white  and  "when  dry,  putty 
and  paint  the  second  coat ;  and  ■while  the  paint  is  fresh,  cloud,  ■with 
the  hive  hanging  upon  a  board  projecting  from  the  shop  wall,  6  feet 
from  the  floor,  by  passing  beneath  it  a  lighted  coal  oil  lamp  with  a 
small  round  ■wick.  "When  the  paiat  is  dry  screw  on  the  hooks  and 
buttons,  giving  each  a  tap  that  it  may  fit  the  movable  siile  more 
closely. 

Bv  consulting  the  Painters  Deparimerit,  beginning  at  page  1C2,  the 
reader  ■will  find  an  immense  number  of  formula  for  compounding 
paints  of  every  description  at  the  lowest  /Tst  >tany  of  these  will  be 
admirably  adapted  for  painting  bee-hives  ia  £  beautiful  and  inex- 
pensive stvle. 

The  lumber  nsed  should  be  thorouehl^  seasoned,  and,  after  bc-th 
sides  are  dressed,  it  should  be,  icx  the  LxKly  of  the  hive,  |  in.  thii^:. 
In  the  cut,  the  bottom  board,  projects  in  fi'ont  of  the  hive,  making  a 
convenient  alighting  board,  and  being  inclined,  i^"  kept  clean  by  the 
bees  during  tlie  working  season.  By  remo^vLn;:^  t^ie  entrance  block, 
C,  a  large  opening  is  made  for  brushing  out  litter  in  the  vrlnter  or 
early  spring,  and  for  hiving  new  swarms.  By  the  use  of  the  small 
sUde,  B.  held  ia  place  by  the  same  button,  the  entrance  can  be  con- 
tracted, if  necessary,  to  the  admission  of  a  single  bee,  thus  efi^ectnal- 
ly  guarding  a  weak  swarm  from  robbery,  and  the  entrance  n:ay  be 
dosed  entirely  by  malnug  notches  d,  d,  in  the  slide  corresi.-ond  ■with 
the  piUars.  By  means  of  the  moAT.ble  side  and  the  observation  door 
at  the  back  of  the  hive  every  facility  is  famished  for  obtaining  ho- 
ney, observing  progress,  remo^ving  or  adding  frames  to  stren;Tthrn 
weak  stock,  transferring,  &c.,  &c., ■without  injuring  the  combs  or  irri- 
tating the  bees,  and  the  honey  boxes  on  the  top  may  be  removea  or 
added  at  ■wiLL 

Another  hive  of  intrinsic  excellence  Is  called  the  Climaux,  and  FtiU 
another,  the  American,  ■with  Climax  improvements,  see  cuts.  The 
Climax  is  made  in  two  parts.  Tlie  upper  part,  which  contriiis  the 
boxes  (or  frame)  is  pro^'id.ed  -with  common  trunk  rollers,  and  rejta 
on  cleats,  secured  to  the  lower  parts  of  the  hive.  These  cleats  extend 
far  enou-h  beyond  the  hive  to  allow  the  upper  to  roll  off  from  tl:e 
lower  •vriih.oui  cmshinj,  d'stiirbin^  or  in  any  way  tnterfa-iny  Trit^ 
the  labors  of  the  bees.  Tlie  strips  forming  the  track,  have  drop  lerj 
a:  fheir  outer  ends,  and  are  hinged  just  outside  tlie  body  of  thc'hive, 
and  when  not  in  use,  fold  up  snugly  against  the  hive.  The  bottcTq 
board  of  the  upper  part  answers  every  purjoso  of  a  honey  board. 


(54  OK  BEE  KELT'tBTG. 

It  is  provided  -witJi  two  slots  to  admit  the  bees  ;  each  slot  lstjrov1de< 
with  a  ziuc  strip  on  the  under-side,  connected  by  a  vdre  vrith  a  ban- 


IKE  CLliLKS  B£E  BIVB 


AM-EmCAS  BEE  BTVE  WITH  CLniAX  IMPROTEarEKT. 

die  on  the  oi^tside.  By  this  simple  contrivance,  all  oommnnlcatioil 
between  the  two  parts  of  the  hive  mav  be  instantly  cut  off,  and  divi- 
ding or  any  other  operation  performed  vitliont  difficulty. 

The  bottom  board  of  the  lower  part  is  made  of  plank  IJ  ins.  thick; 
and  is  beveled  from  the  centre  to  ench  end,  and  projects  far  enough  in 
front  and  rear  to  form  aliditin;?  Ixiards.  Alon.^  the  ennunit  of 
uie  l)ottom  lioard  m  nailed  a  trianjnilar  strip  notched  on  the  upper 
ed:je.  Corre=i>ondinij  notfbes  are  made  in  the  centre  of  the  lower 
edges  of  the  bottom  bars  of  the  frames.  Then  notches  are  cut  bevel- 
ling', so  that  the  frames  are  ea>ilv  inserted  or  withdrawn,  but  when 
in  place,  are  ?>/)woi-a?)'^.and  will  not  shake  or  jostle,  no  matter  how 
the  hive  is  turned.  Then  there  is  a  central  rest  for  the  frames,  which 
renders  them  entirely  independent  of  each  other,  and  of  the  walls  of 
the  hire.    The  well  known  propeofiity  of  bees  to  glue  every  thing  to' 


ON  BEE  KEEPING. 


«5 


gether  i.... ....  .  .:.a  is  thus  aafcicii-)fited  nnd  prevented,  while  at  the 

same  time  a  liee  passaije  all  around,  betweeu,  above  and  below  the 
frames,  is  auorded.  'iue  lower  part  has  two  entrances  oa  opposite 
sides,  and  tlie  bottom  board  slanting  each  way  is  eivsily  kept  clean.  By 
removing  the  euirance  block,  complete  ventilation  is  effected,  and  for 
Bui-ulus  honey  inthe  comb,  twenty-Ioar  small,  frames  above,  each  5x6 
aari  2  ins.  wide  are  used.  Six  oi  these  frames  are  placed  together,  top 
End  sides  close  fitting,  and  a  pane  of  glass,  5x6  inches,  placed  at 
each  end.  A  ?trip  of  tough  paper,  about  2  ins.  wide,  is  then  glued  to 
each  gide  and  turned  aroimd  on  the  glass,  which  holds  them  firmly  in 
place.  Twelve  fnunes  thus  made  into  tiro  surplus  boxes,  just  cover  the 
top,  and  another  tier,  above  tliis,  furnish  room  for  50  lbs  of  honey,  in 
the  best  shape  for  market  or  home  use,  the  cost  of  these  frame  boxes 
hcv.v^  less  than  half  that  of  the  common  glass  boxes. 

Another  important  auxiliary  to  the  apiculturist  will  be  found  in 
the  Honey  Extractor,  represei; ted  herewith.  This  is  a  geared  ma- 
chine made   of   metal,  or  other  suitable  i^^terial,   fitted  with  au 


HONET  EXTRACTORS. 

interior  arrangement  for  receiving  the  movable  frames  contaiufngf 
tiie  comb  andhoney  from  the  hive.  Tlie  centrifugal  force  generat- 
ed by  the  rapid  rotary  motion  of  the  frame  causes  the  honey  to  fly 


In  every  direction  against  the  inner  side  of  the  machine,  and  flow 
down  into  the  vessel  beneath.  The  frame  and  perfect  comb,  minua 
the  honey,  is  then  rctarncd  to  the  hive  to  be  again  filled  with  honey. 
This  operation  may  he  repeated  with  the  same  comb  for  twelve  ot 
fifteen  years,  if  required  and  the  value  of  the  device  may  be  imma- 


6« 


ON  BEK  KEEPIHO. 


g'ned  Trben  it  is  kno-vni  that  each  poond  ol  the  comb,  eo  far  as  the 
bor  of  the  bees  Ia  concerned,  is  equivalent  or  eqnnl  to  the  coUm- 
ticn  of  twenty  pounds  of  honey.  The  knife  represented  herewith  is 
cscd  for  uncapping  honey  for  extracting. 

As  the  utility  of  the  preceding  ren:arks  -will  be  neatly  enhanced 
Tjy  additional  informatiou  resarding  bees,  we  herewith  append  the  fol- 
lowing excellent  representations  of  the  tenants  of  the  hive,  togetliar 
with  practical  instructions  for  profitable  management 


QUXZH- 


BLACK  WORKER.    ITAL.  WORKXS. 


The  Italian  bees  are  becoming  great  farorite*  •wherever  they  have 
been  iatroducevl,  and  are  rapidly  supplanting  the  black  bees.  They 
are  credited  with  being  very  industrious  workers,  makipg  three 
fhghts  for  every  two  made  by  the  black  bees,  and  storing  much  more 
than  double  the  honey,  besides  being  more  prolific,  as  is  evidenced 
by  their  more  frequent  pwarming.  Eosides,  the  Italian  bee  is  very 
hardy,  working  earlier  and  later  in  the  season  and  g;;thexing  honey 
trom  sources  not  frequented  by  the  common  bee. 

Useful,  Hints  for  BEorNXEP^. — 1.  AVork  quietly ;  r void  sudden 
jars  ;  never  fight  your  bees,  and  alwoys  keep  coofi  2.  If  you  get 
btung,  remove  tiie  sting,  squeeze  out  r.il  the  poison  yon  can,  and  ap- 
ply hartshorn.  3.  Use  plenty  of  snioke ;  a  roll  of  dry  i  ;:3  or  decay- 
ed wood  makes  the  best ;  blow  in  tl.e  entrance  and  at^tJie  top  of 
frames.  If  you  are  timid,  use  rubber  gloves  on  your  liands,  and.  a 
veil  over  the  face  and  head  :  the  veil  must  be  long  enough  to  allo-nr 
the  vest  or  coat  to  be  put  on  over  it  4.  When  jir^  ture  lir£t  becomes 
plenty  in  the  spring  is  a  pood  tlire  to  tran-sier  bees.  Always  work 
among  the  hives  during  tiie  midule  of  tlie  day,  when  the  bees  are 
busy.  5.  Stocks  wit^iout  eg.-s  or  young  brold  in  Jime,  must  bo 
qiioenless  and  should  be  sTi"",>-ied  with  a  qaeen  or  queen  cell,  or  they 
wOl  dwindle  away  and  peiish  eitlu'r  by  robbers  or  moth.  6.  When 
tymptoms  of  robbing  occur,  uc-e  the  htmost  caution.  Contract  the  . 
entrance  of  weak  hives,  and  allow  no  comb,  honey,  sugar  or  syrup 
tobearoimd.  Avoid  opening  hives  as  mncli  as  possible.  7.  Avoid  an 
excess  of  drone  comb  by  the  presence  of  a  queen  in  swarms  where 
comba  are  to  be  ccn.structed.  As  swarms  having  young  queens  sel- 
dom Bwarm  that  year,  less  drone  comb  is  built  in  swarms  having 
young  queens.  8.  Quiet  is  ew-entiallv  neoesscrv  to  the  well-being  of 
an  apiarv.  Do  not  place  it  near  llilL*.  Steam  "Work.*,  or  Jlannfao- 
tories  of  any  kind.    If  possible  have  it  in  view  from  the  windowe  ol 


OV  BEE  KEEPING. 


^ 


the  family  room,  as  much  extra  trouble  may  bo  avoided.  9.  Aa 
natural  talent  or  business  tact,  is  requisite,  with  education  to  success 
in  business,  so  a  careful  turn  of  mind  and  a  love  for  tho  business, 
•with  an  understanding  of  the  subject,  is  necessary  to  success  in  bee- 
keeping. 10.  Put  ca  noney  boxes  partly  fiUed  with  comb  as  soon  as 
the  lower  part  of  the  liive  is  well  filled  with  honey  and  bees,  and 
when  they  are  gathering  honey  pleutif  uUy ;  commence  with  only  ona 
or  two  boxes  at  a  time  on  the  most  populous  stoclvs.  11.  In  transfer- 
ring combs  always  give  those  the  preference  that  contain  wwk«r 


DRONE  AND  WORKER  COMB. 

brood.  Put  brood  comb  near  the  centre  of  the  hive  in  the  order  In 
which  they  were  in  the  box  hive.  Do  your  transferring  where  rob- 
bers cannot  possibly  be  attracted.  12.  Avoid  weak  swarms,  as  they 
gather  but  little  honey,  breed  slowly,  snd  are  in  danger  of  destruc- 
tion by  robbers,  the  moth,  or  severity  of  vrinter.  Weak  swarms 
should  always  be  imited  in  tlie  fall,  and  should  never  be  made  by 
dividing  early  in  the  season.  13.  Whenever  you  notice  tlie  bees  run- 
ning about  the  entrance  in  the  evening  in  a  disturbed  condition,  mark 
that  hive  and  notice  it  the  next  evening.  If  the  bees  run  about 
Buidling  each  other,  it  is  a  sign  they  liave  lost  their  queen  and 
siionld  receive  attention.  14.  In  e-stablishing  an  apiarv,  select  a 
gentle  slope  to  the  south-east;  face  the  hives  in  the  same  dnectlon,  if 
pofisible  have  running  water  near  ;  shade  and  protection  from  wind* 
and  the  heat  of  the  sun  are  important.  Set  every  hive  as  perpendi- 
cular as  a  clock— for  a  stand,  take  two  short  pieces  of  Ix  6  scantling 
Mid  Lay  or  nail  on  a  board.    15.  To  make  queen  eases,  cut  wii^  doth 


68 


OK  BBS  RBBPDra. 


8x4  inches;  irll  out  trro  or  thrrc  traasvoKe Trlres  fron  ona  ol  tae  S 
inch  C'-oCrf,  and  iuicrt  the  piojecting  euda  thus  leu  ia.  tlie  corres- 
ponding meelies  oi  tiie  other  tiiree  inch  edge,  mid  fasten  them ;  stop 
one  end  ^v"ith  a  cork  or  wood.  When  yoa  wish  to  introduce  a 
queen,  put  Iier  in  tiie  cage  imd  stop  the  other  end  with  wax.  IG.  A 
fe\V  inches  ol  drone  comb  is  amply  abundant  for  any  hive, 
es  drones  consume  a  grer.t  deal  of  honey  and  •rather  none.  TLa 
movable  frame  hire  renders  any  preventive  operation  very  easy  :  the 
f :;t  will  enable  the  beiumer  to  identify  the  dr(.)ne  by  the  lar^a 
colls.  17.  In  the  Xortheru  States  andliriti?h  Provinces,  ex])erimeut3 
demonstrated  that  bees  wintered  in  the  open  air  have  consumed 
about  45  lL>s.  oi  honey  pei  hive,  whil&  t>ee3  wintered  iu  the  celiac 


COMB  SHOWTJfG  BKOOD  AXD  QCXEX  CEIi. 

itiring  the  same  period  constiraed  on  an  average  only  5  lbs  each  In 
another  case  6  hives  wintered  out  of  doors  lost  an  average  of  29^  Ibe, 
in  weight  each,  during  3  months,  while  20  hives  in  tiie  ceUar  lost 
only  5j  lbs,  each,  during  the  same  time.  Do  not  place  them  in  the 
cellar  nntil  the  pevere  weather  leoins  ;  give  them  plenty  of  upward 
Tentilation  in  order  to  pass  off  tie  vapor  generated  from  the  bees  ; 
place  the  hives  in  rows  on  shelves,  keep  uem  in  a  clean  d^k  plaos^ 


OH  BES  KEEPING  6* 

ISot  not  in  a  damp  or  l>adly  ventilated  cellar,  for  that  is  certain  death 
to  bees,  and  keep  wire  clotli  tacked  over  the  entrance  to  each  hive  ; 
if  a  dry  absorbent  material  such  as  cut  straw  or  Ehavings,  can  he 

E laced  in  the  upper  part  of  the  hive  to  receive  and  absorb  the  un- 
ealthy  emanationa  from  the  bees,  all  the  Letter;  in  out  door  wintering 
especially,  this  is  a  most  desimble  plan,  as  it  retains  tlie  beat  while 
it  absorbs  the  et!iu\ia.  16.  Bees  wintered  on  their  summer  standa 
should  al .-.  ays  be  allowed  from  30  to  50  lbs,  of  honey  to  each  colony 
and  extra  protection  around  tiae  hive  if  the  cold  is  very  intense.  19. 
"When  cjjgs  are  deposited  by  the  queen  in  the  cells  prepared  by  the 
workers,  in  3  days  they  hatch  into  small  worms  which  are  nurtured 
and  fed  , until  about  the  eighth  day  the  larvae  become  nyniphs.  and 
are  sealed  up  in  their  cells  to  reappear  as  perfect  bees.  The  queen 
bee  emerp;es  in  from  10  to  17  days,  the  drone  m  24,  and  the  workers 
in  21  days  from  the  egg.  The  cut  illustrates  a  cbmb  showing  biood 
and  queen  cell  but  the  artist  has  not  succeeded  a  cry  well  in  represcntiae 
the  royal  form  with  which  nature  has  endowed  her  majesty.  In  froM  » 
to  5  days  after  emerging,  the  queen  leaves  the  hive  to  meet  the  drones  m 
the  air,  for  fertilization.  She  never  leaves  the  hive  at  any  other  times 
except  when  she  goes  with  a  swarm,  and  one  copulation  is  all  sufficient 
to  ensure  fertility  for  Ufe.  Under  favorable  circumstances  she  will 
deposit  oOOO  eggs  per  day.  20.  In  introducing  an  Italian  queen  to  a 
colon}"  of  common  bees,  enclosed  her  in  a  wire  cloth  cage  and  insert 
the  cage  in  the  centre  of  a  comb  where  the  bees  will  cluster  upon  it. 
In  36  hours  release  the  queen,  smear  her  with  honey,  and  allow  her 
to  crawl  down  among  the  bees.  21.  When  lees  are  short  of  honey 
a  good  and  cheap  food  may  be  provided  by  v.sing  good  coffee  sugar, 
4  lbs,  added  to  water,  1  qt.,  bring  to  a  b(  il,  i^Ldm  and  allow  it  to  cool. 
22.  Another.  Take  of  the  best  quality  of  biown  sugar,  two  parts  by 
measure,  to  one  part  of  pure  soft  water  ;  boil  and  skim  it  ;  then  to 
■eve^y  quart  of  the  mixture,  add  one  even  tcaspoouful  of  the  best  ci  earn 
tartar  ;  dissolve  the  cream  tai  tar  before  ]nitting  it  in.  Remove  the 
empty  comb  with  the  frame  from  the  liive  fill  them  by  allowing  the 
syrup  to  drain  through  a  proper  strainer  into  the  cells,  and  then 
return  the  frames  to  the  hive.  With  box  hives,  use  some  good  feeder 
or  a  dish  of  proper  size  to  get  under  the  cap  on  the  top  of  the  hive  ; 
fill  the  dish  with  the  syrup,  and  thiow  en  fine  shaNings  or  cut  straw, 
to  prevent  the  bees  from  falling  into  it.  23.  The  best  substitute  for 
bee  bread  or  natural  pollen  is  rye  Hour  i:nbolted.  In  the  absence  of 
rye,  use  other  flour.  24.  The  damp  air  n'ny  be  drawn  from  a  cellar 
in  whic!i  bees  are  being  wintered  by  connecting-the  cellar  and  your 
stove  pipe  by  means  of  a  2  inch  t:n  pipe  pnssing  up  through  the  floor. 
25.  In  hiving  bees,  use  diluted  honey  or  white  si^gar  syrup,  damp  the 
inside  of  your  hive  and  gently  sprinkle  the  bees  with  the  hquid  ;  it 
will  render  them  so  happy  that  you  may  handle  tliem  as  you  please. 
Surplus  HoKrr  Stoeft)  in  Boxes.— "Those  having  bees  in 
common  hives,  and  who  Avish  their  sur]->lus  honey  stored  in  boxes, 
will  obtain  the  greate.^^t  amount  and  avoid  many  disappointments  by 
attending  to  the  following  conditions  :  1.  The  boxes  should  be  tight 
and  large,  but  not  over  four  or  five  inches  high,  and  protected  from 
the  changes  of  the  weather  by  an  outer  cap.  2.  The  bees  should  be 
induced  to  commence  in  them  by  attaching  pieces  of  clean  empty 
combs  to  the  under  side  of  the  top,  and  placing  the  boxes  directly 


yO  OK  BKE  KEEPIWO. 

over  the  breeding  ai>artment,  with  large  openings  under  each  box  ta 
admit  the  bees.  3.  Early  Lu  the  season  select  a  lew  populous  stocks, 
giving  a  box  to  each,  and  wheu  the  bees  have  commenced  in  them, 
give  boxes  to  the  next  strongest,  being  careful  not  to  give  too  much 
room  until  a  start  has  been  made.  4.  Keep  the  hives  cool  by  shad- 
ing from  the  sun,  and  if  the  beea  cluster  outside,  when  flowers  are 
plenty,  ventUate  by  enlarging  the  entrances  and  giving  more  room  in 
the  boxes  if  needed.  Alter  a  jjopulous  stock  has  nearly  filled  its 
boxes  it  will  oiteu  take  long  enough  time  to  finish  them,  to  have 
half  filled  empty  ones,  bcsiiJys  the  difficulty  so  often  experienced  in 
gettmg  the  bees' to  commence  in  the  boxes  after  those  first  filled  are 
removed,  which  objections  are  both  overcome  in  the  American  hive, 
described  in  the  article  ou  liives."     Bec-Kiepers'  Text  Book. 

Hatching  and  Fertilization"  oi^  Queens — '"In  about  eight 
days  after  the  old  queen  leaves  with  tlie  fir.st  swarm,  the  most  advan- 
ced sealed  queen  is  ready  to  emerge.  Durmg  thi$  time  the  old  stock 
is  without  a  hatched  queen,  the  young  qaeen  immediately  uixju  leav- 
ing her  cell,  if  not  restrained  by  "the  worl:ers,  coinmeuces  tlie  work  of 
destruction  u^xju  her  yet  imprisoned  sisters.  She  accomphshes  this 
by  biting  open  the  side  of  each  cell  near  its  base,  and  dispatching  tlie 
unfortunate  inmate  with  her  sting.  She  is  yet  incompetent  for  the 
maternal  duty,  and  must  le.ive  the  hive  to  meet  the  drones  in  the  air 
tor  the  purpose  of  fertiliz.ation.  This  once  accomplished,  the  work- 
ei-s,  awaiting  her  safe  return,  groot  her  with  a  reverence  and  afiec- 
tion  never  shown  before.  They  hasten  to  prepare  the  cells  to  receivo 
her  tiny  eggs,  and  seem  to  realize  that  on  lier  existence  the  perpetua- 
tion of  the  family  depends.  There  is  also  a  perceptible  change  hi  tho 
queen's  form,  her  abdomen  bcmg  a  little  sv.-oUeu  and  .somewhat 
lengthened,  but  not  as  much  as  at  tho  height  of  the  breeding  seji- 
BOn.  She  now  remauis  the  fruitiid  mother  of  tliO  prosperous  and 
happy  colony."    Bce-Ksepers'  Text  Book. 

To  Prevent  new  Sw.vkms  from   i.t^axtno  tiieib    Hives. 

"  Natural  swarms  occnsionally  refuse  to  etav  after  liavin"  been  hived, 
usually  inconsequence  of  heat  or  strong  odor  about  the  hive.  In 
nucleus  swarming  tliia  peldom  or  never  happens,  because  the  bee.s 
are  never  witliout  a  comb  containing  brood  and  honey  •  and  they 
will  not  leave  voluntarily.  'Ihciefoie  when  hiving  a  swarm  in  a 
moveable  comb  hive,  go  to  i',ny  stock  that  can  spare  a  comb  contain- 
ing brood  and  lioney.  Bnu^h  back  the  bees,  being  carefid  not  to 
remove  the  queen  or  amy  queen-ceils  with  comb,  and  place  it  in  tho 
hive  that  is  to  receive  the  new  swai-m.  It  will  not  only  prevent  the 
bees  from  decamping  b-.t  will  greatlv  encourage  them,  and  should 
bad  weather  confine  them  to  tlie  hive  they  will  be  secure  from  .^ar- 
Tation.  If  the  swariu  is  jiut  in  a  common  hive,  place  over  them  a 
box  of  honey  taken  from  the  narent  stock."  B":'-Kp-rpers'  T='f.t  Bonk 

The  Nucleus  System  of  SwARMiNf;.— "  Th^  mtroducfion  of  a 
mature  fertile  qiteeji  to  a  colony  two  vu;-h-s  sooner  than  vhcn  ilwy 
ncarm  naturalhj  in  an  advantane  sufficient  to  pay  fw  the  extra 
tnnible.  The  time  gained  in  breedinfj  is  equivalent  to  a  swarm.  U. 
QuiNnv. 

In  swarming  bees  ou  this  system,  we  first  rear  a  queen  in  a  small 
fluster  nucleus  of  bees,  allowing  the  nucleus  hive  to  remain  in  its 
i>lace  uatil  the  queen  becomes  fertile,  when  we  ewaxm  the  beea  bj 


OR  BEE  KEEPING. 


n 


simply  cansing  the  t^o  hircg  to  exchange  place?*.  Unlike  nataral 
Bwarmiug,  tlie  old  queen  remains  ia  the  jxirent  btock  and  its  labors 
go  on  scarcely  interrupted.  The  system  is  based  upon  the  well  known 
law,  that  bees,  alter  iuxuriatmg  upon  the  Howers,  will  returu  to  the 
exact  spot  of  tiieir  old  habitation.  Form  a  nucleus  from  an  Italian  or 
other  populous  stock  by  blowing  a  few  whilfs  of  smoke  into  the  en- 
trance and  opening  the  hive  ;  select  a  frame  of  comb  containing  v^.p' 
ped  brood,  but  especially  plenty  of  eggs  and  young  larv;e.  Alter 
looking  tills  over  careiiiily,  lest  the  old  queen  be  removed,  place  it 
-with  its  adhering  bees  in  the  empty  hive,  and  next  to  it  another  comb 
containing  honey,  which  will  afford  protection  to  the  brood  and  food 
for  the  bees.  As  many  of  the  old  bees 
■will  return  to  the  parent  stock,  give  tho 
niicleua  hive  at  lea.st  a  quart  of  bees 
and  sot  it  on  a  new  stand  two  or  threo 
rods  distant,  Coutitii.t  tlie  euti-ance  so 
that  br.t  one  or  two  bees  can  pass  at  the 
same  time,  and  set  a  feed  pau  on  tho 
frames,  or  a  t;ponge  filled  with  sweet- 
ened water  will  supply  tiieir  wants  until 
the  yoimg  bees  go  to  work  in  their  new 
location.  In  plate  of  the  combs  removed 
from  tlie  parent-stock,  set  in  empty 
frames  with  a  full  one  between.  If  tlie 
frames  nre  put  near  the  centre,  the  old 
stock  will  increase  all  the  faster,  as  the 
queen  will  fill  the  new  comb  with  eggs  as 
fast  as  it  is  buiit.  The  removal  of  the 
two  combs  stimulates  the  bees  to  great 
activity  by  giving  tliem  room  to  work, 
and  detaches  just  bees  enough  to  prevent 
tlieir  chistermg  idly  about  the  entrance. 
Tlie  nucleus  will  "construct  queen-cells 
find  rear  a  queen  as  well  as  a  whole 
Bwann.  Besides,  the  oneen  !■?  easily  found  among  so  few  bees.  We 
now  wait  nntil  the  tenth  or  eleventh  day,  from  the  time  the  nucleua 
was  formed,  when  we  open  it,  and  witit  a  Fliarji  thin  bladed  knife,  cut 
out  all  the  queen-cells  hat  one  and  use  them  immetliatelyin  forming 
other  nucleus,  by  attaching  one  of  them  to  a  frame  of  comb  and  beea 
taken  from  r.n  oM  stock,  as  before  dcscril>ed,  and  placed  in  an  empty 
hive.  In  trau-ierring  queen-cells  great  care  must  be  taken  not  to 
press  or  denttliem,  or  eA;-)ose  them  long  to  the  hot  sun  or  civil  air  for 
fear  of  destroying  the  royal  c/t^cupants.  The  beginners  should  re- 
move but  one  at  a  time,  returning  the  frame  from  which  it  is  taken 
to  its  place  in  the  hive  mitil  the  royal  cell  ia  adjusted  in  its  new  loca- 
tion. When  practicable  h;ive  nbout  an  inch  Hiuare  of  comb  attached 
to  the  cell,  and  upon  taking  the  comber  brood  ii^m  the  old  stock, 
make  an  opening  amonj;  the  e^gn  and  lan-a?  where  bees  will  bo 
sure  to  cluster  upon  it  and  keep  it  warm,  and  carefully  in- 
Kcrt  it  as  shown  in  figure,  leaving  on  o])en  space  below  it. 
If  the  first  nucleus  was  lormed  fron\  the  only  Italian  stock 
in  the  yard,  and  more  quefn-cclls  are  wanted,  remove  every  queen- 
oell  from  it,  anil  add  another  comb  of  eggs  and  brood  from  ita  parent 


72  OH  BEE-KEEPIKft. 

Stock.  Bu-;  Tfhen  no  more  qneen-cells  are  needed,  leave  one  to  halcH, 
and  as  by  this  time  the  brood  will  all  be  capped  over,  the  bees  will  b« 
liable  to  follow  the  young  queen  on  her  excui-sions  to  meet  tlie  dronw. 
To  prevent  tlii-s,  exonange  one  of  the  combs  for  one  cnnt.aiuing  egirs 
and  young  larvae.  When  forming  the  other  nucleus.  \'n:ug  queeiia 
will  return  unless  lost  by  birds  or  other  Oa,-;ualtie,«.  to  which  all  queens 
are  once  ex|X)sed.  Such'  loss  is  easily  a«.certaijied  amon.;  so  few  bees, 
and  we  have  only  to  insert  anotlier  queeu-t.'ell,  addin;;  a votub contain- 
ing eggs  and  brood  and  repeat  the  trial.  Should  the'  p^ii mit  stocli  be 
very  populous  it  may  be  swarmed  by  taldns  a  queen  irom  the  nucleus 
belonging  to  a  less  populous  stock,  and  another  queeu  reared  there. 

When  and  how  to  Sioann  (he  Bees. — Every  pionnlnii*  st^ck.  from 
which  a  nucleus  has  been  formed,  should  beswai       '       "  tlier 

is  favorable,  as  soon  as  the  queen  in  the  nucleu^  ■  ie. 

This  is,  usually,  in  from  six  to  ten  days  after  ins?  -  cU, 

and  is  readily  "determined  by  examining  the  combs  lur  eggs'  We  now, 
uniess  the  yield  of  honey  is  very  abundant,  confine  the  young  queen 
in  a  gauze  "wire  cage.  Having  iilled  up  the  nucleus  hives  with  empty 
frames,  exchange  the  places  of  the  two  hives,  brijiging  the  entrance 
of  the  nucleus  have  where  the  old  .stock  has  stood,  and  where  tiie  mass 
of  the  old  bees  will  return  from  the  fields,  thus  throwing  out  of  the 
old  stock  swarms  of  workers  into  the  nucleus  hive  while  the  old  bees 
from  the  nucleus  will  enter  the  old  hive  and  minister  to  the  wants  of 
the  numerous  brood  of  the  parent  stock.  The  bees  imi-st  not  be  swarm- 
ed between  the  liatching  and  the  fertilization  of  the  oneen,  and  should 
they  be  swarmed  when  the  honey  harvest  '.  '       '      "    mm 

a  storm  or  drought,  the  bees  thus  empty  o.  itly 

more  quarrelsome,  being  suddenly  thrown  .i  a 

strange  queen  (although  of  the  same  scent)  are  inclined  to  stmg  her. 
To  prevent  this  she  is  caged  for  thirty-six  boors,  when  the  bees  from 
the  old  stock  will  mostly  have  joined  the  nucleus  colony  and  she  may 
be  safely  liberated.  But.  if  she  wastiken  from  another  nucleus,  we 
sometimes  let  her  remain  caged  a  day  longer,  or  smear  her  well  with 
warm  hopey,  and  drop  her  in  among  the  bees.  They  immediately 
comniencB  licldng  up  the  honey,  and  forget  to  sting  her!  If  from  any 
cause  the  stocks  are  swarmed  when  "the  bees  are  working  but  little, 
and  alter  three  or  four  days  the  nucleus  swarm  be  foimd  deficient  in 
bees,  it  may  be  strengthened  by  exchanging  some  of  its  empty  frames 
for  1 1  ■  ■  I  .ix>od  from  the  parent  stock,  or  sliould  the  flowers 

yiel  .  Uiin  a  week,  the  Iwation  of  the  two  hives  may 

*ffi'-  The  bees  will   not  quarrel  as  they  are  of  the 

•ame  scent.  Umess  a  nucleus  has  been  formed  several  weeks,  or  when 
honey  is  scarce,  it  is  sometimes  n<»<^essarv  to  treat  both  st'xks.  especi- 
ally the  old  one.  to  t^'  ,        -T-  .-  .       ,  . 
for  the  ine.xj.eiienc'  ,n 

when  the  llowers  arc  . :  i,jj 

the  queen  or  the  ojieratur. 

Hexs  Made  to  Protect  Bees.— A  bee  raiser  has  patented  an  in- 
vention tor  the  protection  of  bees  from  the  attacks  of  the  honey  moth, 
which  enters  the  hives  at  night,  and  rides  the  stores.  The  idea  arose 
out  of  his  familiarity  witli  the  daily  routine,  not  of  bees  only,  but  of 
hens.  Hens,  he  observed,  retire  to  rest  early;  but  bees  seek  repose 
eaiiier  still;  no  sooner  are  they  sunk  into  sliunber,  than  the  moth 
•teals  into  theii-  abode  and  devours  the  produce  of  f  '^'-  ♦-'      He  haa 


OSr  BEE-KEEPING. 


n 


hioyr  built  a  stand  of  hives  •witfe  a  hen  house  connected.  The  bees  first 
betake  themselves  to  their  dwelling  and  settle  themselves  for  the 
night.  The  hens  then  come  home  to  roost  on  their  perch,  and  as  th*^y 
take  their  places  upon  it,  their  weight  sets  some  simple  mechanicism 
to  work,  which  at  once  shuts  down'the  doors  of  all  the  hives.  When 
the  day  dawns,  however,  the  hens  leave  their  roost,  and  the  remova'. 
'  of  their  weight  from  the  perch  raises  the  hive  doors,  and  gives  egreei 
to  the  bees  in  time  for  theix  morning's  work. 


Explanation  of  the  above  Cuts. — The  cut  A  represents  brood 
in  various  stages  from  eggs  and  larvae  in  the  lower  part  of  the  coihb  to 
brood  cappedfat  e,  and  just  emerging  at/;  n,  is  a  queen-cell  jus* 
commenced  at  from  larvae  ;  6,  a  perfect  queen-cell  capped  over  ;  a, 
a  cell  from  which  the  queen  has  Just  emerged.  B  represents  queen- 
cells  destroyed  ;  C  unimpregnated  queen ;  D  fertile  queen ;  E  male 
moth  or  miller ;  F  female  miller. 

To  Kill  Bke  Moths. — Bee  moths  can  easily  be  killed  by  setting  a 
pan  of  gi'case  on  which  is  placed  a  floating  lighted  wick,  near  the 
hives  after  dark  :  the  light  will  attract  the  moths  in  large  numbe>:H, 
when  they  will  be  destroyed  by  falling  into  the  grease. 

Many  persons  are  deriving  substantial  yearly  Licomes  amoimting 
to  thousands  of  dollars  from  bee-keeping,  and  it  ii  credibly  reported 
that  the  late  Mr.  Quimby  left  property  valued  at  $100,000,  all  derived 
from  this  source  alone.  Mr,  Quimby  wrote  that  the  honey  gathered 
by  bees  compared  with  what  was  lost  for  the  lack  of  bees  to  gather  it, 
was  but  as  1  compared  with  1,000,  so  that  it  seems  as  if  a  careful  per- 
son, engaged  in  bee-keeping,  and  thoroughly  equipped  with  all  mod- 
em appliances  for  the  business,  possesses,  as  old  honest  Sam  JohnsoB 


74  BEE-KEEPING,   &C. 

once  expraesed  himself  r^:arding  a  different  subject,  "  The  potential- 
ity of  growTng  rich  beyond  the  dreams  of  avarice,"  and  what  is  ol 
EtiU  greater  iiuixirUiuce.  the  [>le4i«iire  derived  from  the  business  ia  aL 
most  ineffable  in  conipari*:)n  witti  tlie  satisfartion  of  being  rich. 

Limited  space  forbids  the  further  ajniiideratiou  of  this  atti-active 
subject  in  this  place,  and  the  author  would  conclude  by  expressing 
his  sincere  obligation?  to  the  editor  of  the  ""  Bee- Keeper's  Magazine  " 
for  according  permission  to  make  extracts  from  the  varied  content"*  ol 
an  excellent  little  manual  calietl  the  "  Bee-Keeper's  Text  Book,"  and 
other  reliable  sources  of  information.  For  the  benefit  of  parties  de- 
wring  furtlier  light  on  this  fascinating  topic,  he  would  state  that  tha 
"  Bee-Keej.er's  Magazine  "  ^vill  fill  the  entire  bill  of  their  require- 
ments. It  is  a  rirst  rat^  Ulnst rated  mout'ily  journal  of  32  octavo  pa^es, 
devoted  exclusively  to  Bee-Oiilture,  edited  by  .■\.l).>ert  J.  King,  con- 
taining montuly  contributions  fruni  Mrs.  E.  S.  rui)',>er,  and  other 
eminent  writers  and  bee-keepers  in  Ixith  Eurojie  and  America.  A 
large  space  is  devoted  to  Beginners,  giving  useful  information.  j«5t 
when  it  is  nwJed,  throughout  the  ye.ar.  Terms  S1.5<)  per  ye;ir.  The 
proprietoi-s  will  send  the  Magazine  four  mouths  on  trial,  and  include 
a  6i  page  pamphlet  (i)rice  .50  ceuts).  containing  a  beautiful  life-Uka 
•chromo  of  Houey-Plaut-<  and  Italian  Bees  in  their  natural  colors; 
Prize  Essay  by  Mrs.  Tupper  ;  Queen  Rearing  by  M.  Quimby ;  instruc- 
tions for  beginners.  &c. ,  all  for  50  cents.  Address,  King  &  Slocura, 
61  Hud8t)n  street.  New  York. 

Foou  FOR  Mocking  Bjkus, — Mix  well  together  corn  meal,  [yea 
meal  (made  by  drying  split  peas  in  an  oven  and  then  grinding  them 
in  a  millj,  each  one  pwirt,  moss  meal,  prepared  from  tiie  nios.-*  seed 
imported  from  Germany,  h  part,  add  sufficient  melted  lard  not  to  make 
it  too  fat  or  gre^isy,  and  sweeten  with  molasses  Fry  the  mixture  in 
a  frying-iian  for  ^an  hour,  stirring  it  all  the  time,  to  avoid  burning. 
Mocking,  and  other  birds  of  Uke  nature,  will  leave  all  other  food  for 
this. 


FOR  LUMBERMEN,  BUILDERS.  CONTRACTORS, 
]\nLL  OWXEUS,  SHIP  BUILDERS,  SHIT  OWNERS, 
NAVIGATORS,  QUARRYMEX,  STONE  CUTTERS, 
INLERCHAXTS,  AND  BUSINESS  MEN  GEXERALLY. 

To  Pelvent  wood  from  Cbackixg.— Place  the  wood  in  a  biitli 
of  fused  parafflue  heated  to  212*  Fahr.  and  allow  it  to  remain  ;vs  long 
&s  bubbles  of  air  are  given  off.  Then  allow  the  paraiBne  to  coildown 
to  its  point  of  congelation,  and  remove  the  wood  and  wipe  off  tha 
adhering  wax  :  wood  treated  ui  this  waj-  is  not  likely  to  crack. 

To  Bksv  Wood. — Wood  enclosed  in  a  close  cliamberand  submitted 
to  the  action  of  steam  for  a  limited  time  will  be  rendered  .so  pliant 
that  it  may  be  bent  in  abnost  any  direction.  The  same  process  will 
also  eliminate  tlie  sap  from  the  wood  and  promote  rapid  seasoning. 

Fire  Pro<jfino  fok  Wood. — Alum,  3  part-*;  green  ntriol,  1  part; 
make  a  strong  hut  solution  with  water,  make  another  weak  solutioi 
with  green  vitriol  in  which  pipe  clay  has  been  mixed  to  the  consifl* 
tence  of  a  paint.  Apply  two  coats  of  the  first,  dry,  and  then  finish  witti 
one  coat  of  the  last. 


lumbermen's  camp. 


n 


LUMBERMAN'S  SHANTY  OR  CAMP. 

Many  of  tlie  hones-t  fanners  and  sturdy  Ininbermeu  of  the  North- 
4rn  States,  Canada  and  New  Brunswick,  will  be  at  no  loss  to  xinder- 
utand  the  uses  of  tlie  humble  mansion  represented  in  the  cut,  and 
many  a  forest  wanderer  and  weary  hiuiter  will  identify  the  modest 
habitation  as  the  cosmterpartof  ajiother  where  he  has  been  refreshed 
by  the  substantial  meal,  and  iuTigorated  by  tlie  peaceful  slumber  en- 
joyed under  the  hospitable  roof.  However  ptxir  the  lumberman  may 
he,  however  numerous  his  trials  and  privations,  and  we  are  sorry  to 
Bay  they  are  not  few  in  number,  this  we  will  say,  that  whether  you  are 
kno^Ti  or  unknown,  rich  or  poor,  whetlier  you  are  bent  on  busineat 
w  pleasure,  in  the  luiuber  camp  you  are  always  made  to  feel  at  horn*! ; 


76 


CUTTING    LOGS,  AC. 


the  "  beat  in  the  house"  is  at  your  service,  and  hospitality  ia  dis- 
pensed with  a  p'incbly  generosity.  Under  such  circumstances  it  is 
wisdom  to  accej:it  and  folly  to  refuse  the  proffered  beneficence,  and 
many  can  attest  that  they  have  enjoyed  these  kind  offices  to  exhaust- 
ed humanity  with  a  relisii  (thanks  to  the  pure  oxygen  so  bountifully 
BUpplied  to  their  lungs  by  a  forest  atmosphere),  known  to  but  few  in 
the  dwellings  of  the  wealthy,  or  in  the  sumptuous  and  costly  hotela 
of  tlie  crowded  city,  with  their  bouutif ul  and  costly  bills  of  fare,  em- 
bracing the  best  in  the  market. 


CUTTING  LOGS  IN  THE  WESTERN  PINE  FORESTS. 

The  U8v:al   time  for  commencing  lumbering  operations  in  New- 
Bruns\vVk  and  many  paits  of  Canada,  is  in  the  fall,  goon  after  the 


OUTTINQ    LOaS>    *0. 


*fi/ 


LOADING  PINE  LOGS  IN  THE  WESTERN  FORESTS, 
opemtors,  many  of  whom  are  farmers,  have  safely  housed  their  crops, 
COEsistiiis  of  hay,  oats,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  &c.,  aud  the  work  con- 
tinues with  very  little  intermission  until  towards  spi-ing.  It  must  be 
conff^.-:-'od  that  lumbering  pursuits  are  not  well  calculated  to  produce, 
in  tlio  minds  of  those  who  follow  them,  a  very  strong  bias  towards 
8ciei;tific  agrii;ulture,  the  tendency  being  rather  to  produce  derange- 
ment in  that  respect,  but  there  seems  to  be  a  fascination  in  the  busi- 
ness which  very  few  who  enter  upon  it  seem  able  to  resist,  and  much 
of  the  farniing'work  is  considered  by  many  as  only  of  secondary  con- 
sequence compared  with  lumbering,  being  stimulated  i)rincipaUy  by 
the  necessity  arising  for  agricultural  products  in  the  lumber  cam{>8, 
and  for  family  uses  at  home. 

In  selecting  the  site  for  a  camp,  the  principal  object  is  to  obtain  a 
central  position  within  easy  reach  of  water,  and  an  ample  supply  of 
Umber  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  market.  It  is  also  of  great  con- 
sequence that  it  should  be  easily  accessible  for  the  purpose  of  trans- 
porting,  or  "  portaging,"  as  it  ia  t«saed,  the  sub^jautial  supplies  i» 


rs 


BREAKING    A    JAIL 


BREAKING  A  JAM. 

quired  by  the  men  and  horses  engaged  in  the  work,  and  convenient  to 
a  suitable  "  landing,"  uiiually  on  or  near  a  Btream.  where  the  log»  at« 
unloaded  to  await  the  breaking  up  of  the  ice,  and  the  spring  floods, 
■which  are  to  convey  them  to  their  destination.  Tlie  work  is  systematl« 
cally  conducted,  every  man  from  the  boss  to  the  cook  having  hii»  post, 
but  the  labor  is  very  severe,  and  taxes  the  utmost  energies  of  both 
man  and  beast,  some  of  the  loads  dra^«Ti  by  the  Litter  being  of  encrm- 
ons  bulk  and  weight.  This  kind  of  toil  continues  during  the  fall  aud 
•frinter  montlis,  oiily  to  give  place  in  the  siiriug  to  another  form  ol 
labor,  which  is,  if  possible,  still  more  arduous,  and  id  ceitainly  mora 
dangerous;  that  of  "  dri\'ing  "  the  lumber  down  stream.  The  driv- 
ing operatious  are  commenced  by  rolling  the  logs  into  the  stream  on 
the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  and  guiding  tliem  down  the  current,  ttie 
poor  fellows  being  often  up  to  the  waist  in  cold  water,  and  whan  a 
'  jam,"  or  lock  of  the  timber  takes  place  in  the  stream,  owing  to  ob- 
structions or  barriers  of  auy  kind,  the  danger  of  "breaking"  it  is 
poflitivelv  fearful,  manv  having  been  killed  outright,  by  the  suddeL 
''  shoot ''  uken  by  the  liberated   '    '  "  * 


by 
try  it9  KLrgfiiis  floods  in  the  rear. 


timber  as  it  rushes  forward,  imp«Ua^ 


0\    LTTMBEKING.  79' 

ftj  lumbering  district*  tlie  srasou  of  active  work  ff>r  cutting  timbM 
ranges  from  November  until  towards  the  middle  cf  Manh;  in  Now 
BruBswick  much  of  tbe  work  pei-formed  in  yettiiuj  out,  or  hewing 
birch  timber,  is  done  during  the  summer  months,  but  the  cutting  and 
hauling  of  spruce  logs  is  the  principal  object  of  winter  operations. 
In  getting  out  birch  timber,  the  tree  is  felled  and  hewn  square  to  the 
largest  avaDable  dimensions,  and  allowed  to  remain  till  sleighing  seta 
T]  before  being  hauled  to  the  stream  for  transportation.  Owing  to 
the  density  of  birch  timber  much  of  it  is  lost  by  submergence  in  the 
water,  and  for  tlie  purpose  of  rendering  it  more  buoyant  it  is  usupJ  to 
induue  floatation  bv  forming  connections  with  spruce  logs  or  other  tim- 
ber of  light  specific  gravity.  The  rigorous  climate  of  the  Northern 
States  and  Canada  is  most'  favorable  for  the  growth  of  hardy  mer- 
chantable timber,  such  as  pine,  spruce,  &c.,  but  is  inimical  to  mahog- 
any, box,  lignumvitae  and  other  dense  tropical  woods  which  require 
a  warm  climate. 

Timber  grown  in  humid,  swampy  or  wet  localities,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  cedar,  willow,  poplar,  &c.,  is  not  so  firm,  sound,  and  durable 
as  that  grown  on  dry  and  elevated  situations,  wheie  the  soil  is  largely 
composed  of  loam  interspersed  with  saud,  gravel  and  stones.  Trees 
selected  from  the  midst  of  the  forest  possess  greater  elegance  of  form 
and  are  usually  straighter,  less  knotty,  and  more  mprchantable  evei7 
way,  than  timber  ex],iosed  to  the  ravages  of  storms,  &c.,  on  the  con- 
fines adjacent  to  the  clearings,  or  on  hOl  sides  and  exposed  places, 
sheltered  situations  being  the  most  favorable  for  the  grmvth  of  timber, 
but  not  so  promotive  of  hardness  as  unprotected  localities.  A  dfense, 
dark,  green  color  in  the  leaves  of  trees  during  June  and  July  indicates 
a  sound,  healthy  growth,  while  the  sere  and  yellow  leaves,  scanty  in 
number,  decaying  branches,  with  spotted,  streaked,  loosened  and  dis- 
eased bark,  indicates  defective  timber.  To  secure  timber  in  its  best 
condition  for  long  endurance,  it  should  be  cut  during  mid-winter,  say 
in  January  or  February,  and  durmg  July  in  summer,  and  should  be 
worked  up  as  soon  as  ix)ssible  by  sawing,  splitting  or  hewing,  into  the 
desired  dimensions. 

The  nature  of  the  various  depaitments  of  the  work  is  very  well 
illustrated  in  the  cuts  presented  herewith,  which  are  engraved  in  the 
best  style  from  exceedingly  fine  photo^phs  of  actual  scenes  in  the 
Western  forests,  and  therefore  ti-uthfully  depict  the  various  stages  of 
getting  out  lumber,  from  the  cutting  down  of  the  great  trees,  sawing 
Biem  into  lengths,  nauling  them  out,  and  finally  "  hinding  "  the  logs 
on  or  near  the  stream,  in  readiness  for  the  spring  freshet  to  drive 
them  to  market.  Though  many  of  these  streams  are  too  shallow  in 
Bimmier  to  float  an  Indian  in  the  lightest  bark  canoe,  yet,  when 
Bwollen  by  spring  freshets,  each  one  becomes  a  wide  and  deep 
river. 

Many  ingenious  contrivances  have  been  constnicted  to  procure  tim- 
bei  from  moimtains.  A  novel  locomotive  has  been  made  in  Califor- 
nia to  run  on  the  long  flumes  that  are  used  to  float  lumber  down 
from  high  elevations.  Tlie  wheels  fit  on  the  edge  of  the  sides  of 
the  flume,  and  at  the  ends  of  the  car  are  paddle  wheels  dipping  into 
the  water,  and  which  are  turned  by  the  swift  current  By  a  simple 
arrangement,  this  power  is  made' to  propel  the  locomotive  up  the 
flame,  and  it  runs  back  itself.  Alpnach,  in  Switzerland,  as  is  well 
knownj  was,  durbig  war  time  widely  noted  for  its  famoae  slide,  oi 


ON    LUMBERING. 


TmLOADl>JG  LOGS  ON  THE  LANDING. 

wood«n  trough,  coutiining  a  stream  of  water,  in  whicli  the  tijaber 
was  launched  with  teriific  Yehicity  from  tlie  forests  on  Mount  Pilat'.a 
into  Lake  Lucerne,  a  distance  of  8  miles. 

Spruce  forests  ]iosses3  a  wonderful  recuperative  power,  it  being 
■well  known  that  they  may  be  Ptiipped  of  merchantable  timber  dur- 
ing any  frfven  year,  and  ten  years  pubsequently,  if  nothing  hai^jiens, 
another  harvest  will  be  ready  for  the  axe.  The  great  bane  of  all  for- 
ests is  fire,  and  the  loss  resnitin;^;  from  this  one  cause  i.s  simply  in«il- 
eulable.  While  it  is  true  that  .nany  forest  fires  are  accidcnfail.  it  can- 
not be  denied  that  the  majoiity  are  purposely  set ;  and,  while  such 
atrocious  wickedness  caunnt  be  too  severely  denoimced,  it  is  equally 
true  that  owius:  to  the  privacy  of  the  act,  and  consequent  want  of 
proof,  the  ofifeuAer  too  frequently  escapes  the  retribution  which  hia 
enormities  deserve.  The  recent  forest  fares  in  Michigan.  Wisconsin, 
and  other  places,  proved  terribly  destructive,  and  the  so-called  "great 
Miramichi  fire"  will  be  memorable  tor  generations  to  come,  on  ao 
count  of  the  terrible  destruction  of  human  life  and  property  of  every 
kind  effected  by  it.  Many  of  the  old  settlers  on  tlie  Miramichi  have 
a  vivid  remembnince  of  tliat  awf  td  ciilamitiy,  and  can  recount  maof 


SEASONING    OF    TIMBER.  81 

harrowing  narratives  ot  Piifferinj!:,  consternation,  death  and  hair- 
breadth escape*  during  that  terrible  time,  when  the  sliy  appeared  ag 
one  sheet  of  flame,  emitting  a  universal  rain  of  tire,  which  de- 
etroyed  evor>i;hing  in  its  course,  even  burning  the  soil  from  the 
eaitii,  rendering  thousands  of  acres  a  barren  desert  to  this  day . 

A  most  singular  case  of  forest-der^truction  occurred  many  years 
ago,  as  related  by  the  Allemamc.  Zclturnj,  in  Avhich  a  subterranean 
fire,  nndoabtedly  of  volcanic  origiu,  burnt  the  roots  of  250  acres  of 
forest  trees  at  Magland,  in  Switzerland,  which,  falling,  were  also  cou* 
sumed  ;  flames  also,  issued  near  Lausanne. 

iseasoiuny  and  Presemm/  Timber. — This  may  be  effected — 1st. 
By  piling  and  completely  ventilating  under  cover  for  a  periocJ 
of  fioui  two  to  five  years,  for  thorough  seasoning.  2nd.  By  immer 
eion  in  water  for  a  few  weelcs.  This  imjtroves  all  kinds  of  timber, 
both  flat,  square  and  ror.nd.  If  a  man  wishes  to  season  green  boards 
quickly,  let  nira  throw  them  into  wnter,  — all  the  better  if  it  is  run- 
ning water,  —  and  the  sap  will  be  withc.rawn  very  rapidly  :  a  short 
subsequent  exposure  to  the  air  wn.  be  all  that  is  necessary.  3r(i. 
Fell  your  trees  during  June  and  July,  while  in  full  leaf,  and  allow 
them  to  lie  mitil  every  leaf  has  fallen  ;  it  is  said  the  leaves  will  ex- 
haust nearly  all  the  sap  from  the  tree,  leaving  it  dry  in  from  one 
month  to  six  weeks,  according  to  the  dryness  or  wetne.s9  of  the 
weatlier.  4th.  Small  ]iieres  of  non-resino'.;s  wood  can  be  seasoned 
perfectly  by  boiling  four  or  five  houi-s  ;  the  process  taking  the  sap 
out  of  the  wood,  \\hich  sliriuks  nearly  one-tcuth  in  the  operation. 
Bth.  Kiln-dnjino,  is  adai't^-d  only  for  boards  aud  .small  timber  ;  it  is  lia- 
ble to  check,  crack,  ami  otherwise  injure  the  wood,  unless  the  process  is 
cautiously  conducted.  r.ia;'!c  w;ilnut  cannot  bo  seasoned  in  this  way 
at  all:  for  this  wood  use  Process  No.  1.  Gth.  Stcaminf/. — This  pro- 
cess has  been  adojited  by  some,  and  has  proved  successful  in  eliniin- 
atiug  the  sap  from  tlie  wood.  7th.  Ki/anizing  consists  in  the  satura- 
ration  of  the  wood  with  c^orrosivo  sublimate,  —  solution,  1  lb.  of  chl;.- 
rido  of  mercury' in  4  gals,  water.  8th.  Birnirttizinf/. — By  this  process, 
impregnation  of  the  wood  is  effected  by  submitting  it  to  an  end-ways 
pressure  of  150  lbs.  to  the  square  incli,  —  solutitm,  1  lb.  of  the  chlo- 
ride to  10  gnls.  water.  Otli.  Boucheri's  Proccfis. — Impregnation  is 
effected  as  in  the  last  instance,  using  a  pressure  of  15  lbs.  to  tlio 
square  inch  — solution,  1  lb.  sulphate  of  copper  to  12J  gals,  of 
water.  10th.  Bciliol's  Prorrsx. — As  above,  by  submitting 'the  wood 
to  an  end-ways  pressure  of  150  to  200  lbs.  per  square  inch,  with  creo- 
scte  oil  intermixed  with  bituminous  matter,  lltli.  Robbing'  Proaesfi. — 
See  full  descrij^tion  of  this  process  in  the  Jlechanical  Dennrtment  of 
this  work.  12th.  ScDnuel  Wood's  Process,  consists  in  Naporizihg  and 
withdrawing  the  sap  fimn  the  wood,  as  des'-ribed  hi  ilubbius'  Process, 
and  forcing  in  a  solution  of  suliihate  of  iron  at  a  pressure  of  175  lbs. 
per  square  mch  for  thirty  minutes  ;  then  finishing  with  another  solu- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime. 

In  preserving  and  seasoning  w<'x>d  by  impregnation  with  coal  tar, 
creosote,  etc.,  it  is  essential  that  the  juices  of  the  wood  should  be  com- 
pletely withdrawn  and  the  albumen  coagulated,  othenvise  decay  will 
ensue"  Wood  treated  in  this  way  repels  decay,  the  attacks  of  worms, 
etc.,  and  is  greatly  increased  in  .strengtli  and  resilience. 

Dr,  FeucMwaugei's  process  for  preserving  wood  consists  in  steai* 

6 


82  SEASONING    OF    TIMBER. 

'jjg  the  timber,  and  m5«<3ting  a  solution  of  eflicate  of  soda  for  eight 
noors  ;  afterwards,  soak  wood  for  the  same  period  in  lime-water. 

George  Woods,  the  celebrated  organ  mamnfac'tiirer,  in  Cambrid^ 
port,  near  Boston,  has  also  discovered  and  patented  a  very  valnaol* 
method  of  eeasoning  timber. 

Lumber  is  improved  by  rei>)ling,  and  the  shifting  of  it/»  position  at 
proper  interrals.  Violent  cunents  of  heated  air  cause  cracks,  etc.,  in 
the  lumber  dunng  natanil  seasoning  ;  a  moderate  temperature  «  thfl 
best  in  every  respect  The  proiiortion  of  water  in  different  woods 
varies  from  26  to  .50  per  cent.  A  beam  of  gieen  oak  weighing  972  lbs. 
lost  342  lbs.  by  seasoning. 

The  best  results  are  attained  by  piling  the  lumber  nnder  shelter  in 
properly  arranged  piles,  elevated  on  blocks  at  least  2  feet  from  the 
ground,  each  kind  of  timber  by  itself,  witli  1  inch  slats  interposed  be- 
tween the  boards  at  short  dLstanoes,  to  keep  them  straight,  and  permit 
the  air  to  circulate  freely,  while  square  and  round  logs  should  ba 
stripped  of  bark  and  nused  from  tlie  ground. 

The  best  timber,  is  that  which  has  been  allowed  to  attain  full  ma- 
iurity  previous  to  being  felled.  The  age  of  a  tree  is  easily  determined 
by  the  number  of  concentric  rings  displayed  on  the  stump.  Spruce 
and  fir  matures  very  rapidly,  pine  more  slowly,  and  oak  matures  in 
from  75  to  200  years.  White  oak  'in  said  to  be  favorably  influenced 
by  the  vicinity  of  sea  water;  the  growth  of  many  other  trees  is  re- 
pressed by  it.  In  Nova  Scotia  the  great  vaUey  extending  from  Com- 
wallis  to  Digby,  is  noted  for  the  enormous  quantity  and  excellent 
quality  of  the  fruit  produced,  while  on  the  other  side  of  the  mountain 
fronting  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  the  propagation  of  fruit  trees  has  proved 
an  entire  failure,  and  no  man  ixiuld  form  any  conception  of  the  pro- 
digious extent  of  the  New  Brunswick  forests  from  a  steamer's  deck, 
•while  sailing  along  the  treeless,  rock-bound  coast  of  that  Province. 

The  best  timber  in  a  tree  is  always  the  part  near  the  gi'ound.  The 
quality  of  the  wood  may  be  frequeutly  determined  by  a  healthy, 
fresh,  and  uniform  appearance,  free  fixjra  white  or  yellow  spote, 
blending  to  a  deeper  shade  near  the  heart.  Yellow  strtinji  indicate 
the  existence  of  dry  rot,  caused  bj  the  fennentition  of  the  albumen 
in  the  wood ;  and  the  sapwood,  being  liable  to  early  decay  on  accoimf 
of  the  putrefactive  decoiuiwsition  of  the  vegetable  juices,  should  be 
removed.  The  loss  to  Uimbennen  from  this  cause,  when  they  are 
obliged  fc)  "  hang  up,"  or  abandon  their  drives,  owing  to  the  insuflB- 
ciency  of  water  in  the  stream  to  float  them  U>  their  de#tmation,  is  very 
great,  and  in  the  event  of  failure  to  drive  them  down  with  tlie  ensuing 
faU  or  spring  floods,  often  proves  rninoi;s. 

The  excellence  of  timlier  us  liable  to  be  impaired  by  many  causes, 
among  otiiers.  1.  Wind-alinkt'is  or  cirtuLnr  chinks,  or  rents,  involving 
the  separatiiiu  of  the  annular  layers  of  wood  from  each  other;  a  very 
bad  irapeifeition.  2.  lSrash-ico"'l.  caused  by  deterioration  or  decay 
in  the  timbei , induced  by  jiiie,  imparting  a  brittle  crumbling  grain  to  the 
wood,  together  with  a  reddish  and  poruus  appearance.  ;i  Ticist^d  wjod 
is  very  unsafe  for  long  stretches,  on  account  of  its  liability  to  break 
suddenly,  owing  to  the  screw  like  formatiim  of  the  grain.  4.  Splits, 
checks,  and  cracks,  if  greatly  exp.auJed  and  enlarged,  almost  nun 
the  timber  for  any  useful  purpose  except  the  most  common  kind, 
the  same  is  true  oonceming,  5.  Knotty  timber,  which  though  it  mal 


SBASONING    OF   TIMBER. 


85 


^  gtibstential  Is  not  well  adapted  for  fine  work,  but  eubseiTM  many 
important  ases,  such  a*  roofing,  fencing,  &c  6.  Belted  timber,  con« 
eistf  of  trees  which  were  dead  and  partially  decayed  previons  to  being 
felled;  usually  very  bad.  7.  Common  rot. — Timber  and  Inmber  ol 
rarious  kinds,  are  liable  to  be  affected  in  this  way,  whenever  exposed 
to  alternate  humidity  and  dryness.  It  may  also  be  induced  by  im- 
perfect ventilation  in  sheds,  and  manifests  itself  by  yellow  decayinjj 
spots,  and  a  sulphur  colored  dust  in  the  apertures  and  crevi?fs  of  the 
timber.  8.  Perforatud  timber. — This  mischief  is  caused  by  worms 
and  insects  which  infest  timber  and  exist  on  the  albumen,  sugar,  &c 
contained  in  it.  Submerged  timber  is  affected  in  a  similar  manner  by 
the  ravages  of  the  Teredo  navilis,  a  genus  of  testaceous  mollusks. 
KuMBER  OF  Cubic  Feit  of  Timber  ly  a  Ton  (Avoirdupois),  to- 
gether WITH  THE  Weight  ix  lbs.  per  Cubic  Foot. 


rLTsiTCubic" 

Lbs.  iCubi« 

Woods. 

per 
Cubic 

Feet 
per 

Woods. 

per 
Cubic 

Feet 
per 

Foot. 

Ton. 

Foot. 

Ton. 

Alder,  dry. 

Ash,      "                      { 

50. 
52.812 

44.80 
42.414 

Larch,  dry.                 j 

i:   66.8 

43.126 

Lignum  Vitae. 

83.312  26  86« 

Apple,  " 

49.562 

45.18 

Logsvood- 

57.062,39.223 

Bay, 

43.601 
51.375 

43.601 

Mahogany.                 | 

35.        64. 
66.437!33.714 

Beech. 

43.8 

Maple,  dry. 

46.876:47.66 

I>              K 

53.25 

Oak,  Canadian. 

54.5 

41.101 

Birch,  common. 

43.8 

"    English. 

58.25 

38.455 

"     American  black. 

46.9 

"    live,  seasoned. 

66.75 

33.558 

Box. 

62.5 

39.40 

"       "     green. 

78.75 

Bullet-wood. 

58. 

"    white  upland. 

43. 

62.09 

Butternut,  dry. 

23.5 

Pear,  dry. 
63.866  Plum,    '' 

41.312 

Cedar,           " 

35.62 

49.06247.47 

Cork, 

15. 

149.333  Poplar. 

26.31  1 

Cherry,          " 

44.687 

Pine,  pitch,  dry. 

41.25  I54.303 

Chestnut,      " 

38.125 

"    red,        " 

36.875  60.745 

Ebony,  mean  of  2  sets. 

79.4 

"    white,     " 

34.625  64.693 

Elm,  dry.                     | 

41.937 

53.25 

"    well  seasoned. 

29.562  75.773 

35.625 

62.97 

"    yellow. 

33.812  66.248 

Fir,  white. 

35.57 

"         •'       dry. 

28.81i 

Fir,  New  England,  dry. 
Fir,  Norway  Spruce  " 

34.4 

Poplar,  m  ean  of  2  sorts 

28.5 

32. 

Bosewood.  dry. 

45.6 

Fir,  Riga. 
Gum,  blue,  dry. 

46.9 

Satin  wood,  " 

55.312 

£2.687 

Spruce,         '* 

31.25   71.68 

Hackmatack,  " 

37.10 

60.37 

Tamarack,    " 

23.937 

Hazel,              «' 

53.75 

Teak,  African  oak. 

46.9 

Hemlock,       '* 

2S. 

Walnut,  dry. 

41.9     63.42 

Hickory,  r*«  nnt. 

49.5 

45.252 

"      black,  dry. 

.'51.25   71.08 

"        shell  ba_-k. 

43.125 

51.942 

Willow. 

36.562 

61.269 

Holly,  dry. 

47.5 

>(                     It 

30.375 

73.744 

Juniper,  " 

35.373 

Lance  wood,  dry. 

45. 

comparatrt:  value  of  different  woods,  exhibiting 
their  crushing  strength  ant)  stirfnt:ss. 


Teak 

6555 

Beech 

3079 

Walnut 

2374 

EngUah  Oak 

4074 

Quebec  Oak 

2927 

Yellow  pine 

2193 

AaB. 

3571 

Mahogany 

2571 

Sycamore 

1831 

JIUm 

3468 

Spruce 

2622 

Cedar 

TOt 

S4 


AGE,  AC,   OP  TREES. 


LOGS  ON  THE  JjAmHSQ  AWAITING  TEE  SPEISG  FRESHKTlfc 


Age,  tc,  OF  TREt. .  :.^  ....,,  w..  ^.  ,^  .,  ,^.,,c-  ^.^...:,  _  n.  ^uy  lus. 
A  larch  3  ft  7i  ins. ;  at  70  years  it  is  f  iill  prown :  and  a  tree  of  7'J  vear« 
was  102  ft  hi.<,'h,  and  12  ft.  giilh.  contiiining  253  cubic  ft.  Another  of 
80  years  was  90  ft.  and  17  ft,  and  300  cubic  feet.  An  elm  tree  in  3 
years  ^ows  8  ft  3  in.  A  beech.  1  ft.  8  in.  A  poplar.  6  ft.  A  willow, 
9  ft.  3  m.  An  elm  is  full  ^rown  in  150  years  and  it  lives  600  or  OOa 
Ash  is  full  groTvn  in  100,  and  oak  in  200  The  mahoganT  is  full 
grown  in  200  years  to  a  va^t  size.  A  Polish  oak,'  40  ft  round  had  600 
circles.  An  oak  in  Dorsetshire  in  1755,  was  68  ft  round ;  2  near  Cran- 
bome  Lodge  are  -38  and  'M  ft  There  are  yews  from  10 1<->  20  ft  diam., 
•whose  age  is  from  HXK)  to  2000  years.  A  lime  in  the  Crisons  is  51  ft 
round,  and  about  GOO  years  old."  An  elm  in  the  Pays  de  Vaad  is  18  ft 
diam.  and  3G0  years  old.  The  African  baobab  is  the  patriarch  of  liv- 
ing organizations;  one  si>edmen  by  its  circles  is  e.^timated  at  5700 
years  old  by  Adarason  and  Humboldt  The  trunk  is  but  12  or  1."^  ft  to 
the  branches,  and  often  75  ft  round.  A  cypress  in  Mexico  is  120  ft. 
round  and  is  estimated  by  De  CandoUe  to  be  older  than  A  damson's 
baobab.  The  cyijress  of  Montezuma  is  41  feet  round.  Strabo  wrote 
of  a  cypress  in  Persia,  as  being  2.i<X)  vt^ars  old.  The  largest  tree  in 
Mexico  is  127  ft  round,  and  120  high,  T^ith  branches  of  SO  ft  A  chert 
cut  tree  on  Motint  Etna  is  196  ft  round  e-lose  to  the  ground  and  5  of 
tti  br&ncliM  resembU  grtat  txeas.    De  Candolle  says  thete  axe  oaks  in 


BITTING    AND    SELLING    TIMBER.  }.  85 

France  1500  years  old.  The  Wallace  oak,  near  Paisley,  is  nearly  800 
years  old.  The  yew  trees  at  Fountiiin's  Abbey  are  about  1200  years 
old.  That  at  Crowhorst,  1500.  That  at  Fortingal,  above  2000.  That 
at  Brabum,  2500  to  3000.  Ivys  reach  .500  or  600  years.  The  larch 
the  same.  The  lime  600  or  700  "^jeMs.  The  trunk  of  a  walnut  tree,  12 
ft.  in  diam.,  hollowed  out,  and  furnished  as  a  sitting-mom,  was  im- 

Eortedfrom  Ameiica  and  exhibited  in  Loudon.  The  tnink  was  80  ft 
igh,  without  a  branch,  and  the  entire  height  150  ft.,  the  barii  12  ins. 
thick  and  the  branches  from  3  to  4  it.  in  diam.  The  Califoi-uia  pine  ia 
from  150  to  200  ft  hi^h  and  from  20  to  (JO  ft  in  dium.  The  forests  in 
watered  tropical  counti-ies  are  formed  of  trees  from  lOOto  200  ft  high, 
■which  grow  to  the  water's  edge  of  rivers,  presenting  a  solid  and  im- 
penetrable barrier  of  trunks  10  or  12  ft  in  diam.  The  dragon  tree  it 
in  girth  from  40  to  100  ft.  and  50  or  60  feet  high ;  and  a  misosa  in  South 
America  is  described,  whose  head  is  000  ft.  roimd. 

Tensile  Strekgth  or  different  ki:n-d8  of  Wood,  showi^ig  tele 
"Weight  or  Power  kequieed  to  tear  asu>'der  l  Sqcare  Lsch. 


Lbs. 

Lance 23,000 

Locust 25,000 

Mahogany 21,000 

Box 20,000 

African  Oak 14,500 

Bay 14,500 

Teak 14,000 

Cedar 14,000 

Ash 14,000 

Oak,  seasoned 13,600 

Elm 13,400 

Svcainore 13,000 

■\Villow 13.000 

Christiana  Deal 12,400 

Spanish  Mahogany 12,000 


Lbs. 

Pitch  Pine 12,000 

TVlute  Pine,  (American) 11,800 

AVhite  Oak.  "  11,500 

Lignum  Vitse 11,800 

Beech 11 ,500 

Chestnut,  sweet 10, MK) 

Maple I0,,j00 

Whire  Spruce 10,200 

English  Oak 10,000 

Pear 0,800 

Larch 93o 

Maliogany,  Spanish 8,000 

Walnut 7.800 

Poplar 7.00O 

Cypress 6,000 


BuYTN'G  AND  Seixtng  TtaiKER. — Inch  boards,  j^lank,  joists  and 
scantling  are  generally  sold  by  board  measure,  the  dimensions  of  one 
foot  of  board  measure  being  1  ft  long,  1  ft.  wide  and  1  in.  thick. 
Round  timber  is  sold  by  the  cubic  foot,  and  when  squared  by  hewing 
or  sawhig  is  estimated  to  lose  one-fifth,  hence  a  ton  of  round  timber 
is  estimated  to  contain  only  40  cubic  feet.  Square  timber,  hewn  or 
sawn,  is  also  sold  by  the  cubic  foot  and  rated  at  50  cubic  feet  to  the 
ton,  but  as  usually  surveyed,  a  ton  of  timber  confcuns  50  92-100th8 
cubic  feet. 

Pine  and  spnice  spars,  from  10  to  4J  in.  diam.  are  estimated  by 
taking  the  diameter,  minus  the  bark,  at^  of  their  length  at  the  large 
end  ;  they  are  generally  bought  and  sold  by  the  inch  diameter,  all 
nnder  4  ins.  being  considered  poles. 

The  soundness  of  timber  may  be  tested  by  applying  the  ear  to  the 
middle  of  one  of  the  ends,  while  another  party  strikes  the  otlier  end. 
The  blow  will  be  clearly  and  distinctly  heard,  however  long  the  beam 
may  be,  if  the  wood  is  sound  and  of  good  quality,  but  it  decay  has 
B€t  in,  the  sound  will  be  niufiied  and  indistinct.  The  toughest' part  ol 
a  tre«  will  always  be  found  on  the  side  next  the  north. 

Bmtibh  Carpextry. — The  fir  timber  in  general  use  is  imported 
izom  Memel,  Kiga,  Dantzic,  and  Sweden.  Mepiel  timber  is  the  most 
•ocvenient  for  size,  Riga  the  best  in  quality,  Dantzic  the  strongetfc 


S6  BRITISH  CARPENTRY,  &C. 

and  Swedish  the  toughest.  Riga  timber  can  always  be  depended 
upon;  red  pine  maybe  used  whenever  durability  and  strength  are 
objects  ;  and  Quebec  yellow  pii^  for  light  dry  purposes.  Deals  are 
from  Norway,  Sweden,  Prussia,  Russia  and  New  Brunswick.  Fot 
framing,  the'best  deals  are  the  Norway,  particularly  the  Christiana 
battens;  for  pannelling.  the  Christians  white  deals;  for  ground  floors, 
Stockholm  and  Gerie  yellows ;  for  upper  doors,  Dram  and  Christiana 
whites;  Archangel  and  Onega  planks  for  warehouse  floors  and  stair- 
cases, and  for  best  floors,  &c.,  Petersbnrg.Onega  and  Christiana  batteni 

100  Superficial  ft.  make  1  square  of  boarding,  flooring,  &c. 

120  deals  are  denominated  one  hundred. 
50  cubic  ft.  of  timber  equal  1  load.     Also, 

600  superficial  ft.  of  inch  boards  equal  1  load. 

Battens  are  from  6^  to  7  ins.  in  breadth,  deals,  8^  to  10  ins.,  and 
planks  11  to  12  ins. 

12i  12-feet  boards  to  1  square  of  rough  boarding  or  flooring. 

12|       "      edges  shot 

13  "      wrought  and  laid  folding. 

13J       "  "  "         straight  joint. 

14  "  "  "         ploughed  and  tongued. 

17  12-ft.  battens  to  1  square  of  wrought  folding  door. 

18  "  yellow  to  a  straight  joint  floor. 

The  duration  of  well  seasoned  wood,  wheakept  dry,  is  very  great,  aj 
beams  stUl  exi-rt.  which  are  known  to  be  nearly  llOO  years  old.  Pilea 
driven  by  the  Romans,  and  used  in  the  formation  of  bridges  prior  to 
the  Christian  era,  have  been  examined  of  late,  and  found  to  be  per- 
fectly  sound  after  an  immersion  of  nearly  2000  years. 

RcssiA>'  Way  of  Stoppixg  Holes  in  Ships.— In  that  conntry, 
there  has  lately  been  invented  ard  successfully  applied,  a  reaoy 
means  for  stopping  holes  made  in  ships  by  collision  or  otherwise.  It 
consists  of  a  plaster  made  of  two  rectangular  sheets  of  canvas  sewed 
together,  bordered  with  a  rope,  and  containing  a  water-proof  material. 
A  sounding-line  has  to  be  passed  under  the  keel,  and  brought  up  on 
the  other  side  :  then  the  plaster  can  be  lowered  to  the  hole,  and  made 
fast  Several  cases  are  ^ited  in  which  this  invention  has  been  em- 
ployed with  advantage  ;  and  a  large  number  of  Russian  ships  aie 
now  furnished  with  such  plasters.  It  is  projxjsed  that  men  be  spe- 
cially trained  and  ready  for  the  manoeuvring  Df  the  apparatus. 

To  R-\isE  THE  Body  of  a  Drowxed  Persox.— In  a  recent  fail- 
ure to  recover  the  body  of  a  drowned  person  in  New  Jersey,  a  French- 
Canadian  undertook  the  job,  and  proceeded  as  foUows  :  Having  sup- 
plied himself  with  some  glass  gallon-jars,  and  a  quantity  of  un- 
slaked lime,  he  went  in  a  boat  to  the  place  where  the  man  was  seen 
to  go  down.  One  of  the  jars  wes  filled  half  full  of  lime,  then  fillftd 
up  ^ith  water,  and  tightly  corked.  It  was  then  dropped  into  the 
water,  and  soon  after  e.vi)lo<led  at  the  Ixjttom  of  the  river,  with  a 
loud  reiwrt.  After  the  third  trial,  f*ach  time  at  a  different  plac^,  tlia 
body  rose  to  the  surface,  and  was  secured. 

To  Get  Riu  of  Rats,  &c. — Get  a  piece  of  lead  pipe  and  use  it  as  a 
funnel  to  introduce  about  1^  ozs.  of  sulphide  of  potassium  into  any 
outside  holes  tenanted  by  rats  ;  not  lO  be  u*ed  in  dwellings.  To  get 
rid  of  Mice,  use  tartar  emetic  mingled  with  any  favorite  food  ;  thej 
wfll  eat.  eicken,  and  take  their  leave. 


MACHINISTS,    engineers',   AC,  RECEIPTS.  87 

Htdbattwc  CE3rE:rr.— PoTTdered  clay,  3  lbs. ;  oxide  of  iron,  1  lb.; 

and  boiled  oil  to  form  a  stiff  paste. 

ENGiiTEERs'  Cejie>'t. — Equal  parts  of  red  and  white  lead,  •with  dry- 
ing oil,  spread  on  tow  or  canvas.  Aji  admiralde  composition  for  nnitrng 
la^e  stones  in  cisterns. 

Stone  Cemext  River. — Sand,  20  parts;  litharge,  2  parts;  quick- 
lime, 1  part:  mix  with  linseed  oiL 

Glue. — Powdered  chalk  added  to  common  glue  strengthens  it.  A 
glue  which  will  resist  the  action  of  water  is  made  by  boiling  1  lb.  of 
glue  in  2  qts.  of  skimmed  milk. 

Cheap  Waterproof  Glue. — Melt  common  glue  with  the  smallest 
possible  quantity  of  water;  add,  by  degrees,  hnseed  oD,  rendered 
drying  by  boiling  it  with  litharge.  "VVTiile  the  oil  is  being  added,  the 
ingredients  must  be  well  stuTed,  to  incoi-porate  them  thoroughly. 

Ftbk  ajtd  Waterproof  Glue. — Mix  a  handful  of  quick-ume  with 
4  oz,  of  linseed  oil ;  thoroughly  lixiviate  the  mixture;  boil  it  to  a  good 
thickness,  and  spread  it  on  thin  plates  in  the  shade :  it  will  become 
very  bird,  but  can  be  dissolved  over  a  fiie,  like  common  glue,  and  is 
then  fit  for  use. 

Prepared  Liquid  Glue. — ^Take  of  best  wliite  glue,  16  oz. ;  white- 
lead,  dry,  4  oz. ;  rain- water,  2  pts. ;  alcohol,  4  oz.  With  constant  stir- 
ring dissolve  the  glue  and  lead  in  the  water,  by  mean.s  of  a  water- 
bath.  Add  the  alcohol,  and  continue  the  heat  for  a  few  minutes. 
Lastly,  pour  into  bottles,  while  it  is  still  hot 

To  Make  Griabsto'es  from  Cojimox  Saxd. — River  sand  32  lbs. ; 
shellac,  10 parts;  powdered  gla.'^s,  2  parts;  melt  in  an  iron  pot,  and 
cast  into  moulds. 

PoLXSHma  Powder  for  Specula. — Precipitate  a  dilute  solution 
of  sulphate  of  iron  by  ammonia  in  excess ;  wash  tlie  precipitate ;  press 
it  in  a  screw  press  till  nearly  dry;  then  exjxjse  it  to  heat  until  it 
appears  of  a  dull  red  color  in  tlie  dark. 

On  Saw-Mills. — ^To  Get  the  Most  Lumber  from  S.a^w-Log8. 
— ^Experience  has  abimdantly  pioved  to  our  satisfaction  that  this  can 
be  done  only  bv  the  use  of  tlie  circular  saw.  Some  pnitie?  are  in 
favor  of  tlie  mulay  saw.  Human  ingenuity  baa  been  so  prolific  in  the 
invention  and  construction  of  this  kind  of  "machinery,  that  the  prin- 
cipal difficulty  with  the  intending  purcha^ser  seems  to  be  an  iuabiUty 
to  decide  whose  machine  is  really  the  best  Every  builder  or  inventor 
appears  to  claim  for  his  machine  such  a  perfect  constellation  of  Talu- 
able  features,  that  a  ceitain  amount  of  hesitation  in  coming  to  a  de- 
cision seems  to  be  inevitable.  In  the  stationary  form  of  saw  mill/?, 
the  saws  are  arranged  either  single  or  in  gangs.  Some  of  the  port- 
able kind  (circular  saw  luiU.-^)  have  an  npjier  saw  to  complete  the  cut  . 
made  but  partially  through  large  logs  by  the  lower  saw.  See 
dia|n^m.  By  the  single  movement  of  a  lever,  the  head-blocks  on 
which  the  log  rests,  are  simultaneously  moved  up,  moving  the  log  a 
distance  ne.irer  the  saw,  adequate  to  the  thickness  of  boai-d  desired, 
with  an  ovei-plus  the  width  of  the  cut  made  by  the  saw.  By  moving 
another  lever,  a  pinion  meshing  into  a  rack  l>eueftththe  log-carriage  ig 
made  to  impel  the  log  against  the  saw,  and  run  the  log  backwardts 
after  the  board  is  cut.  These  movements,  on  the  best  constructed 
machines,  are  made  with  surprising  velocity,  some  of  them  being  ac- 
credited with  having  cut  over  60,0(X)  feet  of  lumber  in  one  day. 


OLD   FASHIONED   J^ATT-MTLL,    *ff. 


The  performance  of  a  36  horse-power '  steam  engine  attached  to  a 
modern  saw-mill,  ia  equivalent  to  that  of  75  saw-pita  requiring  thje 
labor  of  150  men. 

Comparative  REsrr.rKNcrE  of  Various  Kinds  op  Timber,  Ash 
BEING  1,  Fir  A,  Elm  -54,  Pitch  Pine  '57,  Teak  -59,  Oak  63,  Spruce  64, 
YeUowPine  -64,  Cedar  66,  Chestnut  '73  I^rch  84,  Beech  86.  By  resi- 
lience ia  understood  the  quality  of  springing  back,  or  toughness. 

Percentage  of  Increase  in  Strength  of  Different  Woods 
BY  Seasoning.— White  pine,  9  per  cent..  Elm  123  per  cent.,  Oak  26  6 
per  cent.,  Ash  44-7  per  cent.  Beech  619  per  cent 

TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  WOODS,  SHOWING  THEIR 
.BREAKING  WEIGHT  FOR  A  THICKNESS  OF  ONE  INCH 
SQUARE  AND  ONE  FOOT  IN  LENGTH,  WITH  WEIGHT 
SUSPENDED  FROM  ONE    END. 


Breaking   Value 
weight,    for  use. 


LbB. 

Locust 295  80 

Hickory 250  65 

Oak,  live  American. . .  245  55 

"    white       "        ..230  BO 

"    African 208  BO 

Teak 206  60 

Maple 202 

Oak,  English,  best.  .  .188  45 

Ash  168  66 

Pine,  American 60  50 

Birch ICO  40 

Cbeatnat 160  B3 


Breaking  Value 
weight,    for  usbv 


Lbs. 

Oak,  Canadian 146 

"    live  American... 245 

"    English 140 

Deal  Christiana 137 

Pine  pitch 138 

Beech 13C 

Pine  whiteAmerican.130 

Elm 125 

Pine  Norway 123 

OakDantzic 122 

White  wooii 116 

Riga  Fir m 

Pine,  white 9t 


36 
GS 

« 

48 
32 
46 
SO 
40 


3D 


MACHINISTS,    EKGIKEERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 


89 


Occasionally  we  Ustea  to  a  great  deal  of  rant  regarding  the  beati* 
tades  of  "the  good  old  times,"  during  the  lives  of  our  forefathers. 
These  times  proved  very  disastrous  to  the  enterprising  Dutchman, 
who,  in  1663  started  the'  first  saw-mill  in  England,  which  he  was 
finally  obliged  to  abandon,  and  fly  to  save  his  life.  In  1767  another 
eaw-mill,  at  Lime-house,  near  London,  was  demolished  by  a  mob  of 
eawvers,  who  considered  that  their  business  would  be  ruin»d  to  a 
dead  certainty  if  things  were  allowed  to  go  on. 


MACHINISTS,    engineers',    &C.,   RECEIPTS,  91 

The  old  method  of  mimnfactnrins  lumber  and  dimensinn  stnff  by 
ripping  logs  lengthways  on  tlie  sawpit,  is  still  fresh  in  the  remem. 
bi-anoe  of  many.  One  man  moiuited  tV.e  log  end  pushed  the  saw 
downwards  and  pnlled  it  upwards,  a^isi.  tc  d  by  anotlior  man  in  the 
pit  below,  with  a  veil  over  hia  lace  to  keep  the  sawdust  out  of  his 
eves.  We  hail  with  gratitude  tlie  modei-n  irajirovements  which  en« 
able  us  to  dispense  with  every  such  form  of  labor. 

Having  tried  the  np  and  down  sa\r  and  the  circular  saw  also,  wo 
■would  agp.in  repeat  our  conviction  that  the  la^t  mentioned  is  tlie  best 
for  manufacturing  lumber,  andshould  aoiyperson  act  onthisexj^res-sion 
of  oi)inion,  let  them  in  tbe  fiivt  place  be  very  caret' id  to  get,  if  possible, 
tlie  best  machine,  brhig  it  to  the  mill,  and'  set  it  perfectly  level  and 
true.  "When  you  get  it  in  oiievntion,  gee  that  you  handle  it  carefully. 
If  you  have  been  used  to  ramiingtlie  up  and  down  saw  only,  you  will 
Boon  find  out  that  your  former  ejq-ierience  avails  almost  nothing  in 
themanagementof  tlie  rot:-. ry  machine;  but  when  you  get  the  hang 
of  nmning  it,  the  compensrition  in  the  way  of  convenience,  rapidity, 
and  quantity  of  work,  is  immense.  S'-ii^e' prefer  to  use  the  inserted 
tooth  saws,  and  will  ure  no  other.  They  seem  to  posscfs  many  ad- 
vantages, ai.d  are  entirely  safe.  A  late  invention  of  sprraduvj  the 
vpperpart  of  tlie  tooth  toicarv's  the  point  during  the  process  of  manu- 
facture, spreaduig  it  out  so  as  to  make  tlie  point  of  the  tooth  the 
thickest  part  of  the  circumference  of  the  saw,  enables  the  sawyer  to 
dL^-pense  in  a  great  measure  with  the  use  of  the  swage.  Those  insert- 
ed tooth  saws  which  do  not  possess  this  improvement  inurt  be  care- 
f  idly  swaged  and  filed  at  lea.st  twice  per  day,  and  .sometimes  as  often 
as  six  or  seven  times  per  day,  dependiug  upon  tlie  kind  of  lumber 
being  cut.  In  filing  or  swaging  the  saw,  be  careful  to  foiTn  the  point 
of  the  teeth  absolutely  square,  and  e'^en  across,  the  slightestdeviation 
from  jterJect  truth  in  tliis  resiiect  being  apt  to  cause  the  saw  to  iiin,  as 
'  it  is  termed,  or  vary  from  its  pro^^or  course  while  passing  through  the 
log.  Some  prefer  to  form  the  point  of  the  tooth  a  httle  hooking,  just 
enough  so  as  to  be  barely  perceptible,  and  in  swaging  to  use  tlmt  part 
cf  the  die  belonging  to  the  swage,  which  gr  os  the  toi.th  of  tlie  saw  a 
slightly  cun-ed  or  rainbow  form,  gomeiliiug  in  tliis  shape  r^,  or 
Frarcely  so  much  cun-ed.  One  sawyer  of  20  years'  experience  in 
running  machinery,  informed  us  that  he  nevev  did  better  or  more 
i-^jiid  work  with  his  millthan  wlien  he  kept  his  saw  exactly  right  on 
these  ii^opo/n/s  just  stated.  If  you  canmn  a  Ko.  7  gauge  saw  on 
your  mill,  the  loss  resultuig  from*  sawdust  will  be  veiy  slight,  and  as 
L'.rge  sawB  are  geueraHy  thicke.-t  at  tl^e  centre,  tapering  off  towards 
til e  circumference,  this  size  or  No.  6  will,  as  a  general  rule,  lie  found 
Eufficiently  strong  for  moFt  pur^y>se,«.  Make  suie  at  aU  times,  es- 
recially  during  frosty  weather,  that  the  dogs  have  a  secure  hold  of 
tlie  log  before  the  saw  enters  it.  It  is  only  a  few  days  ago  tiiat  a 
case  came  to  ray  knowledge  of  a  firm  near  Fredericlon,  N.B.,  havuig 
Bustauied  a  severe  loss  by  a  log  (insufficiently  secured  of  course) 
canting  over  on  the  saw  as  it  was  passing  tlirough  it.  The  effect  was 
to  break  oif  the  saw  from  the  mandril,  twist  off  the  nut  at  the  end 
near  the  saw,  and  break  away  the  two  iron  pins  used  fc>r  securing  the 
paw  in  the  collar,  causing  a  stoppage  of  the  mill,  and  the  consequent 
expense  of  repair  and  delay.  When  you  get  the  mill  in  operation,  see 
HuX  yoa  handle  it  carefully,  and  maintain  unceasing  watch^nesq 


92  ilACIlINISTS,    EXG^.EEES*,    iC,    RECEIPTS, 

over  it  -wTiCe  in  o7^?Tation.  Give  it  plenty  of  pcr^er ;  if  you  don't, 
yon  may  «.•>  we  J  that  np  ph.ip  at  once  ;  ^ood  attaulnnce.  and  with  a 
gfKid  mral'ijie,  tiie  }-tt(.-nd*Jiit--  v.ill  u«  t  have  mnih  tin'.e  to  j-ilay  thc/n- 
Eelves,  I  can  a^.-ure  yoa.  Keep  all  tlie  parts  well  oi>ed — that  hr,=  a 
great  d(ial  to  do  with  the  KmOk-lii  s'Jid  tuccex-^fal  lumiing  of  l;.a 
machine;  and  by  the  \'^;'y.  1  would  reiu?.rk  that  saw-milfi  are  ii  t 
the  only  tliin;;?  in  tlii.s  v.  rid  t]\;it  run  all  tlie  better  for  being  oile-L 
If  that  kin  J.  ]<)v:riL  ;:  i  t'e  and  a!Tectior.;!te  spirit  of  which  o«  iis  tiie 
Fynil>)l,  ))ervr,  ■■  i  •'...■  ;.;:::;  ;;.l  tho  mijidt?  of  onr  race,  and  for.riJ 
r3iiverpa;  expn--  •:;  inf.  cry  thought  word,  and  deed  during  our 
daily  iutercuiuve  witli  e;i<li  other,  it  wuidd  be  a  very  differci.t 
world  from  t.  iiat  it  in — better  fur  «)arselve5,  ;uid  better  for  our  neiuh- 
bors.  Let  Ui?  all  ifiTv  ■■'  ■'■  -  '  •■■'i.h  of  tlie  oil  biisiii"ss  as  extensively 
as  possible,  and  we  r  c  a  brotherhood  "  dwelling  together 

in  unity."    lu  ol■>^^•i  ;  cJciilatinns  reirarding  tlia  velocity 

of  saws,  berewltls  is  n  .;  .  i  reli.jlila  table  to  ser\"e  as  a  guide  ia 
ascertaining  the  l;ro;^r  ^.^^cA  fur  running  : — 

TABLE  or  SrE£I>  FOE  CtBCCLAB  SAWS. 

36  inches  in  diameter,  1000  revolutions  i>er  minats 


33      ..         ... 

950 

40      " 

900 

42      " 

870 

44      " 

8i0 

40      "                 " 

800 

4o       ■■' 

7  10 

:o     '■ 

7J5 

i  2      "                  " 

7->3 

:I     " 

C75 

r./j        «.                       «i 

G-iO 

f.8        " 

CJ5 

00      " 

C,K) 

C2      "                  " 

575 

(1       " 

zno 

Gil      " 

545 

G3      " 

530 

70      " 

515 

72      " 

5J0 

Ti      " 

i<5 

76-    "                 " 

475 

Shingle  machine  saws 

IWO 

Tlic  ranrci  of  iraprovement  in  tbe  maaufactureof  shinrrle  machines 
h'lsbeen  truly  wonder'ul,  and  ti-.ey  «:n  now  be  procured  from  the 
njaBufa-.-tarer  <>f  ;;i!'!.>?;t  anv  ca,  ticitv  and  uower,  at  very  reasonable 
rrte       r"^^  "  "liich  cut  o;i:  over  30,000 

rbiv  -.     Some  of  tliem  possess 

■vtiv  '  .m^eruas  to  o;x' rate  unless 

coutiuuui  :.::... i.i.i:  :.-,  n.^.^ti^'iiLl.  Uiie  gentlc-;i:.in  well  known  to 
the  writer.  A. r>  rii')T lied  for  life  by  having  his  hand  terribly  lacer- 
ated daring  an  iicriiarded  moment  by  one  of  these  machines.  As  a 
rule  the  less  geariu^j  and  tlie  more  simplicity  t^ere  is  about  the  m»< 


ILiCnrS'ISTS,   ENGI^'EEES',   AC,   EECEIPTS.  93 

ehanipm  of  a  sliingle  machine  ths  more  satisfaction  win  be  derived 
from  it. 

In  the  TnJinnfacture  of  ehin.eles,  ?s  t-cU  as  in  anythinpr  else,  it  is  the 
wisest  policy  to  use  the  best  materijils.  Get  good  rift,  free  from 
knots,  sand,  birk,  &c.,  and  you  ■will  inevitably  get  good  merchant- 
able stuff,  -with  less  waste  and  more  pleasure  every  way,  both  with 
the  macliincry  in  the  first  place,  and  t'e  satisfactory  state  of  yonr 
exchequer  in  the  lat^t.  It  id  all  t2\e  better  if  you  can  lay  in  a  good 
etock  one  year  ahead,  as  it  cuts  much  er.sier  when  properly  seasoned, 
to  saynothhig  of  tlie  sa\nng  in  weight  dnriug  transpcrtaMon.  In 
edging  shingles,  many  prefer  the  saw  to  tlie  revohing  knives,  as  it 
Guables  the'opcrator  In  mnnv  cases  toget  a  shingle  of  extra  quality 
by  trimming  a  poor  sliingle  •own,  and  selecting  the  best  part.  This 
can  be  done  by  a  smart  kind  with  nuii-vcilous  rapidity,  but  stiU,  to 
use  a  modem  phrase,  many  person?  can't  see  it,  and  so'tiiey  use  the 
knives,  giving  what  they  conceive  to  1  o  good  reasons  for  sodouig. 

Velocities  of  AVfiOD  Wokkixo  iLvirrs-EKY. — Circular  Sates  at 
periphery,  CCOO  to  7000  ft.  per  minute,  JJand  Saics,  ioOO  feet ;  Ganr/ 
^u^i-ft,  20  uK-h  stroke,  120  strrjlics  per  minute  ;  Scroll  Smos,  300 
etrokes  per  minute;  Planwfi  Machine  Cutters  at  periphery,  4000  to 
6000  feet.  Work  under  plaining  machine  l-20th  of  an  inch  for  each 
cut.  MoriMlng  Machine  Cutters,  ?ZX^O  to  4000  feet;  Sqvnring-vp 
Machine  Cutters,  7000  to  8000  feet;  Wood  Carring  Drills,  5000  revo- 
lutions; Machine  Avgcrs,  1^  in.  diam.,  9C0  revolutions;  ditto,  f  in. 
diam.,  1200  revolutions;  Gang  S<v.rs,  require  for  45  eu]>erficial  feet  of 
pine  per  hour,  1  horse-power.  Cir'^ilar  Sates  require  75  superficial 
feet  per  hour,  1  horse-jxiwer.  In  oak  or  hard  wood  f  ths  of  tli'e  above 
quantity  require  1  hoi?e-power;  Sharpening  Angles  of  Machine  Cutters. 
Adzing  soft  wood  across  the  grain,  £0°;  Pinning  Machines,  ordinary 
poftwcft^d.  35°;  Gauges  and  Ploughing  Machines,  ^0°;  IIardv:o6d 
Tool  Ci,  tiers,  b(P  to  £0°. 

Fii,i>'0  Satts. — The  grand  secret  of  putting  any  saw  in  the  best 
possible  order,  consists  in  filing  the  teeth  at  a  given  angle  to  cut 
rapidly,  and  of  a  uniform  length  .=o  that  tlio  points  wiU'aU  touch 
a  straight  edged  r:Tle  without  sho^ving  a  variation  of  the  hundredth 
part  of  an  inch.  Ec.-^ides  thLi,  there  should  be  just  set  enough  in  the 
teeth  to  cut  a  kerf  as  narrow  as  it  can  be  made,  and  at  the  same  time 
allow  the  blade  to  work  freely  without  pinching.  On  tlie  contrary, 
the  kerf  must  not  be  so  wide  as  to  permit  the  blade  to  rattle  whet  in 
motion.  The  very  jwints  of  the  teetli  do  the  cutting.  If  one  tooth 
is  a  twentieth  of  an  inch  longer  tlian  two  or  three  on  each  side  of  it, 
the  long  tooth  wiU  be  reqnired  to  do  so  much  more  cutting  than  it 
should,  that  the  sawing  cannot  be  done  well,  hence  the  saw  goes 
jumping  along,  workuig  hard  and  cutting  slowly;  if  one  tooth  is 
longer  than  those  on  either  side  of  it,  the  short' teeth  do  not  cut 
although  their  points  may  be  sharp.  T\iien  putting  a  cross-cut  saw 
in  order,  it  will  pay  well  to  dress  the  points  with  ail  old  file,  and  af- 
terwards _  sharpen  '  them  with  a  fine  whet-tone;  mnch  mechan- 
ic:il  skill  is  necessary  to  put  a  saw  in  prime  order;  one  careless  thrust 
with  a  file  ^vill  shorten  the  point  of  a  tooth  so  much  that  it  will  be 
utterly  useless,  so  far  as  cutting  is  coucerr.ed;  the  teeth  should  be 
set  vrith  much  care,  and  the  filing  done  with  the  greatest  accuracy. 
If  the  tQCth  are  uneven  at  the  ix)intd,  a  large  flat  file  should  be  secured 


94 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS. 


to  a  block  of  ^vood  in  such  a  manner  that  the  very  points  only  ma,f 
be  jointed,  so  that  the  cutting  edge  of  the  same  may  be  in  a  straight 
line,  or  circle,  if  it  is  a  circular  saw;  every  tooth  should  cut  a  little  a» 
the  saw  is  worked.  The  teeth  of  a  hand  saw  for  all  kinds  of  work 
should  be  filed  fleaming,  or  at  an  angle  on  the  front  edge,  while  the 
back  edges  may  be  filed  fleaming  or  square  across  the  blade.  The 
best  way  to  file  a  circular  saw  for  cutting  wood  across  the  grain,  is  to 
dress  every  fifth  tooth  square  across,  and  apart  one  twentieth  of  an 
inch  shorter  than  the  others,  which  should  be  filed  fleaming  at  an 
angle  of  about  forty  degrees. 

As  regards  such  saws  as  are  used  for  cutting  up  large  logs  iuto  lum- 
ber it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  have  them  filed  at  such  an  angle 
as  will  ensure  the  largest  amount  of  work  with  the  least  expenditure 
of  power.  The  following  diagrams  will  help  to  illustrate  our  mean- 
ing.   Fig.  1  shows  the  shape  of  teeth  which  nearly  all  experienced 


Fig.  1. 

mill-men  consider  as  that  standard  form  which  combines  the  greatest 
amount  of  strength  and  capacity  for  rapid  work,  with  the  minimum 
of  driving  power  while  doing  the  work. 

Figure  No.  2  represents  a  passable  form  of  teeth  which  are  capalila 
of  doing  a  good  deal  of  work,  but  their  great  weakness  lies  in  their 
Blender  points.  Look  out  for  "breakers"  wheu  teeth  of  thi* 
description  are  passing  through  dry  spruce  or  hemlock  knot*. 


FiQ.  2. 


MACHINISTS,    ENOmEEKS',    &C.,    RECEIPTS.  95 

Fig.  No.  3  Illastrates  the  appearance  of  one  of  those  Intolerable 
wood  raaps  which  are  altogetlier  too  common  in  saw-mills.  Only 
think  what  an  appalling  waste  of  valuable  power  la  required  to  dav* 
a  "jigger"  like  this  through  a  large  log! 


Fig.  3. 

Fig.  4,  at  a,  is  intended  to  show  Cie  method  of  ascertaining  th» 
pro7jer-angle.  that  of  sixty  degi-eea,  at  which  such  saws  should  ba 
fjled.  The  diagram  being  self-explanatory  requires  but  little  further 
elucidation  here.  A  quarter  circle  with  lines  radiating  from  the  centra 
towards  the  circumference  is  represented  near  the  verge  of  the  segment 
of  a  circular  saw.  The  lower  part  correspouds  with  the  level  of  the 
horizon,  and  the  higher  part  at  90°  corresponds  with  the  zenith  or 
meridian,  where  the  sun  appears  at  noon-day.  Exactly  half-way  up 
is  45°;  look  up  a  little  higher  and  you  will  fiiid  60°,  indicated  by  the 
radiating  line  which  runs  parallel  with  the  angle  of  the  tooth  of  the  saw 
and  this  is  the  guide  you  muet  follow  iu  filing.  The  same  rule  is  see," 
applied  to  a  straight  mill  saw  at  b. 

Many  good  authorities  contend  that  miU  saws  snould  in  no  ca«e  Do 
Bet  with  the  insti-ument  commonly  used  for  that  puri)03e,  but  that  in 
lieu  thereof  the  teeth  should  be"  spread  out  at  the  points  with  the 
Bwage  or  upset  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  jiermit  t^.e  body  of  the  saw  to 
operate  without  binding.  Both  instruments  require'  to  be  skilfully 
handled,  and  the  swage,  when  used  in  tliis  way,  has  proved  itself  equal 
to  every  emergency  without  the  risk  of  breaking  the  teeth.  It  would 
be  quite  safe  to  say  that  the  saw-set  should  only  be  nsed  on  saws  of 
this  description  with  the  most  extreme  caution  and  care.  Every  man- 
ufacturer, however,  has  his  own  opinion,  and  consequent  practice  on. 
the  subject,  some  contending  that  one  way  is  right  and  the  other  di- 
rectly the  revei-se. 

To'  Repaib  FK-vcTUREt)  CiRCTTLAR  Saws. — The  best  way  to  do 
this  is  to  drill  a  small  round  hole  at  the  termination  of  the  crack,  which 
effectually  prevents  its  further  extension.  I  have  seen  some  circular 
saws  very  neatly  repjxired  by  riveting  thin  clamps  to  each  side  of  tha 
fractiu'e.'both  clamps  and  rivets  bemg  countersunk  so  they  will  b« 
level  with  the  surface  of  the  saw,  and  placed  in  such  a  position  acrosa 
the  crack  as  to  impart  the  greatest  possible  strength  to  the  weakest  place. 

To  SIejtd  Broken  CROss-ctTx  Saws. — In  the  first  place  scarf  off 
tbe  brokeu  odges  iu  such  a  ma^uet  that  when  lapped  over  each  otha» 


96 


MACHimSTS,    ENGINEERS  ,    4C.,   RECEIPTS 


they  idll  be  abont  the  same  thickness  as  the  rest  of  the  plat©,  and 
rivet  them  together  loosely  with  iron  rivets  inserted  through  holea 
which  moat  be  punched  for  that  purpose  ;  the  ends  most  he  united 


wTth  gnat  aecuracy  bo  tliat  the  teeth.  &c.,  of  the  sa^v  may  rangfl 
truly.  Now  place  the  saw  in  the  fire,  then  a  tiux  of  powdered  borax 
and  sal  ammoniac  is  flowed  all  over  it  after  having  it  raised  to  the 
proper  heat.  See  page  270  for  preparing  and  using  the  composition, 
fiatom  the  saw  to  the  fixe  and  when  it  is  raised  to  the  proper  welding 


MACHIXISTS,   engineers',   AC.   RECEIPTS.  97 

heat,  place  it  on  the  ajSTil  and  nnit*  the  joint  as  rapidly  ag  possibl* 
with  liie  hammer  :  be  careful  ntt  to  heat  so  hot  as  to  injure  the  sted. 
When  the  job  is  ■well  done,  and  the  pait  properly  tempered,  it  will  be 
found  as  strong  as  the  re^^t  of  the  plute.  I  kuovr  one  blacksmith  in 
Canada  who  told  me  that  this  class  of  work  was  tlie  best  jiaying  part 
of  his  business. 

Quantity  a>t)  Cost  of  Supplies  for  Horses  a^td  LtTiBFRDfO 
Crews  ln  the  woods. — The  following  fignies  have  been  kindly 
furnished  for  this  work  by  the  obliging  manager  of  Messrs.  Gilmonr's 
mill  on  the  Gatinean,  near  Ottawa,  Cimadri,  and  are  mob-t  valuable  as 
affording  a  basis  for  calculatiug  tho  quantity  and  quality  of  the  sup- 
plies required  for  men  and  horses  engaged  m  tliis  branch  of  industry. 
These  c<^lculation3  are  the  result  of  long  exijerience  in  the  bnsiiiftfw, 
and  are  based  on  actual  consumption. 

Quantity  of  Oats  for  each  span  of  horses,  51  lbs.  per  day. 
Hay  "  "  40        '^ 


Flour  used  by  each  man 
Pork            ^ 

1.80 

1  22 

Beef             "           " 

0.83 

Beans          "           " 

0.33 

Fish 

0.13 

Onions         "           " 

0.13 

Potatoes      "           " 

0.47 

Total  daily  consumption  per  man  4.92 

Quantity  of  Tea  used  "  1^  lbs.  per  montii. 

The  diuly  allowance  of  oats  for  each  gpan  of  horses  may  appeal 
lar^e,  but  it  must  I  e  remembered  that  the  labor  is  extremely  severe, 
and  more  hay  will  be  required  if  any  part  of  the  oats  is  withheld.  On 
making  inquiry  with  reference  to  the  item  of  molasses,  so  largely 
used  by  our  lumbering  friends  in  New  Brunswick  and  Maine,  tho 
answer  "returned  was  tr.at  owing  to  the  heavy  cost  of  the  commodity, 
it  was  entirely  omitted  from  the  list  of  su})p]iea.  The  followin;^ 
exhibits  the  comparative  value  of  Mess  and  Piimc  Pork,  calculated 
from  actual  cooKumption  : — 


Mess  Fork  Prime  Mess. 

$26 $18  80 

25 18  08 

24. 17  35 

23. 16  62 

22 15  89 

21 15  16 

20 14  43 

19. 13  70 

18 12  97 


MiSS  Pork.  Prime  Mess. 

§17 S12  24 

16 11  51 

15 10  73 

14. 10  C5 

13 9^3 

12 8  59 

IL 786 

10 7  13 

9 6  40 


1  Barrel  Mess  averages  37  lbs.  grease,  6  lbs  bones,  when  cooked, 

1    "       Prime  Mesd       24        '"  13 

To  Me>i>  Broken  Saws. — Pure  silver,  19  parts  ;  pure  copper,  I 
part ;  pure  brass,  2  parts  ;  all  to  "be  filed  into  powder,  and  thor- 
oughly mixed  ;  place  the  saw  level  on  tlie  anvil,  broken  edges  in 
contact,  and  hold  them  so  ;  now  put  a  small  line  of  the  mixtuii 
along  the  seam,  covering  it  with  a  larger  bulk  of  powdered  char'. 
—   J 


98  MlCHiy/STS,   engineers',   AC,   RECETPTfl. 

coal  ;  now  with  a  spirit  lamp  and  a  jewellers*  blow-pipe  hold  tha 
coal  dust  In  place,  and  blow  eufficient  to  melt  the  solder  mixture  ; 
then  with  a  hammer  set  the  joint  smooth,  and  file  away  any  su- 
perfluous solder,  and  you  will  be  surprised  at  its  strength  ^  the 
neat  will  not  injure  tlie  temper  of  the  saw. 

Vblocitt  OF  WnEEr,.i,  PrrLtKYs,  Dbujis,  &c. — Wli en  wheels  are 
applied  to  communicate  motion  from  one  part  of  a  machine  to  an- 
other, their  teeth  act  alternately  on  each  other  ;  cout;equently,  it  one 
-wheel  contains  60  teeth,  and  another  20  teeth,  the  one  containing  20 
teeth  will  make  3  revolutions  wliile  the  other  makes  but  1 ;  ana  if 
drums  or  pulleys  are  taken  in  place  of  wheels,  tlie  ellect  will  be  the 
same  ;  because  their  circumferences,  dotscribiug  equal  spaces,  ren- 
der their  revolutions  unequal ;  flora  this  the  rule  is  derived  namely: — 

Multiply  the  velocity  of  the  driver  by  the  number  of  teeth  it  con- 
tains, and  di\ide  by  the  velocity  of  the  driven.  Tlie  quotient  will  be 
the  number  of  teeth  it  ought  to  contain  ;  or,  multiply  the  velocity 
of  tiie  driver  by  its  diameter,  ajid  divide  by  the  velocity  of  the 
driven. 

Example  1.  If  a  wheel  that  contains  75  teeth  makes  16  revolutions 
per  minute,  required  the  number  of  teeth  in  another,  to  work  into  and 
make  24  revolutions  iu  the  same  time.  According  to  rule,  you  mul- 
tiply 16  by  73,  and  divide  tlio  product,  which  is  1200,  by  24,  and  you 
have  the  answer,  50  teeth. 

Example  2.  Suppose  a  drum,  30  inches  in  diameter,  to  make  20 
revolutions  per  minute,  required  the  diameter  of  auotlicr  to  make  60 
revolutions  per  minute.  According  to  rule,  you  multiply  20  by  30, 
and  divide  the  product,  which  is  600,  by  60,  and  you  have  Ihe  answer, 
10  inches. 

Example  3.  A  wheel  64  inches  in  diameter,  and  making  42  revo- 
lutions per  minute,  is  to  give  motiou  to  a  shaft  at  the  rate  of  77  revo- 
lutions in  the  same  time  ;  find  the  diameter  of  a  wheel  suitable  for 
that  purpose.  According  to  rule,  multiply  42  by  &4,  and  di\'ide  the 
product,  which  is  268^,  by  77,  and  you  will  have  for  the  answer  35 
inches  nearly. 

77)2688(34  10-13 
231 

378 
308  70 

Example  4.  Suppose  a  pulley  32  inches  diameter  to  make  26  revo 
Intions  ;  find  the  diameter  of  another  to  make  12  revolutiona  in  the 
same  time. 

According  to  rule,  26  x  32  -^  12  =  60J— 

26  and  12)  832.    This  will  be  seen  to  be  G9J 

32  — — 

—  694-12=1 

832 

Example  5.  Find  the  number  of  revolutions  per  minute  made  by 
a  wheel  or  pulley  20  inches  In  diameter,  wlien  driven  by  another  48 
inches  iu  diameter,  and  making  45  revolutions  in  the  same  time.  Ac- 
cording to  rule,  48  x  45-^20  =  108.  That  is,  48  multiplied  by  45  = 
8160,  divided  by  20,  gives  the  answei,  1(^  revolutions. 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEERS',   AC,    RECEIPTS.  99 

Construction  of  Trussed  Roofs.— In  roofs  of  tlio  ordinary 
construction,  the  roof  coveruig  is  laid  upon  rafters  supported  by 
horizontal  purlins,  which  rest  on  upright  ti-usses  or  frames  of  timber, 
placed  on  the  walls  at  regular  distances  from  each  other.  Upon  tha 
framing  of  the  trusses  depends  the  stability  of  the  roof,  the  arrange-, 
nient  of  the  ratters  and  purlius  being  subordinate  matters  of  detaiL 
In  Trussed  Roofs,  exertimj  no  side  thrust  on  the  walls,  each  truss 
consists  essentially  of  a  pair  of  principal  rafters  or  principals,  and  a 
horizontal  tie  beam,  and  in  lar^^e  roois  these  are  coimected  and 
strengthened  by  king  and  queen  posts  and  struts.  (See  figs.  2.  and  3.) 
Fig.  1.  shows  a  very  giiuple  truss  in  -which  the  tie  is  above  the 
bottom  of  the  feet  of  the  principal,  wluch  is  often  done  in  small  roofs 
lor  the  sake  of  obtaining  height.  The  tie  in  this  case  is  called  a 
collar  beam.    The  leet  o£  botu  common  and  principal  rafters  rest  on 

a  wail  plate.  The  purlins  rest 
on  the  collar,  and  the  common 
rafters  but  against  a  rid^e  run- 
nh;g  along  the  top  of  the  roof. 
This  l\ind  of  truss  is  only  suited 
to  very  small  spans,  as  there  is 
a  cross  strain  on  that  part  of  the 
prhiciiial  below  the  collar,  which 
is  rendered  harmless  in  a  smaU 
epaa  by  the  extra  strength  of 
tlie  principal,  but  which  in  a 
large  one  would  be  -very  likely  to  throw  out  the  walls. 

In  roofs  of  larger  span  the  "tie  beam  is  placed  below  the  feet  of  tho 
principal,  which  are  tenoned  into  and  bolted  to  it.  To  b^ep  the  beam 
from  sar/ging,  or  bending  by  its  own  weight,  it  is  snfel^ndGd  fr-om 
the  head  of  the  principals  by' a  king  post  of  wood  or  iron.' '"The  lower 
part  of  the  kin"  post  affords  abutments  for  sturts  supporting  the 
principal  immediately  under  the  purlins,  so  that  no  ctoes  stxain  is 


eocerted  on  any  of  the  timbers  in  the  truss,  but  they  all  act  in  the 
direction  of  their  length,  the  principal  and  strute  being  subjected  to 
compression,  and  the  king  post  and  the  tie  beam  to  t^psiou.  Fig.  2 
ehows  a  sketch  of  a  king  ti'uss.  The  common  rafters" 'but  on  a  pole 
plate,  the  tie  beams  resting  either  on  a  contumous  plate,  or  on  short 
templates  of  wood  and  stone. 
Whsre  tho  span  is  considerable,  the  beam  is  supported  atadditiouM 


too 


MACHINISTS,    ENGrSIEERS',   AC,   EE<5eIPTS. 


Ddnte  t>y  suspension  nieces  called  qneen  posts  (%  3),  from  the  bot^ 
fam  of    wiueh  sprmV  additional^struteV  and,  by  ext^jag  ttS 


Fig.  a 

^^Sl^o""^  J«^«!Vam,  we  mi-ht  ccastruct  a  roof  of  any  span  were  it 
not  that  a  practical  limit  13  imposed  by  the  nature  of  the  materiaLi! 
^metmca  i-oofa  are  constructed  without  king  po/t.^ thrL^?^ 
.jgjj^ept  apart  by  a  straining  piec^    This  coiistru.-tion  is  sho4n  ia 


Kg.  4. 


65.  4,  which  phows  the  d^sirm  cf  the  old  roof  (now  destroyed)  of  the 
church  of  St.  Paul,  outside  the  walls,  at  Rome.  TlnstnLss  is  iaterc-it- 
in?  from  its  early  date,  havin<j  been  erected  about  4C0  years  a^o  : 
the  trusses  are  ia  pairs,  a  Idr.j^  j  ofl  being  keyed  in  between  es£lx 
ixxir  to  support  t':e  beams  in.  the  centre.  _ 

Of  late  years  iron  has  been  much  used  as  a~material  for  tlie  truF^est 
of  roofs,  the  tie  beams  and  suspendina:  pieces  being  formed  of  light 
rods,  and  the  principals  and  stmts  of  rolled  T  or  anjjle  iron,  to  whicli 
sockets  are  riveted  to  receive  the  )>ui'Iins. 

DuK.VBLE  I>-srLATiON  FOR  T,i.r.cTEJ.o  "WTpr,'<  — -Tj"  thc  ^rtres  tai 
iijien  cover  withjure  rubber. 


STRENGTH  OF  WOODS. 


101 


The  lollo wing  tabulated  form  shows  the  results  of  Mi.  Hodgkin- 
Bon's  eiperinients  on  the  cnishins;  strengths  of  differeut  woods  per 
square  inch  af  section.  The  samples  crushed  -were  short  cylinders  1 
inch  diameter,  and  2  inches  long,  flat  at  the  ends.  The  results  given 
in  the  first  column  are  those  obtained  when  tlie  wood  was  moderately 
dry.  The  samples  noted  in  the  second  column  were  kept  seasoning 
2  months  longer  than  the  first.  The  third  column  is  appended  by  the 
author,  to  illustrate  the  resilience  or  toughness  of  certain  woods. 


Kind  of  Wood. 

Crushing  strength  per 
square  inch  of  section. 

Length  in  feet  of  a  rod  1 
inch  square  that  would 
break  by  its  own  weight. 

Alder, 

6831  to    6960 

Ash, 

8683  to    9363 

42,080 

Bay, 

7518  to    7518 

Box, 

10300 

Beech, 

7733  to    7363 

38,940 

Birch, 

10300     • 

English  Birch, 

3297  to    6402 

Cedar, 

5674  to    5863 

TJpfil    rrhri^tin.'na 

55,500 

Red  Deal, 

5748'to'  '6586'" 

White  Deal, 

6781  to    7293 

Hornbeam, 

7300 

Elder, 

7451  to    9973 

Elm, 

7451  to  10331 

39,050 

Fir  (Memel), 
Fir  (Spruce), 

40,500 

""  '6499' to  "6819 

Larch, 

42160 

Mahogany, 

8198  to    8198 

Lignum  Vitae, 

9900 

Oak  (Quebec), 

4231  to    5982 

Oak  (Enslish), 

6484  to  10058 

36,900 

Pme  (Pitch), 

6790  to    6790 

Pine  (Red), 

5395  to    7518 

Poplar. 

3107  to    5142 

Plum  (Dry), 

8241  to  10493 

Svcamorc 

35,800 

Teak, 

"  * "  '8241  to  i2i6i' 

36,049 

Wahiut, 

6063  to    7227 

Willow, 

2898  to    6128 

It  was  also  foimd  that  in  pillars  of  the  same  dimensions,  but  of 
different  materials,  taking  the  strength  of  cast  iron  at  1.000,  tliat  ot 
wrouglit  iron  was  1,745,  cast  steel  2,518,  Dantzic  Oak  108.8,  and  Red 
Deal  78.5.  .    , 

Bea'ms  of  timber,  when  laid  with  their  concentric  layers  vertical, 
are  stroiisrer  than  when  laid  horizontal,  in  the  proix>rtion  of  8  to  7. 

AKii-FoULiyG  Composition  fob  Ships.— Melt,  mix  and  grind  to- 
gether into  an  impali>able  powder,  1  part  copper,  4  of  zinc,  and  1  ol 
tin  •  mx  thorouchlv  \Tith  red  lead  orTorbay  mineral  red.  and  ap- 
ply to  the  ship's  bottom.  (See  "Marine  Paint  for  Metals  in  Salt 
Water,"  imder  Painters'  Deimrtment) 


102  TONNAGE    OF   SHIPS. 

MeAStTBEMEST  AND  CALCULATIONS  OF  THE  TO^•^A<lE  CtV  VEMBia 

AXD  Ships  of  the  Unitkd  States,  trNDEB  the  Act  of  Coxobbss 
OF  May  6,  1864, 

The  tonnage  deck,  in  vessels  having  3  or  more  dPcVB  to  tlie  hull,  shftL 
be  Oie  second  deck  from  hf.low,  in  all  other  cases  the  upper  deck  of  the  hull 
is  to  be  the  tonnaeo-deck.  The  length  from  the  forepart  of  the  ou,teir 
planking,  on  the  side  of  t lie  stem,  to  the  aflvr  part  of  the  main  xfern post  qf 
aereio  steamers,  and  to  the  after  part  of  the  rwlder-poxt  of  all  other  vessels, 
measured  on  the  top  of  tlie  tonnage  deck,  shall  be  accounted  the  vessel's 
length.  The  breadth  of  the  broadest  part  on  the  outside  of  the  vessel  is  ac- 
eounted  the  vessel's  breadth  o£  beam.  A  tneasure  from  the  under  side  of 
tonnage  deck  plank,  amidships,  to  tlie  ceiling  of  the  hold  (average  thick- 
ness), shall  be  accounted  the  depth  of  hold.  If  the  vessel  has  a  third 
deck,  then  the  height  from  the  top  of  the  tonnage  deck  plank  to  the  under 
Bide  of  the  upper  deck  plaiik  shall  be  accounted  as  the  height  under  the 
•par-deck.  All  measurements  to  be  taken  in  feet  and  fractions  of  feet ; 
and  all  fractions  of  feet  shall  be  expressed  in  decimals.  The  Reqister  ton- 
nage of  a  vessel  is  her  entire  internal  cubical  capacity  in  tons  of  1(K)  cubic 
feet  each,  to  be  determin-jd  as  follows  :  Lengths.  Mea.sure  the  length  of 
the  vessel  in  a  straight  line  along  the  upper  side  of  the  tonnage  deck  from 
the  inside  of  the  Inner  plank  (average  thickness)  at  tlie  side' of  the  stem 
to  the  inside  of  the  plank  on  the  stern  timbers  (average  thickness),  de- 
ducting from  this  length  what  is  due  to  the  i-ake  of  the  bow  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  deck,  and  what  is  due  to  t!ie  rake  of  the  stern  timber  in  one- 
third  of  the  round  of  the  beam  ;  divide  the  length  so  taken  into  tlie  uum- 
■  ber  of  equal  parts  required  by  the  foUo\nug  table,  according  to  the  class 
in  such  table  to  which  the  vessel  belongs: 

Table  of  Classes. 
ClasB  1.    Vessels  of  which  the  tonnage  length  accor'ling  to  the  abor* 
measurement  is  50  feet  or  under,  into  6  eqiial  parts. 

2.  Over  50  feet  and  not  over  100,  feet  into  8  equal  parts. 

3.  Over  100  feet  and  not  over  l.")0  feet,  into  10  equal  parts. 

4.  Over  150  feet  and  not  over  200 feet,  into  12  equal  parts. 

5.  Over  200  feet  and  not  over  250  feet,  into  14  equal  parts. 

6.  Over  250  feet,  into  16  equal  parts. 

The  extent  of  the  areas  is  found  by  measurement  and  calculation,  and 
if  there  be  a  break  or  poop  or  any  other  permanent  closed  in  space  on  the 
upper  decks,  or  on  the  spar  deck",  available  for  cargo,  or  stores,  or  for  the 
berthing  or  accomodation  of  passengers  or  crew,  the  tonnage  of  such 
space  shall  be  computeil.  If  a  vessel  has  a  third  deck,  or  spar  deck,  the 
tonnage  between  it  and  the  tonnage  deck  is  also  computed. 

In  ascertaining  the  tonnage  of  open  vessels,  the  upper  edge  of  the  upper 
Btrake  is  to  form  the  boundary  line  of  measurement,  and  the  depth  shall 
be  taken  from  an  athwart  shipline.  extending  from  the  upper  edge  of  said 
Btrake  at  each  division  of  the  length. 

Ibe  register  of  the  vessel  must  express  the  number  of  the  decks,  the 
tonnage  under  the  tonnage  deck,  that  of  the  between  decks,  above  the 
tomiage  deck  ;  also  that  of  the  poop  or  other  enclosed  spaces  above  the 
deck,  each  separately.  In  every  registered  U.  S.  ship  or  vessel  the  num- 
ber denoting  the  total  registered  tonnage  shall  be  deeply  carved  or  other- 
wise permauently  marked  on  her  main  beam,  and  shall  be  so  continued, 
and  if  at  any  time  cease  to  be  so  continued  such  vessel  shall  no  longer  be 
recognized  as  a  registered  U.  S.  vessel. 

By  a  subaequent  Act,  approved  Feby.  28, 1865,  the  preceding  Act  was  s« 
oonstmed  that  "  no  part  of  any  ship  or  vessel  shall  be  admeasured  or  reg' 
Istered  for  tounage  that  is  used  for  cabins  or  state-rooms,  and  construct- 
ed entirely  above  the  first  deck  which  is  not  a  deck  to  the  hull." 

Carpenters'  Measttkejient  for  a  Single-Deck  Vessel.— iJu/«. 
Uultiply  the  length  of  keel,  the  breadth  of  beam  and  the  depth  of  hoJ4 
kogether,  and  divide  b9  95> 


TONNAGE   OF  SHIPS.  103 

^OE  A  DotTBLE  DECK  VESSEL.— Km?«.   Multiply  as  aboTC,  taking  haH 
the  breadth  of  be&m  for  the  depth  of  the  hold,  and  divide  by  95. 
British  Measurement. 

The  British  mode  for  measuxitifr  vessels,  anthorized  by  Act  of  Pari!* 
neiit  in  1854,  has  been  substantially  copied  into  the  above  noted  Act  tc 
regulate  the  admeasurement  of  tonnage  in  the  United  States,  the  mair 
difference  being  a  reduced  number  of  areaa  or  eectious  by  the  British 
method,  which  stands  as  follows. 

1.  Vessels  of  which  the  tonnage  length  is  50  feet  or  under  are  divide^f 
Into  4  equal  parts. 

2.  Over  50  and  not  over  120  feet,  into  6     "        " 
S.      "      120  "     "       "      180    •'        "  8     "         " 

4.  "      180  "    "       "     225    "        "  10    "  " 

5.  "     225  ft.  into  12   "         " 
Divide  the  length  of  the  upper  deck  between  the  after  part  of  the  stem 

and  the  forepart  of  the  stem-post  into  0  equal  parts,  and  note  the  fore- 
most, middle,  and  aftermost  points  of  di\asion.  INIeasure  the  depths  at 
these  throe  points  in  feet  and  tenths  of  a  foot,  also  the  depths  from  the 
under  side  of  the  upper  deck  to  the  ceiUng  at  the  timber  straJce  ;  or,  in 
case  of  a  break  in  the  upper  deck,  from  a  Tine  stretched  in  c^jatinuation 
of  the  deck.  For  the  breadth,  divide  each  depth  into  5  equal  parts,  and 
measure  the  inside  breadtlis  at  the  follo^ving  points,  viz. :  at  2  and  8  from 
the  upper  deck  of  the  foremost  and  aftermost  depths,  and  at  4  and  8  from 
the  upper  deck  of  the  midship  depth.  Take  the  length,  at  half  the  mid- 
ship depth,  from  the  afterpart  of  stem  to  the  forepart  of  the  stem-post. 
Then,  to  twice  the  midship  depth,  add  the  foremost  and  aftermost  depths 
for  the  stum  at  the  depths ;  and  add  together  the  foremost  upper  and 
lower  breadths,  3  times  the  upper  breadth  with  the  lower  breadth  at  the 
midship,  and  the  upper,  and  twice  the  lower  breadth  at  the  after  division 
for  stim  of  the  breadths. 

Multiply  together  the  sum  of  the  depths,  the  sum  of  the  breadths,  and 
the  length,  and  divide  the  product  by  3500,  which  will  g^ive  the  number  of 
tons  or  rerfster.  K  the  vessel  has  a  poop  or  half  deck,  or  a  break  in  the 
upper  deck,  measure  the  inside  mean  length,  breadth  and  height  of 
Buch  part  thereof  as  may  be  included  within  the  bulkhead ;  multiply  these 
three  measurements  together,  and  divide  the  product  by  92.4.  The  quotient 
will  be  the  number  of  tons  to  be  added  to  the  result,  as  above  ascertained. 

For  Open  Vessels. — The  depths  are  to  be  taken  from  the  upper  edge  o  i! 
the  lower  strake. 

For  Steam  Vessels.— The  tonnage  due  to  the  engine  room  is  deducted 
from  the  total  tonnage  computed  by  the  above  rule. 

To  determine  this,  measure  the  inside  length  of  the  engine-room  from 
the  foremost  to  the  aftermost  bulkhead  ;  then  multiply  this  length  by  the 
midship  depth  of  the  vessel  and  the  product  by  the  inside  midship 
breadth  at  .4  of  the  depth  from  the  deck,  and  divide  the  final  product  by 
92-4. 

Self-Acting  Nautical  Pump. — Captain  Leslie,  in  a  voyage  from 
North  America  to  Stockholm,  adopted  an  excellent  mode  of  empty- 
ing water  from  his  ship's  hold  when  the  crew  were  disabled  from 
performing  that  duty.  About  ten  or  twelve  feet  above  the  pump,  he 
ri^ed  out  a  spar,  one  end  of  which  projected  overboard,  whUe  the 
offier  was  fastened  as  a  lever  to  the  machinery  of  the  pump.  To  the 
end  which  projected  overboard  was  suspended  a  water-butt  half  full, 
but  corked  dov:'n,  so  that  when  the  coming  wave  raised  the  water- 
butt,  the  other  end  depressed  the  piston  of  the  pump  ;  but,  at  the 
retiring  of  the  wave,  this  was  reversed  ;  for,  by  the  weight  of  the 
butt,  the  piston  ojime  up  again,  and  with  it  the  water.  Thus,  without 
the  aid  of  the  cxew,  the  ship's  hold  was  cleared  of  w  iter  in  a  few  houxik 


10* 


ENGLISH  FREIGHT  TABLK. 

GOODS  PROPORTIONED  IN  STOWAGE. 

ffce  following  Table  Is  from"  Harrison's  FrHghfrra'  Guule,"  Loidoa 
Edition,  18-18.  The  let  column  shows  the  Quantities,  In  Numbers  and 
Decimal  parW  ;  the  '2d  column  the  character,  or  kind  of  Goods ;  the 
3d  column  the  Gross  Weight  of  the  Goods  in  Tons  :tnd  Decimal  pam 
of  a  ton  ;  and  tlie  4th  column  the  number  of  Cubic  Feot  required  far 
Stowing  the  same.    [850  Vul'ic  Feet  ec/ual  21.2  Tons,  or  I  Keel.] 


Qnantities  in 

Numbers  & 

Decimals. 


•97. 

88. 

106. 

108. 

114. 

Vi5. 

10. 

9.107 

7.760 

e.8:i5 

4.444 
6.257 
7.2727 

17. 

17. 

17. 

17. 

17. 

17. 

14.923 

M515 

4.8.57 

1.275 

i.ano 

1.200 
0.M0 

0.706 

1.054 

3.886 


8. 
12. 

le. 


Articles  of  Freight. 


Quarters  of  ^\Tieat,  61.2  lbs.  per  Bushel,  equal 
do.  Tares,  Beans,  &  Peas  63       do.  do 

do.  Rye, 67       do.  do, 

do.  Seed, 62       do.  do- 
do. Barley, 62       do.  do 

do.  Oats, 37       do.  do 

Tons  Clean  Hemp  and  Flax, do. 

do.  Outshot       do.         do do. 

do.  Half-clean  do.         do do' 

do.  Cedilla        do.         do do. 

do.  Wool, do. 

do.  Wool,  fompressed, do. 

do.  Dried  Skins, do 

do.  Tallow, 

do.  Ashes, J  do 

do.  Hides  (Salted) 

Loads  of  Timber  (Baltic  square*!  Fir),... 

do.  do       '  (N.  American  do.) J  do 

do.  do         (Birch  do-), ) 

do.  Masts  (round) do. 

Pieces.  Ft.  In.  In. 
Stand.  Hnnd.  Deals,  120  12  11  V/~ 
do.  do    Battens,      120       12      7    214 

Mille  Baltic  Staves  reduced .' . 

Viz.  1200  pieces,  66  in.  long  by  V/^  thick, 

do.  Odessa  do.       do 

do.  Quebec  do.        do 

do.  Baltic  Staves  rough 

1200  pieci'S  72  inches  by  ^/^ 

do.  Odessa       do-         do 

1200  pieces  76  inches  by  3*4 

do.  Quebec  do.    do 

1200  pieces  66  incites  by  2% 

West  India       do.     do 

1200  pu-cex  42  inches  by  ly^ 

Casks  Pol  and  Pearl  Ashes .'  do. 

Tons  Bones  (calcined),  in  Bulk, do. 

do.       do.      (manure,  (^-c),  do do. 

do.        do.      (best  quality),  do do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 


do- 


Tons 
Weight 


21.2 

20. 

21. 

20. 

21. 

16.5 

10. 

9.107 
7.76 
6-825 
4.444 
6.257 
7.2727 

17. 

18.5 
13.6 
22. 
17-5 

17. 
17.75 


15.25 


16. 


Cub. 
Feet 


860 
do 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 

do- 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 


do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


♦  Wheat  is  the  standard,  8  imperial  bushels  of  Wheat  equal  1  Quartav 
And  1  English  Quarter  equal  8V4  United  States  bushel.  ■»       •«• 

t  The  Staves  average  0  iuchoa  in  breadth. 


105 


ENGLISH  FREIGHT  TABLE. 


Artialea  of  Freight 


Tom 
"Weight 


aM4 

109 
100. 
100. 
136. 
140. 
160. 

8.333 

9.166 
4.75 


9.T 
6. 
17. 
20. 
40. 
230. 
17. 
17. 

8. 

4.000 

10. 
8. 
110. 
106. 
120. 
630. 
180. 
144. 

20. 

90. 
120. 

16. 

21. 
150. 

40. 

60. 

60. 
100. 


do. 


MO. 


Tons  Mats  of  400  pieces  (Archangel),  equal 

BiUTel^  Tar do do. 

do.       Pitch do do 

do.       Tar (Stockholm),  do 

do.       Tar  and  Rosin (American),  do, 

do.       Flour  220  lbs.  each (190  nett),    do 

Sacks         do.    280       do do 

ON  COTTON. 

Tons  New  Orleans  and  Mobile,  all  ccan- 
pressed, 

do.  Dest  carrying  ships,  do do. 

do.  Charleston  and  Savannah,  not  com- 1  ^ 

pressed, f 

do.  Pernambueo and  MaranhamJl^^Ves-  ] 
sels  from    these    ports  generally  stow  1  ^ 
10  per  cent,  more  than  Vj  the  register  ton-  j 
nage,  part  compressed,  say  7  tons  as  above  J 

do.    Alexandria,  all  compressed do- 
do,         do,            not  compressed, do. 

Hogsheads  Tobacco do. 

do.    Sugar  16%  cwt.  average, do. 

Tierces  CofEee,  7  cwt.       do do. 

do.  IVi  cwt.       do do. 

Tuns  of  Oil  of  252  gals,  each, do. 

do.  "Wine,  Brandy,  or  any  other  Spirit  \    j, 
reckoning  the  full  gauge  of  the  Casks,       l    ^  ' 
Tons  Oranges  and'  Lemons  of  10  Chest  \    • 
or  20  Boxes  per  Ton )    ""• 

do.  (;ork,  (Faro), do. 

do.  Bark,  (Tree) do. 

do.    do.    (Coppice) do. 

Tierces  Beef,  3  cwt.  each, do. 

Barrels  Pork,  2  cwt.  each, do. 

Bags  Bread,  1  cwt.  each, do. 

Firkins  Butter,  70  lbs.  each, do. 

Barrels  Red  Herrings, do. 

do.      "White   do do. 

Hogsheads  Copperas, do. 

do.    Lamp  Black, do. 

Bags  do do. 

Tons  Soda  &  other  Alkalies,  in  Casks, do. 

do.       do.    in  Bulk, do. 

Carboy,  Oil  "Vitriol do. 

Crates  Glass,  18  Tables, do. 

do.       do.    15      do do. 

Crates  Glass,  12  Tables, do. 

Gross  of  Bottles  =  6  per  GaUon  =  19  lbs. 

"Weight  per  dozen,  in  Bulk,  (Glass), 


8.5 
16. 
20. 
16. 
17. 
13.75 
20. 

8.333 
9.166 
4.75 


9.7 

5. 
10. 
16.5 
14. 
17.25 
18.5 

20. 


do. 


do.  %  Bottles  =  12  per  Gallon  =»  11  lbs. )    ,. 
>      weight  per  Dozen,  in  Bulk, J  '^°- 


4.5 
10. 

8. 

16.5 
15.5 

6. 

16.5 
11. 
21.5 
17. 

7. 

e. 

16. 
21. 

8. 

4.5 

5. 

6.5 
10. 

11.76 


106 

ENGLISH  FREIGHT  TABLE. 


Qa»ntitiee  in 
Humber*  & 


80. 
98. 

22. 
16. 

TOOO. 
8000. 

26. 

17. 

20. 

21. 
300. 
•    8. 


ArticlM  of  Freight. 


CrxB,  Bottles  (Glass)  lost  cnbic  ft.  each,  equal 

do.  Earthenware,  small  size do. 

do.  do.  mixed  eorts  or  middling  8iz«,.do. 

do.  do.  largest  size, do. 

Fire  Bricks In  Bulk,      «4 

Comnion  do.,  also  Tiles do.       do. 

Chaldrons  Grindstones do.  hi 

Tons  PotiK)e9,. ." do.        do. 

do.    Oil  Cake, do.       do. 

do.    Slates, do.       ^ 

Pigs  of  Lea<i do.       ig 

■Wasons  of  Coal,  53  cwt.  each do.        do. 


Tona    C-a.\y 
Weight,  Fee* 


8W 
do. 
do. 
da 
638 
do. 
42? 
do. 
do. 
5CT 
283 
850 


•  The  Contents  of  each  Wa^on  of  Coals  is  126  Cubic  Feet,  8  Wagons  1008 
Feet,  but  when  stowed  in  bulk  on  board  a  ship,  from  the  sprea-iing  out 
and  pressure,  become  closer  packed,  and  are'  proved,  from  practice,  to 
■tow  in  the  space  of  So-i  Cubic  Feet. 

SOTE.  —As  wheal  is  the  standard  equally  for  weight  and  me.«urement. 
It  wUl  be  necessary  to  explain  how  it  is  so.  The  imperial  corn  bushel  is 
2218.132  cubic  inclTes  :  this  multiplied  br  7TG  (the  namber  of  bushels  in  97 
qrs,  of  wheat),  and  divided  by  17i*  (the  cubic  inch-*  in  one  fix>t\  giv  es 
996 cubic  feet ;  bur,  when  stowed  in  balk  on  board  a  ship,  is  re<iaceti  in 
measurement  nearly  15  per  cent.,  viz.,  to  M<)  cubic  feet  ;  1st,  about  8  per 
cent,  by  the  ship  stowing  it  in  ^pace3  where  no  measurement  goods  can  be 
stowed,  and  the  immense  pressure  on  the  lower  parts  of  the  ca^o  ;  and 
2d,  about  7  per  cent,  deference  between  the  bushel  N»ine  fillea  La  the 
customary  way,  and  what  it  can  be  made  actually  to  hold ;  this,  by  sev- 
eral trials"  of  wheat.  CI  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  areraze  nearly  "  pints,  or  5-»>lth3, 
making,  in  aU,  about  15  per  cent,  as  above.  This  seeming  para<iox.  which 
I  have  taken  some  pains  to  clear  up,  although  well  known  to  exist  in 
practice,  by  me  and  every  one  acquainted  with  the  stowage  of  goods, 
applies  to  eVerv  sort  of  grain,  and  in  fact,  to  every  thing  in  bulk.  acix>riling 
to  its  weight  and  elasticity  ;  and  sr  qrs.  of  wheat,  is  equal  to  8.50  cubic  feet 

TREENAILS.— 5S?3  pieces  of  9  inches  eqaal  1  load  of  timber  ;  4/>00  do. 
K\  do.  do.;  .3200  do.  15  do.  do. ;  2363  do.  do.  U  do.  do.  ;  2:iS.5  do.  21  do.  do,; 
JOOOdo.  24  do.  do.  ;  1777  do.  27  do.  do.;  leiW  do.  30  do.  do.  ;  1151  do.  3.3  do 
do,  ;  iy«  do.  36  do.  d.>.:  1142  do.  42  do.  do. 

FIR  AST)  OAK  PLANK,— 1200  pieces  of  li inch  equal  I  load  of  timberj 
800  do-  1  do.  d  •.  ;  4»J  do.  lU  d  ■.  do.;  3<W  do.  2  do.  do.  ;  24<J  do.  24  do.  do.; 
aOO  do.  3  do.  do.  ;  150  do.  4  do.  do.  ;  12rt  do.  5  do.  <io.  :  100  do.  6  do.  do. 

Fkeight  Table. — The  foregoing  Table  gives  about  100  diiferent  d*- 
acriptious  of  goods.  pror>ortio:ied  in  .'^towage. 

Kt'LE.— If  97  Quarters  of  wheat  equal  a  keel  (21.2  tons  or  8-50  cubic  ft.) 
then  how  many  qoartere  of  B  ir  ey,or  how  many  tons  of  Hemp,  Wool,  or 
Cotton,  or  barrels  of  Floiir  can  be'stowt".!  in  a  vessel  whose  carrying  cap». 
eitv  Is  2&4  tons  ? 

Example,— 2^  tons  multiplied  by  40  ithe  number  of  cubic  feet  in  a  ton) 
equals  11.760  cubic  feet,  which  diri-hd  by  tiSO  and  the  quotient  multipliid 
by  140  'the  numi^er  of  barrels  which  can  be  stowed  in  850  cubic  feet,  ai 
■tate<i  in  the  tabled  gives  1936  barrels  of  Flour,  as  the  (juantity  which  sack 
reebel  can  cArry* 


LIGHTNING   CALCUtJLTOB. 


107 


UGHTmXG  CALCULATOR  FOR  MERCHA.NTS,  SEAMEN,  CON^ 
TRACTORS,  &c. ,  Showing  the  Solid  CoNTEifTS  or  Cubic  Fbet  of  Timber, 
Stones,  Boxes,  Bales,  Barrels,  Casks,  Hogsheada,  &c.,  according  to  theix 
several  lengths,  breadths  ajid  thicknesses.  Condensed  from  BlurU's  Ex- 
peditious Measurer. 

Example.— Required  the  cubic  contents  at.  a  Box,  Stone,  Bale  ot 
Package,  6  feet  long,  36  ins.  thick  or  deep,  and  46  ins-  broad ;  turn  to  3< 
inches  thick,  among  the  running  titles  over  the  tables,  and  opposite  6  ft 
and  under  46  ins.  ^indicated  by  B,  denoting  breadth),  you  will  hud  theanr 
■wer  69,  the  number  of  cubic  feet. 

If  there  should  be  a  package  exceeding  the  extent  of  th«  tables  in  length, 
breadth  or  thickness,  its  solid  contents  may,  however,  eaaily  be  found  by 
halving  the  dimension  so  exceeding,  and  doubling  the  solid  content ;  or, 
double  any  suitable  number,  add  any  two  together,  or  subtract,  as  may  be 
required.  ,    ,     . 

Sizes  in  feet  and  inches  may  be  determined  by  applying  the  scale  for  in- 
ches under  each  table,  adding  or  deducting  as  may  be  required. 

In  measuring  casks  and  hogsheads,  it  is  customary  to  deduct  one-fifth  on 
account  of  the  bulge.  Thus  supposing  the  square  or  solid  contents  of 
a  cask  should  be  bythe  table  20  cubic  ft., the  5th  oil  would  leave  it  but  18ft. 


Lenathi 

■aaKia 

5  tnclies  Thick,— 

157— 

/t. 

in. 

5  B| 
0    2 

6B| 
0    3 

7  B    8  B  1  9  JJ 
0    3    0    3    0    4 

10  B 
0    4 

11  B 

12  B 

13  B 

14  B 

15  B 

1 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

2 

_ 

0    4 

0    5 

0    6 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

0     9 

0  10 

0  11 

1    0 

1    1 

,S 

_ 

0    6 

0    8 

0    9 

0  10 

0  11 

1     1 

1     2 

1    3 

1    4 

1    6 

1    7 

4 



0    8 

0  10 

1    0 

1     1 

1    3 

1     5 

1     6 

1    8 

1  10 

1  11 

2    1 

5 

_ 

0  10 

1     1 

1    3 

1    5 

1    7 

1     9 

1  11 

2    1 

2    3 

2    5 

2    7 

6 

— 

1     1 

1    3 

1    6 

1    8 

1  11 

2     1 

2    4 

2    6 

2    9 

2  11 

3    2 

. 

1 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0     0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 



2 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 



3 

0    1 

0     1 

0     1 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

0     1 

0     1 

0    1 

0     1 

0    1 

— 

6 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    2    0    21 

0    2 

0     2 

0     3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    4 

Eength 

.._ 

6  Inches  Thi 

TTa 

y 

ft- 

tre. 

6B 

7B 

8B|  9B 

10  B 

11  B 

12  B 

13  B 

14  B 

15  B 

16  B 

1 



0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    5 

0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

2 



0    6 

0    7 

0    ». 

0    9 

0  10 

0  11 

1     0 

1    1 

1    2 

1    3 

1    4 

3 



0    9 

0  11 

1    0 

1    2 

1    3 

1    5 

1     6 

1    8 

1     9 

1  11 

2    0 

4 

_ 

1    0 

1    2 

1    4 

1    6 

1     8 

1  10 

2    0 

2    2 

2    4 

2    6 

2    8 

5 



1    3 

1     6 

I    8 

1  11 

2     1 

2    4 

2    6 

2    9 

2  11 

3    2 

3    4 

6 

1 

1    6 

1    9 

2    0 

2    3    2    6 

2     9 

3     0 

3    3 

3    6 

3    9 

4    0 



0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0    0    0 

0     0 

0     1 

0     1 

0     1 

0    1 

1    0 

2 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    10     1 

0     1 

0     1 

0     1 

0     1 

0    1 

1    0 



3 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    10     1 

0     1 

0     2 

0     2 

0    2 

0    2 

2    0 

— 

6 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2    0     3 

0     3 

0     3 

0     3 

0    4 

0    4 

4    0 

tengthj 

7  Inches 

>^Vcr 

-t'y" 

ft. 

m. 

7B 

8B 

9B 

10  B 

11  B 

12  B 

13  B 

14  B 

15  B 

16  B 

17  B 

1 



0    4 

0    5 

0    5 

0     6 

0    fi 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

0    9 

0    9 

0    9 

•z 

— 

0    8 

0    S 

0  11 

1     ( 

1    1 

1     2 

1     2 

1    4 

1    6 

1     7 

1    8 

3 

— 

1    « 

1    2 

1    A 

1     6 

1   ■; 

1     f 

1  11 

2    1 

2    2 

2    4 

2    « 

4 

— 

1    4 

1    7 

1     ( 

1  11 

2    2 

2    4 

2    € 

2    9 

2  11 

3    1 

3    4 

6 

— 

1    i 

1  11 

2    2 

2    fi 

2    8 

2  11 

3    2 

3    5 

3    8 

3  11 

4    2 

« 

— 

2    1 

2    4 

2    8 

2  11 

3    3 

3    6 

3  10 

4    1 

4    6 

4    8 

5    0 

_ 

1 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    0 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

1    0 

— 

2 

0    ] 

0    ] 

0    J 

0     ] 

0    ] 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    2 

0    2 

— 

3 

0    ] 

0    ] 

0   : 

0    ] 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    3 

•n 

6 

0    2 

0    2 

0    31  0    S>  0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

0    6 

0    9 

0    5 

lOS 


LIGHTNINa    CALCULATOK. 


ft.  in.    |8B     »)B   lOB   llB   12B   13B  I  14B  I  15B  ■   16B     17  B     18  B 


0    5 

0  11 

1  4 

1  9 

2  3 
2    8 


0  T   0 

1  i!  1 
1 

3 
9 


0 

1 

8|  1  10    2 

3    2     6    2 

yj  3     l'  3 
4'  3     8'  4 


0  9 

1  5 

2  2 

2  11 

3  T 

4  4 


0  9 

1  7 

2  4 

3  1 

3  11 

4  8 


0  0    0  l{  0  1|  0 

0  10  1)  0  l!  0 

0  10  2|  0  20 

0  31  0  3i  0  30 


10 

1  0 

2  0 


4l  0    4    0    4 


0  1 
0  1 
0    2 


0  1 

0  2 

0  2 

0  5 


0  10 

1  8 

2  6 

3  4 

4  2 

5  0 


0  11 

1  9 

2  8 

3  7 

4  5 

5  4 


0  1 

0  2j 

0  3 

0  5 


0  1 

0  2 

0  3 

0  5 


0  11 

1  11 

2  10 

3  9 

4  9 


5    8     6 


0  1 

0  2 

0  3 

0  6 


0  1 

2  0 

3  0 
0  6 


Length 

9   Inches    Thick.- 

-Bv 

/t.,*n. 

9B  |10B 

11  B  :12B 

13  B 

HB 

15  B 

16  B 

17  B  [  18 B 

19  B 

1 

^ 

0    71  0    8 

0 

8 

0    9 

0  10 

0  11 

0  11 

1    0 

1112 

1    3 

2 



1    2:  1     3 

1 

5 

1     6 

1    8 

1     9 

1  11 

2    0 

2    2     2    3 

2    5 

3 



1    8l  1  11 

2 

1 

2    3 

2    5 

2    fe 

2  10 

3    0 

3    2     3    6 

3    7 

4 



2    3'  2    6 

2 

9 

3    0 

3    3 

3    6 

3    9 

4    0 

4    3     4    6 

4    9 

ts 



2  10    3    2 

3 

S 

3    9 

4    1 

4    6 

4    8 

5    0 

5    4     5    8 

5  11 

6 

— 

3    5|  3    9 

4 

2 

4    C 

4  11 

5    3 

5    8 

6    0 

6    5     6    9 

7    2 

1 

0    l|  0    1 

e 

10    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    I 

0    1 

0    10    1 

1    0 



2 

0    1.  0    1 

0 

10    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0  "S 

0    2 

0    2      0    2 

0    2 

, 

3 

0    2   0    2 

0 

2!  0    2 

0    2 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3      0    3 

0    3 

- 

6 

0    3'  0    J   0 

4    0    5 

0     5 

0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6      0    7!     0    7 

Length 

10    In 

c-hes  TWck.- 

-Bv 

■ft., in. 

10  B 

UB  il2B  113  B 

1 

UB  ,loB 

16  B 

17  B 

18  B 

19  B  1  20  B 

1    - 

0    8 

0    9|  0  lol  0  11 

1    0|  1     1 

1     1 

1     2 

1    3 

14      15 

2    — 

1     5 

1    6    1    8    1  10 

1  111  2     1 

2    3 

2    4 

2    6 

2    8 

2    9 

3   — 

2    1 

2    4i  2    61  2    9 

2  11    3    2 

3    4 

3    7 

3    9 

4    0 

4    2 

4   — 

2    9 

3    1 

3    4    3    7 

3  11 

4    2 

4    C 

4    9 

5    0 

5    3 

5    7 

6   — 

3    6 

3  10 

4    2    4    6 

4  10 

5    3 

5    7 

5  11 

6    3 

6    7 

6  11 

6|- 

4    2    4    7 

5    0   5    5 

5  10 

6    3 

6    fc 

7     1 

7    6 

7  11     8    4 

— !  1 

0    1,01 

0     10    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0    10    1 

0    r  0    2 

0    2I  0    2    0    2:  0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    3 

0    3      0    3 

—I  ^ 

0    2[  0    2 

0    3    0    3    0    3    0    3 

0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4      0    4 

-i'L 

0    4|  0    5 

0     oi  0    5;  0    f.    0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

.±1 

0    8"     0    9 

Lergth 

11    Iiuhes 

Thick 

18  B 

fi- 

1 

til- 

IIB 

12  B  113  B 

14  B 

15B  ,16B 

17  B 

19  B 

20  B     21  B 

0  10 

0  111  1    0 

1     1 

12    13 

1    4 

1    5 

1    S 

1    6 

1    6 

2  1- 

1     8 

1  10,  2    0 

2    2 

2    4;  2    5 

2    7 

2    9 

2  11 

3    1 

3    3 

3  1— 

2    6 

2    9|  3    0 

3    3 

3    5    3    8 

3  11 

4    2 

4    4 

4    7 

4  10 

4 



3    4 

3    8]  4    0 

4    3 

4    71  4  11 

6    2 

5    6 

5  10 

6    1 

6    5 

fi 



4    2 

4    7    5    0 

5    4 

5    9'  6    1 

6    6 

6  11 

7    3 

7    6 

8    0 

6 

— 

5    1 

5    66    0 

6    6 

6  Hi  7    4 

7  10 

8    3 

8   y 

9    2 

9    8 



1 

0     1^0     1'  0    1 

0    1 

0    1'  0    1 

0    1 

0    1 

0   1 

0    2 

0    2 



0 

0    2    0    2    0    2 

0    2 

0    2    0    L- 

0    3 

0    3 

0  3 

0    3 

0    3 

_- 

3 

0    3    0    3    0    3 

0    3 

0    3    0    -J 

0     4 

0    4 

0   4 

0    5      0    5 

mm 

6 

0    5    0    6l  0    6    0    6 

0    7    0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

0   9 

0    9!     0  1« 

LIGHTNING    CALCULATOR. 


109 


Cengt? 

■■ 

12   Inches 

'tES? 

^^r 

■~— 

ft.  in. 

12B  |13B  J14B  jl5B   16  B  |17  B 

1  18  B 

19  B 

20  B 

21  B 

22B 

1    — 

1 

0    1 

l!  1    2'  1    3    1    4    1    S 

1    6 

1     7 

1     6 

1    9| 

1  10 

2  '— 

'i 

0    2 

2'  2    4;  2    61  2    8;  2  1( 

,     3    0 

3    2 

3    4 

3    61 

3    8 

S  i— 

3 

0   3 

3    3    6    3    9f  4    0|  4    ; 

4    6 

4    9 

5    0 

5    3; 

5    6 

4  ;— 

4 

0 

4 

44S505    4,  68 

6    0 

6    4 

6    8 

7    Oj 

7    4 

5  |- 

6 

i 

6 

6    5  10|  6    3;  6    S|  7     ] 

1     ''     6 

7  11 

8    4 

8    9 

9    2 

6  1— 

6 

i- 

6 

6 

7    Oj  7    6,  8    Oj  8    6 

9    0 

9    6 

10    0 

10    6' 

U    0 

—    1 

0 

1    0 

1 

0    if  0     1'  0     10    1 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2 

0    2| 

0    1 

—    2 

0 

2'  0 

2 

0    2|  0    3    0    3:  0    S 

0    8 

0    3 

0    3 

0    41 

0    2 

-    3 

0 

3.  0 

3 

0    4;  0    4    0    4    0    4 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0   51 

e    4 

—    6 

0 

6    0 

7 

0    7'  0    8    0    6'  0    9 

0     9 

0  10. 

0  10 

0  111 

0  15 

Length 

lo    IiKht-s 

Thick.— Bt 

"' 

/>.,n. 

Jo 

B  I14B  jloB  jl6B 

17  B    IbB 

.9B, 

2.B, 

21  B  : 

22  B 

23B 

1 

— 

1 

2|1 

3    1    4|  1    5 

16    18 

1    9, 

1  10 

1  11 

2    0| 

2    1 

2 

— 

41  2 

C    2    £)    2  11 

3    13    3 

3    5 

3    7 

3  10 

4   o! 

4    2 

3 

— 

3 

6    3 

10   4    1    4    4 

4    7!  4  11 

5    2, 

5    51 

5    8 

6  Oj 

7  11! 

6    3 

4 

— 

4 

fl  5 

15    5    5    9 

•5    21  6    6 

6  10 

7    3 

7    7i 

8    4 

^ 

— 

0 

101  6 

4    6    9    7    3 

7    81  8    2 

8    7 

9    0 

9    fi! 

9  11' 

10    5 

<> 

— 

V 

l|'i 

7    8    2|  8    8|  9    Sj  9    S 

10    4 

10  10;. 

11    5; 

11  111 

12    6 



1 

0 

11  0 

1,  0    1]  0    Ij  0    2    0    2 

0   2] 

0    2, 

0    2| 

0    21 

0    3 

— 

0 

2,  0 

3'  0    S|  0    3    0    3    0    3 

0    3 

0    4! 

0    4, 

0    41 

0    4 

— 

3 

t> 

4    0 

40    4|   040506 

0    5 

0    51 

0    61 

0    fil 

0    $ 

—    6    1 

0 

•.    0 

8    0    8    0     9    0    9,  0  10 

0  10 
mrjHM 

0  11' 

0  11 

1    0, 

1    0 

Length 

14    Inches   Thi -k.— Bv 

ft..in. 

14  B  |15  B    IG  B  ;17  B   IS  B  ,19  B  ,  20  B     2l"B 

1  22  B  1  23  B  ■  24  B 

1  i— 

1    4 

16    17    18 

1    9 

1  10      1  11      2    1 

1     2    2 

2    3     2    4 

2    - 

2    9 

2  11'  3    13    4 

3    6 

3    8     3  11      4    : 

4    3 

4    6     5  1ft 

?    - 

4    1 

4    5|  4    S    5    0 

5    3 

5    7     5  10      6    S 

6    5 

6    9      7    0 

*    - 

5    5 

5  10    6    3 

6    7 

7    0 

7    6      7     9i     8    : 

8    7 

8  11      9    4 

6   - 

6  10 

7    4    T    9 

8    3 

8    9    9    31     9    91  10    3 

i  10    8l  11    2i  11    8 

6  '— 

8    2 
0    1 

8    9j  9    4 

9  11  10    6jH  11'   11     8i  12    2 

1  12  lOj  13    5;  14    0 

— :  1 

0    ll  0    2;  0    2    0    2J  0    2|     0    2      0    2 

0    2 

0    2      0    2 

~-\^ 

0    3 

0    3    0    3    0    3    0    4    0    4      0    4      0    < 

0    4 

0    4      0    5 

-|3 

0    4 

0    4    0    5    0    5    0    5    0    6      0    r     0    6 

0    6 

0    7      9    7 

H  6 

0    8    0    9;  0     91  0  10|   f.  11!  101010 

1    1'     1    1!     1     i 

Length 

15  B 

16  B  |17  B 

15    Inches    thlck.-Bv ' 
18  is   19  B   20  B  ,  21  B     2i  B 

23  B  ;  24  B     25  B 

1  i— 

1    7 

1     81  1    9 

1  11    2    0:  2     1      2    21     2    4 

2    5     2    el    2    7 

2  ;- 

3    '> 

3     4    3    7 

3940:  42      45 

4    7 

4  10 

5    0|     5    3 

3  i— 

4    8 

5     0    5    4 

5    8;  5  11:  6    3      6    7 

6  11 

7    2 

7    6;     7  10 

4  — 

6    3 

6     8    7    1 

7    6(  7  11    8    4     8    9 

9    2 

9    7 

10    Ol  10    5 

B    — 

1  10 

8     4:  6  10 

9    5;  9  11  10    5    10  11    11     6 

12    0 

12    6;  13    0 

6    — 

a   5 

10    0  10    8 



0    2    0    2 

11    3111  11  12    6    13    2;  13    9 

14    5 

15    0!  15    8 

—  i  1 

0    2 

0    2'  0    2!  0    2      02!     0    2 

0    2      0    3'     0    3 

— I  2 

0    3 

0    3    0    4 

0    4'  0    4'  0    4'     0    4j     0    5 

0    5      0    5|     0    5 

— :  3 

0    6    0    5    0    5 

0    6    0    6    0    6      0    7      0    7 

0    7      0    81     0    8 

_;£_6_ 

0    9    0  10    0  IV  0  11    1    0;  1    1      1    2'     1    2 

1    2!     1     3      1    3 

110 


LIGHTXIKG    CALCULATOR. 


Langcli 
ft.  in. 

le    Inches   Thick, 

^^r* 

■BMB 

16  B   17  B    16  B  119  B  20B  121  B  |  22B 

1  23  B 

1  24  B 

23B 

26B 

1    — 

1 

9    1  11    2 

0'  •_'    12    3.  2    4'     2    5 

1    2    7 

i     2    8 

2    9 

1    2  1. 

•J    

3 

7    3    9    4 

C,  4    3    4    54    81     4  11 

'    6    1 

,    6    4 

5    7 

!     6  10 

*  ■ 

5 

4    6    8    6 

0    6     4'  6    8.  7    0      7    4 

7    8 

;    8    0 

8    4 

i    8    « 

4     — 

7 

1    7    7'  8 

0,  8    5:  8  11    9    4'     9    ft 

10    3 

!  10  8 

1  11    1 

11    7 

j;    

8 

11    9    5  10 

0  10     7  11     1  11     8    12    3 

12    S 

]   13    4 

:  13 11 

14    5 

6    - 

10 

8  11    4  12 

0  12     8  13    4  14    0    14    8 

15    4 

I  16    01  16    8 

1 

17    4 

—    1 

0 

2    0    2    0 

2;  0    2I  0    2,  0    2      0    2 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    S 

— i  2 

0 

41  0    4:  0 

4,  0    4|  0    4   0    51    0    5 

0    5 

'     0    5 

0    6 

0  e 

—    3 

0 

5    0    6,  0 

6,  0    6[  0    7    0    7      0    7 

0    S 

0    8 

,     0    8 

0    8 

—    f) 

0 

11    0  11    1 

0'  1     1    1     1    1     2.     1     3 

1     ? 

14 

1    6 

1    9 

lUjuziir 

-bT" 

/:.  L 

17  B  ,18  B  ;19B  ;20B  ,21B  ,22B  1  23B 

24B 

]  i5B 

26  B 

27B 

1   — 

2 

0.  2    2    2 

3    2    4,  2    6|  2    7      2    9 

2  10 

2  11 

3    1 

3    S 

2    — 

4 

0'  4    3    4 

C4    9,  6    0,52      55 

6    8 

5  11 

6    2 

6    5 

3    — 

6 

0    6    5    6 

91  7     1'  7    51  7  10     8    2 

8    6 

1     8  10 

9    3 

9    7 

4    — 

8 

0    8    6    9 

0'  9    6    9  1110    5    10  10 

11    4 

j  11  101  12    3 

12    9 

5    — 

10 

aio  ^u 

3  11  IP  12    6  13    0    13    7 

14    2 

1  14    9 

15    4 

15  11 

6    — 

12 

112    9  13 

6,14    2U  11  16    7|  16    4 

17    0 

,17    9 

18    6 

19    2 

-|  1 

0 

2    0    20 

2;  0    21  0    2,  0    3     0    3 

0    3 

1     0    3 

0    3 

0    4 

-    3 

0 

4    0    4*  0 

4;  0    5'  0    61  0    5     0    5 

0    6 

1     0    6 

0    6 

1    0    6 

-    3 

0 

6    0    6    0 

7    0    71  0    7|  0    8      0    8 

0    9 

0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

-!  6 

1 

0    111 

1    1     2    1    3    1    4'     1     4 

1    6 

'     1    6 

1     6 

1    7 

LentjtE" 

Its    Inches    Tlii^k, 

-Bv 

ft.  .n. 

18  B  '19  B  ;20  B  j21  B   22  B   23  B  1  24  B 

2o'B 

26B 

27B 

28B 

1    — 

2 

3    2    5'  2 

<!  2    8    2    9!  2  11      3    0 

3    2 

3    3 

3    5 

.  9    6 

2    

4 

61  4    9;  5 

0    5    3!  6    61  (    9      6    0 

6    3i     6    6 

6    9 

7    0 

3    — 

C 

9'  7    2    7 

6    7  111  8    3'  8    8|     9    0 

9    5 

9    9 

10    2 

10    6 

4    — 

9 

Ol  9    6  10 

0  10    C  11    0  11    61  12    0 

12    6 

13    0 

18    6 

14    0 

6    — 

11 

3  U  11  12 

6  13    2  13    9  U    6    15    0 

15    8 

16    3 

16  11 

17    « 

6    — 

13 

6  14    3  15 

0  15    f'  16    C  17    3j  18    0 

18    9 

19    6 

20    3 

21    0 

—    1 

0 

20    2|  0 

3    0    3;  0    3    0    31     0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    A 

—    3 

0 

5i  0    6,  0 

5   0    5!  0    6   0    6      0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

0    T 

-1  3 

0 

7:  0    7    0 

8    0    81  0    8    0    9     0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

on 

-!  6^ 

J^ 

2    12    1 

3!  1     4'  1    6    1     5!     1     6 

1     7 

1     8 

1    8 

1    9 

ESn^S 

19    Iiuhes   Thi<-k. 

=5r" 

^^^ 

/I.  in. 

19B  ,20B  J21B 

22  B  .1:3  B   24  B  1  2o  B 

26 'B 

27B 

28  B 

29B 

1    — 

2 

6    2    8    2 

9 

2  11!  3    01  3    2;    3    4 

3    5 

3    7 

3    8 

3  10 

•2    — 

5 

0'  5    3    5 

7!  6  1)1  6     Ij  6    4      6    7 

6  10 

7    2 

7    5 

7    8 

3    — 

7 

e;  7  111  8 

4    8    9    9    11  9    6    9    11 

10    4 

10    8 

11     1 

11    9 

4    - 

10 

0  It)    7  11 

1  11    7  12    2  12    8    13    2 

13    9 

14    3 

14    9 

15    4 

6    - 

12 

6  13    2  13  lO.U    615    2  15  10    16    6i 

17    2 

17  10 

18    6 

19    3 

6    — 

15 

1  15  10il« 

8  17    5  18    319    0|  19  10 

20    7 

22    2 

23    • 

—    1 

0 

3;  0    3>  0 

3    0    3    0    3    0    3I     0    s' 

0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

—    2 

0 

5    0    5!  0 

6    0    6i  0    6'  0    6'     0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

•    8 

--;  3 

0 

8    0    8    0 

8    0    9    0    9    0  10      0  10 

0  10 

0  11 

0  11 

1    C 

— '  6 

1 

3    14    1 

6    1     6    1    6    1    7i     1     8' 

2    9 

1    9 

1  10 

1  H 

LIGHTNING    CALCULATOR. 


Ill 


tSngiiii  '•"" """'wrn^^vrpir^i-ry'""^" 

rt 

tn 

SOB 

21  B 

22B 

23B 

24  B  25  B 

26  B 

27B 

28B 

29  B 

SOB 

1 



2  i; 

2  11 

3    1 

3    2 

3    4   3    e 

3    7 

3    9 

3  11 

4    0 

4    S 

it 

— . 

5    1 

6  1( 

6    1 

6    5 

6    8    6  1: 

7    J 

7     6 

7    J 

8    1 

8    ■ 

» 

— 

8    k 

8    £ 

9    2 

9  I 

10    0  10    5 

10  K 

11    i 

11    i 

12    1 

12    « 

4 

— 

11    ] 

11    k 

12    8 

12    J 

13    4;13  Hi  14    8 

15    ( 

15  ■; 

16    1 

16    8 

S 

_ 

13  11 

14    7 

15    3 

16    Ojie    8il7    4i  18     1 

18    £ 

19    5 

20    2 

20  W 

9 

— 

16    8 

|l7    6 

18    4 

19    220     0 

20  10 

21    8 

22    C 

23    4 

24    2 

2S    1 

_ 

1 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3    0    3 

0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

0    « 



2 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6    0; 

0    7 

0    7 

0    i. 

0    8 

0    8 

C    1 

— 

3 

0    f 

0    S 

0    9 

0  10    0  If 

0  lOi     0  1] 

0  11 

1    C 

1    C 

1  1 

— 

6 

1    5 

1     6 

1     6 

1     71  1     8i  1     9'     1  10 

1  Ul     1  11 

2    0 

2    1 

tength 

21    Inches    Thick ,— Bv 

ft  in. 

21  B 

22B 

23  B 

24  B  |25  B 

26  B  1  27  B     28  B     29  B 

SOB 

31  B 

1 



S    1 

3    3 

3    4 

3    6|  3    8 

3  10,     3  11      4    1      4    3 

4    5 

4    7 

'i 

— 

6    2 

6    6 

6    9!  7    Ol  7    4 

7    7     7  11      8    2     8    « 

8    9 

9    0 

3 

— 

9    2 

9    8 

10    1|10    6  10  11 

11    61  11  10:  12    3    12    8 

13    2 

13    7 

4 

— 

12    3 

12  10 

13    5114    0!l4    7 

15    2    15    91  16    4    16  11 

17    e 

18    1 

6 



16    4il6    1 

16    917    6,18    ; 

119    0]  19    8:  20    5    21    2 

21  11 

22    T 

6 

— 

18    6 

19    3 

20    2 

21    0 

21  11 

22    9    23    8 

24    6 

25    5 

26    3 

27   a 

-1  1 

0    3 

0    3 

0    3 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4     0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4 

2 

0    6 

0    6    0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    8!     0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    9 

0    9 



3 

0    9 

0  10    0  10    0  11 

0  11,  0  11;     1    0]     1    Ol     1     1 

1    1 

1    2 

— 

6 

1     6i  1    71  1    81  1     9 

1  10!  1  11      2    0     2     l|     2    1 

2    2 

2    3 

Lenfrth 

22    Inches    Thick,— Bv 

ft. 

tn. 

22B 

23  B 

24  B 

25B  26B 

27  B 

28  B     20  B  1  30  B 

31  B 

32  B 

1 



3    4 

3    6 

3    8 

3  10 

4    0 

4    2 

4    3     4    5!     4    7 

4    9 

4  H 

2 



6    9 

7    0 

7    4 

7    8 

7  11 

8    3 

8    7      8  lOl     9    2 

9    6 

10    0 

3 



10    1 

10    7 

11    0 

11    6 

11  11 

12    5 

12  10    13    4    13    9 

14    3 

17    1 

4 

— 

13    5 

14    1 

14    8 

15    3  15  11 

16    6 

17    1    17    9    18    4 

18  11 

19    7 

fi 

— 

16  10 

17    7 

18    4  19    119  10 

20    8 

21    5    22    2'  22  11 

23    8 

24    6 

6 

— 

20    2 
0    3 

21     1 

22    0  22  11  23  10 

24    9 

25    8    26    7]  27    6 

28    5 

29    4 

_ 

1 

0    4 

0    4    0    4    0    4 

0    4 

0    4      0    4'     0    5 

0    5 

0    6 

•_ 

2 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7    0    8    0    8 

0    8 

0    9     0    9     0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

—   3 

0  10 

0  11    0  111  0  111  1    0 

1    0 

11      11      12 

1    2 

1    t 

-'  6 

1    8    1    9i  1  101  1  111  2    0 

2     ll     2    2l     2    31     2    4 

2    4 

2    5 

Length 

23    Inches   Thick— By 

Jt.fn. 

23  B  124  B  j25  B  26  B  i2T  B 

28  B 

29B 

30  B 

31  B     32  B 

33  B 

1 

_ 

3    8   3  10   4    0   4    2I  4    4 

4    6 

4    8 

4  10 

4  11      5     1 

5    2 

'Z 

— 

747    8808    4(  88 

8  11 

9    3 

9    7 

9  H 

10    3 

10    7 

3 



11    0  '1     6ll2    0!l2    6  12  11 

13  15 

13  11 

14    5 

14  10 

15    4 

15  10 

4 

— 

14    8 

15    4  16    0  16    7!l7     3 

17  11 

18    6 

19    2    19  lOl 

20    5 

21    1 

»    -    1 

18    4 

19    2  20    0I2O    9'21     7  22    4 

23    2 

24    0    24    9| 

25    7 

26    4 

6 

~ 

-S    1 

23    0;24    0i24  11|25  ll| 

26  10 1 

1 

27  10 

28    9 

29    9 

30    8 

31    8 



1 

0    4 

0    4 

0    4    0    4   0    4' 

0    4| 

0    5     0    5i 

0    5 

0    5 

0    S 

— 

2 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8    0    8 

0    9    0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

0  11 

— 

8 

0  11 

1    0 

10    10 

1111 

1    2 

1    2 

1    3 

1    3 

1    4 

^^ 

6 

1  10 

1  11 

2    0'  2     1 

2    2!  2    3 

2    4 

2    5 

%    6 

2    7 

29 

112 


LIGHTNING   CALCULATOK. 


Lensth 

'■'  '        '  "                   24    Inches   Thick.— By                                 ' ' 

St. 

*» 

24B 

25B 

26  B 

27  B  |28  B 

29  B 

SOB 

31  B 

32B 

33B  1  34B 

1 



4    0 

4    2 

4    4 

4     6;  4    8 

4  10 

5    0 

6    2 

5    4 

5    6!    5    8 

2 



8    0 

8    4 

8    « 

9    0,  9    4 

9    8 

10    C 

10    4 

10    J 

11    ( 

11    4 

3 



12    0 

12    6 

13    C 

13    6  14    { 

14    6 

15    C 

15    6 

16    { 

16    6 

17    0 

4 

_ 

16    C 

16    8 

17    4 

18    oils    8 

19    4 

20    C 

20    8 

21    4 

22    ( 

22    fe 

S 

^- 

20    C 

20  10  21    8122    6  23    4'24    2 

25    0 

25  1( 

26    f 

27    6 

28    4 

6 

— 

24    0 

25    0  26    027    0^28    0j29    0 

30    0 

31    0 

32    0 

33    0 

34    0 

1 

0    4 

0    4    0    4 

0    5i  0    6 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

_ 

2 

0    8 

0    8    0    £ 

0    91  0    £ 

0  10 

0  IC 

0  IC 

0  11 

0  11 

0  11 



3 

1    (1 

1111 

12    12 

1    a 

1   a 

1    4 

1    4 

1    6 

1    5 

— 

6 

2    0 

2    1    2    21  2    31  2    41  2    5 

2    6 

2    7!     2    8 

2    9 

2  19 

Length 

25    Inches    Thick,— By 

ft.  in. 

25  B  126  B 

27B 

28  B 

29  B   GOB 

31  B 

32  B 

33B 

34B 

35  B 

1    — 

4    4l  4    6 

4    8 

4  10 

5    0    5    3 

5    5 

5    7 

5    9 

5  11 

6    1 

2   — 

8    8    9    0 

9    6 

9    9 

10    1  10    5 

10    9 

11    1 

11    6 

11  IC 

12    2 

3 

— 

13    0'l3    7 

14    1 

14    7 

15    1  15    8 

16    2 

16    8 

17    2 

17    9 

18    3 

4 

— 

17    4il8    1 

18    9 

19    5 

20    2  20  10 

21    6 

22    3 

22  11 

23    7 

24    4 

5 

— 

21    822    7 

23    6 

24    4 

25    2I26    1 

26  11 

27    9 

28    8 

29    6 

30    5 

6 

— 

26    lj27    1 

28    2 

29    2 

30    3l31    3 

1 

32    4 

33    4 

34    5 

35    6 

36    6 



1 

0    4!  0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 



2 

0    9    0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

0  11 

Oil 

0  11 

1    0 

1    0 



3 

1112 

1    2 

1    3 

1    3 

1    4 

1    4 

1    5 

1    6 

1    6 

1    7 

— 

6 

2    2    2    3 

3    4'  2    5 

2    6 

2    7 

2    8 

2    91     2  10 

2  111     3    0 

Iciigth 

26    In.  hcs  niick.— By 

ft. 

xn. 

26  B 

27  B  28  B  |29  B  |:;0  B  \.',\  B 
4  11    5    15    3    5    6    5    7 

32  B 

33  B 

34B 

35B 

36B 

1 



4    8 

6    9 

6    0 

6    2 

6    4 

6    6 

2 



9    5    9    9|10    lilO    6|10  10  11    2    11    7 

11  11 

12    3 

12    8 

13    0 

3 



14    1  14    8(15    2|15    9116    3  16  10 

17    4 

17  11 

18    5 

19    0 

19    8 

4 



18    9 

19    6:20    3|20  11121    8  22    5 

23    1 

23  10 

24    7 

25    3 

26    0 

K 

— 

23    6 

24    5!25    3  26    227    l!28    0 

28  11 

29  10 

30    8 

31    7 

32    6 

6 

— 

28    2 

29    3  30    4  31    5 

32    6 

33    7 

34    8 

36    9    36  10 

37  11 

39    0 



1 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    5 

0    6     0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

— 

2 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

0  11 

0  11      10 

1    0 

1    0 

1    1 

1     1 

3 

1    2 

1    3 

1    3 

1    4 

1    4 

15      15 

1    6 

1    6 

1    7 

1    8 

— 

6 

1    4    2    5'  2    61  2    7 

2    9 

2  10      2  11 

3    0 

3    ll 

3    2 

3    3 

flenigth 

"57    Inches   Thick,- fty 

ft.^^in. 

27  B 

28B  I29B 

30  B   31  B  j32  B 

■in',  B     34  B     35  B 

36B 

37B 

1    - 

5    1 

6    3!  5    6 

5    8 

5  10 

6    0 

6    2     6    6     6    7 

6    9 

6  11 

2 

— 

10    2 

10    6  10  11 

11    3 

11    8 

12    0 

12    5    12    9    13    2 

13    6 

13  10 

8 

— 

15    2  15    9|16    4 

16  11 

17    5 

18    0 

18    7    19    2    19    8 

20    3 

20  10 

4 

— 

20    3121    0i21    9 

22    6 

23    3 

24    0 

24    9    25    6 

26    3 

27    0 

27    9 

B 

— 

25    4126    3  27    2 

28    2  29    li 

30    0 

30  11    31  11 

32  10 

33    9 

34    8 

6 

— 

30    6J31    6  32    8 

33    9 

34  11 

86    • 

37    2    38    3 

39    5 

40    6 

41    6 

_ 

1 

0    5i  0    5    0    5 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6     0    6 

0    7 

0    7      0    7 

_ 

2 

0  lOl  0  11    0  111 

0  11 

1    0 

1    0 

10      11 

1     1 

1    2 

1   a 

._ 

8 

1    31  1    4    1    4'  1    5;  1    5j 

1     6 

17      17 

1     6 

1    8 

1    9 

—    6    1 

2    6'  2    8    2    9    2  10'  2  ll!  3    0'     3    ll     3    2l     3    3l 

8    5 

3    T 

LIGHTNING    CALCTTLATOR. 


113 


Length 

/l.iin. 

28  B  129  B 

1 

130  B 

131  B 

32  B 

33B 

1  34  B 

1  35  B 

1  36  B  1  37  B  1  38  B 

1    — 

5    f 

5    8    5  101  6 

)    6    C 

16    5     6    7|     6  10      7 

)      7 

l\     7    t 

2    — 

10  1 

11    3  11    1 

12    ljl2    t 

112  10    13    3|  13    7    14    Ol  14    6l  14  IB 

3    ~ 

16    < 

16  1 

IT    ( 

18    1118    f 

|i9  r 

19  ll 

20    6    21    0    21    7    21  11 

4    — 

21     I 

22    ' 

23    '. 

•-'4    1124  1 

'25    1 

26    £ 

27    31  28    0    28    91  29    7 

6    — 

n    3'28    2129    2|30    2|31     : 

32    : 

33    : 

34    C 

35    0    36    0    36  11 

«    — 

32    8  33  1( 
0    6    0    f 

136    0  36    5 

>37    4 

38    € 

39    i 

40  IC 

42    0    43    2    44    4 

—    1 

0    6   0    e 

0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

—    2 

0  11    0  111  1    0    1     ( 

1    0 

1   : 

1    ] 

1    2 

1    S 

1    ] 

1    2 

—    3 

1    4    1    5|  1     6    1     ( 

1     7 

1  1 

1    8 

1    8 

1     £ 

1  10 

1  11 

—    6 

2    9    2  101  2  11    3     01  3    1 

3    3 

3    41     3    4 

3    € 

3    7 

3    8 

feustL. 

2y    futhes   Tiiicli,— By 

ft. 

ift. 

29  B  130  B 

31  B   32  B 

33B   34B 

35  B  i  36  B 

STB 

S8B 

39  B 

1 

_ 

5  10 

6    1 

6    3    6    5 

6    8    6  10 

7    1 

7    3 

T    5 

7    8 

7  11 

t 

— 

U    fc 

12     1 

12    6  12  11 

13    4  13    8 

14    1 

14    6 

14  1] 

15    i 

15    9 

3 

— 

17    6 

18    -l 

18    9  19    ^ 

19  11 

20    7 

21    2 

21    J 

22    4 

23    0 

23    8 

4 

— 

23    4 

24    2 

25    0  25    9 

26    7 

27    5 

28    2 

29    C 

29  10 

SO    7 

31    5 

B 

— 

i9    2 

30    3 

31    3  32     ■< 

33    3 

34    i 

35    3 

36    I 

37    3 

38    3 

39    3 

6 

— 

35    1 

36    3 

37    6  38    8 

39  11 

41    1 

42    4 

43    6 

44    9 

45  11 

47    2- 

— 

1 

0    6 

0    6 

0    6    0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

— 

2 

1    0 

1    0 

10    11 

1    1 

1    2 

1    2 

1    3 

1    3 

1    3 

1    4 

— 

3 

1    6 

1    6 

17    17 

1    8 

1    9 

1    9 

1  10 

1  10 

1  11 

1  11 

— 

6 

2  11 

3    01  3    1!  3    3!  3    41  3    5 

3    6 

3    8 

3    9 

3  K) 

3  It 

LeiiKtbi 

30   luches    Tljick,— By 

ft. 

in. 

SOB 

31  B 

32  B 

33  B   34  B  |35  B 

36  B 

STB 

38  B 

39  B 

40  B 

1 

6    3 

6    6 

6    8 

6  11    7    ll  7    4 

7    6 

7    9 

7  11 

8    2 

8    4 

2 

— 

12    6  12  11 

13    4 

13    9  14    2  14    7 

15    0 

15    5 

15  10 

16    3 

16    8 

3 

— 

18    9  19    5 

20     0 

20    8  21    3  •'!  11 

22    6 

23    2 

23    9 

24    5 

25    1 

4 

— 

25    0  25  10 

26     8 

27    6  28    4 

29    2 

30    0 

30  10 

31     8 

32    6 

33    4 

S 

— 

31    3  32    4  33    4 

34    5  35    5 

36    6 

37    6 

38    7 

39    7 

40    8 

41    8 

6 

— 

37    6  38    9 

40    0 

41    3 

42    61 

43    9 

45    0 

46    3 

47    6 

43    9 

50    0 

— 

1 

0    6 

0    6 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    5 

— 

2 

1    1 

1    1 

1    1 

1    2 

1    2 

1    3 

1    3 

1    3 

1    4 

1    4 

1    1 

— 

3 

1    7 

1    7 

1    8 

1    9 

1    9 

1  10 

111 

1  11 

2    0 

2    0 

2    2 

— 

6 

3    2 

3    3 

3    4 

3    5 

3    7    3    8 

3    9 

3  10 

4    0 

4    1 

4    9 

Cengtlii 

31    Inches  Thick.— Bv 

ft. 

m. 

31  B  32  B 

6    8    6  11 

33  B   34 B 
T    1    7    4 

35B 

7    6 

36  B 

37  B 

38  B  1  39  B 

40B 

41  B 

1 

7    9 

8    0 

8    2;     8    5 

8    7 

8    8 

'A 

— 

13    4  13    9 

14    3  14    8 

15    1 

15    6 

15  11 

16    4 

16  10 

IT    3 

IT    8 

•d 

— 

20    0|20    8 

21    4122    0 

22    7 

i3    3 

23  11 

24    7 

25    2 

25  10 

26    C 

4 

— 

26    8  27    7  28    5129    31 

30    2 

31     0 

31  10 

32    £ 

33    T 

34    6 

35    4 

6 

— 

33    4 

i4    5 

35    6l36    7 

61    8l 

38    9 

39  10 

40  11 

42    0 

43    1 

44    2 

d 

— 

iO    1 

41    4 

42    8'43  11 

45    3 

16    6 

47  10 

49    1 

60    5 

51    8 

5i    0 



1 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    7 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    8 

0    9 

0    9 

— 

2 

1     1 

1    2 

1    2 

1     3 

1    3 

1     4 

1    4 

1    4 

1    6 

1    6 

1    0 

— 

3 

1     8 

1    9 

1   13 

1  10 

1  11 

1  11 

2    0 

2    1 

2    1 

2    2 

2    3 

—    6    13    41  3    51 

3  80   3    81 

3    9 

3  11      4    Ol 

4    1 

4    2 

4    4 

4    4 

114 


LIGHTNING    CALCULATOK, 


LeDBtti 

nches  Tluck,— Bv 

^^ 

fl 

in. 

32  B  |33  B  i»4  B  ;35  B  136  B 

37B  1  38B 

39  B 

40B 

41B 

4BB 

1 



T 

17    4'  7     7!  7    8;  8 

0 

8    3|     8    5 

8    8 

8  11 

9    1 

9    4 

3 



14 

3I14    815     1,15    7  16 

0il6    51  16  11 

17    4!  17    9 

18    3 

18    » 

S 

— 

21 

4  2t     0  22    8  23    4i24 

0124    81  25    4 

26    01  26    8 

27    4 

28    0 

4 

— 

i8 

5'29    4  38    3  31     132 

0:32  111  33    9 

34    8,  35    7 

36    6 

37    4 

6 



3.T 

7136    8'37    93S  1140 

0  41    l|  42    3 

43    41  44    6 

4.5    7 

46    8 

6 

— 

12 

8;44    0|45    4,46    8148 

0^49    4 

oO    8 

52    Oj  53    4 

»4    8 

se  » 



1 

0 

7 

0    71  0    8 

0    8    0 

8 

0    i 

0    8 

0    9 

0    9 

0    9 

0    9 

— 

o 

1 

2 

13    13 

1    4    1 

4 

1    4 

1    6 

1    5 

1    6 

1    6 

1    T 

— 

3 

1 

9    1  lOi  1  11 

1  11    2 

0 

2    12    1 

2    2 

2    3 

2    3 

2    4 

— 

6 

3 

7 

3  s;  3  9 

3  11    4 

0 

4    1 

4    3 

4    4 

4    5 

4    7 

4  a 

Len^thj 

33   Inclies    Thiok,— By 

n.in. 

33B 

34B  |35 

0 

36B  37B 
8    3    8    6 

38B     39B 

40B 

41B 

42B 

43B 

1 



7 

7 

7  10    8 

8    9      8  11 

9    2 

9    5 

9    8 

9  11 

Ji 

— 

15 

2 

15    7|l6 

1 

16 

6  17    017    61  17  11 

18    4 

18  10 

19    3 

19    5 

3 

— 

22 

8 

23    6;24 

1 

24 

9  25    5,26    2|  26  10 

27    6 

28    2 

28  11 

29    1 

4 

— 

30 

3 

31    232 

1 

33 

0;33  1134  ini  35    9 

36    8 

37    7 

38    6 

39    5 

C 

— 

37 

10 

39    040 

1 

41 

3|42    5  43    7|  44    8 

46  10 

47    0 

48    2 

49    3 

6  1- 

45 

5  46    948 

0 

49 

6,50  11 

52    3j  53    8[  65    0 

56    6 

57    9 

69    2 

— ;  1 

0 

8 

0    8    0 

s;  0 

8i  0    8 

0    9      0    9 

0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

— !  2 

1 

3 

1    4!  1 

4|  1 

5 

1    6 

1    5      1    fl 

1    6 

1    7 

1    7 

1    8 

—   3 

1 

11 

1  111  2 

0'  2 

1 

2    1 

2    2      2    3 

2    4 

2    4 

2    5 

2    5 

—   6 

3 

91  3  Hi  4 

0    4 

2 

4    3    4    41     4    6 

4    7 

4    8 

4  10 

6    0 

l>eugUi 

34    luches    Thick.— Bv 

fl.  in. 

Ji  B  !35  B   36  B  37  B  38  B  ,39  B 

III, 

40B 

41  B 

42  B 

43  B 

44  B 

1    - 

8 

0    8    3!  8 

6l  8 

9    9    O'  9    3 

9    5 

9    8 

9  11 

10    2 

10    4 

0 

— 

16 

1)16    6il7 

0117 

6  17  11  18    6 

18  11 

19    4 

19  10 

20    4 

20  10 

3 

— 

24 

1124  10  25 

6  26 

3 

26  11  27    8 

28    4 

29    1 

29    9 

30    6 

31    2 

4 

— 

32 

133    1'34 

034 

11 

35  11  36  10 

37    9 

38    9 

39    8 

40    7 

41    7 

6 

— 

40 

2  41     4'42 

643 

8 

44  10.46    1 

47    3 

48    5 

49    7 

50    9 

51  11 

6 

— 

18 

2'49    7,51 

0  52 

6 

53  10  65    3 

56    8 

58    1 

59    6 

60  11 

62    4 

—    1 

0 

8    0    8    0 

9'  0 

9 

0    9    0    9 

0    9 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

—    2 

1 

4    15    1 

5|  1 

5 

16    16 

1    7 

1    T| 

1    8 

1    8 

1    9 

—    3 

2 

0    2    12 

2|  2 

2 

2    31  2    4 

2    4 

2    5 

2    6 

2    6 

2    7 

— 

6 

4 

0 

4    2    4 

3 

4 

4 

4    6 

4    7 

4    9 

4  10 

5    0 

5    1 

6    3 

Length! 

■■■" 

:>->    I u Thee    Tliick,— Bv 

ft- 

»n 

56B  j36B  37B 

38  B   39  B  40  B 

41  B 

42B 

43  B  1  44  B  1  45  B 

1 

_ 

e  el  8 

9|  9 

0 

9    39    69    9 

10    0 

10    3 

10    5!  10    8    10  10 

2 

— 

17    0!l7 

618 

0 

18    9  19    0  19    5 

19  11 

20    5 

20  11;  21    5|  21  11 

3 

— 

26    6  26 

327 

0 

-7    9  28    5  29    2 

29  11 

30    8 

31    4i  32    1    32    « 

4 

— 

34    0135 

0'36 

0 

36  1137  1138  11 

39  10 

40  10 

41  101  42    9!  43    t 

5 

— 

12    643 

9,45 

0 

46    2  47    5  48    7 

49  10 

51     1 

52    3|  63    6 

54    8 

6 

— 

51    1 

52 

6M 

0 

55    5,56  11  08    4 

59  JO 

61    3 

62    9|  &}    2 

65    8 



1 

0    9 

0 

»  0 

9 

0    9   0    91  0  10 

0  10 

0  10 

0  10|     0  11 

0  11 

—I  2 

1    6 

1 

\\ 

6    1    6,  1    7i  1     7 

1    8 

1    8 

19      19 

1  10 

— i  ^ 

2    2    2 

3    2    41  2    4I  2    6 

2    6 

2    7 

2    7      2    8 

X    8 

>-  i  6  ^ 

4    3    4 

el  4 

6    4    71  4    9   4  10>     5    0 

5    1 

5    3     6    4 

»    • 

LIGHTXING  CALCrLATOK. 


115 


Li«i 

56B 

57  B| 

36 
38B  139B  1 

Inches    ThicK, 
10  B  141  B  1  42  B  1 

43  B 

44B     45B  1 

46B 

1 

9    0    9    3I  9    el  9    9!lO    o'lO    3 

10    6 

10    9 

11    0    11    3 

11    9 

f 

18    0  18    6119    0,19    6,20    0  20    6 

21    0 

21    6 

22    0!  22    6 

23    a 

3 

97    n'27    9l28    6'29    330    0i30    9 

31    6 

32    3 

33    0    "'     " 

33     9 

34    6 

4 

_     :ifi    0!37    0!38    039    OiW    0l41    0| 

42    0 

43    0 

44    0 

45    0 

46    0 

(I 

45    0146    3|47    6  48    9  50    0!51    3' 

52    6 

53    9 

55    0 

56    3 

57    6 

S 

1 

54    0  55    6| 

57    0  58    6  60    0  61    6 

63    0 

64    6 

66    0 

67    6 

ee  0 

— 

0    9 

0    9 

0  10    0  10    0  10.  0  10 

0  11 

0  11 

0  11 

0  11 

1    0 

2 

1    6 

1    7 

17181    81  19 

1    9 

1  10 

1  10 

1  11      1  11 

3 

2    3 

2    4 

25252    627 

2    8 

2    8 

2    9 

2  101     2  11 

— 

6 

4    6 

4    8 

4    9I  4  11    5    0'  5    2 

5    3     5    61     5    61     0    »|     D    Si 

ft. 

m. 

STB 

38  B  |39  B  |40  B  j41  B  j42  B 

43  B 

41B 

45B 

46  B 

47  J5 

1 

9    6 

9    9  10    0  10    310    6  10  10 

11     1 

11    4 

11    7 

11  10 

12    1 

•> 

19    0 

19    620    120    7)21    1 

21    7 

22    1 

22    7 

23    2 

23    8 

24    2 

s 

28    6 

29    4'30    1,30  10131    7 

32    5 

33    2 

33  11 

34    8 

36    6 

36    3 

4 

38    0 

39    1  40    1141    142    2 

43    2 

44    2 

45    3'  46    3 

47    3 

48    4 

6 
6 

_ 

47    6 

57    1 

48  10 
58    7 

50    151    5!52    8 
eO    2, 61    8:63    3 

54    0 
64    9 

0  11 

55    3    56    6]  57  10 
66    4    67  10|  69    5 

59    1 
70  11 

60    5 
72    6 

1 

0  10 

0  10 

0  lOl  0  10 

1  s'  1    9 

0  11 

0  11      0  11      10 

10     19 

2 

17    18 

1     9 

t  10 

1  10      1  11      1  11 

2    0     2    0 

3 

2    5i  2    5 

2    6i  2    7 

2    8 

2    8 

2    9      2  10      2  11 

2  11     3    0 

6 

4    9|  4  11 

5    0;  5    2i  5    3 

5    5 

5    6      5    8     5    9 

5  11     6    0 

in. 

i;8    Im 
38  B  ]39  B  ]40  B   41  B  ;42  B 

10     0  10    4'l0    7  10  lo'll    1 

hes 
43  B 

Tm.k, 

44B 

-By 

45  B  1  46  B 

47  B 

48  B 

1 

11    4 

11    7 

11  111  12    2 

12    5 

12    8 

2  1— 

20    1  20    7:21     1  21    J-, 22    2 

22    8 

23    3 

23    9    24    3 

24  10 

25    5 

3    - 

|oO    1  30  11131    8  32    6,33    3 

34    1 

34  10 

35    8    36    5 

37    3 

38    0 

4'- 

40    1|41    2'42    3  43    3  44    4 

45    5   46    5 

47    6    48    7 

49    7 

50    8 

5   — 

10    2:51    6;52    9  54    155    5 
GO    2  CI    9|63    4.e>4  11  G6    6 

56    9   58    1:  59    5    60    8 

62    0|  63    4 

6    — 

68    1    69    8|  71    3    72  10 

74    5 

76    0 

_    1 

0  10    0  10 

0  11    0  11    Oil 

0  11 

1    01     1    0 

1     0 

1    0 

1    1 

2 

18    19 

1    9|  1  10    1  10 

1  11 

1  11      2    0 

2    0]     2    1 

2  a 

3 

2    6    2    7 

2    8    2    8    2    9 

2  10 

2  11      3    0 

3    01     3    1 

3  1 

—    6 

5    0    0    2|  5    3;  5    5!  5    7 

5    8 

B  10     6  111     6    11     6    21     6    3 

39  Inches  Thick.— By 

St. 

in. 

39  B 

40  B   41  B   42  B  43  B 

10  10  11    1  12    5  11    8 

44  B  j45  B 

46  B   ;47  B 

48  B 

49  a 

1 

'0    1 

11  n!  12  2 

12    5    12    9 

13    0 

13    3 

1 

21    2I2I    9I22    3!22    9|23    4 
31    8[32    633    51  -4    2  34  11 

23  IC 

24    5 

24  11    25    6 

26    0 

26    1 

n 

36    9 

36    7 

37    6    37    2 

39    0 

39  Ifl 

4 

42    3|43    4|14    6  45    0:46    7 

47    i 

47    9 

49  10    60  11 

62    0 

52    0 

5 

-,2  lol.^    2!55    6!5«  11158    3 

59    1 

60  11 

62    4 

63    8 

65    0 

66    4 

6 

— 

63    S 

165    0  60    8G8    3 

'69  ll'Tl    6 

73    2 

74    9 

76    5 

78    0 

78    8 

"*■ 

-   1 

1)    11 

U     ll'o     11  0     11 

I      0 

I    0 

1      ( 

1      0 

1      1 

1      1 

1      1 

-   •> 

1      t 

1    lOll    10  1    11  1    11 

2    0 

2      0 

2      1 

2      1 

2      2 

2     i 

_^ 

.   3 

2      « 

2      9  2      912    10  2    11 

a   ( 

3      1 

3      1 

3      2 

3      3 

- 

-    6 

5      C 

5      els      715      8  5    10 

6(16      11  6      31  6      41  6      61  6      J 

116  SIZE   AKD    COST    OF    VESSELS,    ETC. 

Mb.  Moobsom's  roB>rrLi.  to  Approximate  Rkgisteb  Toysx9-a 
PXDF.B  ANY  PKoposKD  1>I.MKX5!0XS. — To  shipbaiMori  who  may  wish  :« 
know,  bef'^re  the  construotion  of  an  intended  design,  the  approximate 
register  tonnage  under  any  proposed  principal  dimensions,  the  ioU.^v.-iuj{ 
fr.rmuln  i-^hich  has  r»^eiv^d  tlie  approbation  of  Jlessrs.  Martin  and  Rit- 
chi«.  the  two  chief  surveyors  at  Lloyd's,  who,  from  their  great  experience 
»nd  intelligence,  are  authorities  on  the  Biibjret)  will  beffiind  usetul,  a«  it 
gives  ■the  tonnage,  on  an  average,  generally  speaking,  within  al)out  2\<f 
per  cent. 

Let  L  represent  the  inside  length  on  upper  deck  from  plAnk  at  bow  to 

plank  at  stem. 
"    B  represent  the  inside  irnin  breadth  fron\  ceiling  tc  oeiling. 
'*    D  representtJie  inside  midship  depth  from  upper  dtck  to  ceiling  at 
timber  strake. 

Then  the  register  tonnage  of  any  ship  ^-ill  be  equal  to  — —  ^^ 

multiplied  by  the  deotmal  factor  opposite  the  class  in  the  following  tabls 
to  which  she'  belongs  : 

jc^:;-..-  cfc;«.     1  Cotton  and  Sugar  Ships,  old  form 8 

Saihi^g  Ships,    j  ships  of  tie  present  usual  form 7 

Steam  Vess'i Is     |  Shi;  s  of  two  Decks 65 

and  Cli;'pcr8.  (  Shins  of  three  Decks 68 

«.,«VK.  (  Veesf  Is  above  60  tons 5 

Tachts.  I  Vessel*,  sn^all « 

Cost  of  Ex"lipu  Mrr.rnANTiiry  ppr  ton.— 1.  T<  riy^'-<rje,  0-50. 
Nit^rial.  yrood;  date,  18tr>.  Wood  in  hull,  mants  and  pjiars.  ?41; 
T  ellow  ineinl,  iron-bolt*  aud  bbor,  SiO.:*0  ;  joiner  work  and  labor. 
\tr>.lo  :  lal>or  ou  hull,  §20  ;  boats,  etc.— out  fit,  Sl2.:0  ;  rope  and 
pails.  $-S  ;  anchor?  chains  and  tnnks,  1>4.25  :  yel'.ow^  metal  sheathing, 
$4.  Total.  S105.  2.  Iron  M^rcfuintmitn,  of  509  Tous  :  Cort.  -S-SS  per 
tin.  3.  Iion-Passcnfjer  Ship,  or  Stcom  r,  t^K)  Tons  :  Cost,  Jl25  per 
ton.  4.  Anoifi-ir  Iron-SUnr.ier,  or  Shir\  of  l.'VX)  Tons  :  Cost.  .?147 
pf>r  vm.  5.  Anothiyr  Imn-Pintfn'fer  Si^wn  r.  of  1.5f)0  Tons  :  Cost, 
?122perton,as  follows:  Mateii.al  for  hal!.  >J.).">0:  labor,  $14.50  :  rent, 
nnch'iiierr.  toob.  etc.,  Sl^.riO  ;  fittinsrs  aud  laiL'iciiing.  814.2.5  :  wood, 
work,  Si 2  '25  ;  eqaipment,  Sl7  ;  cabins  and  fitting,  $20.  Total,  as 
above,  -S122. 

In  the  case  of  s/^ain  vessels,  the  vc.=?ol  bniit  of  iron  is  more  buor- 
ant  than  the  ve.<sel  built  of  wix»d  by  about  I'j  per  cent,  of  the  w^i^'ht 
of  the  wood  hiill,  or  nearly  9  per'ceut.  of  the  weight  of  the  cargo. 
In  the  ca?e  of  sailirvj  vessels,  the  iron  hull  is  still  more  bi'.oyant  tlian 
the  wood  hull  bv  about  14.9 -f- S..X3  per  cent  =23.2  percent.,  or 
about  2:>  per  cent,  of  the  weijjht  of  the  wood  hull,  or  13  per  cent  of 
thf'  weight  of  the  cai-go. 

To  Fi-VD  THE  Mr.R!inAK.— Tai:e  a  piece  of  lioard,  or  any  simflar 
material,  ajul  describe  ou  it  a  numlxjr  of  concentric  circles.  Place 
thi?  in  tlie  sim,  over  the  centre  of  ;i  plummet.  Olwerve  the  short- 
est sha.clow  from  the  plmnmot ;  the  sun  will  then  be  on  the  merid. 
ian  ;  draw  a  line  to  the  centre  of  tlte  circle,  and  that  will  be  the  true 
meridian  line.  This  will  do  to  mark  the  appareut  time,  or  to  eontc* 
the  comi'Oss  for  variation. 

Captals  B 'Yton's  Xew  Devices  to  Save  Lifb  fhom  the 
Piers,  axi>  to  Thkow  a  Line  fkom  a  SaiP.— Tue  follotring  art 
Captain  Boytnn's  statement*!,  as  extracted  from  the  Xew  York  3>'un  ; 
*  My  Invention  is  simply  this  :  Here  is  a  wooden  bobbin,  to  which  60 
feet  of  the  itrougest  Manilla  line  is  attached  by  one  end,  and  a 
four-Dronged  steel  grappling  iron  fits  in  the  hollow  part  of   the 


8CTER11PIC    FACTS.    ET( 


117 


tvood.  The  TrhoTe  13-  enclosed  in  a  leather  fase,  zv\  dr*9  not  weigh 
*. pound.  If  every  poUceniar  ou  duty  had  one  ol  these,the  saving 
Of  persons  from  drowning  in  the  rivers  wonM  be  lessened  80  pei 
pent.  If  t'le  person  in  the  wafjr  accidentally  fell  in,  the  offlcfti 
could  hold  the  gr.ipi»llu^  iioa  in  his  htiuJ,  rsid  throw  the  bobbin. 
•B-hi:h  floats,  oat  to  the  ^trairtriing  person,  [f  the  car^e  was  one  of 
atte^niited  saicide,  or  ^here  the  jersoii  vr;>s  tijo  dniu!.-  tn  make  any 
effort  tn  save  him.'^elf,  he  cnnld  throw  oat  th*?  grapple,  and  hanl  him 
In.  I  p5o;toge  to  gite  the  police  fon-e  of  this  city  and  Pliiladelphia 
the  rigut  to  m.Tnnfactnre  these  f>ir  themselves  ;  and,  I  suppose,  they 
can  make  them  for  fifty  cents  a  piece. 

"My  othrr  invention  is  equally  simple  :  Wlien  a  ahip  is  driven  on 
a  lc?e-.^hore,  snd  her  back  h  be'n:;  broken  by  t!:3  sea  bcatin','  a-rainst 
her,  the  efforts  of  the  c-oat^t-guard  to  throw  a  rope  on  board  by 
means  of  a  rocket  or  niorfcit  lr(';'!ei:t!y  fnil.  c.ving  either  to  the 
ivuid  coming  uito  the  ghore  blowiii!?  the  rocket  ba.-k  or  to  one  side. 
Now,  bsre  is  a  Ix^x,  four  feet  by  tiiree.  which  avn  be  easily  placed 
under  the  table  iti  the  cabin  of  any  ve.-»sel.  It  contains  a  long,  fine, 
fetrobj  hue  attached  to  a  rocket,  'of  pocali.'ir  constr.ictiou.  The 
filiii.  i?  d-iven  on  .<hore,  and  the  co;ipt-j:'.iard  men  are  there,  im- 
tib\e  t<'  esfcihlish  commnnicatiou  bet.veeu  the  vessel  and  the  land. 
Tiie  captiiu  brings  this  1\jX  on  deck,  open.s  it,  and  adjusts  the 
rocket  to  the  angle  of  the  box-cover,  and  fires  it  off.  The  locket, 
by  iti-  05vn  force,  and  that  of  the  wind  blowing  in  shore,  is  carried 
to  land.  In  addition  to  the  t.".!l  of  fire  shown  by  it  passing  ty.rongh 
the  air.  the  rocket  Bn  falling  oil  the  ground  bursts,  and  burns  a 
brilhaut  red  liglit  for  ten  uiiuutes.  This  is  seen  by  the  coa^t-i^iiard 
men,  who  fix  the  cable  to  the  line,  and  it  is  thus  haided  aix>aid, 
and  the  crew  saved."  A  common  felt-hat  may  be  made  use  of  as  a 
liie-preserver.  Place  the  hat  upon  the  water  rim  downwards,  and 
■ivith  the  arm  around  it,  pressing  it  slightly  to  the  breast,  the  com- 
pressed air  within  will  sustain  a  man  fur  houre. 

NaTCRAL,  MECHA>TrCAL,  A>T>  SciEXTEFIC  FACTS. 
COMPAEATITE  TiELD  OF  YAUIOrS  VEGET.4BLES.      PKODUCTIOXS  IN 

Pounds  Weight  Pek  Acrk. 


Hoo? . . 

Whest. 
Ba;lev. 
Uat!?.". . 
Feas  ... 
Beans  . 
Plums. 


LbB.  I 
per  ac 

442  Cherries . 
1  2t>0  Onions... 

1  600, Hav 

1  840  Pears.... 

1  KO  Grass  ... 

2  COO  Carrots . . , 
2  000. Potatoes 


Lbs.    I  Lbs. 

per  &c.  per  ac 

2  OOO'Apples 8  009 

2  fOnlToTDips 8  420 

4  OOOlCinque-fi'il  gnus    9  600 

5  OOOj Vetches,  Greon..    9  800 
7  OOOjCabbages 10  900 

6  POOIParsuips 11  200 

7  o'.iopiaiigel  Wnrzel     ^22  000 


C'ne  acre  will  produce  224  lbs.  mutton,  186  lbs.  beef.  2900  lbs. 
nuik.  oCK)  lbs.  butter,  and  200  lbs.  cheese,  A  fair  crop  of  potatoes, 
from  16  bnsliels  of  seed,  is  340  bushels.  v 

Paris  Green,  for  potato  buss,  and  other  enemies  of  the  farmer,  may 
be  mad3  as  follows:  Dissolve  2  lbs.  sulphate  of  clipper  in  1  sal.  hot 
water,  in  a  stone  jar.  In  another  jar  put  1  lb  ot  white  arsenic  and  2 
lb-  pfc.irla'^b  in  4A  lbs.  hot  water,  and  etlr  till  dissolved.  Mix  when 
tequirtd  in  the  pioportion  of  1  part  of  the  former  to  5  of  the  latter,  &ai 
Cic  with  a  sprinkler.    It  ia  certain  death  to  Termia 


118  SCIENTIFIC    FACTS,    ETC 

The  average  growth  of  trees  during  12  years,  as  determined  by  • 
committee  of  the  Illinois  Horticultaral  Society,  when  planted  in  belti 
and  groves,  is  as  follows:  White  maple,  1  ft  diam.  and  30  ft.  high; 
Ash-leaf  maple,  1  ft.  diam.  and  20  ft.  high;  White  willoV,  1^  ft.  diam. 
and  40  ft.  high:  Yellow  willow,  l}i  ft  diam.  and  35  ft  high;  Lom- 
bardy  poplar,  10  ms.  diam.  and  40  ft.  high ;  Blue  and  White  Ash,  10  ins. 
ii«m*.  and  20  ft  high;  Chestnut,  10  ins.  diam.  and  20  ft.  hi^h;  Black 
Walnut  and  Butternut,  10  ins.  diam.  and  20  ft  high ;  Elm,  10  ins.  diam. 
and  20  ft  high;  Birch  (varieties),  10 ins.  diam.  and  25  ft  high;  Larch, 
8  ins.  diam.  and  24  ft.  high.  The  different  varieties  of  evergreens  will 
make  an  average  growth  of  18  to  20  ins.  in  height  annually.  Tlie  loug- 
evityof  various  trees,  as  estimated  by  Mr.  Don,  Secretary  and  Li- 
brarian of  the  Liunaeau  Society,  are  as  follows:  The  Dragon's  blood 
tree,  4,000  vears;  Baobab  tree,  of  Senegal,  5.150  vears;  DecidiouB 
Cypress,  6,060;  Ash,  400;  Yew,  3,000;  Oak,  1,G00;  Cedar  of  Lebanon, 
3,(X)0;  Juniper,  380;  Lime,  583;  Olive,  2,500;  Apple  tree,  80  to  175;  Pear 
tree,  260;  Orange,  1,500;  Oriental  plane,  1.200;  Scotch  fir,  90  to  120; 
Larch,  270;  olive,  2,500;  Ivy,  600;  Balm  of  Gilead,  30  to  50;  Brazil  vino 
pahn,  150;  Brazil  cabbage  palm,  600  to  700;  Date  palm,  200  to  300: 
Cocoa  nut  palm,  330;  Oriental  plane,  1,200.  1  lb.  of  catechu  is  equiva- 
lent for  tanning  purposes  to  7  to  8  lbs.  of  oak  bark.  Terra  japonica  ia 
mimosa  catechu. 

Relative  H.VED?rE98  of  Woods. — Taking  shell  bark  hickory  as 
the  highest  standard  of  our  forest  trees,  and  calling  that  100,  other 
trees  will  compare  with  it  for  hardness  as  follows : — 


SheU  bark  Hickory 

,100  Red  Oak, 

0!)  Wild  Chen-, 

55 

Pignut  Hickory, 

96; 

White  Beech, 

65  Yellow  Pine, 

54 

White  Oak, 

841 

Black  Walnut, 

65  Chestnut, 

52 

White  Ash, 

77; 

Black  Birch, 

02  Yellow  Poplar, 

51 

Dogwood, 

75 

Yellow  Oak, 

00  Butternut, 

43 

Scrub  Oak, 

73! 

Hard  Maple, 

56  White  Birch, 

43 

White  Hazel, 

72  i 

White  Elm, 

eS  White  Pine, 

30 

Apple  Tree, 

70 

Red  Cedar, 

56 

Timber  intended  for  posts,  is  rendered  almost  proof  agjvinst  rot  by 
thorough  seasoning,  charring,  and  immersion  in  hot  c/ial  tar. 

The  slide  of  AJpnach,  extending  from  Mount  Pilatus  to  Lak« 
Lucerne,  a  distance  of  8  miles,  is  composed  of  25,f)<X)  trees,  stripi.>ed  of 
their  bark,  and  Laid  at  an  inclination  of  10°  to  18°.  Trees  placed  in 
Ihe  slide  rush  from  the  mouutTui  info  the  lake  in  6  minutes. 

The  Alps  comprise  about  ISO  muuntaLns,  from.  4000  to  15,732  fe<»t 
bigh,  the  latter  being  the  height  of  Mont  Blauc,  the  highest  spot  iji 
Enrope.  The  summit  is  a  shaqt  ridge,  like  the  roof  of  a  house,  %:>n- 
eifiting  of  nearly  vertical  granite  rocks.  The  ascent  recjuires  2  days, 
*)  or  8  guides  are  required,  and  each  guide  is  paid  100  fi-ancs  (£4).  It 
was  ascended  by  2  natives,  Jacques  Belmat  and  Dr.  Packard,  Aug, 
8,  1786,  at  6  a.m.  They  staid  up  30  minutes,  with  the  thei-mometer 
at  14°  below  the  freezing  point.  The  provisions  froze  in  their  pockets; 
their  faces  were  frostbitten,  lips  swollen,  and  their  sight  much  weak- 
ened, but  they  soon  recovered  on  their  descent.  De  Saussure  records 
in  his  ascent,  August 2,  17tJ0,  that  the  color  of  the  sky  was  deep  blue; 
the  stars  were  visible  in  the  shade ;  the  barometer  sunk  to  16.08  inche« 
(being  27.08  in  Geneva);  the  thermometer  was  26J4  °,  in  the  sun,  29« 
(Iwint  87®  at  Geneva).    The  thin  ttir  works  the  Wood  into  a  high  fey« 


SCIESTiriC    FACTS,    ETC.  119 

j«oa  fed  as  If  yoa  hardly  touched  th«  gronnd,  and  you  can  scarcely 
make  yourseCf  heard-  A  Frenchwoman,  Mademoiselle  d'Angeville, 
ascended  in  September,  1S40,  being  dr.^gged  up  the  last  1200  feet  by 
the  guides,  and  crying  ont.  "  If  I  die.  carry  me  to  the  top."  WTien 
there,  she  made  them  lift  her  up,  that  she  might  boast  she  had  been 
higher  than  any  man  in  Europe.  The  ascent  of  these  awful  sohtudea 
is  most  perilous,  owing  to  the  narrow  paths,  tremendous  i-avines,  icy 
barriers,  precipices,  etc  In  many  places  every  step  has  to  be  cut  in 
the  ice,  the  party  being  tied  to  each  other  by  ropes,  so  that  if  one  shps 
he  may  be  held  up  by  the  rest,  and  silence  is  enforced,  lest  the  noise 
of  talking  should  dislodge  tlie  avalanches  of  the  .Aiguille  da  Midi 
The  view  from  the  mouutath  is  inexpressibly  grand.  On  the  Alps, 
the  limit  of  the  vine  is  an  elevation  of  KiOO  feet;  below  1000  feet  figs. 
oranges,  and  olives,  are  produced.  The  limit  of  the  oak  is  Ssiw  ft. .  oif 
the  chestnut  2800  ft.,  of  the  pine  6500  feet,  of  heaths  and  furze  to  8700 
and  9700  ft. ;  and  peri^etoal  snow  exists  at  an  elevation  of  8200  feet 

On  the  .^des,  in  lat  2°,  the  limit  of  pei-petual  snow  is  14.760  ft  In 
Mexico,  lat  19«,  the  limit  is  13,800  ft ;  on  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  11,454 
ft.;  on  Mount  Et:ia,  1*000  ft;  on  Caac^us,  9ti00  ft.;  on  the  Pvre- 
nees,  8400  ft. ;  in  Lapland,  3100  ft ;  in  Iceland.  2890  ft.  The  walnut 
ceases  to  crow  at  an  elevation  of  3600  ft. ;  the  yeUow  pine  at  6200 
ft. ;  the  Ash  at  4800  ft ;  and  the  Fir  at  6100  ft  The  loftiest  inhabited 
rx)t  on  the  globe  is  the  Port  House  of  Ancoinarca,  oa  the  .Vnde.^,  in 
rem,  16,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  14th  peak  of  the 
Himalayas,  in  Asia,  25,659  feet  high,  is  the  loftiest  mounfciin  in  the 
world- 

Lauterbrunnen  is  a  deep  part  of  an  Alpine  pa.«s,  where  the  sun 
hardly  shines  in  winter.  It  abounds  with  falls,  the  most  remarkable 
of  which  is  the  Stiubbach,  which  falls  over  the  Balm  precipice  in  a 
driz7:lhig  spray  from  a  height  of  925  feet;  best  viewe<i  in  the  raoi-uing 
sun  or  by  moonlight.  In  general  it  is  like  a  gauze  veil,  with  rain- 
bows dancing  i*p  and  down  it,  and  when  clouds  hide  the  top  of  the 
mountain,  it  seems  as  if  poured  out  of  the  .sky. 

In  Canada,  the  falls  of  Moutmorenci  are  250  feet  high,  the  falls  of 
Niagara  (the  Horse  Shoe  Falls)  are  158  feet  high  and  2000  feet  wide, 
the  American  Falls  are  164  feet  high  and  900  feet  wide.  The  Yose- 
mite  Valley  F.ills  are  2'iOO  feet  high,  and  the  Ribbon  Falls  of  the 
Yosemite  are  3300  feet  high.  The  water-faU  of  the  Arve,  in  Bavaria, 
is  2000  feet 

The  Pekiods  of  Gest.jixiox  are  the  same  in  the  horse  and  ass, 
or  11  months  each  ;  camel,  12  mouths  ;  elephant.  2  years  ;  lion.  5 
months  ;  buffalo,  12  months  ;  in  the  human  female,  9  months  ;  cow, 

9  months  ;  sheep,  5  months  ;  dog,  9  weela  ;  cat  8  weeks  ;  sow,  16 
weeks  ;  she  wolf,  from  in)  to  95  days.  The  goose  sit*  .30  days,  swans 
42,  hens  21,  ducks  30,  peahens  and  turkeys  23,  canaries  14,  pigeons 
14,  parrots  40. 

AoEs  OF  A>'iMAL.s,  &c. — Elephant.  100  years  and  upwards  ; 
Rhinoceros,  20;  Camel,  100:  Lion.  25  to  70  ;  Tigers,  Leopard?, 
Jaguars,  and  Hvenas  (in  confinement),  about  25  vears  ;  Beaver.  50 
years  ;  Deer,  20 ";  Wolf,  20  ;  Fox.  14  to  16  :  Llam.TS,'  15  ;  Chamois.  25  ; 
Monkeys  and  Baboijus,  16  to  18  yeai-s  ;  Hare.  8  ;  S<|uirrel,  7  ;  Rab« 
fcit,  7  ;  Swine,  23  ;  Stag,  under  50  ;  Horse.  30  ;  Ass,  30  ;  Sheep,  uude« 

10  ;  Cow.  20;  Ox,  30  ^Swans,  Parrots  and  Eiaveus,  200  ;  Eagle,  100  ; 
Ge«8e,  SO  ;  Hem  and  Pigeons,  10  to  1(3  ;  Hawks,  30  to  40  ;  Crane,  24  j 


120  SCIENTIFIC   FACTS,   ETC. 

Blackbird,  10  to  12  ;  Peacock,  20  ;  Pelican,  40  to  50 ;  Thrush,  8  to  10 . 
Wren,  2  to  3  ;  Nightingale,  15  ;  Blackcap,  15  ;  Linnet,  14  to  23  ;  Gold- 
finch, 20  to  24  ;  Redbreast,  10  to  12  ;'  Slrj-lark,  10  to  30  ;  Titlark,  5  to 
6  :  ChalBnch,  20  to  24  ;  StarUng,  10  to  12  ;  Carp,  70  to  150 ;  Pike,  30 
to  40  ;  Salmon,  16  ;  Codfish,  14  to  17  ;  Eel,  10  ;  Crocodile,  100  ;  Tor- 
toise, 100  to  200  ;  Whale,  e^mated,  1,000  ;  Queen  Bees  live  4  years  ; 
Drones,  4  months  ;  Worker  Bees,  6  months. 

The  melody  of  singing  birds  ranks  ns  follows  :  The  nightingale 
first,  then  the  Unnet,  titlark,  sky  lark,  and  wood  lark.  The  jnocking 
bird  has  the  greatest  powers  of  imitation  ;  the  robin  and  goldfinch 
are  superior  in  \igorou3  notes.  Gardner's  notation  of  the  music  ol 
-  birds  affords  conclueive  proof  that  most  of  the  best  ideas  of  the  great 
composers  were  derived  from  these  melodious  warblers.  One  well 
known  bird  in  the  Canadian  woods  takes  gi-eat  deliglit  in  calUng  out, 
Whippoor  Will,  Whip  poor  Will ;  the  red-eyed  fly-catcher  seems  to 
isay,  Tom  EeVy  !  Whip  !  Tom  Edly  ! 

'  The  condor  of  Peru  has  spread  wings  40  feet,  feathers  20  feet, 
quills  8  inches  round. 

In  England,  a  quarter  of  wheat,  comprisin.sr  8  bushels,  yields  14 
bushels  2i  pecks,  divided  into  sevsn  distinct  kinds  of  flour,  as  fol- 
lows :  Fme  flour,  5  bushels  3  pecks  ;  bran,  3  bushels  ;  twenty-penny, 
3  bushels  ;  seconds,  2  pecks  ;  pollard,  2  bushels  ;  fine  middlings,  1 
peck  ;  coarse  ditto,  1  peck. 

Fourteen  poimds  of  oats  produce  8  lbs.  of  oatmeal. 
In  America,  1  bushel  of  buckwheat,  or  50  lbs.,  wUl  produce  25 
lbs.  of  buckwheat  meal ;  more  may  be  obtained,  but  the  quality  wiU 
be  impaired.  ^ 

A  20-inch  Hamson  light  vertical  burr-mill  will  grind  54  bushels 
of  corn  per  hour.  Revolutions  per  minute,  1300  ;  20  horse  ix)wer 
will  drive  two  such  rim  of  stones. 

In  England,  2  bushels  of  seed  will  produce  18  ol  wheat  in  fair 
crops. 

The  ancient  Greek  phalanx  comprised  8000  men,  forming  a  square 
battalion,  with  spears  crossing  each  other,  and  shields  united. 

The  Roman  legion  was  composed  of  6000  men,  comprising  10 
cohorts  of  600  men  each,  with  300  horsemen. 

The  ancient  battering  ram  was  of  massive  timber,  60  to  100  feet 
^ong,  fitted  with  an  iron  head.  It  was  erected  under  shelter  to  pro- 
tect the  60  or  100  men  required  to  work  it.  The  largest  was  equaJ  in 
force  to  a  36-lb.  shot  from  a  cannon. 

Pile  Drivixg  os  Sandy  Soils. — The  greatest  force  will  not 
effect  a  penetration  exceeding  15  feet. 

Various  Sizes  of  Type. — It  requires  205  lines  of  Diamond  tjrpe 
to  make  12  inches  ;  of  Pearl,  178  ;  of  Ruby,  1(56  ;  of  Nonpareil,  143  ; 
of  Minion,  128  ;  of  Brevier,  112i  ;  of  Bourgeois,  102^  ;  of  Long 
Pdmer,  89  :  of  SmaU  Pica,  83  ;  of'Pica,  71^  ;  of  English,  64. 

To  supply  a  population  estimated  at  over  40,000.(XX),  there  were  in 
existence  in  "the  United  States  and  Territories  during  July,  1876,  the 
enormous  number  of  8129  newspapere  and  periodicals,  embracing 
73?  daily,  70  tri- weekly,  121  semi-weekly,  6235  weekly,  33  bi-weekly, 
105  semi-monthly,  714  monthly,  13  bi-monthly,  and  67  quaiterly  pub- 
lications. Of  these,  the  New' York  Sun  has  the  largest  circulation, 
haviag  eireulated  46,799,769  copies  during  the  year  ending  March, 
187" ;  weight  of  whit*  p4per  consumed,  3,426,610  pouDds.    Its  dail; 


StlENTItlC    FACTS,    ETC.  121 

rircnlation  is  over  138,000,  weekly  85,000.  To  supply  this  demand 
it  requires  the  combined  results  of  the  labor  and  brains  of  249  men, 
a  weekly  expenditure  of  about  ?H5,000,  and  the  services  of  seven 
ponderous  Bullock  printing  presses,  having  a  capacity  of  1400  copies 
per  minute.  Another  press,  of  double  size,  with  a  capacity  of  50,00Q 
copies  i>er  hour,  has  been  ordered.  Each  press  prints  two  complete 
copies  at  oue  impression,  i  ot  from  type,  but  from  cylindrical  stereo- 
type places  which  revolve  with  the  press  cylinder. 

^  ire  ropes  for  the  transmission  of  power  vary  in  size  from  §  to  | 
inch  diam.  lor  from  3  to  300  horse  power  ;  to  promote  flexibility,  the 
rope,  made  of  iron,  steel,  or  copper  wire,  as  may  be  preferred,  is 
provided  with  a  core  of  hemp,  and  the  speed  is  1  mile  per  minute, 
more  or  less,  as  desired.  The  lope  should  run  on  a  well-balanced, 
grooved,  cast  iron  wheel,  of  from  ^  to  15  feet  diam.,  according  as  the 
transmitted  power  ranges  from  3  \.  1 300  horse  ;  tlie  groove  should  be 
well  cushioned  with  soft  material,  ai  leather  or  rubber,  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  durable  bed  for  the  rope.  With  good  care  ^e  rope  wUl 
last  from  3  to  5  years. 

In  paper  making,  10  cylinders  for  preparing  the  pulp,  making  200 
revolutions  per  minute,  1  paper  making  machine,  cutting  machines, 
pump  and  accessories,  consimied  50  horse  power.  The  macliiue  made 
13  yards  of  paper  per  minute,  and  the  produce  was  1  ton  of  paper 
per  day  of  24  hours.  In  another  instance,  28  pulping  cylinders  and  3 
paper  making  machines  produced  2  to  3  tons  of  paper  per  day  of  24 
hours,  and  consumed  113  horse-power.  A  Leffel  Turbine  Wheel,  Ifl 
ins.  in  diameter,  strongly  built  of  fine  brass  and  steel,  with  German 
silver  buckets,  is  now  performing  the  work  of  a  120  horse  power 
engine  which  it  supei-seded  ;  it  has  a  head  of  228  feet. 

The  St.  Gothard  Tunnel,  under  the  Helvitic  Alps,  will  be,  when 
finished,  9.3  miles  long,  and  will  cost  289,000,000  francs. 

CoATHrPES  RiTLE  FOR  LENGTH  OF  GuN  Bahkexs.  For  the  best 
shooting,  the  length  of  the  barrel,  measured  from  the  vent  hole,  should 
be  not  le^s  than  43  times  the  diameter  of  its  bore,  nor  more  than  47. 

Proportions  of  Gunpowder  as  made  by  the  English  Government,  is, 
nitre,  75;  charcoal,  15;  sulphur,  10.  That  of  the  French,  nitre,  77; 
charcoal,  14,  sulphur,  9.  A  13  inch  Armstrong  gun,  with  a  charge  of 
90  lbs.,  ball  344.5  lbs.,  velocity  1760  ft.  per  second,  penetrated  11  inches 
of  solid  iron  plates  at  a  range  of  200  ft.  No  field  piece  should  be  load- 
ed with  more  powder  than  a  fifth  or  sixth  of  the  weight  of  its  balL 
A  32  poimder  with  a  charge  of  8  lbs.  will  peneti-ate  15.25  ins.  of  hard 
brick,  or  12  ins.  of  hard  freestone,  or  3o ins.  of  granite,  at  a  ranae  of 
200  feet. 

Cannon  balls  go  furthest  at  an  elevation  of  30°,  and  less  as  the  balls 
are  less  ;  the  range  is  furthest  when  fired  from  west  to  east  iu  the 
direction  of  tlie  eartli's  motion,  which  for  the  diurnal  rotation  on  its 
axis,  is  at  the  rate  of  1037  miles  per  hour,  and  in  its  orbit,  06,092  miles. 

The  air's  resistance  is  such,  than  a  cannon  ball  of  3  lbs.  weighty 
diameter,  2.78  ins.  moving  with  a  velocity  of  1800  ft.  per  second,  ifl 
resisted  by  a  force  equal  to  156  lbs. 

Estimated  Thkust  of  Screw  PROPEiiER  with  BJsrGnrBs  o» 
1000  Horse  Power,  20.000  lbs.    ■ 

Brick-layers  ascend  ladders  with  loads  of  90  lbs.,  1  foot  per  seoand. 
There  are  484  bricks  in  a  cubic  yard,  aiu  4350  in  a  rod. 

A  power  of  250  tona  is  necessary  to  st^Jt  a  vessel  weighing  3000  toai 


Ifg  .  SClEKTirrC   FACTS,    ETC. 

orer  greased  slides  on  a  marine  railway,  when  in  motion,  160  toM  ooi$ 
U  required. 

A  modem  dredging  machine.  123  ft.  long,  beam  26  ft,  breadth  c vei 
all,  11  ft,  will  raise  180  tons  of  mad  and  clay  per  hour,  11  feet  from 
wnter-line. 

In  tanning,  4  lbs.  of  oak  bark  make  1  lb.  of  leather. 

Flame  is  quenched  in  air  containing  3  per  cent  of  carbonic  add  ;  th« 
aame  per  cent^ge  ia  fatal  to  animal  Ufe. 

100  parts  of  oak  make  nearly  23  of  charcoal;  beech,  21;  deal,  19; 
~pple,23.7;  elm 23:  ash,  25;  birch,  24;  maple,  22.8;  willow,  18;  pop- 
lar, 20  ;  red  piae,  22.10  ;  white  pine.  23.  The  charcoal  u^  in  gun- 
powder is  made  from  vrillow,  alder,  and  a  few  other  woods.  The 
charred  timber  found  in  the  ruins  of  Hercnlaneum  has  under 
gone  no  change  in  1800  years. 

Four  volumes  of  nitrogen,  and  one  of  oxygen  compose  atmospheric 
air  in  all  localities  on  the  globe. 

Air  extracted  from  pure  water,  under  an  air  pump,  contains  34.8 
per  cent  of  oxrgen.  Fish  breathe  tliis  air,  respiring  about  35  times 
jier  minute.  'The  oxyhydrogen  lime  light  may  be  seen  from  moan- 
tains  at  the  distance  of  200  miles  round. 

Lightning  is  reflected  150  to  200  miles. 

1000  cubic  feet  of  13  candle  gas  is  equivalent  to  over  7  gals,  of  sperm 
oil;  52.9  lbs.  of  tallow  candles;  and  over44  lbs.  of  sperm  caudles. 

The  time  occupied  bv  gas  in  travelling  from  a  gas  well  (iu  Penn- 
sylvania) through  32  miles  of  pipe  was  22  minutes,  pressure  at  the 
weU  was  55  lbs.  per  inch,  pressure  at  discharge  49  lbs. 

The  flight  of  wild  ducks  is  estimated  at  90  miles  per  hour,  that  of 
the  swift  at  200  miles,  carrier  pigeons  33  miles,  swallows  60  miles, 
migratory  birds  have  crossed  the  Mediterranean  at  a  speed  of  120 
miles  per  hour. 

Were  it  not  for  dry  rot,  ships  would  last  on  the  average  about  30 
years,  as  it  is  tlieir  average  duration,  when  built  of  ordinary  timber, 
is  7,  8  and 9  years. 

Calomel  is  composed  of  50  grs.  of  mercury  and  10^  of  chlorine 
gas. 

Carbon  is  the  base  of  organic  structures,  and  Silica  of  mineral. 

At  birth,  the  beiits  of  the  pulse  are  from  165  to  104,  and  the  inspira- 
tions of  breath,  from  70  to  23.  From  15  to  20,  the  puIsation.a  are  from 
90  to  57,  the  Inspirations,  from  24  to  16,  from  20  to  SO,  the  pulsations 
are  112  to  56,  the  inspirations,  23  to  11.  In  usual  states  it  is  4  to  1. 
The  action  of  the  heart  distributes  2  ozs.  of  bloud  from  70  to  80  time* 
in  a  minute. 

Daniell  makes  the  heat  in  a  common  parlor  fire  1141°.  Solids  be- 
come incandescent  in  the  dark,  at  600*^  or  700^,  but  not  in  daylight 
U11800<=orl00O=. 

Sea  water  is  seldom  below  40",  springs  about  45*';  and  pools  and 
small  rivers  are  as  the  atmosphere.  The  lowest  heat  for  fermenta- 
tion is  57.5,  the  highest  77°.  The  lowest  for  drying  herbs,  etc.,  77" 
and  the  highest  122°. 

The  mean  heat  of  the  human  body  is  98°  and  of  the  skin  90° 
Tea  and  coffee  are  usually  drank  at  110°. 

The  explosion  of  nitro-glycerine  is  so  sudden  that  it  acts  a^inst 
the  air  as  against  a  solid  body,  thus  forming  a  deep  chana  m  thf 
•arth.  '"'— 


_»CIKNTirTC   FACTJl,    ETC, 


1.2S 


tmcMAL  NoTATiov,  &c—Th«  first  flpirs  to  the  right  of  the  point  »« 

Iftir/iB  thousandths,  &c.,  tlus  4.5,  is  4  njiite  and  5  «€njA^;  9-24  is  9  unltt 
KDd  24  hundreth3 ;  or  8.  BIO  is  8  units  and  ttlO  thousandths.  Again  .1  is 
^10  01  is  1-100,  and  .001  is  1-1000.  The  Arithmetical  Signa  and  their 
ilgn'ifloation  can  be  formed  by  consulting  the  Tabular  part  of  this  work. 

Value  of  Metals.— The  following  table,  transcnbed  from  the 
Iron  Age,  may  be  considered  as  showing  the  value  of  44  ditferent 
kinds  of  metal  during  July,  1876.  The  prices  of  the  rarermetals  hiiv* 
been  taken  from  Trommsdorff's  and  Schuehardt  s  last  price  Iwt,  and 
the  initials  indicate  the  authorities  consulted.  The  avordupois  lb.  i« 
MBumed  as  being  equal  to  453  grammes,  and  the  mark  to  24c.  gold  :— 


Metal. 


Vanadium,  cryst.  fused 

Kubidlum,  wire 

Calcium,  electrolytic 

Tantalum,  pure  

Cerium ,  fused  globules 

Lithiun.  globules 

lithium,  wire 

Erbium,  fused 

Didgmium,  fused 

Strontium,  electrolytic 

Indium,  pure 

Euthenium,  pure 

Columbium,  fused 

Rhodium    

Barium,  electrolytic 

Thallium 

Osmium 

Palladium 

Iridium — 

tTrarium 

Gold 

Titanium,  fused 

Tellurium,  fused 

Chromium,  fused  

Platinum,  fused 

Manganese,  fused 

Molybdenum 

Magnesium,  wire  and  tape. 

Potassium,  globules 

Silver 

Aluminnm,  bar 

Cobalt,  cubes 

Nickel,  cubes 

Cadmium 

Sodium 

Bismuth,  crude 

Mercury 

Antimonv 

Tin    

Copi)er 

Aiienlo 

Zinc 

Lead 

IroB • ••♦• 


Value     in 

gold  per  lb. 

Avord. 


Price  in 
gold  per 
gramme. 


*4,V92.40 
3,261.60 
2,466.20 
2,446.20 
2,446.20 
2,228.76 
2,935.44 
1,671.57 
1,630.08 
1,576.14 
1,522.08 
1,304.61 
1,250.28 
1,032.84 
924.12 
738.39 
652.32 
498.30 
466.59 
4»4.88 
299.72 
239.80 
196.20 
196.20 
122.31 
108.72 
51.34 
45.30 
22.65 
18.60 
16.30 
12.C8 
3.80 
3.26 
3JJ6 
1.95 
1.00 
36 
25 
22 
16 
10 
6 


$10.80 
7.20 
5.40 
5.40 
6.40 
4.92 
6.48 
3.96 
3.60 
3.48 
3.36 
2.88 
2.76 
2.28 
2.04 
1.63 
1.44 
1.10 
1.03 


52 
43 
43 
27 
24 
12 
10 
05 

036 
0-28 
008 
007 
OCT 
0043 


Au- 
thor 
ity. 


takes 

book 
reccsi 
qootoi 


124  ICIEXTIFIC   FACTS,    ETC. 

Ajbses'ical  Soap  for  the  Skiks  op  Weld  A>'imal3.— The  skim 
must  be  well  scraped  and  divested  of  all  fat,  and  well  rubbed  with  the 
following  soap.  Lime,  1  oz. ;  camphor,  1  oz. ;  arsenic,  1  oz. ;  alum,  1  oz. 
Mix  all  thoroughly  with  1  lb.  of  yellow  soap.  This  will  prove  a  good 
preservative. 

Positive  Cctse  fob  Poot  Eot  ly  Sheep.— Tills  is  caused  by 
exposure  to  bad  weather,  more  esijecially  to  wet  pasturage,  etc.  'NS'hen 
lame,  pass  them  through  a  trough  coutainiug  a  warm  solution  of 
arsenic,  of  nearly  the  following  strength:  i  ozs.  arpeuic,  4  ozs.  ol 
soda  ash  or  potash,  1  gal.  of  water.  Boil  till  dissolved;  keep  it 
about  three  inches  deep,  so  as  to  cover  the  foot  as  the  sheep  walk 
through ;  the  trough  should  be  alK)ut  20  feet  long,  and  just  wid# 
enough  to  admit  one  sheep  walking  after  the  other. 

A  74  gun  ship  consumes  2000  tons  or  trees,  the  produce  of  57  acres 
lor  a  century. 

The  deepest  coal  mine  in  England  is,  or  was,  at  Killingworth, 
near  Newcastle,  and  the  mean  annual  temperature,  at  400  yards  be- 
low the  surface,  is  77°,  and  at  300  yards,  70°,  while  at  the  surface  it 
is  but  48°,  being  1°  of  increase  for  every  15  yards.  This  explains 
the  origin  of  hot  springs,  for,  at  3;>00  yards,  the  heat  would  be  equal 
to  hoilmg  water,  tiking  20  yards  to  a  degree.  The  heat  of  the  Bath 
waters  is  116°,  hence  they  would  appear  to  rise  1,."20  yards. 

Peron  relates,  that  at  the  depth  of  2144  feet  in  the  sea,  the  ther- 
mometer falls  to  45°,  when  it  is  66°  at  the  surface. 

Swemberg  and  Fourier  calculate  the  temperature  of  the  celestial 
epaces  at  50  deg.  centigrade  below  freezing. 

In  Northern  Siberia,  the  ground  is  frozen  permanently  to  the 
depth  of  660  feet,  and  only  thaws  to  the  extent  of  3  or  4  feet  in  sum- 
mer.    Below  660  feet  internal  heat  begins. 

Eiver  water  contains  about  30  grs.  of  solid  matter  in  every  cubic 
foot.  Fresh  water  springs  of  great  size  abound  under  the  sea.  Per- 
haps the  most  remarkable  springs  exist  in  California,  where  they  are 
noted  for  producing  sidphuric  acid,  ink,  and  other  remarkable  pro- 
dacta. 

St.  Winifred's  Well,  in  England,  evolves  120  ton.s  of  water  per 
minute,  furnishing  abundant  water  power  to  drive  11  mills  within 
Mttle  more  than  a  mile. 

The  Nile  has  a  fall  of  6  ins.  in  1000  miles.  Tlie  rise  of  the  river 
commences  in  June,  continuing  until  the  middle  of  August,  attaining 
an  elevation  of  from  24  to  26  ft  and  flowing  the  valley  of  Egji^t,  12 
miles  wide.  In  1829  it  rose  to  26  cubits,  by  which  30,000  persoia 
were  di'owned.  It  is  a  teiTible  clim.ite  to  live  in,  owing  to  the  fester- 
ing heat,  and  detestable  exhalations  from  the  mud,  etc.,  left  on  the 
retiring  of  the  Nile,  which  adds  about  4  inches  to  the  soil  in  a  cen- 
tury, and  enroaches  on  the  sea  16  feet  every  year.  Bricks  have  been 
found  at  a  depth  of  60  feet,  showing  the  vast  antiquity  of  the  coun- 
try.    In  productiveness  of  soil  it  is  excelled  by  no  ccicr  in  the  world- 

Belzoni  considered  the  tract  between  the  first  and  second  cata- 
racts of  the  Nile,  as  the  hottest  on  the  globe,  owing  to  there  being  no 
rain.  The  natives  do  not  credit  the  phenomenon  of  water  faUing 
from  above.  Hence  it  is,  that  all  monuments  are  so  nicely  preserved 
Buckingham  found  a  building  left  unfinished  about  4000  years  M^ 
and  the  chalk  marks  on  the  stones  were  still  perfect. 

Porapey's  Pillar  is  ^2  ft.  high,  and  27i  round  at  the  has*. 


SCIENTIFIC    FACTS,    ETC  125 

The  French  removed  a  red  granite  ?oluinn  9o  ft.  high,  weighing 
SlOtons,  from  Thebes  and  carried  it  td  Paris.  The  display  of  costly 
architectural  rains  at  Thebes  is  one  ot  the  most  astonishing  to  ba 
seen  anywhere  in  the  world.  The  ruins  and  costly  buildings,  in  old 
Eastern"  countries,  are  so  vast  in  their  proportions  and  so  many  in 
number,  that  it  would  require  volumes  to  describe  tliem. 

Babel,  now  called  Birs  JVimrovd.  built  at  Babylon  by  Belus,  waa 
nsed  as  an  observatory,  and  as  a  temple  of  the  Sun.  It  was  com- 
posed of  8  square  towers,  one  over  the  other,  in  all  670  ft  high,  and 
the  same  dimensions  on  each  side,  on  the  ground . 

The  Coliseum  at  Rome,  built  by  Vespasian  for  100,000  spectators, 
was  in  its  longest  diameter  R15.5  feet,  and  in  the  shortest  510,  em- 
braced 5^  acres,  and  was  120  feet  hi^h. 

Eight  aqueducts  supplied  ancient  Rome  with  water,  delivering  10 
millions  of  cubic  feet  daily.  That  of  Ckiudi;*  was  47  miles  long,  and 
100  feet  high,  so  as  to  furnish  the  hills.  Maitia  was  41  miles,  of 
which  37  were  on  7000arch68, 70  feet  high.  These  vast  erections  would 
never  have  been  built  had  the  Romans  known  that  water  always  rises 
to  its  own  level. 

The  Temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  was  425  feet  long,  and  226 
broad,  with  127  columns,  CO  feet  high,  to  support  the  roof.  It  was 
220  vears  in  building. 

Solomon's  Temple,  built  B.  C  1014,  was  60  cubits,  or  107  feet  m 
lengtu.  the  breadth,  20  cubits,  oi  o6  feet,  and  the  height,  GO  cubits, 
or  54  feet.  The  porch  was  o()  feet  long  and  18  feet  wide. 

The  largest  of  the  Egj'ptiau  pyramids  is  543  feet  high,  693  feet  on 
the  sides,  and  its  base  covers  11  acres.  The  layers  of  stones  are  208 
in  number  ;  many  stones  are  over  30  feet  long,  4  broad,  and  3  thick. 
The  Temple  of  Ypsambul,  in  Nubia,  is  enormously  massive,  and 
cutout  of  the  solid  rock.  Belzoni  foimd  in  it  4  immense  figures  65  ft 
high,  25  ft  over  the  shoulders,  with  a  face  of  7  ft.  and  the  ears  over 
Sit 

Sesostris  erected  in  the  temple  in  Memphis,  immense  statues  of  him- 
self and  his  wife,  5J  it.  high,  and  of  his  chiidi-en,  28  ft. 

In  the  Temple  of  the  Sun,  at  B^-ilbcc,  aie  stones  more  than  60  ft. 
long.  24  ft.  thick,  and  16  broad,  e;;(  !i  eiabrucing  23,000  cubic  feet,  cut, 
squared,  scidptured,  and  trauspuitcd  from  neighboring  quarries.  Six 
enoiinous  columns  are  each  72  it.  high,  comjwsed  of  3  stones,  7  ft  in 
diameter.  Sesostris  is  credited  with  ha\Tng  transjiorted  from  Jio 
mountains  of  Arabia,  a  rock  32  feet  Avide,  and  240  ft.  long. 

The  engineering  appliances  used  by  the  ancients  in  the  movement 
of  these  immense  masses  are  but  imperfectly  understood  at  tha 
present  day. 

During  modem  times,  a  block  of  granite  weighing  1217  tons,  now 
used  as  the  pedestal  of  the  equestrian  sUitute  of  Peter  the  Great,  at 
St.  Pt  ter.sburg,  was  transpoi-ted  4  miles  by  land  over  a  railway  and  13 
miles  in  a  vast  caisson  by  water.  The  railway  consisted  of  two  lines 
of  timber  furnished  with  hard  metal  grooves  ;  between  these  groove* 
were  placed  spheres  of  hard  brass  about  6  ins.  diameter.  On  these 
spheres  the  frame  with  its  massive  load  was  easily  moved  by  60  men 
working  at  caixjtans  with  ti'eble-purchase  block. 

In  1716,  while  yet  but  28.  the  illustrious  Swedenborg  contrived  to 
transport  (on  rolling  machines  of  his  own  invention),  ovw  valleys  and 
momitains,  2  galleys.  5  lacse  boats,  and  1  sloop,  from  Stromstadt  to 


128  FBENCH   MEASUBES,    ETC. 

Iderfjol  (\rniohdlTid68  Sweden  from  Nonvajoa  the  Sonth",  a  distance 
of  14  miles;  by  which  meana,  Charles  XII.  wad  able  to  carry  on  hla 
plane,  and,  oiider  cover  of  the  galleys  aad  boats,  to  transport  on  pon- 
toon*, his  heavy  artillery  to  the  very  walls  of  Frederickshall. 

Aa  an  exponent  of  the'  laws  of  friction,  it  may  be  stated  that  a  square 
rtone,  weighing  lCfcK)lbs.  which  required  a  force  of  75S  lbs.  to  drag  it 
along  the  floor  of  a  quarry,  roughly  chiselled,  required  only  a  fcrceol 
22  Ibe.  to  moY  6  it  when  mounted  on  a  platform  and  rollers  over  &  plank 
floor. 

Water  is  the  absolute  master,  former,  and  eecondary  agent  of  the 
power  of  motion  in  every  thing  terrestrial.  It  is  tlie  irresistible  power 
which  elaborates  every tuing,  and  the  waters  contain  more  organized 
Ibeingg  than  the  land. 

Bivers  hold  in  susi>ension  100th  of  their  volume  (more  or  less)  of 
mad,  80  that  if  36  cubic  miles  of  water  (the  estimated  quantity)  flow 
dafly  Into  the  sea,  O.Sii  cubic  miles  of  soil  are  daily  displaced.  The 
Rhine  carries  to  the  sea  every  dny  lio.OSO  cubic  feet  of  mud.  The 
Po  carries  cat  the  land  22S  ft!  per  annum,  consequently  Adria,  which 
2500  years  ago,  wr-s  on  the  .sea,  is  now  over  'M  miles  from  it. 

The  enormous  amount  of  Rlluvium  deposited  by  the  Mississippi  is 
almost  incalculable,  and  renders  necessary  the  e.^tensive  engineering 
operation.^,  which  are  now  (1S7G)  being  prosecuted  in  order  to  remove 
the  impediments  to  navigation. 

French  Mzasukes  with  thx  English  Eqctvalests.  Measures 
OP  Lexgth. — ifyrimtUr,  eiuivalent  to  lO.OX)  meters,  or  to  Gmilee,  1  fur- 
long, 2Sii  i>ole3.  K'.lom'^Ur,  l,i>JO  meters,  or  to  3,2S0  ft.  aud  10  ins. 
Hictomft'r,  1  0  meters,  XS  ft.  and  I  iujh.  D'.'/'ameier.  10  raetere.  equal 
to  32  aud  4-5:^13  ft.  Meter,  the  unit  of  the  French  measure  of  leiizUi, 
equal  to  29J^'i  inches.  D^cirndtfr.  1-10  of  a  meter,  equal  to  3.97  inches. 
Centimeter,  l-l>.iof  a  met^r,  or  .39371  inch (U6aily2-Gtlis  inch).  MiUimei-er, 
l-lOOtr.h  of  a  m- ter,  or  .(KWi  inch. 

ScBFACE  Measures. — .\fyriarf,  100,000  square  meters,  equal  to  246 
acres,  3  roods,  and  20  poles.  Hectare,  lO.OUO  square  meters,  equal  to 
ll.J'i-O  ErvglUi  squara  vai  is,  or  to  :?.4T1  acres.  An,  lOO  square  meters,  or 
119  8  square  yards.     C'c  utare,  1  square  meter,  or  1550  square  incliea. 

Z>Ieasche.s  of  VotriiE. — Ki'.o:U<ror  Sieere,  the  unit  of  measure  for  solid 
bovlies,  1,C:X)  liters,  or  1  cubic  meter,  equal  tc  35.3171  cubic  ft.,  or  to  1.308  cubio 
yards,  or  to  2fii.!7  gallons.  Hcc'clit^er,  lOOlitera.  or  1-lOth  cubic  meter,  equal 
to  2  bash.,  and  <>.35  pecks,  or  26.417  gals.  /)."ca^ifer,  10  liters,  or  10  cubic  deci- 
meters, equal  to  610.28  cuMe  inobes.  orto  9.0«  qts.,  or  to  2  and  1-5  Impriiial 
gals.  Liter.  1  cubic  decime'er,  a  unit  of  capacity,  equal  to  a  little  less  than 
an  EngUah  quart,  or  precisely  .909  qt.  D^cilittr,  1-lOth  liter,  or  1  cubic  deci- 
meter, 6.1023  cubic  iiches,  equal  to  0.176  pint,  or  .»45  gill.  C^n.'UlUer. 
l-lWth  liter,  or  IJ  cubic  decimete.'S,  equal  to  .61ij2  cubic  inch,  or  .33*  flala 
oz.  Mi^liliifr,  1-lOoijtb.  liter,  or  1  cubio  centimeter,  equal  to  .061  oublo 
Inch,  or  .27  duid  drm. 

MEAsrKEs  OF  Weight.— jr7?iVr  or  Tonn^ctu,  1.000,000  grains,  or  1 
cubic  meter  of  water  at  i^a  maximum  deusitv,  equal  to  2204.6  Iba. 
avoirdupois.  Oiii/iAi.',  l0O.Oij»J  grains,  or  1  hectoliter  of  water,  equal  to 
220.46  lbs.  avoinlupois.  hlijrigram,  or  I'^.OOO  erains,  or  10  liters  of  w&ter. 
equal  to  K.'ijo  lbs.  avoirdupois.  Kilngram  orKiu->,  1000 grains,  or  1  liter  of 
water,  equal  to  2  lb*.  3  ozs.  6.5  drs.  {2i»6  lbs.)  avoirdupois-  Hect'->graTH, 
100  graliis,  or  1  der-iliter  of  wat^r,  equal  to  3.5277  ozs.  avoirdupois. 
Cram,  the  u:vit  of  weijht,  being  the  weight  of  1  cubic  centimeter  of 
water,  or  abou:;  lyu  grains  troy.  Drc'tQram,  1-10  grain,  or  1-10  of  a  cubio 
centimeter  of  waier,  ei^ual  to  i.M32  grains  trov.  V<^tigram,  100th  gram, 
or  10  cubic  mllli-ueters  of  water,  or  equal  to  1-W3  grains  troy.  Millu/ram, 
HOOO  gram,  or  1  cubio  miUlmet«r  ol  w»'»,  equal  v3  MH  gr»ln«  trof 


WEIGHTS    OP   METALS,   ETC.  127 

lV>r  sorfM*  meworemant,  the  K^^^^e  dekAmeter  ia  used  under  the  term  of 


NcMBER  OF  Cubic  Feet  is  a  Tok  (Avoikdupois)  op  Ditfireiit 
ftLATEEiAis.— Cast  Iron,  4-98  ;  Wron<;lit  Iron,  4.59  ;  Bar  Iron,  469  ;  Steel, 
cJoft,  4-57  ;  Steel,  Hard,  459  ;  Copper,  Sheet,  4-G2  ;  Copper,  Cast,  401 ;  Brass, 
4.17  ;  Lead,  3- 15  ;  Tin,  Cast,  4-91  ;  Zinc,  Cast,  49-8 ;  Granite,  13-514 ;  Marble, 
13-34;  ;  ParinK  Stone,  14-83 ;  Millstone,  14-42 ;  Grindstones,  17  ;  Common 
Stone,  14-22 ;  Fire  Brick,  16.2A4  ;  Briclc,  Mean,  21-:>61 ;  Anthracite  Coal, 
21-284  and 24-958  ;  Cannel  Coal,  2  5-609  ;  Cotton  Bale,  Mean,  154-4S  ;  Pressed 
ditto,  from  89-6  to  1-14 ;  Hay,  Bale,  2:J-517  ;  Bale,  Mean,  154-48  ;  Hav,Pres«ed 
89-6  ;  Clav,  15S-69:  Common  Soil,  16-335  ;  Mini,  21-987  ;  Loose  Sand,  23-893  ; 
Earth  with  Gravel,  16-742  ;  India  Rubber,  30.63  ;  Plaster  of  Paris,  21-3  ;  Glass 
12-44  ;  lee,  38-58  ;  Chalk  (BriUsh),  17-92  ;  Tallow,  38  ;  Oil,  39  ;  Fresh  Water, 
36-84 ;  Salt  Water,  34-931. 

Weight  OF  Variops  Materials  ix  Lbs.  (Avoibdppois)  per  Cubio 
Foot.— Pure  Gold,  1203-6;  Standard  Gold,  1102-9;  Hammered  Gold,  1210-11 ; 
Pure  Silver,  654-6  ;  Hammered  Silver,  656-9  ;  Staudaid  Silver.  658-4  ;  Cast 
Brass,  .524-8;  Brass  Wire,  534;  Bis: auth,  Cast,  613-9;  Antimony,  418-9; 
Bronze,  5134  .-  Cobalt,  Cast,  488-2  ;  Clipper,  Cast,  &19-3  ;  Copper,  Sh..-et,  557-2; 
Copper,  Wire,  554-9;  Wrought  Iron,  4(<0-75  :  Iron  P'ates,  481-5  ;  Cast  Iron, 
450-4;  Gun  Metal,  543-75;  Cast  Lead.  7C9-5 ;  liolled  do.,  711-75;  Red  Lead, 
55875  ;  Tin,  456-7  ;  Platinum,  Pure,  1213-8  ;  Hammered  rto.,  1271,  Mercury. 
60°,  Fluid,  848  ;mercun-,  Solid,  977  ;  Nickel,Ca;-t,  487-9;  Sluel,  I'lates.  480-75; 
Steel,  Soft,  489-6;  Type  Metal,  653-1;  Zinc,  Cast,  439;  Granite,  105-75;  Mill- 
stone, 15o'3;  Marble,  Mean,  of  nineteen  Kinds.  180;  Grind-stones,  133-9; 
Firebrick,  137-5;  Tile,  114-44;  Brick.  Mjan,  l.;2;  Clay,  120;  Limestone,  Mean, 
of  seven  sorts,  184-1;  Loose  Earth  or  Sand,  95;  Coarse  Sand,  112-5;  Ordi- 
nary Soil,  124;  Mud,  102;  Clay  and  Stones,  160;  Slate,  167  to  l»l-25;  Plaster 
of  Paris.  73-5;  PlumbSgo,  ISlSo;  Anthracite  Coal,  from  89-75  to  1025;  Can- 
nel Coal,  from  77-3;5  to  82-83;  Charcoal  from  Hard  Wood,  lS-5;  ditto  from 
Soft  Wood,  18;  Port  Wine,  62-31 ;  Fresh  Water,  62-5;  Sea  Water,  64-3:  Dead 
Sea  Water,  77-5;  Vinegar,  67-5  ;  Alum,  107-10;  Asbestos,  Starrv.  192-1;  Ice  at 
32°,  57-5;  Sulphur,  127-1:  Pear,  3;5  to  83-1;  Marl,  Mean,  in:i-3:5;  Hydraulio 
Lime,  171-60;  quartz,  16625  ;  Rock  Crvstal,  170-94;  Salt,  Common,  133.12  ; 
Lard,  59-20;  Whale  Oil,  57-70;  Olive  Oil.  57-19. 

Weight  of  a  Citbio  Ikch  of  Various  Metals  isr  Potryos.— 
Hammered  Gold,  .701  lbs  :  Cast  do.  (pure),  .638  ;  20  Carats  Fine  do.,  .567  ; 
Hammered  Silver,  .3S2  ;  Pure  do.,  .373  ;  Cast  Steel,  .287  ;  Cast  Iron,  .263  ; 
Sheet  Iron,  .279 ;  Rolled  Platinum,  .797;  Wire  do-,  .762;  Hammered  do,  .736  ; 
Sheet  Copper,  .323 ;  Sheet  Brass,  .3&4  ;  Lead,  .410  ;  Cast  Tin,  .264 ;  Cast 
Zinc,  .245. 

Sundry  Commercial  Weights.— A  ton  of  wool  is  2  stones  of  14  lbs. 
each.  A  pack  of  wool  is  240  lbs.  A  sack  of  wool  is  22  t<tone  of  14  lbs  ,  or 
308  lbs.  In  Scotland,  it  is  24  of  16  lbs.  A  keel  of  8  Newcastle  chaldrons 
Is  15'/^  London  chM.lrons.  60  or  60  lbs.  is  a  truss  of  hav.  40  lbs.  a  truss 
of  straw  ;  36  truss-js  a  load.  A  bushel  of  rock  salt  is  65  Ids.  ;  of  cnisiied 
salt,  56  lbs.;  of  foreign  salt,  81  lbs.  A  tierce  of  beef,  in  Ireland,  is  301  !b».; 
•ndof  pork,  320  lbs.  A  fodder  of  lead  is  19i<j  crt.  in  Loudon  and  21  cwt. 
In  the  North.  A  man's  load  is  5  bushels,  a  inarket  load  W,  or  5  quarters. 
A  last  is  10  quarters  of  com,  or  2  cart  loads,  12  sacks  of  wool,  24  barrels 
of  gunpowder,  12  barrels  of  ashes,  herring,  soap,  &c.,  and  IS  barrels  of 
salt.  A  hundred  of  salt  is  12^  barrels. 

Suxdry  Measures  of  Length — Tlie  hair's  breadth  is  the  smallpst, 
of  which  48  a--e  an  inch.  Four  barley-corns  laid  bre'uflhwai/n,  are  %  of 
an  inch,  called  a  digit,  and  3  barley-cbnis  leno/hiPttys  are  an  inch.  Au 
Inch  is  divided  into  12  lines  and  fey  mechamei  into  8ths.  A  nail  used  lu 
cloth  measure,  is  2^4  ins.  or  the  16th  of  a  yard.  A  palm  is  3  ins.  and  a 
span  9  iu3.  (See  TaWe  of  Measures  of  length,  for  other  designations.)  An 
English  Statute  mile  is  17tJ0  yds.  or  5280  ft.,  an  Irish  mile  2240  yds.,  a 
Scotch  mile  1984  yds-  ;  80  Scotch  mllea  being  equivalent  to  91  EngUih, 
•Qd  U  Iiisb  to  14  Eagiigb. 


12g  WEIGHTS   AXD   MEASURES. 

MEASUEES   OP  LENGTH. 


4  In.  make  1  Hand. 

t  n  In.      "1  Link. 

18  In.      "1  Cubit. 

12  In.      "     1  Foot. 

•  Ft.      "1  Fathom. 


3     Feet  make  1  Yard. 

514  Yds.      ••     IKodorPoifc 
40      Poles    "      1  Furlong. 

8      Fur.      "      1  Mile. 
63  1-1:;  Miles  make  1  Degrea^ 


60  Geographical  jNIiles  makes  1  Degree. 

MEASURES  OF  SURFACE. 
144    Square  Inches  make  1  Snuare  Foot. 
9    Square  Feet         "       X  Square  Yard. 
3OV4  Squa.  e  Vards      "       1  Rod,  Perch  or  Pole. 
40    Square  liods       "       1  Square  liood. 
4    Square  Koods      "       1  Square  .^cre,  or  43,560  sq.  ft. 
10    Square  Chains    '<       1  Square  Acre. 
•10    Squaie  Acres       "       1  Square  Mile. 

Gunter'8  Chain  equal  to  22  Yards  or  100  Links. 

MEASURES  OF  SOLIDITY. 
172R  Cubic  Inches  make  1  Cubic  Foot 
27  Cubic  Feet        "       1  Cubic  Yard. 


AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

arfi  Grains  make  1  Drachm  (.dr.)  or     27^    Graioc 

16  Drachms  "'      1  Ounce    (oz.)  or   4371^,  " 

Ifi  Ounces      "      1  Pound  (lb.)  or  70OO  " 

28  Pounds     "       1  Quarter  (qr) 

4  Quarters   "      1  Hundred- Weight  (cwt.) 

ao  Cwta.        "      ITon. 

TROY  WEIGHT. 
24  Grains      make  1  Pennyweight,  or     24  Grain*. 
20  Pennv-wtfl   "      1  Ounce,  or   480       " 

12  Ounces       "       1  Pound,  or  5760       " 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 
(8    make  1  Scruple.  I     8  Drachms  HL-vke  I  Ounce. 

,  ^'        "      1  DraoUm.  |    12  Ounces        "       \  Pound- 

I^opa=l  teaspoonfuJ  or  a  fluid  Drachm;  2  table8i>oonfulfl=l  o«. 

DI.A.MOXD  WEIGHT. 
16  Parts  make  1  Grain  (?-10tha  Grain,  Troy). 
14  Grains    "     1  Carat  (3  l-5tb  Grains,  Troy). 


4  GUIs  make  1  Pint- 
2  Pints    ''      1  Quart. 
4  Quarts  ''     1  Gallon. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 

2      Gallons  make  1  Peck- 
3\\(,  Gallons     "     1  BarreL 
54     Gallons      "     1  ilhd. 


DRY   ^MEASURE. 
8  Quarts  make  1  Peck.  I     8  Bushels  make  1  Quarter. 

4  Pecks       "     IBusheL  |    36  Bushels     "      1  Chaldron. 

1  Bushel  equal  to  2815^  ctfbic  in.  nerirly. 
A  bushel  of  Wheat  is  on  an  average  60  lbs.:  Barley  or  Buckwheat, 
46  lbs. ;  Indian  Corn  or  Rye,  56  Ibh.  ;  Oats,  30  Ibg.  ;  .Salt,  70  lbs.    14  Ibd.  of 
I.,ead  or  Iron  make  1  Stone  ;  21'^  Stone.  1  Pig.    1  Bbl.  of  Flour  contain! 
196  lbs. ;  Beef  or  Pork,  200  lbs.    The  Imperial  Gallon  is  10  lbs.  avoirdu- 

ftois  of  pure  water  ;  the  Pint  1  1-4  lbs.  1  Gal.  Sperm  Oil  weighs.  7V* 
be. ;  1  do.  of  Whale  Oil,  7  lbs.  11  ozs.  ;  1  do-  of  Linseed.  7%  lbs. ;  1  do.  of 
C'live,  ~y^  lbs. ;  1  do.  Sots,  of  Turpentine,  7  lbs.  5  oza.  Proof  Spiritu 
7  Iba.  15  0Z8. ;  1  do.  of  Ale.  10.5  lbs. 


SCRIPTtmE   MEASURES,   BXC 


159 


SCBrPTrRI  MEA3rEZ3  09  LBSGTH.~The  great  Cubit  was  21-858  in*. 
•cl.824  ft.  and  the  less  18  ins.  A  Span  the  longer=^j  a  cubit— 10.^*4  iB«.=> 
.813ft  A  span  the  Ie88=i3  of  a  cnbit=T.296  iiiS.^.608  ft.  A  h*nd'a 
breadth"-' ' s  cf  a  cubit=3.6^4  ins.=,3C4ft.  A  fingers  breath=1.24  of« 
Cubit=.912  ins.=.076  ft.  A  fathoin=4  cubits=7.296  ft.  EzekUrs  B-eed^ 
i  cubitB=10.£^U  ft.  The  mile=4000  eubita=7296  ft.  The  Stadium,  1-10  of 
their  mile=-100  cabits=729.6  ft  The  Parasang,  3  of  their  inile*=12,000 
eubita,  or  4  English  miles  and  580  ft.  33.104  nules  was  a  day's  joumev— 
some  Bay  24  miles;  and  3500  ft  a  Sabbath  day's  journey;  some  authoriCieg 
say  3&43  ft. 

ScBiPTCTSE  5tEAsniE3  OF  Capacitt.— The  Chomer  Or  Homer  Lu  King 
J&jies'  traiislntion  was  75.G25  gals,  liquid,  and  82-125  peeks  dry-  The 
Ephah  or  Bath  was  7  gals.  4  pts.,  15  ias.  soL  The  Seah,  ij  of  Ephah,  2 
gals.  4  pts.,  3  in.  sol.  The  Hin=i.i  of  Ephah,  1  gal-,  2  pts.,  1  in.  sol.  Tho 
Omer=l-10  of  Ephah,  5  pis.,  0.5  ins.  sol.  The  Cab=l-18  of  Ephah,  3  pts., 
10 ins.  sol.  The  Log=7-«lj  of  Ephah,  i^  pt.,  10  ins.  so!.  The  metretes  of 
Syria  (John  ii.  6)=Cong.  Rom.  7^8  pts.  The  Cotyla  Eastem=l-100  of 
Ephah,  K  pt.  3  in,  6ol.  This  Cotvla  contains  jtist  10  oas.  Avordupoia  of 
rain  wate'r.    Omer,  100  ;  Ephah,  1000  ;  Chonier  or  Homer,  10,000. 

ScRiPxrEE  Weights  assd  Corss.— The  following  are  the  Hebrew 
weights  and  their  equivalents  in  Troy  weight ;  also  their  value  in  pur« 
Gold  and  Silver: — 


TheGerah=3lTofa 

Shekel.-..*...... 

The       Bekah  =  V, 

Shekel T 

The  Shekel 

The      Maneh,      or 

Mini=60  Shekels'      2 
The    Talent  «  3000J 

Shekels 113 


10ii|562        84 

10»4!  2«,142  2o!  1,766  23 


B.  d. 

far. 

s 

ct«. 

0    0 

0.75 

0 

00.343 

0    0 

1.50 

0 

00.687 

0  7 

2. 

0 

13.75 

2    6 

0. 

13 

75. 

Roman  money  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament  reduced  to  English 
and  American  Standard: — 

£ 

A5rit« 0 

A  Farthing,  about 0 

A  Penny,  or  Denarina 0 

A  Pound,  or  Mina 3 

KoTE — ^The  above  determinations  of  Scripture  Measures,  Weights, 
&C.,  are  principally  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Richard,  Bishop  of  Peterborough. 

GcxTER's  Chaix,  'Lajsd  Measckemext,  &c. — 792  inches  constitute 
1  link  ;  100  links  1  chain,  4  rods  or  poles,  or  66  feet,  and  SO  chains  1  mile. 
A  square  chain  is  16  square  poles,  and  l6  square  chains  are  1  acre.  Four 
roods  are  an  acre,  each  ontaining  1210  eqtiare  yards,  or  34.785  yards,  or 
Si  yards  28  inches  each  side. 

Forty  poles  of  30.25  square  yards  each  is  a  rood,  and  a  pole  is  S^j  yards 
each  way. 

An  acre  is  4840  square  yards,  or  69  yds.  1  ft.,  8*i  ins.  each  way  ;  and  2 
acres,  or  96.S0  square  yds.'areSS  yds.  1  ft.,  2  ins.  each  way  ;  and  3  acres  are 
120%  yds.  each  way.  A  square  mile,  or  a  U.  S.  section  of  Laud,  is  640 
acres;  being  1060  yds.  each  way  ;  half  a  mUe,  or  SSO  yds.  each  way,  is  160 
acres  ;  a  quarter  of  a  mile  or  -440  yds.  each  way,  is  a"  park  or  f  ar'm  of  40 
acres  ;  and  a  furlong,  or  220  yds.  each  way,  is  10  acres. 

Any  length  or  breadth  in  yds.  which  multiplied  make  4840  is  an  acr«  ; 
any  which  makes  12-10  is  a  rood,  and  30.25  is  a  pole. 

An  English  acre  is  a  square  of  nearly  70  yds.  each  way,  a  Scotch,  e<  77% 
/da.  and  a^  Irish  of  &S\'^  yds. 


130 


STEENGTH    OP   MATERIALS,   ETC. 


NAmcAL  Distances,  Log  Lines.— A  nautical  mile,  the  60th  of  a 
degree,  Is  2026.5  yards  ;  a  mariuo  league,  or  20  to  a  degree,  Is  6079.6  yard». 
Log-lines  are  divided  into  spaces  of  60  feet,  and  the  way  measured  by  a 
half  minute  sand-glass,  which  beat-s  nearlv  the  same  proportion  to  an 
hour,  which  50  feet  bears  to  a  mile,  the  number  of  knots  which  run  ofl 
the  reel  !u  half  a  minute  showing  the  number  of  miles  the  vessel  sails  la 
an  hour.  The  line  should  be  about  150  fathoms  long,  having  10  fathoma 
between  the  ship  and  first  knot  for  stray  line.  Estimating  a  mile  at 
6139.75  feet,  and  aAvg:  aSd''  glass,  1  knot=51  ft.  1.95  ins.  and  ]  fathom,  6 
ft.  1.396  ins.  Or  if  a  iV  glass  is  used,  and  8  divisions,  the  result  will  Da 
thus  ;  1  knot=47  ft.  9.024  ins.  and  1  fathom=5ft.  11.627  ins. 

BoTTDiTCH  B  Xavigatoe  computes  6120  ft.  to  a  sea  mile,  which  11 
taken  as  the  length  with  a  28''  glass,  will  make  the  divisions  47.6  ft.  and 
6.96  ft. 
Teksile  Sthenoth  of  Materials,  Showino  the    Stbexgth   on 

FOBCK  BEQ01RED  TO  TEAR  AsnXDER  1  SQCARE  r>-CH. 


Lbs. 

Lba. 

Iron  VTire,  wrought, 

103,000 

Copper  Bolts, 

38,009 

Swedish  bar  Iron, 

72,000 

Wire, 

60,000 

Kuseian    "      " 

59,500 

Brass, 

42,00< 

Mean  of  English  Iron, 

53,900 

Gold, 

20,49« 

Oun  Metal,  mean  of  Iron, 

37,232 

Gold,  6  pts.,  copjier 

1  pt.,       50,000 

Clyde,  No.  1, 

16,125 

Silver  cast, 

40,89T 

<•    2, 

23,468 

Bronze, 

1T,698  to  6«5,788 

Stirling,  mean  of          " 

25,764 

lln  cast,  block, 

6,000 

American,  mean  of      " 

4.'5,970 

"      Banca, 

2,122 

lyow  Moor,  No.  2,  cast  " 

14,076 

riatinum  Wire, 

6,300 

Crank  Shaft                  " 

ajao 

Zinc, 

7,000 

Amerioan  boiler, 

( 48,000 
(62,000 

Sheet  Lead, 

3,000 

plates,  Iron, 

Antimony, 

1,060 

English  plates,  mean. 

51,000 

Bismuth,"  cast, 

3,120 

"           •'         lengthwise 

63,800 

ivory. 
Manilla  Rope, 

16,070 

"           "         crosswise, 

48.800 

a,3o0 

Germ«n  piano  steel  Wire, 

268,800 

Tarred  Hemp  Bop«, 

15,000 

Cast  .Steel,  maximum, 

142,000 

Wire,  Kope, 

37.000 

"        "      mean, 

88,000 

Whalebone, 

7,600 

Steel,                       100,000  to  130,000 

Leaiher  Belting, 

333 

Chromo  Steel,  mean, 

170.980 

Gutta-percha, 

3,500 

Shear 

124,000 

Slate, 

12,000 

American  Tool  Co., 

179,980 

Well-burned  Brick, 

760 

Blistered  Steel,  soft. 

(133,000 
1104,000 

Inferior              " 
Portland  Stone, 

100  to  290 
857  to  1,000 

Razor          " 

1C,000 

Crown  Glasa, 

42,346 

Steel  plates,  lengthwise, 

96,300 

Limestone, 
Hydraulic  Lime, 

670  to  2,800 

"        "         crosswise, 

93,700 

140 

Yellow  metal, 

48,700 

"          Cement, 

234 

Cast  Copt)er, 

19,000 

Ponland         " 

6  mo8.          414 

American  Copper, 

24,250 

Plaster  of  Paris, 

7a 

Brass  Wire, 

50,000 

Remarks.— Owing  to  the  damage  Inflicted  by  the  hot  tar,  tarred  ropea 
are  25  per  cent,  weaker  than  white  ropes.  Hemp  rope  is  stronger  than 
Manilla,  but  tarred  hemp  and  manilla  are  nearly  of  equal  strength. 
ManlUa  ropes  are  from  25  to  30  per  cent,  weaker  than  white  ropea. 
Twisted  hempen  cords  will  sustain  the  following  weights  per  Muaro 
inch  of  their  section  :  Vi  inch  to  1  inch  thick,  8746  lbs.  ;  5  to  3  ina.  uiick, 
68C0  lbs.  ;  3  to  5  ins.  thick,  5345  lbs.  ;  5  to  7  ins.  thick,  4,800  lbs.  Ropes  of 
4  strands  up  to  8  ins.  are  about  17  per  cent,  stronger  than  those  having 
but  3  strands.  One-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  of  iron  will  sustain 
more  than  1  Inch  in  circumference  of  hemp  rope.  In  Tredgold's  and 
Duleau's  experiments,  a  piece  of  the  best  bar  iron,  1  inch  square,  bore  a 
wvigbt  of  77,373  lba..  while  a  similar  piece  of  cast  iron  would  be  tora 


STRENGTH    OF   MATERIALS,   ETC 


131 


Mimder  bv  a  weight  of  from  16,243  to  19,464  lbs. ,  and  1  square  inch  of  ir<a 
trt^oul^BuawIn  a  mean  weight  of  126,a«)  lbs.  In  sixteen  expenmentt 
S  MrPairbairn  and  Mr.  Hodikin.on.  on  cast  iron  the  average  strado 
thatone  square  Inch  sustained  was  7»/,  tons,  the  weakest  bearing  b  tons,  and 
tttsttone^t  93/1  tons.  Telford's  and  Brown's  experiments  show  that  maJ. 
KablWn  will  Vear,  on  an  average,  27  tons,  the  weakest  being  24  and  the 

"^HolgWMon's'knd  Fairbaim's  experiments  prove  that  cast  »ron  cag 
•Mtain  a  comoresslon  of  from  3GVa  to  60  tons  to  the  square  inch.  In  thU 
?SSc^  maSle  iron  is  inferior'to  cast.  With  12  tons  to  the  sqnara 
l^^it  yields,  contracts  in  length,  and  expands  laterally,  though  it  will 
bear  27  tons,  or  more,  ^vithout  actual  fracture.    Rennle  crushed  cast  iron 

"'SeevgIh  Ck  SH^T^:-t4  lbs.,  acting  at  a  foot  radins,  will  twist  ofl 
the  neck  of  a  !*hafn  of  lead  1  inch  diam.,  and  the  relative  strengths  of  other 
materials  lead  being  I.  is  as  follows  :-Tin,  1-4  ,  copper.  4-3  ;  ye  low  brass, 
J^-S^  meters;  cast  iron,  9  ;  Swedish  iron.  9-5  ;  EngUsh  iron,  10-1  ; 
blisters  sS  16  16 ;  Bhear  steel,  17  ;  cast  steel,  WO.  xEe  strength  of  m 
ahalt  increase^  as  the  cube  of  its  diameter.  v  -.,   „~,  „„.i  i  nnn 

A  weight  of  30,000  lbs.  attached  to  a  bar  of  iron  1  inch  square  and  1,000 
inches  in  length,  will  draw  it  out  1  inch  :  4.5,000  will  stretch  it  2  inches  : 
W,000lb8.,4"ncher;  63,000,  8  inches  ;  ani  72,000,  16  inches,  where  it  will 

^iT^^FviiH^/cfs/lEON  Beams. -i?u?e.  Multiply  the  sectional  area 
of  the  bottom  flanges  in  square  inches  by  the  depth  of  the  beam  in  inches, 
and  divide  the  prSduot  by  the  length  between  the  support  also  iu  inches. 
Then  514  times  tlie  quotient  will  be  the  breaking  weight  in  pounds. 

TaBLK  showing  the  CBD3HINQ  STRENGTH  OF   VARIOUS    MATERIALS 
ON    A    BASIS    OF    1    SQUARE    INCH- ^^^ 


Materials. 


Crushing 
Weight. 


Quincy  Granite, 
Aberdeen    " 
Arbroath    " 
Portland  Cement, 

"        Mean, 
Stourbridge  Firebrick, 

Hard  Brick, 

Common  " 

M       "    Masonry, 

Marble,  Lee.  Mass., 
"      Italian, 

Baltimore,  small, 


Lbs. 

15,300 

10,360 

7,884 

16,000 

8,300 

1,717 

(4,368 

(2,000 

(4,000 

\     800 

(SOO 

)500 

22,702 

12,624 

18,061 


Materials. 


Crushing 
Weight. 


Marble,  Baltimore,  small. 
Stock  B<rlck. 

Portland  Cement,  1  sand  1, 
"  "  1  sand  4, 

Gneiss, 
Good  Mortar, 
Common  " 
Roman  Cement, 
Sandstone,  Seneca, 

"         Acquia  Creek, 

"         Adelaide, 
Brick,  Svdnev, 
Clay,  fine,  n.lled  and  bakedj 
Portland  Oolite, 


Lbs. 

8,061 

2,161 

1,28(1 

1,244 

19,600 

240 

120 

342 

10,762 

5,340 

2,800 

2^309 

4M 

8.800 


"  Nearly  all  granites  commence  to  crumble  under  a  superstructure  o* 
100  feet  "elevation.  .  .    .^     .  ^. 

1  cask  of  lime  (240  lbs.),  will  make  from  7-S  to  8-15  cubic  ft.  of  stall  pa«i». 
Bricks  should  be  thoroughly  wet  previous  to  use.  Brick  walls  (ihouitt  ba 
washed  down  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid  when  finished. 

A  Kood  Mastic  is  bunit  clav,  93  parts,  litharge,  7  parts,  all  grouna  vori 
fine  and  thoroughlv  dried  by  artitlcial  heat,  mix  with  limeed  oil  aaa 
apply  after  giving  the  surface  to  which  It  is  to  be  applied  2  or 3  coats  of  oi*. 

soot  will  n<?t  amiere  to  chimneys  coated  with  mortar  to  whicli  salt  at§ 
been  added  in  vh«  proportion  of  1  peck  of  uXt  to  3  of  mortar  w  hU«  MM 
wring 


19S 


PACTS  FOB  KCILDERS,  KTC. 


Cabui  to  ron>  thb  xrrsura  ot  Brick  BEQtjmuD  to  cossTseo* 

AVr  Bt?H/DI»0,  KMBaACIX?  WALLS,  FBOII   4  IXCHES   TO  20  UfCHM 
THICK,    BBCKOXISG    7    BRICKS    TO    EACH    srrEKFICIAL    FOOT. 

IJjimp'e.— Required  ilie  number  of  bricks  in  100  Eiiperflcial  feet  oi  wall 
12  Inches  thick.  Under  12  inch,  and  opposite  100,  you  will  find  the  answoi, 
2260,  the  number  of  bricks  required. 


Superficial 
feet  of 
Wall. 

>; umber  of  Bricks  to  Thickness  of 

4-inch. 

8-inch. 

12-inch. 

16-inch, 

20-inch.  1 

24-iach. 

1 

7 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

2 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

3 

23 

45 

63 

90 

113 

135 

4 

30 

60 

M 

120 

150 

180 

B 

38 

75 

113 

150 

188 

225 

< 

45 

90 

135 

180 

225 

270 

7 

53 

105 

158 

210 

263 

315 

8 

60 

120 

ISO 

240 

300 

360 

9 

68 

135 

203 

270 

E38 

405 

10 

75 

150 

225 

300 

375 

450 

80 

150 

300 

450 

600 

750 

MO 

30 

226 

450 

675 

900 

1125 

1350 

40 

300 

600 

900 

1200 

1500 

1800 

60 

375 

750 

.  1125 

1500 

1875 

2250 

60 

450 

900 

1350 

1800 

2250 

2700 

70 

625 

1050 

1575 

2100 

2625 

31£l 

80 

600 

1200 

ISOO 

2400 

3000 

3600 

90 

675 

1350 

2025 

2700 

3375 

4060 

100 

750 

1500 

2250 

3000 

3760 

4500 

200 

ir.00 

2000 

4500 

6000 

7500 

9000 

300 

2250 

4600 

6750  ' 

9000 

11250 

13500 

400 

3000 

6000 

9000 

12000 

16000 

18000 

600 

3750 

7500 

11250 

1.5000 

18750 

22500 

600 

4600 

9000 

13500 

18000 

22500 

27000 

700 

5250 

lavK) 

15750 

21000 

26250 

31500 

800 

6000 

12000 

IROOO 

24000 

30000 

36000 

90O 

6750 

135<'0 

20350 

27C*00 

33TS0 

45000 

1000 

7500 

15000 

22500 

30000 

37500 

45000 

Facts  fob  Bcilders. — lOOO  shinc^les,  laid  4  ins.  to  the  weather,  will 
eover  I'Ki  sq.  ft.  of  surfaoe,  and  5  lbs.  of  shingle  nails  will  fasten  them  on. 

0n6-:ifth  more  siding  a'ld  flooring  is  needed  than  the  number  of  sq.  ft. 
of  surface  to  be  covered,  l>ec.iHse  or  the  lap  in  the  siding  and  matcning. 

1000  laths  will  cover  70  yards  of  surface,  and  1 1  lbs.  of  lath  nails  will  nail 
them  on.  8  bushels  Df  good  lime,.!'^  bushels  of  sand,  and  Ibusbel  of  hair, 
win  make  enough  good  mortar  to  plaster  luo  sq.  yds. 

A  cord  of  sTone,  3  bushels  of  lime,  and  a  cubic  "yard  of  sand,  will  lay  100 
snbic  ft.  of  wall. 

6  courses  of  brick  will  lay  1  ft.  in  height  on  a  chimney,  16  bricks  in  s 
•ourse  will  make  a  flue  4  ins.  wide  ana  12  ins.  long,  and  8  brick*  in  a 
eouise  \vill  make  a  flue  8  ins.  wide  and  16  ins.  long. 

Cement,  1  bush.,  and  sand.  2  bush.,  wiU  cover  3^  sq.  yds.  1  in.  thict  4U 
sq.  yds.  *4  inci  liiiek,  and  6%  sq.  yds.  ^  inch  thieit.  l"bu*.h.  cemeuc  ana 
1  of  sand  will  cover  2*4  sq.  y<ls.  1  In.  thick,  3  sq.  yds.  *4  i^ch  thick,  aiid4^4 
»q.  yds.  K  inch  thick. 

8  lbs.  of  A.oph'T'fe  Flonrxng  composition  will  coTer  1  snperfleial  ft.  s.'^inca 
thick.  308  pounds  of  finely  ground  cement  will  make  from  3'7  to  3'8  cubi« 
feet  of  Btiff  paste.  1  cwt.  of  maetic  and  1  gal.  of  oil  will  cover  V^  yds.  at 
%i,  or  2i'5  at  i,i  inoh  in  thickness-  Pointing  Mortar  consist*,  by  weight,  of 
finely  ground  cement,  1  part  to  from  3  to  zy^  parts  of  fine  siUcioos  aaiM^ 
Bkiz  under  cover,  la  small  quaatities  at  a  time. 


8XPAS8I0K  OF  B0t>IE9,  KTC 


13S 


ExtAKSiON  AN©  CoOTTiACTioit  Of  Boi>rE9.~The  «o»owiBg  tftW* 
^blte  the  linear  dilatation  of  various  bodies  from  82°  to  212o,  ac 
Mdipg  to  Laplace,  Smeaton,  Roy,  etc.      ^ 


Flint  glass 

Glass  (barometer  tubes) . . . . 

"      solid  rod 

"      cast,  prism  of 

Platinum,  per  Borda 

Palladium,  per  Wollaston . 
Gold  (French  standard) . .  . 
Silver  (  French  standard). . 
Copper  8  parts,  tin  l.o. . . . 

Copper ■ 

Copper  2,  zinc  1 •  • 

Brass  16,  tin  1 

Brass  wire 

Brass  cast 

Solder,  tin  1,  lead  2 

Bismuth 

Speculum  metal 

Iron 

Steel  (yellow  temper) 

Tin,  Falmouth. 

Lead 

Zinc 

Mercury,  in  volume 

Water." 

Alcohol 

All  the  gases 


TlW 
ToVo 

T24 


^ 
■^7 


ToT 
TFT 


■vhr 


T550 


V, 
TT7 


li^r 


'  1 

T2rT 


I 


TTTT 


"StTT 


rfa 


^tT 


Mercury  freezes  at40o  below  zero,  and  melts  at39o.  Ether  freezes 
a*.  47°  below  zero:  wine  tieezes  at  20°;  sea  water  freezes  at  28°.3. 
Alcohol  has  been  exjiosed  to  110°  and  120°  below  zero  without  freez- 
ing Grsinite  decomposes  at  a  red  heat.  The  second's  pendulum,  of 
39.1o9  ins.,  is  lengthened  by  30°  of  temperature  128th  of  an  inch,  or  8 
▼ibrati  ms  iu  24  hours. 

The  heat  conducting  powers  of  metals,  etc.,  are  as  follows:  Gold, 
1000°:  platinum.  981°:  silver,  973;  copper,  898.2;  iron,  374.3;  zinc, 
863:  tin,  30;V9:  lead.  179.G;  marble,  23.6;  porcelain.  12.2;  fine  clay,  11.4. 

1  lb.  of  coke  melts  94  lbs.  of  ice;  1  lb.  of  coal,  90  lbs.;  1  lb.  of 
wood,  52  lbs.;  1  lb.  of  charcoal,  95  lbs.;  1  lb.  of  peat,  19  lbs.  The 
capacity  of  the  solar  heat  all  over  the  globe  is  the  ability  to  melt  an 
icy  covering  46  feet  in  thickness. 

6  Ibe.  wbite  lead  added  to  1  gal.  t»r  varnish,  and  applied  as  paint,  wlU 
prevent  dajnp  coming  through  waUA^ 


134  DTERS   AND    BLF.ACHEES'   RECEIPTS. 

To  pRErE>-T  Dkcat  of  Fabm  iMTLEMESTfl.— Wlien  not  in  OM 
have  them  sheltered  from  the  sim,  \rmd,  rain,  and  snow.  By  this 
means,  sleighs,  wagons,  cnrts,  ploughs,  threshiug-machines,  har- 
rows, and  tlie  like,  would  hii^t  twice  as  loi^  a5  they  wonld  if  left  in 
the  open  air,  sTrelling  from  jnoistiire  one  week,  aiid  shrinking  the 
neit  from  the  intiuence  of  the  sun  and  wind. 

On.i>'G  OR  Cleaking  old  Cabriagb-tops. — E'jamel  leather-top8 
ehould  be  first  watched  with  Ca?tile  soap  and  warm  water,  then 
oiled  with  neat's-foot  oil ;  or  ?weet  oil  and  a  coat  of  enamel  varnish 
j>ut  on,  the  leather  will  look  ILke  new.  Dashes  may  be  cleaned  ittthe 
Kime  manner,  but  varnish  color  is  not  very  beneficial  to  V^tent 
leather ;  however,  when  old  and  cracked,  it  may  be  colored  to 
Impivve  the  appearance. 

DYERS,  BLEACHERS,  AND  CLOTHIERS' 
DEPARTMENT. 

In  accommodation  to  the  requirements  of  dyers,  many  of  the 
following  receipts  describe  dyes  for  large  quantities  of  goods, 
but  to  make  tuera  equally  adapted  for  the  nse  of  private  fam- 
ilies they  are  usually  gireri  in  even  quiintities,  so  that  it  is  quite 
an  easy  matter  to  ascertain  the  quantity  of  materials  required  for 
dveing'  when  once  the  weight  of  the  goods  is  known  ;  tlie  quantity 
ci  materials  used  being  reduced  in  proportion  to  the  smaller  quanti^ 
of  goods. 

L'se  soft  water  for  all  dyeing  purposes,  ii  it  can  be  procured, 
using  4  gals,  water  to  1  lb.  of  go<xls ;  for  larger  quantities,  a  little  less 
water  will  da  Let  all  the  implements  used  in  dyeing  b«  kept 
perfectly  clean.  Prepare  the  goods  bv  scouring  well  with  soap 
and  water,  ■n'a&hing  the  soap  well  out  and  dipping  in 
warm  water,  previous  to  immersion  in  the  dve  or  mordant  Goods 
shonJd  be  well  aiied,  rin.<ed,  and  properly  liung  up  after  dyeing. 
Silks,  and  fine  goods  should  be  tenderly  handled,  otherwise  injury  to 
the  fabric  will  result 

Saxox  BtrE. — For  100  lbs.  thibet  or  comb  yam,  use  alum,  20  lbs., 
cream  of  tartar  3  lbs.,  mordant  2  lbs.  ;  extract  of  indigo  3  lbs.,  or 
carmine  1  lb.,  makes  a  better  color.  When  all  is  dissolved  cool  the 
kettle  to  180°  Fahr.  ;  enter  and  handle  qoickly  at  first  then  let  it  boil 
^  hour,  or  until  even.  Long  boiling  dims  the'color.  Zephyr  worsted 
yam  ought  to  be  prejaxed,  first  by  boiling  it  in  a  solution  of  alum 
and  sulphuric  acid,  then  the  indigo'  is  added  afterwards. 

Gree>"  FrsTic  Dve.— For  50  lbs.  of  goods  use  50  lbs.  of  fustic  with 
alum  11  lbs.  Soak  in  water  until  the  strength  is  extracted,  put  in  the 
goods  until  of  a  gix>d  yellow  color,  remove  the  chip*,  and  acd  extract 
of  indigo  in  smafi  quantities  at  a  time,  until  the  color  is  satiiiactory. 

PiBPLE  Bli-e  ox  Woou — 100  lbs.  0*  wool  are  first  dipped  in  the 
Tilne  vat  to  a  li^ht  shade,  then  boiled  in  a  solution  of  13  lbs.  of  alum, 
and  3  lbs.  of  half  refined  tartar,  ff«r  1^  hours,  the  wool  taken  out, 
coolftd,  and  let  stand  24  hours.  Then  boil  in  fresh  water  8  lbs.  ot 
powdwed  cochineal  for  a  f«w  minctes,  cool  the  kettle  to  170^  Fahr.  ; 
candle  the  prepared  wool  in  this  for  1  hour,  when  it  is  ready  to  cooL 
liose,  and  dry.    By  coloring  first  with  cochineal,  as  afor^&id,  an< 


DYERS   AND    BLEACHERS*    RECEIPT*.  155 

finishing  in  the  bine  rat,  the  fast  purple  or  dahlia,  so  much  a^niired 
In  German  broadcloths,  will  be  produced.  Tui  acids  most  not  be  used 
in  ttds  color.  .        ,  ,      3     •^.i.  <  n,- 

Blue  Dte  for  Hosiert.— 100  lbs.  of  wool  are  colored  with  4  lbs. 
Guatemala  or  3  lbs.  Bengal  indigo,  in  the  soda  or  wood  vat ;  then 
boU  in  a  kettle  a  few  luinutes.  5  Ibi-  of  cndl^ear  or  8  lbs.  of  orchil 
paste  :  add  1  lb.  of  soda,  or  better,  1  paU  of  iirine.  then  cool  the  dye 
toabout  1T0<=  Fahr.  ;  and  enter  the  wool.  H;uidle  weU  for  about  Jf) 
minutes,  then  take  it  out,  cool,  rmse,  and  diy.  It  13  aU  the  same  il 
the  cudbeivr  is  put  in  before  or  alter  the  mdi^o.  i  ozs.  01 
taialine  purple  d^solved  in  alcohol,  ^  pt,  cin  be  iised  mstead  of 
the  cudbear.  (Wood  spirit  is  cheaper  than  alcohol,  and  is  much  used 
now  by  dvers  for  the  purixise  of  di'^solrtng  analine  colors).  It  pro- 
duces a  very  pretty  shade,  but  should  never  be  used  on  mixed  goods 
■which  have'to  be  bleached.  ,««,,       «    ,  *v. 

Logwood  a>tj  Lsdigo  Bltte  Dvb  for  Cloth.— 100  lbs.  of  cloth, 
color  the  cloth  first  bv  one  or  two  dips  in  the  vat  of  mdi^o  blue,  and 
rinse  it  weU,  then  bod  it  in  a  solution  of  20  lbs.  of  alum,  2  lbs.  of  haU 
refined  tartar,  and  5  lbs.  of  mord;uit,  for  2  Lours,  then  take  it  out  and 
cooL  In  fresh  water  boU  10  Ibi  of  gt^d  loz^-ood  for  half  an  hour 
in  a  bag  or  otherwise  ;  c>x>l  oS  to  ITO^  Fahr.  before  entering  ; 
handle  weU  over  a  reel,  let  it  boil  for  luilf  an  hour,  then  take  it  out, 
cooU  and  rinse.    This  is  a  very  firm  blue. 

Di'B  FOR  Wool  or  Selk.— Co.'or  bchcecn  Purple  and  Blue,  ioi 
40  lbs.  of  goods,  take  bi-chromate  of  potish  8  ozs.,  alum  lib.,  dissolve 
all  and  bring  the  water  to  a  boil,  and  put  in  the  gixxls;  boil  1  hour  ; 
then  empty  the  dve.  and  make  a  new  dye  with  logwood  8  lbs.,  or  ex- 
ti-act  of  logwood  1  lb.  4  ozs.,  and  b.rJ  in  this  1  hour  longer.  Grade 
tlie  color  by  using  more  or  less  logwood,  as  you  wish  it  dark  or  hght 

in  the  color.  „  -.r-    ^      .^      .lu 

New  Bleach  for  Wool,  Selk,  or  Stkaw.— M.x  together  4  lbs. 
oxalic  acid,  4  lbs.  t;;ble  salt,  water  50  gnLs.  The  grvids  are  laid  in  this 
mixture  for  1  hour,  they  are  then  generally  well  bleached,  and  only 
require  to  be  thoroughly  rinsed  and  v^orked.  For  bleachmg  straw  it 
isbest  to  soak  the  goods  in  canrtic  sod.i,  and  afterwards  to  make  use 
of  chloride  of  lime  or  Javelle  water.  The  excess  of  chlorine  is  after- 
w.'.rds  rejnoved  bylivposulphiteof  6oda.  _     ,     j 

To  Fix  Dyes.— JVeiC  Process.  Mr.  l-Iipijincr,  of  Manchester,  England, 
has  a  new  process  of  fixing  dves.  He  dissolves  20  ozs.  of  gelatine  in 
water,  and  adds  3  ozs.  of  bichromate  of  potash.  This  is  done  in  a  dark 
room.  The  coloring  matter  is  then  added  and  the  goods  submitted 
jhereto  ;  after  which  tl'.ey  are  ex^wsed  to  the  action  of  light ;  the 
'■aoinent  thus  becomes  insoluble  in  water  and  the  color  is  fast 

Scarlet  with  Lac  Dve.- For  100  lbs.  of  flannel  or  yam.  take  23 
IbG.  of  ground  lac  dve,  15  lbs.  of  scarlet  spi-.-it  (made  as  per  directions 
below),  5  lbs.  of  tartlir,  lib.  of  flavine^  or  according  to  shade,  1  lb.  of  tin 
crvstals.  5  lbs.  of  muriatic  acid.  Boil  all  f<  )r  15  mmutes,  then  cool  the 
dye  to  170®  Fahr.  ;  enter  the  goods,  and  handle  tliem  quickly  at  first 
Let  them  boil  1  hour,  rinse  them  while  yet  h^t  before  the  gum  and 
impurities  harden.  Tliis  color  stands  scouring  with  soap  bettor  than 
cochineal  scarlet  To  this  dye,  a  small  quantity  of  sulphuric  acid  may 
be  used,  as  it  disf^olves  the  gum. 

ItujUATB  ov  Tut  OK  ScARLET  SprHiT.— Tako  16  Iba.   mniiatM 


186  DTEB8  AND  BLEACHERS'  RECEIPTS. 

•rid,  220  B,  1  lb.  featlieired  tin,  water  2  lbs.  The  acid  should  b«  p'Jt 
in  a  stone  ware  pot,  aud  the  tin  added,  aiid  allow  to  dissolve  ;  tha 
mixture  sliould  be  kept  a  few  days  before  using.  The  tin  is  feathered 
or  granuLated  by  melting  in  a  suitable  vessel,  aud  pouring  it  from  a 
height  of  al>out  5  feet  into  a  pailful  of  -water.  Thid  is  a  mogt  power- 
ful agent  in  certain  colors,  such  as  scarlets,  oranges,  pinks,  &c. 

ScABLZT  DvE  TTiTH  CocHijfEAL. — For  50  lb3.  of  wool,  yam,  or 
cloth,  use  cream  of  tartar  1  lb.  9  ozs.  ;  cochineal  pulverized,  12-i  ozs., 
muriate  of  tin  or  scarlet  spirit  8  lbs. ;  after  boUiug  the  dve,  enter  the 
goods,  work  them  well  for  15  minutes,  then  boil  tliera  Ik  bours,  slowly 
agitating  the  goods  while  boiling,  wash  in  clean  water,  and  dry  out  of 
the  sun. 

Purple  Dte. — ^For  40  lbs.  of  goods,  nse  alum  3  lbs.,  muriate  of  tin 
4  tea  cups,  pulverized  cochineal  1  lb.,  cream  of  tartar  2  lbs.  Boil  the 
alum,  tin,  and  cream  of  tartu:,  for  20  minutes,  add  the  cochineal  and 
boil  5  minutes,  immerse  the  goods  2  hours,  remove  and  enter  them  in 
a  new  d^  e  composed  of  BrazU  wood  3  lbs.,  logwood  7  lbs.,  alum  4  lbs., 
muriate'of  tin  8  cupfols,  adding  a  little  extract  of  indigo,  made  as 
follows : 

CaEsnc  BLCTErKG  or  Extract  of  Lsdigo. — Take  oil  of  vitriol  2  lbs-, 
and  stir  into  it  finely,  pulverized  indigo  8  ozs.,  stirring  briskly  for  the 
first  ^  hour,  then  cover  it  up,  and  stir  4  or  5  times  daily  for  a  few  days, 
then  add  a  little  pulverized  chalk,  stirring  it  up,  aud  keep  adding  it 
as  long  as  it  foams  ;  it  will  neutralize  the  acid.   Keep  it  closely  corked. 

Light  Silver  Drab. — For  50  lbs.  of  goods  use  logwood  ^  lb., 
alum,  about  the  same  quantity  ;  boil  well,  enter  the  goods,  and  dip 
them  for  1  hour.  Grade  the  color  to  any  desired  shade,  by  using 
equal  parts  of  logwood  and  alum. 

Chrojie  Black  for  Wool.— For  40  lbs.  of  goods,  use  blue  vitriol 
3  lbs. ,  boil  it  a  short  time,  then  dip  the  wool  or  fabric  |  of  an  hour, 
airing  freqtiently  ;  take  out  the  goods,  and  make  a  dye  with  logwood 
34  lbs.  ;  boil  ^  hour,  dip  f  of  an  liour,  air  the  goods,  and  dip  J  of  an 
hour  longer,  wash  in  strong  soap  suds.    A  good  fast  color. 

Black  Dye  on  Wool,  for  Mixtures. — For  50  lbs.  of  wool  take 
bi-chromate  of  potash  1  lb.  4  ozs.,  groimd  argal  15  ozs.,  boU  together 
and  put  in  the  fabric,  stirring  weU,  and  let  it  remain  in  the  dye  5 
hours;  take  it  out,  rinse  slightly  in  clean  water,  then  make  a  new  dye, 
into  which  put  logwood  17$  lbs.  Boil  IJ  hours,  adding  chamber  lye  5 
pts.    Let  the  fabric  remain  in  all  night,  and  wash  out  in  clean  water. 

Red  Madder. — ^This  color  is  mostly  used  for  ai-my  nniforms,  &c. 
To  100  lbs.  of  fabric  u.se  20  lbs.  of  alum,  5  lbs.  of  tartar,  aud  5  lbs.  of 
muriate  of  tin.  >Micn  these  are  dissolved,  enter  the  goods,  and  let 
them  boil  for  2  hours,  then  take  them  out,  let  cool,  and  lay  overnight. 
Into  fresh  water,  f^tir  75  lbs.  of  good  madder,  and  enter  the  fabric  at  120o 
Fahr.  and  bring  it  up  to  200°  in  the  course  of  an  hour,  handle  well  to 
eecure  evennet^,  then  rinse  and  dry. 

Dark  Sxuff  Bkowx  ox  Wool. — For  50  lbs.  of  goods,  take  canv- 
wood  10  lbs.,  boil  for  20  minutes,  then  dip  the  goods  for  j  of  an  hour, 
then  take  them  out,  and  add  to  the  dye,  fustic  25  lbs. ;  boil  12  minutea 
and  dip  the  goods  f  of  an  hour,  then  "add  blue  vitriol  10  ozs.,  copi)eraa 
2  lbs.  8  ozs.,  dip  again  40  minutes;  add  more  copperas  if  the  shade  ii 
required  darker. 

Vfnrs  CkJLoa  Dve.— For  50  lbs.  of  goods  use  camwood  10  Iba.,  iMdi 


DTZES  AND   BLEACETERS'  RECEIPTS.  157 

X>  minutes,  dip  the  goods  ^  hour,  boU  a|:ain,  and  dip  40  mlnntefl, 
then  darken  with  blue  yitriol  15  ozs.,  and  Bhodld  jou  wish  it  darker, 
add  5  lbs.  of  co[)peraji. 

PtNK  DvE  TOR  Wool.— For  60  lbs.  of  goods,  take  alnm  5  lbs.  13 
ozs.,  boil  and  immerse  the  goods  50  minutes,  then  add  to  the  dye 
cochineal  well  pulverized,  1  lb.  4  o.'.s.,  crean  of  taitar,  5  lbs.,  boil  and 
enter  the  poods  while  boiling,  until  the  color  is  satisfactory. 

Dase  Blce  Dye —Suitable  for  Thibrfs  and  Lastiiigs.  Bofl  IOC 
lbs.  of  the  fabric  lor  IJ  hours  in  a  solution  of  alum  25  lbs.,  tartar  4. 
lbs.,  mordant  15  lbs.,  extract  of  indigo  6  lbs.;  cool  them  as  usuaL  Bofl 
in  fresh  water  from  8  to  10  lbs.  of  logwood,  in  a  bag  or  otherwise,  then 
cool  the  dye  to  170<=  Fahr.  ;  reel  the  fabric  qnicldy  at  first,  then  let  it 
boil  stronglv  for  1  liour.    This  is  a  very  good  imitntion  o*  indigo  blue. 

OKAJ.GK  bvE. — For  50  lbs.  of  goods,  use  argal  3  lbs.,  muriate  of  tin 
1  qt,  boil  and  dip  1  hour;  then  rfdd  to  the  dye,  fustic  25  lbs.,  madder 
21  qts.,  and  dip  again  40  minutes.  If  prefened,  cochineal  1  lb.  4  ozs. 
may  be  used  instead  of  the  madder,  as  a  better  color  is  induced  by  it 

Sky  Blue  ox  Cottox. — 60  lbs.  of  goods,  blue  vitriol  5  lbs.  Boil 
s  short  time,  then  enter  the  goods,  dip  3  hours,  and  transfer  to  a  bath 
of  strong  lime  water.  A  fine  brown  color  will  be  imi>arted  to  the  goods 
if  they  are  then  put  through  a  solution  of  pnissiate  of  potash. 

A  jBkown  Dye  ox  Wool  may  be  induced  by  a  decoction  of  oak 
bark,  with  variety  of  shade  acconling  to  t!ie  quantity  employed.  If 
the  goods  be  first  passed  through  a  mordant  of  alum  the  color  will  be 
brignteued. 

Bkowx  ox  Cottox. — Catechu  or  terra  japonica  gives  vjotton  a 
brown  color,  blue  vitriol  turns  it  en  the  bronze,  green  copperas  darkens 
It,  when  applied  as  a  mordant  and  the  stuff  boiled  in  the  bath  boilinff 
boL  Acetate  of  alumina  as  a  mordant,  brightness  it.  Tlie  Frenc? 
color  named  "  Carmelite  "  is  given  with  catechu  1  lb.,  verdigris 4  ozs., 
and  sal-ammoniac  5  ozs. 

Browx  ox  Wool  axi>  Silk. — Infusion  or  decoction  of  wnljut 
peels  dyes  wool  and  silk  brown  color,  which  is  brightened  by  alum. 
Horse-chestnut  peels  also  impart  a  brown  color;  a  mordant  of  muriate 
of  tin  turns  it  on  the  bronze,  and  sugar  of  lead  tlie  rcddi!>h  brown. 

Solitaire. — Sulphate  or  muriate  of  manganese  dissolved  in  water 
•with  a  little  tartr.iic  acid  imparts  this  beautiful  brouze  tint.  "ITie 
stuff  after  being  put  tl.rongh  the  solution  must  be  tamed  through  a 
weak  lye  of  potash,  and  afterwards  tlirough  another  of  chloride  of 
lime,  to  bVighten  and  &x  it.  Pn(ssiate  of  copper  gives  a  bronze  or 
yelloicish  bro'icn  color  to  silk.  The  piece  well  mordanted  ■nith  blue 
■vitriol,  may  be  passed  through  a  solution  oiprtissiale  of  potash. 

FuLLZB's  Ptkitiek  F0R"Ci.0Tns.— Diy,  pulverize,  and  sift  the 
following  ingredients  :  Fuller's  earth  6  lbs'.,  French  chalk  4  ozs.,  pipe 
clay  1  lb.  ;  make  into  a  paste  with  rectitied  oil  of  turpentine  1  oz., 
alcohol  2  ozs.,  melted  oil  soap  1^  lbs.  Compr>and  the  mixture  into 
cakes  of  any  desired  size,  lor  gale  if  required,  keeping  them  in  water, 
«K  small  wooden  boxes. 

Greex  ox  Cottox. — For  4011is.  of  goods,  use  fustic  10  lbs..  bl«e 
Titxiol  10  ozs.,  soft  soap  2^  qts.,  and  logwood  chips  1  lb.  4  ozs.  Soak 
the  logwood  over  ni<j:ht  in  a  brass  vessel,  put  it  on  the  fire  in  the 
morning  adding  the  other  ingredicnti.  When  quite  liot  it  is  ready  for 
dyeing  ;  enter  the  goods  at  once,  and  handle  weJ.     Different  shade* 


188  DTEE3   Aim   BLEAGHEHS'   RECEIPTS. 

may  be  obtained  by  letting  part  of  the  goods  remain  longer  ia  tbi 
dye. 

PrxK  Dye  fob  Cotton.— For  40  lbs.  of  poods,  nso  redwood  20 
Iba.,  muriate  of  tin  2^  lbs.  ;  boil  the  redwood  1  hour,  turn  off  into  a 
large  vessel,  add  the  muriate  of  tin,  and  pnt  in  the  g(K)d.s,  let  it  stand 
a  few  minutes  (3  or  10),  and  a  nice  pink  will  be  produced.  It  is  quite 
a  fast  color. 

PiTtPLE  Dte  for  Sn.K.— For  10  lbs.  of  goods,  enter  your  goods  in 
blue  dye  bath,  and  secure  a  light  blue  color,  dry,  and  dip  in  a  warm 
Bolntion  containing  alum  2^  lbs.  Should  a  deeper  color  be  required, 
add  a  httle  exti-act  of  indigo. 

Yellow  o>'  Silk. — For  10  lbs.  goods,  use  sugar  of  lead  7^  otis., 
alum  2  lbs.,  enter  the  goods  and  let  tlieui  remain  12  hours,  remove 
them,  drain,  and  make  a  new  dye  with  fostic  10  lbs.  Immerse  until 
the  color  suits. 

PuKPLE  ox  CoTTox. — Get  np  a  tub  of  hot  logwood  liquor,  enter  3 
pieces,  give  tliem  5  ends,  hedge  out ;  enter  tliem  into  a  clean  alum 
tub,  give  them  5  ends,  hedge  out;  |:et  up  auotlier  tab  of  logwood 
liquor,  enter,  give  them  6  ends,  hedge  out ;  renew  your  alum  tub, 
give  them  5  end.>s  in  that,  and  fijijsh. 

Black  ojt  Gottox.— For  40  llis.  goods,  use  sumac  30  lbs.,  boil  J 
hour,  let  the  goods  steep  over  uigi.t,  and  immerse  tiiem  in  hme  water 
40  minutes,  remove,  and  allow  tliem  to  drip  ^  hour,  now  add  copi>era3 
4  Ibe.  to  the  eumac  liquor,  and  dip  1  hour  more  ;  next  work  them 
throngh  lime  water  for  20  minutes,  next  m.V>re  a  new  dye  of  logwood 
20  lbs.,  boil  2h  hours,  and  enter  tlie  goods  3  hours,  then  add  bi-ol\ro- 
mate  of  iK)t;i-ili  1  lb.  to  the  new  dye,  and  dip  1  hour  more.  Work  in 
clean  cold  water  and  dry  out  of  the  sun. 

Bed  Dye  for  Wool.— For  40  lbs.  of  goods,  make  atolerably  thick 
pa.ste  of  lac  dye  and  sulph\iric  acid,  and  allow  it  to  efcind  for  a  day. 
Now  take  tirtar  4  lbs.,  tin  liquor  2  lbs,  8  07.s.,  and  3  Um.  of  the  alxjve 

riste,  make  a  hot  kith  w  ith  sulTicient  water,  and  enter  the  goodj  for 
hour,  afterwards  carefully  rinse  and  dry. 

Yellow  on  Cotton. — For  40  lbs.  goods,  use  sugar  t)f  lead  3  lb* 
8  ozs.,  dip  the  goods  2  hours.  Mal:e  n  new  dye  w:th  bi-rhromate  of 
potash  2  lbs.,  dip  mitU  the  color  suits,  wring  out  and  dry,  if  not  yellow 
enough  repeat  the  ojierr.tion. 

ViOLKT  DvE  ON  Silk  or  Wool. — A  good  violet  dye  may  be  given 
ty  pa.ssiug  the  ^oods  fir^t  through  a  solution  of  verdigris,  then  through 
a  decoction  of  logwood,  and  Iixstly  alum  water.  A  fast  violet  m.iy  be 
given  by  dveing  the  goods  crim?on  with  cochmeal,  without  alum  or 
tartar,  and  after  rinsing,  passing  them  through  the  indigo  vat. 
LineT}fi  or  Cottons  are  fii-s^t  galled  with  18°!o  of  gall  nufcj,  next  passed 
through  a  mord.mt  of  alum,  iron  liquor,  and  sulphate  of  co;)per, 
work mg  them  well,  then  worked  In  ajnaidder  bath  ra;ide  with  an 
equal  weiglit  o^  root,  and  lastly  brightened  with  soap  or  soda. 

Slatb  Dvk  on  Silk. — For  a  small  quantity,  ta^e  a  j>an  of  warai 
water,  and  about  a  teacup! ul  of  logwood  liquor,  pretty  strong,  and  a 

Eiece  of  j^earLash  the  size  of  a  nut  ;  take  gray  c>)!ored  goods  and 
andle  a  little  in  this  liquid,  and  it  is  finished.    If  too  much  logwood 
is  used,  the  color  will  be  too  dark.     A  Straw  color  on  silk.— Use 
wnartweed,  boil  in  a  brass  vessel,  and  set  with  alum. 
JJJU4C  Dva  on  Siui,— For  5  lbs,  of  silk,  us^  archil  7^  lbs.,  mix  il 


STSRS  AND   bleachers'   SECEIPT8.  139 

irell  with  the  llqnor  ;  make  it  boil  i  hour,  dip  the  silk  quickly,  than 
ttst  it  cool,  and  wash  it  in  river  water,  and  a  flue  half  violet,  or  lilac, 
more  or  less  full,  will  be  obtainei 

Green  Dve  on  Silk.— Take  green  ebony,  boil  it  in  water,  and 
let  it  settle  ;  take  the  clear  liquor  as  hot  as  you  can  bear  your  hands 
in  it  and  handle  your  goods  in  it  until  of  a  bright  yellow  ;  then  take 
water  and  put  in  a  Uttle  sulphate  of  indigo  ;  handle  your  goods  in  this 
tail  of  the  snade  desired.  The  ebony  may  previously  be  boiled  in  a 
bag  to  prevent  it  gtiuking  to  the  silk. 

B140WN  ON  Silk.— Dissolve  amiatto  1  lb.,  pearlash  4  lbs.,  in  boiling 
■water,  and  {lass  the  silk  throuo;h  it  for  2  hours,  then  take  it  out, 
squeeze  it  well  and  dry  ;  next  give  it  a  mordant  of  alura,  and  pass  it 
first  through  a  bath  of  Brazil-wood,  and  afterwards  through  a  batti 
of  logwood  to  which  a  little  green  copperas  has  been  added,  wring  it 
out  and  dry,  afterwards  rinse  weU. 

Brown  'Dyk  on  Cotton  ob  Linen —Give  the  pieces  a  mixed 
mordant  of  acetsite  of  aininina  and  acetate  of  iron,  and  then  dye  them 
in  a  bath  of  madder,  or  madder  and  fustic,  when  the  acetate  of 
ahjmina  predominates  the  dye  has  an  amaraiUh  tint.  A  cinnamon 
tlut  is  oV.tiiiiied  by  fii-st  giving  a  mordant  of  alum,  then  a  madder 
biith,  then  a  bath  of  fustic,  to  which  a  little  greeu  copperas  lias  been 
added. 

MuLnERRY  ON  Su.K.— For  5  Ibs.  of  silk,  use  alum  1  lb.  4  ozs.,  dip 
BO  miiuitcs,  wath  out,  and  make  a  dye  witJi  BiaziJ-wood  5  ozs.,  and 
logwood  l\  ozs.  by  boilhig  together;  dip  in  this  \  hour,  theu  add  more 
Brazil-wond  and  logwood,  equal  }iarLs,  until  the  color  siuts. 

Grei:n  Dt3  on  Wool  a>:i>  Silk.— Equal  quantities  of  yellow  oak 
ftnd  hickoiy  bark,  m.ike  a .  trong  yellow  bath  by  boiling,  shade  to  tJia 
desired  tint  by  addl'.ig  a  small  quantity  of  exti-act  of  indigo. 

Orange  Dvt. — ror401bs  of  goods,  use  sugar  of  le;id  2  lbs.,  boU 


may 
varied  by  dipping  in  lime  watsr.- 

Blfe  on  Cotton. — For  40  lbs.  of  goods,  use  coppera.=>  2  lbs.,  boil 
and  dip  20  minTi.t<?s,  then  dip  in  soap  sulIs.  and  return  to  the  dye  3  or 
4  times  ;  then  n!a'.:e  a  now  bath  with  pnissiato  of  potash  \  lb.,  oU  o£ 
vitriol  1^  pts. ;  boil  h  hour,  rinse  out  and  dry. 

SOLFEIiINO  AND  MA0KNT.\  DtES  ON  WhITE  WOOLLEN.  SiLK,   OK 

Cotton  and  Woollen  Mixtures.— For  1  lb.  of  woollen  goods, 
Mageiita  shade,  90  grs.  apothecaries'  weight,  of  aniline  red,  will  be 
required;  di^olve  in.". liiLle  warm  alcohol;  using  say  6  fluid  ozs.  of 
alcohol,  or  about  8  gills  rilcohol  per  oz.  of  aniline.  Many  dyers  use 
wood  spirit  because  of  its  cheapness.  For  a  Solferino  shade,  use  (H 
grs.  aniline  red,  di.ssolved  in  4  ozs.  alcohol,  to  each  1  lb.  of  goods. 
Cold  water  1  <jt.  wUl  di-ssolve  these  smaU  quantities  of  aniline  red, 
but  the  cleanest  and  quic^iest  wr.y  will  be  found  by  using  the  alcohol, 
or  wood  spirit.  Clean  the  cloth  and  goods  by  steeping  at  a  gentla 
heat  in  weak  soap  ends  rinse  in  severS  messes  of  clean  water  and  lay 
aeide  moist.  Tlie  alcoholic  solution  of  aniline  is  to  be  added  from  tima 
to  time  to  the  warm  or  hot  dye  bath,  till  the  color  on  tlie  goods  is  of 
the  desired  sliade.  The  pcKxls  are  to  be  removed  from  the  dve  bath 
Wot«  e^ch  addition  of,  the  alcoholic  eolatioi^  and  the  bath  is  %o  bf 


i40  DTMU   A>'D    bleachers'    RECEIPTfl. 

well  stirred  before  the  goods  are  retamed.  The  alcoholic  FolntioB 
Bhould  be  first  dropped  into  a  little  -water,  and  -well  mixed,  and  the 
mixture  should  then  be  etrained  into  the  dye  bath.  If  the  color  ia 
not  dark  enough  after  working  from  20  to  SO  minutes,  repeat  the  re- 
moval of  the  goods  from  the  bath,  and  tlie  addition  of  the  solution, 
and  tJie  re^immersion  of  the  goods  from  15  to  30  minutes  more,  or  tin- 
til  suited,  then  remove  fi-om  the  bath,  and  riise  in  several  messes  of 
clean  ■crater,  and  dry  in  the  ghade.  Use  about  4  gn\s.  water  for  dye- 
bath  for  1  lb.  of  goods;  less  wates  for  larger  quaiitiiies. 

Liquid  Dtb  Colors. — L  Blue.  Dilute  Saxon  bl'^ie  or  sulphate  of 
indigo  vrith  water.  If  required  for  delicate  work,  neutralize  with 
rhalV  2.  Purple.  Add  a  little  alum  to  a  strained  dcvootion  of  log- 
wood. 3.  Green.  Dissolve  sap  green  in  water  and  ndl  a  little  alum. 
4.  Tellow.  Dissolve  annatto  in  a  weak  lye  of  sulHarb  jur.te  of  soda  or 
potash^  5.  Golden  color.  Steep  French"  berries  in  hot  water,  strain, 
and  add  a  little  gum  and  alum.  6.  R:d.  Dissolve  carmine  in  am- 
monia, or  in  weak  carbonate  of  pota.sh  water,  or  infuse  powdered . 
cochineal  in  water,  strain,  and  add  a  little  gum  in  water.  The  pre- 
ceding colors,  thicken^  with  a  little  gum,  may  be  used  as  inks  in 
writing,  or  as  colors  to  tint  maps,  foils,  artificial  flowers,  &c.,  or  to 
paint  on  velvet 

To  Cleanse  Wool. — Make  a  hot  bath  comjx)sed  of  water  4  parts, 
urine  1  part,  enter  the  wool,  teasing  and  opeiung  it  out  to  admit  the 
full  action  of  the  liquid  ;  after  20  minutes'  immersion,  remove  from 
the  liquid  and  allow  it  to  drain,  then  rinse  it  in  clean  running  water, 
and  spread  out  to  dry.  The  hquid  is  good  for  subsequent  operations, 
only  keep  up  the  proportions,  and  use  no  soap. 

Starch  Lcstke. — A  portion  of  stearine.  the  size  of  an  old-fashioned 
cent,  added  to  starch  h  half  lb.,  and  boiled  with  it  for  2  or  3  minutes 
will  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  linen,  to  which  it  may  be  applied. 
See  also  :<tarch  Polish  under 'the  Grocers'  Department 

To  Dye  Hats.— The  hats  shoald  be  at  firi-'t  strongly  galled  bv 
boiling  them  a  long  time  in  a  decoction  of  calls  with  a  little  logwood, 
that  the  dye  may  penetrate  the  better  into  their  sub>t;inc-e  ;  alter 
which  a  proper  quantity  of  vitriol  and  decoction  of  logw  ood,  with  a 
little  verdigris,  are  added,  and  the  hats  continued  in  tliLs  mixture  for 
a  considerable  time.  They  are  afterwjirds  ]uit  into  a  fre^h  liquor  of 
logwood,  g;Uls.  xitriol,  and  ver ''  '  "  '  '  n  the  hats  are  of  great 
price,  or  of  a  hair  which  with  •=■  dye,  the  same  pro- 

cess is  rei)eated  a  third  time,      i  i  m-ist  perfect  color, 

the  hair  or  wool  is  dyed  blue  pieriou^Ij  to  its  being  formed  into 
huts. 

Chestnttt  Beowx  ox  Straw  Box>"ets.— For  25  hats,  use  ground 
ganders  1^  lbs.,  ground  curcuma  2 lbs.,  powdered  gall  nuts,  or  sumac  J 
lb.,  rasped  logwood  -^^  lb.  Boil  all  together  with  the  hi\ts  in  a  laise 
kettle  (so  as  not  to  crowd),  for  2  hours,  then  withdraw  tiie  hats,  rinse, 
and  let  them  remain  over  night  in  a  bath  of  nitrate  of  4°  Baume,  whek 
they  are  washed.  A  da'rker  bro^Ti  may  be  obtiined  by  increasing  the 
quantity  of  sanders.  To  give  the  hats  the  de*iired  lustre,  they  are 
brushed  with  a  brash  of  dog's  (couch)  grass,  when  dry. 

Violet  Dve  ox  Straw  Boxxets. — Take  alum  4  lbs.,  tartaric 
•cad  1  Ik,  chloride  of  tin  1  lb,     DiasolTe  and  boil,  allow  the  hats  tt 


DT£Ba   .OJT)    BLEACHT^RS'  nBOEIPTS.  1  H 

remain  in  the  boaing  solution  2  hoius,  then  add  aa  much  of  a  decoction 
of  logwood  aud  ciiriuine  of  iudjpio  ;«  is  requisite  to  induce  the  desired 
shade,  and  lastly,  rinse  tinally  in  water  in  which  some  almn  has  been 
dLseolved. 

Silver  Gkhy  Dte  ox  StRavt. — For25  hats,  select  vonr  whitest  hats 
and  soften  them  in  a  hath  of  crystallized  soda  to  wliich  some  clean 
lime  water  ha.s  boen  added.  See  "Lime  icaler"  below.  Boil  for  2 
hours  in  a  lar^e  ves.^el,  usinir  for  a  bath  a  decoction  of  the  foUo^ving, 
viz. :  fJum  -1  lbs.,  tirtaric  acid  |  lb.,  some  ammoniacal  cochineal,  and 
carmine  of  indigo;  a  little  sulphuric  acid  may  be  necessary  in  order  to 
nentralize  the  alkali  of  the  cochineal  dye."  If  the  last-mentioned 
Ingredients  are  used,  let  the  hats  ^^emain  for  an  hour  longer  in  the 
boiling  bath,  then  rinse  in  sli^htlj'  aScidnlated  water. 

LuiE  Water  Fou  Dvekj  Use. — Put  stone  lime  1  lb.,  and  strong 
lime  water  1^  lbs.  into  a  pail  of  water  ;  ramniaa:e  well  for  7  or  8 
minutC)?.  tlienlet  it  rest  until  the  lime  is  precipitited  and  the  water 
clear;  add  tliis  quantity  to  .i  tubful  of  clear  water. 

D.AJtiv  Steel  Color. — ilix  black  and  white  wool  together  in  tha 
proportion  of  50  lbs.  of  blacJc  wool  to  7^  Ib.^.  of  white.  "For  large  or 
small  quantities  keep  the  same  proportion,  mixing  carefully  and 
thoroughly. 

To  Rkxder  Asili>t:  Colors  Soluble  in  Water.— A  solution  of 
gelatine  in  acetic  acid  of  almost  the  consistence  of  syrups  is  first  made, 
and  the  aniline  in  fine  jxjwder  is  gradually  added,  Stirling  all  tlio  time 
60  as  to  make  a  homogeneovis  paste.  The  mixture  is  then  to  be  heated 
over  a  water  bath  to  the  temperature  of  boiling  water  and  kept  at 
that  heat  for  some  time. 

AxiLiNE  Green  on  Silk. — Iodine  green  or  niglit  green  dissolves 
easily  in  warm  w.ater.  For  a  liquid  dye,  1  lb.  may  be  dissolved  in  1 
gal.  alcohol,  and  mixed  with  2  gals,  water,  eoutaiuing  1  oz.  sulphuric 
acid. 

To  Dye  Aniline  Scarlet. — For  every  40  lbs.  of  goods,  dissolve 
6  lbs.  white  vitriol  (sulphate  of  zinc)  at  iSO^  Fah.,  place  the  gooda 
into  this  bath  for  10  minutes,  then  add  the  color,  prepared  by  boiling 
lor  a  few  minutes,  1  lb.  aniline  scarlet  in  3  gaLs.  water,  stirring  the 
same  contuiually.  This  solution  has  to  be  filtered  before  being  add- 
ed to  the  bnth.  Tlie  goods  remain  ui  the  Litter  for  15  minutes,  when 
they  have  become  browned  and  mu5t  be  boiled  for  anotlier  half  hour 
in  the  .same  bath  after  the  addition  of  sal-ammoniac.  The  more  of 
this  is  added  tlie  deeper  will  be  the  shade. 

Bismarck  Brown  for  pteing. — Mix  together  1  lb.  Bismarck,  3 
gaLs.  water,  and  |  lb.  sulphuric  acid.  This  paste  dissolves  easily  ia 
not  water  and  may  be  used  directly  for  dyeing.  A  liquid  dye  may 
be  prejiared  by  maldng  the  bidk  of  tlie  above  mrrture,  to  2  gals,  with 
alcohol.  To  dye  with  the  above  mixture,  sour  with  sulphuric  acid ; 
add  a  quantity  of  sulphate  of  soda,  unmerse  the  wool,  and  add  the 
color  by  small  portions,  keej^ing  the  temperature  under  212°  Fah. 
Very  interesting  shades  may  be  developed  by  combining  the  color 
with  indigo  paste  or  picric  acid. 

To  Dte  Wool  with  Aniline  Green. — For  wool,  prepare  two 
baths,  one  containing  the  dissolved  dye  and  a  quantity  of  carbonate 
of  soda  or  borax.  In  this  the  wool  is"  placed,  and  the  temperature  is 
raised  to  212^  Fall,    A  greyisb  greeu  is  produced,  trbicb  moet  bt 


142  CTX5S    A>r)    BLEACHZR8*    TKCEIPXi. 

brightened  and  fixed  in  a  second  bath  of  -rrater  100«  F.itv.,  tn  trhirb 
Eome  aoetic  acid  has  been  added.  Cotton  req  aires  prepdrBlion  by 
■amac. 

AxiLi>-B  BLrE. — To  100  lbs.  of  fabric  dL«,«olve  li  lbs.  aniline 
bine  In  3  qts.  hot  alcohol ;  rtrain  through  a  filter  and  add  it  to  a 
bath  of  130°  Fah.  ;  aho  10  lb««.  glauber  salts,  and  5  lbs.  acetic  acid. 
Enter  the  goods  and  handle  them  well  for  20  miuates  ;  next  heat  it 
pIowIt  to  200°  Fah.  ;  then  add  5  lbs.  sulphuric  acid  diluted  with  water. 
Let  the  whole  boil  20  minutes  longer ;  then  rinse  and  dry.  If  the 
aniline  be  added  In  two  or  three  proix)rtion8  during  th«  procew  ol 
coloring,  it  will  facilitate  the  evenness  of  the  color. 

A>'iLiN*E  Red. — Enclose  the  aniline  in  a  small  mualin  bag;  have  a 
kettle  (tin  or  brass)  filled  with  moderately  hot  water  and  rub  the  sul>- 
rtance  out  Then  immerse  the  goods  to  be  colored,  and  in  a  short 
ti.Tje  they  are  done.  It  improves  the  col.ir  to  wring  the  goods  out  of 
ptrocg  soap  suds  before  putting  them  in  the  dye.  This  is  a  permanent 
color  on  wool  or  silk. 

Akilixb  Violet  axd  PrEPi.E. — Acidulate  the  bath  by  sulphuric 
add,  or  use  sulphate  of  soda  ;  both  these  substances  render  the  shade 
bhiishL  Dye  at  212°  Fah.  To  give  a  fair  middle  shade  to  10  lbs.  of 
wool^  a  quantity  of  solution  equal  to  ^  to  |  ozs.  of  the  solid  dye  will  be 
required.  The  color  of  tlie  dy  wi  fabric  is  improved  by  washing  in  soap 
anawater,and  tlien  passing"  through  a  batli  soured  by  sulphuric  acid, 

AxiLtxB  Black  fuk  Dyeixo. — Water  20  to  30  parte,  chlorate  of 
jotassa  1  part ;  sal-ammoniac  1  ivnrt ;  chloride  of  copi>er  1  part ; 
aniline  hydrochloric  acid,  of  each  1  part  previously  mixed  together. 
It  is  essential  that  the  preparation  should  oe  acid,  and  the  more  acid 
it  is  the  more  rapid  will  be  the  production  of  the  blacks ;  if  too  much 
60,  it  mav  injure  the  fabric. 

Kew  iloaDA>-T  FOR  .iV>TLnrB  Color.". — ^Immersie  the  goods  for 
some  hours  in  a  bath  of  cold  water  m  which  chloride  or  acetate  of 
zinc  has  been  dissolved  until  t!ie  solution  shows  2°  Baume  ;  for  the 
vool  the  mordanting  bath  should  be  at  a  boiling  heat  and  the  goods 
should  also  be  placed  in  a  warm  bath  of  tannin,  90°  Fah.,  for  half  an 
honr.  In  dyeing,  a  hot  solution  of  the  color  must  be  used  to  which 
ehould  be  added,  in  the  case  of  the  cotton,  so'.ne  chloride  of  tine, 
and,  in  the  case  of  the  wool,  a  certiin  amount  of  tannin  solution. 

To  Dtb  Anixjxe  Yellow. — This  color  is  shghtly  soluble  in 
water,  and  for  dyers'  use  may  be  lused  dirt<  tly  for  the  preparation  of 
the  bath  dye,  but  is  be?t  used  by  dissoh-ing  1  lb.  of  dye  in  2  gals, 
alcohol.  Temperature  of  bath  should  be  under  200°  Fai  The  coloi 
is  much  improved  and  brifrhtened  by  a  trace  of  sulphuric  acid. 

To  Dye  with  .4.lkali  Blue  axd  Nichoi^ox's  Blck. — Dissolve  1 
lb.  of  the  dye  in  10  gals,  boiling  water,  add  this  by  suuill  portions  to 
ihe  dye  bath,  which  should  be  rendered  alkaline  by  borax.  The 
fabric' should  be  well  worked  alx>i;t  between  e.ich  addition  of  the 
color.  The  temperature  must  be  kept  under  212<=  Fah.  To  develop 
the  color,  wash  with  water  and  pa^  through  a  batb  containing  sol* 
phuric  acid. 

AyiLiXE  Beowx  Dtb. — Dissolve  1  lb.  of  the  brown  in  2  gals,  of 
spirit,  gpeoific  gravity  8200,  add  a  sufficient  quantity  to  the  dye  tath, 
and  Immerse  the  fabric.  Wool  posseaaea  a  rery  ttrong  afBoitj  fot 
ttufl  color  and  ao  mordant  ia  requued. 


DTER8   AA*D   BLEACHEES'    BCCElfTS.  148 

To  Extract  Oil  SrpTs  fkom  FrNTSEin?  Goor>s, — Satorat*  tnegwj* 
with  benzine,  then  place  two  pieces  of  very  soft  blotting  paper  under 
and  two  upon  it,  press  well  with  a  hot  iron,  and  the  grease  will  be 
absorbed. 

To  PRESEETE  GoODS  ASJ>  CLOTHrKG  FBOM  MXLDEW. — AlUIU,  2  IbS., 

dissolved  in  60  lbs.  water;  blue  vitriol,  2  lbs.,  dissolved  in  8  lbs.  oi' 
TTQter ;  to  which  is  added  pelatiue  1  lb.,  dissolved  iu  30  lbs.  of  water ; 
acetate  of  lead,  ^  lb.  dissolved  ta  30  lbs.  of  water.    The  solutions  are 
all  hot,  and  separately  mixed,  with  the  exception  of  th«  vitriol,  which 
is  added. 

To  Bleach  Fe.*.thee.s. — Place  the  feathers  from  3  to  4  hours  in  a 
tepid  dilute  solution  of  bi-chromate  of  potiissa,  to  which,  cantionaly, 
some  nitric  acid  has  been  added  (a  smaU  quantity  only).  To  remove 
a  greenish  hue  induced  by  this  solution,  place  them  m  a  dilute  so- 
lution of  sulphuric  acid,'  in  water,  whereby  the  feathers  become 
perfectly  white  and  bleached. 

To  Ci-EAX  Stkaw  BoyxETS. — First,  brush  them  with  soap  and 
water,  then  with  a  solution  of  oxalic  acid. 

Cbimsox. — For  1  lb.  of  sil!:.  aliun,  3  oz. ;  dip  at  hand-heat,  1  hour; 
take  out  and  drain,  while  making  a  new  dye,  by  I  oiling,  10  minutes, 
cochineal.  3  oz. ;  brused  nut-galls,  2  o?.. ;  and  cream  of  t^irtar,  ^  oz.,  in 
one  pail  of  water;  when  a  litSe  cool,  begin  to  dij),  raising  the  heat  to 
a  boil,  continuuig,  to  dip  1  hour  ;  wa.sh,  and  dry. 

Ci>'>'AMON  OK  Browx  on  Cotton  axdSiiIk. — Give  the  goods  as 
much  color,  from  a  solution  of  blue  vitriol,  2  oz.,  to  water,  one  gaL,  as 
it  will  take  ap  in  dipping  15  minutes ;  then  nm  it  tlirough  lime-water; 
this  will  make  a  beautiful  sky-blue  of  much  durabihty;  it  has  now 
to  be  run  through  a  solution  of  prusslate  of  potash,  l*oz.,  to  water, 
Igal. 

ANiLrNT:  Black  on  Silk  or  Cotton.— "Water,  20  to  30  parts, 
clilorate  of  potiissa,  1  part;  eal-ammoniac,  Ipait;  chloride  of  copper, 
1  I'art;  aniline,  1  part;  and  hydrocloric,  i  pjirt;  previously  mixed 
together.  The  fabric  or  yam  is'dried  in  ageing  rooms  at  a  low  tem- 
perature for  24  hours,  and  washed  afterwards. 

To  Color  Straw  Hato  or  Bonnets  a  BEArriFTX  Slate. — 
First,  soak  t  e  bonnet  in  rather  strong  warm  guds  for  15  minutes  to 
remove  sizing  or  stiff oniijg;  then  rinse  in  warm  water,  to  get  out  the 
foap;  now  scald  cudbear,  1  02.^  in  snfflcierrivater  to  cover  the  hat  or 
bonnet;  work  the  bonnet  in  tlus  dye,  at  180°  of  heat,  until  vou  get  a 
li^'ht-purple,  now  have  a  bucket  of  cold-water,  blued  with  tfie  extract 
of  indigo,  i  oz.,  and  work  or  stir  the  bonnet  in  this,  until  the  tint 
pleases;  dry,  then  rinse  out  \<ith  cold  water,  and  dry  again  in  the 
shade.  If  you  get  the  purple  too  deep  in  shade  the  final  slate  will  ba 
too  dark. 

To  Clean  Ostrich  Feathers.— Cut  some  white  curd  soap  in 
pmaU  pieces,  pour  boiling  water  on  them  and  add  a  little  pearl  ash, 
When  the  soap  Is  quite  cUssolved.  and  the  mixture  cool  enough  for 
the  hand  to  bear,  plimge  the  featners  into  it,  and  draw  them  through 
the  hand  till  the  dirt  appears  squeezed  out  of  them,  pass  them  through 
a  clean  lather  with  some  blue  in  it,  then  rin.««  them  in  cold  water  ^vith 
blue  to  give  them  a  good  color.  Beat  them  against  the  hand  to  shak« 
off  the  water,  and  dry  by  shaking  them  near  a  fire.  'When  perfectly 
dry,  ooU  each  fibr«  separately  yrith  «  bloat  kiufe,  or  ivory  foUer. 


m  DTEES   A.VT>    BLEACHrUS'   -RPICEIPTS. 

To  Cle-VX  Fnas. — ^For  dnrk  fnr?;  warji  n  quantity  of  new  bran  in 

a  pan,  tildng  care  that  it  doea  not  burn,  to  prevent  ■vrhicli  it  must  be 
briskly  stirred.  When  well  warmed  rub  it  thoroughly  into  the  fur 
with  tiie  hand.  Repeat  this  two  or  three  times,  then  shake  the  fur, 
and  give  it  another  sharp  brushing  until  free  from  dust  For  white 
furs;  Lay  them  on  a  table,  and  rub  well  with  bran  made  moist  with 
w;inn  water,  rub  until  quite  dry,  and  afterwards  with  drj'bran.  The 
wet  bran  should  be  put  on  with  flannel,  then  dry  with  book  muslin. 
Light  furs,  in  addition  to  the  above,  should  be  well  rubbed  with  mag- 
nesia or  a  piece  of  book  muslin,  alter  the  bran  process,  against  the 
way  of  the  fur. 

WASHING  FLriD.— Take  1  lb.  sal  soda,  ^  lb.  good  stone  lime,  and  5 
qta.  of  water;  boil  a  ^oit  time,  let  it  settle,  and  pour  off  the  clear 
fluid  into  a  stone  jug,  and  cork  for  use;  eoak  yonr  white  clothes  over 
night  in  simple  water,  wring  out  and  soap  wristbands,  collars,  and 
dirty  or  Ftiiued  place? ;  have  your  boiler  half  filled  with  water  just 
beginning  to  bcU,  thi^n  put  in  one  comsnon  teacupful  of  fluid,  stir  and 
put  ia  your  clotlies,  and  boil  for  ball  anhour,  tlieu  rublightly  through 
one  sud^  onhj,  and  all  is  complete. 

Chip  ob  Str.\w  H.\T3  ok  Bo>-n'et3  may  be  dyed  black  by  boiling 
them  three  or  f(>ur  hoars  in  a  strong  liquor  of  logW(X>d,  adding  a  Uttie 
copperas  occa-sionally.  Let  the  bonnets  remain  in  the  liquor  all  niglit ; 
then  take  out  to  diy  in  the  air.  If  the  black  is  not  satisfactory,  dye 
again  after  drying.  Kisb  inside  and  out  with  a  sponge  moistened  in 
fine  OH;  then  block.  R  d  D^i". — BoU  ground  Brazil-wood  in  a  ley  of 
pofcLsh,  and  boil  your  straw  hats,  &c.,  in  it  Blue  Dye. — Take  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  potash  ley,  1  lb.  of  litmtis  or  lacmus,  ground  ;  make 
a  decoction  and  then  put  in  the  straw,  and  boil  it 

DvEs  FOK  Hats. — Tlie  ordinary  bath  for  dyeing  liats,  employed  by 
the  London  mau-afactui-es,  consists,  for  twelve  dozen,  of  14-1  lbs.  of 
logwood;  12  lbs.  of  green  sulphate  of  iron  or  copperas;  7^  lbs.  verdi- 
gris. The  logwood  having  been  introfUiced  into  the  copyier,  and 
digested  for  some  time,  the  copperas  and  verdigris  are  added  in  suc- 
cessive quantities,  and  in  the  above  proportions,  along  with  every 
successive  two  or  three  dozens  of  hats  suspended  upon  the  dripping 
machine.  Each  set  of  hats,  after  being  exix>se-l  to  the  bath  wil.i 
occasional  airings  daring  fij'.ty  minutes,  is  taken  oil  the  pess.  and  laid 
out  uixin  the  ground  to  be  mure  completely  bkvckened  by  the  I'Crosy- 
dizement  of  the  iron  with  t'.;e  atmospheric  oxj'gen.  In  three  or  four 
hours,  the  dyeing  is  completed.  When  fuUy'dyed,  the  hats  are  well 
■washed  in  running  water. 

Waterpboof  Stiffexixg  for  Hats.— Mix  IS  lbs.  of  shellac  vrith 
1^  lb.  of  salt  of  tartar  ( carbonate  of  potash ),  and  b\  gals,  water.  These 
materiab  are  to  be  pot  in  a  kettle,  and  made  to  boil  gradually  till 
the  lac  is  dissolved,  when  the  liquid  will  become  as  clear  as  water, 
without  any  scum  upon  the  top,  and  if  left  to  cool,  will  have  a  thin 
crust  npon  the  surface,  of  whitish  cast,  mixed  with  the  light  impuri- 
ties of  the  gum.  'WTien  this  sldn  is  taken  off,  the  bat  body  is  to  be 
dipped  into  the  mixture  in  a  cold  sfcite,  so  as  to  absorb  as  much  as 
possible  of  it;  or  it  may  be  applied  witii  a  brush  or  sponge.  The  hat 
body, being  thus  sti:Tened,may  stand  tul  it  becomes  dry,  or  nearlyso ;  and 
after  it  has  been  bru.«hed,  it  must  beimmersed  in  very  dilute  sulphuric 
or  acetic  add,  in  order  to  neutralize  the  potash,  and  cause  the  ehellaa 


DTEES   AXD   BLEACHERS*  RECEIPTS,  145 

lo  set.  If  the  hata  are  not  to  be  napped  immediately,  they  may  be 
thrown  iiito  a  cistern  of  pure  water,  and  taken  out  as Vanted. 

Method  of  BLEACHrNG  Stk.a.w. — Dip  tiie  straw  in  a  solution  of 
oxygenated  muriatic  acid,  saturated  with  potat^h.  (Oxygennted 
muriate  of  lime  is  much  cheaper).  The  straw  is  thus  rendered  very 
■white,  and  its  flexibility  is  increased. 

BiJLiCHiXG  Straw  Goods. — Straw  is  bleached  by  simply  exposing 
it  in  a  closed  chambei:  to  the  fumes  of  burning  sulphur,  an  old  flour 
tfirrel  is  the  apparatus  most  used  for  tlie  purpase  by  miliiners,  a  fi.it 
Btoue  beins  Liid  on  the  groimd,  the  sulphur  IjjT.itcd  thereon,  and  tlie 
baiTcl  contiiluing  the  goods  to  be  bleached  turned  over  it.  The  goods 
should  be  previously  washed  in  pure  water. 

VAKK7PH  roR  y.u)ED  Ec^BEE  GooDS. — Ela<j£  Japan  varnish  dilu- 
ted with  a  little  linseed  oil. 

To  Bleach  Linen. — ilix  common  bleachin^-powder,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  1  lb.  to  a  gallon  of  water;  stir  it  oca'^i-ionally  for  three  day?, 
let  it  settle,  and  pour  it  off  clear.  Then  make  a  ley  of  1  lb.  of  soda  to 
1  gallon  of  boiling  soft  water,  in  which  soak  tlie  liacn  for  12  hour?, 
and  boil  it  half  an  hour;  next  soak  it  in  the  bleaching  liquor,  made  as 
above ;  and  lastly,  wash  it  in  the  usual  manner.  Discolored  linen  or 
muslin  may  be  restored  by  putting  a  portion  of  bleaching  liquor  into 
the  tub  wherein  the  articles  are  soaldng. 

DvE  FOR  Feathers. — IJlack :  Immerse  for  2  or  3  days  in  a  batli. 
at  first  hot,  of  logwood,  8  parts,  and  copperas  or  acetate  of  iron, 
1  part.  Blue :  with  the  inoigo  vat.  Uroicn :  by  using  any  of  the 
brown  dyes  for  silk  or  woollen.  Crimson :  a  mordant  of  alum,  fol- 
lowed by  a  hot  bath  of  Brazil  wood,  afterwards  by  a  weak  dye  of 
cudbear.  Pink  or  Bose:  with  saf-flower  or  lemon  juice.  Fhim: 
with  the  red  dye,  followed  by  an  alkaline  bath.  R:d :  a  mordant  of 
alum,  followed  by  a  bath  of  Brazil-wood.  Tclloic :  a  mordant  of 
alum,  followed  by  a  bath  of  turmeric  or  weld.  Greeri  D>je.  Take  of 
verdigris  and  verditer,  of  each  1  oz.  ;  gum  water,  1  pt.  ;  mix  them 
well  and  dip  the  feathers,  they  having  been  first  soaked  in  hot  water, 
into  the  said  mixture.  For  Purple,  use  lake  and  indigo.  For  Car- 
nation, vermilion  and  smalt.  Tliin  gum  or  starch  water  should  bo 
nsed  in  dying  feathers. 

Colors  for  Artificial  Flowers.— The  French  employ  velvety 
fine  cambric  and  kid  for  the  petals,  and  tafeia  for  the  leaves.  Very 
recently  thin  plates  of  bleached  whalebone  have  been  used  for  soma 
portions  of  the  artificial  flowei-s.  Colors  and  Stains.  Blue. — Indigo 
dissolved  in  oil  of  vitriol,  and  the  acid  partly  neutralized  with  salt  of 
tarfcir  or  whiting.  Green. — A  solution  of  distilled  verdigris.  Lilac. — 
Liquid  archil.  lied. — Carmine  dissolved  in  a  solution  of  salt  of  tar- 
tar, or  in  spirits  of  hartshorn.  Violet. — Liquid  archil  mixed  with  a 
little  salt  of  tartar.  Ydlov;. — Tincture  of  turmeric.  The  colors  ara 
generally  applied  with  the  fingers. 

Black  Yarxish  for  Chip  A^^^  Straw  IL\ts. — ^Best  alcohol, 
*oz.  ;  pulverized  black  sealing-wax,  1  oz.  ;  ]iut  tliem  into  a  phial, 
and  put  the  phial  mto  a  warm  pLice,  stin-ing  or  shaking  occasionally 
imtil  the  wax  is  dissolved.  Ap]ily  it  wlien  Avarm  before  the  fire  or 
in  the  sun.    Thi^  makes  a  beautiful  gloss. 

EA.SY  Method  of  ruEA-ENTixf;  Moths  i>:  Fcrs  or  'W"oollex3. 
— Sprintle  the  f oia  or  wooUen  stuffs,  as  well  as  the  drawers  or  boxoa 
Jfl 


146      DTEBS  AND  BLEACHERS'  EECEIPTa. 

lb  which  they  are  kept,  with  spirits  of  turpentine,  the  unpleasaat 
Bcent  of  ■wliich  ■will  gpeedily  evaporate  on  exposure  of  the  ttuilg  to 
the  air.  Some  j^rsous  place  sheets  of  ]viper  moistened  with  spirits 
of  turpentine,  o\  er,  mider,  or  l>etween  pieces  of  cloth,  &c.,  and  find 
it  a  very  oCectiial  metliod.  M;uiy  vroolien  drainers  put  bits  of  cam- 
phor, tlie  size  of  a  nutmeg,  in  jxipers,  on  different  parts  of  the  shelves 
m  their  shops,  and  as  they  brush  their  cloths  every  two,  three  or  four 
months,  this  keeps  them  free  from  motlis  :  ajid  this  should  be  done 
in  boxes  where  the  furs,  &c.,  are  put  A  tillow  cand>  is  frequr.ntly 
put  within  each  muff  when  laid  by.    Snuif  or  pepper  is  very  good. 

Cl-othing  Rexovatob. — Soft  water,  1  gal.  ;  miate  a  strong  decoc- 
tion of  logwood  by  L-oiling  the  exti-act  with  the  water.  Strain,  when 
cool,  add  2  os.  guru  arable  in  powder  ;  bottle,  cork  well,  and  set  aside 
for  use  ;  clean  the  co^^t  well  from  grease  and  dirt,  and  apply  the 
above  liquid  Avith  a  pixinge  evenly.  Dilute  to  suit  the  color,  and 
bang  in  the  shade  to  dry  ;  afterwards  brush  the  nap  smooth,  and  it 
will  look  like  new. 

WATEKriiooF  FOE  PoBOCs  Cloth.— Dissoive  2*  lbs.  alum  in 
4  gals,  water  ;  dissolve  abo  in  a  separate  vessel  the  "same  weight  of 
acetate  of  lead  iu  the  eame  quantity  of  water,  ^^1len  both  ai-e  well 
dissolved,  mix  the  solutions  together  ;  and,  when  the  sulphate  of  lead 
resulting  from  this  raixtare  has  been  pre<ip:tnted  to  the  bottom  of 
the  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  powder,  pour  off  the  solution,  and  plunge 
into  it  the  fabric  to  b©  renaered  waterprooL  Wash  and  rub  it  well 
during  a  few  minutes,  and  hang  it  iu  tlie  air  to  dry. 

To  Reiiove  Gkeask. — Aqua  ammonia,  2  oz.  ;  soft  water,  1  quart ; 
saltpetre,  1  toa.K]:>ooL!ful  ;  shaving  soap  in  shavings,  1  oz.  ;  Tniy 
altogether  ;  dissolve  the  soap  well,  and  any  grea.se  or  dirt  that  cannot 
be  removed  with  tliis  prepjiration,  notlaing  else  need  be  tried  for  it. 

Waterproofing  fob  Clothing. — Boiled  oil,  15  lbs.  ;  bees-wax, 

1  lb.  ;  ground  litharge,  13  lbs.  ;  mix  and  apply  with  a  brush  to  the 
article,  previously  stietched  again.-t  a  wall  or  a' table,  previously  well 
washing  and  drying  e^vch  article  before  iipplyiug  the  composition. 

To  Eentew  Old  Sxlks. — Unravel  and  put  them  in  a  tub,  cover 
them  with  cold  water,  let  them  remain  one  hour  ;  dip  them  up  and 
down,  but  do  nut  wring  ;  han»  up  to  drain,  and  iron  while  very 
damp,  and  they  will  look  beautunL 

DvES  FOR  FrEs. — For  Unci;  use  the  nair  dye  described  in  these 
receipts.  Bmrn,  use  tincture  of  lojrwood.  Hcd,  ground  Brazil- 
wood, i  lb.  ;  water,  1^  quarts  ;  cochineal,  i  oz. ;  boil  the  Biazil-wood 
in tiie  water  one  hour  ;  sti'iin  and  add  tlie  cochineal  ;  boU  fifteen 
minutes.  Scariet  cAor,  boil  h  oz.  saffron  iu  h  pint  of  water,  and  fiasa 
over  the  work  before  apjihTug  the  red.  BTui,  logwood,  7  oz.  ;  blue 
vitriol,  1  oz.  ;  water,  2*^  02.  ;  boil.  Purple^  log\vood,  11  oz.  ;  alum, 
6  oz.  ;  water.  29  oz.     Gnicn,  strong  vinegar,  1^  jiints  ;  best  verdigria, 

2  oz.  ;  giound  fine  ;  sap  i-Teeu,  \  oz.  ;  mix  all  t<:>getlier  and  boLL 
Potter's  In-visible  Wateri'ROOfing. — Imbue  the  cloth  on  the 

wrong  side  with  a  solution  of  isinglaj>s.  alum,  and  soap  dii^solved  in 
water,  formmg  an  emuL-ion  of  a  milky  thiclrness  ;  apply  with  a 
brush,  rubbing  in  well.  MTien  dry,  it  is  bru.<hed  on  the  v.Tong  side 
against  the  grain,  and  then  gone  oVer  with  a  brush  dipped  ta  water  * 
ftiterward-s  brushed  down  smooth. 
To  bjus£  ▲  Xap  ox  CiAiiii.— Clean  the  article  well ;  soak  it  is 


MEDICAL    DEPJlBTMENT.  147 

•old  water  for  half  an  honr  j  pnt  It  on  a  board,  and  rub  the  thread* 
bare  part*  with  a  h:ilf-woru  natter's  card  filled  with  flocks,  or  with  a 
teazle  or  a  prickly  thistle  until  a  nap  is  raised  ;  then  lay  th«  nap  the 
riglit  way  with  a  hatter's  brush,  aud  hang  up  to  dry. 

Black  Reviver  for  Cloth.— Bruirsed  gaUa,  1  lb.  ;  logwood, 
2  lbs.  ;  green  vitriol,  J  lb.  ;  water,  5  quarta  ;  boil  two  hours  ;  strain, 
aod  it  is  readf  for  u&o. 


MEDICAL  DEPARTMENT,  &c. 

BtrtES  FOB  Action,  very  Siiobt  but  vert  Safe.— In  health 
und  disease  endeavor  always  to  live  ou  the  sunny  side.  Sir  Jarne* 
Wylie,  late  physician  to  the  Em|)eror  of  Riissiii,  remarked  during 
long  observation  in  the  hospitals  of  that  country,  tliat  the  cases  of  dea^ 
occurring  in  rooms  averted  ivom  the  light  of  the  sun,  were  four  times 
more  numerous  than  the  fatal  cases  in  the  rooms  ex|X)sed  to  tlie  di- 
rect action  of  the  solar  rays.  When  poison  is  swcollowed,  a  good  off- 
hand remedy  is  to  mbc  salt  and  mustard,  1  heai^ed  teaspoonf  ill  of 
each,  in  a  glass  of  water  and  drink  imaiediately.  It  is  quick  in  its 
operation.  Then  give  tho  whites  of  2  eggs  ui  a  cup  of  coffee,  or  the 
eggs  alone  if  coffee  cannot  bo  had.  For  acid  poisons  give  acids.  In 
coses  of  opium  poisonin«f,  give  strong  coffee  aud  Keep  moving. 
For  light  bums  or  scalds,  dip  the  part  ui  cold  water  or  in  flour,  if  the 
ekin  is  destroyed,  cover  with  varnish.  If  you  fall  into  the  water,  float 
on  the  back,  with  the  nose  and  month  projectmg.  For  apoplexy, 
raise  the  liead  and  body  ;  for  fainting,  lay  the  person  flat.  Suck  pois- 
oned wounds,  unless  your  mouth  is  sore,  Enlarge  the  wound,  or  better 
cut  out  the  part  without  delay,  cauterize  it  with  caustic,  the  end  of  a 
cigar  or  a  hot  coaL  If  an  artery  is  cut,  compress  above  the  wound ;  if 
a  vein  is  cut,  compress  below.  If  choked,  get  uix)n  aU-fonrs  and 
cough.  Before  pashiug  through  emoke  tike  a  full  breath,  stoop  low, 
then  go  ahead  ;  but  if  you  fear  carbonic  acid  gas,  walk  erect  and  be 
careful.  Smother  a  fire  with  blankets  or  Ciiriiets ;  water  tends  to  spread 
turning  oil  and  increase  the  danger.  Remove  dust  from  the  eye* 
by  dashing  water  into  them,  and  avoid  rubbing.  Remove  cinders,  &c., 
with  a  soft,  smooth  wooden  point  Preserve  heaJth  and  avoid  catching 
cold,  hj  regular  diet  healthy  food  and  cleanliness.  Sir  Astley  Cooper 
eaid:  '  The  methods  by  which  I  have  presei-ved  my  own  hwilth,  ara 
temperance,  early  rising,  and  sponging  tlie  body  every  mommg  \vith 
cold  water,  immediately  after  getting  out  of  bed  ;  a  practice  which  I 
have  adopted  for  30  years  without  ever  catching  cold."  Water  di- 
luted with  2  per  cent  of  carbolic  acid  will  disuifectany  room  or  build- 
ing, if  liberally  nsed  as  a  sprinkle.  Diphtheria  can  be  ciu-ed  by  a  gar- 
gle of  lemon  juice,  swallowing  a  little  so  as  to  reach  all  the  affected 
j>arts.  To  aveit  cold  from  the  feet,  wear  two  pairs  of  stockings  made 
from  different  fabrics,  one  pair  of  cotton  or  silk,  the  other  of  wool,  and 
the  natural  heat  of  the  feet  will  be  preserved  if  the  feet  are  kept  clean. 
In  arranging  sleeping  rooms  tlie  soimdest  aud  most  refreshing  slum- 
b«c  vrill  be  enjoyed  when  the  hml  u  towardd  the  north.     Late  hoozs 


148  HEDICAL   DEPAETHEJTT,   ETC 

»nd  anxious  pureaftg  exhanitt  vitality,  prodndug  disease  aad  pi 

ttire death.  tiier'=:  —  *■  "  '"irs  of  labour  and  stadv  slioold  be  short. 
Tuie  abundant  e  recreation.     Ba  moitrato  in  eatii;;  and 

driu'iing,  u-iing  t .  _    ;  -;un  diet  avoiuing  etron^  drink,  tobacco, 

gnnfi.  Ouidin  and  e dr  ei-e.?-?.  Keep  the  6>dy  v.iiira.  the  teiny^r 
ealm.  i^iene  and  vjbv'd  :  ehon  idlenesa  ;  if  yoor  hand-  cannot  be  uie- 
fally  eiiir.loved.  ahtad  t)  tae  cultivation  of  voar  ciinii  For  pore 
healtii  ?: 'in;:  tresh  air,  go  to  tha  country.  Dr.  Stockton Hoogh  ns- 
Eerts  tliat  ii7>lJ  rhe  inhabitants  of  the  world  -^-e-e  lirl'i^  in  cine?  of  tlo 
majraitade  of  London,  th«  hnman  rr...  "  "  '     '  '     >. 

century  ort-n^o.    Tte  mean  average  of  ;. 

Is  3dl  years,  -^hils  in  Xew  York  and  Pi...        ,  .  -     . 

about  50  jjer  cent,  of  the  deaths  in  these  citi^  beiag  of  cLiivirea  un- 
der five  years  of  a?e.  A  great  percentage  of  this  excessive  mortality 
is  caused  by  bad  air  and  lad  food. 

To  AFCERTAiir  THE  State  OF  THE  LiTscsa — I>raw  in  as  much 
l)reath  as  you  conveniently  can,  then  count  as  lon^  &s  possible  in  a 
slow  and  audible  voice  without  drawing  in  more  breath.  The  number 
of  seconds  muit  be  carefully  noted.  In  a  consumptive  the  time  doe« 
not  exceed  10,  and  is  frequently  less  than  6  seconds  ;  in  pleurisy  and 
pneumonia  it  ranges  from  9  to  4  seconds.  When  the  lungs  are  sound 
the  time  will  range  as  high  as  from  20  to  So  seconds.  To  exi^ind 
the  lungs,  go  into  the  air.  stvad  erect,  throw  back  the  head  and 
shoulders,  and  draw  iu  the  air  through  the  nostrils  as  much  as  jKhssible. 

After  having  then  filled  the  lungs,  raise  vour  arms,  still  extended, 
and  suck  in  the  air.  When  you  have  thus  forced  the  arms  backward, 
with  the  chest  open,  change  the  process  br  which  you  draw  in  your 
lareath,  till  the  lungs  are  em] 'tied-  Go  ^irongh  Cie  jjrocess  several 
times  a  day,  and  it  will  enlarge  the  chest,  give  the  lungs  better  play, 
and  serve  very  much  to  ward  off  consumption. 

Remedy  fob  XcfKAiyGtA. — ^Ilypophosphite  of  soda  taken  in  1 
dram  doses  3  times  p^r  day  in  beef  tea  is  a  good  remedy  for  this 
painful  affection.  So  is  the  application  of  braised  horse-radish,  or 
the  application  of  oil  of  peppermint  applied  lightly  with  a  camel  hair 
pencO. 

BKiTEDT  FOB  HEADACHE. — A  Parisian  physician  has  published  a 
new  remedy  for  headaches.  Ue  ui«  a  niixtare  of  ice  and  salt,  in 
propdaon  of  one  to  one-half,  as  a  cold  mirture,  and  this  he  applies 
Dy  means  of  a  little  purse  of  silk  gauze,  with  a  rim  of  gutta  percha,  to 
limited  spots  on  the  head,  when  rheumatic  headaches  are  felt  It 
gives  Lnstantaneons  reliet  The  application  is  from  A  minute  to  IJ 
minates,  and  the  s'-rin  is  rendered  white  and  hard  by  the  applications. 

To  Cure  a  Cold. — Before  retiring  soak  the  feet  in  mu=tard  water 
ae  hot  as  can  be  endured,  the  fe-i't  should  at  first  be  plunged  in  a  pail 
Lalf  fall  of  lukewarm  water,  adding  by  degrees  very  hot  water  until 
tke  desired  heat  is  attained,  protecting  the  body  and  knees  with 
blankets  so  to  direct  tlie  vapor  from  the  water  as  to  induce  a  gcxxl 
sweat  Next,  to  2  table  spoonfuls  of  boiling  water,  add  1  table  spoonful 
of  white  sasar  and  14  drops  of  strong  spirits  of  camphor.  Drink  the 
whole  and  cuddle  in  bed  under  plenty  of  bedclothes  and  sleep  it  ofL 

Eexedy  fok  CoxstTXPTiox.— The  following  is  said  to  be  au  effectual 
remedy,  and  will  in  time  completely  cure  the  disorder.  Live  temper^ 
aadr,  aToii  f»iritaoai  loquois^  we^  fiaTingl  next  the  akia,  and  ta^«^ 


KXDICAL   DEPARTMENT,   ETC.  149 

erery  momlng,  half  a  pint  of  new  mtik,  mixed  with  a  wine  glassfnl 
of  the  expressed  j  uice  of  green  horehound.  One  who  has  tried  it  says, 
"  Fonr  weeks'  use  of  the  horehotuid  and  milk  relieved  the  pains  of  my 
breast,  gave  me  ability  to  breathe  deep,  long  and  free,  strengthened 
and  harmoniised  my  voice  and  restored  me  to  a  better  state  of  health, 
than  I  had  enjoyed  for  years." 

Trichina  is  the  term  applied  to  a  minute,  slender,  and  transparent 
worm,  scarcely  l-20th  of  an  inch  in  length,  which  has  recently  been 
discovered  to  exist  naturally  in  the  muscles  of  swine,  and  is  frequently 
transferred  to  the  human  stomach  when  pork  is  used  as  food.  Enough 
of  these  filthy  parasites  have  been  detected  in  half  a  pound  of  pork 
to  engender  30,000,000  more,  the  females  being  very  prolific,  each  giv- 
ing birth  to  from  60  to  100  yoimg,  and  dyiiig  soon  alter.  The  young 
thread-like  worm  at  first  ranges  freely  through  the  stomach  and  in- 
testines, remaining  for  a  short  time  within  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
intestines,  Civusiug  irritation,  diarrhoea,  and  sometimes  death,  if 
present  in  sutficieut  numbers.  As  they  become  stronger,  they  begin 
to  penetrate  the  walls  of  the  intestmesln  order  to  eif  ect  a  lod  .r^ent  in 
the  voluntary  muscles,  causing  intense  muscular  pain  and  severe  en- 
doring  cramps,  and  sometimes  tetanic  symptons.  After  4  weeks  migra- 
tion they  encyst  themselves  permanently  on  tiie  muscular  fibre,  and 
begin  to  secrete  a  delicate  sac  which  gradually  becomes  calcareous. 
In  tills  torpid  state  they  remain  during  the  person's  Ufetime. 

Remt.dy  fob  Diphtherta. — The  treatment  consists  in  thoroughly 
frwabhing  the  back  of  the  month  and  throat  with  a  wash  made  thus  : 
Table  salt,  2  drams  ;  black  pepper,  golden  seal,  nitrate  of  potash, 
alum,  1  dram  each  ;  mix  and  pulverize  ;  put  into  a  teacnp  half  full  of 
water  ;  stir  well,  and  then  fill  up  with  good  vinegar.  Use  every  half 
Lour,  one.  two,  and  four  hours,  as  recovery  progresses.  The  patient 
may  swallow  a  httle  each  time.  Apply  1  oz'.  each  of  spirits  turpentine, 
gweet  oil,  and  aqua-ammonia,  mixed,  every  hour  to  the  wliole  of  the 
throat,  and  to  the  breast  bone  every  four  hours,  keeping  flannel  to 
the  part. 

Dollowat's  OrsTMENT  AXD  Pit-Ls. — Buttcr,  22  oz.  ;  beeswax,  3 
oz.  ;  yellow  rosin,  3  oz.  ;  melt ;  add  vinegar  of  cantharides,  1  oz.  ; 
evaporate ;  and  add  Canada  balsam,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  mace,  ^  dram  ; 
balsam  of  Peru,  15  drops.  Pills:  Aloes,  4 parts  ;  myrrh,  jalap,  and 
ginger,  of  eacli  2  p.arts  ;  mucilage  to  mix. 

Aberxetity's  PiLi.3. — Each  pill  contains  2  grains  of  blue  pill  and 
3  graiiis  compound  extract  of  colocynth. 

Worm  Lozenues. — Powdered  lump  sugar,  10  oz.  ;  starcn  6  oz.  ; 
mix  with  mucilage ;  and  to  every  ounce  add  12  grains  calomel ; 
divide  in  20  grain  lozenges.    Dose,  t\vo  to  six. 

Soothing  Svri"t. — Alcohol,  oil  of  peppermint,  castor  oil,  of  each, 
1  oz.  ;  mix  ;  add  oil  of  anise,  ^  dram ;  magnesia,  60  grains  ;  pulve- 
rized ginger,  40  grains  ;  water,  2  oz.  ;  white  sugar  to  form  a  syrup. 

Soothing  Svrup. — ^Take  1  lb.  of  honey  ;  add  2  ta'  .lespoonf uls  of 
paregoric,  and  the  same  of  oil  of  anise  seed  ;  add  enough  water  to 
make  a  thick  s>Tup,  and  bottle.  For  children  teething,  dose,  tea- 
•poonful  occasionally. 

Infant's  Syhlt. — The  symp  is  made  thus  :  1  lb.  best  box  raisins  ; 
^  ounce  of  ani.«e  seed  ;  two  sticks  licorice  ;  split  the  raisins,  pound  th» 
aoibe  seed,  and  cut  the  liooiice  fine  ;  add  to  it  3  quarts  of  rain  watAi^ 


ISO  MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,    ETC. 

sad  boil  down  to  2  qnarts.  Feed  three  or  fonr  times  a  day,  as  moeh 
as  the  child  will  willingly  drink.  The  raisins  strengthen,  the  aniM 
expels  the  wind,  and  the  licorice  is  a  physic 

Br.vndreth's  Pllxs. — Take  2  lbs.  of  aloes,  1  lb.  of  eamboge,  4  02. 
of  extract  of  colocynth,  ^  lb.  of  Castile  soap,  3  flnid  drams  of  oil  of 
peppermint,  and  1  fluid  dram  of  cinnamon-  Mix,  and  form  into 
piJJs. 

Davis'  Tats  Kii-leb  liEPBOvzD. — ^Powdered  gnaiac  20  lbs.  ;  cam-> 
phor,  2  lbs.  ;  powdered  cayenne  pepper,  6  lbs.  ;  caustic  liquor  of 
ammonia,  1  lb.  ;  powdered  opium,  h  lb.  ;  digest  these  ingredients  in 
32  gal.'!,  alcohol  for  two  weeks,  and  filter. 

Coiu-oirsD  SvBUP  OF  Htpophosphites  a>-d  Ikox.— Dissolve  25(J 
grs.  each  of  hypophosphites  of  soda,  lime  and  potassa,  and  136  grs. 
hypophosphite  of  irou,  in  12  oz.  water,  by  a  water  bath.  Filter  and 
add  sufflcieut  water  to  make  up  for  the  evaporation.  Add  18  ozs. 
sugar  by  gentle  heat,  to  make  21  fluid  ozs.  syrup.  Each  fluid  oz.  con- 
tains 12  grs.  each  of  the  hypophosphites  of  soda,  lime  and  potaasa,  and 
six  grs.  hypophosphite  of  iron. 

Cure  for  Dec>ke>"nxs.s. — TVarranted  a  certain  Remedy.  Confine 
the  patient  to  his  room,  furnish  him  with  his  favorite  liquor  of  dis- 
cretion, diluted  with  §  of  water,  as  much  wine,  beer,  coffee  and  tea  as 
he  desires,  but  containing  |  of  spirit ;  all  the  food — the  bread,  meat 
and  vegetables  steeped  in  spirit  and  water.  On  the  fifth  day  of  this 
treatment  he  has  an  extreme  dis.gust  for  spirit,  being  continually 
drunk.  Keep  up  this  treatment  till  he  no  longer  desires  to  eat  or 
drink,  and  the  cure  is  certain. 

Fahxestock's  TEEinFUGE. — Castiir  oil,  oil  of  worm  seed,  each  1 
oz.  ;  oil  anise,  J  oz.  ;  tincture  myrrh,  ^  dram  ;  oil  turpentine,  10 
minims.    Mix. 

SwAni's  Yermtfuge. — ^Wormseed,  2oz.  ;  valerian,  rhubarb,  pink- 
toot,  white  agaric,  of  each  1^  oz.  ;  boil  in  sufficient  water  to  yield  3 
quarts  of  decoction  ;  and  add  to  it  10  drops  of  oil  of  tansy  and  45 
drops  of  oil  of  cloves,  dissolved  in  a  quart  of  rectified  spirits.    Dose, 

1  tablespoonf  ul  at  night. 

Ater  8  Cherry  Pectosax. — ^Take  4  grains  of  acetate  of  morphia ; 

2  fluid  drama  of  tincture  of  bloodroot  ;  3  fluid  drams  each  of  anti- 
monial  wine  and  wine  of  ipecacuanha,  and  3  fluid  oz.  of  syrup  of 
•wild  cherry.    Mix. 

Spasms.— Acetate  of  morphia,  1  gr.  spirit  of  sal  volatile,  1  oz.  sul- 
phuric ether,  1  oz.  camphor  julep,  4  ozs.  Mix.  Dose,  1  teaspoonful 
m  a  glass  of  cold  water,  or  wine,  as  required.  Keep  closely  corked, 
and  shake  well  before  using. 

E.aj3Way'8  Re.vdt  Relief. — According  to  Peckolt,  is  an  ethereal 
tincture  of  capsicum,  with  alcohol  and  camphor. 

Radwat's  Re>"ovatixg  Resolvent. — A  vinous  tincture  of  ginger 
and  cardamon.  sweetened  with  gugar. 

Ayer's  S.^jesaparella, — Take  3  flnid  ozs.  each  of  alcohol,  fluid 
extracts  of  sarsparilla  and  of  stillingia  ;  2  fluid  ozs.  each,  extract  of 
yellow-dock  aud  of  podophyllin,  1  oz.  sugar,  90  grs.  iodide  of 
potassium,  and  10  grs.  iodide  of  iron. 

Brown^s  Beonchial  Troches. — Take  1  lb.  of  pulverized  extract 
at  licorice  :  1^  lb.  of  pulverized  sugar  ;  4  oz.  of  pulverized  cnbebe  ; 
4  oz.  pulverized  gum  uabic  ;  1  oz.  of  polveiized  extract  coniom.  Mix. 


MEDICAL   DEPABTMEinr,   ETC.  151 

BtrssiA  Saz-te. — Take  equal  parts  of  yellow  wax  and  swoet  ofl ; 

■lelt  slowly,  carefully  stirriiig  ;  when  cooling,  stir  in  a  small  quantity 
of  glycerine.     Good  for  all  lands  of  wounds,  &c. 

De>tists'  Composition  for  Filling  Decayed  Teeth. — Gold,  1 
part ;  mercury,  8  parts  ;  incorporated  by  heating  together ;  when 
mixed  pour  them  into  cold  water.  Or,  tiufoil  and  quicksilver  ;  melt 
together  in  a  convenient  vessel,  take  a  small  quantity,  knead  it  in  the 
palm  of  the  hand,  and  apply  quick.  Or,  mix  a  little  finely-powdered 
glass  with  some  mineral  succedaneum  ;  apply  as  usual.  Or,  take 
some  mineral  succedaneum,  and  add  some  steel  dust.  Or,  mineral 
succedaneum  mixed  with  levigated  porcelain  or  china.  Or,  gypsum, 
1  part ;  le%-igated  porcelain,  1  part  ;  levigated  iron  filings,  i  part  ; 
make  into  a  paste  with  equal  parts  of  quick-drying  copal  and  mastic 
varnish.  Or,  quicksilver,  40  grains  ;  steel  filings,  2<5  grains.  Or,  sil- 
ver, 72  parts  ;  tin,  20  parts  ;  zinc,  6  parts.  Better  than  any,  pore 
gold,  1  part  ;  silver,  3  parts  ;  tin,  2  parts  ;  melt  the  first  two,  add  the 
tin,  reduce  all  to  a  fine  powder,  use  with  an  equal  quantity  of  pure 
mercury. 

Gutta-percha,  softened  by  heat,  is  recommended.  Dr.  Rollfs  ad- 
vises melting  a  piece  of  caou^houc  at  the  end  of  a  wire,  and  intro- 
ducing it  wlule  warm. 

Amalgams  for  tlie  teeth  are  made  with  gold  or  silver,  and  quick- 
silver, the  excess  of  tiie  latter  being  squeez&d  out,  and  the  stiff  amal- 
gam used  warm.  Inferior  kinds  are  made  with  quicksilver  and  tin, 
or  zinc.  A  popular  nostrum  of  this  kind  consists  of  40  grains  of 
quicksilver  and  20  of  fiue  zinc  filings,  mixed  at  the  time  of  using. 
The  following  is  said  to  be  the  most  lasting  and  least  objectionable 
amalgam  :  Melt  2  pai-ts  of  tin  with  1  of  cadmium,  run  it  into  an  in- 
got, and  reduce  it  to  filings.  Form  these  into  a  fluid  amalgam  with 
mercury,  and  squeeze  out  the  exce.«s  of  mercury  through  leather. 
"Work  up  the  solid  residue  in  tlie  hand,  and  press  it  into  the  tooth. 
Another  cement  consists  of  about  73  parti  of  silver,  21  of  tin,  and  6 
of  zinc,  amalgamated  with  quicksilver.  Beyond  aU  doubt,  gold  foil 
is  the  best  filUug  in  use. 

Poudre  Metallique. — The  article  sold  under  this  name  in  Paris 
api^ears  to  be  an  amalgam  of  silver,  me  -cury,  and  ammonium,  with 
an  excess  of  mercury,  which  is  pressed  out  before  using  it. 

To  Extract  Teeth  with  little  or  no  Pain. — Tincture  of  aco- 
nite, chloroform,  and  alcohol,  of  each  1  oz.  ;  mix ;  moisten  two  pled- 
gets of  cotton  with  the  liquid,  and  apply  to  the  gums  on  each  side  of 
toe  tooth  to  be  extracted,  holding  them  in  their  place  with  pliers  or 
other  instruments  for  from  five  to  ten  minutes,  rubbing  the  gum  free- 
ly inside  and  out. 

Tooth  Wash — To  Remove  Blackn-ess. — ^Pnre  muriatic  acid,  1  oz. ; 
■water,  1  oz.  ;  honey,  2  oz.  ;  mix.  Take  a  tooth-brush,  and  wet  it 
freely  with  this  preparation,  and  briskly  rub  the  black  teeth,  and  in 
SI  moment's  time  tney  will  be  perfectly  white  ;  then  immediately 
wash  out  the  mouth  with  water,  that  the  acid  may  not  act  upon  the 
enamel  of  the  teeth. 

Dentists'  Nerve  Paste. — Arsenic,  1  part;  rose  pink,  2  parts.  To 
destroy  the  ner\-e,  apply  this  prejiaration  on  a  pledget  of  cotton,  pr©« 
vionsly  moistened  with'creosote,  to  the  cavity  of  the  tooth,  let  it  re- 
main 4  hours,  then  wash  out  thoroughly  with  water.    Another.-* 


152  UEDICAI.   DXPABTXENT,    ETC 

Arsenons  add,  30  grs, ;  acetate  of  morphia,  20  grs. ;  creosote,  q.  g.  faf 
paste.    ^lix. 

Alloys  FOR  DEXTTST'sMorLDSAiTD  Dies. — L  Tin,  very  Tuxrd. — ^Hn, 
16  parts;  antimony,  1  ixxrt;  zinc,  1  part;  2.  Tin,  softer  than  the  lasL 
Tin,  8  parts;  tine."  1  ixirt;  antimony,  1  part;  3.  Copper  Alloi/,  very 
hard. — Tin,  12  parts;  antimony,  2  parts;  o.^pper,  1  part;  4.  Cadmium 
Alloy,  about  the  hardness  of  ziru:. — ^Tin,  10  parts ;  antimony,  1  part; 
cadmiom,  1  part. 

De>tists'  Ejiery  TThzixs. — ^Emery,  4  lbs. ;  shellac,  \  lb.  ;  melt 
the  shellac  over  a  slow  firo  ;  etir  in  the  "emery,  and  pour  into  a  mould 
of  plaster  of  Pari.**,    ^\'hen  cold  it  is  ready  for  use. 

Base  for  Artificial  Teeth. — Pkoportioxs. — India-mbber,  1 
lb.  ;  sulphur,  \  lb.  ;  vermillion,  1  lb.  4  oz. 

Nitrous  Ox^ide,  or  L.A.rr,Hixr,  Gas. — Take  two  or  three  ounces  of 
nitrate  of  ammonia  in  crysfils  and  put  it  into  a  retort,  taking  cara 
that  the  heat  does  not  exceed  50lP  ;  when  the  crystals  besin  to  melt, 
the  pas  will  be  produced  in  considerable  quantities.  The  gas  may 
also  be  procured,  though  not  so  pure,  by  pouring  nitric  acid,  diluted 
with  five^r  six  times  its  weight  of  water,  on  copper  filings  or  small 
pieces  of  tin.  The  pas  is  given  out  till  the  acid  begins  to  turn  brown ; 
the  process  mu.-t  then  be  stopped 

To  Ln-hale  the  Laughing  Ga<5. — ^Procure  an  oiled  or  varnished 
eilk  bag,  or  a  bladder,  f  umi.<hed  with  a  stop-cock,  into  the  mouth,  and 
at  the  same  time  hold  tlie  nostrils,  and  the  sensation  produced  w ill  be 
of  a  highly  plea.«ing  n.iture  ;  a  great  propensity  to  hiughter,  a  rapid 
flow  of  vivid  ideas,  and  an  nnusiial  fitness  for  ma.«cular  exertion,  are 
the  ordinary  feelings  which  it  pnxluces.  The  sensations,  produced  by 
breathing  this  gas,  are  not  the  same  in  all  pc-s(ins,  but  they  are  of  an 
r.greeable  nature,  and  not  followed  by  any  depression  of  spirifci  like 
those  occasioned  by  fermented  liquors, 

Magxetic  r.\ix  Killer,  for  Tooth.\che  axt)  ArrrE  Pais. — Lan- 
dnum  1  dr.  g".m  camphor  4  drs.  oil  of  cloves  \  dr.  oil  of  lavender  1  dc, 
add  then  to  1  03.  alcohol,  G  drs.  sulphuric  ether,  and  5  fluid  drs. 
chloroform.  Av-'ly  with  lint,  or  for  toothache  rub  on  the  gums,  and 
upon  the  f.ace  achiiit  the  tetth, 

CiTRE  for  Lock  Jaw,  said  to  be  positive. — Let  any  one  who  has 
an  attack  of  lock  jnw  tLi'.e  a  small  quantity  of  spirits  of  turpentine, 
warm  it,  and  pour  it  on  the  wound — ^no  matter  where  the  wound  is,  or 
what  its  nature  is — and  relief  will  follow  in  less  than  one  minute. 
Turpentine  is  al^o  a  sovereign  remedy  for  croup.  Saturate  a  piece  of 
flannel  with  1^,  and  pl.ice  the  flannel  on  the  throat  and  chest — and  in 
very  severe  c.-ises  threo  to  five  drops  on  a  lump  of  sugar  may  bo 
taken  internally. 

New  Method  of  EirBALMrs-Q. — MLx  together  5  pounds  dry  sul- 
phate of  alnmine,  1  quart  of  warm  water,  and  100  grains  of  arsenions 
acid.  Inject  o  or  4  quarts  of  this  mixture  into  all  the  veseels  of  the 
human  body.  This  applies  as  well  to  all  animals,  birds,  fishes,  &a 
This  proces,s  supersedes' the  old  and  revolting  mode,  and  has  been  in- 
troduced into  the  great  anatomical  schools  of  Paris. 

Xitrate  of  SiLNTJi. — Pure  silver,  li  oz.  ;  nitric  acid,  1  oz.  dilated 
with  water,  2  oz.  ;  heat  by  a  sand-baA  until  ebuUiuon  ce^iseu,  and 
the  water  is  exi>elled  then'pour  iuto  mooldii.  Thij  ftabsaiace  must 
be  kept  from  the  lij^lit 


HEDICAL   DEPASTMENT,   ETO.  153 

Ci.rFFORD'8  Shampoo  Compotxm). — Mix  borax  |  lb.  with  salta  tar 
lar  4  lb.  aud  dissolve  1  oz.  of  the  mixture  in  1  pt  water. 

Clifford's  Hajr  Dye. — No  1.  Pyrogallic  acid  1  oz.  ;  water  1  ql- 
No  2.  Nitrate  of  silver  1  oz.  ;  water  4  ozs.  ;  ammonia  1  oz.  Keep 
TOUT  materials  free  from  grease,  cool,  and  in  the  dark.  Apply  each 
No.  alternately  to  the  hair,  first  cleaning  the  hair  well. 

Bay  Rum. — French  proof  spirit  1  gaL  ext.  Bay  6  ozs.  Mix  and  color 
Tritli  caramel,  needs  no  filtering. 

Hair  iNvnooRAXOR. — Bay  rum,  2  pints;  alcohol,  1  pint;  cavStor 
oil,  1  oz.  ;  carb.  ammonia,  ^  oz.  ;  tincture  of  cantharides,  1  oz.  Mix 
tliem  well.  This  compound  will  promote  the  growth  of  the  hair, 
and  prevent  it  from  falling  out 

Razor-Strop  Paste. — Wet  the  strop  with  a  little  sweet  oil,  and 
apply  a  little  flour  of  emery  evenly  over'the  surface. 

Oil  of  Roses. — Olive  oil,  1  lb.  ;  otto  of  rose.-^,  50  drops ;  oil  of 
Tosemary,  25  drops;  mix.  Another,  roses  (hardly  opened)  12  oz.; 
olive  oil,  10  oz.,  beat  them  together  in  a  mortar ;  let  them  remaia 
lor  a  few  days,  then  express  the  oiL 

Balm  of  Beauty. — Pure  soft  water,  1  qt  ;  pulverized  Castila 
«oap,  4  oz.  ;  emulsion  of  bitter  almonds,  6  oz.  ;  rose  and  oranga 
flower  wr.ter,  of  each,  8  oz. ;  tincture  of  benzoin,  2  drs.  ;  borax,  1 
dr.  ;  add  5  grs.  bichloride  of  mercury  to  every  8  oz.  of  the  mix- 
ture.   To  use,  apply  on  a  cotton  or  linen  cloth  to  the  face,  &c. 

Oriental  Cold  Cream. — Oil  of  almonds,  4  oz. ;  white  wax  and 
epermaceti,  of  each,  2  drs.  ;  melt,  and  add  rose  water,  4  oz.  ;  oiaugo 
flower  water,  1  oz.  ;  iispd  to  soften  the  skir,  apply  as  the  liist. 

Shavog  Cre.am. — AVliite  wax,  spermaceti,  almond  and  oil,  of 
each  i  oz.  :  melt,  and  while  warm,  beat  in  2  squares  of  Windsor 
6oap  previously  reduced  to  a  paste  with  rose  water. 

Circassian  Cream. — Take  2  ounces  of  perfectly  fresh  suet,  either 
mutton  or  venison ;  3  ounces  of  olive  oil ;  1  oz.  gum  benzolne  in 
I)owder,  and  J  oz.  of  alkanet  root.  Put  the  whole  into  a  jam  jar, 
which,  if  without  a  lid,  must  be  tied  over  with  a  bladder,  and  place 
the  jar  in  a  sauce  i)an  containing  boiling  water,  at  the  side  of  the 
fire.  Digest  lor  a  whole  day,  then  strain  away  all  that  is  fluid 
through  fine  muslin,  and  stir  till  nearly  cold.  Add,  say  1  dram  of 
essence  of  almonds,  roses,  bergamot  or  any  other  perfume  desired. 

Freckle  Cure. — Take  2  oz.  lemon  juice,  or  half  a  dram  of 
powdered  borax,  and  one  dram  of  sugar  ;  mix  together,  and  let 
them  stand  in  a  glass  bottle  for  a  few  days,  then  rub  on  the  face 
occasionally. 

Yankee  Shaving  Soap. — Take  3  lbs.  white  bar  soap ;  1  lb.  Castilo 
soap;  1  quart  rain  water;  ^  pt.  beef's  gall;  1  gill  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine. Cut  the  soap  into  thm  slices,  and  boil  five  minutes  after  the 
«oap  is  dissolved,  stir  while  boiling ;  scent  with  oil  of  rose  or 
almonds.     If  wished  to  color  it,  use  ^  oz  vermilion. 

Bloom  of  Youth. — Boil  1  oimce  of  Brazil  wood  in  3  pints  of 
water  for  15  minutes  ;  strain.  Add  |  oz.  isinglass,  J  oz.  coclu- 
neal,  1  oz.  alum,  ^  oz.  borax.    Dissolve  by  heat,  and  strain. 

CoLOONE  Water. — Oils  of  rosemary  aud  lemon,  of  each  J  oz.; 
oils  of  bergamot  and  lavender,  each  |  oz. ;  oil  cinnamon,  8  drops  ; 
oils  of  cloves  and  rose,  each  15  drops  ;  wst  deodorized  alcohol,  2  qts.; 
shake  two  or  three  times  per  day  for  a  week. 


154  MEDICAL    DZPABTITEXT,    ETC. 

We  propose  to  give  the  formula  for  the  foUowing  preparation^ 
end  shall  commence  with  what  is  said  to  be 

Bogle's  Hyteriox  Flctd. — To  8  oz.  of  90  or  95  per  cent  alcohol, 
colored  red  with  alkanet,  add  1  oz.  of  castor  oil :  perfume  with 
genmiam  and  verbena. 

Lyox's  Kath-vikox. — To  8  oz.  of  80  per  cent  alcohol,  colored 
yellow  by  a  few  drops  extract  of  annatto,  add  2  oz.  castor  oil,  and 
perfume 'with  a  little  bergamot 

Phalon-'s  Haik  RESTORAxn-E. — TpSoz.  of  90  percent  alcohol, 
colored  by  a  few  drops  tincture  of  alkanet  root,  add  1  oz.  of  cas* 
tor  oil,  and  perfume  with  a  compound  of  bergamot,  neroli,  verbena, 
and  omnse. 

Mas.  Allex's. — To  16  oz.  of  rose  water,  diluted  with  an  equal 
pr.rt  of  salt  water,  add  i  oz.  of  stdphur  and  ^  oz.  of  sugar  of  lead  ; 
let  the  compound  gt;uid"five  days  before  using. 

Batchelor's  Hair-Dte. — Xo.  1.  To  1  oz.  of  pyro-jrallic  acid,  dis- 
jiolved  in  1  oz.  alcohol,  add  1  qt.  of  soft  water.  No.  2.  To  1  oz.  nitrata 
of  sOver,  dissolved  in  1  oz.  of  concentrated  ammonia,  add  4  oz.  of 
fof t  water.  Apply  each  Xo.  alternately,  with  separate  brashes,  to  th& 
hair. 

Christadoro's  ILub-Dte. — ^Xo.  1.  To  1  oz.  of  pyro-gallic  acid,  dis- 
solved in  1  oz.  alcohol,  add  1  qt  soft  water.  JJo!  2.  To  1  oz.  crys- 
tallized nitrate  of  silver,  dissolved  ia  1  oz.  concentrated  aqua- 
ammonia  and  1  oz.  soft  water,  add  ^  oz.  gum  arable  and  3  oz.  soft 
water.    Keep  covered  from  the  light 

Phalox'3  IxsT.AJN-r.Ajr.Tors  II.CLn-Dn:. — Xo.  1.  To  1.  oz.  pyro- 
gnllic  acid,  and  i  oz.  of  tiunia,  dissolved  in  2  oz.  of  alcohol,  add  i  qt 
of  soft  water.  No.  2.  To  1  oz.  crystallized  nitrate  of  silver,  dissolved 
in  1  oz.  concentr.'.fed  aqua-ammonia,  add  1  oz.  gtmi  arable,  and  14 
o£.  soft  water.    Keep  in  tlie  dark. 

ILvRRisox's. — No.  1.  To  1  oz.  pyro-gallic  acid,  1  oz.  of  tannia  dis- 
solved in  2  oz.  r.lcohol,  add  1  qt  soft  water.  No.  2.  To  1  oz.  crys^ 
tallized  nitrate  of  silver,  dissolved  in  1  oz.  of  concentrated  aqua- 
ammonki,  add  5  oz.  soft  water  and  J  oz.  gum  arable.  No.  3.  1  oz. 
hydro-sulphate  of  potassa,  dissolved  in  1  qt.  of  soft  water.  This 
last  ingredient  is  intended  to  produce  a  deep  black  color  if  th© 
others  should  f.ail.     Keep  away  from  the  light  . 

Phalox's  (Oxe  PRErAR.A.Tibx. ) — To  1  oz.  crystallized  nitrate  ol 
silver,  dissolved  in  2  oz.  of  aqua-ammonLi,  add  5  oz.  soft  water. 
This  is  not  an  instantaneous  dye  ;  but  after  ex]X)sure  to  the  light 
and  air,  a  d-irk  color  is  jiroduced  upon  the  surface  to  which  it 
is  applied.  Remember  to  remove  ail  grease,  &c, ,  from  the  hair  before 
applying  these  dyes. 

Professor  "Wood's. — To  8  oz.  vinegar,  diluted  with  an  equal 
X>art  of  soft  water,  add  2  drs.  sulphur,  and  2  drs.  sugar  of  lead 

Alpix'e  H-kir-Balm. — To  16  oz.  of  soft  water  add  8  oz.  of  alcohol 
and  i  oz.  spirit*  turpentine,  J  oz.  sulphur,  and  J  oz.  sugar  of  lead 

Gltcerixe  Preparatiox. — New  rum,  1  qt  ;  concentrated  spirits 
of  ammonia,  15  drops  ;  glycerine  oil,  1  oz.  ;  lac  sulphur,  5h  drs.  ; 
sugar  of  lead,  5^  drs. ;  put  the  liquor  into  a  bottle,  add  the  anunonia, 
then  the  other  components.  Shake  the  compound  occasionally  for 
lour  or  five  days. 

(^YSTAT.i.Tyj  HnwAiir — Oil  of  almonds,  8  oz. ;  epeim&ceti,  1  os. ; 


MEDICAL   DEPAHTilENT,   ETC.  155 

■leh  together.  When  a  little  cooled,  add  J  oz.  or  less  of  essence  of 
b«gamot  or  other  perfume  ;  put  into  wide^moutbed  bottles,  and  let 
it  stand  till  cold.  Camphorated  crystalline  cream  may  be  made  by 
using  campbornted  oil  (L.  Camphorce,)  instead  of  oil  of  almonds. 

Macassar  Oil. — Olive  oil,  1  qt.  ;  alcohol,  2^  oz.  ;  rose  oil,  1^  oz.  ; 
then  tie  1  oz.  of  cbim^ed  alkanet  root  in  a  muslin  bag,  and  put  it  iu 
the  oil,  let  it  alone  for  some  days  till  it  turns  the  color  of  a  pretty 
red,  then  remove  to  other  oils.     Do  not  press  it. 

Ox  Marrow. — Melt  4  oz.  ox  fcillow  ;  white  wax,  1  oz.  ;  fresh  lard, 
6  oz.  ;  when  cold,  add  1.^  oz.  oil  of  ber^^iaot. 

Bkars'  Oil. — Use  good  sweet  lard  oil,  1  qt. ;  oil  bergamot,  1^  oz. 

Extract  of  PATCHorxr. — ML'^lJoz.  otU:rof  Patchouli,  and  Joz. 
otto  of  rose,  with  1  gnl.  rectified  spirits. 

Sea  Foa:m  for  Bartsers. — Alcohol,  4  oz.  ;  castor  oil,  1  oz.  ;  am- 
monia, \  oz.  ;  water,  1  pt.  Dissolve  the  castor  oil  and  ammonia  in 
the  alcohol,  then  add  the  alcohol  mixture  to  the  water. 

pYRon.\LLic  Hair  Dve. — Pyrogallic  acid,  \  oz. ;  dissolve  it  in  hot 
distilled  water  1^  oz. ;  when  the  solution  cools  add  gradually  rectified 
spirit,  i  fluid  oz. 

ri>"E'SnA.-MPOO  LTQrrD. — Dissolve  ?f  oz.  carb.  of  ammonia  and  1  oz, 
of  borax  in  1  qt.  water,  then  add  2  oz.  glycerine,  3  qts.  of  New  Eng- 
land mm,  andlqt.  of  bay  mm;  moisten  the  hairvrith  this  liquor, 
shampoo  witli  the  hands  until  a  elight  lather  in  formed,  then  wash 
off  with  clean  water. 

Barber's  SH.viiPoo  Mixture. — Soft  water,  Ipt. ;  sal  soda,  1  oz.; 
cream  tartar,  J  oz.    Apply  thorouglily  to  the  hair. 

Cheap  Bay  Rc-jl — Saturate  a'^i  lb.  block  of  carb.  of  magnesia 
with  oil  of  Bay  ;  pulverize  the  magnesia,  place  it  in  a  filter,  and  pour 
water  through  it  imtil  the  desired  quantity  is  obtained,  then  add 
alcohol.  The  quantity  of  water  and  alcohol  employed  depends  on 
the  desired  .strength  alid  quantity  of  the  Bay  rum.  Another — Oil  of 
Bay,  10  Hiiid  dr.^;  oil  of  pimento,  1  fluid  dr.  ;  acetic  ether,  2  fluid 
drs. ;  alcohol  3  gals. ;  water,  2 J  gals.  Mix,  and  after  2  weeks'  repose, 
filter. 

Liquid  forForci>-g  the  Beard. — Cologne,  2oz. ;  liquid  hartshorn, 
1  dr.  ;  tinct.  cantharides,  2  drs.  ;  oil  rosemary,  12  drops  ;  lavender, 
12  drops.  Apply  to  the  face  daily  and  await  results.  Said  to  bo 
rehable. 

CoL"KT  Plaster. — Bmsh  silk  over  with  a  solution  of  isinglass,  in 
epirits  or  warm  water,  dry  and  repeat  several  timesw  For  the  last 
application  apply  several  coats  of  balsam  of  Peru.  Used  to  close 
cuts  or  wounds,  by  warming  it  and  applying.  It  does  not  wash. 
©£E  until  the  skin  partially  heals. 

Balm  of  a  Thousaxd  Flowers. — Deodorized  alcohol,  Ipt  ;  nice 
white  bar  soap,  4  oz.  ;  shave  the  soap  when  put  in,  stand  in  a  warm 
place  till  dissolved  ;  then  add  oil  of  citronella,  1  dr.,  and  oils  of 
neroli  and  rosemary,  of  each  ^  dr. 

New  York  Bakef,rs'  Star  Hair  OrL.— Caster  oil6i  pts. ;  alcohol, 
1\  pts.  ;  citronella  and  lavender  oil,  each  ^  oz. 

Fraxgipanxi. — Spirits,  1  gal.  ;  oil  bergamot,  1  oz.  :  oil  of  lemon, 
1  oz.  ;  macerate  for  4  days,  frequently  shaking  ;  then  add  water,  1 
gal.  ;  orange-flower  water,  1  pint,  essence  of  vanilla,  2  or.    Mix. 

Jockey  Club.— Spiiita  of  wine,  6  gaL  ;  orange-flower  water,  1 


156  ICEDICAL   DEPAB-ntENT,    ETO. 

fal.  ;  balsam  of  Pern,  4  or.  ;   essence  of  bergamot,  8  ox.  ; 

of  mti*k,  8  oz.  ;  essence  of  cloves,  4  oz.  ;  essence  of  neroli,  2  ol. 

Ladies'  Ow>-. — Spirits  of  wine,  1  gnL ;  otto  of  roses,  20  drops  ; 
essence  of  thvnie,  i  oz.  ;  essence  of  neroli,  ^  oz.  ;  essence  of  vanula, 
•J  oz. ;  essence  of  bergamot,  ^  oz.  ;  orange-flower  water,  6  oa. 

Kiss  mb  Quick. — Spirit,  1  gaL  ;  essence  of  thyme,  j  oz.  ;  essence 
of  orange-flowers,  2  oz. ;  essence  neroli,  ^  oz.  ;  otto  of  roses,  30  drops; 
essence  of  jasmine,  1  oz. ;  essence  of  balm  mint  ^  oz. ;  petals  of  roses. 
4  oz. ;  oil  lemon,  20  drops ;  calorus  aromaticus,  ^  oz. ;  essence  neroli,  j 
oz.    Mix  and  strain. 

Uppeb  Tex. — Spirits  of  wine,  4  qts.  ;  essfriice  of  cedrat,  2  drs.  ; 
essence  of  violets,  i  oz. ;  essence  of  neroli,  ^  oz.  ;  otto  of  roses,  20 
drops  ;  orange-flower  essence,  1  oz, ;  oil  of  iosemary,  SO  drops  ;  oik 
bergamot  and  neroli,  each  i  oz. 

LsDiA  CHOU\tK)GrE. — Quinine,  20  grs. ;  temvian  bark,  pulverized, 

1  oz.  ;  sulphuric  acid,  15  drops,  or  1  scruple  of  tirtaric  acid  is  best ; 
brandy,  I'gill ;  water  to  make  one  pint ;  dose,  5  teaspooniuls  every 

2  hours,  In  the  alienee  of  fever  ;  an  excellent  remedy. 
FEBRiFrr.E  V.'iXE. — Quinine,  2o  grs.  ;  water,   1  pint ;  snl{)hnric 

add,  15  drops  ;  ey)Som  salts,  2  oz. ;  co]'">t  with  tincture  of  red  sanders. 
Dose,  a  wine  glass  3  times  per  day.  This  i3  a  world-renowned  med- 
icine. 

B-Uikell's  In'diax  LixniEXT. — ^Alcohol,  1  qt. ;  tincture  of  cap- 
sicum, 1  oz. ;  oil  of  origanum,  sassafras,  pennyroyal,  and  hemlock,  of 
each  i  oz.    Mix.  ' 

God  Liver  Oil,  a^nsuallyprepared,  is  nothing  more  orlessthnn  cod 
oQ  clarific-d,  by  which  process  it  is  in  fai.^  deprived  in  a  great  niea.sure 
of  its  virtiire.  C<jd  oil  c:.n  be  purchased  from  any  wholesale  oil  dei;l- 
er  for  one  thirtieth  part  of  tlie  price  of  cod  liver  oil  as  usually  sold, 
and  it  is  easy  to  clarify  it  Dealers  might  turn  this  information  to 
good  account'  To  make  it  more  palatable  and  digestible,  put  1  oz.  of 
fine  table  salt  to  each  quart  bottle. 

Odd  Li\"eb  On- — The  first  livers  are  pLiced  in  a  jacketed  pan 
heated  by  steam,  and  when  the  oil  is  separated  from  the  scraps  it  U 
passed  through  felt  bags  until  it  is  perfectly  clear.  To  remove  a  i>or- 
tion  of  the  stearine,  itis  subjected  to  refrigerating  mixtures  in  the 
enmmer,  and  the  incongeaJable  portion  is  drawn  oS  and  placed  in 
bottles. 

Pakegoric. — Best  opium,  ^  dr. ;  dissolve  in  about  2  tablespoonfuls 
of  boiling  water ;  tlicn  add  benzoic  acid  ^  dr. ;  oil  of  anise,  h  a  fluid  dr. ; 
clarified  honey,  1  oz. ;  camphor  gum,  1  scruple;  alcohol,  76  per  cent, 
11  fluid  Of.  ;  distilled  water,  4  fluid  oz.  ;  macerate  (keep  warm)  for 
two  weeks.  Dose  for  children,  5  to  20  drops;  adcdts  ;  1  to  2  tea- 
gpoonfuls, 

CiocGH  SYBtTP. — ^Put  1  qt  horehonnd  tea,  1  qt  of  water,  and  boil 
it  QDwn  to  1  pt.  ;  add  2  or  3  sticks  licorice  ;  2  oz.  syrup  of  squills,  and 
a  tablespoonful  essence  of  lemon.  Take  a  tablespoonf ul  3  times  a  day 
or  as  the  cough  requires. 

Cough  S^urp. — Syrup  of  sqniUs,  2  oz.  ;  tartarized  antimony,  8 
grs.  ;  sulphate  of  morphine,  5  grs. ;  pulverized  arable.  J  oz.  ;  honey, 
1  oz. ;  water,  1  oz. ;  nux.  Dose  for  an  adult,  1  small  teaspoonful;  re- 
peat in  half  an  hour  if  it  does  not  relieve  :  tiuld  in  proportion. 

Vegbtable  Scbstitcte  fob  CAi.o>fKT.. — Jalap,  1  oz.  senna,  2  oz. : 


MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,   ETC.  15? 

peppermint,  1  oz.  (a  little  cinnamon  if  desired),  all  pulverized  and  sit 
ted  through  gauze.  Dose,  1  teaspoonfui  put  in  a  cup  with  2  or  3 
spoonfuls  of  hot  water,  and  a  good  lump  of  white  sugar  ;  when  cool, 
<uink  all  ;  to  be  taken  fasting  iu  the  nioniing ;  drink  freely  :  if  it  does 
not  operate  in  3  hours,  repeat  i  the  quantity  :  use  instead  of  calomeL 

Dyxamic  Powek  of  various  Ki^Ds  OF  Food. — One  lb.,  ot  oat- 
meal will  furnish  as  much  power  as  2  lbs.  of  bread  and  more  than 
3  lbs  of  lean  veal.  One  lb.,  butter  give?  a  workiivj  force  equal  to 
that  of  9  lbs.  of  potatoes,  12  lbs.  ofniiik  and  more  than  5  lbs.  of 
lean  beef.  One  lb.  of  lump  sugar  is  equal  in  force  to  2  lbs.,  of  ham, 
or  8  lbs.  of  cabbage.  The  habitual  use  of  spirituous  liquors  is  inimical 
to  health,  and  inevitably  tends  to  shorten  life.  A  me<ihauic  or  laboring 
man  of  average  size,  requires,  according  to  Molescliott,  23  ozs..  of  dry 
solid  matter,  daily,  one  fifth  nitiog:enous.  Food,  as  usually  prei^ared, 
contains  50  per  cent  of  water,  which  would  increase  the  quantity  to  4t> 
ozs. ,  or  3  lbs.  14  ozs. ,  with  at  least  an  equal  weight  of  water  in  addition 
daily.  The  same  authority  indicates  as  healthy  proixjrtious.  of  albumi- 
nous matter  4.587  ozs.,  fattv  matter 2.9(54.  carbo-hydrate  14.250,  salts 
1.058,  total  22.859  ozs.,  for  daily  ur-e.  This  quantity  of  food  will 
vary  greatly  in  the  requirements  of  individuals  engaged  in  sedentary 
employments,  or  of  persons  with  weak  coustitutioas  or  impaired 
digestion,  as  also  whether  employed  in  tlie  open  air  or  within  doors 
much  also,  depending  on  the  temperature.  Preference  should  be 
given  to  the  food  which  most  readily  yields  the  materials  required  by 
nature  iu  the  formation  of  the  human  frame.  Beef  contiins  about4 
lbs.  of  such  minerals  in  every  KX)  lbs.  Dried  e.xtract  of  beef  con- 
tains 21  lbs.  in  each  100  lbs.  Bread  made  from  unbolted  wheat 
flour  is  also  very  rich  iu  such  eleraetits.  much  more  so  than  superfine 
flour  ;  hence  the  common  use  of  Graham  bread  for  dys',>epsia  and 
other  ailments.  The  analysis  of  Liei;  ig,  Johnston,  and  others  give  in 
100  parts,  the  following'  proportions  of  nutritious  elements,  viz., 
Indian  com,  12.30  barley  14.C0,  wheat  14,06,  oat.-;  10.91.  A  fish  diet 
is  well  adapted  to  sustain  intellectual,  or  brain  labor.  "What  is 
required  may  be  best  known  from-  the  fact  that  a  human  body 
"weighing  154  lbs.,  coutaius,  on  a  rough  estimate,  of  water  14  gals, 
(consisting  of  oxygen  111  lbs.,  of  hydrogen  14  lbs.),  carbon  21  lbs., 
nitrogen  3  lbs.  8  ozs.,  calcicum  2  lbs.,  sodium  2i  ozs..  pho.<^horus  Ij 
lbs.,  ix)ta5siuni  ^  oz.  sulphur  2  ozs.  219  grs.,  fluorine  2  ozs.,  chlorino 
2  ozs.  47  grs.,  iron  100  grs.,  magnesium  12  grs.,  silicon  2  grs.  Aiter 
death,  the  human  body  is  by  gradual  decay,  slowly  re.-olved  into 
these  its  component  parts,  which  elements  are  again  used  in  the 
complex  and  wonderful  laboratory  of  nature,  to  vi\  ify  tlie  countless 
ibrms  of  vegetable  life.  These  in  their  turn  fulfil  their  appointed 
law  by  yielding  up  their  substance  for  theformation  of  other  bodies. 
What  a  suggestive  comment  on  mortal  ambition  to  witness  the 
present  inhabitants  of  Egypt  engaged  in  wliat  they  consider  the 
lucrative  commerce  of  quarr\"ing  out  the  bones  of  the'ancient  inliab- 
itants  from  the  catacombs  where  they  have  been  entombed  for  thou- 
sands of  years  and  transporting  them  liy  the  ship-load  to  England,  in 
order  to  fertilize  the  crops  which  are  destined  to  assist  iu  forming 
the  bone  and  sinew  of  the  British  nation! 

CcRE  FOR  SxAKE  Bttes. — The  Inspector  of  Police  in  the  Bengal 
Government  ret>orts  that  of  939  cases  in  wliicii  ammonia  was  freelf 


158  MEDICAL    DEPAETMEKT,    ETC. 

administered  207  victims  have  recovered,  and  in  tlie  crired  instanees 
the  remedy  was  not  administered  till  about  oh  lionrs  after  the  attack, 
on  the  average  of  the  fatal  cases  the  corresponding  duration  of  tima 
w^s  4^  houTS^ 

Bemzdt  Fob  Smai-l  Pox. — Sulphate  of  rtnc,  1  gr.,  foxslove 
[digitalis.]  1  gr. ,  sugar  i  teaspoonful,  mix -with  2  teaspoonf  uls  of  water, 
add  4  oz.  of  water.  Dose  1  spoonful  every  hour,  child  in  proportion. 
From  experience  it  is  known  that  nothing' wijl  break  up  this  frightful 
disease  sooner  than  continued  and  persevering  bathing,  with  the  water 
at  a  comfortable  temperature. 

Reliable  Ssiall  Pox  Remedt. — Tested. — A  child  9  years  old  was 
effectually  cured  of  small  pox  by  administering  15  grs.  sod:e  snlphice 
dissolved  in  milk,  sweetened,  every  3  hours.  The  entire  body  was 
oiled  with  crude  potroleum  applied'by  hand.  Nest  mornin?  the  erup- 
tion was  kiiied  and  dry;  and  the  disease  broken  up.  To  prevent  pit- 
ting with  small  pox,  as  soon  as  the  disease  is  distinguished,  apply  aa 
ointment  made  of  lard  and  charcoal  to  the  face,  neck,  hands,  &c. , 
and  continue  imtil  all  signs  of  supperative  fever  has  ceased.  One 
case  is  worthy  of  notice,  being  that  of  a  gentleman  who  sirfferOi 
terribly  for  many  days  with  this  dreadfcl  disea.-^.  Everything  was 
done  for  him  that  medical  skiU  could  suggest,  without  giving  th© 
•lightest  reliet  Finally,  as  a  last  resort  he  was  removed  from  the 
bed  and  placed  in  a  warm  bath:  the  transition  was  so  soothing  and 
delightful  that  he  exclaimed.  Oh,  my  God.  I  thank  Thee  for  this 
great  relief  I "  In  a  short  time  he  fell' sound  asleep  in  the  bath,  and 
continued  in  this  position  for  many  hours,  the  water  being  renewed 
from  time  to  time  to  keep  np  the  temperature.  The  cure  proved  to 
be  immedinte  and  permanent  Nothing  is  so  conducive  to  health  of 
body,  and  tjie  eradic-ation  of  di^^ease  therefrom,  as  the  u-.tellijeut  use 
of  pure  water.  Sir  Astley  Cooper,  being  complimeured  on  ona 
occasion  for  his  great  skill,  remarked,  that  he  had  "  made  mistakes 
enough  to  fll  a  graveyard,"  but  it  is  scarcely  x>oss;ble  to  make  a  mis- 
take with  water,  as  no  diseased  person  can  iaii  to  derive  benefit  from 
its  use. 

PoBTABLE  Bath. — Make  a  g^all  circtdar  boiler  of  copper  or  tin.  and 
fit  the  same  into  an  upright  tin  stand,  in  which,  directly  tmder  th» 
boiler,  you  must  leave  an  aperture  to  contain  a  small  spirit  lamp.  The 
boiler  fid  must  fit  tightly  ard  be  provided  with  three  small  tube* 
pointing  upwards.  The  boiler  being  filled  with  water  and  the  lamp 
lighted,  as  soon  as  the  steam  gets  np,  it  rushes  through  these  tabes, 
and  the  patient,  seated  on  a  ctuie  chair,  with  his  or  her  feet  in  a  pan 
of  warm  water,  with  a  stiitable  cloak  tightiy  fastened  around  the 
neck,  is  speedily  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  steam.  Ten  minutes  is  the 
time  recommended  for  the  duration  of  the  first  few  baths.  It  may  be 
afterwards  increased,  but  not  beyond  half  an  hour.  On  getting  oat 
of  the  cloak,  plunge  into  a  cold  bath  for  a  few  minutes,  then  rub  the 
Ekin  till  it  is  quite  dry  and  glowing  with  a  coarse  tjwel  and  a  pair  of 
good  hair-gloves.  Persons  in  health  or  disease  will  experience  a 
wonderful  recuperative  power  in  the  frequent  use  of  this  bath,  and  all 
win  find  it  incomparably  superior  to  the  use  of  drugs  in  any  form 
•whatever.  In  this  connection  a  new  and  very  ingeniotis  inventioa 
called  Spoxgio  Pills  e,  is  deserving  of  favorable  mention.  It  con- 
UBiB  of  wool  and  small  particles  of  sponge  felted  together,  and  attached 


UEDICAL    DEPAETMENT,    ETC  159 

(o  a  Bkin  of  IndLi-mbber,  the  ■whole  bein?  about  hall  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness, and  of  inestimable  value  as  a  means  of  applying  cold  or  tepid 
■water,  &c.,  to  such  exterior  piorts  of  tlie  human  frame  as  may  bo 
nearest  to  the  seat  of  pain  or  disease.  The  water  is  sponged  over  the 
felted  surface,  the  surplus,  if  any,  ■wiped  off;  it  is  then  placed  on  th© 
Bkin,  and  covered  over  •with  several  folds  of  bandages,  ■which  assist  in 
retaining  the  heat  and  moisture,  thus  attracting  healthy  blood  to  the 
part,  from  which  nature  selects  such  food  as  is  most  conducive  to  ex- 
pel disease  and  build  up  healthy  tissue. 

Fly  Paper. — Coat  paper  ■with  turpentine  varnish,  and  oil  it  to  keep 
the  varnish  from  drying. 

SwEATLSG  Dkoi'S. — Ipecac.,  saffron,  boneset,  and  camphor  gnm, 
of  each,  3  oz. ;  opium,  1  oz. ;  alcohol,  2  qts.  Let  stand  2  week.s  and 
filter.  A  teasx)oonful  in  a  cup  of  hot  sage  or  catnip  tea  every  hour 
■nntil  free  perspiration  is  induced;  good  In  colds,  fevers,  intlamma- 
tious,  &c.    Bathe  the  feet  in  hot  water  at  the  same  time. 

SvRiT  FOR  CoxscTviPTiTES. — Of  tamanic  bark,  take  from  the  tree, 
"without  rossing,  1  peck;  spikenard  root,  ^  lb. ;  dandelion  root,  J  lb.; 
hops,  2  oz.  iJijil  these  s-oifieient  to  get  tlie  strength  in  2  or  3  gals, 
■water;  sti^ain,  and  boil  down  to  1  g-^l. ;  when  blood  warm,  add  3  lbs. 
"best  honey,  and  3  jiiuts  best  brandy;  bottle  and  keep  in  a  cool  place. 
Dose,  di'ink  freely  of  it  3  times  per  day  before  meals,  at  least  a  gill  or 
more ;  cure  very  certain. 

CoitMOX  Castob  Oil. — ^Pale  vegetable  oil,  1  gaL ;  castor  oil,  3  gals. ; 
mix. 

PcLMOXic  WATTnts. — Lump  sugar,  licorice,  and  starch,  of  each  2 
parts;  gum,  10  part,-*;  squills  and  ipecacuanha,  of  each  5  parts;  lactu- 
carium,  2  parts.    Mix,  and  divide  into  8  grain  lozenges. 

Sir  James  Cl.viike's  Diarrhoea  axd  Cholera  Mixture. — 
Tlnct.  of  o'l^ium,  tiuct.  of  camphor,  and  spirits  of  turpentiue,  of  each  3 
drams;  oil  of  peppermint,  30  drops;  mix.  Dose,  1  teaspoonful  for 
cholera. 

Vegetable  or  CosrposiTiox  Powder, — Fine  bayberry  bark,  1  lb  ; 
ginger  8  oz.,  common  cayenne,  3  oz.,  mix.  Dose,  1  teaspoonful  in  a 
cup  of  boiling  water,  sweeten  and  add  milk. 

TixcTTRES  are  made  with  1  oz.  of  gum,  root,  or  bark.  &c.,  dried, 
to  each  piut  of  proof  spirits  ;  let  it  stand  one  week,  and  filter. 

Essences  are  made  with  1  oz.  cf  any  given  oil,  added  to  1  pint 
alcohoL  Peppermints  are  colored  with  tinct.  turmeric;  cinnamoa 
■with  tinct.  of  red  sanders ;  wintergreen  ■with  tinct.  kino. 

St-'ESTiTCTE  FOB  Arro^wroot. — Finest  pototo  storcli,  75  lbs.  ; 
lump  sugar,  4  lbs. ;  finely-ground  rice,  21  lbs.  Mix,  and  silt  through 
Iri^wn  ;  yields  100  lbs.  excellent  a^^o^vroot. 

Certain  Cciis  fob  CRorp. — Goose  oil  and  nrine  equal  parts. 
Dose,  1  teaspoon fuL    A  certain  cure  if  taken  in  time. 

CoK>"3  ANi>  Warts. — Take  a  small  quantity  of  the  potash  paste 
recommended  for  PoU  Evil,  and  apply  to  the  com  or  wart. 

Drcgcist's  Colors. —  I'eZ/oio,  take  iron  filings,  hydrochloric  acid 
to  disi^olve,  dilute  with  cold  ■water.  Bed,  solution  of  sal  ammoniac, 
cochineal,  to  color.  Blue,  indigo,  1  part,  oil  of  vitriol,  2  parts,  dis- 
aolve,  then  dilute  with  water.  Green,  verdigris,  1  part,  acetic  acid^ 
3  parts,  dilute  ■with  ■water.  Purple,  cochineal,  25  gra.,  eugar  of  leaa 
1  oz.,  dissolve. 


ICO  MEDICAL    DEPAKTMEXT,    ETC. 

SstELUXQ  Salts. — Sub-carbonate  of  ammonia,  S  jvarts  ;  put  it  is 
eoarse  jiowdPT  in  a  bottle,  and  pour  on  it  oil  of  lavendar,  1  part. 

Tcr>fERtD&i<;  Wells  \Vateb. — Cliloride  of  sodium,  5  grains ; 
tinct.  steel,  20  drojis  ;  dL«tilled  water,  1^  pints. 

Mineral  Wateiv. — Epsom  salts,  1  oz.  ;  cream  tartar,  ^  oz.  ;  tar- 
taric acid,  i  oz.  ;  loaf  su^r,  1  lb.  ;  oil  of  birch,  20  drops  ;  put  1  qt. 
cnld  water  on  2  tablespooufiils  yeast  (winter  green  oil  will  do),  let.it 
■work  2  hours  and  then  bottle. 

CoxGKESs  Water  for  ForxTAixs. — Common  salt,  7j  ozn.  ; 
hydrate  of  soda,  20  grs.  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  20  grs.  ;  calcined 
niaimesia,  1  oz.     Add  to  10  p\\.  of  water,  and  then  charge  with  j^as. 

Kissixc.EX  Water  for  Focxtalss. — Bic.irbonate  of  soda,  Idr. ; 
carlKinate  of  lime,  2  drs.,  and  2scr. ;  precipitate  carbonate  of  lime, 
2  scr.  ;  common  salt,  8  ozs.  ;  muriate  of  ammonia,  4  grs  ;  sulphate- 
of  soda,  2  drs.  and  2  scr. ;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  2  ozs. ;  phosphate 
of  soda,  13  gT.«. ;  phospliate  of  lime  2  drs.  and  2  scr.  Mix.  Add 
water  3^  of  a  gal.  Let  it  stand  for  G  hours,  filter,  add  carbonate  of 
inaa:net;ia,  3  dr?.  and  1  scr.,  and  charge  witli  10  gals,  of  water. 

Vichy  Watkr  for  FouxtajxsT — Sulphate  of  poti.^s,  2  drs.; 
sulphate  of  soda,  25  grs.  ;  common  salt,  6  drs.  ;  bicarbonate  of  am- 
moma,  10  grs.  Mbc  Add  water,  1  g;il.  Let  it  stand  1  day,  filter 
and  then  charge  with  10  gal.  of  water. 

Gexuixe  feEiDUTz  J'owDFJis. — Rochelle  salts,  2  drs.;  bicarb. 
Foda,  2  scr. ;  put  these  into  a  blue  paper,  and  35  grains  tartaric  acid 
into  a  white  paper.  To  use,  put  each  into  dilJersut  tumblers,  fill  ^ 
with  water,  adding  a  little  loai  sugar  to  the  acid,  then  pour  together 
and  drink  quick. 

Bottled  Seidlttz  Water. — Fill  soda-water  bottles  with  clear 
■water  ;  add  to  each  as  below  ;  cork  and  wire  immediately  :  Rochelle 
salt^,  3  drops  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  35  grs  ;  sulphuric  acid,  11  drops. 

ExcELLEXT  Tooth  Fowder. — Suds  of  cascile  soap  and  spirits" of 
camphor,  of  each  an  equal  quantity  ;  thicken  with  equal  quautitiea 
of  pulverized  chalk  and  charcoal  to  a  thick  paste.  Apply  with  the 
finger  or  brush. 

ItAT  ExTERMiXATOR. — Warm  water,  1  qt.  ;  lard,  2  lbs  ;  phospho- 
rus, 1  oz.  ;  mis,  and  thicken  with  fioar  ;  to  be  spread  on  breatj  and 
covered  with  sugar. 

Bi'G  Foisox. — .Vlcoliol,  ^  pint;  turpentine,  ^  pint ;  cmde  sal  am- 
moniac, 1  oz.  ;  mis  all  bigether,  and  let  it  digest  in  a  warm  place  for 
a  few  days,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

Medicated  Cough  C.\xt>t. — To  5  lbs.  candy  just  ready  to  poor 
on  the  sb.b,  add  tlie  following  mixture,  aud  form  it  into  sticks  to 
correspond  with,  the  price  asked  for  them  :  Tinct.  squills,  2  oz. ;  cam- 
phorated tinct.  of  opium  and  tinct.  of  tolu,  of  each  h  oz. ;  wine  of 
ipecac,  ^  oz. ;  oils  of  gaultheria,  4  drops  ;  sassafras, '3  drops  ;  and 
of  anise  seed  oU,  2  drops,  and  use  tliis  freely  hi  common  coughs. 

Ague  Pill. — Quinine,  20  grs. ;  Dover's  powders,  10  grs.  ;  sub- 
carbonate  of  iron,  10  grs.  ;  mix  with  muciLage  of  gum  arable  and 
form  into  20  pUls.  Dose,  2  eacli  hour,  commencing  5  hours  before 
the  chill  should  set  in.  Then  take  1  night  and  morning  until  all  ai-e 
taken. 

Age  at  WTncH  Me^s'strfatiox  CoM>rEXCES. — Dr.  Walter  Rigden 
gives  the  eubloined  etatistics  obtained  from  femalea  who  Wc*e  oon" 


MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,    ETC  161 

iSned  at  University  College  HospitaL    In  2,C96  cases  menstnmtioa 
«ocaxed  for  the  first  time  : 


At  the  age  of 

At  the  age  of 

9  in  3  cases. 

18  in 

150  cases. 

10  "  14  " 

19  " 

76  " 

11  "  GO  " 

20  " 

29  » 

12  "  170  " 

21  " 

7  " 

13  "  353  " 

22  " 

8  " 

14  "  560  " 

23  " 

2  " 

15  "  540  " 

24  " 

0  " 

16  "  455  " 

25  " 

0  " 

17  "  272  " 

26  " 

2  " 

It  thns  appears  that  it  is  most  common  at  14  years  of  age,  and 
great  care  should  be  taken  of  the  health  on  the  occurrence  of  thesa 
important  periods. 

Atkinson's  Infant's  Preservativp. — Carbonate  of  magnesiji, 
6  drs. ;  sugar,  2  oz.  ;  oil  of  anise  seed,  20  drops  ;  sal-volatile,  2^  drs. ; 
laudunum,  1  dr.  ;  syrup  of  saffron,  1  oz.  Make  up  1  pint  with 
caraway  water. 

Pills  to  rROMOTE  Menstrual  Secretion. — Take  pills  of  aloes 
and  myrrh,  4  drs.  ;  compound  iron  pills,  280  grs.  ;  mix  and  form 
into  100  pills.    Dose,  2  twice  a  day. 

For  Ohstructed  Menstruation. — ^Make  a  strong  tea  of  smart 
weed,  covering  it  to  retain  the  strength,  or  use  tlie  extract  of  smart 
•weed  instead,  taldng  1  teaspoonful  of  ^e  latter  once  every  3  hours, 
(or  about  10  teasi)oonfuls  of  the  tea)  in  warm  water,  sweetened, 
making  free  use  of  hot  baths  for  the  feet  and  the  lower  parts  of  the 
body.    It  will  give  great  relief. 

Injection  fob  Obstructed  Menstruation. — Mix  1  to  2  fluid 
drs.  liquor  of  ammonia  with  1  pint  milk.     Use  thrice  daily. 

Fob  Obstructed  Menstruation. — Sulphate  of  iron,  60  sts.; 
potassa  (sub.  carb.)  CO  grs.  ;  mjTrh,  2  drs.  ;  make  them  into  3|  gr. 

?ills  ;  2  to  be  taken  tliree  times  a  day,  in  tlie  absence  of  fever.  For 
'ainful  Menstruation,  take  pulv.  rbei.,  2  drs.  ;  pulv.  jalap,  2  dr:.  j 
syrup  of  poppies  to  mix.  Divide  into  200  pills,  and  take  night  and 
morning.  To  check  Immoderate  Flofic — Tinct.  of  ergot,  1  oz.,  liquor  of 
ammonia,  3  drs. ;  mix.     Dose,  teaspoonful  in  water  3  times  a  day. 

Stimulant. — In  Low  Fevers,  and  afteb  Uterine  Hemok- 
BHAGES. — Best  brandy  and  cinnamon  water,  of  each,  4  fluid  oz.  ;  the 
yolks  of  2  eggs,  well  beaten  ;  loaf  sugar  ^oz.  ;  oil  of  cinnamon,  J* 
drops  ;  mix.  "Dose,  from  i  to  1  (fliud)  oz.,  as  often  as  required. 
This  makes  both  meat  and  drink.  Of  course,  any  other  flavoring  oil* 
can  be  used,  if  preferred,  in  place  of  the  cinnamon. 

Fob  Female  Complaints. — One  of  the  best  laxative  pills  for 
female  complaints  is  macrotin  and  rhubarb,  each  10  grs. ;  extract  of 
liyoscyamus  10  grs. ;  Castile  soap,  40  grs. ;  scrape  the  soap,  and  mix 
•well  together,  forming  into  common  sized  pills  with  gum  solution. 
Dose,l  pill  at  bed  time,  or  sufficiently  often  to  keep  the  bowels  in  a 
laxative  state. 

Fob  Disease  of  the  Kidneys. — Boil  1  oz.  of  pareira  brava  in  3 
piote  of  water  down  N  1  pint.    Dose,  a  wincglossf  ul  3  times  per  day. 


192  MEDICAL   DEPAHTMENT,    ETC. 

To  CTRE  TOsrrrrs'G  rs  Pregxaxct. — Mix  1  dr.  caiivsnate  ol 
magnesia;  ^  oz.  tinct.  of  Colombo;  5^  oz.  peppermiat  water.  Dose, 
1  tablespoonful  3  times  a  day. 

Harea>'d'3  Ve>tereal  fcuKE. — ilix  together  powdered  cnliebs, 
1^  oz.  ;  balsam  capaiba,  h  oz.  ;  powdered  gum  arable,  A  oz.  ;  cinna- 
mon water,  3  ozs.  A  tafilespooniul  of  the  mixture  to  be  taken  at 
intervals  8  times  a  dav. 

Inco>ti>t:nce  of'Urixe  of  Old  Peoplz. — The  continued  ii?o 
of  1  to  6  drops  tinct.  of  iodine  has  proved  a  successful  remedy.  For 
other  persoTis,  put  -1  drops  tincture  of  aconite  root  in  a  tumbler  of 
•water,  and  use  a  teaspooiif  ul  every  half  hour  until  relieved, 

CoMPOCKT)  Extract  Bcohu. — Buchu,  in  coarse  powder.  12  ozs.  ; 
alcohol,  3  pts.  ;  water,  6  pts.  are  sufficient  Treat  the  leaves  by 
maceration  and  displacement,  fiist  with  a  portion  of  the  alcohol  and 
then  with  the  remainder  mixed  with  the  water,  evaporate  the  result- 
ing liquid  with  a  gentle  heat  to  three  pint.-;,  and  add  2h  it's,  sujrar, 
continue  the  heat  till  it  is  dissolved,  and  after  removing  from  the  tire, 
add  oil  of  cubebs,  oil  of  juniper;  of  each  1  fluid  dr.;  spirita  of 
nitric  ether,  12  fluid  ozs.,  previously  mixed,  stir  together. 

AxODYXE  FOB  Pai>"ful  Mexstruatiox. — Extract  of  stramo- 
nium  and  sulphate  of  quinine,  each  IG  grs. ;  macrotiu,  8  grs. ;  mor- 
crotin,  8  grs.  ;  morphine,  1  gr.  ;  mate  into  8  pills.  _  Dose,  1  pill  re- 
peating once  or  twice  only,  40  to  50  minutes  apart,  if  the  paia  does 
not  subside  before  this  time.  Pain  must  subside  under  the  use  of 
this  piU,  and  costiveness  is  not  increased. 

PowDEB  FOR  ExcES'^nE  rLOODixG. — Gums  kino  and  catechu, 
each  1  gr. ;  sugar  of  lead  and  alum,  each  ^  dr. ;  pulverize  all  and 
thoroughly  mix,  liicn  divide  into  7  to  10  grain  powders.  D'se.  on© 
every  2  or  3  hours  until  checked,  then  less  often  merely  to  control  the 
flow. 

Lnjection  for  Letcorrhce.^. — ^When  the  glairy  mncns  discharge 
is  present,  prepare  a  tea  of  hemlock  inner  bark  and"  witch  hazel  (often 
called  spotted  alder)  leaves  and  bark,  have  a  female  syrin.:j;e  large 
enough  to  fill  the  vagina,  and  inject  the  tea,  twice  daily  ;  and  occa- 
Bionally  in  bad  cases,  say  twice  a  week,  inject  a  syringe  of  the  fol- 
lowing composition  :  For  Chronic  Female  Complaints.  'White  ^^triol 
and  sugar  of  lead,  each,  J  oz.  ;  common  salt,  pulverized  alum,  and 
loaf  sugar,  each,  ^dr.  ;  soft  water,  1  pt.    Inject  as  above. 

For  Proe.apscs'L'teui,  or  Falling  of  the  Womb.— Xot  only 
the  cheapest  but  the  Lest  support  will  be  found  to  be  a  piece  oi  fi:« 
firm  sponge,  cut  to  a  prox>er  size,  to  admit  when  damp  of  being 
pressed  up  the  vagina  to  hold  the  womb  in  its  place.  The  si^nge 
should  have  a  stout  piece  of  small  cord  sewed  2  or  3  times  tlirongh 
its  centre,  np  and  down,  and  lett  sufficiently  long  to  allow  its  being 
taken  hold  of  to  remove  tlie  sponge,  once  a  day,  or  everj-  other  day 
at  the  farthest,  for  the  purpose  of  washing,  cleaning,  and  using  the 
necessary  injections  ;  and  this  must  be  done  whiie  the  pjitient  is 
Iving  do\vn,  to  prevent  the  womb  from  again  falling  or  prolai)6ing. 
After  having  injected  some  of  the  above  tea.  wet  the  sponge  ia  tha 
same,  and  introduce  it  sufficiently  high  to  hold  the  womb  m  it3  place. 
If  pain  is  felt  about  the  head,  back,  or  loins  for  a  few  days  before  the 
menses  appear,  prepare  and  use  the  following  :  Evnmenagog^ie  Tinc- 
ture.   Alcohol,  1  pt.  ]  red  oxide  of  iron,  1  oz.  ;  oil^  of  juniper  aod 


MZDICAL   DEPAETinarr,   ETC.  16S 

■avin,  each  J  oz.  ;  oil  of  tanser,  1  dr.  ;  tincture  of  ergot,  3  dre.; 
tincture  Spanish  flies,  ^  oz.  :  mix  all,  and  shake  when  talien.  Dose, 
1  teaspoon  3  times  daily,  to  be  taken  in  mucilage  of  slippery  elm  or 
gum  arabic,  and  drink  freely  of  the  mucilage  also  through  the  day, 
or  use  the  following  : 

EjoLEXAGOcaTS  PiLL. — Precipitated  carbonate  of  iron  and  gum 
myrrh,  of  each  2  drs.  ;  aloes  and  tincture  of  Spanish  flies,  of  each 
1  dr. ;  and  oil  of  savin,  1  dr. ;  all  to  be  pulverised,  and  made  into 
100  pUls  by  using  thick  gum  Foliition.  Dose,  1  jjiH,  from  1  to  3  times 
daily,  but  not  to  move  the  bowels  too  much. 

Uterts-e  HEiiOERHAGE. — Unfailing  cure.  Sugar  of  lead,  10  grs. ; 
ergot,  10  grs.  ;  opium,  3  grs.;  ij)ecac.,  1  gr. ;  ail  pulverized,  and 
■well  mrsed.    Dose,  10  to  12  grs.  ;  given  in  a  little  honey  or  svrup. 

In  very  bad  cases  after  chilbbirth,  it  might  be  repeated  in  30 
minutes,  or  tlie  dose  increased  to  15  or  18  grs.  ;  but  in  cases  of  rather 
profuse  wasting,  repeat  it  once  at  the  end  of  3  hours,  or  as  the 
urgency  of  the  case  may  require. 

In  every  ca.«e  of  fema'le  debility  make  a  liberal  use  of  iron,  as  tho 
•vrant  of  iron  in  the  system  is  often  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  Mix 
fine  iron  filings  with  as  much  ground  ginger.  Dose,  half  of  a  tea- 
sjKKDn  3  times  daily  in  a  little  honey  or  molasses,  increasinj  or  lessen- 
ing the  dose  to  produce  a  blackness  of  the  stools.  Continue  this 
course  until  weU. 

Imperial  Dkops  for  Gravel  a:st>  KTX>:^^E^  Compl.^xnts. — Oil 
of  origanum,  1  oz.,  oil  of  hemlock,  J  oz.,  oil  of  sassafras.  ^  oz.,  oil  of 
anise,  ^oz.,  alcohol,  1  pint:  mix.  D<i«e,  from  ^  to  1  teaspoonful  3 
times  a  day,  ia  sweetened  water,  will  sojn  give  relief  when  con- 
stant weakness  is  felt  across  the  small  of  the  lack,  as  well  as  gravelly 
affections  causing  pain  about  the  kidneys. 

Positive  CrnE  fob  GoxoiiF^CEA.—Linuor  of  potass,  h  oz..  bitter 
apple,  i  oz.,  spirits  of  sweet  nitre,  4  oz..  balsam  of  copaiba.  ^  oz..  best 
pnm  i  oz.  To  use,  mix  with  peppermint  water;  take"  ^  teaspoonful  3 
times  per  day:  cure  ceitain  in  9  days. 

Celebrated  Pile  Ointment. -^Take  carbonate  of  lead,  ioz.,  sul- 
phate of  morphia,  15  grs. ;  stramoniiun  oiutmout,  1  oz. ;  olive  oil,  20 
irons.    Mix  .and  apply  3  times  per  day,  or  as  the  pain  may  require. 

Another — Powdered  nut  gaU,  2  drs.,  camphor,  1  dr.,  melted  wax, 
10  oz.,  tincture  of  opium,  2  drs.,  mix. 

Stammer  I  xo. — Impediments  in  the  speech  may  be  cured.  wher» 
there  is  no  malformation  of  the  organs  of  articulatioii.  by  preseverance, 
for  three  or  four  months,  in  the  si;uple  remedy  of  reading  aloud,  with, 
the  teeth  dosed,  for  at  least  2  hours' each  dav. 

Cold  in  the  Hea.d.— Dr.  Pollion.  of  France,  savs  tliat  cold  in  the 
head  can  be  cured  by  inhaling  haitshora.  The  'inhalation  by  the 
nose  should  be  seven  or  eight  times  in  five  minutes. 

Camphor  Ice. — SpemK\ceti,  li  oz.,  gum  camphor.  |  oz..  oil  sweet 
almonds.  4  teaspoonf  uls ;  set  on  the  stove  in  an  earthen  dish  till  dis- 
solved ;  heat  just  enough  to  dissolve  it.  'Wliile  warm  pour  into  small 
moulds,  if  desired  to  sell;  then  paper,  and  put  into  tinfoil;  used  for 
chape  on  bands  or  lips. 

Sdiple  Remedies  for  Scarlet  Fever. — Open  the  bowels  regu- 
larly every  diiy  with  some  mild  aperient  medicine,  such  as  castor  oil, 
eeona,  etc  ;  and  keep  the  psUient  at  rest,  and  comfortably  vrann  ; 


164  KEDICAL   DEPAIiTMENT,   KTC. 

aponge  the  porface  with  tepid  water,  two  or  three  times  a  day  ;  whila 
it  is  hotter  than  natural,  admit  fre:<h  air  ;  lire  on  a  bland  diet,  snch 
aa  a  cupful  of  arrowroot,  several  times  a  day  ;  toast-water  for  com- 
mon drink.  Gargle  made  of  strong  sage  tea,  honey  and  alum,  or  bor- 
ax, may  be  used  from  tlie  commencement,  if  the  throat  i*;  affected. 

Ner\-e  a>t)  Boxe  Li>t3ie>t.— Beef's  gall.  1  qt. ;  alcohol,  1  pL; 
Tolatile  liniment,  1  lb. ;  sirits  of  turpentine,  1  lb. ;  oil  organom, 
4  oz. ;  aqua  ammonia,  4  oz. ;  tincture  of  cayenne,  i  pt  ;  oil  of 
amber,  3  oz. ;  tincture  Spanish  flies,  6  oz. ;  mix  well 

Cephaxic  Sxttf. — Take  asarbacca  leaves,  marjoram,  light  Scotch 
BDuff,  equal  parts  ;  grind  and  silt,  use  like  common  snuif. 

Dowxek's  Salve, — Beeswax,  4  oz.  ;  opium,  i  oz. ;  sugar  of  lead, 
1  o*.  ;  melt  the  beeswax,  and  rub  the  lead  up  in  the  wax,  then  the 
opium,  then  1  gill  of  sweet  oil,  incorporate  ail  thoroughly  together, 
spread  lightly  on  cloth ;  good  for  bums,  pDes,  &c. 

Anothek'Sala'e. — Burgundy  pitch,  beeswax,  white  pine  pitch, 
and  resin,  1  oz.  each,  mutton  tallow,  8  oz.  ;  goose  oil,  1  gill ;  tar,  1 
gill ;  melt  and  mix  thorouglily.     A  first-rate  salve. 

Whooping  Corcn  Syiiit." — Be«t  rum,  1  pt  ;  anise  oil,  2  ozs.  ; 
feoaey,  1  i)t.  ;  lemon  juice,  4  oz.  ;  mix.  Dose  for  adults,  1  tablespoon- 
ful,  3  or  4  times  per  day  ;  children  1  teaspoon,  with  sugar  and  water. 

Liquid  Opodeldoc. — ^Warm  bi-andy,  1  qt ;  add  to  it  gum  camphor, 
1  oz.  ;  sal  ammoniac,  J  oz.  ;  oils  of  origanum  and  rosemary,  each  4 
oz.  ;  oil  wormwood,  J  oz.  ;  when  the  oils  are  dissolved,  add  6  oz.  soft 
soap. 

Greex  Mor>-TAix  Salve. — For  rheumatism,  bums,  pains  in  the 
hack  or  side,  &c.,  take  2  lbs.  resin,  burgundy  pitch,  J  lb, ;  beeswax  J 
lb.  ;  mutton  tallow,  J  lb.  ;  meit  slowly  ;  when  not  too  warm,  add  oil 
hemlock,  1  oz.  ;  balsam  fir,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  origanum,  1  oz,  oil  of  red 
cedar,  1  oz.  ;  Venice  turi>entine,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  wormwood,  1  oz.  ;  ver- 
digris, ^  oz.  The  verdigiis  must  be  finely  pulverized  and  mixed  with 
the  oils  ;  then  add  as  above,  and  work  in  cold  water  lilce  wax  till  cold 
enough  to  roil  ;  rolls  5  inches  long,  1  imh  di:\meter,  sell  for  25  cents. 

English  Rejiedy  fob  Cancze. — Take  chloride  of  zinc,  blood- 
Toot  pulverized,  and  flour,  equ:U  quantities  of  esich,  worked  rate  a 
paste  and  apphed.  First  spread  a  common  st:ckins-pln.<tcr  much 
larger  than  the  cancer,  cutting  a  circukir  piece  from  tlie  centre  of  it  a 
little  larger  than  the  cancer,  applying  it,  which  exposes  a  narrow  rim 
of  healthy  skin  ;  then  api'ly  the  cancer  planter,  and  keep  it  on  24 
Lours.  On  removing  it,  the  cancer  will  be  foimd  to  be  burned  into, 
and  appears  the  color  of  an  old  shoe-sole,  and  the  rim  outside  will 
api>ear  white  and  parboiled,  as  if  burned  by  steam.  Dress  with 
slippery  elm  poultice  xmtil  suppuration  takes  place,  then  heal  with 
'^av  common  salve. 

Chboxic  Gout — To  Cuke. — Take  hot  vinegar,  and  put  into  it  all 
^e  table  salt  which  it  will  dissolve,  and  bathe  the  parts  affected  with 
a  soft  piece  of  flannel.  Rub  in  with  the  hand  and  drj-  the  foot,  &c., 
by  the  fire.  Repeat  this  operation  four  times  in  24  hours,  15  minutes 
each  time,  for  four  days  ;  ther  twice  a  day  for  the  same  period  ;  then 
once,  and  follow  this  rule  whenever  the  symptoms  show  themselvei  &t 
anv  future  tiac.'. 

6ouT  Tincture. — Yeratrum  viride  (swamp  hellebore),  ^  oa. ; 
ffiuffi,  ^  oz,  ;  wliie,  ^  pt.  ;  let  them  stand  lor  several  days.    I)0Be.  If 


MEDICAL    DEPARTITENT,   ETC.  165 

•o  30  drops,  according  to  the  robustness  of  the  patient,  at  intervals  of 
2  to  4  hoars. 

Paralytic  Lhoment. — Sulphuric  ether,  6  oz.  ;  alcohol,  2  oz. ; 
laudanum,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  lavender,  1  oz.  ;  mix,  and  cork  tightly.  In  a 
recent  jase  of  parulysis  let  the  whole  extent  of  the  numb  surface  be 
thoronglily  batlied  and  rubbed  with  this  preparation,  for  several 
minutes,  usiug  the  hand,  at  least  three  times  daily  ;  at  the  same  tima 
take  internally,  20  droi>s  oi  the  same,  in  a  little  sweetened  water. 

Charcxjal'a  cniE  for  Sick  Headache. — It  is  stated  that  2  tea- 
spoons of  finely  powdered  charcoal,  drank  in  ^  a  tumbler  of  water 
■Kill,  in  less  than  fifteen  minutes,  give  relief  to  the  sick  headache, 
■when  caused,  as  in  most  cases  it  is,  by  superabimdance  of  acid  on 
the  stomach.  We  have  frequently  tried"  this  remedy,  and  its  efficacy 
in  every  iustance  has  been  signally  siitisfactory. 

Cath.vktic  Strut. — Best  senna  leaf,  1  oz.' ;  butternut,  the  inner 
Tjark  of  the  root,  dried  and  bruised,  2  "z.  ;  peppenuiut  leaf,  ^  oz.  ; 
lennel  seed,  i  oz.  ;  alcohol,  h  pt.  ;  water,  1^  pts.  ;  sugar,  2  lbs.  ;  put 
sill  into  the  spirit  and  water^  except  the  sugar,  nnd  let  it  stand  two 
^eeks,  then  strain,  i)ressing  out  from  tl;e  dregs,  adding  the  sugar  and 
simmering  a  few  minutes  only,  to  form  the  syrup.  If  it  should  cause 
jrripiug  in  any  case,  increase  the  fennel  seed  and  peppemiint  leaf. 
Dose,  1  tablesjioon,  once  a  day,  or  less  often  if  tlie  bowels  become  too 
loose,  up  to  the  next  period  when  the  headache  might  luive  been 
cxjiected,  and  it  will  not  be  loithcoming. 

CiiiLELAixs. — To  Cuke.— Mutton  t;illow  and  lard,  of  each  J  lb. ; 
melt  in  an  ii-on  vessel,  and  add  hydrated  oxyde  of  iron,  2  oz. ;  stirring 
contnually  vith  an  iron  spoon,  until  the  mass  is  of  a  uniform  black 
color  ;  then  let  it  cool,  and  add  Venice  turpentine,  2  oz.  ;  Armenian 
bole,  1  oz.  ;  oil  of  bcrgamot,  1  dr. ;  rub  up  the  boic  with  a  little  olive 
oil  before  puttiug  it  in. 

Felons.— l.p  kecext,  to  Cure  ixSix  IIor-RS. — Venice  turpentine, 

1  oz.  ;  and  put  iiuo  it  half  a  teaspoon  of  water,  and  .stir  with  a  rough 
Etick  until  tiie  ma^is  looks  like  candied  honey  ;  then  spread  a  good 
coat  on  a  cloth,  aud  wrap  around  the  finger.  If  the  case  is  only 
recent,  it  wiU  remove  the  pain  in  sis  hours. 

Felon  Salve. — A  salve  made  by  burning  one  tablespoon  of  copper- 
as, then  pulverizing  it  and  mixing  it  with  the  yolk  of  an  e"^,  is  said 
to  relieve  the  pain,  and  cure  tlie  felon  in  24  hours  ;  then  heal  -ft-ith 
cream  two  jiarts,  and  soft  soap  one  i:>art.  Api^ly  the  healing  salve 
daily  after  soaking  the  part  in  warm  water. 

Felon  Ointment. — Take  sweet  oil,  ^pt.,  and  stew  a3-cent  plug 
ef  tobacco  in  it  until  the  tobacco  is  crisped  ;  then  squeeze  it  out,  and 
add  red  lead,  1  oz.,  and  boU  until  bhxck  ;  when  a  little  cool,  add  pul- 
Terized  camphor  gum,  1  oz. 

Warts  and  Corns.— To  Ctre  in  Ten  Minxtfs.— Take  a  small 
piece  of  jwtash,  aud  let  it  stand  in  the  open  air  until  it  slack."*,  then 
thicken  it  to  a  paste  with  pulverized  gum  ambic,  which  prevents  it 
Irom  spreading  where  it  is  not  wanted. 

Infl-ajoiatorv  KHEi:3LA.TisiL— Sulphur  and  saltpetre,  of  each  1 
OE.  ;  gum  guaiac,  i  oz.  ;  colchicum  i-oot,  or  seed,  and  nutmegs,  of  each 
J  oz  ;  all  to  be  pulverized  and  mixed  with  simple  syrup,  or  molasses, 

2  oz.  Dose,  one  teaspoon  every  2  hours  tmtil  it  moves  the  bowela 
rather  freely  ;  then  '6oii  times  daily  until  cured. 


166  MEDICAL    DEFARTMEXT,    ETC. 

The  Cokservation  of  Health. — Tliis  important  object,  so  De««» 
Bary  to  the  enjoyment  of  life,  can  only  be  secured  by  conforming  to 
an  orderly  sfcite  of  existence.  Every  man  is  in  duty  bound  to  dis- 
cliarge  with  fidelity  the  debt  which  he  owes  to  that  frame,  so  "  fear- 
fully and  wonderfully  made,"  and  so  well  adapted  by  the  Divine 
contriver  to  fulfil  the  uses  of  life,  by  living  with  regularity  and  mod- 
eration, abstaining  from  every  excess  calculated  to  induce  disease  or 
inflict  injury  either  on  body  or  mind.    Excessive  intellectual  labor  is 

i'nst  as  fatal  in  its  degree  as  violent  physical  exertion.  We  have  a 
imentable  proof  of  the  truth  of  this  remark  in  the  sudden  termination 
of  a  most  useful  life,  that  of  the  late  Dr.  Hall,  Editor  of  Hall's, Journal 
of  Health.  As  i3~~well  known,  the  fatal  stroke  was  induced  by  an 
overworked  brain,  it  being  his  habitto  apply  hf  mself  ardently  to  stndy, 
writing,  &c.,  from  5  in  the  morning  to  10  in  the  evening,  an  impru- 
dence all  the  more  reprehensible  as  it  waa  one  which  he  was  continu- 
ally denouncing  in  others. 

Business  men  are  particularly  li.ibleto  affections  of  the  heart  result- 
ing from  trade  anxieties,  &c.,  and  in  the  male,  the  number  of  deaths 
from  enlargement  of  the  heart  are  as  seven  compared  with  five  in  the 
female.  Thi.'i  phase  of  mortality  is  caused  not  only  by  intranquillity 
and  worry  of  mind  occasioned  by  lack  of  success  in  the  grand 
struggles  of  life,  but  is  too  frequently  brouglit  on  by  conjugal  infe- 
licities and  disturbances,  which  seldom  fail  to  accelerate  a  crisis  which 
terminates  in  death.  Many  a  well  moaning  man  lays  plans  which  he 
fondly  anticipates  will  result  in  securing  to  him  and  to  those  depend- 
ent on  him,  an  honestly  obtained  competence,  and  confident  of  pros- 
perity, does  his  best  endeavors,  and  often  risks  a  great  deal,  to  ensure 
success,  little  dreaming  of  the  poetic  ai>othegm,  that  "  the  best  laid 
schemes  o'  mice  and  men,  gang  aft  aglee. "  The  result  too  often  is,  as 
many  know  to  their  sorrow,  entire  failure,  and  subsequent  reproaches, 
opprobrium,.asperities,  ascriptions  of  incapacity,  &c.,  are  showered  on 
his  head,  and  continued  to  the  end  of  life,  with  more  frequency  and 
greater  regularity  than  the  dispensation  of  his  daily  bread,  by  the  very 
one  who  should  be  all  gentleness,  all  love,  and  her  husband's  chief  com- 
foiter  and  consoler  under  misfortune.  This  is  the  most  fatal  kind  of 
mental  trouble,  inasmuch  as  it  involves  a  grinding  grief  of  mind,  which 
dissipates  happiness,  induces  gloom,  and  tends  to  destroy  life ;  whatever 
affects  the  love,  which  is  the  real  man,  or  spirit,  reacts  upon,  and 
affects  in  an  equal  degree  the  body  which  contains  that  spirit.  That 
this  is  so,  results  from  the  correspondence  existing  between  the  soul 
and  body,  as  may  be  palpably  manifest  to  every  one  capable  of  inte- 
rior reflection,  and  this  to  such  a  degree  that  to  obtain  convincing  proof 
it  is  not  necessary  to  extend  his  observations  beyond  his  own  experi- 
ence. 

Grief  caused  by  financial  loss  and  the  reaction  which  sets  in  on  re- 
tiring from  busiiiess,  after  spendina:  an  active  life  in  amassing  a. for- 
tune, are  also  pregnant  with  evil  results  to  health.  No  man  has  a 
right  to  retire  from  the  duty  of  makmg  himself  useful  to  society,  even 
if  he  has  a  fortune,  and  can  afford  to  do  so.  If  he  does,  this  evil, 
like  every  other,  is  sure  to  work  out  its  own  retribution  with  a  full 
harvest  of  unexpected  misery. 

Many  of  the  influences  which  are  patent  for  evil,  and  evil  only,  are 
self  inflicted,  such  as  the  habitual  indulgence  in  alcoholic  drinks,  wine, 
beer,  &c.,  the  use  of  tobacco,  opium,  and  other  narcotics.  Eighty-sevea 


MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,   ETC.  167 

per  cent  of  all  kidney  diseases  are  induced  bj-  alcohol.  Its  continued 
use  curtails  vitality,  (destroys  the  membranes,  generates  disease  'm  th& 
braiu,  heart,  spinal  cord,  lungs,  liver,  muscles  and  blood  vessels  ;  it 
■wrecks  the  system,  imp^es  the  circulation,  xjaralyzes  manhood,  and. 
precipitates  premature  decay.  Tobacco,  also,  in  every  form,  exercises 
a  most  baneful  effect  on  the"  health  and  mind. 

A  distmsuished  French  savant,  the  Abbe  Moigno,  increased  his 
daily  aUowauce  of  snufE  until  in  1861  it  was  over  2(3  erammes,  and  hft 
observed  a  rapid  decay  of  the  faculty  of  memory.  He  had  learned 
some  1500  root  words  in  each  of  several  lan^ages,  but  found  them 
gradually  dropping  out  of  his  mind,  so  as  to  necessitate  frequent  re- 
ference {o  dictionaries.  At  last  he  summoned  resolution  to  abandon 
its  Jse,  and  after  6  years  of  abstinence  writes  as  follows : 

"  It  was  for  us  the  commencement  of  a  veritable  restirrection  of 
hsalth,  mind,  and  memorv;  our  ideas  have  become  more  lucid,  our 
imagination  more  vivid,  our  work  easier,  our  pen  quicker,  and  we 
have  seen  gradually  return  tliat  army  of  words.  Our  memory,  in  a> 
word,  h.is  recovered  all  its  riches,  all  its  sensibility.  That  tobacco, 
es|)ecially  in  the  form  of  snuff,  is  a  powerful  enemy  of  memory, 
which  it  has  destroyed  little  by  little,  and  sometimes  very  promptly, 
cannot  be  doubted."  With  these  known  pernicious  effects  resulting 
from  the  use  of  alcholic  drinks  and  tobacco,  abstinence  from  both, 
becomes  an  imperious  necessity. 

Other  most  irajxjrtnnt  auxiliaries  to  the  maintenance  of  health,  are 
pure  air,  ix;rfe  t  ventilation  in  dwellincrs,  and  absolute  cleanliness  of 
person  (See  Ba(hinj).  Keill  estimates  the  smface  of  the  lungs  at 
150  cubic  feet,  or  ten  times  that  of  the  external  body.  During  ordi- 
nary respiration,  16  or  17  cnbic  inches  of  atmospheric  air  pass  into 
the  lungs  20  times  in  a  minnte,  or  a  cubic  foot  every  5.25  minutes  ; 
274:  cubic  feet  in  24  hours,  or  a  cube  of  6h  feet  each  way.  The  lungs 
generate  10.7  cubic  feet  of  deadly  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  remove 
from  the  atmosiihere  the  same  amount  of  oxygen,  every  24  hours. 
The  cause  of  nearly  all  the  headr.ches  in  crowded  factories,  schools 
and  work  shops,  as  well  as  all  the  sleeping  and  snoring  in  churches, 
is  due  more  to  vitiated  air  than  to  any  other  cause.  To  the  same 
cause  is  owing  the  fearful  mortality  so  prevalent  in  badly  ventilated 
city  tenements,  boarding  houses,  cellars.  &c.,  as  well  as  in  houses  built 
on  low  levels,  and  bogay  land  near  stagnant  iX)ols.  inoperative  sewers, 
ira])risoned  springs,  &c'.  Bad  air,  imperfect  ventilation,  uncleanness 
and  ill  health  must  ever  go  hand  in  hand.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that 
while  the  death  rate  in  the  filthy  eastern  districts  of  London  is  nearly 
60per  1000  of  the  i^pulation,  inWliite  Chapel  it  is  41.  in  Limehonse  it 
rises  to  48,  in  pai-t  of  tlie  Aldgate  district  of  the  "White  Chapel  union, 
it  ranges  between  58  and  50,  or  more  than  double  what  may  be  called 
the  fair  allo-«-auce  of  25  per  cent.  Yet  it  apjiears  from  the  recent 
statistics  of  the  same  citv,  that  in  the  Pe.aj?ody  Model  Bcii-rTxns  the 
mortality  has  frJlen  to  17  per  1000,  very  near  the  minimum  of  the  most 
galnbrious  pp.rts  of  England.  Decaying  vegetable  and  animal  matter 
yields  varioiis  noxi'^'is  gases,  also  exnired  breath,  all  enter  the  lungs, 
poison  the  blood  and  penneate  the  system  :  therefore  all  impuritie<« 
should  be  kept  away  from  our  abodes,  and  every  precaution  taken  to 
secure  pure  air.    Temperature  of  rooms  should  be  about  60°  Fahr. 

As  the  solar  rays  exercise  a  benignant  influence  on  health  and 
purify  the  air  in  dwellings,  therefore  admit  the  blessed  sunlight 
without  stint,  for  good  health  canuot  exist  without  it. 


168  MEDICAL    DEPABTMENT,    ETC. 

As  disinfectants,  the  following  may  be  iased  with  gooA  effect 
1.  Quicklime,  to  absorb  moisture  aud  "putrid  Huids.  Use  fresh  lime, 
scattering  it  about,  finely  powdered,  and  whitewash  with  lime.  2. 
Cliarcoal  powder,  to  absord  putrid  gases.  The  coal  should  be  dry,  and 
fresh,  mixed  with  lime.  3.  Chloride  of  lime,  to  gie  off  chloride  to 
absorb  putrid  effluvia  and  to  stop  putrefaction.  4.  Sulphate  of  iron 
tcopperas)  1  lb.  dissolved  in  1  qt.  water  and  poured  do\vn  a  water  closet 
will  destroy  the  foulest  smells.  A  quantity  in  an  open  pan  will  purify 
the  air  in  rooms.  5.  Fluid  carbolic  acid  dissolved  at  the  rate  of  1  part 
to  100  or  150  parts  of  water  is  also  very  good. 

Among  di;:eases  liable  to  be  spread  by  the  distribution  of  organic, 
poisons,  may  be  mentioned  scarlet  fever,  typhus  fever,  tvphoid  fever, 

Jellow  fever.  me;isles,  small-pox,  diphtheria,  infectious  ophthalmia, 
ydrophobia,  erysipelas,  cholera  and  glanders.  The  poisonous  par- 
ticles which  effect  contagion,  are  in  every  instance  of  organic  origin, 
and  are  evolved  from  matter  composing  living  bodies.  They  float  in 
the  atmosphere,  are  inhaled  by  the  breath,  aud  are  absorbed  by  the 
■walls  of  dwellings,  hospitals,  etc.,  and  are  liable  p.t  any  time  to  enter 
on  a  career  of  baneful  activity.  The  walls  of  hospitals  should  be 
glass  Uned,  the  better  to  prevent  contam illation,  aud  means  .should 
Ije  used  to  destroy  the  contagious  matter  hy  means  of  ch.emical 
agents,  such  as  powerful  heat,  nitrous  acid  gas.  bromine,  clUorine, 
iodine,  sulphurous  acid,  etc.  Solar  light  is  aiiother  jwwerful  disin- 
fectant, and  as  a  means  of  health  has  been  ranked  by  Lavoiser  as 
superior  to  pure  air. 

Dust  is  highly  inimical  to  health,  and  it  is  everywhere  present  in 
the  air  we  breathe.  Its  presence  is  made  manifest  in  a  manner  per- 
fectly startling,  by  admitting  a  beam  of  sivn-light  through  an  orifice 
into  "a  dark  room."  It  has  a  most  pernicious  effect  on  the  health  in 
cities,  and  indeed  everywhere,  but  the  air  may  be  filtered  from  the 
noxious  particles  previous  to  entering  the  lungs,  by  tlie  use  of  a  cot- 
ton-wool respirator.  This  contrivance  possesses  the  further  merit  of 
being  an  effectual  barrier  to  the  admission  to  the  lungs  of  those 
germs  or  poisonous  particles  whereby  contagious  disease  is  propa- 
gated. 

Good  health  is  impossible  without  pure  water.  The  amount  of  or- 
ganic and  mineral  impurities  held  in  solution  or  suspension  by  water. 
is  perfectly  astonishing,  and  wherever  suspicion  of  such  impurities 
exists  the  water  should  be  filtered.  Good  reliable  filters  may  be  pur- 
chased ready  for  immediate  use,  but  wherever  they  cannot  be  ob- 
tained, an  excellent  substitute  may  be  made  from  an  oak  tub  made 
to  hold  from  half  to  a  barrel  of  water,  according  to  the  needs  of  the 
family.  Let  it  stand  on  end,  with  a  faucet  near  the  bottom,  or  pre- 
ferably, a  hole  through  the  bottom,  near  the  front  side,  with  a  tube 
inserted  to  prevent  the  water  from  rotting  the  outside  of  the  tub; 
then  put  clean  pebbles  3  or  4  inches  in  thickness  over  the  bottom  of 
the  tub.  Spread  a  piece  of  clean  white  flannel  over  the  pebbles  ; 
now  have  charcoal,  pulverized  to  the  size  of  small  peas  (that  made 
from  hard  maple  is  best),  and  put  in  half  a  bushel  or  so  at  a  time  : 
pound  it  down  quite  firmly,  then  put  in  more  and  p>ound  again  until 
the  tub  Ls  filled  to  within  8  inches  of  the  top,  and  again  put  in  2 
inches  more  of  pebbles,  then  put  a  piece  of  clean  white  flannel  over 
the  whole  top  a^  a  strainer.    The  flannel  may  be  washed  occasion' 


MEDICAL   ©EPAKTMEXT,    ETC.  16^ 

ally,  to  remove  the  imparities  collected  from  the  water,  and  it  might 
be  well  to  replenish  the  tub  with  fresh  charcoal  once  a  year  at  least. 
The  result  will  be  wholesome  water. 

Reckless  ex^wsure  to  cold,  especially  by  aged  and  sensitive  per- 
sons, should  be  carefully  guarded  agaiiist.  From  returns  published 
bv  the  Registrar  General  in  Englaud,  it  was  found  that  during  the 
w'inter  mouths  the  body  wastes,  the  loss  of  weight  varying  in  an  in- 
creasing ratio  ;  that  during  summer  the  body  gains,  the  gain  varying 
in  an  increasing  ratio,  and  that  the  changes  from  gain  to  loss,  and 
from  loss  to  gain,  are  sudden,  and  ta'te  place,  the  first  at  the  begin- 
ning of  September,  and  the  secoud  at  the  bejilnuiug  of  April.  Deaths 
from  nneumouia  and  bronchitis  attain  their  maximum  iu  the  months 
of  January,  February,  and  M.irch;  in  the  succeeding  3  mouths  they 
decline,  and  in  the  next  quaiter  reach  their  miuimum,  re-commenc- 
ing to  iucreiise  in  October.  Xovember.  and  Deoember.  Air  saturated 
with  moisture  tends  to  develop  rheumatic  disease,  and  organic  dis- 
eases of  the  heart  which  spring  from  rheumatism. 

During  cold  raw  weat'.ier,  aged  persons  should  keep  close  to  the 
house  in  apartments  warmed  bv  a  cheerful,  open,  blazing  fire,  which, 
is  much  preferable  to  the  oppressive  heat  from  a  hot  air  register, 
Eteam  pipes,  or  close  stoves.  If  Ciilled  o.it  by  busiaess  during  a  cold 
monim-.  do  not  go  out  t;>o  earlv.  nor  until  after  a  good  warm  break- 
fast, and  be  sure  to  return  be.ore  the  chiil  of  the  evening.  Add  to 
the  clothing  earlv  in  the  fall.  diminL?h  it  very  gradiuiUy  m  tho 
sprin<T.  eat  with  great  moderation  and  regularity  of  nourishing  diet, 
and  take  a  daily  uao  on  a  loun-e,  or  in  an  armchair  for  15  or  20 
minutes  after  dinner," or  during  the  forenoon.  If  rest  is  broken  dur- 
in"-  tlie  night,  make  it  up  with  prolonged  rest  during  the  mormn^, 
for  as  a  rule,  tliose  ased  persons  will  live  the  longest  who  t.iK:e  the 
most  rest  and  work  the  least,  excent  in  a  very  calm,  placid,  and  un- 
excited  wav.  D  iring  old  age  guard  against  haste,  hurry,  and  excite- 
ment of  body  and  mind,  for  notiiiu?  can  be  more  dangerous  to  life. 

Authors. 'cleri:vra?n  and  all  others  engaged  hi  intense  mental 
Btudv,  should,  whenever  thev  become  exliausted  by  severe  brain 
LalKir,  at  once  cease  from  further  effort,  and  recuperate  their  ex- 
pended energies  bv  takincr  as  much  sleep  as  nature  re luires.  Nothing 
soothes,  strengthens  and  invigorates  the  brain  like  refreshing  sleep. 

Clothing  should  not  be  woni  in  quantity  to  induce  oppression  or 
Bunecessarv  smotherins:,  but  only  enough  to  reiiel  every  feeling  re- 
sembhug  chilliness.  Keep  a  clean  skin  at  all  time-*,  and  a.'*  a  safe  pre- 
caution wear  flannel  next  to  it.  as  it  i>ossesses  a  powerful  influence  m 
modifving  dangerous  extremes  of  temperature.  Dr.  Fettenkofer 
statesthat  equal  surfaces  of  various  mat«rial3  are  permeated  by  the 
air  as  follows,  flannel  being  taken  as  100:  Linen  of  medium  fineness, 
58;  silk.  40;  buckskin,  .'^S;  chamois  leather,  51;  tanned  leather.  1. 

The  dress  should  fit  loosely,  should  be  warm  and  light  throughout, 
and  fie<iuently  changed  to  remove  the  impurities  exhaled  through  the 
skin  Clothing  contaminated  with  excretory  matter  is  highly  inimi- 
cal to  hea'th  rf  worn  too  Ions.  In  cases  of  infections  di,-e;t.*e.  the  suf- 
lei-er  should  be  isolated,  and  the  infected  clothing  and  bedding  either 
destroyed  or  purified.  ,  „...-.      j 

Sleepui'^  aiiaitments  should  be  elevated,  roomy. well  ventilated, 
and  kept  at^a temi>erature  of  alJOUtGQo.  Tliey  should  be  f i-ee from  direct 
4r»u^t3  on  the  slee;)er.     The  mattress,  should  be  hard,  but  may  b« 


170  MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT,    ETC. 

easy  and  springy  if  so  desired.  Feathers  should  not  be  used,  th« 
euiauatious  from  them  are  most  mihealthy,  and  they  generate  an  ex- 
cess of  heat  which  is  very  enfeebling  and  unwholesome.  The  sweet- 
est reiKJse  is  obfciiued  with  the  head  towards  the  north, — with  the  bed 
insulated  by  means  of  glass  interposed  between  the  feet  and  tiie 
floor,  to  bar  the  passage  of  the  electric  currents,  wJiicli  are  liable  to 
leave  tlie  body  depleted  of  strength  unless  they  are  retained.  Guard 
against  sleeping  in  new  dwellings  before  the  plaster  and  paint  have 
become  fully  dry.  Thousands  of  deaths,  seemingly  very  mysterious 
and  principally  of  aged  persons,  have  taken  place  from  lieglect  of  this 
precaution.  The  natural  allowance  for  sleep  is  c  ight  hours  out  of  the 
twenty- four,  and  the  most  favorable  time  is  from  10  o'clock  uutil  6. 
Intellectual  labor  is  more  exhaustive  than  physical,  consequently  per- 
sons thus  employed  require  more  rest  than  workiug  men.  Tiie  most 
favorable  position  for  sleep  is  on  the  right  side;  the  worst  is  to  lie  on 
the  back,  as  it  generates  a  perilous  heat  over  the  region  of  the  kid- 
neys and  spinal  cord.  Solitary  repose  is  the  most  beneficial  every 
■way ;  when  two  parties  sleep  togetlier,  each  one  inliales  a  deleterious 
effluvia  thrown  oft  by  his  neighbor,  and  the  weakest  is  always  the 
greatest  sulYerer,  more  especially  is  this  tlie  case  with  children  who 
sleep  with  aged  persons.  Add  to  this,  electric  changes  are  continual- 
ly taking  place,  which  frequently  cause  imrest,  disquiet,  and  exhaus- 
tion, when  two  sleep  together.  Refreshing  sleep  gives  rest  to  the 
brain  and  the  nervous  system.  The  retina  is  inert,  the  tympanum  ia 
placid,  the  nerves  of  taste,  smell,  and  feeling,  are  dormant,  and  all 
the  powers  of  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum  are  quiescent.  Childrea 
require  more  sleep  than  adults,  and  they  should  get  ail  they  will  take 
of  it,  with  a  bcnc-diction  and  kind  words  to  begin  witli.  It  is  atro- 
cious to  think  of  the  hard  language,  maledictions,  and  downright  lies 
addressed  to  tender  hearted  children  by  many  parents  on  putting  them 
to  bed.  They  cerbiinlj^  are  not  aware  of  the  grievous  injury  they  in- 
flict by  such  irrational'  conduct.  Sleep  is  an  ai)solute  necessity  to  all 
animal  existence,  and  when  we  think  of  its  inestimable  Ijenefits,  and 
wonderful  surroxnidings,  we  can  only  stand  mute,  and  with  emotions 
inexi)ressible,  refer  their  origiu  to  thiatlxFixiTS  Love  which  "  neith- 
er slumbers  nor  sleeps." 

In  dressing  children,  use  care  to  keep  them  warm,  keeping  flainiel 
to  their  skin  during  the  entire  year,  especially  covering  the  extremi- 
ties well.  There  is  a  peculi:  r  fashion  most  dead  y  in  its  effects,  which 
lets  children  runabout  Avith  bai'e  legs,  arms,  and  necks,  with  the  low- 
er part  of  the  dress  expanded  away  from  the  person,  thus  admitting 
the  chilling  cold  to  do  its  worst  Such  exposure  would  prove  certaio 
death  to  its  parents  in  less  than  a  month.  Keen  the  extremities  wann 
by  keeping  thera  well  clothed,  and  thus  keep  up  a  free  circulation,  for 
cold  feet  and  hands  prevent  health,  and  are  the  certain  precursoi-s  of 
disease  and  death.  Add  to  this  ])lenty  of  good  food,  ripe  fruit,  and 
out-door  exercise  ad  libitum,  and  you  will  have  rosy,  blooming  chil- 
dren, as  the  result.  In  the  matter  of  out-door  exercise,  it  might  not 
be  amiss  to  use  a  little  wholesome  overeight  and  restraint,  let  them 
liave  their  full  swing  in  the  enjoyment  of  exercise  calculated  to  de- 
velop the  frame,  such  as  running,  jumping,  playing  ball,  driving 
boops,  &c. ,  but  when  it  comes  to  every  day  six)rt  in  the  line  of  firing 
uistols,  exploding  fire  crackers,  cracking  whips,  and  an  everlasting 
Mattering  of  toy  drums,  &c.,  then  I  say,  stop  it  at  ouce,  unless 


MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT,    ETC.  171 

you  wish  to  raise  a  dangerous  boy  aud  a  dangerous  man,  for  that  is 
just  the  way  to  do  it 

Children,  or  otliers  who  may  be  afflicted  with  impediments  of 
speech,  may  be  cured,  if  the  remedy  is  uot  organic,  by  reading  aloud 
for  an  hour  or  two  every  day,  taking  care  to  iuhale  air,  and  well  fill 
the  lungs,  before  reading  each  paragraph,  as  the  cause  of  stammering 
in  nine  cases  Out  of  ten,  is  the  endeavor  to  speali  when  the  lungs  arft 
empty.  Dr.  Hunt,  of  Regent  street,  London,  a  celebrated  and  suc- 
cessful stammerers'  doctor,  charged  fifty  guineas  for  effecting  cures 
by  the  method  just  noted. 

It  is  only  in  civilized  life  that  we  find  the  most  favorable  conditiona 
for  health  and  longevity.  The  poets  have  expended  much  rapturous 
»entimeut  aud  romance  about  "the  noble  red  man"iu  his  native 
forest,  but  a  personal  investigation  of  the  object  of  their  effusions  is 
very  apt  to  cause  a  sudden  revulsion  of  feeling.  A  filthy  person, 
greasy  blankets,  rank  skins,  and  other  unsavory  surroundings,  are 
apt  to  make  short  work  of  high-strung  ideas  iu  tlie  shape  of  poetry, 
romance,  or  sentiment.  Of  a  verity,  "cleanliness  is  next  to  godli- 
ness," and  it  is  indeed  a  most  auspicious  token  that  the  old  mediieval 
ideas  regarding  the  necessary  connection  between  filth,  poverty,  aud 
piety,  are  notions  belonging  to  tlie  past.  Human  life  has  been  abso- 
lutely lengthened  by  the  addition  of  several  years  to  a  generation, 
compared  with  what  it  was  a  hundred  year.s  ago,  all  owing  to  the 
observance  of  sanitary  laws,  and  it  will  continue  to  lengthen,  just  in 
tlie  proportion  that  these  laws  are  respected. 

Dr.  Jarvis  intimates  that  in  ancient  Rome,  in  the  period  of  200  to 
600  years  after  the  Christian  era,  the  average  duration  of  life  in  the 
most  favored  class  was  SO  years,  while  iu  the  present  century  the 
average  longevity  of  persons  of  the  same  class  is  50  years.  In  the 
16th  century,  the  average  longevity  in  Geneva  was  21.21  years;  be- 
tween 1814  and  1833  it  was  40.G8,  and  as  large  a  proportion  now  live  to 
70  as  lived  to  43  300  years  ago.  In  1000,  only  228  medical  men  live 
from  63  to  72,  and  328  theologians.  In  the  last  50  years  the  mean 
term  of  life  seems  to  have  increased  from  33  to  41.  In  iirofessions,  of 
those  who  attain  the  age  of  66,  there  are  found  to  be  43  Theologians, 
40  Agriculturists,  35  Men  in  office.  32  Military,  32  Clerks,  29  Advo- 
cates, 28  Artists,  27  Professors,  and  24  Medical  practitioners. 

When  man,  by  an  orderly  life,  passes  through  the  various  stages 
of  a  healthy  existence,  from  cliildliood  to  youth,  from  youth  to  man- 
hood, and  from  manhood  to  old  age ;  during  the  decline  of  life  he  grad- 
ually approaches  the  verge  of  natural  decay,  and  death  takes  place 
from  the  gradual  effluxion  of  vitality.  Few  lives,  comparatively 
epeaking,  terminate  in  this  way,  but  when  this  consummation  is 
attained,  and  death,  purely  natural,  takes  place,  it  must  be  regarded 
as  nuich  in  the  light  of  a  blessing  as  is  natural  birth,  for  it  is  an  orderly 
working  out  of  a  most  wise  and  beneficent  law,  and  the  nearer  advance 
■we  make  to  tliis  natural  limit  of  existence  tlie  better.  Death  is  usually 
regarded  as  a  curs«,  and  as  something  very  dreadful;  there  is  a  dcutfi 
wliich  is  indeed  terrible  beyond  all  powers  of  human  conception,  but 
natural  death  is  not  so,  and  is  in  no  sense  a  calamity,  but  a  wise  pro- 
vision of  Infinite  Mercy  for  man's  highest  good. 

Hanissing  thoughts,  mental  anxiety,  late  hours,  and  worriinent, 
are  fruitful  causes  of  disease  in  healthy  jjersons,  and  of  death  in  cases 
•f  illuess.    Use  every  possible  means  to  get  rid  of  such  feelings,  and 


172  MEDICAL    DEPAETILENT,   ETC. 

do  not  scrapie  to  make  use  of  snch  dirersions  or  amnsem^its  as  wfl 
effectnallv  divert  an  invalid's  thoaghts  from  being  too  much  en- 
grossed with  self.  ^Miea  nature  calls  for  rest  and  recreation,  do  no« 
neglect  the  warning.  Guard  against  extreme  fatigue  of  either  body 
or  mind.espedaUy  a  complicatibn  of  both  together.  Keep  the  pas- 
sions under  thorongh  control;  in  doing  this  the  good  old  Quaker's 
rule  wiU  be  found  of  great  assistance,  viz..  Never  to  aCow  himself  to 
speak  in  a  loud  tone  of  voice.  Nothing  preserves  health  better  than 
a  placid  temper.  Exercise  and  physical  training  should  not  be  neg- 
lected; person?  engn.2e<i  in  sedentary  employments  should  resort  to 
eiercise.  or  rest  on  finding  the-r  thoaghts  become  conin?ed,  and  labor- 
ers should  not  carry  their  efrorts  to  the  verge  of  exhaustion;  the 
heart's  action  13  greatly  injured  thereby,  and  the  bad  effects  will 
become  permanent. 

Of  all  people?,  the  Jews  are  notably  tha  longest  lived  race:  the 
reason  is  because  they  lire  orderly  lives,  they  take  cure  of  themselves, 
so  to  spea'-v,  tjse  proper  f:x«d,  and  aVs^tain  from  pork,  which,  from  its 
liabihty  to  promote  dL*er.5ed  conditions  of  the  blood,  and  thence  of  the 
■whole  system,  is  de^ii'^ilT  rn^rrio^.s  ?.?  an  srtic^e  of  <?;'^t.  The  use  of 
immoderate  ■^      :         -  -  "  '  "  z  th© 

body,  and  ini  -who 

subsist  on  it.     1      -   _;. r  first 

induced  man  to  ta^te  of  a  d'sad  carcjise,  and  Puj^jc  said  iliai  the  horrid 
and  shocking  sight  of  one  of  onr  m»>lem  kitchen'*  eive^  one  the  imaee 

of  a  giant's  d=~  '~ "     :  —  -  ^^     . j     ,  _  1 , .  _  j  .     _ 

g!ed  Ihnbs.     ' 

the  system,  cr  : 

of  animal  food  is  \izl:L\\,r..'J^e  10  i:s  fc..;or:.5,  C\^/,.u-v,  li.e  dieccCic, 
allowanced  himself  to  12  ozs.  of  dry  food  and  14  ozs*  of  liquids  per 
d^'.y,  from  the  age  of  40  to  l'>5.     S-:*  D:/namic  Porr':r  of  Food. 

in  eating,  select  good  nourishinir  diet,  so  as  to  insure  Tariety  with- 
out excels,  eat  with  rr-ciir!:-.  T^t'.ioas  1  ng  intervals  of  abstinence, 
and  eat  leisurely.    I  _■  av -id  tril:i;i::  Ir.rje  draughts  of  cold 

water,  drink  with  c  ,  oration  dvj^ing  nieal.«.  and  avoid  drink- 

ing water  w'aich  h:-;  ;  .  .,-  in  rooms  or  in  lead  pipes.  Impare 
water  is  liable  to  produce  nr-.Lirial  au;e<:t;ons.  Tea  and  cofifee,  if  used 
strong,  and  in  lai^e  quantirles,  are  c-ertila  to  pmdace  nervon?  irrita- 
bility and  brain  excitement,  but  if  ttsed  in  moden-  '  '  •  :nild 
Etrenzth,  they  are  mo5t  refreshing  and  pleasant.  -•  -ons 
will  find  coffee  more  soothing  th;\n  tea.  while  pers-  :  :  rent 
temperament  will  be  better  suited  with  the  latter,  Beyoad  all  doubt, 
and  for  almost  every  purpose,  in  health  and  diseai^e.  pure  water  is  the 
bealthiest  beverage,  and  it  certainly  is  the  natural  drink  of  man. 
According  to  Hoiim?in.  "If  there  be  any  universal  medicine  it  is 
water;  for.  by  its  assb^tmce.  all  distempers  are  aEe%iated  or  cored, 
and  the  body  preserved  sound  and  free  from  corruption,  that  enemy 
to  life."  As  Dr.  Gall  sail  of  another  snbject,  so  the  writer  would  say 
here,  that ''  Tnis  is  TsirrH,  though  at  enmity  with  the  philo«o{Ay  <JJ 


Ox  Bathtxg. — ^Nothing  is  of  mor«?  t«in«ceT'.'i''Tit  importance  to 
the  maintenance  of  health  than  c't  :'s  can  only  be 

obtained  by  the  free  use  of  water,  ;  r.  z.  and  bathing. 

The  modes  of  bathing  are  various,  i  used,  are  mo^t 

powerful  for  good.    The  rule  is,  the  uioii^  io^^l^  i^&  cuustitutkm  oi 


MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT,   ETC.  173 

the  patient,  and  higher  his  exterior  temperature,  the  colder  should 
be  the  water.  In  bathing  it  is  always  well  to  avoid  taking  a  fnll  bath 
within  two  hours  after  a  meal,  or  when  exhausted  by  fatigue,  or  when 
cooling  after  persoiration,  or  when  feeling  chilly.  Do  not  drink  cold 
water  before  bathing,  nor  eat  soon  after  it  Females,  during  the 
menstrual  ]ieriod,  should  never  take  cold  baths.  Never  take  a  cold 
bath  while  the  feet  are  cold.  Never  chill  the  body  by  standing  or  sit- 
ting on  the  banks  during  out-door  bathing  ;  enter  the  water  while  the 
body  is  warm,  and  avoid  remaining  too  long  in  the  water,  leaving  it 
on  the  first  feeling  of  chilliness.  Exercise  before  and  after  bathing  is 
highly  beneficial!  Feeble  and  nervous  persons  should  guard  against 
powerful  chilling  shocks  from  cold  water.  The  young  and  vigorous 
may  b:ithe  early  in  the  morning  on  an  emptj^  stomach.  Persons  sulj- 
jected  fr)  uiddiuess,  faintness,  palpitation,  or  other  aflectious  of  the 
heart,  shoiud  use  a  cold  bath  with  extreme  caution. 

The  Cold  Bath,  usually  taken  in  the  sea  or  in  a  river,  tempera- 
ture from  35°  to  G5°  Fahr.,  has  a  most  powerful,*  exhilarating  and 
tonic  effect  on  the  frame,  and  imparts  a  vigorous  glow  and  stimulus 
to  the  system.  It  should  not  be  continued  longer  than  two  or  three 
minutes. 

The  TEjrpERATE  Bath,  ranging  from  G5°  to  80°  Fahr.,  is  much 
preferable  to  the  last  for  the  use  of  invalids.  Duration  of  bath  should 
not  be  extended  over  three  minutes,  and  the  whole  body  should  be 
thoroughly  rubbed  dry  with  a  coarse  towel,  to  induce  a  glow. 

The  Fl'll,  Warm  Bath,  taken  in  the  ordinary  long  bath  tabs, 
as  arranged  by  plumbers  in  dwellings,  hotel:*.  &c.,  are  in  the  liighfti~t 
degree  jjromotive  of  health  and  comfort.  Fitted  with  hot  and  cold 
water  connections,  any  desired  temperature  may  be  olitained.  but  for 
the  best  effect  it  should  ran'j:e  from  90°  to  98°  ;  better  under  that 
than  over  it.  Tlie  benefits  will  be  increased  by  the  nse  of  carbonate 
of  soda,  4  ozs.  to  30  gals,  water.  This  rids  the  system  of  much  effete 
matter,  promotes  the  cure  of  disease,  and  thoroughly  cleanses  the 
emunctories.     After  bathing,  rub  thoroughly  dry. 

The  Hot  Bath,  ranging  from  98°  to  112°,  thoroughly  stimulates 
the  nervous  system,  but  immersion  cannot  be  prolonged  over  t'.vo  or 
three  minutes  without  permanent  injury.  Water  scalds  at  150°,  but 
air  heated  to  2G0°  is  not  painful.  It  is  not  safe  to  tamper  much  with 
such  high  temperatures,  altliough  Berger  remained  seven  minutes  in 
an  oven,  heated  to  230°.  Blagd'^n  exceeded  tliis.  remaining  eijjht 
minutes  in  a  temperature  of  from  240°  to  260°.  Delaroche  could  not  re- 
main more  than  10  minutes  in  a  vapor  bath  at  100°.  Berger  was  obliged 
to  get  out  of  a  vapor  bath  at  a  temperature  of  122°  in  twelve  and  a 
half  minutes.  The  seusatiou  in  hot  vapor  resembles  that  of  contact 
with  boiling  water.  Fish  actually  live  in  hot  baths  up  to  150°.  Tr^es 
also  grow  in  a  bath  at  170°  ;  flowers  near  a  volcano,  at  210°  ;  and 
water-plants  are  found  in  boiling  springs.  The  king's  bath  at  Bath 
is  116°,  the  hot  bath  is  117°.  at  Vichy  120°,  at  Aix  la  Chapelle  140°. 
In  the  hot  springs  at  Leuk,  in  Switzerland,  the  temperature  of  twenty 
springs  varies  from  95°  to  125°  ;  the  baths  are  given  at  98°,  and,  to 
make  it  as  agreeable  as  possible,  the  patients  bathe  together,  both 
men  and  women,  dressed  for  the  occasion.  In  the  Hermbad,  you 
may  see  the  curious  spectacle  of  people  seated  up  to  their  necks  in 
the  bath,  with  coffee,  books,  cards,  newspapers,  work,  &c..  before 
them  ou  little  floating  tables,  or  goseipiug  together  or  with  theii 


174 


MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,   ETC. 


friends,  who  look  on  from  the  wooden  gallery  which  runs  aronnd 
the  wall.  The  waters  are  both  drank  and  bathed  iu,  being  considered 
excellent  for  weak  nerves,  palsy,  diseases  of  the  skin,  and  many 
chronic  complaints.     Elevation,  4675  feet  above  the  sea. 

Poor  Man's  Vapor  Bath.  Heat  two  or  three  bricks  and  place 
them  under  the  i:iatient's  chair,  sprinkle  some  water  over  the  bricks, 
and  cover  the  patient  to  keep  iu  the  steam,  or,  a  large  lump  of  quick 
lime  placed  in  a  pan  or  old  iron  pot  and  sprinkled  with  waier,  or 
wrapped  up  in  a  wet,  coarse  towel.  Neither  of  tliet  e  methods,  however, 
are  nt  all  comparable  to  the  efficiency  of  a  jiroperly  administered  va- 
por bath,  either  pure  or  medicated,  in  which  the  temperature  of  tlie 
steam,  &c.,  can  be  regulated  as  follows:  Temperature  of  tepid  vapor 
bath,  to  be  breathed,  90°  to  100°,  warm  ditto  100°  to  110°,  hot  ditto 
110°  to  130°;  not  to  be  breathed,  tepid  bath,  £-G°  to  lOJo,  warm  106° 
to  120°,  hot  120°  to  1:30°.  These  baths  have  performed  wonders  in 
cases  of  chronic  rheumatism,  stiffness  of  joints,  ijidurations,  diarrhoea, 
suppressions,  &c. 

The  Spo.vce  Bath  is  a  means  of  health  of  such  transcendant  im- 
portance, tlint  in  the  absence  of  other  bathing  facilities,  it  should  never 
be  neglected  for  a  single  d;!y.  It  is  a  powerful  consevver  of  health, 
and  affords  positive  relief  in  almost  every  phase  of  d;sea,«e.  The 
water  may  be  used  of  any  desired  temperature.  Apply  with  a  towel 
or  sponge,  and  when  through  polish  off  with  a  regular  hard  finish 
with  a  coarse  towel,  or  still  better,  two  of  tliem,  well  laid  on,  the  last 
one  drv,  to  iii''  .  ■   .:  _' _  .'."  .  :i  ;'..•_■  .-r;.'..!  I  ■.■  iti  u  u. 


Fig.  1.  Fig.  2. 

The  Sitting  or  Sitz  Bath,  Fig.  1,  should  be  arranged  to  admit 
of  the  complete  immersion  of  the  lower  part  of  the  back  and  abdo- 
minal regions,  the  thighs,  &c.,  with  ample  room  for  laving  the  water 
and  kneading  the  parts.  The  cold  tonic  bath  given  in  this  way  is  «i- 
cellent  for  diseases  of  the  kidneys,  bladder,  nrino-genital  organs, 
pUes,  constipation,  &c.  In  cases  of  colic,  spasm,  griping  pains, 
gravel,  suppressed  or  painful  menstruation,  inflammation,  &c.,  it 
ehould  be  given  warm  in  order  to  prove  effective.  Cover  the  patient, 
If  need  be,  to  prevent  catching  cold.  The  cuts  are  borrowed  from  an 
excellent  little  work  by  Dr.  trail,  entitled,  "The  Bath  :  iU  History 
and  Uses  in  Health  and  Disease;"  published  by  S.  R.  Wells,  New 
York.  --  ^ 


MBDICAL    DEPARTMENT,    ETC. 


175 


The  Heap  Bath,  Fig.  2,  is  taken  by  placing  the  patient  on  his 
back,  on  a.  mattress,  with  his  head  in  a  shallow  basin  (made  with  a 
depression  in  tlie  rim  to  accommodate  the  neck)  with  about  3  inches 
of  water,  warm  or  cold,  as  may  be  desired.  A  most  excellent  cooling 
application  for  allectious  of  the  head,  brain,  &c. 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


The  Douche  Bath,  Fig.  3,  consists  of  a  jet  of  water  used  as  a 
stimulant  in  lethargic  states  of  the  system ;  also  as  a  remedy  for  swel- 
lings, sprains,  stifE  joints,  rheumatic  affections,  &c.,  applied  directly 
to  the  parts,  as  shown  above.  A  jet  from  a  hose  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  the  douche  bath  in  certain  cases.  _ 

The  Shallow  Bath,  Fig.  4,  may  be  used  'with  immense  advan- 
tage both  by  invalids  and  persons  in  health ;  the  water  may  be  used 
at  any  desired  temperature,  not  more  than  6  inches  deep,  contained  in 
a  spacious  tub.  The  water  should  be  thoroughly  applied  over  tho 
breast,  abdomen,  sides,  thighs,  and  extremities;  the  head  should  be 
wet,  and  water,  cold,  or  otherwise,  as  desired,  poured  over  the  neck 
and  shoulders  by  an  a.':sistant.  This  bath  is  exceUent  for  brain  affec- 
tions, headache,  «S:c.  Tlie  bath  may  be  used  for  from  5  to  15  minutes  j 
rub  thoroughly  to  dry  and  induce  a  healthy  glow  on  the  skin. 

The  Wet  Sheet  Pack,  Fig.  5.  This  is  a  most  powerful  remedial 
agent  for  iu%-alids.  Immerse  a  cotton  or  linen  sheet  in  a  pail  of  cold 
water,  remove  the  bed  clothes  from  the  mattress,  and  on  the  mattress 
spread  a  coverlet;  then  two  or  three  blanket*?,  next,  wring  out  th© 
•wet  sheet  in  the  bucket  of  water,  and  spread  it  over  the  blankets.  The 
patient  will  now  warm  his  feet,  divest  himself  of  clothing,  and  place 
himself  at  full  length  on  the  cold  wet  sheet,  with  his  hands  placed  over 
his  breast  The  sheet,  blankets  and  coverlets  are  now  tucked  in  close- 
ly all  around  his  body  by  an  attendant,  the  head  is  elevated  on  pil- 
lows, and  covered  with  a  wet  cloth.  The  first  sensation  is  that  of  a 
chill,  which  gives  place  almost  immediately  to  a  comfortable  glow, 
gradually  increasing  to  a  sweat.  The  patient  should  remain  in  tn« 
Dack  from  25  minutes  to  an  hour  or  more.    Some  have  been  kuow9 


176 


MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT,    ETC. 


to  fall  asleep  in  it.  To  receive  the  fullest  benefit,  it  shotild  be  followed 
at  ouce  by  a  plunge  Ixith  (See  Fig.  6),  or  thorough  ablution  in  cold 
■wat«r  previous  to  dressing.  Then  rub  with  friction  by  means  of  a 
coarse  towel.  In  cases  of  severe  disease,  the  benefit  of  this  treat- 
ment is  manifest  from  tiie  very  offensive  odor  imparted  by  the  per- 


'^fel 


PiG.  5, 


Fig.  6. 


spirations  to  the  sheet.  Jlercnry,  also,  ■which  had  lodged  in  the  sys- 
tem for  years,  having  teen  taken  under  the  guise  of  calomel,  hns 
been  withdrawn  through  the  iK^res  by  the  wet  sheet,  and  detected  in 
its  woven  fr.bric.  Tlie  wet  sheet  pack  is  of  great  value  in  fevers,  colds 
chronic  disease.*,  and  general  deningement  of  the  system. 

Spieit  Yapor  Bath.  The  pntieut  divested  of  all  clothing  except 
a  night  shirt,  is  sented  on  a  wooden  bottomed  chair,  and  well  covered 
before  rnd  behind  wltli  blankets  or  coverlets  reaching  from  his 
shoulder- 1)  the  floor.  A  saucer  containing  a  few  spoonfuls  of  alcho- 
hol,  whisliey  or  any  spirit  that  will  bum,  is  now  placed  on  the  floor 
under  the  chair  and  ignited.  The  vapor  ascends,  and.  confined  by  the 
blankets,  it  will  soon  induce  a  corious  perspiration  from  every  pore  of 
the  body  subject  to  its  action-  The  spirit  may  be  replenished  when  it 
bums  out,  but  not  while  burning  or  while  under  the  patient,  owing 
to  the  possible  resiilting  danger.  The  operation  is  highly  beneficial  to 
the  system,  and  may  last  from  10  to  15  minutes,  or  until  a  free  per- 
spiration is  induced?  Be  careful  that  no  damage  results  to  the  patient 
or  his  clothing  from  the  burning  spirit. 

For  Spoxcio  Pilcs'E,  see  Portable  Bath. 

Sulphur  a^td  Medicated  Baths. — The  former  is  compounded  by 
mixing  snlphuret  of  potassium  4  ozs.  and  sulphuric  acid  1  oz.  in  30 
gals,  of  water.  The  latter  are  decoctions  of  vegetable  or  other  mate- 
rials in  water,  in  which  the  iwtient  is  immersed :  or.  it  can  be  applied 
■with  a  sponge  if  so  desired,  and  may  be  tepid,  warm,  or  hot,  as  pre- 
ferred. 

The  Atr  Bath,  taken  by  exposing  the  naked  body  to  the  air  in  a 
cool  room,  is  very  salutary  and  beneficial.  When  not  carried  too  far, 
it  is  very  soothing  in  its  effects,  and.  in  wakeful  states,  is  promotive 
of  Bleep.  The  g(X)d  effects  are  greatly  enhanced  by  friction  with  a 
towel  doling  exposure.    The  same  remarks  are  eminently  true  when 


MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT.  17T 

understood  of  sun-bathing,  or  exposure  of  the  nnde  body  to  the  sna, 
■which,  in  certain  diseased  conditions,  has  a  most  vivifying  and  in- 
vigorating effect. 

GALVA2ac,  Electric,  asv  Maoxetic  Baths.— The  first  is  taken 
by  placing  the  patient  in  a  wooden  bath  tub  (or  in  a  painted  metallic 
tub),  filled  with  water  impregnated  with  any  desired  drug.  The  nega- 
tive pole  of  the  battery  is  suspended  in  the  water,  and  a  wire  con- 
nected witli  the  ix)sitive  pole,  with  a  sponge  attached,  communicates 
with  the  body.  The  electric  current  from  the  positive  pole  enters  the 
body  and  escapes  through  the  pores.  The  effect  is  beneficial  in  the 
highest  degree.  An  electro-positive  bath  is  given  while  the  patient  is 
eeated  on  a  chair,  insulated  by  placing  glass  under  the  feet.  While 
the  glass  plate  of  tlie  electric  machine  is  being  revolved,  the  patient 
holds  the  prime  conductor,  and  his  body  becomes  charged  with  posi- 
tive electricity.     The  effect  is  ^  ery  stimulating  to  deficient  vitality. 

The  Acid  Bath  is  liighly  beneficial  in  liver  and  other  complaints, 
and  may  be  comixiunded  with  water  acidified  with  vinegar,  or  with 
water,  SO  gals.,  muriatic  acid,  1-1  ozs.  fse  the  latter  in  a  wooden  tub 
or  non-metallic  vessel,  as  the  acid  is  inimical  to  metals. 

The  Shower  Bath,  with  cold  water,  never  fails  to  produce  a 
shock  which  nervous  and  weak  patients  find  it  very  hard  to  with- 
stand; but,  to  persons  of  strong  constitution,  it  cannot  fail  to  prove 
beneficial,  for  the  shock  is  usually  succeeded  by  a  most  agreeable  re- 
action. This  bath  may,  however,  be  rendered'agreeable,  even  to  tka 
feeble,  by  the  use  of  tepid  or  warm  water,  applied  in  the  form  of  a 
delicate  spray,  passed  through  minute  perforations  in  a  tin  vessel 
placed  overhead,  and  fitted  with  a  proper  apparatus  for  regulating  the 
descent. 

The  Foot  Bath  is  calcukited  to  produce  the  most  decided  benefit 
in  correcting  cold  feet,  induced  by  liver  complaint,  etc.;  also,  to  relieve 
heat  in  the  head,  caused  by  fullness  of  blood  on  the  bram.  with  cold 
extremities.  In  such  cases,  use  warm  or  hot  water,  with  the  addition 
of  mustard  or  cayenne  pepper.  In  cases  of  swelled  limbs,  ulcers, 
rheumatic  pains,  etc.,  great  relief  v.  ..II  be  obtained  by  extending:  the 
treatment  to  the  legs,  knees,  limbs,  etc.,  thoroughly  washing  and  lav- 
ing the  parts. 

The  MrD  Bath,  equivocal  as  it  may  appear,  is  nevertheless  one 
of  the  most  powerful  remedial  agents.  On  the  principle  that  charcoal 
purifies  foul  water,  absorbing  its  impurities,  so  mud  acts  on  the  body, 
opening  the  pores,  withdrawing  effete  niatter,  coolinc  the  skin,  and 
curing  disease.  K  any  diseased  person  doubts  this,  let  him  put  it  to 
the  test 

The  Iodixe  B.\th,  for  adults,  is  compounded  of  iodine,  1  dr.; 
iodide  of  pota.^sium,  2  drs. ;  water,  20  gals.  For  children's  use,  it 
phould  be  weaker.  It  is  not  adapted  for  indiscriminate  use,  but  for 
diseases  affecting  the  glands,  tubercular  troubles,  scrofula,  etc.  The 
iodine  vaix)r  bath  may  be  used  as  described  under  spirit  vapor  bath. 

The  TiTiKiSH  Bath,  by  means  of  dry  heated  air,  Is  one  which 
may  be,  and  often  is,  productive  of  much  benefit  in  diseased  con- 
ditions of  the  body,  but  is  most  inimical  to  health  when  used  with 
regularity  as  a  social  enjoyment  or  luxury.  Wherever  it  has  become 
X  national  custom,  this  bath  has  always  proved  the  principal  agency 
In  sealing  the  doom  of  that  nation,  aa  witness  the  collapsed  Rome  of 
the  pa&t,  and  the  raellDg  Turkey  of  the  present.    In  reference  to  this, 

12 


178  MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT. 

one  of  the  most  prominent  medical  practitioners  of  the  day,  Dn 
EichardsoQ.  of  London,  vrrites  to  the  British  Medical  Review,  as  fol« 
lows:  ■'  I  predict  it  will  be  the  same  here,  under  the  same  principles. 
I  predict  ttu^t  whenever  Englishmen  give  up  the  active  occupjitions  I 
have  named  (he  had  been  urging  healthy  men  to  spend  the  time  re- 
quired for  the  bath  in  digging,  walking,  rowing,  rifle  drill,  cricketinjj, 
etc.).  and.  in  slippered  jiautaloons,  luxuriate  daily  in  a  bath,  to  rid 
themselves  of  the  products  of  excretion,  then  this" country  will  have 
passed  it*  zenith  Then  there  \*-ill  be  no  great  hero  t<j  bid  every  man 
do  his  duty,  no  man  to  do  the  duty,  and  no  England  for  which  the 
duty  shouli  be  done." 

The  foregoing,  presenting  a  choice  of  between  20  and  30  different 
methods  of  bathing,  is  of  great  utility  to  all,  but  especially  so  in  the 
prevention  and  cure  of  the  complex  "and  delicate  affections  to  which 
iemales  are  liable,  and  which  call  for  such  careful  treatment  from 
medical  practitioners.  There  is  room  for  deep  regret  tliat  this  class 
of  diseases  has  opened  a  vride  field  for  the  operations  of  numerous 
Tapacious  and  incompetent  men,  who  are  a  disgrace  to  the  profession, 
and  whose  ravenous  proclivities  and  infamous  practices  blind  them  to 
everything  but  the  acquisition  of  plunder.  The  medical  profession,  as 
a  claiss,  have  always  been  held  in  high  estimation;  so  much  so.  that, 
during  the  reign  of  the  Emiieror  Augustus,  they  were  exempted  from 
the  payment  of  taxes ;  and  that  there  should  be  so  many  cormoniuts 
in  their  ranks,  is  regretted  by  none  more  sincerely  than  by  the  resi)ect- 
able  members  of  the  profession.  The  real  iraixjstor  is  generally 
known  by  his  resonant  puffs,  in  the  shape  of  advertisements,  in 
which,  while  uttering  the  most  savage  maledictions  against  quacks 
and  quackery,  he  almost  Liys  personal  claim  to  the  powers  of  omnipo- 
tence in  the  cure  of  disease.  These  incorrigible  rascals  generally 
parade  a  dazzlmg  list  of  fictitious  certificates  of  cures  performed  by 
them  where  every  other  doctor  had  failed;  but  they  will  not  hesitate 
to  act  the  thief  as  nearly  as  the  law  allows,  and  strip  tlieir  victim  of 
his  or  her  last  dollar,  ea^acted  for  services  fifty  times  Vorse  than  use- 
less. 

Grateful,  indeed,  should  he  be  who  escapes  with  nothing  worse 
than  the  loss  of  his  money.  The  advertising  quack  is  generally  a 
dead  shot,  (something  of  the  Dr.  Hornbook  genus,  as  immortalized  by 
Bum-s.  very  profuse  in  his  promises  to  cure  disease  and  conceal  in- 
firmities, but  like  his  illustrious  prototype,  very  uncanny,  and  alto- 
gether too  ready  to  send  his  patients  "  aff  to  their  lang  hame,  to  hide 
them  there." 

In  England,  previous  to  the  advent  of  the  modem  newspaper,  the 
quack  used  to  transfcrm  himself  into  a  living  advertisement,  by  itin- 
erating through  the  provincial  towns  in  a  blazing  uniform,  dressed 
like  a  mountebank,  with  cocked  hat  and  wig.  Accompanied  by  an 
assistant,  he  would  mount  a  platform,  gather  an  immense  crowd,  and 
proceed  to  deliver  an  extravagant  euloginra  on  his  profound  skill,  pro- 
digious wealth,  and  the  wonderful  ^irtues  of  his  pills,  panaceas  and 
elixirs,  as  he  offered  them  for  sale.  The  asv«istant.  who  seemed  to  an- 
swer to  the  character  of  a  modern  clown  in  a  circus,  would  aid  with 
the  sales,  and  keep  up  the  farce  by  making  witty  remarks  on  the  doc- 
tor's wild  averments-  For  example,  after  listening  to  the  doctor's 
statements  regarding  his  boundless  wealth,  and  great  condescension 
in  consenting  to  travel  for  the  purpose  of  healing  the  sick,  as  he  wa« 


Broiled  Veniaon . . . 

M 

Boiled  B€an8 

.  87 

Potatoes 

22^ 

BoUed  Kice 

.  8S 

Fried  Veal 

24 

Barlev  Bread 

.  88 

Koast  Pork 

24 

Wheat  Bread 

.  90 

Koast  Poultry 

26 

Baked  Corn  Bread  . 

.  91 

Kaw  Beef 

26 

Boiled  Barley 

.  9-J 

"    Grapes 

,  27 

Butter 

.  9a 

"    Plnms 

29 

Boiled  Peas 

.  93 

Broiled  Mutton 

30 

Baw  Oils 

.  95 

Oatmeal  Porridge. 

75 

Bye  Bread 

79 

MEDICAL  DEPAETMEin'.  179 

Dot  obliged  to  do  eo  for  want,  the  clown  wonld  announce  to  the  aa- 
dience  that  "  The  doctor  tells  the  truth,  we  doant  need  to  travel  for 
want,  for  we  hare  enoof  of  that  at  hoam."  The  resnlt  is  a  ioud 
laturh,  the  crowd  is  in  good  humor,  the  pills,  elixirs,  etc,  are  sold, 
and  the  buyers  are  sold  at  the  same  time. 

Practical  Dietetic  Economies. — The  following:  table,  com- 
piled from  various  authorities,  is  eminently  and  practically  nsefnl, 
presenting  as  it  does  at  a  glance  the  available  percentage  of  nutritiv* 
elements  contained  in  the  leading  staples  used  as  human  food. 

£aw  Cncninbers ...    2 

"    Melons  3 

Boiled  Turnips....    4^ 

Milk    7 

Cabbage 7^ 

Onrrants lo 

Whipped  Eggs 13 

Beets 14 

Apples 16 

Peaches 20 

Boiled  Codfish  ....  21 

For  further  details  on  this  subject  see  tables  on  pp.  623  and  765. 
The  figures  present  a  diversity,  but  the  general  results  are  fixed  and 
invariable,  presenting  to  the  economist  the  relative  amount  of  nutri- 
ment supplied  by  each  kind  of  food.  From  ttie  evidence  presented 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  most  wholesome  and  nutritious  articles,  aa 
oatmeal,  flour,  peas,  beans,  rice,  crushed  wheat,  corn  bread,  etc.,  are 
vastly  superior  to  beef  in  supplying  effective  ability  to  labor,  besides 
being,  in  the  leading  markets  of  the  world,  obtainable  at  about  one- 
third  the  price  of  tli3  latter.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  nutriment  sup- 
plied by  beef  is  26  per  cent,  while  the  cereals  yield  from  75  to  95  per 
cent. ;  while  there  is  no  room  for  dispute  as  to  the  comparative 
healthiness  of  the  different  kinds  of  diet.  The  bounding  circulation, 
good  digestion,  and  mental  activity  enjoyed  by  day,  together  with 
the  sound  sleep  accorded  by  night,  to  tiie  man  who  prefers  plain  to 
luxurious  living,  and  vegetable  to  animal  food,  are  certainly  well 
wortQ  striving  for.  If  a  fair  percentage  of  wholesome  ripe  fruit  be 
used  wit±i  the  above  noted  diet,  its  value  and  the  enjoyment  of  using 
it  will  be  greatly  enhanced.  After  all  that  can  be  said,  pro  and  con, 
touching  a  vegetable  diet,  certain  are  we  that  the  average  man  who 
limits  himsell  to  a  weil-selected  regimen  of  veiretable  food  will,  ac- 
cidents aside,  go  through  life  with  a  clear  mind  in  a  he4»lthy  bodv, 
will  sleep  sounder,  andcome  nearer  the  alloted  age  of  threescore 
and  ten,  have  a  better  digestion,  and  have  fewer  headaches,  than  the 
man  who  indulges  in  roast  beef  with  the  usual  variations  ad  libitum. 

Effects  of  tue  Solar  Light  ox  Lunatics. — Dr.  Ponza,  di- 
rector of  the  Lunatic  Asylum  at  Alessandria,  Piedmont,  bavin?  con- 
ceived the  idea  that  the  solar  rays  might  have  some  curative  power 
in  diseases  of  the  brain,  the  experiment  was  tried  in  rooms  lighted 
by  stained  glass,  the  walls  being  painted  the  same  color  as  the  win- 
dows. The  patients  passed  the  night  in  rooms  oriented  to  the  east 
and  south,  and  painted  and  glazed  as  above.  One  of  them,  affected 
with  morbid  taciturnity,  became  gray  and  affable  after  3  hours'  stay  in 
a  red  chamber;  another,  a  maniac  who  refused  all  food,  asked  for 
»ome  breakfast  after  having  stayed  Si  hours  in  the  same  red  cham- 


180  ICEDICAL   DEPARTMENT. 

ber.  In  a  blue  one.  a  highly  excited  madman  with  a  straight  waij^ 
coat  on,  was  kept  all  day,  ah  hour  after  he  appeared  much  calmer. 
The  action  of  blue  light  is  very  intense  on  the  optic  nerve,  and  seema 
to  cause  a  eort  of  oppre^ion.  A  patient  was  made  to  pass  the  night 
in  a  violet  chamber  ;  on  the  following  day  he  begged  Dr.  Ponza  to 
send  him  home,  because  he  felt  himself  cured,  and  indeed  he  has 
been  well  ever  since.  Dr.  Ponza's  conclusions  from  his  experiments, 
are  these:  "The  violet  rays,  are,  of  all  others,  those  that  possea» 
the  most  intense  electro-chemical  power.  The  red  light  is  also  very 
rich  in  calorific  rays:  blue  light,  on  the  contrary,  is  quite  devoid  of 
them,  as  well  as  of  chemical  and  electric  ones.  Its  beneficent  influ- 
ence is  hard  to  explain  ;  as  it  is  the  absolute  negation  of  all  excite- 
ment, it  succeeds  admirably  in  calming  the  furious  excitement  of 
maniacs." 

Weak  Back. — Take  a  beefs  gaU,  pour  into  it  1  pint  alcohol,  and. 
bathe  frequently.     It  acts  like  a  charm. 

SPR-A.INED  AjntvLE. — Wash  the  ankle  frequently  with  cold  salt 
and  water,  which  is  far  better  than  warm  vinegar  or  decoctions  of 
herbs.  Keep  your  foot  ss  cold  as  possible  to  prevent  intiammation, 
ani  sit  w.th  it  elevated  on  a  cushion. 

Spittixg  of  blood. — ^Two  spoonfuls  of  sage  juice  in  a  little 
honey,  will  speedily  stop  either  spitting  or  vomiting  blood,  or,  take 
20  grains  in  water  every  two  hours. 

Apoplexy. — Occurs  only  in  the  corpulent  or  among  high  livers. 
To  treat — raise  the  head  in  a  nearly  upright  jKisitiou  ;  unloose  all 
tight  clothes,  strings,  etc.,  and  apply  cold  water  to  the  head,  and 
■warm  water  and  warm  cloths  to  the  feet  Have  the  apartment  cool 
and  well  ventilated.  Give  nothing  by  the  mouth  imtil  the  breathing 
is  relieved,  and  t'len  only  draughts  of  cold  water. 

BRir.HT's  Disease.  —  Dr.  Arthur  Scott  Donkin,  extols  a  ekim 
milk  dietinthii  dise;ise.  "The  first  appreciable  aition,"  he  Bays, 
'•  of  skim  milk  taken  to  the  extent  of  6  or  7  pts.  daily,  is  that  of  a 
most  energetic  diaretic  a  profuse  flow  of  urine  being  rapidly  pro- 
duced. Tae  effect  of  this  in  Bright's  disease,  is  to  flush  the  nrinifer- 
ous  tubules,  and  to  dislodge  and  wash  out  the  concrete  casts  of  dis- 
eised  epithelial  cells  by  which  they  are  blocked  up  and  di.-tended. 
The  emptying  of  the  tubules  relieves  their  pressure  on  the  surround- 
ing secondary  capilLiries,  the  blood  begins  to  flow  more  freely  through 
them,  the  distension  of  tlie  primary  malpighian  capillaries,  is  re- 
lieved ;  less  and  less  albumen  escapes  through  their  walls,  until  the 
renal  circulation  is  gradually  restored,  when  it  finally  disappears 
from  the  urine.  While  this  beneficial  change  is  progressing,  healthy 
epithelium  is  developed  in  the  tubules,  and  the  urinary  excrement  is 
■withdrawn  from  the  blood.  In  short,  a  healthy  nutrition  becomes 
re-estiblished  in  the  kidneys  through  the  agency  of  milk,  which, 
above  all  other  substances,  seems  to  exercise  a  controlling  influence 
over  this  i>roces.s. 

Remehy  fob  Gorr  axd  Rhettmattsm. — Gum  guaiacum,  1  ok.  ; 
rhubarb  in  powder,  2  drs. ;  flour  of  sulphur,  2  ozs. ;  cream  of  tartar, 
1  oz.,  ginger  powder  1  oz.;  make  into  an  electuary  with  molasses. 
Dose  :  2  teasooonfuls,  night  and  morning.  Rhenrtmtic  Plaster,  resin  j 
lb.,  sulphur  I  lb.,  melt  them  by  a  slow  fire  ;  then  add  cayenne  pepper 
1  oz.,  camphor  gum  ^  oz.  Stir  well  till  mixed,  and  temper  with  neats- 
foot  oil.  To  guard  against  rheumatism,  adhere  to  a  regular  diet 
breath  pore  air.  and  avoid  exposure. 


Mbdical  departmewt. 


IS] 


HTDCSTRy  PROMOUES  BODILT  HEALTH  AND  MENTAL  ACTiriTT. 

Every  true  man  will  most  willingly  concur  in  the  royal  assevem- 
tion  of  old  king  Solomon,  that  the  pric«  of   a  wise,  virtuous,  and 

food  wonmn,  "is  far  above  rubies.'''    Poet*  of  evwy  ag«  and  rac«, 
BTeioBg  her  {«dj»*g,  e£d  cmny  a  mas  hfi£  had  atmsdeut  Teseon  «» 


182  HEDICAL   DEPAETMEKT. 

thank  hit  Maker  for  an  inettinuiblc  blessing  In  tiie  eompanionshlp  of 
a  virtuous,  loving,  devoted  and  afEectionate  wile.  Wha:  earthly 
prize  can  for  a  moment  be  compared  with  this.  In  her  person  we  se* 
the  perfection  of  lovelineso— modesty,  grace,  and  beautj- ;  iu  her 
voice  we  hear  the  sweetest  music  ;  in  her  mind  we  see  a  fragrant 
blending  of  the  most  attractive  attribntes.  and  the  nearest  created 
approximation  to  that  Love  which  is  Induite.  Sherlock  avers  that 
'•  The  percei'tlon  of  woman  is  as  quick  as  hghtning.  Her  penetra- 
tion is  inioition:  almost  instinct.  By  a  glance  she  will  draw  a  deep 
and  just  conclusion-  Ask  her  how  she  formed  it,  and  she  cannot 
answer  the  question.  While  she  trusts  her  instinct  she  is  scarcely 
ever  deceived,  but  she  is  generally  lost  when  she  commences  to  rea- 
son." 

Every  one  knows  that  this  is  true,  bnt  verv  few  know  the  reason 
whv  it  is  so.  This  we  find  unfolded  in  the  following  quotation  from 
the' illumined  Swedenborg  :  "  The  mnn  is  bom  to  be  inteUectual. 
thus  to  think  from  the  understanding,  but  the  woman  is  bom  to  be 
voluntary,  thus  to  think  from  the  will ;  which  also  is  evident  from  the 
inclination  or  connate  disposition  of  each,  as  also  from  their  fonn. 
From  the  disposition,  in  that  the  man  acts  from  reason,  but  the 
woman  from  affection.  From  the  form,  iu  that  the  man  has  a 
rougher  and  less  beautifal  face,  a  heavier  epeech.  and  a  harder  body, 
but  the  woman  has  a  smoother  and  more  beautiful  face,  a  more  ten- 
der speech,  and  a  softer  body.  Similar  is  the  distinction  between 
the  understanding  and  the  will,  or  between  thought  and  affection." 
Again,  "The  male  is  bom  into  the  affection  of  knowing,  of  uuder- 
Btanding.  and  of  being  wise,  and  the  female  is  bom  into  the  love  of 
conjoining  herself  with  that  affection  in  the  male."  The  special  at- 
tributes of  the  will  principle  are  perception,  affection,  and  every  re- 
sultant feminine  grace,  or  in  one  word — Love. 

The  question  which  eclii^ses  all  ethers  in  importan'-e  is.  How  shall 
this  mo«t  precious  qoalitv  t«  trained  and  cultivated  ?  Or.  into  what 
channels  should  its  course  be  guided  and  directed  ?  On  tliis  snbiert, 
hear  Swedenborg  once  more  :  "  Love  truly  conjugal,  considered  ta 
its  origin,  and  its  correswndence,  is  heavenly,  spiritual,  pure,  and 
clean,  above  everv  love  which  is  with  the  angels  of  heaven  and  the 
men  of  the  church."  Again,  '•  I  know  that  few  will  acknowledge, 
that  all  jov3  and  delisht^,  from  first  to  last  are  eathered  into  coniu- 
gal  love,  because  that  love  tmlv  ooniugal.  is  at  this  day  so  rare,  that 
what  it  is  is  not  known,  and  "scarcely  that  it  is.  \S  e  may  leara 
from  this,  that  love  is  of  heavenly  origin,  and  was  given  that  it  might 
be  used  for  heavenlv  ends  and  purposes.  It  follows  from  this  there- 
fore, that  in  order  to  att-nin  to  a  fuU  and  healthy  mental  and  physical 
development,  it  is  iinperion.«lv  necessary  that  immorality  and  un- 
chastitv  in  everv  fom\.  should  be  discountenanced  and  shunned,  .or 
it  is  oniv  in  total  aletinence  from  impnritv  and  illicit  pleasures,  that 
we  can' find  immnnitv  from  r^iin.  desradation.  and  death,  ims  is 
true  in  the  ca.se  of  man,  and  it  is  still  more  so  in  the  case  of  woman, 
for  m  almost  everv  ca.=e  after  the  first  fal.se  step,  she  is  led  on  to 
swift  destruction  bv  the  ascendancy  of  her  affections,  without  being 
arrested  in  her  career  bv  the  wholesome  restraint  of  the  reflective  or 
reasoning  faculties  wliieh  ooerate  *>  lowerfully  in  man.  Every 
means  should  be  employed  that  will  operate  to  prevent  such  a  baleful 
eoMommation,    All  obscene,  immoial,  aad  impure  books,  everything 


ITEDICAL  DI:PART3IE>-T.  183 

hi  the  shnp*  of  literature  which  t^nds  to  inJllame  the  paseiOBB,  pro- 
mote licentiousness,  and  corrode  parity  of  mind,  should  be  at  once 
depositt^d  iu  the  only  place  where  they  will  prove  inocuous — in  th^ 
fire.  Labor  to  elevate  and  train  the  laculties  of  the  &oul  in  the  love 
and  practice  of  what  is  good  and  true;  rule  the  propensities,  and 
h»ld  them  in  abeyance,  remembering  that  no  victory  is  at  all  com- 
parable with  that  obtained  over  self. 

Perhaps  the  intenscit  longinij  of  which  a  good  woman's  heart  is 
susceptible,  is  after  union  and  intimate  coniunclion  with  a  worthy 
husbaud.  It  may  be  no  news  to  inform  sucn  women  that  nothing 
attracts  the  opposite  sex  to  them  compared  with  a  tender  and  win- 
ning manner,  blended  with  feminine  sweetness  of  temper.  The 
sweet  temper  is  a  crowning  charm,  together  with  the  female  grace 
which  oeems  to  so'.icitaud  invite,  while  at  the  same  lime  it  modestly 
repels.  Men  never  respect  boldness  or  audacity  in  women.  What 
they  most  desire  to  see  in  them  Is  something  in  which  they  are  dc 
cidedly  deficient  themselves.  Prof.  Tyndall,  the  scientist,  a  man  of 
great  scientific  attainments,  is  now  fifty-six  yeirs  of  age,  and  but 
lately  rairried.  On  being  interrogated  by  a  friend  previous  to  his 
marri;ize,  as  to  what  attractions  he  saw  in  his  intended  which  drew 
forth  h;s  preference  for  her  more  than  for  others,  the  characteristic 
reply  was;  "Less  dyoamic  force."  It  has  been  so  in  all  ages,  and 
will's  J  continue. 

In  every  possible  wr-y  try  to  act  in  a  natnral  and  becoming  man- 
ner, without,  naectatiou.  Dress  according  to  your  means  and  sta- 
tion, if  you  will,  but  always  iu  a  modest,  unassuming  style,  and  dis- 
card at  once  and  forever  oU  those  wretched  shams  and  miserable 
appliances  in  the  shape  of  padding,  painting,  perfuming,  curling, 
l:ght  lacing,  etc.,  which  are  calculated  to  ruin  the  health  and  deceive 
the  obsener.  Cultivate  kindness,  cheerfulness,  an  even  quiet 
tcmr>i  r.  and  repress  asperities  of  every  kind. 

If  the  mother  be  endowed  with  physical  vigor,  a  pure  moral  char- 
acter, and  is,  in  Ler  domestic  relations,  a  becoming  model  of  all  that 
is  orderly,  clean,  prompt,  digniucd,  kind  and  loviue,  she  is  certain  in 
the  very  nature  of  things,  to  transmit  these  benettcient  qualities  to 
her  offspring,  and  through  them  a  blessing  to  society.  Let  all  parents 
know  that,  by  a  law  from  which  there  is  no  appeal,  those  very  quali- 
ties and  eudowments  of  miud  which  they  cultivate  i-i  themseives,  be 
they  good  or  evil,  they  by  that  vi  ry  act  implant  in  their  posterity. 

The  most  powerful  means  for  til  e  repression  of  evil  and  theelinTi- 
oation  of  eood,  is  constancy  in  some  useful  employment  of  body  cr 
mind.  Useful  industry  promotes  bodily  health,  enhatvccs  every 
female  grace,  sweetens  the  tempter,  and  beautifies  the  countenance. 
It  is  thegreat  safety-valve  which,  by  Divine  appoiutmeut,  is  designed 
to  absorb  and  utilize  the  surplus  enenry  dispensed  to  every  healthy 
human  beinif  during  the  prime  of  life,  and  which,  if  spent  in  idle- 
ness, frivolity,  dissipation,  or  seaseiuss  gossiping,  is  certain  to  pro- 
duce the  most  maliimant  evils. 

Ladies  should  never  neirlect  pure  air,  andabundant  out-door  ex- 
ercise, either  in  walkiusr,  carriage,  or  horseback  riding.  Confinement 
in  close  rooms,  with  stove  or  furnace  heat,  is  most  unfavorable  to 
robust  healtd.  It  is  all  important,  in  consideration  of  the  perform- 
ance of  those  high  and  holy  functions  eutrusted  to  woman,  that  the 
beautiful,  dclic;Ue,  and  exqui^lteiy  constructed  body  by  which  thos« 
faacUoi;8  are  accomplished,  sliooTd  he  kept  attuned  to 'the  most  per- 


1?4  MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT. 

feet  state  of  health.  The  mind  should  be  kept  free  from  moral  con- 
tamination of  every  kind,  and  trained  to  habits  of  pure  thought, 
Bobiietv  and  etabOity.  Nothing  can  be  of  greater  importance  t/j 
humanity  than  the  proper  adjustment  of  the  physical  and  mental 
equilibrium  of  -woman.  The  -^veal  or  woe  of  the  human  race  seeru  to 
tEm  on  this  primary-  essential  as  on  a  pivot.  What  our  children  ?.r'^. 
13  in  a  great  measure  what  their  mother's  have  made  them,  for  intlie 
turn  on  this  primary  e&sential  as  on  a  pivot.  What  our  children  are 
ir?  in  a  great  measure  what  their  mothers  have  made  them,  for  in  the 
rerv  nature  of  things,  children  are  in  the  mother's  hand,  like  plas- 
tic wax  under  the  seal,  and  the  impression  is  generally  in  harmony 
cither  with  what  she  has  taught  them  or  neglected  to  teach. 

Eqiually  important  is  the  duty  incumbent  on  every  female  to  vigi- 
lantly guard  against  forming  matrimonial  engagemeots  with  men  of 
defective  health  or  vitiated  morals.  The  neglect  oi  this  wise  precau- 
vx>n  has  caused  an  extent  of  misery  and  wretchedness  beyond  all 
hu^uan  conceptiun.  On  tliis  subject,  one  of  the  ablest  living  medical 
men,  Dr.  B.  W.  Richardson,  of  London,  England,  remarks  as  fol- 
lows: •'  The  first  step  towards  the  reduction  of  diseases  is,  beginning 
at  the  beginning,  to  provide  for  the  health  of  the  xmbora.  If  the 
intennaniage  of  disease  were  considered  in  the  same  light  as  the 
intennarriage  of  poverty,  the  hereditary  tnmsmission  of  disease 
would  be  at  an  end  in  three,  or  at  most,  four  generations."  He  re- 
marks in  another  place,  "  Gre^iter  care  than  is  at  present  manifested, 
ought  to  be  tiiben  with  women  who  are  about  to  become  mothers." 

As  many  estimable  ladies  are  pardonably  anxious  about  their 
chances  for  niarriage,  the  following  curious  statement,  by  Dr.  Gran- 
ville, is  drawn  up  from  the  registered  cases  of  87ij  married  women  in 
France.  It  is  the  first  table  ever  constructed  to  exhibit  to  ladies  their 
chances  of  marriages  at  varicca  ages.  Of  the  876  tabulated,  there 
were  married  : — 

Tears  of  age.         Years  of  age.         Years  of  age.        Years  of  age. 

3  at  13  118  at  20  28  at  27  5  at  34 

11  at  U  86  at  21  22  at  28  3  at  35 

16  at  1.5  So  at  22  17  at  29  0  at  36 

43  at  1*;  50  at  23  0  at  30  2  at  37 

45  at  17  r>:i  at  24  7  at  31       '  0  at  38 

77  at  IS  .36  at  25  5  at  32  1  at  39 

115  at  19  24  at  26  7  at  33  0  at  40 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  women,  and  men,  too.  in  England, 

Canada,  and  the  Northern  States,  are  no  nearer  maturity  at  20,  than 

the  French  at  18.     This  is  owing  to  the  warm  climate,   which  in 

France  accelerates  maturity  with   greater    rapidity  than  in  more 

northern  climes.    From  salutary  experience,  it  would  be  safe  to  say 

that  the  best  results  would  follow,  did  our  girls  not  marry  until  after 

20,  and  our  men  till  after  22,  or  evon  24. 

Women  married  at  25,  live  four  years  longer  than  unmarried 
ones;  72  married  women  live  to  45.  for  52  unmarried.  Among  mar- 
ried men,  41  attain  45.  for  18  immarried.  ^t  60,  there  are  48  married  men 
for  11  mim;irried.  At  80.  the  numbers  are  9  married  for  3  unmarried, 
Csrebeo-Spek.vl  Meningitis,  oe  Spotted  Fetek.  is  fre- 
<^aently  caused  by  bad  dl«t,  malaria,  cold,  repression  of  the  seci-e- 
tioiis.  ohangsable' weather,  etc.  It  is  a  mc=t  sQaligiiant  tiouble,  con- 
fitting  of  infla:araation  of  the  brain  said  spinal  marrow.  Jhare  in 
&ver,  pain  in  the  hwd;  rigidity  of  the  muicles,  intense  thirst,  ter- 
diile  lain,  and  a&  abnodanoe  of  purple  spots.    Ths  head  ii  forced 


MEDICAL    i  .  •  ...,X\IENT.  185 

baolrxard  with  fearful  agonj-,  the  intense  gnffering  induces  prostra- 
tions, stupidity,  deafness, — in  some  ca<-e3  blindne^,  and  if  the  dis- 
ease is  not  leJ-trained  by  skilful  treatment,  insensibilitA-  and  death. 
In  treating  this  dL«ea*ie.  keep  the  bowels  open,  and  the  "body  warm: 
immersion  in  a  hot  t«th,  made  strong  with  «altand  mii«t;ird.  is  good 
to  bring  the  bk>od  to  the  suriaoe.  Another  way  is  to  wrap  the  body 
in  a  woollen  blanket  wrung  out  of  hot  water,  and  place  outside  of  tho 
blanket  bottles  filled  with  hot  water,  and  cover  over  close,  as  de- 
scribed under  the  wet  sheet  pack  ;  this  will  induce  a  copious  perspir- 
ation and  afford  reUef.  Warm  ginger  tea  is  useful  to  geuei-ate  inter- 
nal heat,  and  tincture  of  pepper  for  outward  application,  with  fric- 
tion on  the  skin.  If  the  jjiilse  is  high,  give  two  to  three  drops  ex- 
tract of  VeralriDn  r?>jV?e  ( American  Hellebore),  every  hour,  diluted 
by  adding  1  te;ispoonfu]  of  water  to  each  diop  of  the  extract.  Guard 
ftgainst  con-tipation,  retention  ol  urine,  convulsions,  etc.,  and  if  the 
bead  is  severely  pained,  relieve  by  dry  cupping  over  the  neck  and  spin& 

Crovp  SvBtT. — Crushed  bktod  root,  2  leaspoonf uls  ;  vinegar,  2 
gills  ;  white  sugar,  8  tablesixwuiuls ;  boil  all  together  and  straia 
Dose,  from  |  to  1  teaspoonf  ul  every  hour  or  half  hour,  (warm)  accord, 
ing  to  the  severity  of  the  case.  Sponge  the  body  with  strong  salera- 
tus  water,  and  if  inflammation  exists,  give,  for  a  child  of  1  year,  a 
tea?p<:»ouful  (every  hour)  of  a  niixtui-e  of  5  drops  of  veratruni  in  20 
tKisp'.'onluls  of  vrater. 

bCLPUiRic  Ether. — Rectified  spirit,  3  lbs. ;  sulphuric  acid,  2  lbs. 
carbonate  of  potassa  (previously  ignited),  1  oz. ;  pour  2  lbs-  of  the 
spirit  into  a  glass  retort,  add  the  acid,  place  the  vessel  on  a  sand 
liath,  so  that  the  liquor  may  boil  as  soon  as  possible,  and  tlie  ether  as 
it  forms,  pass  over  into  a  weU  cooled  receiver;  continue  the  distilla- 
tion until  a  heavier  fluid  begins  to  pass  over,  then  lower  the  heat, 
add  the  remainder  of  the  spirit,  and  distil  as  before ;  pour  off  the 
supematent  jxirtion,  add  the  carbonate  of  potassa  for  one  hour; 
finally,  disMl  the  ether  from  a  large  retort,  and  keep  it  in  a  well- 
stoppered  bottle. 

Chix)KOForm. — Take  chloride  of  lime  (in  powder),  4  lbs.;  water, 
12  lbs. ;  mix  in  a  capacious  retort  or  still,  add,  of  rectified  spirit.  12 
fluid  ozs.,  and  cautiously  distil,  as  long  as  a  dense  liquid,  which  sinka 
in  tlie  water  it  passes  over  with,  is  produced  ;  separate  this  from  the 
water,  agibito  \t  with  a  little  sulphuric  acid,  and,  lastly,  rectify  from 
carbon-^.tf  of  Inrfi.  The  ov.]v  s:ife  way  known  of  purifying  chloro- 
form, r  w.iter  and  redistillation. 

Pnif  lU  prolonging  the  anaesthesia  in- 
duced!;      .           :.^      ,     . :  taueous  injection  of   a  solution 

contaiumg  1  gr.  of  acetate  oi  nuiqihia.  In  one  case  the  patient  slept 
12  bours  and  underwent  a  painful  operation,  without  any  sensation^ 
■whatever.  The  injection  performed  without  the  previous  inhalation 
of  chloroform,  produced  no  sucli  effect. 

Carboxip  Oxide  Gas,  is  inflammable,  but  arrests  animal  life. 
Carbonic  Ackl  Gas  maybe  Uaifjicd  as  follows  : — Get  a  strong  iron 
bottle,  strong  enough  to  re.«ist  a  pressure  of  40  atmospheres,  or  6(X1 
lbs.  to  the  square  inch  ;  put  into  it  about  4  ozs.  of  sodic  bicartxjnate, 
and  a  small  pot  containing  about  the  same  quantity  of  oil  of  \-itrioI, 
Insert  the  latter  carefully,  so  as  not  to  spill  any  :  close  the  bottle  with 
an  airtight  cnii.  surromid  by  a  mixture  of  ice  and  salt,  and  upset  the 
inner  pot.  The  gas  becomes  couviensed  and  liquified  in  the  bottle 
and  on  opening  the  bottle,  by  means  of  a  stop-eock  in  tlie  lid,  will 
fiish.  out,  and  i>art  will  fall  down  in  a  frozen  state  like  snow,    A  jd 


188 


MEDICAL   DEPABIMEKT. 


of  the  liquid  cstfbonic  add,  directed  on  the  "bulb  of  a  ppirU  tbennom- 
ettr.  made  it  fall  to  19i°  below  zero.  A  jet  passed  into  a  phial  is  ex- 
panded 400  time?,  and  the  cold  solidifies  it  as  a  vrhite  powder.  Then, 
jf  the  finder  is  placed  ou  the  ix>wder,  tlie  exjansion  repels  the  finger, 
the  cold  being  231°  beiow  zero  !  It  is  too  dangerously  cold  for  medi- 
cal applications,  but  a  mistiu-e  of  salt  and  tuelv  broken  ice,  hare 
been  used  to  promote  immunity  from  pain  during  amputation,  and  in- 
cases of  Esvere  headache.  Anjetthesia  may  also  be  produced  by 
projecting  a  ipray  of  sulphuric  ether  and  rliig'cline,  ■whicn  produces  a 
temporary  fi»€iiug,  daring  -which  time  an  opeir.tiGn  msy  be  per- 
formed witiiout  pain  to  tliS  patient,  alter  ■which  tl:»  pan*  thaw,  and 
»en--ilility  returns. 

Eri_£S  TO  EE  FOLLOArED  ET  THE  BT-?TA>-DEES  HT  CASE  OP  I^- 
JTBT  BT  MACH!>T3r   &C.,   'NrHXEE   SUEGICAL  ASSISTAJSCE   CAyNOX 

EE  oBTATvED,— In  Ciises  oitcv'-re  shock,  inducing  ijalenes*,  chiilinese, 
and  prostration,  place  the  suilerer  on  a  bed  with  the  head  but  slight- 
ly raised,  keep  up  Trannth  by  wrappinghim  tu  blankets  and  coverlets, 
a'ssiiied  by  bottles  c-ontaining  h^t  water,  or  by  warm  bricks,  wrap- 
ped in  cloths,  and  appUed  to  tie  armpits,  sides,  feet,  &c. .  stimulate 
with  table  gpooniul  doses  of  whi.ikey  or  brandy  every  15  or  20  minutes, 
unnl  partial  recovery,  and  nourish  by  giving  strong  "soup  occasionally. 
If  the  patient  is  not  bleeding,  do  not"  bind  the  limb  tight,  but  cover 
the  bruised  part  lightly  with  rags. 

If  bleeding  results,  do  not  try  to  stop  it  by  binding  up  the  wotmd, 
but  find  ti;e  anery  by  its  beatinj,  and  place  "a  firm  and  smooth  wad 
made  of  cloth  or  f.'.gs  rolled  up,  or  any  roimd  smooth  article  of  proper 
size,  wrapped  up  and  place  oicr  the  artery  as  shown  in  the  figures, 
tie  a  haudKerchief  around  the  Umb  and  tigbten  up :  put  a  stick  through 
nnd<?T  the  handkerchief  as  shown  in  Fig.  B,  giving  it  just  enough  of 
twi.-t  to  stop  the  bleeding,  then  enter  one  end  of  the  stick  under  the 
handkerchief  as  shown  iii  Fig.  C,  to  secure  the  bind.  When  the  leg 
is  bleeding  below  the  knee,  applv  the  pad  over  the  artery  at  the  back 
of  the  thigh,  as  shown  at  C,  on  t"ig.  A,  and  secure  in  front  as  above 
described. 


The  artery  in  the  thisb  runs  alone  the  inner  side  of  the  muscle  in 
front  near  the  bone.  A  little  above  the  knee,  it  passes  to  the  back  of 
the  bone.  In  injuries  at  or  above  the  knee,  apply  the  compress  high 
upon  tlie  imier  side  of  the  thiizh.  at  the  point  where  two  thumbs  meet 
at  C  .on  Fig.  D,  with  the  knot  on  the  outer  side  of  the  thigh. 

The  artery  in  the  arm  runs  down  the  inner  side  of  the  large  muscle 
in  fi-ont,  quite  close  to  the  bone ;  low  down  it  gets  further  forward 
towards  the  bend  of  the  elbow.  It  is  most  easily  found  and  com- 
pressed a  little  above  the  middle  at  C,  as  shown  on  Fig.  E. 

Examine  the  limb  from  time  to  tiiue.  and  relax  the  compression  il 
it  l^ecomes  very  cold  or  purple,  but  tighten  the  handkerchief  again  in 
case  of  bieedihg. 

To  transport  an  injured  person,  make  a  soft  bed  for  the  injare^ 
part,  of  axsnw,  folded  coreriets,  &c.,  laid  on  a  board,  with  side-piec«i 


ilEDICAL   DEPAKTiEEKT.  187 

•f  board  naUed  en  Voeu  this  cnn  be  done.  If  pos^ib.e  let  the  patient 
fcl  L^d  on  a  doorlliutter,  settee,  or  other  firm  support  comiortobly 
Sv^d^dc^^ybimeteadilv.'  Send  for  a  physician  in  <^^  cc«e« 
foxBc^^^^^^^^'  ^<^°^^' t^*  E^^"™'  Department undertlmt 
^^foT  Bruises  u£»  tepid  apDlications  at  first  Aftw inflammation  aaV 
rIdfs%feT^miM!ag  applications,  asvin.sarand  wafr,  or  camphor- 

^'i-o^S,  *leTata  t:-.9  limb;  k«p  the  joint  .aty,  applv  t«pit 

^''ToR  Nu-^>-xsa  rE03i  CorD. -Restore  ^rarmth  gradually,  in  pro 
Twrtion  a3  circ-cilation  in  the  parts  or  boay  incxeasei. 
^rSBArHOZLN-LmB.-Rab  ^^th  siio^,  and  place  1°  «^1<1^^« 
for  a  short  time.    'RTien  sensation  retams,  place  agam  m  coW  water 
add  h^t  i-r-rv  nradualbj,  by  adding  warm  water.      Ir  apparently  dead 
or IS.VS'smp  enti^ly  of  clothea,  and  cover  bodr^th  excygou 
of  mouth  and  nostrib,  with  $ac-.c  c-  ice-coM  tcc^t^r.    When  the  body 
fa  Ked  drv  it,  place  it  in  a  cold  bed;  rub  with  war:n  handj  under 
the  cover  coitimie  this  for  hours.    If  life  appears,  gire  small  mjec- 
tions  of  camphor  and  water;  put  a  drop  of  spt*.   camphor  on  tha 
tongue;  then  rub  body  with  spirit.?  and  water,  finally  witli  spirits;   , 
then  rfve  tea,  coffee,  or  brandy  and  wr.ter.    „  „  „ 

l/^PAKEVr  DSATH  FROM  BREATEES-O  ^OXIOCS  YAPORS  — LX- 

Dose'the  person  to  the  air;  sprinkle  cold  water  on  face  and  head;  mb 
Btrong  vinegar  about  nostrils;  give  drink  of  vinegar  and  water.  // 
tujo^ated  b1/  breathinj  charcoal  jumrs,  treat  m  the  same  manner, and 
e£nte  breathing  as  directed  in  cases  of  drowning. 

Ds.  M.  Hall  s  Doiectioks  for  RrsTORLso;  the  Apparextly 
DaowNKD  —1.  S-^^nd  for  aphi/siciaa  inall  cases.    2.  Treat  the  imtient 
ixsTA>CTLY  ov  THE  SPOT,  ill  tuB  OPEX  AiK,  freely  exix>?ing  the  face, 
neck  and  chest  to  the  breeze,  exce:)t  in  cold  weather.    3.  In  order 
to  clear  the  throat.  pLice  the  patient  gently  on  the  face  with  one 
wrist  under  the  forehead,  that  all  fluid,  ajid  the  tougue  itself  may  faU 
Jorward,  and  leave  the  entrance  into  the  windpijw  free.    4.  To  ex- 
criE  bespiratiox,  turn  the  patient  sliglitly  on  his  side,  and  apply 
some  in-itating  or  stimnlating  agent  to  the  nostrils,  as  vekatrtxb, 
DTLirrE  AitiioxiA,  &c.,  or  snuff,  or  apply  a  feather  to  the  throat.    3. 
Make  the  face  -vr.rm  bv  brisk  friction;  tiien  dash  cold  water  upon  it. 
6.  If  not  successful,  lose   no  time,  but,  to  imitate   re-SPIratios, 
place  th«  patient  ox  his  pide,  and  a  little  betoxd;   then  again  on 
the  face,  and  so  on  altei-nately.    Repeat  these  movements  deliberately 
and  perse veringly  1.3  TI3IE3  oxlt  in  a  minute.     (When  the  patient 
lies  on  the  breast,  this  a^.vitv  is  C'  )Mppxs.sf.d  hy  th4  weight  of  the 
body,  and  expiration  takes  place.    When  he  is  turned  on  the  side  this 
pressure  is  removed,  and  j/ispirati^^n  occursV    7.  When  the  prone 
position  is  resumed,  make  a  uniform  and  efflcient  pressure  aloxq 
THE  sprxE,  removing  the  pressure  immediately,  before  rotation  on  the 
side.     (The  pres-snre  augments  the  ej-piration :  the  rotation  commences 
tJispiration).     Continue  these  measures.    8.  Rub  the  limbs  xtpward 
Tnxn  FIRM  PKEssniE,  and  ^vith  ener^v.     (The  objert  being  to  aid  tha 
TPt-.ri  of  venous  blood  to  the  heart).  '9.  Substit-te  for  the  patient** 
vet  clothinj,  if  possible,  such  other  covering  as  can  be  instantly  pr»- 


188  MEDICAL   ©EPAETMENT. 

•nred,  each  by-stander  supplying  a  coat  or  rept,  &c.  Meantime,  and 
from  time  to  time,  to  excite  iNSPiRATioir,  let  the  snriuce  of  tne  body 
be  SLAPPED  bi-iskiy  -with  the  hand.  10.  Rub  tlie  body  briskly  till  it 
Is  warm  and  du^,  then  dash  oojld  water  upon  it,  and  repeat  the 
rubbing. 

Avoid  the  immediate  removal  of  the  patient,  as  it  involves  a  dax= 
GEHOus  LOSS  OF  TIME;  al.so,  the  n.se  of  bellows,  or  any  forcing  in- 
strument, and  ALL  EOUGH  TKEAT3IENT. 

Rules  fob  Accide>ts  on  Water.— When  npset  in  a  boat  or 
thrown  into  the  water  and  unable  to  swim,  draw  the  breath  in  well; 
keep  tlie  mouth  tight  shut;  do  not  struggle  aud  tlaow  the  arms  up, 
but  yield  quietly  to  tlie  water;  lioIJ  t.ie  head  well  up,  aud  stretch  out 
the  hand3  only  below  tlie  w;iter;  to  throw  the  hand.s  or  feet  vp  will 
pitch  the  body  below  the  Avater,  Icuids  or  icct  up  will  pitch  the  body 
head  doivn,  and  cause  the  whole  person  to  go  immediately  under 
vrater.    Keep  the  head  above,  and  every  thing  el&e  under  water. 

Everj-one  should  learn  to  swim ;  no  animal,  aquatic  fowl,  or  reptile 
requires  to  be  taught  this,  lor  they  do  it  natuially.  Few  persona 
exist  who  have  not  some  time  or  other,  seen  a  bulllrog  perform  his 
masterly  movements  in  the  water,  and  it  would  detract  from  no  one's 
dignity  to  take  a  lew  lessons  from  him.  In  learning,  the  beginner 
might  sustain  himself  by  a  plank,  a  block,  of  wood,  an  attachment 
composed  of  cork,  an  inflated  bladder,  a  flying  kite,  or  a  stout  cord 
attached  to  a  long  rod  held  by  an  assistant  on  the  land.  Leaiti  to 
twim  cost  mhcit  it  icill. 

An  oflBcer  of  the  New  York  police  force  wears  three  medals,  and 
receives  ??oO  per  month  from  the  Life  Saving  Benevolent  Association. 
He  has  saved  12  lives  from  death  by  drowning,  but  he  says  that  M'hcn 
a  boy  he  received  a  thrashing  every  night  from  his  father  forgoing  in 
swimming. 

Oxygen  Gas. — 1.  L>e  red  oxide  of  mercury;  heat  over  a  spirit 
lamp,  or  ignited  charcoal  in  a  green  glass  retoi-t,  or  in  a  short  tube  of 
Bohemian  glass,  closed  with  a  perforated  cork  furnished  with  a  piece 
of  bent  glass  tube  of  small  bore  to  convey  the  Uberated  gas  to  the 
vessel  aiTanged  to  receive  it.  Pure.  1  6z.  yields  about  100  cubic 
inches.  2.  Treat  chlorate  of  potassa  as  above.  Pure.  Product  100 
cubic  inches  of  gas  from  100  grains.  3.  Bichromate  of  potassa,  3 
part!> ;  oil  of  vitriol,  4  parts ;  heat  gently  as  before  ;  yields  pure  oxy- 
gen very  freely  and  rapidly.  4.  Binoxide  of  raonganese  and  oU  of 
vitriol,  equ.al  parts:  treat  as  the  last.  Product,  256  cubic  inches  from 
1  oz.  binoxide.  5.  On  the  lav'ie  scale  ;  expose  nitre  to  a  dull  red  heat 
in  an  iron  retort  or  gnn  barrel.  Product,  1200  cubic  inches  of  gaa 
(from  1  lb.  nitre),  oontammated  more  or  less  with  nitrogen.  6.  Treat 
flood  commercial  binoxide  of  manganese,  as  the  last.  Product.  1300 
to  1600  cubic  inches,  or  from  .5  to  6  gals,  from  1  lb.  of  binoxide.  7. 
Chlorate  of  potassa  1^  lbs. ;  binoxide  of  manganese,  |  lb. ;  treat  aa 
the  last.  Gas  procured  from  mantjanese  or  nitre,  may  be  purified  by 
passing  it  through  lime  water.  When  required  for  nice  experiments, 
the  first  gas  should  be  allowed  to  pass  away,  or  else  be  gathered 
eeparately,  as  it  is  a])t  to  be  impure.  Oxygen  gas  is  the  supporter  of 
vitality  and  fire,  and  is  often  used  as  a  remedial  agent  in  asphyxia, 
arising  from  the  inhalation  ot  carbonic  acid  or  carbonic  oxide.  It 
was  first  discruninated  as  a  distinct  gas,  by  Piiastly,  in  1774, 


MEDICAL   DEPARTMENT,    ETC.  180 

German  Rhectiatic  Fldtd.— OUs  of  hemlock  and  cedar,  of  each 
i  oz.,  oils  of  origanum  and  eassafras,  each  1  oz.  ;  aqua  ammonia,  1 
oz.  ;  capsicum  pulverized,  1  oz.  ;  spirits  of  turpentine  and  gum 
camphor,  each  i  oz.  ;  put  all  into  a  quart  bottle,  and  fill  with  95  per 
cent,  alcohol.  l)o.se,  for  colic,  for  man,  half  a  teaspoonf ul  ;  for  a 
horse,  ^  to  1  oz.,  in  a  little  wann  water,  every  15  minutes,  till  reUeved. 

LiNrMENT  FOR  Old  Sores.— Alcohol,  1  qt.  ;  aqua  ammonia,  4oz.  ; 
oil  of  origanum,  2  oz.  ;  camphor  s:;nu,  2  oz.  ;  opium,  2  oz.  ;  gum 
myrrh,  2  oz.  ;  common  salt,  two  tablespoons.  Mix,  and  shake  occa- 
Bioui'.ll y  for  a  week. 

LixBi EXT.— Good  Sajiaritax.— Take  98  per  cent  alcohol,  2  qts.  ; 
and  add  to  it  the  following  articles  :  Oils  of  sassafras,  hemlock, 
Bpirits  of  tur])entuie,  tincture  of  cayenne,  catechu,  guaiac  (guac),  .and 
laudauimi,  of  each,  1  oz.  ;  tincture  of  myrrh,  i  oz.  ;  oil  of  oiiganum, 
2  oz.  ;  oil  of  wintergreen,  ^  oz.  ;  gum  camphor,  2  oz.  ;  and  "chloro- 
f<n'm,  1^  oz.  Tliis  is  one  of  the  best  api)lication3  for  mtetual  pains 
known  :  it  is  superior  to  any  other  enumeiated  in  this  work. 

Inhalation  of  Tab  for  Con.sujeptiqn. — MLs  together  16  ozs.  of 
liquid  tiir  and  one  fluid  oz.  hquor  of  potassa,  boil  them  for  a  few- 
minutes  in  the  open  air,  then  let  it  simmer  in  an  iron  vessel  over  a 
Bpiiit  or  other  lamp  in  the  chamber  of  the  patient.  This  may  at  first 
excite  a  disjxjsition  to  cough,  but  in  a  short  time  it  allays  it,  and  re- 
moves any  tendency  to  it. 

Cancer  ci-rk.— "Driiak  a  tea  made  from  the  tops  of  red  clover  ; 
about  1  qt.  per  day  should  be  taken  iuteruaUy,  and  the  tea  should  be 
used  as  a  wash  twice  per  day, ;  very  sti-ongly  recommended. 

TA-Vlor's  Kf.medv  for  Deafness.— Digest  2  ozs.  bruised  garlic  in 
1  !b.  oil  of  almonds  for  a  week,  and  strain.  X  dropix)ured  into  the  ear 
is  effective  in  teiujwrary  deafness. 

Cure  for  Earache.— Take  equal  parts  of  chloroform  and  lauda- 
num, dip  a  piece  of  cotton  into  the  mixture  and  introduce  into  the  ear, 
and  co\er  up  nnd  get  to  sleep  ss  soon  as  possible. 

Ottawa  Root  Eeer.— Take  1  oz.  each  of  sassafras,  allspice,  yellow- 
dock,  and  whiter  gTcen  ;  ioz.  ea'-h  wild  cherry  bark  and  coruinder  ; 
i  oz.  hops  and  6  qts.  molasses.  Pour  sufficient  boilhig  water  on  tlie 
ingredients  and  let  them  sfcmd  21  hours,  filter  the  liquor  and  add  |  pt. 
yeast,  and  it  is  rc^idy  for  use  in  2i  hours. 

To  Extract  E.ssextial  Oil  rnori  Wood,  Bajeks,  Roots,  IIerb.s, 
fcc— Take  balm,  mint,  Biij^e,  or  any  other  herb,  &c.,  put  it  into  a  bot- 
tle, and  pour  upon  it  a  spoouf id  of  ether  ;  keep  in  a  cool  place  a  few- 
Lours,  and  then  fill  the  bottle  with  cold  water  ;  the  essential  oil  wiH 
Bwiui  uix)n  the  eurface  and  may  be  easily  separated. 

i^UMiGATiNG  Paper.— Dip  light  paper  in  a  sol  ution  of  alum ;  strength 
of  alum  1  oz.,  water  1  pt  Dry  thoroughly,  and  on  one  side  spread  a 
mixture  of  equal  parts  of  gum  benzom,  galbaniun,  or  Peruvian  balsam; 
n'?lt  the  gums  m  an  earthenware  dish  aud  spread  with  a  hot  spatula  : 
slips  of  the  paiier  are  held  over  a  light,  when  the  odorous  matter  will 
be  evaporated,  tlie  alum  preventing  the  paper  fi-om  igniting. 

TiiAN.sPAKENT  Cement  FOR  Glass.— Dissolvc  1  jjart  India-rubber 
in  chloroform,  and  add  16  pai-ts  by  measure  of  gumjnastic  in  powder. 
Digest  for  2  days,  shaking  the  bottle  frequently  ;  apply  with  a  fine 
camel's  hair  brush. 

Mouth  AV  ash.— Proof  spirits,  1  qt. ;  borax  and  honey,  of  each  Iob./ 


t90  liXDIGAL  IXErABT3i£27T,  £TC. 

gnm  myrrh,  1  oz.  ;  red  eanders  wood,  1  oz.  Rnb  the  honey  and  boru 
well  together  in  a  mortar,  then  gradually  add  the  spirit,  the  mjTrn  and 
Banders  wood,  and  macerate  14  days. 

Wash  fob  hemovikq  Pakticles  of  Zixo  or  Ikox  fbom  thb 
Eye. — Mamtic  add,  20  drops  ;  mucilage,  1  dr.  ;  mix  with  2  fluid  ozs. 
rose  water.  Iron  or  eteel  jiarticies  may  be  extracted  by  holding  near 
them  a  powerful  magnet 

To  Rejiove  Tl'.moks. — Dr.  Simppon  of  Euinborjfh  introduces  s 
hollow  acupuncture  needle,  or  very  line  trocar  (a  surgical  instrument 
in  tii6  form  of  a  fine  hollow  needle)  into  tlieir  tissue,  and  injects  a 
Jew  droits  of  pome  irriumt  liquid,  euch  as  a  solution  of  chloride  of 
dnCj  percholorde  of  iron,  cr  creosote.  The  effect  ia  to  destroy  tha 
vitality  of  the  tumors  so  treated,  and  admit  of  FSi>arating  them. 

Ck)MPor>'D  Smup  of  Hytophosphites.— Take  of  hypophosphito 
of  lime,  IJ  oz.  ;  h}'popho.=iihite  of  soda  ^  oz  ;  hypo  phosphite  of  pot- 
assa,  ^  oz.  ;  cane  sugar,  lib.  troy:  hot  water,  20  fluid  ozs.  ;  orange 
water,  1  fluid  oz.  Mix  a  solnti>3n  of  the  mixed  salts  in  the  hot  water, 
filter  through  paper,  di^isolve  the  sugar  in  t;ie  solution  by  heat,  and 
strain,  and  add  the  orange  flower  water.  Dose,  a  teaspoonf  ul,  con- 
taining nearly  five  grains  of  the  mixed  salts. 

Cook's  Electbo-IIagnetic  Li.nimext.— Best  alcohol,  1  gaL  ;  oil 
qf  amber,  8  oz.  ;  guiu  camphor,  6  oz.  ;  Castile  soap,  sliaved  fine,  2 
oz.  ;  beefs  gall,  4  o.'..  ;  ammonia,  3  F.'s  strong,  12  oz.;  mix,  and 
ehake  occasionally  for  12  hours,  and  it  is  fit  for  use.  This  will  be 
found  a  strong  and  valmihle  liniment 

LoxDON  LiXDiENT. — ^Tahe  diloroform,  olive  oil.  and  aqua  ammo- 
nia, of  each  1  oz.  ;  acetate  of  morphia,  10  grs.  Mix  and  use  as  othez 
liniments.    Very  valuable. 

OrKTiis>-r3.— Fob  Old  Sokes. — Red  preclpitite,  |  oz.  j  .TOgar  of 
lead,  i  oz.  ;  burnt  alnm,  1  oz.  :  white  \-itiiol,  J  oz.,  or  a  httle  less  ; 
all  to  be  v*ry  finely  pulverized  ;  lux\  e  mutton  tallow  made  warm,  f 
lb.  ;  Ftir  nU  in,  and  stir  until  ojuL 

Jcdkin's  OnrrME>T. — Linseed  oil,  1  pt  ;  sweet  oQ,  1  oz.  ;  and  boil 
them  in  a  kettle  on  coals  for  nearly  4  hours,  as  warm  as  you  can : 
then  have  pulverized  and  mixed  borax,  ^  oz.  ;  red  lead,  4  oz.  ;  and 
sugar  of  lei;d,  1^  oz.  ;  remove  tlie  kettle  from  the  fire,  and  thicken 
in  the  powder  ;  continue  the  stii-ring  until  cooled  to  blood  heat,  then 
etir  in  1  oz.  of  spirits  of  turpentme  ;  and  now  take  out  a  httle,  let- 
ting it  get  cold,  and  if  not  then  PuflBciently  thick  to  spread  upon  thia 
Boft  linen  rs  a  salve,  you  will  boil  again  until  this  point  is  reached. 
It  is  good  for  all  kinds  of  woimds,  bruises,  soree,  bums,  white  swell- 
ings, rheumatisms,  ulcers,  sore  brea-sts ;  and  eveu  where  there  &t9 
wounds  on  the  inside,  it  has  been  used  with  advantage,  by  appljing 
a  plaster  over  the  paat. 

Magnetic  Oint:mekt. — Said  to  bk  Trask's. — Hard  raisins  cat 
in  pieces,  and  fine-cut  tobacco,  equal  weights  ;  simmer  well  toijether, 
then  strain,  and  press  out  all  from  the  dregs. 

Mead's  Salt-Rhecm  Oixtmext.— Aquaforth*,  1  oz.  ;  quicksilver, 
I  oz.  ;  good  hard  soap,  dissolved  so  as  to  mix  reiidily,  1  oz.  ;  prei^ared 
chalk,  1  oz.  ;  mixed  with  1  lb.  of  lard  ;  mix  the  above  by  putting  the 
aq^iafortis  and  qiucltsilver  into  an  eartiien  ^e^sel,  and  when  dona 
en^.rveccing,  mix  ^^-ith  the  other  ingredients,  putting  the  chalk  in  last ; 
add  a  little  spirita  of  tari)eQtiue,  gay  ^  tablespoon. 


WEDICAL    DEPABTMENT,    ETC.  19i 

QXESK  Otntmekt.-— Honey  and  beeswax,  each  J  lb.  ;  spirits  of 
tarpentine,  1  02.  ;  wintercreen  oil  and  laadiinum,  each  2  oz.  ;  ver* 
digris,  finely  pulverized,  J  oz.  ;  Lard,  1^  lb.  ;  mix  by  a  stove  fire,  in 
a  copper  kettle,  heating  slowlv. 

Itch  Oi>t>ient.— Unsaltei  butter,  1  lb.  ;  bnrgnndv  pitch,  2  oz.  , 
spirits  of  tnri)eDtiue,  2  oz.  ;  red  precipitate,  pulverized,  l|  oz.  ;  melt 
tlie  pitch  and  add  the  butter,  BtiiTiu?  well  together ;  then  remove 
Irom  the  fire,  and  when  a  little  cool  add  the  spirits  of  turpeutiue,  and 
Jafitly  the  precipitate,  and  stir  until  cvld. 

Jaundice.— l>-  its  AVokst  Fukjis.— Kediodideofmercnrv,  7grs.; 
iodide  of  potassium,  9  prs.  ;  aqua  dis.  (distilled  water),  1  oz.  ;  mix. 
Commence  by  gi^'ing  6  dix)i«  3  or  4  times  a  dav,  increasmg  1  drop  a 
day  imtU  12  or  15  drojis  are  given  at  a  dose,  feive  in  a  little  water, 
imaiediately  after  meals.  If  it  causes  a  griping  sensjition  in  the  bowels, 
and  fuLues.s  in  the  head,  when  you  get  up  to  12  or  15  drops,  go  back 
to  6  drops,  and  up  again  as  before. 

Resiedy  fob  Kheituatis-m  axb  Stiff  Jorsrs.— Strong  camphor 
spirits,  1  pt. ;  neat's-foot,  coon,  bear's,  cr  skunk's  oil,  1  pt. ;  spirits  of 
turjieutine,  ^  pt  Shake  tl;o  bottle  when  used,  and  apply  3  times 
daily,  by  itourmg  on  a  little  at  a  time,  and  rubbing  in  all  you  can  for 
20  or  30  muiutes.  >  o  j 

Asthma  Rkmedies.— ElecamjKine,  angelica,  comfrey,  and  spilie- 
nard  roots  with  hoarhound  tops,  of  each  1  oz. ;  bruise  and  steep  in 
honey,  1  pt  Dose,  a  tablespoon,  taken  hot  every  few  minutes,  until 
reUef  is  obtained,  then  several  times  daily  until  a  cure  is  effected. 

Another.— Oil  of  tar,  1  dr.  ;  tincture  of  veratrum  viride,  2  drs.  ; 
Bimple  syrup,  2  drs.  ;  mix.  Dose,  for  adults,  15  di-ops  3  or  4  times 
daUy.  Iodide  of  potassium  has  cured  a  bad  case  of  asthma,  by  taking 
6  gr.  doses  3  times  daily.  Tsie  |  oz.  and  put  it  in  a  phial,  and  add  32 
teaspoons  of  water ;  then  1  teaspoon  of  it  will  contain  the  5  grs., 
which  put  into  ^  <.nll  more  water,  and  drink  before  meals. 

CoiirosiTiox  Powder.— TH03ipsoN's.—Bayberry  bark,  2  lbs.  ; 
hemlock  bark,  1  lb.  ;  ginger  root,  1  lb.  ;  ca  venue  pepper,  2  oz.  ;  cloves, 
2  oz.  ;  all  finely  pulverized  and  well  raised.  Dose,  \  a  teaspoon  of  it, 
and  a  spoon  of  sugar  ;  put  them  into  a  toa-cnp,  and  pour  it  half  full  of 
boiling  water  ;  let  it  stand  a  few  minutes,  and  fiil  the  cup  with  milk, 
and  drink  freely.  If  no  milk  Ja  to  be  obfciined,  fiil  up  the  cup  with 
hot  water. 

French  RntEDT  fob  Chronic  Rhettmatism.— Dr.  Bonnet,  of 
Granlbet,  Frame,  states,  in  a  letter  to  the  "  AbeiileMediaile."  that  ho, 
has  been  long  in  the  habit  of  preeciibiu?  "the  essential  oil  of  turp-en- 
tme  by  friction  for  rheumatism  :  and  tliat  lie  has  used  it  himself  vith 
perfect  success,  having  almost  mstantaueously  got  rid  of  rheumatic 
pains  in  bc^th  knees  and  in  the  left  shoulder." 

Da-»ETics— PiLi.s,  Drops,  Decoction,  &g  .—Solidified  copaiba.  3 
parts  ;  alcoholic  extract  of  cubebs,  1  part ;  formed  into  piLlr'  wiUi  a 
litUe  oil  of  juniper.  Dose,  1  or  2  pills  3  or  4  times  daily,  Tliis  pill 
has  been  found  very  valuable  in  afl'ections  of  the  kidneys,  bhidder, 
and  urethja,  as  inflammation  from  gravel,  gonoiTho.a,  gleet,  whites, 
leucon-hcea,  common  IntlammationB,  &c.  For  giving  them  a  sugar 
coat,  see  tliat  heading,  if  desired. 

Diuretic  Drops.— OU  of  cuhebs,  i  oz.  ;  sweet  spirits  of  nitre.  J 
M. ;  balaam  of  copaiba,  1  oz.  ;  liatlem  oil,  1  bottle  ;  oU  of  lavexideii 


192  HEDICAL    DETABTMEXT,    ETC. 

20  drops ;  sy^irits  of  turpentine,  20  droits  ;  mix.  Dope,  10  to  25  drops, 
as  the  stoniiicli  will  bear,  tliree  times  daily.  It  rany  be  used  in  any  of 
the  abijve  diseases  vrith  great  satisfai'tiou. 

DiUEETic  TixcTCRE. — Gieen  or  fijowing  Fncanrant  mashed,  put 
into  a  bottte,  and  covered  with  gin,  is  an  exceLcut  diuretic. 

Diuretic  fok  Childrex. — Sxiii  its  of  nitre — ii  few  drops  in  a  little 
gpearmint  tea — is  all  sufdcient.  Fur  very  youu:jf  children,  pumpldn- 
eeed,  or  water-melon-seed  tea  is  i)eihai  s  tlie  l'e<t. 

Dropsy. — Syrup  and  Pills. — Queen-ol-tiie-nieadow  root,  dwarf- 
elder  flowers,  berries,  or  inner  bark,  juniper  berries,  horse-radish 
root,  pod  millnveed,  or  silkweed,  often  called,  root  of  each,  4  oz.  ; 
priciily-ash  bark  of  berries,  mandrake  nwt,  bittersweet  bark,  of  the 
root  of  each,  2  oz.  ;  wbite-musfciid-seed,  1  oz.  ;  HoUanJ  trin,  1  pt 
Pour  boiling  water  on  all  escert  the  gin,  and  keep  hot  for  l:^  hours  ; 
then  boil  and  pour  oS  twice,  and  boil  Q0^v^l  to  3  qts.,  and  strain,  add- 
ing 3  lbs.  of  sugar,  and  la-;tly  the  gin.  Dose,  tike  all  the  stomach 
will  bear,  say  a  wine  glass  a  day,  or  more. 

DROi-sY  Pills. — Jalap,  DO  gi-s. ;  gamboge,  50  grs.  ;  podophyllin, 
20  gis.  ;  elatariiun,  12  grs.  ;  aloes,  30  grs.  ;  cayenne,  35  grs.  ;  Castile 
Boap,  shaved  and  pulverized,  20  grs.  ;  crotou  oil,  90  drops  ;  powder  all 
finely,  and  mix  thorouglily  ;  tl;cu  form  iuto  iTi'A  mir^s,  by  using  a  thick 
mucilatre  made  of  equal  paits  of  gum  arable  and  gam  tnigiicauth,  a:id 
dhide  in  three-grain  pills.  Dose,  1  pill  every  2  days  for  the  first 
week ;  then  every  3  or  4  days,  until  tlie  water  is  evacuated  by  the 
corabmed  aid  of  the  pill  -r  iili  t^:e  alum  syrup.  This  is  a  powerful 
medicine,  and  ■will  well  accomplish  its  work. 

Liver  Pill.— Leiitindrin,  40  grs.  ;  podoi^hyllln  and  cayenne,  30 
grs.  each  ;  sanguinarin,  iridin,  and  ipeoao,  15  grs.  each  ;  see  that  all 
are  pulverized  and  well  mbced  ;  then  form  into  pill  mass  by  using  J 
dr.  of  the  soft  extract  of  mandrake  and  a  few  drops  of  aiiL-e  oil ;  then 
roll  out  into  three-grain  pills.  Dose,  2  pills  taken  at  bed-time  will 
generally  operate  bv  morning  ;  but  some  jiersous  reqiure  3. 

iKRITATIXG  Pl^^STER,— EXTENsn-ELi-  USED  KY  ECLECTICS.— Tar,  1 

lb.  ;  burgundy  ]iitch,  h  oz.  ;  wliite-i  in©  turpentine,  1  oz.  ;  resin,  2  oz. 
Boil  the  tar,  resin,  and  gum  together  a  short  time,  remove  from  the 
fire,  and  stir  in  finely  ptdverized  mandrake  root,  blood  root,'i)oko 
root,  and  Indian  turnip,  of  each,  1  oz. 

Pills. — To  Sugar  Coat. — Pills  to  be  sugar  coated  must  be  very 
dry,  othen\ise  they  will  ehrink  aw^v  from  tiie  coating,  and  lesive  it  a 
shell  easily  crushed  off.  When  they  are  dry,  you  wiU  take  starch, 
gum  arable,  and  white  tugp-r,  equal  parts,  rubbmg  them  very  fine  in 
a  marble  mortar,  and  if  d  imp,  tliey  must  be  dried  before  ru*-bmg 
together  ;  then  put  the  ix)wder  into  a  suitable  pan,  or  box,  for  iiak- 
ing  ;  now  put  a  few  pills  into  a  small  tin  box  having  a  cover,  and 
pour  on  to  them  just  a  little  simple  syrup,  shaking  well  to  moisten 
the  surface  only ;  then  throw  into  the  lx)x  of  i>owder,  and  keep  in 
motion  imtil  completely  coated,  dry,  and  smooth.  If  yon  are  not 
very  careful,  you  will  get  too  much  syrup  upon  the  pills  ;  if  you  do, 
jiut  in  more,  and  be  qiuck  al>outitto  prevent  moistening  ths  pill  too 
mm  h,  getting  them  into  the  jiowder  aa  soon  as  possible. 

Positive  Cure  for  Hydrophobia. — The  dried  root  of  elecami«ne, 
pulverize  it,  and  meisure  out  9  he^iping  tablespoonfuls,  and  mix  it 
vith  2  or  3  teaspoonf  uld  of  x>ulverizcd  gum  arable  ;  then  divide  into 


MEDICAL    DE^AETMENT,    ETC.  19S 

Seqnal  portions.  When  a  i)erson  ia  bitten  by  a  rabid  animal,  talcs 
cue  of  these  jxirtiona  and  steep  it  in  1  pt.  of  new  milk,  until  nearly 
ialf  the  quantity  of  milk  is  evaporated  ;  then  strain,  and  drink  it  in 
the  mominc,  fasting  for  4  or  5  hours  after.  The  same  dose  is  to  be 
repeated  3  momings  in  succession,  then  skip  3,  and  so  on,  until  the  9 
doses  are  taken. 

The  patient  must  avoid  getting  Tret,  or  the  heat  of  the  sun,  and 
abstain  from  high-seasoned  diet,  or  hard  exercise,  and,  if  costive,  take 
a  dose  of  salts.  The  above  quantity  is  for  an  adult ;  children  will 
take  less  according  to  age. 

Eye  Prepaeatioxs.— Eye  Water.— Table  salt  and  white  vitriol, 
of  each  1  tablespoon  ;  heat  them  uiMn  coi^per  plates  or  in  earthea- 
■ware  until  dry  ;  the  heating  drives  off  the  acrid  water,  called  the 
water  of  crystallization,  making  them  much  milder  in  their  action  ; 
BOW  add  to  them  soft  water  ^  pt.  ;^uttiug  in  white  sugar,  1  table- 
jjpoon  ;  bine  vitriol,  a  piece  the  size  of  a  common  pea.  If  it  should 
prove  too  stron'?  in  any  case,  add  a  Uttle  more  soft  water  to  a  phial 
of  it.    Apply  it  to  the  eyes  3  or  4  times  daily. 

I>-riA  PKEscRiPTio^f' FOR  SoRE  Eyes.— Sulphate  of  zinc,  3grs. ; 
thictnre  of  opium  (laudanum),  1  dr.  ;  rose  water,  2  oz.  ;  mix.  Put  a 
drop  or  two  in  the  eye,  2  or  3  times  daily. 

Another. — Sulphate  of  zinc,  acefcite  of  lead,  and  rock  salt,  of 
each  i  oz.  ;  loaf  sugar,  1  oz.  ;  soft  water,  12  oz.  ;  tiijt  without  heat, 
and  use  as  other  eye  watei-s.  li  sore  eyes  shed  much  water,  put  a 
little  of  the  oxide  of  zinc  into  a  phiil  of  'water,  and  use  it  rather  free- 
ly. This  will  soon  effect  a  cure.  Copperas  and  water  has  cured  sore 
eyes  of  long  stindiug  ;  and  used  quite  strong,  it  makes  an  excellent 
application  in  erysipelas.    Allum  aud  the  white  of  an  egg  is  good. 

IxniAX  Eye  Water. — Soft  water,  1  pt.  ;  gum  arable,  1  oz.  ;  white 
vitriol,  1  oz.  ;  fine  salt,  ^  teaspoon  ;  put  all  into  a  bottle,  and  shako 
nntil  dissolved.    Put  into  the  eye  just  as  you  retire  to  lied. 

BljVCK  Oil.— Best  alcohol,  tinctuie  of  arnica,  British  oil,  and  ofl 
of  tar,  of  each  2  o?.  ;  and  sloicbj  add  sulphuric  acid,  \  oz.  These 
black  oils  are  getting  into  extensive  use  as  a  liniment,  and  are  indeed 
valuable,  especially  in  cases  attended  with  much  inflammation. 

VERMiFfGE  Lozenges.— Santonin,  60  gr.-?.  ;  pulverized  sugar,  5 
oz.  ;  mucilage  of  gum  tragacanth.  PufHcieut  to  make  into  a  thick 
paste,  worked  carefully  together,  that  tlie  santonin  shall  be  evenly 
mixed  throughout  the  whole  mr;.^  ;  then  if  not  in  too  great  a  hurry, 
cover  up  the  mortar  iu  wliich  you  have  rubbed  them,  and  let  stand 
from  12  to  24  hours  to  temper ;  at  which  time  they  will  roll  out 
better  than  if  done  immediately  ;  d'\ide  into  120  lozenges.  Dose, 
for  a  child  1  year  old,  1  lozenge,  night  and  morning  ;  of  2  years,  2 
lozenges  ;  of  4  years,  3  ;  of  8  years.  4  ;  of  10  years  or  more,  5  to  7 
lozenges  ;  in  all  cases  to  bo  fcjken  twico  daily,  and  continuing  until 
the  worms  start  on  a  voyage  of  discovery. 

Harlem  Oil  or  Welsh  Medicamenttm.— Sublimed  or  flowers  of 
pnlphur  and  oil  of  amber,  of  each  2  oz.  ;  linseed  oil,  1  lb.  ;  spirits  of 
turpentine  sufBcient  to  reduce  aU  to  the  consistence  of  thin  molasses. 
Boil  the  sulphur  in  the  linseed  oil  imtil  it  is  dissolved,  then  add  the 
oil  of  amber  and  turpentine.  Dose,  from  15  to  25  drops,  mominj 
and  evening.  Amongst  the  Welsh  and  Germans  it  is  extensively 
uaed  for  etrengthening  the  Btomach,  kidneya  liver,  and  lunjfs  ;  i<tf 

HA 


194  MEDICAL    DEPARTMEXT,    ETC. 

asthma,  ehortnes?  of  breath,  coiigh,  invranl  or  oiittraid  sores,  dK»»« 
ty.  •worms,  gravel,  fever?.,  palpitation  of  the  heart,  giddiness,  head- 
ache, &c.,  by  takins  it  int<'ni:3dly ;  and  tor  ulcers,  malignant  sores, 
cankers,  &c.,  anointing  extemaJly,  and  wetting  linen  with  it,  and 
applying  to  boms. 

EoYiTiAy  CcKE  Fos  Choleba. — Best  Jamaica  ginger  root,  bruis- 
ed, 1  oz.  ;  cayenne,  2  teaspoons  ;  boil  all  in  1  qt.  of  water  to  ipt.,  and 
add  loaf  sugar  to  form  a  thick  syrup.  Dose.  1  tablespoon  every  15 
minutes,  until  vomiting  and  purging  ceates  ;  tliem  follow  np  with  a 
tlackberry  tea. 

I>T)i.\x'PKEscRrETnoxFOECHOi.EKA. — First  dissolvegumcamphor, 
ioz,,  in  Ij  oz.  of  alcohol;  se\xiud,  give  a  teasixwn  of  spirits  of 
hartshorn  in  a  wine  glass  of  water,  and  follow  it  every  5  minutes 
with  15  drops  of  the  camphor  in  a  teaspoon  of  water,  for  3  doses  ; 
then  wait  15  minutes,  and  commence  again  as  before  ;  and  continuo 
the  camphor  for  £0  minutes,  unless  there  is  returning  heat.  Should 
this  be  the  case,  give  one  more  dose,  and  the  cure  is  effected  ;  let 
them  perspire  freely  (which  the  medicine  is  designed  to  cause),  &s 
Mixm  tills  the  life  depends,  but  add  no  additional  clothing. 

IsTHiirs  Choleka  TixcTUKE. — Tincture  of  rhubarb,  cayenne, 
opium,  and  spirits  of  camphor,  with  essence  of  peppermint,'  equal 
parts  of  er.ch,  and  each  as  strong  as  can  be  made.  Do<e,  from  5  to  30 
drops,  or  even  to  GO,  and  rei)eat,  until  relief  is  obtained,  every  5  to  30 
minates. 

King  of  Oils,  for  Netraixiia  a>-d  RHEritAxisJi. — Boming  fluid, 
1  pt  ;  oils  of  cedar,  hemlock,  sassafras,  and  origanum,  of  each  2  oz. ; 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  pulverized,  1  oz.  ;  mix.  DiRF.cxioys. — Apply 
freely  to  the  ner\e  and  giuns  around  the  tooth  ;  and  to  the  face,  in 
neuralgic  pains,  by  wetting  brown  paper  and  lading  on  the  parts,  not 
too  long,  i<.>r  iear  "of  blistering, — to  the  nerves  of  t*eth  by  lint 

I\EriiAL<;iA. — Lntfrvai.  Remedy.—- Sal-ammoniac,  i  dr.,  dissolve 
in  water  1  oz.  Pose,  one  tablespoon  every  3  minutes,  for  20  minutes, 
at  tlie  eud  of  which  time,  if  not  before,  the" pain  wiU  have  disappeared. 

Aktificiai.  Skix. — Fob  Bciixs,  BEnsESjArRAsioys,  &c. — Proof 
AGAi>'ST  Water. — Take  gun  cotton  and  Venice  turpentine,  equal 
parts  of  each,  and  dissolve  them  in  TO  times  as  much  sulphuric  ether, 
dissolving  the  cotton  fir.^t,  then  adding  the  turpentine  ;  keep  it  corkea 
tightly.  Water  does  not  affect  it,  hence  its  value  for  cracked  ni[>plea, 
chapped  hands,  surface  bruises,  &c.,  &c 

IxDu^x  Balsam. — Clear,  pale  resin,  3  lbs.,  and  melt  it,  adding 
■pirits  of  turpentine,  1  qt  ;  bal-am  of  tolu,  1  oz.  ;  balsam  of  fir,  4  oz.  ; 
cil  of  hemlock,  origanum,  with  Tenice  turpentine,  of  each,  1  oz.  ; 
rtrained  honey,  4  oz.  ;  mix  well,  and  bottle.  Dose.  6  to  12  drops  ; 
for  a  child  of  sir,  3  to  5  drop.s,  on  a  little  sugar.  Tha  dose  can  be 
raried  according  to  the  abuity  of  the  stomach  to  bear  it,  and  the 
Eecessity  of  the  case.  It  is  a  valuable  prejiaration  for  coughs,  inter- 
nal paica,  or  strains,  and  works  benignly  upon  the  kidneys, 

^\  Exs — To  CiTiE. — Dissolve  copperas  ta  water  to  niake  it  very 
strong  ;  now  tike  a  pin,  needle,  or  sharp  knife,  and  prick  or  cut  th« 
wen  hi  aliout  a  dozen  places,  juit  sufficient  to  cause  it  to  bleed  ;  thea 
w et  it  well  with  the  copperas  water,  ome  daily. 

Bronchockt,e. — E>"LAROED  JsECK. — To  CcRE. — ^lodide  of  potas- 
Bium  (often  callej  hjdnodate  of  potash),  2  dxa.  ;  iodine,  1  dr.  ;  watai 


MEDICAL   DEPARTitENT,   ETC  196 

Ji  oz.  ;  mix  and  shake  a  few  minntes,  nnd  ponr  a  littte  into  a  phial 
for  internal  use.  Dose,  5  to  10  drops  before  each  meal,  to  be  taken  in 
a  little  water.  Exterxal  Application. — ^^'ith  a  feather,  wet  tb» 
enlarged  neck,  from  the  other  bottle,  night  and  morning,  until  well. 
It  will  cause  the  Bcarf  skin  to  peel  off  several  times  before  the  cure 
is  perfect,  leaving  it  tender;  but  do  not  omit  the  ap])Uc^tion  more  than 
one  day  at  most,  and  you  may  rest  assured  of  a  cure,  if  a  cure  can  bo 
performed  by  any  means  whatever. 

Daley's  CAKjnNAiivE. — Jiagnesia,  2dr8.  ;  oil  peppermint,  Sdrops; 
oil  nutmeg,  7  droj^  ;  oil  anise,  9  drops  ;  tmct  of  castor,  1^  drs.;  timet. 
ofassafcetida,  45di"op9  ;  tinct.  of  opium,  18  drops  ;  essence  pennyroyal, 
CO  drops  ;  tiuc-t  of  cardamoiis,  93  dro^DS  ;  peppeimlnt  w^ater,  7  oz.  ;  mix. 

Positive  Ccre  fob  Diahkikk.^. — Take  2  wine  gla-sses  of  vinegar, 
and  one  tables] wonful  of  salt.  Mix  the  ^Nhole  thoroughly  to  dissolve 
the  salt ;  add  7  to  10  drops  of  laudanum,  according,  to  the  age  or 
strength  of  the  patient,  and  give  the  whole  at  one  dose. 

CuKK  FOR  Aguk. — Cut  three  lemons  into  tliin  slices  and  ponnd 
them  with  a  mallet,  then  take  enough  coffee  to  make  a  quart,  boil  it 
down  to  a  pint  and  pour  it  while  quite  hot  over  tlie  lemons.  Let  it 
stand  till  cold,  then  strain  through  a  cloth,  and  take  the  whole  at  one 
dose,  immedlatchj  afiT  the  chill  is  over,  and  before  the  fever  comes  on. 

To  Improve  the  Voice. — Beeswax,  2  drs. ;  copaiba  balsam,  3  dr^  ; 
jiowder  of  liquorice  root,  4  drs.  ;  melt  the  coimiba  balsam  with  tlie 
wiix  in  a  new  earthen  pipkin  ;  when  melted,  remove  them  from  the 
f'.TQ,  and  mix  in  the  powder  ;  make  tlie  pills  of  3  grs.  each.  Two  of 
these  pills  to  be  taken  occasionn  11  y ,  3  o  r  4  ti  mes  a  day.  Very  best  known. 

Cl're  for  Tape  Worm. — Tali©  at  one  dose,  ether  foz.  2  hours 
nfter  this  fcike  castor  oil,  1  oz.  The  worm  is  discharged  entire  or  al- 
most eo,  and  always  with  the  head  intact. 

Necessary  Rules  fob  Sleep. — There  is  no  fact  more  clearly 
established  in  the  physiology  of  man  than  this,  that  the  brain  expend* 
its  energies  and  itself  during  the  hours  of  wakefulness  and  that  these 
are  recuperated  during  sleep.  If  the  recuperation  does  not  equal  the 
expenditure,  the  brain  withers  ;  this  is  insanity.  Thus  it  is  m  early 
English  history,  persons  who  were  condemned  to  death  by  being  pre- 
vented from  sleeping  always  died  ^a^^ng  maniacs,  and  those  who  are 
etarved  to  death  become  insane  ;  the  brain  is  not  nourished  and  they 
can  not  sleep.  The  practical  inferences  are  three;  1st.  Those  who 
think  most,  who  do  the  most  brain  work,  require  the  most  sleep.  2d. 
The  time  "saved"  from  necessary  sleep  is  infallibly  destructive  to 
mind,  body  and  estate.  3d.  Give  yourself,  your  children,  your  servante, 

five  aU  that  are  under  you,  the  fullest  amount  of  sleep  they  will  take, 
y  compelling  them  to  go  to  bed  at  some  regular  early  hour,  and  to 
nse  in  tlie  morning  at  the  moment  they  awake  ,•  and,  within  a  fort- 
night, Nature,  with  almost  the  regularity  of  the  rising  sim,  will  un- 
loose the  bonds  of  sleep  the  moment  enough  repose  has  been  secured 
for  the  wants  of  the  system.  This  is  the  only  safe  and  efficient  rule. 
Signs  of  Disease  in  Children. — In  the  case  of  a  baby  not  yet 
able  to  talk,  it  must  cry  when  it  is  iU.  The  colic  makes  a  baby  cry- 
loud,  long,  and  passionately,  and  shed  tears — stopping  for  a  moment 
and  beginning  again. 

If  the  chest  is  affected,  it  giv«B  (me  ibaip  vxj,  breaking  oS  imak^ 
diateiy,  as  if  crying  hortu. 


19%  MBDICAL    DEPABT3tEXT,    ETC. 

If  the  tead  i3  affected,  it  cries,  in  sharp,  yier^'^i  shrlcJcx,  Trith  /<»* 
mcxms  and  xcails  between.  Or  iheie  may  be  quiet  doziug,  aud  etart- 
iDjrs  between. 

It  is  easy  enonga  to  perceive,  wiere  a  cIiiM  is  attnclied  \~  disen-a 
that  there" is  some  clian_-e  taking  flr.^  -3  ;  for  eiclier  iu?  slcia  will  be  dry 
and  hot.  its  apperlte  gone  ;  it  is  stxipiuly  sleep v,  or  fretful  and  cry:!-'/; 
It  is  tliirstv,  or  pale  and  lan^mid,  or  ta  eome  Vay  t*tray3  that  some- 
thing is  ■vsTong.  When  a  cLiid  yoinits.  or  bcs  a  diarrhoea,  or  is  orv 
tive  ?nd  feverish,  it  is  owing  to  pome  derangement,  riid  needs  attcrv 
tion.  But  these  various  Fvmptouis  tr.ay  ci  ntinr.e  lor  a  day  or  t.  j 
before  the  nature  of  the  disease  can  t-e  "dctornaned.  A  ^nvrra  lath, 
•warm  drinks,  et:.,  can  do  no  harm,  and  mr.y  help  to  determine  tl.a 
case.  On  coming  out  of  the  bath,  nnd  being  Avell  nibbed  with  t.3 
Tiand.  the  ekin  wlB  show  fym-ytoms  of  ra?h,  if  it  is  a  skin  diiea^e 
■which  has  commenced.  By  the  ap.ieamnv. e  of  the  rr..-h,  tl:e  nature 
of  the  disease  can  be  learned.  Measles  are  in  r-tche«.  d?.'-\  r^-.i.  ?>  I 
come  out  fir>t  about  the  face.    If  scarlet  fever  is  L^  i 

Tvill  lo>-)k  a  deep  ]  ink  all  over  the  Ixdy.  though  n.  > 

neck  and  face.    Chicken-pox  &hows  fever,  but  not  ^  ^ 

at  the  nose,  and  aprearant-e  of  ccld,  as  in  measles,  nor  is  theieua 
mnch  of  a  cough.  Besides,  tlie  pp-cte  are  smaller,  and  do  not  run 
nuch  tocrether,  and  are  more  diilosed  over  the  whole  surface  of  tiia 
fikin,  and  enlarge  into  little  bli;-ters  in  a  d.iv  or  tvro. 

Let  the  room"where  the  child  is  sick  be  shadv,  quiet,  and  cool.  Be 
careful  n^r^t  to  sre.ik  Fo  suddenly  as  to  startle  tlie  haU-cir'  -      t 

and  handle  it  v.lih  the  grciitest  tenderness  wlien  it  is  :  :o 

move  it  If  it  is  the  lungs  that  sxuier,  Lave  the  little  pi,-._.  -  .:- 
■w^t  elevrted  xipon  the  i  illowg  for  ea.-ier  bre.athing.  and  do  even  :;- » 
to  s'X'th  an  i  rcr.hc  it  e^nrfortr.hV.  s*^  "^^  not  to  have  it  cry.  and  to  V:  ij 
tV  '"  ''   '       '   '  1  is  very  weak,  do  not  move  it 

I  nv.ilsions.  In  administering 

a      :_  _,: ;  ^     .  r  ^      :  len  n->t  to  frighten  the  child. 

It  should  be  put  in  so  graduiiiiy,  and  to  amused  by  something  placed 
in  the  wnter  on  purpose  as  to  forget  its  fear  ;  keep  up  a  good  supply 
of  fresh  air,  at  a  temperature  of  aboi:t  OOo  F.:b'.  If  a  hired  nur-"e 
WKt  be  had.  select  if  p<\<sible  a  -v^oJiMi  of  intelligence,  gentle  and 
Ijving  dL^positioa.  kind  and  amiable  manners,  and  of  a  most  pacif  c 
nnrufled,  and  even  temrier.  If  a  b<?ing  can  be  got  possessed  of  t  .e^e 
angelic  qualities,  and-  ve  believe  there  are  many  such,  yon  wili  be 
quite  saie  in  intrnsting  to  her  care  the  management  of  yonr  sick  child 
OT  yourself  either,  in  ca>e  of  sickness,  S-.e  should  not  be  under 
t^renty-fi  .e  or  over  f  fty-iive.  aa  l>etween  these  two  ages  she  will,  if 
her'.thy,  be  in  her  full  strength  and  capacitv. 

W'HOOPixr,  Cough. — To  em^ty  ti.e  child's  stomach  by  a  lobelia 
emetic,  is  the  first  step.  After  this  make  a  gvrup  of  gngar,  ginger- 
root,  a  little  water,  and  enon^rb  lobelia  tincture  to  piwiuce  a.  eiigat 
ransea.  This,  given  two  or  tliree  times  a  day,  vriil  iooaen  the  co^h 
rery  much.     See  "  %STiooping  Cou?h  Symp.^' 

Di-VRRHCEA. — Nothing  is  better  f <  ►r  l«x>seness  of  the  bowels  than 
tea  m-ide  of  ground  bayberry.  Sweeten  it  well,  and  give  a  hait- 
te;icupful  once  in  two  hours,  until  t'.ie  child  is  bener.  Baiiiioe  miut 
■ot  be  neglected-    For  Cronp  Remedy  see  "Cure  for  Lockjaw/' 

Couc — ^Thij  can  be  cured  wiih  warm  injectiaDS  of  simple  wap< 


MEDICAL    DErAETSlENT,  1;TC>  197 

Bnds,  or^rann  water  Trith  a  -warming  tincture  in  It.  A  little  warm' 
tea  may  be  given  at  the  same  time,  and  the  bcvvels  rubbed.  Every 
family  shoiild  have  a  small  and  large  syringe.  Notliing  is  oftener 
needed,  particularly  in  the  care  of  children. 

Fever.— Where  a  child  hns  a  simple  fever  from  teething  or  any- 
other  cause  not  connected  witli  acute  disease,  give  a teaspoonf ul  of, 
syrup  of  rhubarb,  a  Avarm  injection,  and  sponge-battis.  These  will 
generally  be  all  that  is  needed. 

Rickets  ano  Scrofula.— K  children  have  either  of  these,  or  both 
the.se  dipeapes,  a  good,  nutritive  diet  is  a  great  ef'j=ontial  Then  the 
allcalinc-bath,  a  little  lime-water,  say  a  teaspoonlul  three  times  a  day,^ 
and  out-door  exercise,  are  the  chief  remedies. 

Fits— Spasms — VVlien  these  are  brour,ht  on  by  indigestion,  place  the 
child  in  a  warm  bath  immediately,  give  warm  water,  or  a  lobeha 
emetic,  ri;b  the  skin  briskly,  etc.,  to  getnp  an  action.  In  brain  disease 
the  warm  water  is  equally  useful.  In  fact,  unless  the  fit  is  constitu- 
tional, the  warm  bath  wUl  relieve  tlie  patient  by  drawiug  the  blood  to 
the  surface. 

ExLARr.KjrEjTT  OF  THE  BRArM.— This  chicfly  effects  children,  and' 
consists  iu  r>n  unnatural  growth  of  tlie  brain.  The  skull  may  grow 
Avith  it,  and  there  be  no  sjTutoms  of  di.-^ease,  though  chudren  with  this 
large  brain  are  apt  to  die  of  some  brain  direase.  The  symptoms  of 
enlargement  of  the  brain  are,  dullness  of  intellect,  indifference  to  ex- 
ternal objects,  irritable  temper,  Inordinate  appetite,  giddiness,  and 
habitual  headache.  Soractimcs  tlicro  are  convnlsions,  epileptic  fits, 
and  idiocy.  There  is  also  a  pecular  projection  of  the  i^arietal  bones 
in  this  disease. 

Treatment.— Xs,  much  a,q  possible,  repress  all  exercise  of  tlie  mind. 
Do  not  suffer  the  child  to  go  to  school ;  b;it  put  it  to  the  most  active 
and  muscular  exercire  in  tl.e  open  air.  The  moment  there  is  any  heat 
in  the  top  of  the  head,  apply  ccld  Water,  ice,  or  cold  evapornting  lo- 
tions. The  diet  should  be  vciy  simple,  bread  and  mUk  only,  if,  as  the 
child  grows  up,  the  signs  of  the  disease  iucreaf'e. 

Water  ixthe  Head.— Another  disease  of  children,  an«  especially 
of  scrofulous  cliUdren,  It  is  infliimmatorv,  and  should  be  early  no- 
ticed. 

Symptoms. — Capricious  appetite,  a  foul  tongue,  offensive  breath  en- 
larged, and  some  times  tender  belly,  ton^id  bowels,  stools  lieht-colored 
from  ha^ing  no  bUe,  or  dark  from  vitiated  bile,  fetirl,  soui--smelling, 
slimy  and  lumpy.  The  child  grows  pale  and  tiiin  :  and  Ls  hea\-r,  Lan- 
guid, dejected  ;  it  is  fretful,  irritable,  uneasy,  and  apt  to  be  tottering 
m  its  gait. 

The  disease  may  begin,  after  these  symptoms,  bv  pains  in  tlie  head, 
becoming  more  severe  and  iiequent,  giiaqi  and  ehooting,  causing  tl.'O 
child  to  waken  and  shriek  out.  As  the  drowsv  stnte  advance.-?,  the 
shrieking  gives  i)l;ice  to  moa ning.  There  is  grejit  stiflne.cs  in  the  back 
of  the  neck,  pain  in  the  limbs,  tf  ndenie.<s  m  the  scaln,  vomitinsr,  sigh- 
ing, intolerance  of  light,  knitting  of  the  brows,  and  increased  disturb- 
ance of  tlie  stomach  and  bowels.  Tlds  may  hist  from  ten  to  four- 
teen d.'iys,  the  patient  growing  more  weak  and  pcevisli.  Another 
form  of  attack  is  ninrked  bv  acute  pain  in  the  head,  hiali  fever,  con- 
Tukions,  flushed  face,  brilliant  eyes,  intolerance  of  light  and  sound, 
pain,  tenderness  in  the  belly,  etupor,  jgreat  initabiliity  of  stomach, 


198  MEDICAL    DEPAETMEXT,    ETC. 

«»using  retching  and  vomiting  on  every  atteraiit  to  sit  np.  The  tihird 
mode  of  attack  is  very  insidioas — the  early  symptoms  being  eo  mild 
as  hardly  to  be  noticeii.  In  this  case,  the  "iconvuMons  or  palsy  come 
enddeuly,  ^thout  notice,  brindng  swift  and  imexpcct^  destruc- 
tion, lu  the  first  stage  of  the  disease  there  is  iacreased  sensibility  ; 
in  the  second  decreas^  sensibility;  in  the  tliird,  palsy,  convulsions, 
eqiiinting  of  the  eyes,  rolling  of  the  head,  stupor,  and  a  rapid,  thread- 
like pulse. 

Treatment. — In  the  fii-.^it  stng«,  pairing  is  very  important,  and 
must  be  continued  for  three  or  four  days.  An  excellent  purgative 
is  this  :  pulverized  scamniony,  sLv  grains  ;  croton  oil,  four  (&ops  ; 
pulverized  loaf  sugar,  sLxteen  teaspoonfi^.s.  Kub  well  together  in  a 
mortiir.  Give  one  teaspoonful  every  hour  or  two,  tUl  it  operates. 
Apply  cold  water  or  ice  to  the  head.  *In  the  second  stage  put  blisters 
upon  the  back  of  tlie  neck,  and  one  on  tl;e  bowels,  if  very  tender. 
In  the  third  stage  use  the  warm  bath,  also  alteratives  and  diuretics. 
For  an  alterative,  use  iodide  of  potassium,  one  dram  ;  water,  half  an 
oimce  ;  mix.  Thirty  drops  to  a  child  seve,.  years  old  every  hour. 
For  a  diui-etic,  Qi>e  tinctiire  of  digitalis,  one  oiince  ;  syrup  of  squills, 
one  ounce  ;  mix.  Ten  drops  for  a  child  seven  yeai^  old  every  four 
hours.  The  patient  should  be  kept  iu  a  dark  room,  aeay  from  all 
noise  and  excitement,  and  should  lie  upon  a  hair  mattress-  with  his 
head  somewhat  elevated.  T];e  diet  in  the  first  stage  snould  be  noth- 
ing more  than  gT;.el ;  alter  Cvct,  more  nourishing,  but  easy  of  diges- 
tion, such  as  beef-tea,  pLiin  chicken-broth,  animal-jellies,  etc.  At 
the  same  time  the  patient  should  be  supxKjrted  by  the  cautious  use  of 
wine-whey,  valerian,  or  ton  drops  of  aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia 
every  four  hours. 

Mumps. — This  disease,  most  common  among  cnildren,  begins  witn 
soreness  and  stillness  in  the  side  of  the  neck.  Soon  e  swelling  ai.  the 
paratoid  gumd  takes  place,  which  is  painful  and  contmues  to  increase 
for  four  or  five  day?,  sometimes  making  it  difficult  to  swallow,  or 
open  the  mouth.  The  swelling  sometimes  comes  on  one  side  at  a 
time,  bat  commonly  upon  b^iih.  There  is  often  heat  and  sometimes 
fever,  with  a  drv  slan,  quick  pulse,  furred  tongue,  constipated  bowels, 
and  scanty  and  "high-colored  urhie.    The  disease  Ls  contagious. 

'rreatnvcnt. — Keep  tlie  face  and  neck  warm,  and  avoid  taking  cold. 
Drink  warm  herb  teas,  and  if  the  symptoms  are  severe,  4  to  6  grs. 
of  Dover's  jvjwder ;  or  if  there  is  costiveness,  a  slight  physic,  and 
observe  a  very  simple  diet  If  the  dii^ease  is  aggravated  by  taking 
«old,  and  is  very  severe,  or  is  translated  to  other  glands,  physic  must 
be  used  freely, 'iceclies  applied  to  the  swelling,  or  cooling  poultices. 
Sweating  must  be  resorted  to  in  this  case. 

Scarlet  Fe^tik  u  an  r.cnte  infiamr.iation  of  the  sidn,  both  exter- 
nal and  internal,  and  connected  with  an  infections  fever. 

Svnwtoms. — The  fever  shows  itself  l>etween  two  and  ten  days  aft^r 
exposure.  On  the  second  day  of  the  fever  the  eruption  comes  out  ia 
minute  pimples,  which  are  either  clustered  together,  or  spread  over 
the  surface  in  a  general  bright  scarlet  cf>lor.  The  disease  begins  with 
lanOTor.  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and  limbs,  drow.-Lue.-s,  nausea  and 
chifis,  followed  by  heat  and  t'lirst.  "^Tien  the  redness  appears  the 
pulse  Is  quick,  and  tlie  patient  is  restless,  anxious  and  often  delirious. 
The  eyes  are  rt-d,  the  face  swollen,  and  the  ton^e  covered  in  th« 


MEDICAL   DEPABTMENT,   ETC.  193 

■iMdIe  vith  wlute  mixcus.  throngh  which  are  teen  elevated  points  of 
extreme  redness.  The  tonsils  are  gwollen,  and  the  throat  is  red. 
By  the  evening  of  the  third  or  fonrth  day  the  redness  hns  reached  its 
height,  and  the  skin  becomes  moist,  •when  the  scarf-skin  begin^i  to 
come  o3t  in  scales. 

In  this  fever  the  flesh  pafEs  np  so  as  to  distend  the  fingers,  and 
disfignre  the  face.  As  it  progresses  the  coating  suddenly  comes  off 
the  tongiie,  leaving  it  and  the  whole  mo-'th  raw  and  tender.  The 
throat  is  very  ranch  swollen  aud  iuilamed,  and  ulcei-s  form  on  the 
tonsils.  The  eustachian  tube  which  extends  np  to  the  ear,  the  glands 
under  the  ear  and  jaw,  sometimes  inflame  and  break  ;  and  the  ab- 
scesses formed  in  the  ear  frequently  occasion  deafness,  more  or  lesa 
difficult  to  cure.  The  symy  toms  of  this  disease  may  be  known  from 
that  of  measles  by  the  "absence  of  cough  ;  by  the  finer  rash  ;  by  its 
scarlet  color ;  by'  the  rash  appearing  on  tlie  second  instead  of  the 
fourth  day  ;  and  by  the  ulceratton  of  the  throat 

Treatnient. — In  ordinary  cases  the  tre^-'-tment  required  is  very  simple. 
The  room  where  the  patient  Mes  should  be  kept  cool,  and  "the  bed- 
covering  U;rht  The  whole  body  should  be  sponged  with  cool  water  as 
often  as  it  becomes  hot  and  dry,  and  cooling  drinks  should  be  admln- 
ittered.  A  lew  drops  of  belladonna,  night  and  morning,  is  all  that  is 
needed. 

If  there  is  ranch  fever  and  soreness  of  throat,  give  the  following 
tin'^ture  of  hellebore  often  enough  to  keep  down  the  piil.'-e  : — 

Tincture  of  American  hellebore,  1  dr.  ;  tinct;ire  of  black  cohosh,  2 
oz.  ;  mix.     Tnke  1  teasiioonf  ul  3  to  G  times  a  day. 

It  would  al.«o  be  useful  to  commence  treatment  with  an  emetic  • 
nnd  to  soak  the  feet  and  hands  in  hot  water  contaiaing  a  little 
Kiustard  or  cayenne  pepper  ;  ccutlnaing  this  bath  20  miniites,  twice 
a  day,  for  2  or  3  days.  The  cold  stage  being  iiassed,  and  the  fever 
having  set  in,  wann  water  may  be  u?cd  without  tho  mustard  or 
pepper.  If  the  liead  is  affected,  pr.t  draft.-!  v.\->on  tlie  foct ;  and  if  the 
Dowels  be  costive,  give  a  mild  physic.  Solid  food  should  not  be 
Rllowed ;  br.t  when  the  fever  sets  iu,"co<:>ling  drinks,  such  as  lemonade, 
tamarind-water,  rice-wnter,  flaxseed  tax,  then  gruel,  or  cold  water 
may  be  given  in  reasonable  quantities.  To  stimulate  the  skin, 
muriatic  acid.  45  drops  in  a  tumbler  filled  with  water  and  sweetened, 
and  given  in  da-^es  of  a  teaspoonful,  is  a  good  remedy. 

Where  the  di>ea.se  is  very  violent,  and  the  p^itient  inclines  to  sink 
immediately  ;  where  tyi)hoid  symptoms  appear  and  there  is  great 
prostratii  m  ;  the  eruption  strikes  in  ;  the  skin  changes  to  a  mahogany 
color  ;  tlie  trnrue  is  a  deep  red,  or  has  on  it  a  dark  brown  fnr,  and 
the  ulcers  in  the  throat  become  putrid,  the  treatment  must  be  diiler- 
ent  from  the  alove.  In  this  case  it  mu-t  be  imi:.  Q-.iinia  must  bo 
piven  freely  ;  aud  wine  whey,  nixcd  with  t'^nrt- water,  will  be  useful. 
Quinia  is  made  as  follows  :— Sulphate  of  qulrlne.  1  scruple  ;  alcohol, 
4  ozs.  :  sulphuric  acid,  5  drops  ;  Madeira  v>T^.e,  1  quart  ;  mix.  Two 
wine-glassfuls  a  dry.  Tincture  of  cayenne,  in  sweetened  water,  mav 
l-e  given  in  small  doses.  Gar-les  nre'al  o  ccesfvary.  A  good  one  19 
made  of  pulverized  cayenne.  1  dram  ;  salt,  or.3  dram  ;  belling  watci; 
1  gilL  Mix,  and  let  them  stir.d  15  minutes.  Then  a  Id  1  jr"!  vme^^nr. 
Let  it  stand  an  hour  and  st~;in.  Put  a  le?':poGn'.;l  in  t-ho  child'* 
Bootb  ouca  in  an  honi.    A  if  arm  bath  should  be  used  dailj  as  aoot 


200  MEDICAL    DEPARTMENT,    ETC. 

as  the  slrin  bceins  to  peel  off,  to  prevent  dropsy.  If  dropsy  gets  in, 
the  bath  once  in  3  days  is  sufficient,  and  sweating  should  be  promotea 
fcy  giving  the  tincture  of  Tiiginia  snake-root  and  eimi!ar  articles  :  a 
peuerous  diet  should  be  allowed  at  the  same  time,  to  bring  np  the 
ihild's  strength 

Measles  is  an  acute  inflammation  of  the  skin,  internal  and  exter- 
nal, combined  with  an  infectious  fever. 

Symptoms. — Chills  succeeded  by  great  heat,  languor,  and  drowsi- 
tess,  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and  limbs,  quick  pulse,  soreness  of 
throat,  thirst,  nausea  and  vomiMng,  a  dry  cough,  and  high-colored 
tirine.  These  symptoms  increase  in  violence  for  four  days.  The  eyc3 
are  inflamed  and  weak,  and  the  nose  pours  forth  a  watery  secretion, 
■with  frequent  sneezing.  There  is  coru^iderable  ijiflammation  in  the 
larynx,  windpipe,  and  bronchial  tubes,  with  soreness  of  thebreastand 
hoarseness.  About  the  fourth  day  the  skin  i  •  covered  with  a  breaking 
out  which  produces  heat  and  itching,  and  is  red  in  spot*,  upon  the 
lace  first,  gradually  spreading  over  the  whole  body.  It  goes  off  in 
the  game  way,  from  the  face  first  and  then  from  tlie  tody,  and  the 
hoarseness  and  other  Bymptoms  decline  with  it;  at  last  the  ontside 
ekin  peels  off  in  scales. 

Treatment. — ^In  a  mild  form,  nothing  13  required  but  a  light  diet, 
slightly  acid  drinks,  and  flax  seed  or  slippery  elm  tea.  Wa^m  herb 
teas,  and  frequent  sponge  baths  with  tepid  water,  serve  to  aUay  the 
fever;  care  should  be  taken  not  to  let  the  patient  take  cold.  If  the 
fever  is  very  high,  and  prevents  the  rash  coming  out,  a  slight  dose  of 
salts,  or  a  nauseating  dose  of  ipecac,  lobeha,  or  hive-syrup  should  be 
given,  and  followed  by  teasponf ul  doses  of  compound  tincture  of 
Virginia  snake-root  until  the  fever  is  allayed.  If  the  patient  from  any 
derangement  takes  on  a  low  typhoid  ty^je'  of  fever,  and  the  rash  does 
not  come  out  until  the  seventh  day,  and  is  then  of  a  dark  and  livid 
color,  tonics  and  stimulants  must  be  given,  and  expectoration  promo- 
ted by  some  suitable  remedy.  There  is  always  danger  of  the  lungs 
being  left  in  an  inflamed  state  after  the  measles,  unless  the  greatest 
care  is  taken  not  to  suffer  the  patient  to  take  cold.  Should  there  be 
much  pain,  and  a  severe  cough,  this  must  be  treated  as  a  separate 
disease,  with  other  remedies. 

Typhoid  Fea"er. — Symptorns. — Is  generally  preceded  by  several  days 
of  languor,  low  spirits,  and  indisposition  to  exertion.  There  is  also, 
usually,  some  pain  in  the  back  and  head,  loss  of  appetite,  and 
drowsiness,  though  not  rest.  The  disease  shows  itself  by  a  chUL 
During  the  first  week  there  is  increased  heat  of  the  surface^  frequent 
pulse,  furred  tongue,  restlessness,  sleeplessness,  headache,  and  pain  in 
the  back;  sometimes  diarrhoea  and  swelling  of  the  belly,  and  some- 
times nausea  and  vomiting. 

The  second  week  is  often  distinguished  by  small,  rose-colored  spots 
on  the  belly,  and  a  crop  of  little  watery  pimples  c~  the  neck  and  chest, 
having  the  appearance  of  minute  drops  of  sweat ;  the  tongue  is  dry 
and  black,  or  red  and  sore;  the  teeth  are  foul;  there  may  be  delirium 
and  dalbiess  of  hearing;  and  the  symptoms  every  way  are  more 
eerious  than  during  the  fii-st  week.  Occasionally,  the  bowels  are  at 
this  period  perforated  or  ate  tlirough  by  ulceration,  and  the  patient 
Buddenly  sinks.  If  the  disease  proceeds  unfavorably  into  the  third 
iveek,  were  is  low,  muttering  delirium;  gi^t  exhaustion;  sliding 


OaOCKBS  AXD   COXFECTIONEKS'  KECEIPT3.      StSA 

dcjwn  cf  the  patient  toward  the  foot  of  the  ted;  twitching  of  the 
muscles,  bleeding  from  the  bo^vels ;  and  red  or  purple  spotrj  upon  the 
skin.  If.  on  the  other  haud.  the  patient  improves,  tlie  coimtenanco 
brightens  up.  the  pulse  moderates,  the  tongue  cleans,  and  tJie  dis- 
charges look  healthy. 

Treatmnit. — Give  the  patient  good  air,  and  frequent  spoiigings  with 
water,  cold  or  tepid,  as  mo^t  agreeable.  Keep  the  bowels  ui  order 
and  be  more  afraid  of  diarrhce;i  than  costiveness.  Dianhcea  sliould 
be  restrained  by  a  little  biimdy,  or  by  rejjeated  doses  of  Dover's 
powder.  For  costiveness,  give  mild  injections,  made  slightly  loosen- 
ing by  castor  oil,  or  common  molasses.  To  keep  down  tlie  fever,  and 
produce  perspiration,  give  tincture  of  veratrum  viride,  10  drops  every 
Lour.  If  the  bowels  are  swelled,  relieve  them  by  hot  fomeutiitions  of 
hops  and  vinegar.  If  the  pain  in  the  head  is  very  severe  and  constant, 
let  the  liair  be  cut  short,  and  the  head  hathed' frequently  with  cold 
Mater.  Give  light  nourishment,  and  if  the  debility  is  great,  broth  and 
wine  will  be  needed.  Cle;mse  the  mouth  with  Very  weak  tea — old 
hyson.  If  the  fever  runs  a  low  course,  and  the  patient  is  very  weak, 
quinine  may  be  given  from  tlie  beginning.  Constant  care  and  good 
nursing  are*  very  important. 

Tj/phns  fever  is  distinguished  from  typhoid  by  there  being  no  marked 
dis^e  oi  the  bowels  iu  typhus. 


GROCERS  AXD  CONFECTIOXERS'  RECEIPTS. 

Cheap  Vixegae. — Mix  25  gaL«.  of  warm  rain  water,  with  4  gals, 
molasses  and  1  gal.  yeast,  and  let  it  ferment;  you  will  soon  have  the 
best  of  vinegar;  keep  adding  these  articles  in  these  proportions  as  the 
stock  is  sold. 

For  Grocers'  Saxes— Take  three  barrels  ;  let  one  of  them  be 
your  vinegar  barrel ;  fiU  this  last  up  before  it  is  quite  emptv,  with 
molasses,  2  gals.  ;  soft  water,  11  gals  ;  yeast.  1  qt  ;  keeping  thkse  pro- 
portions in  tilling  up  the  whole  three  barrels;  sell  the  vinegar  out  of 
yonr  old  vinegar  barrel  aa  soon  as  it  is  ready,  which  will  be  in  a  short 
time  ;  when  nearly  empty,  fill  it  np  with  the  fluid  as  before,  and  pass 
on  to  sell  out  of  the  next  barrel ;  by  the  time  it  is  disposed  of  go  on  to 
the  last ;  then  go  back  to  the  first,  filling  up  your  barrels  iu  every 
case  when  nearly  empty,  and  you  will  alwcys  keep  a  stock  of  good 
vinegar  on  hand  unless  yonr  sales  are  very  large  ;  in  which  case,  fol- 
low the  next  process.  Have  the  bung-holes  open  in  the  barrels  to 
admit  air.    The  free  admission  of  warm  air  hastens  the  process. 

ViXEGAR  IX  Three  Days.— Get  a  quantity  of  maple,  beech,  or 
basswood  chips  or  8ha\Tngs,  and  soak  these  in  good  vinegar,  for  two  or 
three  days.  With  these  cliips  you  will  fill  a  barrel,  which  has  beea 
pierced  with  a  large  number  of  inch  noles  all  around  the  sides  for  th3 
ireeadoiissionof  air  among  the  chips  (the  more  holes  in  the  barrel 
the  better,  for  the  more  air  the  sooner  the  viue^r  will  be  made)  cut 
toother  barrel  in  two  halves,  place  one  hali  beLaw  tfu  barrel  with  tbs 


S02       6&0CEE9  AXD   C0N?SCTI0^£S3*  RSCSIPTS. 

chii>8  and  the  other  half  above  it  The  top  tnb  must  hare  Ite  bottom 
pierced  with  a  number  of  gimlet  holes,  in  xvliich  are  placed  sereral 
threads  of  twine,  to  conduct  the  Ninegar  evenly  over  tlie  clilix*.  The 
liquid  drams  down  slowly  through  the  chi;->e  and  ont  of  a  faucet  near 
the  bottcun  of  the  barrel"  into  the  lower  tab.  It  should  mn  through 
everj'  lour  liours,  and  then  be  baled  or  pumped  back.  Directionsto 
make  vinegar  from  sugar  :  Use  1^  lb.  to  each  gal.  of  water  ;  of  the 
dregs  of  niolasses  baiTels,  nse  2  Ib.to  each  gal.  of  water  ;  small  beer, 
lager  beer,  ale,  «Src.,  which  have  become  sour,  make  good  vinegar  by 
being  reduced  with  water ;  email  beer  need  :*  but  little  water,  lager  beer 
as  much  water  as  beer  ;  to  2  gals,  cider,  add  h  gnl.  of  water  ;  you  can 
also  make  excellent  vinegar  out  of  the  artificial  cider  mentioned  below. 
Use,  in  everj-  case,  soft  water  to  make  vinegar,  and  \\>c>  2  qts,  yeast 
to  eveiy  bai~el.  It  makes  much  quicker  if  i^.e  fluid  ia  gliglitly 
lukewarm.    Leach  either  of  these  preparations  through  the  sliavings. 

Tliis  proce.<3  should  be  attended  to  during  warm  weather,  or  in 
a  room  where  a  pretty  high  temperature  is  kept  up,  as  it  will  not 
•work  otherwise. 

Excellent  Vikegak,  CirrAP.-^Acctic  acid,  5  lbs.  •,  molasses,  3 
gal.  ;  yeast,  2  qts,  ;  put  them  uito  a  forty-gal.  cn-^k,  and  £11  it  nn  with 
rain  water  ;  stir  it  up,  and  let  it  stand  one  to  tlirce  weeks,  letting  It 
liave  all  the  air  ix>.*siljle,  and  you  will  have  good  \inegar.  If  wanted 
stronger,  add  more  mohis-es.  Should  you  at  any  time  have  weal: 
Ainegar  on  hand,  i)ut  mola.v.*es  into  it  to  set  it  working.  This  will 
BOon  correct  it.     Make  in  a  warm  place. 

■\Vhite  Wixe  Vinegar. — ;Mash  np  20  Hm.  raisins,  rnd  add  10  gals, 
■water  ;  let  it  stand  in  a  warm  place  for  one  month,  and  you  will  have 
pnre  white  ^vine  vinegar.  The  raisins  may  be  used  a  Bocond  time  the 
game  way. 

To  Pkeserve  Eclgs.— To  each  patent  pailful  of  "water,  add  2  pts. 
of  fresh  slacked  bme,  and  1  ft-  of  common  salt ;  mix  well.  Fill  your 
barrel  half  full  with  this  fliud,  put  your  eggs  df)wn  in  it  any  time  af- 
ter Jime,  and  they  will  keep  two  years  if  desired. 

LiQCiD  Mucilage. — Fine  clear  glue  1  lb.  ;  gum  jirabic,  10  oz.  ; 
\rater,  1  qt.  ;  melt  by  heat  in  a  glue  kettle  or  wuter  b.ilh  ;  when  en- 
tirely melted,  add  slowly  10  ozs.  strong  nitric  acid,  set  off  to  coci, 
Theiv bottle,  adding  in  a  cou;  le  of  cloves  to  each  bottle. 

Ca>'died  Lemon  Peel. — Take  lemon  peeld  and  boil  them  in  syrup  ; 
then  take  them  out,  and  dry. 

Baking  Powder. — Tai-tiric  acid,  6  Its.  ;  pure  sesquicarbonato  of 
soda.  8  lbs.  ;  potito  farina,  or  other  flour  or  starch,  IG  lbs.  Dry 
separately  by  gentle  heat.  Mix  this  perfectly  in  a  dry  room,  pass 
the  mixture  through  a  sieve  and  pat  up  at  once  into  damp  proof 
hard  pressed  packages.  To  nso,  1  or  2  teasixwufuls  are  nd.-icd  with 
dry  Sour,  which  is  then  mixed  with  cold  vrater,  and  baked  imme- 
diately. Another. — Tartaric  acid,  1  lb. ;  pure  bicarbonate  of  soda  J 
lbs.  ;  potato  farina,  %  lb.    Treat  the  same  aa  the  last 

To  Maj£E  an  Pe  Chest. — Take  2  drygoods  boxes,  one  of  which  U 
enough  smaller  than  the  other  to  leave  a  space  of  about  3  inches  all 
ground  when  it  is  placed  inside.  Fill  the  space  between  the  two  with 
Bawdust  packed  closely,  and  cover  with  a  heavy  lid  made  to  fit  neat- 
ly inside  the  Lirger  box.  Insert  a  small  pipe  in  the  bott<:)m  of  the 
thest  to  carry  oil  the  water  Ixoui  tlie  melting;  ice.    For  lamily  usd  oi 


©EOCEIia   A>'P    CQNFfiCTIOJS'EBS'  BSCEIPTS.       208 

fWc«TB,  «8«  thlB  Trill  1W0T8  »«  s«rric«abl«  as  refrigerators  tliat  cost 
twenty  times  as  much. 

Soap  Mantfactuee.-— When  wood  ashes  camict  conveniently  ha 
ha,d  it  is  iisiial  for  poap  manufactiirere  to  use  equal  qnautities  of  re- 
cently sLtcked  lime,  and  sal  soda,  eoda  anh  or  caustic  soda,  using  water 
enough  to  gi\  e  the  ley  pnfflcient  strength  to  supjtort  a  fresh  egg.  It 
must  be  very  etrong.  The  solution  c^m  be  eflected  by  heat,  or  stir- 
ring, or  by  both  metlioda,  finally  drawmg  off,  or  bailing^out  tlie  liquid 
dear  of  sediment,  previously  thro-wing  in  salt  and  gi>-ing  time  for  the 
sediment  to  settle  ;  1  ton  of  yellow  soap  will  require  about  10()0  lbi>. 
tallow  and  a'K)  lbs.  resin,  with  ley  siulicient.  The  same  quantity  of 
white  soap  Mill  require  nearly  1300  lbs.  tallow,  boiling  in  every  caso 
with  the  proper  quantity  of  ley,  untU  it  forms  a  perfectly  homoec- 
neous  ma.*3  by  a  perfect  blending  of  the  comiwnent  parts  all  together, 
when  it  is  poured  out  into  suitable  frames  to  harden  and  csx)\.  It  is 
afterwards  cut  up  into  j^roper  sized  bars  by  means  of  wires  to  which 
handles  are  attached  and  then  piled  up  to  drv. 

Tkansparext  Soap.— Slice  6  lbs.  nice  yellow  bar-poan  into  shav- 
ings ;  put  into  a  bra.«.^,  tm  or  copi^cr  kettle'  with  alcohol,  %  g;il.,  heat- 
ing gradually  over  a  slow  fire,  stiiring  till  all  is  di.-^solved';  then  add 
1  oz.  s!s.safm8  e^fence,  and  stir  imtii  all  is  mixod  ;  now  pour  into 
]vin:»  about  1^  inches  deep,  and  wl.cn  cold  cut  into  square  burs  the 
length  or  width  of  the  pan.  as  desired. 

English  Bak-So-U*.— Six  g:i!s.  soft  water  ;  G  lbs.  pood  stone  L'me; 
20  lbs.  sal-soda  ;  4  oz.  boiT.x:  ;  15  lbs.  fat  (tallow  is  be^t)  ;  10  lbs.  pal- 
verized  resin,  and  4  oz.  beeswax  ;  jjut  the  water  in  a  kettle  on  the 
nre,  and  when  nearly  boilijig  add  the  lime  and  soda  ;  when  these  are 
di.«solvcd,  add  the  borax  ;  l)oil  gently,  and  stir  tmtil  all  is  dissolved  ; 
then  add  tlie  fat,  re;  In,  and  bees-wax  :  boil  all  gently  until  it  shows 
flaky  on  the  stick,  tLen  pour  into  moulds. 


over 
in 


Best  Soft  Soap.— Mix  10  lbs.  potnsh  in  10  gals,  warm  soft  water 
•er  nJgh.t  ;  in  tae  morning  boil  it.  adding  6  lbs.  grease  ;  then  put  all 
a  barrel,  adding  15  gals,  soft  water. 


4  lbs.  sal-soda,  and  2  rz.  boi-ax,  and  1  oz.  hurtshorn  ;  boil  one  quarter 
hour  with  £'_'  qt-.  water  ;  add,  to  harden,  ?,  lb.  resin. 

Geemax  Yei.low  Soap.— Tallow  and'eal-soda,  of  each  112  lbs., 
resin,  56  lbs.  ;  stone  lime,  28  lbs.  ;  palm  oil,  8  oz.  ;  soft  water,  28  gals. 


all  together,  stirring  well  and  the  work  is  done.  Fw  small  quantldcs. 
— Tallow  and  sal-soda  each,  1  lb.  ;  resin,  7  oz.  ;  stone  lime,  4  oz.  ; 
palm  oil,  1  oz.  ;  soft  wrter,  1  qt. 

IIakd  Soap  with  Labd.— Sal-soda  and  lard,  each  6  lbs.  ;  stona 
lime,  3  lbs.  ;  soft  water,  4  gals.  :  dissolve  the  lime  and  soda  in  tli9 
water  by  boUing  stirring,  settliu":,  ntid  pouring  off ;  then  return  to 
tliekettle  (brass  or  copi  er),  and  add  tlie  lard,  and  boil  ittill  it  becomes 
soap  ;  then  potir  into  a  dish  or  moulds  ;  aud,  when  cold,  cut  luto  bar% 
ana  dry  it. 


204        GHOCEBS   AND    CONFECTIONEES'   RECEIPTS. 

White  Hakd  Soap  ■wtth  Tallow. — Fresh  slacked  lime,  finl-eodA, 
and  tallow,  of  each,  2  lbs.  ;  dis.solve  the  soda  in  l»gal.  boiiiug  soft 
water  ;  now  mix  in  the  lime,  stirring  occasionally  for  a  few  hoars  ; 
after  which,  let  it  settle,  iX)aring  off  the  clear  liquor,  and  boiling  the 
tallow  tlierein  until  it  i^  aU  dissolved  ;  cool  it  in  a  liiit  lx)x  or  pan,  cut 
into  bars  br  cakes  as  desired.  It  may  be  perfumed  with  sassafras  oil 
or  any  other  perfume  desired,  stirring  it  in  when  cooL  Ot\£  hundred 
pounds  soap,  very  cheap. — Potash,  6  lbs.  ;  lard,  4  lbs.  ;  resin,  ^  lb. 
Beat  up  the  resin,  mix  all  together,  and  set  aside  for  five  days  ;  then 
put  the  whole  into  a  10-j;al.  cask  of  water,  and  stir  twice  a  day  for 
*en  days,  when  it  is  ready  for  use. 

Vakiegated  Soaps.— Soft  water  3  qts.,  nice  white  bar  soap  Sl'os., 
8al-soda  2  ozs.  ;  Chinese  vermilion  and  Chinese  blue,  of  each  a^  out 
7  grs.,  oil  sas.-^fras  |oz.  ;  shave  the  soap  into  thin  tlicf?  and  add  it  to 
the  water  as  it  begins  to  boil,  when  dissolved  set  it  o.f  tlio  fire,  take 
out  a  cup  of  poap  and  stir  in  the  venniilion,  tal:e  out  an?  ihc-r  cup  of 
soap  and  stir  in  the  blue  ;  then  pour  in  the  contents  of  tlie  dvt  cnp, 
giring  two  or  three  turns  only  with  a  stirring  stick,  then  aJ  i  tLic  other 
cupful  in  the  same  way,  then  pour  into  moulds,  or  into  a  i>io;)er  box, 
and  when  cold  it  can  be  cut  into  bars  ;  it  will  present  a  beautiful 
streaked  apjiearance. 

CAiiPHOK  Soap.— Curd  soap  23 lbs.,  otto  of  rosemary  1^  lbs.  Reduce 
the  camphor  to  powder,  add  one  oimce  almond  oil,  then  sift  it,  when 
the  soap  is  melted  and  ready  to  tarn  out,  add  the  camphor  and  rose- 
mary. 'White  Windsor  Soap. — Curd  soap  1  cwt.,  marine  soap  21  lbs. 
oil  soap  14  lbs.,  oil  caraway,  l^lbs.,  oil  th^-me  aiid  rosemary  of  each  § 
lb.  oils  of  cassia  and  cloves  of  each  J  lb.  Bivvn  Windsor  Soap. 
Curd  soap  |  cwt. ,  marine  soap  ^  cwt. ,  yeUow  soap  i  cwt. ,  oil  soap  J  cwt. 
Brown  coloring  (camrael)  ^  pt.  oils  caraway,  cloves,  thyme,  cassia,  jxjtit 
grain  and  French  lavender  of  each  2  oz.  Sand  Socp.-^uid  soap  7  lbs. 
marine  soap  7  lbs.,  sifted  silver  sand  28 lbs.,  oils  thyme,  cassia,  cara- 
way, and  French  lavender  of  each  2  oz.  I 

^OLiD  CAJfDLK3  FEoM  LARD. — DLssolve  Jib.  aluai  end  Jib.  salt- 
petre in  i  pt.  water  on  a  slow  fire  ;  then  fciie  3  Tjs.  of  lard  cut  into 
small  pieces,  and  put  into  the  pot  with  this  solution,  stirrmg  it  con- 
stantly over  a  very  moderate  fire  nntil  the  l.Td  is  ;J1  dissolved  ;  then 
let  it  simmer  until  all  steam  ceases  to  rise  and  remove  it  at  once  from 
the  fire.  If  you  leave  it  too  long  it  will  get  discolored.  These  cao- 
dles  are  harder  and  better  than  tiUow. 

Tallow — To  Cleaxsb  axd  Bleach. — DL<:>olve  alum.  5  lbs.,  in 
water,  10  gals.,  by  Ixiilmg  :  and  when  it  is  sul  dL-^solved,  add  tallow, 
20  lbs.  ;  continue  the  boiling  for  an  hour,  constantly  stirring  and 
skimming;  when  sufficiently  cool  to  aHjw  it,  st;-ain  through  thick 
muslin  ;  "tlien  set  aside  to  harden  ;  when  taken  from  tlie  water,  lay 
it  by  for  a  short  time  to  drip. 

LiiTATiox  Wsx  Candles. — ^Purify  melt'?d  tallow  by  throwing  in 
powdered  quick  lime,  then  add  two  parts  wax  to  one  of  tallow,  and 
a  mast  beiiutifiil  article  of  candle,  resembling  wax,  will  be  the  result. 
Dip  the  wicks  in  lime  water  and  &.'dtpetre  on  making.  To  a  gallon  of 
water  add  2  oz.  saltpetre  and  ^  lb.  of  lime  ;  it  iiuproves  the  light, 
and  prevents  the  fcillow  from  running. 

Adamajntln-e  CofDLEs  FBOii  TalijOW. — Mclt  together  10  OZ,  mat- 
tfWL  tallow  }  camphor,  J  oz,  ;  beeswax,  4  oz. ;  ulam,  2  oz. 


TABL£g,  AC,  FOB  MERCHAyXS. 


205 


Table  of  Mischujuajteous  Weiohts  aot>  SlEAstrsES, 


Apples,  dried,  bush,  about  35  lb«. 
Alinooids,  sexon  of,  1  to2  cwt. 
Beef,  Urkiu,  luo  }b9. 

"    or  Pork,  barrel,  300  lbs. 
Buckwheat,  bush,  usually  5Ulbs. 
Beans,  white,  bushel,  60  lbs. 
Butter,  barrel.  224  lbs. 

"      firkin,  56  lbs. 

"      tub,  84  lbs. 
Ck)ffee,  tierce  of,  5  to  7  cvst. 

"      bags  of  Eio,  about  162  lbs. 

"       "     St.  Domingo,  about  130 
lbs. 

"       pocket  of  Java,  about  50  lbs. 

"      bale  of  iSIocha,  2  to  2V2  cwt. 
Clover  seed,  cask,  7  to  9  cwt. 

«'  "     bushel,  usually  60  lbs. 

Corn,  per  bushel,  in  most  places,  5G 

lbs. 
Cement,  barrel,  300  lbs. 
CoSxin,  bale,  K.  Orleans  and  Alabar- 
ma,  400  to  300  lbs. 

"  '«    East  Indies,  320  to  380 

lbs. 

"        "  Carolina,  Georgia  &  West 
Indies,  300  to  312  lbs. 

"  "    Brazilian  160  to  200  lbs. 

Dried  Peaches,  bush,  usually  33  lbs. 
Flax,  bale,  Russian,  5  to  6  cwt. 
Fish,  quintal,  112  lbs. 

"    barrel,  pickled,  200  lbs. 
Flaxseed,  bash,  in  most  places,  55 

lbs. 
Flour,  bbl.  net,  106  lbs. 

"    including  bbl-,  216  lbs. 

••    sack,  5  bu.hels,  280  lbs. 
Figs,  dmm,  24  lbs. 
Ginger,  ground,  box,  24  Iba. 
Honey,  gal.,  12  lbs. 
Hops,"  bac!  of.  about  21^  cwt. 
Hempseea,  bush,  in  most  places  44 

lbs. 
Indian  ileal,  hog.'ihead,  800  lbs. 
Lime,  bl>l.,  225  lbs. 
Lemons,  box,  Sicily,  about  350  lbs, 
Mace,  case,  about  ii^  cwt. 


M«!a»e9g,  khd,  from  130  to  150  aals. 
O^W,  per  bush.,  32  lbs. 
Oranges,  box,  double  O,  300  to  359 
lbs. 
"  "     single  O,  175  to  350 

lbs. 
Eye,  bush,  in  most  places,  56  lbs. 
Salmon,  box.  120  to  130  lbs. 
Salt,  hhd.,  3  bush. 

"    bbl.,  31/2  bush. 

"    bushel  of,  fine  ground,  70  lb* 
Sugar,  bbl.,  2W  to  2.-.0  lbs, 

"    box,  400  to  500  lbs. 
Soap,  bbl.  256  lbs. 

'♦      box,  75  lbs. 
Tea,  chest,  Congou,  75  lbs. 

"       "      Hyson,  60  to  84  Iba. 

''      »4,  about  40  lbs.  net. 
Timothy  Seed,  bushel,  45  lbs. 
Wheat,  bushel,  60  lbs. 

Beer,  hhd.,  54  gals. 

Butt  of  Sherry,  108  gala. 

Brandy,  puncheon  of,  110 to  120 gals. 

'•        hhd.,  55  to  60  gals. 
Claret,  hhd.,  46  gals. 
Puncheon  of  Scotch  Whisker  110  to 
130  gals. 
"       Bum,  100  to  110  gala. 
Pipe  of  Port,  115  gals. 
"      Maderia,  ft'J  gals. 
"      Teneriffe,  100  pals. 
A  hogshead  is  one-half,  a  quarter 
cask  is  one-fourth,  and  ^n  oe- 
tave  is  one-eighih  of  a  pipe,  butt, 
or  puncheon. 

Bbttish  Measures  of  Volcme. 

The  Imperial  gallon  measures  277- 
274  cubic  inches,  and  contains  10 
lbs  avoirdupois  of  distilled 
water  at  32°  Fnhr. 

The  Ale  gallon  is  282  cubic  inches, 
and  contains  10.2  lbs.  avoirdupois 
of  distilled  water. 


The  vane  g.illon  of  231  cubic  ins.  containing  8.35-5  lbs.  a^oirdupois  of  dis- 
tilled water,  is  the  government  or  customs  gallon  of  the  United  States, 
and  the  legal  gallon  of  each  State  in  which  no  law  exists  fixing  a  State  or 
statute  gallon,  nnd  the  Stmulard  U.S.  bushel  is  the  WincJiesfer,  contain- 
^°«,r^^*^-^-  <'"^''''  iuches,  or  77  627413  lbs.  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water. 

The  Imperial  6!t.*/(«'/=221S.100  cubic  ins.  The  heaped  bushel=10.5  ins. 
diameter,  cone  6  ins.  high='J815.4ST2  cubic  ins.  For  Orai7i—B  bushelB= 
1  quarter.  1  quarter=  10.2694  cubic  feet.  Coal  or  Heaped  measure— i 
bushels=l  sack,  12  sacks=l  chaldron  ;  1  chaldron=.'58.6ort  cnbi.;  feet  and 
weighs  3136  lbs.  1  stone=14  lbs.  1  Quarter  is  equal  to  8K,  U.  .S.  bushels 
1  sack  floiir=5  bU8h8.=280  lbs.  Anthracite  coal  per  cubic  ft.  weighs  90  to 
102  lbs.  Bitumittous  coal,  per  cubic  ft  78  to  82  lbs.  Coal  as  conventioaaJh 


106  TABLED,  iC,  FOE  MEECHANTfl. 

Iv  purchased  =«4?.N3  c'blc  ft.  to  a  ton  (or  about  2^  bushels  and  5  pecki>,  to 
tlie  U.  S..  and  is  bought  wholesale  by  the  dealer  at  -iiiO  lbs.  p«r  ton.  a::<l 
retailed  at  :J'XiO  lbs.  In  commerce,  i  ton  of  tiour  it  8;  sack*,  and  1  ton  of 
potatoes  10  bushels.  The  weight  and  meascre*  in  the  Donilulou  of  Can- 
ada are  the  aam*  as  tho«*  of  Great  Britain,  bit  the  United  States  buihe 
a' d  eallon  ttx*  mo«t  in  U6«.  The  dimenaions  of  a  barrel  ihouldbe,  dLini 
of  head,  17  Ins.,  do.  at  bang,  19  ina.;  length,  2S  ins- ;  volume  7eS9  cub.  L.*. 
A  tun  is  2  ptp«e.  4  hogsheads,  3  puncheons,  i  barrels,  or  ic^i  gals. 

QrAXTlTY  or   ftOODi  ESXriL*.rED  to  compose   a    TOK  li  CALCTTLA- 

TTXG  F^MiGHTt  BT  Watk*.— L«mon»,  20  boxes  ;  Raisins,  20  oasis ;  do., 
SO  boxes  ;  do..  160  half  boxes  :  do.,  320  quarter  boxes  ;  Almocds,  16  trails  ; 
Qsap«8.  40  kegs  :  Wine,  Malaga,  S  quarter  c.aks  :  ditto,  14  Indian  barrels ; 


medium  do.,  500  ;  email  do.,  625:  Saltpetre,  11  to  12  bags  per  ton  of  2240  lbs. 

Ne-sv  Yobk  Fkeights.— Qt;A>rxiTr  of  Goods  vhich  compose  a 
Toy .—  Txtract  from  (he  Bue-Laics  of  the  -Vnr  Yor':  Ckatr.ber  qf  Commira. 
lii  freighting  %-e8S.^l3  bv  tlie  ton,  la  th-3  absence  of  a  de.'^.nite  agreement 
b«r5Te<;n  the  owTier  of  the  vessel  and  freichtc;r  of  the  roods,  ihe  lonowlng  ■ 
regulationB  shall  be  the  standard  of  computation  :  That  the  articles  the 
fctJ.t  o/tchich  sliall  cvinpose  a  Ton.to  equalu  Ton  (ifhearj  materiaU.  shall 
be  in  'weight  as  folio  v.  s.  Coffes  fa  casks,  1563  lbs.  :  Coffee  In  bags,  1^30 
lbs. :  Cocoa  in  casks,  1120  lbs. ;  Cocoa  lu  bass,  13uT  lbs.  ;  Pimento  iu  ca^ks, 
952  lbs. ;  Pimento  iu  bags,  lUO  lbs. ;  Ijry  hides,  10  cwt. ;  Chiu.-8e  raw  silk, 
8  cwt. :  Bohea  tea,  net,  10  cwt- ;  Green  teas,  8  cwt.  ;  Ship-bread,  bulk,  8 
cwt.  ;  Ship-bread,  bags,  7  cwt. ;  Ship-bread,  c.isk',  6  cwt. ;  Grain,  Peas,  ot 
Beans  in  casks,  22  bushels  ;  Grain,  m  bulk,  26  bushels  ;  European  .«aU,  SI 
bushels  :  '.Vest  India  salt,  31  ba.shel8  ;  Sea  coal,  2V  bushels  ;  Tobacco,  • 
hhde. ;  Pig  and  Bar  iron.  Potashes,  Su^ar,  Logwood,  Fustic.  JClLarazu^ 
wood  and  Heavy  Dye-Voods,  Rice,  Honey,  Chopper  ore,  and  all  oiieJ 
heavy  goods.  20  "cwt.=l  ton  ;  Coflfee,  cocoa,  and  arlo-l  codfish  in  bulk.  iC 
cwt,=l  ton  ;  Dried  Co<lftsh.  in  casks  of  any  sir.e,  12  cwt.=l  ion  ;  Oil.  AVine, 
Brandy,  or  any  kind  of  liqtior,  reckoning  the  full  contents  of  the  t.i;-k,wiud 
measure?  2'X'gals.=l  ton.  Mahotrany.  Square  timber.  Oak  Plank.  Pine  and 
other  boards.  Beavers,  Furs,  Peltry,  Bee»wax,  Cotton,  AVo^j,  and  ale 
of  all  kinds,  40  cubic  ft.=l  ton.  Flo"ur.  in  bbls.  of  V'i  lbs.  each  8  bbls.=.r 
J  ton;  Beef,  Tallow.  Pickle<lfi.>h,  Pitch,  Tar.  andT'ir»>entine,  6bbls.  =  l  ion. 

A  Cak-load. — As  a  general  rule  the  following  quantities  constitute 
a.  car-load  throughout  Ginada  and  the  United  States,  ^^z.  :  20,000  lbs. 
or  70  bbls.  of  salt.  70  of  lime,  70  of  floor,  60  of  whisker,  200  sacks  of 
floor.  6  cord."?  of  hard  ^roo-d.  7  of  soft  wood.  lf>  head  o£  horses,  18  to  20 
head  of  cattle,  50  to  60  head  of  hos.i,  80  to  100  head  of  eheep,  9.000 
leet  of  solid  boards.  17.000  feet  of  siding,  13.000  feet  of  flooring,  40.000 
shingles,  one-hali  less  of  hard  lumber,  one-fourth  le-s  of  green  lum- 
ber, one-teuth  less  of  joists,  scantling  and  all  other  large  timber,  340 
bushels  of  wheat,  360  of  com.  6S0of  oats.  400  of  barley.  ?i30of  flax-seed, 
360  of  apples  430  of  Irish  potatoes,  356  of  sweet  potatoes,  1.000  boshela 
of  oran. 

EXCHAXGE  ox  EXGLAXD. 

Exchange  is  the  method  of  adjusting  accounts  or  paying  debts,  when 
the  debtor  and  creditor  are  distant  frC'Ui  each  other,  by  riieajis  of  an  order 
uT  drai't  called  a  Ull  ^^fejichange,  *>  as  to  avoid  the  transmission  of  either 
money  or  goods  ;  for  example,  A  of  New  York  wishing  to  pay  a  debt  to  B, 
of  London,  pays  an  equivaleut  amount  ro  C,  of  Kew  \ork.  who  has  a 
debtor,  D.  in  London  :  and  A  receives  from  C  an  order,  addressed  to  D, 
requesting  him  to  pay  the  amount  to  B.  Thisi.s  8er:t  iu  a  letter  to  B,  who 
present*  it  to  D  for  acceptance  or  payment.  Thus  the  d  btorin  one  place 
Is  substituted  for  the  deotor  in  another,  and  two  accounts  may  be  adjust- 
ed "^t  the  s4UBe  time  by  the  simple  trunsTniaeion  ai  a  i«nex.  'l'«r  qf  t» 


TABLES,  AC,  f  Ofi  iTEECHANTS, 


207 


•fcrfny.  19  the  equivalency  of  a  certain  amount  of  the  currency  of  on« 
country  to  the  currency  of  another,  the  currencies  of  hoth  being  of  th» 
precise  weight  and  purity  fixed  by  their  respective  mints.  Thus  accord- 
ing to  the  mint  regulations  of  England  and  Fi-ance,  £1  sterUug  Is  «qual 
to  25  francs,  20  ceuiimes,  which  ia  consequently  said  to  l)«  th«  war  bstween 
London  and  Paris.  Exchange  is  made  to  divirgs  from  par,  •ithsr  bv  de- 
preciation of  th«  currency  in  eithsr  country  balow  th«  mint  standard  or 
by  the  differ«ue«  in  th«  amounU  of  ind«btedn«88  between  ons  country 
and  another,  called  the  balance  of  trade,  which  effects  th»  relative  d*- 
inand  for  bills  of  ejichang*.  Thus  in  the  following  tabl«,  the  prwent 
standard  value  of  £1  stg.  Lx  th«  United  States,  being  «4,84!4,  when  «x- 
change  18  at  9  per  cent.,  It  is  then  at  par ;  If  higher  than  9,  it  is  ab«ve  par, 
II  less  than  9,  It  is  below,  as  shown  by  the  table, 

EXCHANGE  TABLE, 


6    per  cent. 

St    " 

6  - 

f/i 

6 

7 

7% 


?4.66.7 
4.66.0 
4.70.0 
4.71.1 
4.72.2 
4.73.3 
4.74.4 
4.75.6 
4.76.7 
4.77.8 


•afe      S>4.78.9 

10    per  cent. 

.«4.8S.9 

4.80.0 

lil  :: 

4,90.0 

4.81.1 

4.91.1 

4.82.2 

4.92.2 

4.83.3 

n  *     " 

4.93.S 

4.84.4 

11%     " 

4.94.4 

4.85.6 

4.95.6 

4.86.7 

4.96. T 

4.87.8 

12 

4.97.3 

The  following  Table  exhibits  thk  LEGAiTlQuiviLENTS  or 
BB1TI9H  Money  in  Amebican  Dollajis  and  Cents. 
$  c.  m.  S.  $  c.  m.  £ 


Flavobing  Extracts,  Vanilla,  Ginger,  &f:.— Vanilla  beans 
4  0Z6. ;  sugar,  2  ozs. ;  alcohol,  4  fluid  ozs.. ;  simple  syrup,  4  ozs. ;  braudy', 
1  pt.  Cut  the  beans  finely,  and  rub  thorongblv  mth  the  sugar,  put 
all  into  a  strong  stone  bottle,  secure  the  cork  with  twine,  and  boil  in 
^T']  .^^**'  ^u  "■  i^iour,  then  transfer  to  a  filter  and  allow  it  to  per- 
colate  through,  then  add  brandy  suftluient  to  make  4  pte  Other 
extracts,  as  ginger,  &c.,  can  be  made  in  a  similar  m.onuer,  by  using 
the  respective  ingredients.  ^         * 

Essential  oils  of  aniseed,  lavender,  pepperminli,  cloves,  cinnamon, 
&c.,  are  obtained  by  submitting  parts  of  the  plants,  previously  ground 
to  a  coarse  powder,  to  distillation  with  water,  when  the  oils  are  carried 
over  ma  minute  state  of  division  with  the  aqueous  vapor.  The 
essential  oils  enclosed  in  the  skins  of  lemons,  oranges,  bergamots 
&c    are  obtained  by  pressing  the  rinds  of  these  fruit.?  »     '  «»' 

ro  Preserve  Apples. -Pack  in  boxes  or  barrels  elevated  from  the 
cellar  floor,  with  a  layer  of  dry  sawdust  at  the  bottom  of  each  box  or 
barrel,  then  a  layer  of  apples  placed  out  of  contact  with  each  otlier 
tlien  a  layer  of  sawdust  and  so  ou  till  all  are  fuU.  Sound  applea 
packed  m  this  way  will  keep  frest  a  long  time. 


208     GEOCEKS  AN1>  COJJFECTIOXEK'S  RECEIPTS;  AC. 

Tf  EIGHTS.  IX  POUITDS,  OF  VARIOUS  ARTICLES,  A3  RATED  BY  RAILTTAT 
C0MP.^Os-IE3,  WHEX  TttEIB  WEIGHTS  CAUXOT  OTHEBWISE  BE  ABCEEc 
TAIXED. 

POriTDS. 

Ashes,  pot  or  pearl Barrel 450 

Apples,  and  barrelled  frnita Barrel 200 

Ap!>l*28 Bushel 50 

Barley ;Buehel....      45 

Beef,  pork,  bacon Per  hhd. .-.  .1,000 

Butler,  tallow,  lard Per  bbl Sa3 

Salt  lish  ami  meat Per  firkin 100 

Brau.  feed,  shipstuffs,  oats Bushel 35 

Buckwheat Bushel 48 

Bricks,  common Each.   ..       5 

Bark  Cord  ...2,000 

Charcoal  "Bushel ....     22 

Coke,  and  cake  meal  Bushel 40 

Clover  seed'. Bushel 62 

Eges Barrel ....    20O 

Fish  and  sa't  meat Per  firkin 100 

Flour  and  meal Per  bushel,  CC  lbs.  Barrel 216 

Grain  and  seeds,  not  stated Bushel  ...      60 

Hides  (green) Each 85 

Hides  (dry),  salted  or  Spanish Each 33 

Ice,  coal,  lime Bushel    . .      80 

liquors,  malt  a!id  distilled • Barrel S50 

Liquors Per  gallon 10 

Lumber — pine.  pc>plar,  hemlock .Ft.  b.  m . . . .       4 

Lumber — iiak.  ■«  aluut,  cherry,  ash Ft.  b.  m . . . .        5 

Kails  and  spikes ' Keg 106 

Chiions,  sheat.  potatoes Bushel....      60 

OvstPTS '. Per  bushel,  100  lbs.,  per  1 .000 a"0 

Plasteruii?  lath Per  1,000.. ..    60o 

Ee.?i;i.  tar.  turpentine Barrel....    .]fiO 

Sand,  gravel,  etc lor  cubic  ft ... .    loO 

Shincrles Per  JI.,  short,  900  lbs..  Long. . .  .1,400 

Salt.". Per  bushel —     70 

Stone,  undressed Perch . . .  .4,000 

Stone,  dressed". Cubic  ft. . . .    180 

Timo- hv  and  light  grass  seed Bushel 40 

•Wood— hickoiy Cord. . . .4,500 

"Wood— oalc Cord. . . .  3,500 

1  ton  (?24o  ]bs.>  cured  hny  i?  4C5  cubic  ft.;  1  ton  of  hay  in  mow,  414.37 
Ibf .,  or  a  cube  of  T'i  ft.  lia'y.as  usually  delivered,  weiglis  o  lbs.  per  cubic 
f;.;  do.,  well  pressed,  8  Ijs.  Str.aw,  loose,  weighs  3*^,  lbs.  per  cubic  ft.; 
do.,  well  prpssed,  5%  lbs.  U.  P.  gallon  of  water  weijilis  8.33  lbs. ;  do-,  of 
molasses,  \\-'~\  do.,  of  turpentine,  7.31;  do.,  of  alcohol,  6.96. 

Bklfast'Cinoeb  Ale.— Double  refined  sugar,  powdered,  1  lb.; 
birarbonate  of  soda,  3^  07?.:  citric  acid,  4iozs. ;  concentrated  Cf^s.  of 
gincrer,  1^  ozs. ;  ess.  of'cayenne,  2  drs. ;  epp.  of  !em<;n.  40  drop.s.  The 
soda,  acid  and  siisrar  must  be  carefully  dried  separately  at  a  tempera- 
ture not  exceedinjc  120° ;  and  the  supar  before  drying  mu>;t  be  tlior- 
oncbly  incorporated  with  the  essences,  tf>  which  a  email  quantity  of 
caramel,  as  color,  niny  be  added.  The  whole  forms  a  powder,  &  des- 
sertspoonful of  which  will  make  a  tumblerful  of  the  drink. 

UxFFRMENTFD  WiNE. — To  make  this,  boil  grajies  of  any  bind  over 
a  slow  fire  till  the  pulp  has  thoronghly  separated  from  the  skin,  add- 
ing just  enough  water  to  prevent  buniing  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel, 
tb«u  press  the  juice  through  a  fine  cloth  and  add  J  its  weight  of  sugai. 


GROCERS  AND  CONFECTIONERS'  RECEIPTS,  AC.      209 

mix  well,  bring  the  juice  to  the  boiling  point  once  more,  and  can  it 
in  air-tight  jars.  This  wine  -will  keep  sweet  for  years,  and  haa  the 
coLor  of  port. 

To  IMEROVE  Spoiled  BuTTEa.— The  cut  represents  an  excellent 
arrangement  for  the  restoration  of  bad  butter  by  means  of  the  well- 
known  absorbent  uud  deodorizing  qual- 
ities of  charcoal.  The  tainted  butter  is 
removed  from  the  firkin  or  other  ves- 
sel by  removing  the  staves  and  hooiis 
surrounding  it.  It  is  then  placed  iu  a 
clean  bag  and  buried  in  granulated 
charcoal  iu  a  suitable  barrel  or  box.  In 
a  short  time,  the  offensive  odor  and 
bad  smell  will  disappear,  and  a  fine, 
fresh,  marketable  appearance  will  be 
imparted  to  the  butter  by  the  conserv- 
ing operation  of  the  charcoal. 

Another  way,  melt  the  butter  in  twice 
its  weight  of  boiling  water,  shake  well 
and  pour  tl'.e  melted  butter  mto  cold 

water  to  regain  a  proper  consisteuce.  ■       .      \     .    \     ^ 

Or,  wash  in  good  new  milk,  in  which  the  butvric  acid,  which  causes 
the  raucidity,  is  freely  soluble.  Wash  afterv.ards  in  cold  spring 
water.  Another  good  way  is  to  wash  the  butter  in  strong  lime  water, 
pre^•iously  permittmg  the  lime  ample  time  to  settle,  and  using  the  clear 
portion. 

To  Cax  Fkuit.— The  followhig  iustructions  for  boiling  and  can- 
nmg  fruit  will  prove  useful  to  mauy.  The  first  number  after  the 
nanie  of  the  fruit  has  reference  to  the  number  of  minutes  required  for 
boiling,  aud  the  second  to  the  oimces  of  sugar  required  to  eacb  quart. 
Currants,  6,  8 ;  cherries,  5,  6  ;  crab-apples,  25,  8  ;  blackberries,  6,  6  ; 
gooseberries,  8,  8  ;  grapes,  10,8,-  plums,  10,  8;  peaches  (whole),  15, 
4;  peaches  (halves),  8,  4  ;  pears  (whole),  30,  8  ;  quinces  (sliced),  15, 
10 ;  tomatoes,  30,  (no  sugar) ;  beans  and  peas,  3  to  4  hours,  no  sugar. 

To  Can  Green  Com.— Dissolve  2h  ozs.  tartaric  acid  in  1  pt.  water, 
and  use  1  teaspoonful  to  eveiy  piut'of  com  while  the  com  is  at  boiling 
heat.  When  opened  for  use,  add  one  teaspoonful  of  soda  to  e\  ery  3 
cans  of  com. 

I'ERCEXTAGE   OF    AlCOHOL    IS    100    PARTS    OF    THE  FOLLOWINQ 

Liquors.— Pro/.  Bmnde. 


Scotch  Whiskey 54. .53 

Irish  do       53.9 

Rum 5.3.08 

Gin 51.6 

Brandy 53  39 

Burgundy 14. .57 

Cape  iSIuscat 18. 25 

Cluimpague  (still) 13. 80 

l>o.       (Sparkling) 12. 61 

Cider .' 6.2t«9.8 

Congtantia 19.75 

Gooseberry  Wine , 11  48 


Currant  Wine 20. .50 

Port 22.90 

jNladeria 22.27 

Teneriife '  .  .19.79 

SheriT 19.  r7 

Clavet 15.1 

Elder 8.79 

Ale 6.87 

Porter 4.2 

M'llaja 17.26 

Phenish    12.S 

Small  Beer 1,28 


110        aBOCEBS   AXD   CONFECTIOXEfiS'  BECEIPTS. 

BaPTD  pRnCKSS  OF  -X-KJCSTSO  GoODS  AT  ATT  DESIKED  TElt  CEJfT. 

Profit. — Retail  merchants,  in  busing  gDods  hy  wlioleealo,  buy  a  great 
muny  articles  by  the  dozen,  such  as  boots  and  shoe?,  hats  and  caps, 
and  notions  of  various  kiuds  ;  uow,  the  merchant,  in  buying,  for  in- 
Etance,  a  dozen  hat-^.  knows  exactly  ■what  one  of  these  hat^  will  retail 
for  in  the  market  where  he  deals  ;  and,  unless  he  is  a  good  accountant, 
it  will  often  take  him  some  time  to  determine  whether  he  can  afford 
to  purchase  the  dozen  laats  and  make  a  living  profit  by  selling  them  by 
the  single  hat ;  and  in  buying  his  goods  by  aiictioa,  as  the  merchant 
often  does,  he  has  not  time  to  make  the  cilciilation  before  the  goods  are 
bid  off.  He  therefore  loses  the  chance  of  making  good  bargains  bv  be- 
ing afraid  to  bid  at  random,  or  if  he  bids,  and  the  goods  are  cried  off, 
he  may  have  made  a  ]oor  bargain,  by  bidding  thus  at  a  venture.  It  then 
becomes  a  useful  and  practical  problem  to  determine  instantly  wlLit 
per  cent,  he  would  gain  if  he  retailed  the  hat  at  a  certain  price,  to 
tell  what  an  article  should  retml  for  to  make  a  p'ofi*  of  20  per  cent 

Blle. — Divide  ichat  the  articles  co.<t< per  dozen  b^  10,  which  is  d>j7is 
by  removing  the  decimal  point  one  place  to  tfi£  left. 

For  instance,  if  hats  cost  817.50  per  dozen,  remove  the  decimal  point 
one  place  to  the  left,  making  SlTo,  what  they  should  be  sold  for 
apiece  to  gain  20  jier  cent  on  tlie  cost  1£  they  cost  S31.00  per  dozen, 
they  should  be  sold  at  S3.10  apiece,  etc.  We  'tnJ^e  20  per  cent,  as  thg 
■basis  for  the  following  reasons,  viz  :  because  \re  can  determine  instant- 
ij,  by  simply  removing  the  decimal  i)oint,  without  changing  a  figure, 
and,  if  the  goods  would  not  bring  at  lea,^  20  per  cent  profit  in  tho 
Jtome  market  the  merchant  could  not  afford  to  parchase,  and  would 
look  for  chea;>er  jixkIs. 

The  reason  for  t!ie  alcove  role  is  obvious,  for  if  we  divide  the  cost 
of  a  dozen  by  12,  we  have  t'.e  cost  of  &  single  article  ;  tliea  If  we  wish 
to  make  20  ]'>er  cent  on  tie  co.-t  (cost  beih?  1-1  or  5-5),  we  add  the 
per  cent.,  wliich  is  1-',  t;i  f.-.e  f-"!.  Tr.::\i\:vx  6-3  or  12-10  ;  then  as  W9 
multiply  the  cost,  diviied  bv  12,  by  the  12-10  to  find  at  what  price  one 
must  be  sold  to  gain  20  per  cent,  it  i?  evident  that  the  123  will  canc^ 
and  leave  the  cost  of  a  donen  to  I:?  divided  by  10,  to  do  thi5  remove  tho 
decimal  t)oint  one  place  to  the  left 

ExAOTLE  1.— If  I  buy  2  du7on  cays  at  ST-'IO  per  dozen,  what  shall  I 
Trtr.il  them  rt  to  n^aV.e  20  per  coat  ?    Ans.  75  cent:*. 

EXA3IPLE  3.— "When  a  mcrc!i:int  ret^iils  a  vest  at  84.50  and  makes 
20  per  cent  what  did  he  pay  per  Aot.  ?    Ans.  ^5. 

Example  3. — At  wh?.t  pnce  should  I  retail  a  pair  of  boots  that  cost 
$85.00  per  doz.  to  make  20  per  cent  ?    Ans.  S-S.50. 

Xow,  as  removing  tlie  decimal  point  one  place  to  the  left,  on  the  cost 
oi  a  dozen  articles,  givc-^  tlie  stlliug  lirice  of  a  sin^rie  one  with  20  pter 
rent  added  to  the  Co.- 1.  ard,  as  the  cost  cf  any  article  is  100  per  cent, 
it  is  obvioos  that  the  selling  price  won  id  be  20  per  cent,  more,  or  120 
per  cent  ;  hence,  to  fi:^d  50  per.  cent  profit  which  would 
make  the  selling  pri.  9  150  per  cent,  we  would  first  find  120 
per  cent  then  add  M  per  cei^t.  by  increasing  it  one-fourth  itself ; 
for  85  per  cent,  increase  it  one-eight  itseif,  etc.  Hence  to  mark  an 
article  at  any  per  cent  profit  we  find  the  following: 

—General  Bxr.^.— First  find '2D  per  cent,  profit  by  removing  the  dec- 
imal point  one  place  to  the  left  on  the  price  the  artichs  cost  per  doz.; 
iken,  as  ^p(r  cent  profit  is  i20p€r  cenL  add  to  or  subtruct  from  thit 


GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'  RECEIPTS-       211 

mn&untHheJrcKrtionalpart  that  the  required  per  cent,  addtdio  100  « 
tfwre  or  less  than  120. 

Merchant-a,  in  marking  jfoods,  censrallv  take  a  per  cent  that  is  an  ali- 
quot part  of  100,  as  25.  3;^  1-3,  50,  &o.  tlie  reason  they  do  this  is  be- 
cause it  makes  it  much  ejisier  to  add  such  a  per  cent,  to  the  cost ;  for 
instance,  a  merchaut  could  mark  almost  a  dozen  articles  at  50  per  cent, 
profit  in  the  time  it  would  take  him  to  mark  one  at  49  per  cent. 
The  foUowing  is  arranged  for  the  convenience  of  business  m«n  ia 
marking  the  prices  of  all  articles  bought  by  the  dozen. 
To  make  20  per  cent  remove  tlie  point  oue  pLvce  to  the  left 
"       80       '«  •'  "  "        and  add  i  itself. 

"       60        '  "  "  "  "        1.^    " 

"       60       "  "  "  "  "        1^    «' 

"  4^  «<  ««  l<  «  K  j_g       (t 

"        40        "  "  "  *'  tt        J  c    <( 

"        37        "  ««  "  tt  n        J  T    (c 

"        35        "  «•  «  K  It        ^'q    u 

"       331-3"  "  "  "  "        1-9    « 

"       32       "  "  "  "  "        1  10  «« 

30       "  "  "  "  "       1.13  <« 

«<       28       "  "  "  "  "       1-15  «» 

*'       26       "  "  "  "  «'        1.20  " 

"       25        "  "  "  "  «       1 24  '* 

"       12*      "  "  "  "    subtract   1-16  " 

"        162-8 "  "  "  "  »'        1-36  «« 

"        18|      "  "  '«  "  «        1.96  «« 

If  I  buy  a  doz.  shirts  for  128.00,  tvhat  shall  I  retail  them  for  to 

tnake  50  per  cent  ?    Ans.  S3.50 

Explanation.— Remove  the  pomt  one  place  to  the  left,  and  add  i 
jtself. 

Aliquot  Pakts  of  100  a>-d  1000.— Merchants  in  selling  goods  gen- 
erally make  the  price  of  an  article  some  aUqnot  part  of  100,  as  m  sell- 
ing sugar  at  12^  cents  per  lb.,  or  8  lbs.  for  $1.00,  or  in  sell- 
ing calico  for  16  2-3  cents  per  yard,  or  6  yds.  for  §1.00,  etc.  The 
loUowiiig  table  wiU  be  found  valnble  for  all  such  calculations. 
12i  is  1-8  part  of  100.  8J  is  1-12  part  of  100. 

26  is  1-4  part  of  100.  16  2-3  is  2-12  or  1-6  of  100 

37^  is  3-8  part  of  100.  33  1-3  is  4-12  or  1-3  of  100. 

50  is  4-8  or  i  of  100.  66  2-3  is  8-12  or  2-3  of  100 

62i  5-8  part  of  100.  83  1-3  is  10-12  or  5-6  of  100 

75  is  6-8  or  3-4  part  of  100.       125  is  1-8  part  of  1000. 
87i  is  7-8  part  of  100.  250  is  2-8  or  i  of  1000. 

6i  is  1-16  part  of  100.  375  is  3-8  part  of  1000. 

18|  is  3-16  part  of  100.  625  is  5-8  part  of  1000. 

31|  is  5-16  part  of  100.  875  is  7-8  part  of  1000. 

To  mnltiplv  by  an  aliquot  part  of  100. 

RcxE.— Add  two  cjrphers  to  the  multiplicand,  then  take  such  part 
of  it  as  the  multiplier  is  part  of  100. 

N.  B.  If  tlie  multiplicand  is  a  mixed  number  reduce  the  fraction  to 
a  decimal  of  two  places  before  dividing. 

N.  B.  For  the  sake  of  unlfoncitv,  it  has  been  thought  best  to 
classify  the  Coal,  Interest  and  Ready  Reckoner  Tables  at  the  end  o| 
the  Engineers'  Department, 


212         GROCERS   Aim    confectioners'   RECEIPTS. 

Teas.— Tlie  names  of  the  different  kinds  of  tea  relate  to  the  time 
of  their  heing  gathered,  or  to  some  pecuharity  iu  their  manufacture 
It  is  a  general  rule,  tliat  all  tea  Ib  fine  in  proi^ortion  to  the  tendemesa 
and  inunaturity  of  the  leaves.  The  quality  and  vjilue  of  the  differ* 
ent  kinds  diminish  as  tliey  are  gathered  lateV  in  the  seas^on. 

Bi^.-vcK  Teas.— As  poon  as  the  leaf-bud  begins  to  expand,  it  la 
gathered  to  make  Pekoe.  A  few  days'  later  growth  produces  black- 
leaved  Pekoe.  The  next  picking  is  called  boxuhonfj  ;  as  the  leaves 
crow  larger  and  more  mature,  they  form  Covcjoii  ;  and  the  last  pick- 
ing in  JBohea.  Bohea  Is  called  by  the  Chinese,  Ta-cha  (large  tea),  on 
acconnt  of  the  maturity  and  eize  of  the  leaves  ;  it  contains  a  larger 
proportion  of  woody  fibre  than  other  teas,  and  its  infusion  is  of  a 
dai'ker  color  and  coarser  flavor.  Congou,  the  next  higher  kind,  ia 
named  from  a  corruption  of  the  Chinese  Koong-foa  (great  care,  or 
assiduity).  This  forms  the  bulk  of  the  black  tea,  imported,  and  is 
mostly  valued  for  its  strength. 

Souchon;/ — Seaoa-choong  (small  scarce  sort),  is  the  finest  of  the 
etrongest  black  tea,  with  a  leaf  that  is  generally  entire  and  curly.  It 
is  much  esteemed  for  its  fragrance  and  fine  flavor.  Pekoe  is  a  cornip- 
tion  of  the  Canton  name,  Pak-ho  (white  down),  being  the  first  sprouts 
of  the  leaf-buds  ;  they  are  covered  with  a  white  silky  down.  It  is  a 
dcliaite  tea,  rather  deficient  in  strength,  and  is  principally  used  for 
flavoring  other  teas. 

Gkeek  Teas. — The  following  are  the  principal  lands,  lioankay, 
Hyson-Skin,  Hyson,Chivpmcder,  and  Young  Hiisort:. 

Young  Hyson  is  a  deUcate  yomig  leaf,  called  m  the  original  lan- 
guage Yii-isien  (before  the  rams),  hecause  gathered  in  the  early 
Bpiing.  Hyson,  fi-om  the  Chinese  -word  He-tchune,  -which  means, 
flourishing  spring.  This  fine  tea  is  gathered  early  in  the  season,  and 
prepared  with  great  care  and  labor.  Each  leaf  is  picked  separatel;^-, 
and  nipped  off  above  the  footstalks  ;  and  every  separate  leaf  is 
rolled  in  the  hand.  It  is  much  esteemed  for  its  flavor.  Giinpoicdcr 
Tea  is  only  Hyson  rolled  and  rounded  to  give  it  the  granular  appear- 
ance whence  it  derives  its  name.  The  Chinese  call  it  Choo-cha  (peal 
tea).  Hyson-Skin  is  so  named  from  the  Chinese  term,  in  vrhich 
comiection  skin  means  the  refuse,  or  inferior  portion.  In  preparing 
Hyson,  all  leaves  that  are  of  a  coarse  yellow,  or  imperfectly  twisted 
appearance,  are  separated,  and  sold  as  skin-tea,  at  an  uiferior  price. 

Twankay  is  the  last  picking  of  green  tea,  and  the  leaf  is  not  rolled 
or  twisted  as  much  as  the  dearer  descrii^tions.  There  is  altogether 
less  trouble  bestowed  on  the  preparation. 

Coffees. — Java  Coffee. — Use  of  the  imported  article,  20  lbs.  :' 
dried  dandelion  root,  7  lbs.  ;  chiccory,  13  lbs.  Roast  and  grind 
wcU  together. 

For  West  India,  nse  rye  roasted  with  a  little  butter,  and  ground 
very  fine. 

For  1\jrket  Cofpfe,  nse  rice  or  wheat  roasted  vrith  a  little 
hutter,  7  lbs.  ;  chiccoiy,  3  lbs.  ;  grind. 

Essence  of  Coffee  is  made  by  boiling  down  molasses  till 
hard  ;  grind  to  a  powder  ;  add  h  lb.  of  good  Java  coffee  to  every  4 
lbs.  of  the  mrsture.  Put  up  for"  salo  in  roimd  tin  cans  or  air-tight 
paper  packages. 

CosTEE  TOR  roma>  PjkjCKAflBs.— Bsst  Jav|_op2e©,  1  Ih. ;  i3[«).9 


6E0CER9  A:ND   CONFECTIONERS*  RECEIPTS.       218 

R»B.  ;  carefully  clean  the  rye  from  all  bad  grains,  wash  to  remove 
dugtj  diain  off  the  -water,  and  put  the  grain  into  your  roaster, 
carefully  stirring  to  brown  it  evenly.  Brown  tlie  rye  and  coffee 
eeparately,  griud  and  put  up  in  tight  packages  to  preserve  the 
nrcnna. 

To  Flatok  Tobacco.— This  is  done  by  means  of  a  mirtnre  of  1  part 
each  of  lemon  peel,  orange  peel,  fi^s,  coriander  seed  and  eassafras  ; 
i  i)art  each  of  elderflowera,  elderberries,  and  ciimamon  ;  2  pails  of 
Kaitpetre,  3  of  salt,  and  4  of  sugar.  This  mi-vture  mu!-t  bo  digested  in 
BO  parts  of-  w.nter,  and,  before  applying  it  flavored  with  an  alcoholic 
solution  of  gum  benziou,  nia,«tic,  and  myrrh.  It  is  paid  that  tliis 
decoction  gives  a  flavor  to  common  U  ;i\'e3  io!;embUng  Poito  liico,  but 
to  this  cud  the  leaves  must  bei  well  dried,  about  a  ycnr  old,  well  per- 
meated witli  the  prei>aration,  kept  in  a  pile  for  8  days,  turned  dsvily, 
end  finally  dried. 

Fl.\vor  fob  Ctgar  SIakers.— Take  2  ozs.  tonqua  beans  ajid  1 
oz.  chinamon  ;  bruise  and  pulverize  them  to  a  powder,  and  put 
them  into  1  pint  of  Santa  Cruz  rum  ;  lot  it  stand  fv.v  a  few  d.-.ys  to 
macerate  ;  stir  all  together,  a^d  with  this  liquid  sprinkle  yo-ar 
common  or  inferior  tobacco.  Diy  out  of  the  sxm,  and  the  flavor 
will  be  unequalled. 

Tab  AG  I*i;KFUjrEE  Aux  Flet.-r3  is  made  by  putting  oranro  fiowerg, 
japmines,  tube  roses,  musk  roses,  or  common  roses,  tosnufi'  hx  a  close 
chest  or  jar,  sifting  them  out  niter  2i  hours,  and  repeating  if  necessary, 

Mac-cakoy  Sj.xff  is  imitated  by  moistenhig  the  tobacco  with  a 
mixture  of  treacle  and  water,  and  allowing  it  to  ferment 

Spanish  S:-.xrF  is  made,  from  unsifted  Havana  snuff,  reduced  by 
adding  groimd  Spanish  mitshcllf',  sprinkling  the  mucture  with  treacle 
water,  and  allowing  it  to  sweat  for  some  days  before  pacliing. 

YrxLOW  Sntjff  is  prepared  from  ordinary  pale  sm/^',  nioistened 
with  a  mixture  of  ydlo70  ochre  diCused  in  water,  to  "which  a  fe\^ 
sX'Oonfuls  of  thin  mucilage  has  been  added. 

PERFrsu:s  FOB  S>i;fi!'. — ^Tonqua  beans,  essence  of  ditto,  ambergria 
musk  ci\et,  l(:a%e3  of  orchis  f usca,  and  esf-ence  of  orri:;  root,  essence 
or  oils  of  bergamot,  cedar,  cloves,  lavender,  petit  grain,  neroli  and 
ro?es,  as  well  as  several  others,  either  alone  or  compounded. 

l;^^:^ftI^■G  Tests  fom  good  Flott:. — Good  flom  is  white,  witn  a 
yellowi,-h  or  straw-col  ared  tint  Squeeze  some  of  the  flour  in 
your  hand  ;  if  good,  it  will  retain  the  shape  given  by  pressure. 
Knead  a  little  between  youx  fingers;  if  it  v.orks  soft  and  sticky,  it  i.? 
poor.  Tlirow  a  little  ao^ainst  a  dry  perpendicular  siurface;  if  it  fall 
like  powder,  it  is  bad. 

To  CoRBECT  llrsTY  Floub.— Carbonate  ofmaguesia,  o  ibs. ;  flour, 
7G5  lbs.;  mix.  This  improves  bad  flour,  cauFin^T  it  to  become  more 
wholesome,  producing  lighter  and  better  bread  than  when  alum  is 
used,  and  absorbs  and  dissipates  themusty  smell. 

^:bated  Br-kad.— 1  lb.  flour,  ICO  grs.  carb.  of  soda;  GO  gre.  com- 
mon salt;  1  teaspoon  powdered  sugar;  120  grs.  muriatic  acid,  more  or 
less,  according  to  its  fitrength ;  1  wine  pt.  of  water,  inferior  flour  will 
require  loss.  V/ell  mix  the  flour,  soda,  salt,  and  sugar  in  an  earthen 
vessel,  then  add  the  acid  mixed  with  the  water,  stir  with  a  wooden 
elKwu.  Bake  in  one  lo.if  about  1  hour.  Bake  in  tin  or  iron  pans,  but 
•void  tlie  use  of  metallic  vessela  or  epoons  while  misiiig. 


214        GROCERS    ky-D    COKTECTIOXrKS'   EECEIPTS. 

Patent  Seu-Raisisg  FLorB. — ^Kfln-dried  flonr,  1  cwt ;  t&rtaria 
add,  lOi  ot ;  mix  thoroasUy.  Alter  2  or  3  days,  adJ,  of  bicarb, 
soda,  12  oz. ;  lump  gngnr  i  lb. ;  common  Eolt,  1^  lb.  Jlii,  and  pass 
through  the  '"  diessiuj  mn'chine."  Have  ail  the  articles  perfectly  dry, 
and  separately  r^ut-^  to  line  powder  befcre  adding  to  the  floor.  Mix 
■with  cold  water,  and  balie  at  once.  It  prodacca  light  and  poroia 
bread. 

To  Cure  Bl*tter. — Take  2  parts  of  fine  sa'.t ;  1  part  loaf  sugar ; 
1  part  saltpetre  ;  u;ix  completely.  Use  1  cz.  of  tuj-s  mixture  to 
each  pound  of  butter  ;  work  welL  Bury  your  b  itter  firkins  in  tho 
earth  in  your  cellar  bottom,  tops  nearly  level  with  the  ground,  or 
Btdre  away  in  a  very  cool  place,  covering  ti.e  bt'.tter  with  a  cleaa 
cloth  and  a  strong  "brine  on  the  top,  and  it  will  keep  two  years 
if  desired. 

To  Keep  Bctteb  DmrKG  IIot  We-vthxr. — A  eimple  mode  of 
keeping  butter  in  warm  weather  is  to  invert  a  L.rge  crock  of  eartl:en, 
©r  a  flower  pot  if  need  be,  (varying  with  the  size  of  tlie  vessel  con- 
taining the  butter,)  over  the  di:-h  or  firkin  in  wh:Lh  the  batter  is  held. 
The  porousuees  of  the  earthenware  will  keep  tae  bntter  cr>ol,  and  all 
the  more  so  if  the  i>ot  be  wTapi>fc<.l  in  a  wet  cloth,  with  a  little  \\-n.tcr  in 
the  diah  with  the  butter.  2»ot  the  poro.-ity  of  tl.o  eartlieuware,  but 
the  rapid  absoretion  of  heat  by  external  evaporation  causes  the  gutter 
to  become  hard 

To  B£3TORE  R.^^cciD  BnTER. — ^Usc  1  pt  Water  to  each  lb.  of  but- 
ter, previously  adding  20  prs.  chlorids  of  lir.ie  to  each  pt  of  water : 
wash  well  the  butter  in  this  mixture,  afterward  re-wa?h  in  cola 
water  aud  salt ;  or  melt  tlie  butter  in  a  w:iter  bath  with  animal 
charcoal,  coarsely  powdered  and  previously  well  silted  to  free 
it  from  dust ;  skim,  remove,  and  strain  throu,:::;h  fl.innel ;  then  salt 

ToM.\TO  Catsup. — Boil  1  bu^el  of  toinatoea  till  they  are  soft; 
equeeze  them  through  a  fine  wire  sieve;  add  li  pts.  srJt,  2  oz.  cayenne 
pepper,  and  5  heads  of  onions,  skinned  and  sc^sirated;  mix  together, 
and  boil  till  reduc-ed  one  half;  tlien  bcttlc. 

The  Northkrx-Lic.ht  Bcr>."iX(3  Fluid. — Get  good  deodorized 
benzine,  60  to  G5  gravity,  and  to  each  brL  of  lignls.  add  2  lbs.  pulvcr- 
uced  alum,  SJ  oz.  gum  camphor,  and  3^  oz.  oil  of  sa.'^-safra."',  or  2  oz.  oil 
bergamot ;  stir  up  and  mix  tlioroughly  togetlier,  and  it  will  soon  be 
ready  for  use.  N.  B. — As  this  fluid  creates  a  Ciuch  larger  volume  of 
light" and  flame  tlian  carbon  oU,  it  is  ncccssnry  to  use  either  a  high 
burner,  such  as  the  sim  burner,  to  elevate  tl.e  flame  away  from  tlie 
lamp,  in  order  to  keep  it  cool,  or  instead  thereof,  to  use  a  burner  pro- 
vided with  a  tube  for  t]ie  e«c-ape  of  the  gas  generated  from  the  fluid, 
eucL,  for  inst.uit*.  as  tlie  Meriden  bnnier. 

Test  fob  bi."K>'iX(;  Oil. — Heat  water  In  a  pot  on  tho  fire  to  120° 
Fahr,  Take  a  tin  and  put  in  it  a  tablesy)Oon'uI  of  the  oil  yon  wish  to 
test,  place  the  tin  coutaining  the  oil  in  the  hot  water,  let  it  cool  down 
to  112°  Fahr. ;  when  at  this  point,  approaf  h  a  li;:ht  very  cautiously  to- 
wards the  oil,  and  if  it  takts  lii'e  before  the  light  touciies  it  you  will 
be  safe  in  rejecting  it. 

Pkesek%"ed  or  SoLTDiFrED  MiLK. — 1.  Frcsli-sklmmed  milk,  1  gaL ; 

niiicarbonate  of  soda  (in  powder),  1^  dr.    Mix;  evaporate  to  |  part 
eat  of  steam  or  waterhath,  with  constant  agitation  ;  then  add  of 
j(<6wdei-6d  iU'tiiii  0^  Ibd.  ami  c«iuplcte  tlio  &\&:jtiz^tkta  at  »  redact 


GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS.       211 

temperature.  Ecdnce  the  dry  mass  to  powder,  add  tho  cream  vrell 
dxadned,  ■which  was  taken  from  the  milk.  After  thorough  admixture, 
putthe  whole  into  well  stopped  bottles  or  tms,  and  hermetically  seal. 
2.  Carbonate  of  soda,  ^  dr.;  water,  1  fluid  03.;  dissolve;  add  of  fresh 
milk,  one  qt. ;  sugar,  1  lb. ;  reduce  by  heat  to  the  consistency  of  a  syrup, 
and  finish  the  evaporation  on  plates  by  exposure,  in  an  oveu- 
Observe — About  1  oz.  of  the  powder  agitated  with  1  pt.  of  water  forms 
a  good  substitute  for  milk. 

Sealing-wax,  Red. — Shellac  (very  pale),  4  oz. ;  cautiously  melt  in 
a  bright  copper  pan  over  a  clear  charcoal  fira  ;  when  fused,  add 
Venice  turpentine,  IJ  oz.  Mix,  and  fuilher  add  vermUiou,  3  oz.  ; 
remove  the  pan  from  the  fire,  and  pour  into  a  mould.  For  a  black 
color,  nse  ivory  black,  or  lampblack,  instead  of  the  vermilion  ;  for  a 
blue  color,  use  Prussian  blue,  in.«tead  of  the  vermilion,  same  quantity- 
Each  color  must  be  well  mixed  with  the  composition ;  of  the  lampblack, 
use  only  sufficient  to  color. 

HoRTicxTLTURAL  IxK.— Copper,  1  part ;  dissolve  in  nitric  acid,  10 
parts,  and  add  water,  10  parts  ;  used  to  write  on  zinc,  or  tin  labels. 

Bottle  Wax — Black. — Black  resin,  6^  lbs.  ;  beeswai,  h  lb.  ;  finely 
powdered  ivory  black,  1^  lbs.  Melt  together.  Red,  as  the  last,  but 
.substitute  Venetian  red,  or  red  lead,  for  the  ivory  black. 

Gold-colored  Se^vlixg-wax. — Bleached  shellac,  3  lbs.;  Venice 
turpentine  1  lb. ;  Dutch  leaf  groimd  flue,  1  lb.,  or  le^s.  The  leaf  should 
be  ground,  or  powdered  sufficiently  fine,  without  being  reduced  to 
dust.    Mix  with  a  gentle  heat,  and  pour  into  moulds. 

Lithographic  Ink. — Venice  turpentine  1  part,  lampblack  2  parts, 
hard  tallow  soap  6  parts,  mastic  in  tears,  8  parts,  shellac  12  parts, 
wax  16  parts -melt,  stir,  and  pour  it  out  on  a  slab. 

Inks. — 1.  Fine  Black  writing  Ink. — To  2  gals,  of  a  strong  decoc- 
tion of  logwood,  weU  strained,  add  1^  lbs.  blue  galls  in  coarse  powder, 
6  ozs.  sulphate  of  iron,  1  oz,  acetate  of  copper,  6  o;:s.  of  well  ground 
sugar,  and  8  oz.  gum  arable.  Set  the  above  on  the  fire  until  it  begins 
to  boil;  strain,  and  then  set  it  away  uutil  it  has  acquired  tlie  desired 
black.  2.  Green  Ink.  Cream  of  tartar  1  part,  verdigdi  2  parts, 
water  8  parts.  Buil  till  reduced  to  the  proper  color.  3.  Bltui  Ink. 
Take  sulphate  of  iudi:;o,  dilute  it  with  water  till  it  produces  the  re- 
quired color.  4.  Violet  Ink.  Is  made  by  dissolvmg  some  violet 
aniline  in  water  to  which  «ome  alcohol  has'been  added:  it  takes  very 
little  amline  to  naake  a  large  quantity  of  the  inlc.  5.  Gold  Ink. 
Mosaic  gold,  two  parts,  gum  aiabic,  one  part,  rubbed  up  to  a  proper 
condition.  6.  Silver  Ink.  Triturate  in  a  mortar  equal  parts  of  silver 
foil  and  sulphate  of  potatsga,  imtil  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  then  wash 
the  gait  out,  and  mix  the  residue  with  a  mucDage  of  equal  parts  of 

film  arable  water.  7.  Fnllajus  Bccipe  for  IndcVihle  Str.ncil-jtlate 
nk.  1  lb.  precipitj!,te  carbonate  of  iron;  1  lb.  sulphate  of  iron;  IJ 
lbs.  acetic  acid.  Stir  over  a  five  until  they  combine ;  then  add  3  lbs. 
printer's  varnish  and  2  lbs.  tine  bcKik  ijQk,"aud  stir  imtil  well  mixed. 
Add  1  lb.  of  Ethiop's  mineral.  8  I^zchequtr  Ink.  Briised  galls,  40 
lbs. ;  gum,  10  lbs. ;  gi-een  sulphate  of  iron,  9  lbs. ;  soft  water,  45  gals.- 
Macerate  for  3  weeks  with  frequent  agitjitiou  and  strain.  This  ink 
will  endure  for  ages.  9.  Asiatic  Ink.  Bruisc-d  galls.  It  lbs. ;  gum,  S 
lbs.  Put  them  in  a  small  cask,  and  add  of  boiling  soft  water,  15  gals. 
Allow  the  whole  to  macerate,  witt  frequent  agitation,  for  two  weeks, 


216        GBOCERS   AKD    CONFECTIO!?EES'   BECZIPT3. 

then  further  ndd  {rreen  copperas,  5  Ibc.  dispolrcd  in  7  pt?.  irntet, 
Ag&in  mix  wt- 11,  and  agit:ite  the  whole  daily  for  two  or  thre«  weeki 
10.  Extra  good  Black  Irk.  Brui'^ed  gal!5,  2  lbs.,  logwood  chips, 
green  copperae  and  gum,  oi  e;ich,  1  lb. ;  ^".tcr,  7  pals.  Bi  il  2  honra 
and  gtram.  Product.  5  gals.  IL  Brorcn  Ink.  A  Etroof  decoction  of 
catechu.  The  shade  may  be  raried  by  the  caatiouB  addition  of  a  little 
■weak  eolation  of  bichromate  of  potash.  12.  Indelible  Inl:.  Nitrata 
of  eilTer,  i  oz. :  \rat€r,  |  or.  DifsoU  e,  add  as  much  of  tl.e  etrongest 
liquor  of  avmi"'>a  ^  will  dissolve  the  precipitate  formed  on  ita  Ar«t 
addition;  then  add  of  mucilage  W  dr.,  and  p.  I;:t1e  ssp  groen,  eyrtip  cf 
buckthorn,  or  finely  powdered  indigo,  to  cr'or.  Tnms  bbck  on  being 
held  near  the  fire,  or  toadied  with  a  hot  iixa.  1^.  Irt'leiible  IiJc  fcr 
Glass  or  M'tal.  BoraT,  1  oi:  plicUac,  2  oz, ;  wcter,  Hfluii  oz. ;  b  il 
in  a  covered  vessel.  r.Jd  of  thick  mucilace,  1  oz. ;  triturate  it  with 
levigated  indigo  acd  Ir.mpblack  q.  e.,  to  give  it  a  g^ed  color.  After  2 
hours'  repose,  decant  from  the  dregs  and  bott!e  for  ufp.  It  may  he 
bronzed  after  being  applied.  Resists  moistiu-e,  cV.lorlne,  and  acidp. 
14.  Common  Ink.  To  1  fer.l.  boiling  soft  Tratcr,  add  f  oz.  extract  log- 
wood; boQ  two  minutes;  remove  from  the  fire,  and  stir  in  48  giahw 
bichromate  of  potash,  and  8  grains  prussiate  of  pofci^h;  for  10  gals,  use 
6J  oz.  logwood  extract;  1  oz.  bichromate  of  potash,  and  80  grains 
pru.^iateof  ix^tash;  sti-ain.  15.  Black  Crying  Ink,  or  Wridnj  fluid 
Take  2  gals,  rain  water  and  put  into  it  gum  r.mV  i"^,  J  lb. ;  brown  sugp.r, 
^  lb. ;  clean  copperaa,  J  Ih. ;  powdered  nutg.V.i-^,  ^  lb. ;  mix,  and  shake 
occasionally  for  ten  days  and  strain;  if  needed  sooner,  let  ft  stand  in 
an  iron  kettle  until  thestrengtli  ia  obtained.  Tl.i3  Lik  will  stand  the 
action  of  the  atmosphere  for  centuries,  if  required.  16.  Bed  Ink. 
In  an  ounce  phial  put  1  lca.«poonful  of  a<^iaa-ammonia;  gum  arable 
size  of  two  or  three  peas;  and  6  grains  of  Xo.  40  carmine;  fill  up  with 
soft  water,  and  it  is  soon  ready  for  use. 

Liquid  Blacking. — Ivory  black,  2  lbs. ;  molasses,  2  lbs. ;  sweet  oil, 
1  lb.;  rub  together  till  well  mixed;  theh  add  oil  \itrol,  |  lb.;  add 
coarse  sugar,  i  lb. ;  and  dilute  with  beer  bottoms ;  this  cannot  be 
excelled. 

TicKETLKG  IsK  TOT.  Groceks.&c. — Dissolve  1  oz.  of  gum  arable  In 
6  o%.  water,  and  strain  ;  this  is  the  mucilage  ;  for  black  color,  use 
drop  black,  powdered,  and  ground  with  the  mucilage  to  extreme  fine- 
ness ;  for  blue,  ultra-m.arine  is  used  in  the  same  mromer  :  for  green, 
emerald  green  ;  for  white,  flake  white  ;  for  red,  vermilion,  late,  or 
cnrmine  ;  for  ydlovo,  chrome  yellow.  "UTien  ground  too  thick  they  are 
thinned  witli  a  little  water.  Apply  to  the  c-ards  with  a  small  brush.  Tho 
cards  may  be  sized  with  a  thin  glue,  and  afterwards  varnished,  if  it  is 
desired  to  presene  them. 

Blcikg  fob  Clotites.— Tal.e  1  oz.  of  soft  PrussLin  blue,  powder  it, 
and  put  in  a  bottle  with  1  quait  of  clear  rain  water,  and  add  \  oz.  oi 
pulverized  oxalic  acid.  4.  tablespoonful  is  sufficient  for  a  large  wash- 
ing 

I*REMrr5i  Method  or  KXKP:^■G  Ha2>is,  kc. — To  4  gals,  water,  add  8 
ibe.  coarse  salt  ;  J  oz.  potash  ;  2  oz.  saltpetre  ;  2  lbs.  brown  sn^r. 
Boil  together,  skim  when  cx)ld  irat  on  the  above  quantity  to  100  lb«. 
meat ;  hams  to  remain  in  eight  weeks,  bcpf,  three  ire,"?f3.  Let  tbc 
haOM  dry  several  day?  before  smoking.  Meat  o'  all  k^ads.  lalmoili 
xaA  ether  firh.  loijcter?,  4rc.,  may  be  pi-essrved  i<x  years  by  a  light  sp* 


6BQCEBS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'   KECEIPTS.       217 

plication  of  pTToligneous  acid  applied  with  a  brush,  sealing  np  in  can« 
as  usual  It  Imparts  a  splendid  flavor  to  the  meat,  is  very  cheap,  and 
an  effectual  preservative  against  loss. 

To  PRESEE\'E  Meats,  Saljion,  Lobsters,  &c.,  hkkmeticaixt 
SEALED. -The  meat  to  be  preserved  is  first  parboiled  or  somewhat  more 
and  freed  from  bones.  It  is  then  put  into  tm  cases  or  canisters,  which 
are  quite  filled  up  with  a  rich  gravy.  A  tin  cover,  with  a  small  aper- 
ture, is  then  carefully  fixed  on  by  solder  ;  and,  while  the  vessel  is  per- 
fectly full,  it  is  placed  in  boiling  water,  and  undergoes  the  remainder  of 
the  cooking.  The  small  hole  iia  the  cover  is  completely  closed  up  by 
eoldering  while  the  whole  is  yet  hot.  The  canister,  with  its  ingredients, 
is  now  allowed  to  cool,  in  consequence  of  which  these  contract,  and 
the  sides  of  the  vessel  are  slightly  forced  inward  by  atmospheric  pres- 
sure, and  become  a  little  concave.  The  vessel  bemg  thus  hermet- 
ically sealed,  and  aU  access  of  the  air  prevented,  it  may  be  sent  into 
any  climate  without  fear  of  putrefaction  ;  and  the  most  delicate 
food  of  one  country  may  b^  used  in  another  in  all  its  original  perfeo- 
tion,  mouths  r-nd  vears  after  its  preparation.  Lobsters  should  be  boil- 
ed longer  than  meats,  and  the  scales  removed  previous  to  puttmg  into 
the  canisters.  Salmon  put  up  by  this  process  is  most  delicious.  By  the 
French  process  the  me.it  is  boiJed  till  it  is  three-quarters  done,  when 
two-thirds  of  it  are  taken  out,  the  remaining  one-third  is  boiled  into  a 
concentrated  soup,  and  the  meat  previously  taken  out  is  put  into  the 
canisters,  which  are  then  filled  up  with  the  soup  :  the  tm  cover  with 
aperture  is  soldered  on,  and  the  canister  with  its  contents  sub- 
mitted to  farther  boiling  in  hot  water,  when  the  aperture  is  closed,  as 
above  stated,  and  the  canisters  laid  away  in  store. 

To  PRESERVE  Frctts  wiTHOcrT  SuGAR. — ^Fill  some  stone  wide- 
mouthed  bottles  with  the  fruit  carefully  picked,  and  set  them  in 
a  copper  or  large  kettle  ;  then  fill  the  kettle  with  cold  water  nearly 
up  to  the  mouths  of  the  bottles.  Corks  should  be  prepared  to  fit 
the  bottles,  and  a  cloth  should  be  put  under  the  bottoms  of  the 
bottles  to  prevent  their  cracking  with  the  heat.  Light  the  fire  un- 
der the  kettle,  and  heat  the  water  to  1G0°  or  170°.  This  heat  should 
be  continued  for  half  an  hour,  when  the  fruit  will  be  sufficiently 
scalded  ;  after  that,  fill  up  the  bottles  with  boiling  water  to  within 
an  inch  of  the  cork,  and  cork  them  tightly.  Lay  the  bottles  on 
their  sides  ;  chaiise  the  position  of  the  bottles  once  or  twice  a 
week  during  the  first  two  months,  turning  them  round  to  prevent 
any  fermentation  that  might  take  place.  Fruits  could  also  be 
kept  by  the  process  mentioned  above  for  meats,  remembering  that 
they  are  to  be  scalded  only,  not  boiled,  as  in  the  case  with  meats. 

Another  Method. — After  paring  and  coring,  put  among  them 
sufficient  sugar  to  make  them  palatable  for  present  eating,  about 
3  or  4  lb$.  only  to  each  bushel ;  let  them  stand  awhile  to  dissolve 
the  sugar,  not  using  any  water  ;  then  heat  to  a  boil,  and  continue 
the  boQing  with  care  for  20  to  30  minutes,  or  sufficiently  lon^  to 
heat  them  through,  which  expels  the  air.  Have  ready  a  kettle  of 
hot  water,  into  which  dip  the  can  or  bottle  long  enough  to  heat  it ; 
then  fill  m  the  fruit  while  hot,  corking  it  immediately,  dipping  th« 
end  of  the  cork  into  the  bottle-wajc   preparation  described  else- 

Wll6T6. 

WOBCESTBBfiHOU!  Sauoe.— White  vinegar  15  gals. ;  walnut  cateup 


2H       GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS. 

10  gals.  ;  Maderia  wine  5  gals. ;  mushroom  catsup  10  gals.  ;  taM« 
salt  25  lbs. ;  Canton  soy,  4  gals. :  powdered  capsicum  2  lbs. ;  powdered 
allspice  1  lb. ;  powdered  comnder,  seeds  1  lb. ;  cloves,  mace,  and  cin- 
namon, of  each,  ^  lb. ;  asafoetida  i  lb. ;  dissolved  in  brandy  1  gal.  Boil 
20  lbs.  hogs  livers  in  10  gals,  of  water  for  12  hours,  renewing  the  water 
from  time  to  time.  Take  out  the  liver,  chop  it,  mix  with  water,  work 
through  a  sieve,  and  mix  with  the  sauce. 

Gherkins. — Take  small  cucumbers  (not  young),  steep  lor  a  week 
In  very  strong  brine  ;  it  is  then  poured  off,  heated  to  the  boiling 
point,  and  again  poured  on  the  fruit.  The  next  day  the  gherkins 
are  drained  on  a  sieve,  wiped  dry,  put  into  bottles-  or  jars,  with 
some  spice,  ginger,  pepper,  or  cayenne,  and  at  once  covered  with 
strong  pickling  vinegar. 

Mixed  pickles  from  cauliflower.^,  white  cabbage,  French  beans, 
onions,  cucumbers,  &c.,  are  treated  as  gherkinx,  with  raw  ginger, 
capsicum,  mustard-seed  and  long  pepper,  added  to  ecch  bottle. 
A  little  bruised  turmeric  improves  both  the  color  and  flavor. 

Im>iaij'  pickle. — PiccaliiH. — ^Take  one  hard  white  cabbjige 
(.i^liced),  2  cauliflowers,  pulled  to  pieces,  20  French  bcins,  1  stick 
of  horse-radish,  sliced  fijie,  2  doz.  small  white  onions,  and  1  doz. 
gherkins.  Cover  these  with  boiling  brine  ;  nest  day,  drain  the 
■whole  on  a  sieve,  put  it  into  a  jar,  add  of  curry  powder,  or  tur- 
meric, 2  oz. ;  garlic,  ginger,  and  mustard-seed,  of  each  1  oz.  ;  cap- 
sicum h  02.  Fill  up  the  vessel  with  hot  pickling  vinetjar  ;  bimg 
it  up  close,  and  let  it  stand  for  a  month,  with  occasional  agitation. 

To  PRESER^'E  Frcit  Juice  without  Heat. — ^Ingredients  :  10  lbs. 
of  fresh-gathered,  picked,  red-ripe  currants,  or  otlier  fruit,  2  qtg. 
cold  water,  6  oz.  tartaric  acid,  6  lbs.  of  coarse  siited  sugar.  Put 
the  fruit  into  a  large  earthen  pan,  pour  the  water  witli  the  tartaric 
acid  dissolved  in  it  over  the  fniit,  cover  the  pjiu  with  some  kind  of 
lid,  and  aUow  the  whole  to  steep  for  24  hours  in  a  cold  place,  and 
it  would  be  all  the  better  if  the  pan  containing  the  fruit  could  be 
immersed  in  rough  ice.  Next,  pour  the  steeped  fniit  iuto  a  sus- 
pended stout  flannel  bag,  and  when  all  tlie  juice  has  run  through, 
tie  up  the  open  end  of  the  bag,  and  place  it  on  a  large  earthen 
dish,  with  anothei  dish  upon  it ;  pkice  a  hr.li-hundred  weight  upon 
this,  to  press  out  all  the  remaining  juice,  and  then  mix  it  with  the 
other  juice.  You  now  put  the  gifted  sugar  into  the  juice,  and  stir 
both  together  occasionally,  until  the  sugar  is  dissolved,  and  then 
bottle  up  the  syrup,  cork,  and  tie  down  the  bottles  with  wire,  and 
keep  them  in  the  ice  well  or  iu  a  cold  cellar,  in  a  reclining  position. 

To  RESTORE  IxjriiED  Mf.at. — When  the  brine  soui-s  and  taints 
the  meat,  pour  it  off  ;  boil  it,  skim  it  well,  then  pour  it  back  again 
on  the  meat  boiling  hot ;  this  will  restore  it,  even  when  much 
injured.  If  tainted  me<it  is  injured,  dip  it  in  t!.e  solution  of  chlo- 
ride of  lime  prescribed  for  rancid  br.tter ;  it  will  restore  it  Fly- 
blown meat  can  be  completely  restored  by  iramersimr  it  for  a  few 
houra  in  a  vessel  containing  a  small  quantity  of  b?er  ;  but  it  will 
taint  and  impart  a  putrid  smell  to  the  liquor.  Fresh  meat,  hams, 
fish,  &c.,  ean  be  preserved  for  an  indefinite  length  of  time  without 
salt,  by  a  light  application  of  pyroligneous  acid  applied  with  tk 
brush  ;  it  imparts  a  fine  smoky  flavor  to  the  nie?.t,  and  is  an  elfeot* 
ool  preservative.    Bat  pore  acetic  acid  xaa.j  be  used  instead. 


8B0C£B8   AND    CONFECTIOXT-.KS'    RECEIPTS.       219 

rKESH  MitAT— TO  KTET"  A  TTef.k  crTwo  rs"  StnncEB.— Farmers 
OP  others  living  at  a  distance  tiom  hwtchera  c<an  keep  fresh  meat 
very  nicely  for  a  -week  or  two,  by  putrlrn;  it  into  sour  milk,  or  but- 
ter milk,  pLicing  it  in  a  cool  celkr.  TLe  bone  or  fat  need  not  be 
removed.    Rinse  well  when  used. 

MiLKjiAx'3  Process. — To  give  a  body  to  dUnted  milk  use  the 
following  nutritive  and  healtny  conT^iund  at  the  rate  of  8  oz.  to 
every  5  gals-,  stirring  it  up  in  the  milk,  till  all  is  dissolved:  arrow- 
root, 6oz. ;  magnesia.  Got.  ;  Ft.icli.  1  lb.;  floor,  ^  lb.  ;  wliite  suctp 
in  powder,  1  lb. ;  mix  all  intimately  together,  and  keep  in  a  dry 
place  for  use. 

CusTABD  P0WDEB3. — Sago  mcil  and  flour,  1  lb.  each;  color  with 
turmeric  to  a  cream  color.  Fl.'.vor  viiih  essential  oil  of  almonds,  1 
dr.  ;  ess.  of  lemon,  2  dit.  Use  with  sweetened  millc  to  form  ex- 
temporaneous custards. 

Ct'RRT  PowDKK.— Ttirmeric,  and  coriander  seed.^,  of  each,  4  oz. ; 
black  pepper,  2^  oz. ;  dn.irer  11  ilr?.  ;  cinnamon,  mace,  and  cloves,  each, 
i  oz. ;  cardamon  soecU,  1  oz.  ;  cummlu  seeds,  2  drs.  ;  cayenne  pepper, 
1  oz.  ;  powder  and  mis. 

Napoleon's  Camp  Sauce.— Old  strong  beer,  2  qts., white  wine,  Iqt, 
ancho\ies,  4  ounces;  mis;  boil  for  tea  minutes;  remove  it  from  the 
fire,  jjid  add  peeled  ehallots,  3  ounces ;  macerate  for  14  days, 
and  bottle. 

PiCKUTD  0^^o^'s. — Gioose  small  rotmd  onions,  remove  the  ekins, 
steep  them  in  strong  brine  for  a  week  in  a  stone  vessel,  pour  it  ofi, 
and  heat  till  it  boils  ;  then  pour  on  the  onions,  boiling  hot ;  a-tet 
24  hours,  drain  on  a  seive,  then  put  t;-.cm  in  bottles,  fiU  np  over  them 
with  strong  ppiced  vinegar,  boili:\ghot,  cork  down  immediately,  and 
wa.x  over  tlie  cork.  la  a  similar  manner  are  pickled  mushroons, 
cauliflowers,  samphires,  pea?,  bt'Xns,  green  gooseberries,  walnuts, 
red  ciibMges  (■nitliout  salt,  with  cold  vincg-ir).  Ob?cn-e  t'.;nt  the  soft 
f.'jd  more  delicate  do  not  require  so  mr.ch  soaking  in  brine  as  the  harder 
end  coarser  kinds,  and  may  be  often  ke])t  by  simply  pouring  very 
strong  pickling  vinegar  on  them  without  thcapplicatioiiof  heat.  Fot 
peaches,  select  ripe  but  not  soft  ones  :  rr.b  Avitb  a  dry  cloth  ;  put  foci 
cloves,  free  from  their  heads,  ineacnlarce  pcich,  aud  two  in  small 
DUOS  ;  to  1  gallon  vinegar,  put  6  lbs.  brown  sxigrir  ;  imt  the  peaches  in 

iar  and  put  tl-.e  vinegar  (diluted  with  water,  if  too  strong),  and 


"Fhench  Patent  McsTAitP. — Flour  of  mustard,  SW^.  ;  wheat  ficr.r, 
B  lbs.  ;  bav  salt,  2  lbs. ;  cavcune  pe;>pe-r.  4  oz.  ;  vinegnr  to  mix. 

CosEMOX  ilfST AEO. — ^llour  of  c: list;' rd  23 lb?.  ;  wlicat flour,  23 1 w-. , 
cayenne  pepper,  12  oz.,  or  as  required ;  common  s;.lt  10  lbs.  ;  ra;-« 
oil  3  lbs.  ;  turmeric  to  color  ;  mis  well,  and  pass  through  a  fine  seive 

Starch  Pousn. — Wlutewax.  1  oz.  ;  sijerraaceti,  2oz.  ;  melt  them 
together  with  a  gentle  her.t  When  you  have  prepared  a  s-ifBcient 
amount  of  starch,  in  the  u.-ual  way,  fr'r  a  dozen  ]i!cc<'^,  jiut  into  it  a 
piece  of  the  poli^h  about  the  size  of  a  large  peji ;  more  or  less,  accord- 
fcg  to  large  o'r  smiill  washincT".  Or  thick  gum  solution  (made  by  pour- 
t^^  boiling  water  uix)n  cum  arabic\  one  tablespoon  to  a  pint  of  starch, 
gtv«a  clothes  a  'jeautiful  slosa. 


220         GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIOKERS'    KECEIPTa. 

PiRK  KiNDi.F.Rs. — To  make  very  nice  fire  kincllorr!.  tike  re?in,  rti* 
quantity,  and  melt  it,  puttinj^  in  for  eadi  pound  lieiiig  a3e<l,  from  '2  Us 
3  oz.  of  fcillow,  and  tvlien  all  is  hot,  ftir  in  pine  Kiwdut^t  to  m.".I:e 
very  tliit-k  ;  and,  while  yet  bot.  spread  it  out  aboiit  1  inch  thi.'.c, 
upon  Iwardswliidih.ivefiue  sivrdnst  sprinUlcd  npon  them,  to  prevent 
it  from  sticking.  When  culd,  bre^lc  up  into  lumps  about  1  inch  square- 
But  if  for  sale,  take  a  thin  Isoard  and  press  npon  it,  while  yet  v:irm, 
to  b.y  it  off  into  inch  pq.vares  ;  this  makes  it  break  regularly,  If  you 
pre-^  the  crease  siiiaciently  deep,  greasing  the  marked  board  to  prevent 
it  from  sticking.  ' 

To  Keep  CrncK  pwtet,  a>t>  Swxetev  Som  Cid'J'^. — To  keep 
cider  perfect,  take  a  keg  an  i  bore  holes  in  the  bottom  of  it ;  spread  a 
piece  of  woollen  cloth  at  tiie  bottom;  then  fill  with  clean  sand  closely 
l^acked  ;  draw  your  cider  from  a  barrel  ju.-^t  as  fa.~t  as  it  will  run 
through  the  sxiiid  ;  after  t;\i.=i,  put  in  clean  barrels  which  liave  had  a 
piece  of  cotton  or  linen  chjth  2  by  7  inches  dipped  in  melted  sulphur 
and  burned  inside  of  tliem,  tiiereby  absorbing  the  sulphur  fumes 
(this  process  will  also  sweeten  sour  cider)  ;  then  keep  it  in  a  celhxr  or 
room  where  there  is  no  five,  and  add  ^  lb.  white  mustard  seed  to  each 
banel.  If  cider  is  long  made,  or  souring  when  yon  get  it,  about  1  qt 
of  liickory  ashes  (or  a  litJe  more  of  other  hard  wond  ashes)  stirred 
iuto  each  barrel  \\  ill  sweeten  :;  u  d  clarify  it  nearly  equal  to  rectifying  it 
a.s  above  ;  but  if  itis  notrcctiiiLd,  it  rar.st  be  racked  off  to  get  clearof 
the  pomace,  as  with  this  iu  it,  it  will  sour.  Oil  or  whL-^liy  barrel.^  aro 
best  to  |.ut  cider  in,  or  h  piut  sweet  oil  to  a  barrel,  or  a  gallon  of 
whisky  to  a  barrel,  or  both,  may  be  added  with  decidedly  good 
cfTecU  ;  isinglass,  4  oz.  to  each  barrel,  helps  to  clarify  ajid  settle  ci- 
der that  is  not  to  be  rfctirted. 

Gixc.EK  Wi:.s.— Vt'atcr,  10  gals.,  Inmp  sugar,  20  lbs.,  bruised  gin- 
ger, 8  oz.  ;  3  or  1  eggs.  Uoil  wfU  and  skim  ;  then  pour  hot  on  six  or 
seven  lemons  cut  iu  slices,  macemte  for  2  hours  ;  then  rack  and  fer- 
ment ;  next  add  spirit  2  qts.,  and  afterwards  finings,  1  pint ;  rum- 
mage well.  To  make  the  color,  boil  ^  oz.  saleratus  and  -^  oz.  alum  in 
1  pint  of  water  till  you  g-"t  a  bright  red  color. 

Ice  Ckk.vm. — Have  rirh,  sweet  crear.i,  and  a  half-pound  of  loaf 
sugar  to  each  quail  of  cr».-:ira  or  milk.  If  j^ou  cannot  get  cream,  the 
best  imitation  is  to  boil  a  suit  custard,  6  eggs  to  cacli  quart  of  milk  (eggs 
well  beat).  Or  another  is  made  as  follows:  boil  1  qn:trt  of  milk,  ana 
Etir  into  it,  while  boiling,  1  tablespoonful  of  aiTowroot  wet  with  cold 
milk  ;  when  cool  stir  iuto  it  the  yolk  of  1  egg  to  give  it  a  rich  color. 
Five  minutes'  boilmg  is  enough  for  either  plan.  Put  the  sugar  in  af- 
ter they  cool  ;  keep  the  same  proportions  for  any  amoxmt  dc-irecl 
Or  thus  :  to  G  q'.-.aits  of  miik  odd  h  lb.  Oswego  starch,  fir-t  dis.solved  ; 
p-'t  the  starch  in  1  quart  of  th.e  milk  ;  tlicn  mix  altogether,  and  sim- 
mer a  little  (not  lioil)  ;  sweeten  and  flavor  ti  your  taste  ;  excellent. 
The  juice  of  stitiwberries  or  ras'^berries  gives  a  boautiail  color  aji  I 
flavor  to  ice  creams,  or  about  h  oz.  essence  or  extract  to  1  gallon,  or 
to  suit  the  ta.-tc.  Have  your  iGe  well  broken,  1  qt.  salt  t.-i  a  bucket  of 
ice.  About  one  hour's'  con.-t  mt  stirring,  with  occasional  scraping 
do^vn  and  l)oatiag  together,  will  freeze  it. 

CH3CA<;(i  jfi:  (^KKA?t. — Irish  moss  soaked  in  warm  water  one  hour, 
and  rinsed  well  to  cleanse  it  of  sand  and  a  certain  foreign  taste  ;  tlien 
Bte«p  it  in  mUk^  keeping;  it  just  at  the  point  of  boiling  or  Bimmering 


GEOCEBS  AKb   CONPECTIONEES'  EECEIPT3.       221 

S»  one  hour,  or  until  a  rich  yellow  color  is  given  to  the  milk  ;  with. 
ont  cream  or  eggs,  from  1  to  IJ^  oz.  to  a  gal.  only  is  necessary,  and 
this  will  do  to  steep  twice.    Sweeten  and  flavor  like  other  cream?. 

SrESTiTTJTE  FOK  Crf.a-V. — Take  2  or  3  whole  eggs,  beat  them  well 
np  in  a  basin  ;  then  pnir  boUing  hot  tea  over  them  ;  pour  gradually 
to  prevent  curdling.  It  is  difficult  for  the  tast6  to  distanguish  it  from 
licb  cream. 

GoTGEK  Beer.— Take  5^  gals,  water,  |  lb.  ginger  root  braised, 
tartaric  acid,  ^  oz.,  white  sugar,  2^  Ib.s.,  whites  of  3  eggs  well 
beaten,  10  small  tsaspoonfuls  of  lemon  e.^s.  ;  yeas^t,  1  gill  ;  boil  tho 
root  for  30  minutes  in  1  gal.  of  the  water;  strain  off,  and  put  the  ess. 
in  while  hot;  mix,  make  over  night;  in  the  morning,  skim  and  bottle, 
keeping  out  the  sediments. 

PiciLAUELPiTi.i  Beke. — Take  30  gals,  water,  brown  sngar,  20  Ibg 

r"nger  root  bruised,  J  lb.,  cream  of  t;irt;ir,  1^  llis.,  carbonate  of  soda, 
oz.,  oil  of  lemon,  cut  in  a  little  alcohol,  1  teaspooTiful,  the  white  of 

10  eggs  well  beaten,  liops,  2  oz.,  yea.st,  1  qt.  The  ginger  root  and  hops 
should  be  boiled  for  twenty  or  thirty  minutes  in  euongh  of  tiie  water 
ti_>  malvG  all  milk-warm ;  then  strained  into  the  rest  and  the  yeast  added 
»nd  allowed  to  work  itself  clear;  tlien  bott!e. 

CiDKK  WITHOUT  Api'LEs. — Water,  1  gallon;  comnmn  sugar,  1  lb.; 
tirfciric  acid,  ioz. ;  yeast,  1  tablespoonfid;  shake  well,  make  in  the 
.heuhig.  and  ft  wiU  be  lit  to  use  next  day. 

Fob  Bottling. — Put  in  a  barrel,  5  gals,  hot  watc;  30  lbs.  common 
sugar;  |  lb.  tirtnricacid;  25  gallon.'?  cold  water;  3  pints  of  hop  or  brew- 
ers' yeast,  worked  into  paste  with  1  pint  of  water  aud  1  lb.  flour.  Let 
it  work  in  the  Iwrrel  forty-oig]it  hours,  the  yea.«t  running  out  of  the 
bunghole  all  the  time,  putting  in  a  little  sweetened  water  occa.^ioiially 
to  keep  it  f  uU ;  then  bottle,  putting  in  two  or  three  broken  raisins  to 
each  bottle;  and  it  will  nearly  etjual  champagne. 

Cheap  Cider. — Put  in  a  cask  5  gals,  hot  water ;  15  lbs.  brown  sugar; 
1  gal.  molasses ;  ^  gal.  hop  or  brewers'  yeast;  good  vinegar,  6  qts. ;  gtir 
well,  add  25  gals,  cold  water,  ferment  as  the  la.st. 

Another  Ceder. — Cold  water,  20 gals.,  brown  sugar,  15 lbs.,  tar- 
tiric  acid,  ^  lb. ;  rummage  well  fc^getlier,  and  add,  if  you  have  them, 
3  or  4  lbs.  of  dried  sour  apples,  or  boh  them  and  pour'in  the  express- 
ed juice.    This  cider  will  keep  longer  than  the  othci-s. 

SiKUCE  A2fD  GiKHEU  BicEK. — Cold  watcr,  10  gals.;  boiling  water, 

11  gals. ;  mix  in  a  barrel;  add  molasses,  30  11  >.«:.,  or  brown  sugar,  21 
lbs. ;  oil  of  spruce  or  any  oil  of  wluch  you  wi,sh  the  flavor,  1  oz. ;  add  1 
pint  yeast,  ferment,  bottle  ui  two  or  throe  days.  If  you  wish  whito 
ipruce  beer,  use  lump  sugar;  for  ginger  flavor,  n.«e  17  oz.  ginger  root 
braised,  and  a  few  hops;  bod  for  thirty  minutes  m  tluee  gals,  of  th* 
water,  strain  and  mix  well ;  let  if  stand  two  houi-s  and  bottle,  using 
yeast,  of  course,  aa  before. 

Hop  Beer,  vekt  fine. — Mix  14  lbs.of  molasses  and  11  gals,  water 
well  together,  and  boil  them  for  2  hours  withG  oz.  hops.  When  quite 
cool,  add  a  cupful  of  yeast,  and  stir  it  well  by  a  gallon  or  two  at  a 
time.  Let  it  ferment  for  16  hours,  in  a  tub  covered  with  a  sack,  then 
put  it  in  a  9-gallon  cask,  and  keep  it  filled  up ;  bung  it  down  in  2  days, 
and  in  7  days  it  wiM  be  fit  to  drink,  and  vrill  be  stronger  than  London 
porter 

Edutbubgh  AiiSi— Employ  the  best  pale  malt— Ist,  vaaeh  2  barrels 


222       GROCERS  JlND  confectiokers'  RECEITTS. 

pr.  qa&iter,  at  18o<=',  raasb  three^}asuters  of  an  hour,  let  it  etand  \ 
nonr,  and  allow  half  an  hour  to  run  off  the  ■wort;  2d,  mash  1  barrel 
per  quarter.  180°,  mash  thi-ee-fourths  of  an  hour,  let  it  stand  about 
three-fourths,  and  tap  as  before;  3d,  mash  1  barrel  per  quarter, 
at  170°,  ma^h  half  an  hour,  let  it  stand  half  an  hour,  and  tap  as 
before.  The  first  and  second  wort  may  be  mixed  together,  boiling 
them  about  an  hour  or  an  hour  and  a  quarter,  -with  a  quantity  of 
hops  proportioned  to  the  time  the  ale  is  required  to  be  kept.  Tho 
first  two  may  be  mixed  at  tJie  heat  of  60°,  in  tlie  glyetun,  and  the 
second  should  be  fermented  separately  for  smaU  beer.  The  best 
hops  should  be  used  in  the  proportion  of  about  4  lbs.  for  every 
quarter  of  malt  employed. 

Bottling  Porter.— Bkow>-  Stout.  Tale  malt,  2  quarters  ;  amber 
and  brown  malt,  of  each  1^  do.  ;  mash  at  3  times,  with  12,  7,  and 
6  barrels  of  water ;  boil  with  bops,  50  lbs  ;  set  with  yeast,  29  lbs. 
Product,  17  barrels,  or  li  times  the  malt 

Lemox  Beer. — To  make  20  gals,  boil  6  oz.  of  ginger  root  bruised, 
I  lb.  cream  of  tartar,  for  20  or  30  minutes,  in  2  or  3  gals,  water ; 
Siis  will  be  strained  in  13  lbs.  coffee  sugar,  on  which  you  hava 
put  J  oz.  oil  of  lemou,  and  six  good  lemons  squeezed  up  together, 
laaving  warm  water  enough  to  make  the  w!.ole  20  gals,  just  bo 
hot  that  you  can  hold  your  hand  in  it  without  burning,  or  about 
70  degrees  of  ae^;t ;  put  in  1^  pints  of  hop  or  brewers'  yea.«t,  worked 
into  paste  with  5  or  6  oz.  flour.  Let  it  work  over  night,  then  strain 
and  bottle  lor  use. 

Table  Beer. — Malt,  8  bushels  ;  hops,  7  lbs  ;  molasses,  2o  lbs. ;  brew 
for  10  barrels  ;  smaller  quantity  in  proportion. 

Hop  Beeb. — Hops,  6  ounces ;  molasses,  5  quarts  ;  boil  the  hops  till 
the  strength  is  out,  strain  them  into  a  30-gallon  barrel ;  add  the 
molasses  and  one  teacupf  ul  of  yeast,  and  fill  up  with  water  ;  shake  it 
well,  and  leave  the  bun^  out  tiU  fermented,  which  will  be  in  about 
24  hours.  Bung  up,  and  it  ^vill  be  fit  for  usd  in  about  three  days. 
Molasses  Beer. — Hops,  1  oz.  ;  water,  Ignl.  ;  boil  for  ten  minutes, 
strain,  add  molasses,  1  lb. ;  and  when  luke-warm,  yeast,  1  spooufuL 
Ferment. 

EooT  Beer.— Water  10  gal«,  heat  to  00°  Fah.  then  add  3  gals,  mo- 
lasses :  let  it  stand  2  hours,  pour  it  into  a  bowl  and  add  powdered  or 
bruised  sassafras  and  wintergreen  bark  of  e;w;h  ^  lb.  ;  yeast  1  pt. ; 
bruised  sarsapariHa  root,  ^  lb.  ;  add  water  enough  to  make  25  gals,  in 
all.    Ferment  for  12  hours,  then  bottle. 

Ottawa  Beer  a>t)  Gi>'ger  Ale. — Ottawa  beer  is  made  by  using 
8  ozs.  of  a  fluid  extract  which  contains  the  concentrated  strength  of  4 
Ibe.  of  13  different  roots  and  barks,  added  to  1  gal.  syrup  which  is  mixed 
■with  14  galg.  water,  into  which  carbonic  acid  gaa  is'f  orced  at  a  pressure 
of  80  lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  Ginger  Ale  is  made  in  the  same  way 
except  that  4  ozs.  of  extract  is  sufficient  When  the  ginger  is  reaUv 
used,  an  extract  deprived  of  resinous  impurities  id  made  use  of, 
whicn  gives  a  clear  amber  colored  drink. 

Cheap  Beer. — Water,  15  gals.  :  boil  half  the  water  ■with  i  lb. 
hoi>s  ;  then  add  to  the  other  half  in  the  tun,  and  mix  well  with  1 
gal.  molasses  and  a  httle  yeast 

To  restore  Sour  Beer. — Good  hops,  i  lb.,  powdered  chalk,  2  lbs. 
Pat  Lithe  hole  of  the  caek,  and  bong  dose  for  a  fe^w  days  ;  for  frosted 


GBOCEBS  A>T>   CONFECTIONERS*   RECEIPTS.        223 

beer,  add  some  finings,  a  few  handftils  of  flour,  and  some  scalded 
hops  ;  for  rcpy  beer,  use  a  haoidf ul  or  two  of  flour,  the  same  of  hops, 
■with  a  little  xxiwdered  alum  to  each  barrel.    Rummage  well. 

To  IsiPBOVE  THE  FLAVOR  OF  Beek. — Bruised  ginger,  1  oz.  ;  bruised 
cloves,  i  oz.  ;  a  few  scalded  hops  and  a  doz.  broken  coarse  biscuit* 
to  every  two  barrels.    Riuimiage  well. 

Lemoxade. — White  sugar,  1  lb.,  tartaric  acid,  i  ounce,  essence  of 
lemon,  30  drops,  water  3  qt^.     Mix. 

Cream  Sod.a. — Loaf  sugar,  ten  lbs.,  water,  3  gals.  ;  warm  griidu- 
ally  so  as  not  to  bum  ;  good  rich  cream,  2  quarts ;  extract  vanilla, 
li  ounces  ;  ertract  nutmeg,  i  ounce ;  tartaric  acid.  4  ounces.  Just 
bring  to  a  boiJing  heat  ;  for  if  you  cook  it  any  leui,'th  of  time,  it  wUl 
crrstallize  ;  use  4  or  5  spoonfuls  of  this  syrup  instead  of  three,  as  in 
other  syrups  ;  put  h  teasi)ooiif  ul  of  soda  to  a  glass,  if  used  without  % 
foontam.    For  cluifged  fuimtains  no  acid  is  used. 

Fkeezixg  Pkeparatiox. — Common  sal-ammoniac,  well  pulverized, 
1  part  ;  salti)etre,  2  parts  ;  mix  well  together.  Then  take  common 
eoda,  well  pulverized.  To  use  take  equal  quantities  of  the^e  prepa- 
rations (which  must  be  kept  seixirate  aud  well  covered  previous  to 
using)  and  ])ut  them  in  the  freezing  pot ;  add  of  water  a  proi>er 
qmintity,  and  put  in  the  article  to  be  frozen  in  a  proper  vessel ;  cover 
up,  and  your  wauts  will  soon  be  supplied.  For  freezing  cream  or 
wines  tiis  cp.nnot  be  beat. 

S.a:rsapaii:lla  Mead. — 1  lb.  of  Spanish  Sarsaparilla,  boil  5  hours 
and  sti-ain  off  2  gals  :  add  sugar  16  lbs.  and  tartaric  acid  10  oz.s.,  half 
a  ^viue  glass  of  sjTup  to  half  pint  tumbler  of  water,  and  half  teaspoon- 
fuJ  of  soda  is  a  fair  projjortion  for  a  drink. 

Portable  Lemonaue. — Tartaric  acid,  1  ounce,  white  sugar,  2  lbs. , 
esseuce  of  lemon,  quarter  ounce  ;  jwwder  and  keep  dry  for  use.  One 
dessert  spoonful  will  make  a  glass  of  lemonade. 

IiO'ERiAL  Cream  Nect.\b. — Part  1st,  take  1  gallon  water,  loal 
engar,  6  lbs. ,  tiiit;\ric  acid,  6  ounces,  gum  arable,  1  oimce.  Part  2d, 
flour,  4  tea,*poonfuls,  the  whites  of  5  eggs  ;  beat  fiuely  together  ; 
then  add  i  pint  water  ;  when  tlie  first  part  is  blood  warm,  put  in  the 
second  ;  boil  3  minutes,  and  it  is  done.  Directions  :  3  tablespoonfuls 
of  syrup  to  two-thirds  of  a  glass  of  water  ;  add  oue-third  tea.-[>oouful 
of  carbonate  of  soda,  made  fiue  ;  stir  well,  and  drink  at  your  leisure. 

Peppekmixt  CoBniAL.— Good  whisky,  10  gals.,  water  10  gals., 
white  suy^ar,  10  lbs. ,  oil  pepperuiiut,  1  oimce,  in  1  pint  alcohol.  1  Ib.floui 
well  worked  in  the  fluid,  *  lb.  burned  sugar  to  color.  MLx,  and  let  it 
§taud  one  week  before  usfng.  Other  oil  m  place  of  peppermint,  and 
you  have  any  flavor  desired. 

Silver-top  Drixk. — W.-iter.  3qta..  white  sugar,  4  lbs. ,  ess.  of  lemon, 
4  teaspoonfuls,  white  of  5  eggs,  beat  with  1  tablespoouful  of  flour ; 
boil  to  a  syrup  ;  then  divide  into  equal  parts,  and  to  one  add  3  ouncea 
tartaric  acid,  to  the  other  4  ounces  of  carbonate  of  soda  ;  put  in  s 
teaspoonful  of  ea<^'h  of  the  syrui^,  more  or  less  (according  to  the  siz« 
of  the  glass),  to  two-thirds  of  a  glass  of  water  :  diink  quick. 

Sangaree. — Wine,  ale.  or  porter,  or  t\vo-thuds  water,  hot  or  cold, 
according  to  tlie  season  of  the  year,  loaf  sugar  tu  taste,  with  nutmeg. 

Soda  S\Tiirps. — Loaf  or  crushed  sugar,  8 lbs.,  pure  water,  1  gallon, 
gum  arable,  2  oz.  ;  miT  in  a  brass  or  copper  kettle.  BoU  until  the 
com  is  dissolved,  then  skim  and  strain  throogh  white  flannel,  after 


224        OBOCEBS   AND    CONPECTIONEES'   EECEIPT8. 

which  add  tartaric  acid,  5)  oz.  ;  dissolve  in  hot  water  ;  to  flavor,  uea 
extract  of  lemon,  orange,  vanilla,  rose,  garsaparilla,  straw;b6rry,  Ac, 
&c.,  i  oz.  or  to  your  taste.  If  you  xuse  juice  of  lemon,  add  2^  Ids.  of 
sngar  to  a  pint,  you  do  not  need  anj  tartaric  acid  with  it ;  now  use 
two  tablespoonfuls  of  syrup  to  ^  of  a  tumbler  of  water,  and  J  te^i- 
spoontul  of  super-carbonate  of  soda,  made  fine  ;  driuk  quick.  For 
Boda  fountains,  1  oz.  of  super-t-arbouate  of  soda  is  used  to  1  gallon  of 
water.    For  charged  founuiins  no  acids  are  needed  in  the  syrups. 

Stoughtok  Bitteks. — Gentian,  4  OLmoes,  orauge  peel,  4  ounces, 
Columbo,  4  ounces,  camomile  flowers,  4  ounces,  qu.i isia,  4  oimces, 
burned  sugar,  1  lb.,  whiskey,  2 J  galls.  Mix  and  k-t  it  stiind  1  week. 
Bottle  the  clear  hquor. 

Common  Small  Beeb. — A  handful  of  hops  to  a  pail  of  water,  a 
pint  of  bran,  add  half  a  pint  of  molasses,  a  cup  of  ye;i£t,  and  a  sjioon- 
lul  of  ginger. 

RoTAL  Pop. — Cream  tartar,  1  lb.,  ginger,  lioz.,  white  sugar,  7 
lbs.,  essence  of  lemon,  1  drachm,  water,  G  galls.,  yeast  Ipint.  Tie 
the  corks  down. 

Raspberry  Syrup  ■wtthottt  Raspberries. — ^Firs t  make  a  eyrup 
with  36  lbs.  of  white  sngar,  and  10  gallons  of  water,  and  put  it  iu$o 
a  clean  mixing  barrel.  Then  dissolve  i  lb.  of  tartaric  acid  in  1  (ft. 
of  cold  water,  and  add  to  the  syrup.  Next  t;i;;o  ^  lb.  orris  root 
and  pour  over  it  half  a  gallon  of  boilinrf  water  ;  let  it  infuse  until 
cold,  then  filter,  and  put  •\  into  the  mixing  barrel,  stirring  it  weU. 

To  Color. — Boil  ^  oz.  of  cochineal ;  |  oz.  cream  fcirtar;  ^  oz. 
ealeratus  ;  and  h  oz.  alnm  in  1  qt.  of  water  imtil  you  j;et  a  bright  red 
color,  and  add  this  to  the  sj  rup  till  tlie  color  suits.  The  above  i^  a 
very  valuable  receipt,  and  wiU  make  IG  gals,  syi  up  at  a  very  low  cost 
per  gallon.  If  it  is  desirable  to  produce  a  riciier  syrup,  add  more 
*ugar.    Colors  should  be  made  in  a  brajs  or  copper  kettle. 

Bottled  Soda  Water  without  a  Machine. — In  each  gallon  of 
water  to  be  ased,  carefully  di.«3olve  J  lb.  cnisl.ed  sngar,  and  one  ounce 
of  super-carbonate  of  soda  ;  then  fill  pint  bottles  with  this  water,  have 
your  corks  ready  ;  now  drop  uito  each  bottle  J  dr.ira  of  pulverized 
citric  acid,  and  immediately  cork,  and  tie  down.  Hajidle  the  bottles 
carefully,  and  keep  cool  until  needed.  More  sugar  may  be  added  if 
desired. 

Ovster  Soup. — ^To  each  dozen  or  dish  of  oysters,  put  ^  ^int  of 
water  ;  nulk,  1  gUl ;  butter  ^  oz.  ;  jnawdered  crackers  to  thicken ; 
Tiring  the  oysters  and  water  to  a  boil,  then  add  the  other  ingredients 

Ereviously  mixed  together,  and  boU  from  three  to  five  minutes  only 
eason  with  pepper  and  ssdt  to  taste. 

Mock  Terrapin. — A  supper  dish.  Half  a  calf's  liver ;  seasoned, 
frv  brown.  Hash  it,  not  very  fine,  dust  thickly  with  flour,  a  teaspoon- 
ful  mixed  mustard,  as  much  cayenne  pepper  as  will  lie  on  a  half  dime; 
2  hard  eggs,  chopped  fine,  a  lump  of  butter  as  large  as  an  egg,  a  teacup 
of  water.  Let  it  boU  a  minute  or  two  ;  cold  veul  wiU  do,  if  liver  is  not 
liked. 

Blackberry  >Vine. — Wash  the  berries,  and  pour  1  gt.  of  boil- 
ing water  to  each  gal.  Let  the  mixture  stand  24  hours,  sturing  occa- 
eionally  ;  then  strain  and  measure  into  a  keg,  adding  2  lbs.  sugar, 
and  good  rye  whiskey  1  pint,  or  best  alcohol,  ^  pint  to  each  gah 
Cork  tight,  and  put  away  for  use.    The  best  wine  that  can  be  made. 


CfEOCEBS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS.       225 

MtrrroN  Harricot.— Take  a  loin  of  mutton,  cut  it  into  small  chopB, 
Benson  it  -vsith  grouud  pepper,  allspice,  and  salt,  let  it  stand  a  nisJit, 
and  then  fry  it.  Have  good  gravy  well  seasoned  vrith  flour,  butter, 
catsup  and  pepper,  if  necessary.  Boil  turnips  and  carrots,  cut  them 
smaU,  and  add  to  the  mutton  stewed  in  tlio  gra-rj-,  with  the  yolka  oi 
hard  boUed  eg^a,  and  forced  meat  hoBa. 

Imitation  Apple  Buttek.— Vinegar,  1  qt. ;  cheap  mobsses  1  qt. : 
tnix  together,  set  over  the  fire  till  it  commences  to  cook  ;  L..'ce  itol7, 
add  10  tablespoonful3  of  wheat  flour,  and  cold  water  to  make  a  bat- 
ter, then  add  1  qt.  scalding  water,  stir  and  cook  for  fiTtcen  minutes. 

Lemox  SrRrr. — Havana  sujur,  1  lb.,  boil  in  water  do%vn  to  a  quart, 
drop  in  tlie  white  of  1  egg,  and  strain  it.  Add  i  oz.  tartaric  acid;  let 
it  stand  2  days;  shake  often;  12  drops  essence  of  lemon  will  much 
improve  it 

Superior  Raisin  "Wine.— Take  SO  lbs.  of  chopped  raisins  free  from 
stems  and  dust;  put  them  in  a  h^rge  keg,  add  to  them  10  gals.  6o!t 
water;  let  them  stand  two  weeks  unbunged,  ehakiug  occnsionaUy 
(warm  place  in  winter),  then  strain  tlirough  woollen,  or  filter;  color 
with  burnt  sugar ;  bottle  and  cork  weU  for  use.  The  mce  raisins  th© 
better  tlie  wine,  not  exceeding  6  lbs.  to  each  gallon. 

Raisin  Wine  equal  to  Sherry.— CoU  the  proper  quantity  of 
■water  and  let  it  stand  till  cold.  To  each  gal.  of  thLs  add  4  lbs.  of 
chopped  raisins,  previously  well  washed,  and  freed  from  stalks;  let 
the  whole  stand  for  1  month,  stirring  frequently;  then  remove  tix& 
raisins,  and  bimg  up  closely  for  1  month  more ;  then  rack  into  another 
vessel,  leaving  all  sediment  beliind.  and  repeat  till  it  becomes  fine: 
then  to  every  10  gals,  add  G  lbs.  of  fine  sugar,  and  1  doz.  of  good 
oranges,  the  rinds  being  pared  very  thin,  and  infused  in  2  qts.  of 
brandy,  which  should  be  added  to  tlie  liquor  at  its  last  racking.  Let 
the  whole  stmd  three  months  in  the  cask,  then  bottle.  It  should  re- 
main bottled  twelve  months.  To  give  it  the  flavor  of  ]Madeira,  when 
it  is  in  the  cask,  put  in  a  couple  of  green  citrons,  imd  let  them  remain 
tiU  the  wine  is  bottled. 

Port  wine.— Worked  cider,  42  gals. ;  good  port  wine,  12  gals  : 
good  brandy,  3  gals.;  pure  spirits,  6  gals;  mix.  Elderberries  and 
aloes,  and  the  fruit  of  the  black  haws,  make  a  fine  purple  color  for 
wines,  or  use  burnt  sugar. 

AiiEEiCvVN  Champagne.— Good  cider  (crab-apple  cider  is  the  best), 
I  gals. ;  best  fourth-proof  brandy,  1  qt. ;  genuine  champagne  wine.  5 
pts. ;  milk,  1  gal. ;  bitartrate  of  potassa,  2  oz.  Mix,  let  sfimd  a  short 
tune ;  bottle  while  fermenting.    An  excellent  imitation. 

British  Chasipagne.- Loaf  sugar,  5G  lbs. ;  brown  sugar  (pale),  43 
Ibe. ;  water  (warm),  45  gals. ;  white  tartir,  4  02. ;  mLx,  and  at  a  proper 
temperature  add  yeast,  1  qt. ;  and  afterwards  svceet  cider,  5  gals. : 
bruised  wild  cherries,  14  or  15  oz. ;  i^aio  epirita  J  gal. ;  orris-powder,  j 
oz.    Bottle  while  fermenting. 

British  Madeira.— Pale  malt  1  bushel;  boding  water,  12  gals.; 
mash  and  strain ;  then  add  white  sugar,  4  lbs. ;  yeast  1  lb.  Fer- 
ment, next  add  raisin  or  Cape  wine,  3  qts. ;  brandy,  3  qts.;  sherry,  2 
qts. ;  port,  2  qts. ;  bimg  down.  The  malt  may  be  masned  again  for 
bottle  beer 

Currant  and  other  Fruit  Wines.- To  every  gallon  of  expressed 
Jaice,  add  2  gala,  soft  water,  6  lbs.  brown  sugar,  cream  tartar^  JJ  02.; 


J26     GROCEna  axd  confectionees'  receipts. 

Kid  qt.  brandy  to  every  6  gals. ;  some  prefer  it  witTiout  orandy .  Aftei 
fermentation,  take  4  6z.  LjinglA^s  dissolved  in  1  pt.  of  the  -wine,  and 
pat  t.:>  each  oarrel,  which  Anil  fine  and  clear  it:  when  it  mtuit  b« 
drawn  into  clean  casks,  or  bottled,  which  is  preferaLle. 

Blackbebuy  and  Sthawbekry  Wixes  are  made  by  taking  the 
above  wine  when  made  with  port  wine,  and  f<jr  every  10  giils.  from  4 
to  6  qta.  of  the  fresh  fruit,  bruised  and  gti-aijied,  are  added,  and  let 
stand  four  days  till  the  flavor  is  extracted;  when  bottling,  add  3  or 
four  broken  raisins  to  each  bottle. 

MoRELLA  WiNT?. — ^To  each  quart  of  the  expi-essed  jaiceof  themor- 
eUa,  or  tame  cherries,  add  3  qts.  water  and  4  lbs.  of  coarse  brown  su- 
gar; let  them  ferment,  and  skim  till  worlred  cle;ir:  then  draw  oif, 
avoiding  the  sediment  at  tlie  bottom.  Bung  up,  or  bottle,  which  is 
best  lot  all  wines,  letthig  the  bottlea  lie  always  on  the  side,  either  for 
■wines  or  beers. 

LoKDON  SHERnv. — Chopped  raisin.'?,  400  lbs. ;  soft  water,  100  gals. ; 
BUgar,  45  lbs. ;  white  taitar,  1  lb. ;  cider,  16  gal.s.  Let  them  stand  to- 
gether in  a  close  ve,ssel  one  mor.t h ;  stir  frequently  Tlion  add  of  spirits, 
a  gals. ;  wild  cherries  bruised,  S  lbs.  Let  them  stand  one  montli  longer, 
and  fine  witli  isinglajs. 

English  Patent  Wixe  froji  RnuBAEB. — To  each  gai.  of  juice, 
ndd  1  gal.  soft  wnter,  in  which  7  lbs.  brown  sugar  have  been  dissolved; 
fill  a  keg  or  barrel  with  this  proportion,  leaving  tlie  bung  out,  and  k^p 
it  filled  with  sweetened  water  as  it  works  oil,  until  clear.  Any  other 
vegetable  extract  may  be  used  if  this  is  not  ll!:ed ;  then  bimg  down  or 
Tx)ttle  as  you  please.  The  stalks  will  yield  f  their  weight  in  juice; 
fine  and  settle  with  isinglass  as  above.  This  wine  will  not  lead  to 
intemperance. 

Various  WrsES. — ^To  28  gals,  clarified  cider  add  good  brandy  1  gal. ; 
cmde  tartar  (this  is  what  is  deposited  by  gTai>e  wines),  milk  to  settle 
it,  1  pt ;  draw  off  36  hours  after  thoroughly  mixing. 

Ginger  Wint:. — Put  one  oz.  of  good  gin_^er-root  braised  In  1  qt.  93 
per.  cent,  alcohol;  let  it  stand  nine  days,  and  strain;  add4  <jts.  water, 
and  1  lb.  white  sugar  dissolved  in  hot  water,  color  with  tmcture  of 
eanders  to  suit. 

Another. — To  1  qt  95  per  cent,  alcohol  add  1  oz.  best  ginger-root 
(bruised  but  not  ground),  5  grs.  capsicum  and  1  dr.  tart.irioaad.  Let 
it  stand  one  week  and  filter;  now  add  1  gaL  water  in  which  1  lb.  of 
crushed  sugar  has  been  boiled.  Mix  when  coM  To  make  the  color, 
boil  J  oz.  cochineal,  |  oz.  cream  tarfcir,  h  oz.  saleratus,  and  ^  oz.  aluiOj 
it  1  pt.  of  water  till  you  get  a  bri^'ht-red  color. 

To  RESTORE  Flat  Wint:. — Add  4  or  5  gals,  of  sugar,  honey,  or 
bmised  raisins  to  every  100  gals.,  and  bung  close;  a  little  spirits  may 
be  added,  to  roughen ;  take  bruised  aloes,  or  powdered  catechu,  and 
add  to  the  wine  in  suitable  proportions,  or  add  a  small  quantity  of 
bruised  berries  of  the  mountain  a,«h,  to  allay  inordinate  flatuess.  Let 
it  stand  2  hours  and  bottle,  using  yeast,  of  course,  as  before. 

White  Wines  are  generally  fined  by  isingla-ss  in  the  proportion  of 
1^  oz.  (dissolved  in  1^  pts.  of  water,  and  thinned  wth  some  of  the  wine) 
to  the  hogshead.  J^d  Wines  are  generally  fined  ■«ith  the  whites  of 
eggs,  in  the  proportion  of  12  to  18  to  each  pipe;  they  must  be  well 
beaten,  to  a  frofii  with  about  1  pt.  of  water,  and  afterwards  mixed  witk 
» little  of  the  wine  before  addine  them  to  the  liquor.    Bmmaage  well. 


GROCERS    AND    COK?ECTIOKEKS*   EECBIPT8.       227 

CsijePAGKE  Cider. —Good  pale  cider,  1  Uid. ;  spiritj!,  3  gals, ;  sugar. 
SO  lbs.;  mix,  and  let  it  stand  one  fortoiglit;  then  fine  Trith  Bklmmoa 
iTiillr,  i  gal. ;  this  will  be  very  pale,  aua  a  similar  article,  vrhen  pro- 
perly bottled  and  labelled,  opens  so  brisk,  tliat  exea  good  judges 
have  mistaken  it  for  genuine  champagne. 

Berlin Cakkaw AY lX)BDi At. — TakeSgals.  spirit, SOper cent.  ;loz. 
oil  of  carraway,  which  yon  dissolve  in  spirit  95  per  cent.  ;  8  lbs.  sugar; 
8  lbs.  water.    Dissolve  your  sugar  in  the  water  ;  mix,  stir  and  filter. 

Stomach  Bitters  Equal  to  HosTETTEiis'. — European  gentian 
root,  IJ  oz.  ;  orange  peel,  2^  oz.  ;  cinnamon,  ^  oz.  ;  anise  seed,  ^  oz. ; 
coriander  seed,  i  oz.  ;  cardaraon  seed,  J  oz. ;  unground  Peruvian 
bark,  i  oz. ;  gum  kino,  J  oz. ;  bruise  all  these  articles,  and  put  them 
into  the  best  alcohol,  1  pt.  ;  let  it  stand  a  week,  and  pour  off  the 
clear  tincture ;  then  boil  the  dregs  a  few  minutes  in  1  qt.  of  water, 
strain,  and  press  out  all  the  strength  ;  now  dissolve  loaf  sugar,  1  lb. 
in  the  hot  liquid,  adduj^  3  qts.  cold  water,  and  mi.-c  with  the  spirit 
tincture  first  poured  o£t,  or  you  can  add  these,  and  let  it  stand  on 
the  dregs  if  preferred. 

Boker's  BiTTEKs. — Raspcd  quassia,  l|oz.  ;  calamus,  l^oz.  ;  pow- 
dered catechu,  1^  oz.  ;  cardamon,  1  oz.  ;  dried  orange  peel,  2  oz.  ; 
macerate  the  above  ten  days  in  ^  gal.  strong  whiskey,  and  then  fil- 
ter, and  add  2  gals,  water  ;  color  with  mallow  or  m.alva  flowers. 

CuKACOA  Cordial,  40  Gals. — Essence  of  bitter  oranges,  2  oz.  ;  ess. 
of  neroli,  2  oz,  ;  ess.  of  cinnamon,  ^  oz.  ;  3  drs.  mace,  iniused  in  alco- 
I'.ol.  Dissolve  the  above  essence  in  1  gal.  alcohol,  95  per  cent.  ; 
then  put  in  a  clean  barrel  13  gals,  alcohol,  85  per  cent.  ;  26  gals, 
sugar  syrup,  30  degi-ees  Banmd  ;  and  add  1  gal.  perfumed  spirit  as 
above.    Color  with  saffron  or  turmeric. 

CuRACOA  d'Hollaxde,  20  Gals. — Curacoa  orange-peel,  2  lbs  ;  ^  lb. 
Ceylon  cinnamon.  Let  them  soak  in  water  ;  boil  them  for  five 
minutes  with  the  juice  of  32  oranges  and  14  gals,  of  plain  white 
syrup  ;  then  add  6"  gals,  alcohol,  95  per  cent.  ;  strain,  filter  ;  color 
dark  yellow  with  sugar  coloring. 

AjnsETTE  Cordial,  40  Gals. — ^Put  in  a  barrel  13  gals,  alcohol,  75 
per  cent.  Dissolve  o^  oz.  essence  of  green  anise-seed  in  1  gal.  95 
per  cent,  alcohol,  and  add  J  gal.  orange-l  lower  water  ;  8  or  ten  drops 
mfusion  of  mace,  and  5  drops  essence  of  liunamon.  H'.en  put  in  the 
barrel  26  gals,  sugar  sjTup,  25  degrees  Baume  ;  stir  fijtecn  minutesf, 
and  let  it  rest  four  or  five  days  ;  then  filter.  Add  2  or  3  sheets  of 
filtering  paper. 

RAT.iriA. — Ratafia  may  be  made  with  the  juice  of  any  fruit.  Take 
3  gals,  cherry  juice,  and  4  lbs.  sugar,  which  you  dissolve  in  the  juice  : 
steep  in  2^  gals,  brandy  ten  days ;  2  drs.  cinnamon,  24  clo\ea ;  IS 
oz.  peach-leaves  ;  8  oz.  bruised  cnerry  kernels.  I'ilter,  mix  both 
xiquids,  and  filter  again. 

Arrack  Punch  Syrup. — 53J  lbs,  sugar  ;  SJ  gals,  water.  Boil  up 
well  ;  then  add  1§  gals,  lemon-juice  to  tlie  boiling  sugar,  and  stir 
till  the  liquid  is  clear  ;  poar  it  in  a  cl6tin  tub,  and  when  nearly  cool, 
add  B  gals.  Batavia  arrack,  then  filter. 

Syrups  for  Soda  Fountains,  &c. — 1.  Simple  sifTup.  White  sugar, 
10  lbs  ;  water,  1  gal  ;  best  isinglass,  J  oz.  Dissolve  the  isinglass  Ih 
hot  water,  and  add  it  to  the  hot  syrup.  The  syru])  is  to  be  made  with 
geaUe  heat  and  then  strained.    2.  'Lemcm — a — (iiratc  olf  the  yellow  rin^ 


128        GKOCEBS    AyV    COKTECTIOXEES'   ncCEIPTS. 

01  l{*:3on9  and  best  it  tip  wifo  a  BufSdent  qnnntity  of  grannlated 
pu;rr.r.  Ijcpres^  tlie  Icmca  jrJce,  add  to  er.cii  it  of  jaiie  1 1 1.  ot 
crater,  and  3  Ihs.  of  frr;;^  ilated  pa<^r,  includiag  tliat  rnbbod  with  the 
rlad  ;  irann  r.util  tLe  giuar  is  dL^>^ved  and  sbrtiin.  3.  Lemon — h — 
Simple  gjrun  1  gvJ.,  oil  of"  lemon  25  diopj;.  ciaic  acid  10  diiuns,  fiib 
the  oil  of  IcKcn  with  the  add,  add  a  srarJl  portion  of  sttu'^,  and 
mil.  4.  Strai:beni' — a — Stm-wberry  jnii-e  Ipt,  8im2'?e  syrup  ^ pintv 
solution  of  citric  acid  2  dr.ims.  5.  Straiclyrry — b — Fresh  strawber- 
nes  5  qts.  while  supir  12ll>?.,  -water,  1]  t  Sprinkle  some  of  tlic  sngci 
over  the  fruit  in  lave—,  aud  allovr  the  while  to  stand  for  sever.il 
hoars  ;  express  the  juI  •:■  and  Ftrain,  washiiio:  t  ut  the  p'-P  witii  v.ater ; 
add  the  remainder  of  the  sugar  and  wutor.  brjigti.e  fluid  to  tl.ejK>ii:i 
of  boiling,  and  then  stiiiin.  This  will  k\:cr)  fi  r  a  Ions:  time.  6.  ^^5^-^- 
bernf.  Raspberry  juice  1  pt,  simple  ?vrup  3 1  ts.,  citric  acid  2  drami 
Baspberrv  eyrup  may  also  be  var.C.c  in  a  wry  similar  toNv^v.  5  for 
Btrawberfy.  7.  Fani^^a. — Fluid  extract  of  vanilla  loz.,  citric  acid.?  oz., 
pimple  syrup  1  paL  Hub  the  acid  with  some  of  the  syrup,  a  Ji  the 
extract  of  vanilla,  and  mix.  8.  T'(?/i.7.^a  Crtrtv. — Txiiii  extract  of 
vanilla  1  oz.,  simple  symp  3pts.,  cream  or  condcnjcd  milk  1  pL  ;  may 
be  colored  with  carmiie.  9  Vrcnm. — Fresli  croaia  1  pt ,  fresh  milk  1 
pt,  powdered  sugar  1  lb.  ;  eux  ly  ^halcing,  and  keep  in  a  cool  place. 
The  addition  of  a  few  piuvis  of  bicarbonate  of  so'la  will  for  some 
tin.e  retard  sor.nn-.     iO.  G^njer.—T.::  '  r  2  fluid  oz3. 

simple  syrup  4  pts,  -  "ll.  Oran;!-. — C>11  c  _  - .  t-.rt-.' ric  acid 

4  drams.' sim:le  syrup  IpaL    iiubtaeci.  ■  -  r.nd  mix.    li 

Pimaj'ple. — Oil  of  i.inea;]l8  Idram,  ta::^uic  a^d  1  dram,  simplo 
syrup  6pt5.  13.  Or<7fc't.-^JKamf:.-Tupl]^t,  vanilhi  syrup  Ijt,  oifof 
bitter  almonds  4  droys.  14.  X:  "fc.-.— VaniZa  syr.;p  5  j  '=«.,  piuearplo 
syrup  Ipt,  strawberry,  raspberry  or  lemon  2pts.  15.  6ntiii'.t. — 
VaniUa  syrup  3 pts.,  ]  iiicap- le lit,  Icmca ST—rrp  1  ^ t.  1'.  C?-^-". — 
Brandv  |"of  a '  t,  spirits  cfTemon  |  cz.,  tine.  ., 

simple  syrup  l'j;uL     17.  BaTiaiuu — Cilofba:  .1 

1  dram, "simple  .syruo  C  ft.*.    18.  CV  i". — CV  —  :  ,  .      .  ^     -.^ 

water  1  gal.  Enouj^a  is  Jlltcred  to  make  alv^ut  ^  s;:!!  of  t.e  iuiusii;a, 
to  which  add  granulated  sugar  7  lis.  ID.  Wi:d  Chemr. — Wild  dierrj 
bark  coarse  powder,  5  ozs.  Moisten  the  bark  with  water,  aud  let  it 
st'.nd  for  24  hours  in  a  close  vesseL  Then  pacic  it  £iu^.Iy  in  a  pc- 
colator,  and  pour  water  upon  it  vuV.\  1  it.  of  ti  id  is  obtained.  To 
this  add  28  ozs.  of  sugar.    20.   V  — Oil  cf  wiutergreen  25 

drops,  simple  svrtrp  5  pts.,  and  a  ■  '.antty  cf  burnt  sugar  to 

color.  21.  Sar'sayarilla—a — Oil  v„.i  i^..  .a  lOdro^s,  oil  of  anise  10 
drops,  oil  of  sassafras  10  drops,  fluid  extract  of  sarsaxarilla  2  ozs. 
eimple  syrup  5  pts..  powdered  extract  of  licorice  1  oz.  22.  5  rr- ""irf'.'a 
— b — Simple  syrnp  4  pts.,  compound  syrup  of  sarsaparlii        '  ?., 

caramel  1^  ozs.,  oil  of  wintererecn  6  drops,  ofl.  ox  sac-  5. 

23.  J/jp?-:.— Maple   sugar  4  lbs.,  water  2  its.    24.  C  .    _-=t 

chocolate  8  ozs.,  water  2  pts.,  white  sugar  4  lbs.  Mix  the  cht>i>ii:ta 
in  water,  and  sttr  thoroughly  over  a  slow  fire.  Strain,  and  ada  tho 
Euear.  25.  C -'e  Crcu'/i.—toiiee  syrup 2  pts.,  cream  1  pt  26.  ^i.:- 
hrtfia. — Ra.«rbL-rry  svtud  2  pt-..  vanilla  2 pts,,  hoc-k  wine  4  ozs.  27. 
/7>;,t  and  C'.cir._  ♦.— Ih  vk  or  claret  wine  1  pt,  simple  sjTnp  2pts.  2.S. 
S-jlftrino. — Brandv  1  pt,  simple  syrup  2  pts.  29.  yniit  Arid. — (Cse<J 
{a  eome  U  the  gyrups).    Citric  add  4  ozs.,  water.  8  oza.    Moet  of  tht 


GROCECS    AN'D    CONFECTIOITEBS''  BECEIPTS.        229 

eynipg  not  mada  from  f rnita  may  hare  a  little  gum  arable  added  in 
order  to  produce  a  rich  frotli. 

BuTVRic  Etheb  ia  much  used  to  impart  a  pine  apple  flavor  to 
ram.  Dissolved  in  8  or  10  parts  of  alcohol,  it  forms  tne  piue  a]ipl© 
essence.  From  20  to  25  drops  of  this  essence,  added  to  1  ib.  sn,'ar, 
containing  a  liixle  citric  add,  imparts  to  the  mixture  a  strong  taste  ol 
pine  apple. 

Amtlo-Acetic  Ethee  Ls  a  preparation  of  fruit-oil  and  other  ingre- 
dients, and  when  diluted  with  alcohol,  it  is  sold  as  essence  of  Jargonelle 
pear,  and  is  nsed  for  tlavoriug  different  liquors.  Fxlteen  iw:ts  auiylo- 
acetic  ether,  with  half  a  part  of  acetic  ether,  dissolved  in  100  paits  of 
alcohol,  form  what  may  be  called  tlie  Bcn/nmot-pear  essence,  which, 
when  emploved  to  flaror  sugar,  acidulated  with  a  little  citric  acid,  im- 
parts the  odor  of  the  Bergamut  pe.-ir,  and  a  fruity,  relreshing  fciste. 

Pelakgoxate  OB  Etiiyuc  Ethes  (peLirgonic  et'.ier),  has  tlio 
agreeable  odor  of  the  quince,  and,  when  dissolved  in  alcohol  in  due 
proportion,  forms  the  quince  essence. 

Acetate  of  Asttlic  Ether  (same  as  amylo  etlic-),  mixed  with 
huti/ric  etJier,  forms  in  alcohohc  soiutloix  the  banana  of--  w:e. 

Yaleriaxate  of  AiTTLio  Etht.i:. — -\ji  aleohuiic  suiUtioa  of  t^iis 
ether  in  the  proportion  of  1  part  to  ti  or  8  of  alcohol,  forms  a  fiavoring 
liquid  uuder  the  name  of  ap^jle  es/(cnce. 

Mtt.k  Pctkch. — One  tablesxKwnful  of  fine  wiiite  sugar,  2  ditto  of 
water,  1  wine  glass  of  Cognac  brandy,  h  ditto  Sujita  Craz  mm,  J  tum- 
blerful of  shaved  ice;  fill  with  milk.  Shake  the  higredieiiU  well  t>- 
gether,  and  grate  a  little  nutmeg  on  toji.  To  make  it  hot,  u^e  fi^t  milli 
and  no  ice. 

Glasgow  Po-ch. — Melt  Inmp-sngar  in  cold  water,  with  the  JTiice 
of  a  couple  of  lemons,  passed  through  a  fine  wire  strainer ;  this  is  sher- 
bet, and  most  be  well  mingled.  Then  add  old  Jamaica  rum,  one  part 
of  rum  to  five  of  sherbet.  Cut  a  coTiple  of  lemons  in  two,  aud  nia 
each  section  rapidly  arotmd  the  dUe  of  the  jug  or  bowl,  gently 
equeeziug  in  some  of  the  delicate  acid,  when  all  is  ready. 

MtST  "Jl-xet. — One  tablespoonfrJ  of  white  ])ulverL2e  !  f-gnr.  2^  ditto 
•v  water;  mix  well  with  a  stxxin.  Take  3  or  4  sprigs  of  f re>h  mint,  press 
them  well  iu  the  sug.ir'auJ  water,  add  Ij  wine  g;a.<ses  of  Cog-nac 
brandv,  and  fill  tb*^  gla^  with  shaved  ice,  tlicu  dmw  out  the  sprigs  of 
mint,  "and  insert  them  in  the  ice  with  the  stems  downwards,  so  that 
theleaves  will  be  above  lathe  shape  of  a  bouquet;  ari-aiige  berries  aud 
FmaU  pieces  of  sliced  omnge  on  top  iu  a  ta<ty  m.nn'.i.-r,  d:ish  with 
Jamaica  rum,  aud  sprinkle  eugar  oa  top.  Sip  witli  a  glass  tulje 
or  straw. 

Cider  Nect.vr. — One  qt  cider.  1  bottle  soda  water,  1  gbsij  sherry, 
1  small  glass  brandy,  juice  of  half  a  le;nou,  peelof  Jof  a  lemon,  sug;ir 
and  nutmeg  to  taste.  Flavor  it  with  extract  of  pine  apple,  Btniiu,  aud 
it  e  it  all  well. 

Half  a>-t)  Hvrj. — ^In  London,  this  drink  is  made  by  mixing  half 
iiorter  and  half  ale;  in  America,  it  is  made  by  mixing  half  new  and 
toif  old  ale. 

Arpr.K  ToDDT. — One  tablespoonfnl  of  fine  wliite  FUgar,  1  wiue- 
gLoss  of  cider  brandy,  ^  of  a  baked  apple.  F;U  tiie  glass  two-thiida 
tuil  of  boilincr  water,  and  grate  a  little  nutmeg  on  b-jx 

Arrus  Fu^fCit. — Lay  la  a  china  buwl  slices  of  Apples  and  lemuna 


J?')       GBOCEHS    A>n    confectioners'    BECEIPT3. 

sltsmatelv,  rncii  larer  l^^ing;  thickly  etretrcJ  w-lth  pow.ieiwd  gngat. 
Pour  over  tie  fruit,  •n-'nea'the  bovrl  is  half  filled,  a  bottle  of  claret; 
eorer,  and  let  it  grand  Ijt  6  hoars.  Then  pour  it  ti)rcKi^h  a  mnslia 
ba^,  and  it  is  all  readv. 

Old  Ma^"'s  Mit.k— One  wine-glass  of  port  Trine,  1  teafpoonfulof 
engnr.     Fill  the  tumbler  cue  third  lull  of  hot  milk. 

Pertect  Love. — One  table5TX)oaful  sugar,  1  jiiece  each  of  orange 
and  lemon  peeL  Fill  the  tumbler  one-third  fidl  of  shared  ice,  and 
fill  balance  with  wine;  ornament  ia  a  tastr  manner  with  berries  in 
season  ;  sip  through  a  straw.  < 

iIoi.A55E3  Ca>'i>y. — ^\'eat-Indiaa  mola&ses,  1  gallon  ;  brown  sugar, 
2  lbs.  ;  boil  the  molasses  and  6U.!^.r  in  a  pre.~ening  kettle  over  a 
slow  fire ;  when  done  enough  it  will  oea?e  boiiin^  ;  stir  frequently, 
and  when  nearly  done,  stir  in  the  juice  cf  four  lomons  or  two  tea- 
spoonfuls  of  essence  of  lemon  '  aXterwanU  butter  a  pan,  and  pour 
oat. 

CoyFEcnoxEEs'  C<^ix)e.';. — lied,  cochineaL  1  oz.  ;  boil  5  minutes 
in  half  pint  water ;  then  add  cr.ujn  tartar,  1  oz.  ;  pounded  alum.  ^ 
oz.  ;  boU  10  minutes  longer,  add  sngar.  2  oz.  ;  aai  bottle  for  use. 
Bhie,  put  a  little  warm  water  on  a  pL^te,  and  rab  in  indira  till  the 
required  color  is  got  TiU.oio,  rub  with  some  water  a  litue  yellow 
gamboge  on  a  plate,  cr  infuse  the  heart  of  a  yellow-lily  flower  with 
uiilk-warm  water.  Gr^'n,  boil  tbe  leaves  of  6piaa«:;h  about  1  minui* 
in  a  Uttle  water,  and.  w;ien  strained,  bottle  for  u»e. 

To  Caxdt  Sugar. — Dissolve  2  parts  of  d«: -.ihla  refined  sngar  in  1 
of  water.  Great  care  miist  be  talrcu  thnt  tl;e  svmp  dies  not  boil 
over,  and  that  the  sui^ir  is  not  burnt  Tl.e  first  ^egi^e  ia  called  the 
t-iread,  which  is  subdi\idc-d  into  the  little  and  grxuit  tlire^  ;  ii  yon 
dip  your  finger  in  the  ?yrap,  and  apply  it  to  the  tliumb,  the  tenacity 
of  the  eATTup  will,  on  ee;^rating  the  lincrer  and  thumb,  a3ord  a  thread 
which  shortly  breaks,  t!ds  is  the  little  thread  ;  if  t';e  thread  admits  of 
a  greater  extension  of  fiager  and  thumb,  it  is  caiie-i  the  great  thread; 
by  longer  boiling  you  obtain  tlie  i)eRrl,  which  admits  of  being  drawn 
vrithout  breaking"  by  the  utiaort  ertension  of  finger  and  thumb  ; 
this  makes  candied" sugar:  by  finbc-r  boiling  you  obtain  the  bloK, 
which  is  known  by  dipping  a'slrlaimer  with  ho'.es  in  tlie  syrup,  and 
blowing  through  them  ;  if  bubbles  are  perceived,  you  have  got  the 
blow.  The/eallur  implies  more  numerous  bubbles,  and  then  the  sugar 
will  fly  off  like  flakes  while  the  skimmer  is  being  tossed.  By  boil- 
ing longer,  you  obtiin  the  crack ;  it  will  crack  when  broken,  and  does 
Eot  .stick  to  theteeth  ;  dip  a  teaspoon  irto  the  s^ignr,  and  let  it  dron  to 
the  bottom  of  a  jian  of  cold  water.  If  the  sugar  remains  hard,  it  lias 
ell-lined  the  degree  termed  cruck. 

Fig  Caitdt, — Take  1  lb.  of  sugar  and  1  pint  of  water  ;  set  over  & 
elow  fire.  When  dozie  add  a  lew  drops  of  viacjgar  and  a  lamp  of  but- 
ter, aiid  pour  into  pans  in  which  split  figs  are  laid. 

R.4isi>'  Ca^'dy  can  be  made  in  the  same  manner,  substitnting 
stoned  raisins  for  the  fig?.  Common  mola^ies  candy  is  very  nice 
with  all  kinds  of  nuts  added. 

Scotch  BcrrEa  Ca>-dt. — Take  1  lb,  of  sugar  and  1  pint  of  irater; 
dissolve  and  boU,  When  done,  add  one  tab'.espooDiol  of  batter, 
and  enough  lemon  juice  and  oil  of  lemon  to  flavor, 

Co>o[ox  T.r.Moy  CA>-Dr,— Take  3  lbs,  oo&rse  brown  mgar ;  add  \» 


SBCKJEBS   A.N-D    CONFECTIONEES'    EFXEIPTS.        951 

It  aiif«  teacnpfnJs  of  vr^t^r,  and  set  over  ft  sIot  fir©  for  hsH 
an  hoirr;  put  to  it  a  little  cum  arahic  dissolved  ia  hot  water;  this  is 
to  tUear  it.  Coutinue  to  take  off  the  ecum  as  long  as  any  rises.  When 
perfectly  dear,  try  it  by  dipping  a  pipe-stem  first  into  it  and  then  hito 
cold  water,  or  by  taking  a  spoonful  of  it  uito  a  saucer;  if  done,  it  will 
Bnap  hke  glass.     Flavor  with  essence  of  lemon  and  cut  it  into  sticks 

^EPPEKiiixT,  Rose,  or  IIoebhocxd  Caxdy.— They  may  be  mada 
as  lemon  candy.  Flavor  with  essence  of  rose  or  peppermint  or  finelr 
powdered  horehotmd.  Pour  it  out  in  a  buttered  par>er,  placed  in  a 
square  tin  imlu. 

Popped  Corx,  dipped  in  boiling  molasses,  and  stuck  together,  forms 
an  esceUeut  candy. 

Rock  Cavdt.— To  make  fine  rock  candy,  clarify  doable  refined 
white  sugar  filter  it,  and  boil  it  till  it  is  ready  to  crystallize,  or 
boded  to  a  bhster.  The  boiling  sugar  mu.^t  measure  35°  on  the  srrup 
weight,  a  degree  more  or  less  prevents  its  crvstaliization.  Then  ta'ce 
a  brass  kettle,  of  about  1(5  or  18  inches  diameter  and  from  6  to  8  inches 
deep,  smooth  and  polished  on  tlie  inside.  Make  8  or  10  small  holes  at 
eqnal  distances  from  each  other  in.a  circle  around  the  sides  of  the 
kettle,  about  2  mches  fi-om  the  bottom;  pass  threads  through  these 
from  one  side  to  the  other,  and  st<.>p  the  holes  on  the  outside  with  pa«!to 
or  pa,per  to  prevent  the  syrup  from  running  out  Haviu^  thus  pre- 
pared the  kettle,  pour  in  the  syrup,  tiU  it  rises  about  an  Inch  above 
the  threads;  then  place  it  ui  a  stove  moderately  heated,  and  leave  it 
to  crystiilhze,  agitatmg  it  from  time  to  time.  Tlie  crystallization  will 
take  place  in  six  or  seven  days.  As  soon  as  the  crystals  are  formed, 
pour  off  the  remaming  syrup,  and  throw  in  a  little  water  to  wash  the 
crystals  tluit  are  left  at  the  bottom  of  tlie  vessel.  So  soon  as  the  ma.-^3 
IS  thorouglily  draiend  set  it  in  a  very  hot  stove,  leave  it  for  two  davs. 
when  It  is  fit  for  use.  Straw-colored  rock  caudy  is  made  by  sub- 
stitutmg  brown  for  loaf  sn^.  The  svrup  must  be'boiled  over  a  very 
hot  &ie  in  order  to  render  die  candy  perfectly  white.  Tlie  sides  of  the 
kettle  should  be  sponged  repeatedly  during  the  boii^-  process  \o 
prevent  the  sugar  from  adhering  and  buminc. 

Oraxge  Rock  Ca>-dv  is  made  by  flavorin|'the  svrup  with  a  couL>''i 
of  teaspoonfuk  of  orange  flower  water,  and  colonug  with  saffron 
just  as  the  syrup  is  about  to  be  taken  from  the  fire.  Jiose  Rock  Candu 
IS  flavored  with  rose  water,  and  colored  with  clarified  carnune  lak^ 
VaniUa  Rock  Candy  is  i>erfumed  with  vanilla,  and  colored  with  liquid 
violet  Tlie  degree  of  coloring.may  be  tested  by  dropping  a  little  of 
the  colored  syrup  on  a  sheet  of  white  paper. 

GiNGEK  Ca>t)t.— Dissolve  1  lb.  double-refined  sugar  in  i  pint  of 
spnng  water;  set  it  over  a  clear  fire,  and  let  it  boU  to  a  thm  svmp 
Have  ready  a  teaspoouful  of  powdered  ginger,  mbc  it  smoothly  with 
2  or  3  spoonfuls  of  the  syrup,  then  stir  it  gradually  into  the  whole 
Boil  the  mucture  mto  a  _nake,  watching  it  carefidly,  that  it  may  not 
exceed  this  pomt;  then  add  the  freshly  grated  rind  of  a  lar^e  lemon 
and  stir  the  sugar  constantly  and  rapidly  until  it  fall  in  a  mass  from 
tae  spoon,  without  sinlring  when  dropped  upon  a  plate.    If  boiled 
for  a  moment  beyond  tlie  point,  it  will  fall  mto  a  powder.    Should 
this  happen  by  mistake,  add  a  httle  water,  and  boil  to  the  proper  lon- 
eistency.     Did  tlie  candy  from  the  kettle,  and  drop  it  iu  BmaU  "^^^ 
npon  buttered  pana.  then  set  it  away  to  cooL  ^^ 


S32       GROCERS   AXD    CONFECTIONEES'  EECEIPTS. 

Cream  Ca^s-dt.— To  3  l"bg.  of  loaf  sugar  add  J  pt  -vrater,  and  set  if 
ever  a  slow  lire  for  half  an  hour;  then  add  a  teaFpoonful  of  gum 
arabic  dissolved,  r.nd  a  tablespoonfol  of  vinegar.  Boil  ittiU  it  is  brit- 
tle, then  take  it  olf,  and  flavor  with  vanilla,  ro?e,  or  orange.  Rub  the 
lands  with  sweet  bntt^jr,  and  puU  the  candy  till  itis  white;  then  twiat 
or  break  it,  or  stretch  it  out  into  thin  wliite  strips,  and  cut  it  off. 

Rkd  VEiUJrx  SuGAKED  Almoxds. — ^Dry  thcalmonds  in  a  stovo  by 
a  blow  fire.  "When  dry  enough  to  snap  bet-iveen  the  teeth,  put  them 
into  a  swingin;^  basin  and  gum  them  by  throwing  over  them  a  little 
gum  arabic  .solution,  cold ;  swing  them  constantly  till  dry ;  then  give 
them  another  coating  of  gum  araliic  mixf^d  with  4  oz.  pngar,  and 
swing  them  again  till  dry,  using  no  fire.  'NMien  they  are  thoroughly 
dry,  set  them  over  a  moderate  lire.  Dissoh  e  some  sugar  in  orange 
or  rose  water,  not  too  thin,  set  it  over  the  fire  2  or  3  minutes,  stitiin  it 
through  a  sieve,  and  pour  it  over  the  almonds  in  the  ba.'^in.  Swing 
them  "till  they  are  thoroughly  coated  and  dried;  then  add  another 
coating,  composed  of  2  partrf  of  ciirmine,  one  part  of  gnm,  and  one  part 
of  sugar,  and  proceed  as  before. .  If  the  almonds  are  not  perfectly 
covered,  give  them  a  coating  in  which  there  is  cortsiderable  giim;  and 
when  tliorougldy  moLstened,  tlirow  on  them  some  sifted  sugar,  stir 
till  the  mixture  is  all  absorbed,  t!ien  add  successive  co.atlngg  of  sngar 
till  they  are  large  enough,  and  pi;t  them  Into  the  stove  to  remain  till 
the  next  day,  wlien  in  order  to  wJdtcn  t'.iem,  you  will  proceed  to  boil 
€  or  7  lbs.  of  fine  clarified  sugar  to  a  blistr  r,  add  1  lb.  of  starch  after 
taking  it  from  tlie  fire,  stiriug  it  constantly  till  a  paste  is  formed  a 
little  thicker  than  that  used  for  pastilles;  a  few  droits  of  blue  lak^ 
may  be  added  to  produce  a  pearl  white.  Put  the  almonds,  warm,  in- 
to the  swinging  basin,  add  enough  of  the  prepared  6u;7nr  to  coat  them, 
swing  the  basin  till  they  are  nearly  dry,  then  set  on  the  fire  to  finisli 
tVie  drying,  then  take  the  basin  oil  the  fire,  he;ip  tliem  up  in  the  mid- 
dle, so  as  to  allow  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  to  cool;  then  add  the  coat- 
ing of  sug-ar,  swing  and  dry  them  as  before,  and  continue  t'le  procesa 
nntil  4  successive  coatings  of  equal  thicloiess  have  been  given;  then 
heat  them  well  in  the  bnsin,  put  them  into  pans,  and  set  them  in  the 
ftove  to  remain  over  night.  You  will  then  procec^l  to  })oli.h  them  by 
gi-iing  them  a  coat  of  the  prepared  sugar  and  star,  h,  and  shake  them 
violently  mitil  they  are  quite  dry ;  give  them  auoth.cr  coating  and  pro- 
ceed as  before,  and  continue  the  process  until  they  have  received  4 
successive  co.atinga,  when  they  will  generally  be  found  sufficiently 
polished.  When  the  polishing  is  finished,  ]jut"tJio  almonds  over  a  fii-e 
and  stir  gently  till  all  are  tlioroughly  heated,  tlicn  place  in  a  stove  till 
the  next  day  in  a  wicker  basket  lined  with  paper. 

Spanish  "  Sugaked  Almonds. — JIake  verdun  sugared  almonds 
about  the  size  of  pigeon's  eggs,  whiten  and  polish  them  by  the  pre- 
vious directions,  and  paint  dilferent  designs  on  "hem  when  completed. 

Superfine  Vanilla  Sug-Uxed  Al5io:cds.  t'roceed  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  the  manufacture  of  verdun  su^'ared  almonds,  make 
the  solution  of  sugar  in  pure  water ;  crudb  iiie  essence  of  vaniUa 
with  a  little  sugar,  and  put  in  the  solution. 

ConoioN  Spgared  Almonds.— Common  aimonds,  20  lbs.,  sugar  8 
lbs.,  farina,  20  lbs.,  starch,  2  lbs.  Heat  the. almonds  in  the  swinging 
basm,  when  they  boil,  make  them  into  a  pulp  svith  diluted  starch  ; 
gtve  fiist  a  warm  then  a  cold  coatuig,  cover  them  with  farina,  fhainng 


GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS.       283 

tlie  baflin  violently  ;  then,  ■when  the  nhnonds  have  been  coated  to  th« 
requisite  size,  spread  them  out  on  sieves  ;  after  a  fortnight  put  tliem 
in  a  stove  to  finish  drying  :  whiten  tliem,  and  finish  by  the  process 
described  for  the  fine  sugared  almondB. 

Superfine  Chocolate  Sugared  Aj.moxds. — Caraccasa  cacaonuts, 
shelled  and  roasted,  20  lbs.,  Martinique  sujjar,  1(5  lbs.,  vanilla  4 drs., 
Btarch  10  oz.  The  same  method  is  required  a.^  for  the  superfine 
vanilla  sugar  plums,  but  care  must  he  taken  in  addmg  the  coatings 
of  gum,  to  touch  the  cacao  nuts  lightly,  as  tJiey  are  very  easily  broken. 

SuPERFDTE  Sugared  Filberts.— Filberts,  50  lbs.,  sugar,  4  lbs., 
etarch,  4  oz.  Employ  the  same  process  as  for  sugared  almonds  and 
flavor  to  taste.  Rose  water  is  geuendly  preferred  on  account  of  ito 
color  and  fragrance. 

Coriander  Sugar  Plums. — Coriander,  2 lbs.,  farina,  SO  lbs.,  sugar, 
14  lbs.  The  washings  of  the  bafin  are  adde<i  to  the  coriander  and 
farina  without  nu'ikiug  a  paste,  and  the  method  is  followed  that  has 
been  prescribed  for  tlie  common  sugared  almonds  ;  8  lbs.  of  sugar 
are  used  to  whiten  them,  and  6  to  polish  them  ;  color  after  being 
polished  with  carmine,  Prussian  bine,  and  saffron. 

CoRLVNDER  LV  BoTTLEs. — Coriaudcr,  10  lbs.,  farina,  10  lbs.,  sugot 
for  the  whitening,  3  lbs.,  starch,  1  lb.  These  are  sunply  colored,  and 
do  not  require  brilliancy.  They  are  made  of  the  size  of  small  peas, 
and  are  put  into  httle  bottles.  In  making  these  follow  the  receipt  for 
common  sugared  almonds. 

Anise-seed  Sugar  Plums. — Dry  2  lbs.  of  green  anise-seed  in  the 
etove  ;  rub  it  in  the  hands  to  break  off  the  stems,  wiimow  to  rid  of 
dust,  then  put  it  in  a  swinguig  basin,  and  coat  it  with  sugar  boiled  to 
a  thread,  so  as  to  render  tlie  candies  hard  and  brittle.  When  coated 
eufficiently,  whiten  and  polish  them,  like  tlie  verdun  sugared  almonds, 
They  vary  in  size,  being  generally  as  large  as  a  pea. 

MxNT  Sugar  Plums. — Dry  some  i)eppermint  seed  in  a  stove  and 
coat  it  in  the  same  manner  as  anise  seed  (it  must  not,  however,  be 
whiter  than  rape  seed),  whiten  and  finish  like  anise  seed.  The  first 
coatuig  is  sometimes  composed  of  equal  parts  of  peppermint  and 
sugar. 

CojniON  Twist  Ca>"dy. — Clarify  3  lbs.  of  common  brown  sugar, 
and  boil  it  till  it  is  brittle,  take  it  from  the  fire,  pour  it  in  buttered 
pans  ;  rub  the  hands  with  a  little  butter,  and  as  soon  as  it  is  cooled, 
pull  it  as  you  would  moliU'^ses  candy  until  it  is  perfectly  white  ;  then 
twist  and  bniid  it,  and  cut  it  into  sticks. 

Cakamel  is  made  by  boiling  clarified  sugar  till  it  is  very  brittle, 
then  pouring  it  on  an  oiled  slab  or  sheet  of  tin,  and,  as  soon  as  it 
is  cool  enough  to  receive  an  impression  with  the  finger,  stsmipmg 
it  in  small  squares,  about  an  inch  in  size,  with  a  Ciiruuiel  mould  : 
then  turning  over  the  mass,  wiping  the  bottom  to  remove  any  oil 
tliat  may  have  adhered  from  the  slab,  and  i^uttiug  it  in  a  dry  j)lace  to 
harden.  If  you  have  no  caramel  mould,  you  may  score  it  on  the 
slab  with  a  common  case  knife,  after  which' they  iire  glazed  ^vith  an- 
other coating  with  sugar.  Keep  them  tightly  closed  from  the  air  af- 
ter they  are  made. 

Lbmon  Cabamsl  is  made  by  grating  the  yellow  rind  of  a  lemon 
with  a  lamp  of  sugar  ;  add  to  this  a  few  drops  of  lemon  juice  with 
water  enough  to  dissolve  the  sugar  completely  and  stir  the  whole  in- 


f34       GKOCERS    AND    COXFECTIONEnS     KECEIPTS. 

to  the  boiled  symp  a  few  minutes  before  it  is  taken  from  thei  Hn 
Orange  and  Lirne  caramels  are  prepared  in  the  (»ame  manner  Iroa 
these  respective  fruits.  Coffee  caramel,  coffee,  2  oa. ,  sugar  I  lb.  Mak« 
an  infusion  of  the  coffee,  using  as  little  water  as  p^ible  ;  strain  it 
through  a  doth,  and  stir  it  graduaLy  iut.>  the  b<jiled  sj-rup  a  few 
minutes  before  taking  it  from  tlie  fire.  Ch(.>colate  caramel,  choco- 
late, 4  oz.,  sugar  1  lb.  Di.ssolve  the  chocolate  in  as  little  water  as  pos- 
sible, and  add  it  to  the  boiled  sugar,  as  in  tLe  coSee  caramels.  Va}v 
Ula  and  Orange  cream  caramels  are  made  by  u:dng  the  respective  es- 
sences of  these  fruits. 

Cocoa  Nct  Ca>'py. — Pare  and  cnt  cocoa-nut  into  slips,  or  grate 
on  a  coarse  grater  the  white  meat  of  cocoa-uut3  tmtil  tou  have  ^  a 
iwuud  ;  <iis<solve  ^  lb.  of  loaf  sugar  in  2  tablespoonfuls  of  water  ;  P"".t 
it  over  the  fire,  and,  as  soon  as  it  boils,  stir  in  tlie  cc<oa-nut  Con- 
tinue to  stir  it  untU  it  is  boiled  to  a  flake,  tlien  pour  it  on  a  buttered 
pan  or  marble  flab,  and  cut  in  whatever  forms  yoa  wifh,  when  it  is 
nearly  cold.     Lemon  or  otlier  flavors  mav  be  r.dded- 

CA>T)r  Drops  oa  Pastilles. — PouuS  and  sift  douLle-refinod  su- 
gar, first  through  a  coar.^e.  and  then  through  a  fine  sieve.  Put  tho 
sugar  into  an  ejtrthen  vessel,  and  dilute  it  with  t^e  fla\oring  extract, 
mixed  with  a  little  water.  If  t«jo  liquid,  the  syrr.n  will  be  too  thin, 
and  the  drops  Avill  run  together  ;  wliile,  if  too  tjaicx.  tV o  syrup  will  be 
too  compact,  and  cannot  be  poured  out  easily.  V»l.  n  tl.e  sugar  is 
mixed  in  a  ratlier  stiJ  iiaste,  p-.it  it  in  a  smnil  paurep;-.a  with  a  spout 
and  set  it  over  the  fire.  As  so .n  as  it  begins  t-j  bublle  np  tl;e  sides 
of  the  saucej>an,  stir  it  once  in  the  middle,  take  it  from  the  fi:e,  and 
drop  it  in  small  lumjis,  of  the  size  and  shape  required,  upon  sheets  of 
tin,  to  stand  for  2  hours,  then  put  them  in  tlie  stove  to  finish  drying. 
As  soon  as  they  are  perfectly  hard  ani  briliiiint,  tal:e  them  from  the 
fire,  otherwise'  ti.ey  will  loie  their  aroma.  C<iior  the  syrup  just  be- 
fore taking  it  f  rom'the  fire. 

Oeasge,  Jasiitst:,  a>t)  Clotts  Dbops  are  made  by  Tni-ring  the 
above  paste  with  these  respective  extracts  : 

Fob  Salad  Deops. —  Water  distilled  from  Ifttace  is  used. 

S-iFTRON  Deops. — Hake  an  infusion  of  ealTron,  strain  it,  let  it 
co^'l,  use  it  to  mix  tl-.e  jiaste,  and  proceed  as  before. 

HfxiOTEOPB  Drj  PS. — Proceed  in  the  same  manner,  flavoring  tho 
pa.=te  with  a  few  dro^s  of  oU  of  neroli,  or  oil  of  orange,  jaamine  and 
tube-rose,  and  color  \  iolet. 

Pi>"K  Dboi'S. — Flavor  the  taete  with  tincture  of  red  pinks,  and 
color  with  carmine  lake. 

Ci>'>'AMOX  Deops. — ilix  5  drs.  powdered  c'nnamon  and  8  oz.  of 
sugar  with  mucilage  enough  to  make  it  into  a  paste,  r.nd  iiroceed 
as  above. 

Chzwdcg  Gc^. — Take  of  prepared  balsam  of  tula.  2  oz. ;  white 
BUgar  loz.,  oatmeal  3  oz.,  soften  the  gum  in  wr.ter  bath  and  mix  in 
the  ingredients  ;  then  roll  in  finely  powdered  sugar  ct  flour  to  form 
fCcks  to  suit 

M A RSTrn ALLOW  AST)  LicoEicE  drops  are  made  the  same  way. 

BusB  Drops  — Mix  the  paste  v. I'Jx  row  wattr,  and  color  with 
carmine  lake.    PrcK-eed  as  ab-Dve. 

Le3iox  AST)  Ora>ge  Deops. — Rasp  off  the  yeUow  rmd  of  anorang* 
or  lemon;  mix  the  raspings  with  donble-refine<l  tsugar;  addSgis.  al 


OBOCERS   AND    CONFECTIONEas'    RECEIPTS.        235 

tRrtaric  add  to  everv  pound  of  sngar,  color  with  yeilow  lake  or  safEron, 
and  proceed  as  befoi-e.  If  too  much  tartaric  acid  is  nsod,  the  candies 
will  adhere  to  the  sheets  of  tin. 

Violet  Drops.— Flavor  the  paste  with  tincture  of  Florence  Itb, 
and  color  with  blue  and  carmine  lakes.  A  few  drops  of  tartaric  add 
may  be  added  to  tustiiu  the  blue. 

Coffee  Dkops. — Substitute  a  strong,  filtered  infusion  of  coffee 
for  water,  in  mbdng  tlie  )  'aste. 

Chocolate  Dkoi^. — For  every  pound  of  eugar,  take  5  pts.  good 
chocolate,  pulverize  it,  and  mix  it  into  a  paste,  as  already  directed, 
taking  care  not  to  boil  the  i^aste  tooloug,  lest  it  granulate,  and  become 
unfit  for  use. 

Va>tlla  Drops. — Mix  the  paste  with  extract  of  vam^xa,  or  finely- 
ground  vanilla  bean;  to  which  add  2  oz.  3  grs.  of  tartaric  add,  dis- 
solved in  water,  to  sustain  the  blue,  without  which  it  would  disanpear. 

Imitation  Cckka>t  Drops.— ;Mix  the  paste  with  water,  adding  a 
little  essence  of  raspberry  and  of  violet,  or  Florence  iris,  with  a  little 
tartaric  acid  dissolved  in  water;  color  with  carmine,  and  proceed  as 

Peppekmett  Drops— Dissolve  finely-powdered  sngar  with  a  uttle 
strong  peppermint- water  ui  a  sauceiwn  with  a  spout  As  soon  as  it  is 
thoroughly  dissolved,  add  an  equal  quantity  of  coarse-grained  sugar 
with  a  few  drops  more  of  the  peppermuit,  stir  the  whole  for  a  few 
moments,  then  drop  the  mixture  on  paper,  and  dry  it  la  the  open  air. 
In  the  same  way  are  made  lemon,  rose,  vanilla,  and  other  droi)3. 
Citric  and  tartaric  add  may  be  used  to  increase  the  addity  of  lemon 
drops, 

EkTEMPOBA>'Eor8  PASTILLES. — ^Make  the  paste  as  usual,  without 
flavoring  the  water,  drop  the  pastilles  upon  paper,  leave  them  for  two 
hoars,  then  take  them  off  and  put  them  into  the  stove  to  dry.  When 
wanted  for  use,  put  the  quantity  required  into  a  large-mouthed  jar, 
and  flavor  as  desired.  For  instance,  to  make  2  lbs.  of  peppermLut 
drops,  take  5  pts.  of  sulphuric  ether  ui  which  are  diluted  a  few  drops 
of  essence  of  peppermiat,  and  pour  it  over  the  candies,  then  cover 
the  jar,  and  shake  it  until  they  are  thoroughly  moistened  ;  then  place 
them  on  a  sieve,  and  set  them  in  the  stove  for  5  minutes,  evaporate 
the  ether.  In  this  manner  rose,  orange,  lemon,  jonquil,  tube-rose, 
mignonette,  clove,  cinnamon,  or  any  otiier  drops  may  be  made,  dis- 
solving their  essential  oils  in  sulphuric  ether. 

Glngek  Caxuy  Tablets. — Take  1  lb.  loaf  sugar,  a  few  drops  of 
acetic  acid  or  the  juice  of  half  a  lemon,  a  dessert-spoonful  of  essence 
of  Jamaica  ginger.  Boil  the  sugar  with  just  water  enough-  to 
dissolve  it  to  the  ball  degree,  then  add  the  acid  and  the  essence, 
and  rub  the  sugaj  with  the  ba«k  part  of  the  bowl  of  a  silver  spoon 
up  against  the  sides  of  the  sugar-boiler  to  whiten  or  grain  it  sufS- 
dently  to  give  to  the  whole  an  oiwilized  appearance;  then  pour  it 
into  very  small-sized  moulds,  measuring  half  an  inch  or  an  inch 
oblong  square,  or  else  into  a  tin  pan,  the  bottom  part  of  which  is 
marked  out  tu  small  tablets,  so  that  the  candy  m;iy  be  easily  broken 
Into  squares  when  dry.  Smear  the  moulds  sliglitiy  with  oil  of  al- 
monds. When  the  sugar  is  poured  into  the  mould:-,  place  ta  the  screen 
lor  half  an  hour  or  more,  to  dry  them  hard. 

Okastqb  Flower  Cxsdx  T.A3UCT9.— Ingredients  ;  1  lb.  loaf  BOgan 


?36       GROCERS   AND    CONFECTIONERS'    RECEIPTS. 

a  tablespoonfnl  of  orange-flower  -water,  and  a  few  drops  of  acetic 
arid.    Proceed  as  directed  in  the  preceding.     No  color. 

Va>-it.la  C.\>i>r  Tablets. — Ingredients  ;  1  lb.  loaf  8n<!:ar,  a  few 
drops  of  essence  of  vanilla,  sn^a-r,  and  a  few  drops  of  acetic  add. 
I*roceed  as  for  ornaments  ingrained  sugar. 

Peppebjitnt  Cajxdt  Tablets. — Ingredients  :  1  lb.  of  loaf  sugar, 
a  few  drops  of  essence  of  peppermint,  and  a  few  drops  of  acetic  acid. 
Proceed  as  above.    No  color. 

Liquor  Caxdv  T.^BLtT.-. — ^Incredients  :  1  lb.  of  loaf  sugar,  and 
a  giU  of  any  kind  of  liqp.or.  Bvil  tlie  sngar  to  the  crack,  then  in- 
corporate the  liquor,  and  iinish  as  in  the  preceding.     No  color. 

CiNTs'AMOx  Cakdy  Dr<.>I'3. — Use  1  lb.  loaf  sngar,  and  a  few  drops 
essence  of  cinnamon.  Proceed  as  in  the  last.  Tb'is  may  be  colortd 
rose  pink,  the  color  is  to  be  added  while  the  sugar  is  boiling. 

Clo^t;  Cantiy  Tablets  are  prepared  in  the  same  way  as  the  fore- 
going, eesence  of  cloves  being  used  instead  of  cinnamon. 

KosE  Candt  T.\blets. — Use  1  lb.  loaf  sugar,  a  few  drops  of  es- 
sence of  rose.=»,  a  few  drops  of  acetic  acid,  and  a  few  drops  of  prepared 
cochineal.    Proceed  as  in  the  preceding. 

Fexjit  CAM>i'  Tablets. — Use  1  lb.  of  loaf  sugar,  J  pint  of  the  jxiice 
of  any  kind  of  fruit,  either  currants,  cherries,  strawberries,  rasp- 
berries &c.,  extracted  by  pressing  with  a  spoon  tlirough  a  clean  hair 
sieve.  Boil  the  sugar  to  the  crack,  then  incorporatethe  fruit  juice 
by  rubbuig  it  with  tlie  sugar,  as  directed  in  the  preceding,  and  finish 
tiie  candies  as  therein  indicated. 

To   FREE    MOL.^SSES    FRO.M    IT3   SHARP    TASTE,   AXT)  TO  RE^TDER 

IT  FIT  TO  BE  USED  cv'STEAD  OF  ScGAii. — Take  24  Ibs.  molasses,  24 
lbs.  water,  and  6  lbs.  of  charcoal,  coarsely  pulverized  ;  mix  them  in  a 
kettle,  and  boil  the  whole  over  a  slow  wochI  fire.  A\1ien  the  mixture 
has  boiled  half  an  hour,  pour  it  into  a  flat  vessel,  in  order  that  the  char- 
coal may  pubtiide  to  the  bottom  ;  then  pour  off  the  liquid,  and  place  it 
over  the  fire  once  more,  that  the  superfluous  water  may  evaiwrate 
and  the  molaivses  be  brought  to  its  former  consistence.  IM  lbs.  of 
molasses  will  produce  24  lbs.  of  syrup. 

pEppEUJiixT  LozEXGES. — IngTcdieuts  :  1  oz.  of  picked  gum  traga- 
canth  soaked  with  5  oz.  of  tepid  water  in  a  gallipot  (this  takes  some  6 
hours),  and  afterwards  squeezed  and  wrung  through  a  cloth,  about  IJ 
ibs.  of  fine  icing  sugar,  and  a  teas2>ooniul  of  essence  of  peppermint, 
rt'ork  the  prepared  gum  with  the  flattened  fist  on  a  very  clean  slab 
tratO  it  becomes  perfectly  white  and  elastic,  then  gradually  work  in 
the  sugar,  adding  the  peppermint  when  the  paste  has  become  a  com- 
pact, smooth,  e£stic  suhttan<e  ;  a  few  drops  of  thick,  wet,  cobalt 
blue  should  also  be  added  wliile  working  tlie  paste,  to  give  a  brilliant 
whiteness.  The  paste  thus  prepared  Ls  to  be  rolled  out  with  fine  su- 
gar dredged  over  the  slab  to  the  thickness  of  two  penny  pieces,  then  if 
TOO  possess  a  ribbed  loUing-pin,  use  to  roll  the  paste  ag-.iin  in  cross 
directions,  so  as  to  imprint  on  its  whole  surface  a  small  lozenge  or 
diamond  pattern.  Ton  now  use  yourtin  cutter  to  stamp  out  tlie  loz- 
enges ;  as  you  do  so  x^Iace  them  on  sugar  powdered  baking  sheets  to 
dry  in  the  screen. 

Ginger  Lozenges. — Proceed  as  in  the  last;  use  a  tablespoonfnl  of 
essence  of  ginger,  or  1  oz.  of  ground  ginger  to  flavor,  and  a  few  drops 
of  thick  wet  gamboge  to  color  the  pagte.    Horehound  Lozenge*.    In- 


GROCERS  AND   CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS.        237 

gredients :  1  oz.  of  gum  dragon  poaked  in  a  gill  of  very  strong  CTtract 
of  horehonnd,  Ih  lbs  of  fine  icing  sugar.  Proceed  as  "for  the  pepper- 
mint lozenges.  "  Cirmamon  Lozeiyjf.s  are  prepared  in  the  same 
manner  as  ginger  or  peppermint,  witli  this  difference  only;  a  dessert- 
epoonf  111  of  essence  of  cimiamon  is  to  be  used  in  the  flavoring  of  tliem, 
a  few  drops  of  thick,  ground,  wet-burut  umber  should  be  used  with  a 
pinch  of  carmine  to  give  the  paste  the  tinge  of  cinnamon  color  Clore 
Lozenfjes.  The  same  as  peppermint  lozeiiges,  using  essence  of  cloves 
for  flavoiing,  and  burnt  umber  to  color  the  paste.  Oranr/e  Lozenfjes. 
Ingredients :  1  oz.  prepared  gum,  li  lbs.  sugar,  2  oz.  of  orange-sugar, 
the  gum  to  be  soaked  in  2  oz.  of  orange  flower  water.  Proceed  as  lor 
peppenidut  lozenges.  L'.mon Lozenges.  Ingredieuts:  loz.  prepared 
gum,  li  lbs.  of  icing  sugar,  2  oz.  of  lemon  sugar,  raid  a  few  drops  of 
acetic  a"cid.  Colt's  foot  Lozcn'/^s.  Ingredients:  loz.  of  gum  dragon 
soaked  in  2  oz.  of  orange  flower  water,  1^  lb.  of  fine  icing  sugar,  and 
ioz.  of  essence  of  colt'a  foot.  I'roceed  as  for  pcppenuint  lozenges. 
Cayenne  cmd  Catechu  JjOzcn[/rs.  Ingredients:  1  oz.  of  gum  dragon 
soaked  in  2  oz.  of  water,  2  lbs.  fine  icing  sugar,  ^  oz.  essence  of 
cayenne,  and  ^  oz.  of  prepared  catechu.  Proceed  as  for  pe|)permiut 
lozenges. 

Guji  Pastilles,  or  Jitjckes. — ^Ingredient? :  1  lb.  of  picked  gum 
arable,  14  oz.  of  the  finest  sugar  pounded  and  sirtcd,  ^  gill  of  double 
orange  flower  water,  and  1  yt  tepid  water  to  soak  the  gum  in,  which 
is  afterwards  to  be  strained  olf  clean.  Put  t!ie  soaked  and  strained 
gum  into  a  sugar  toiler  with  tlie  sugar,  and  use  a  clean  s])'oon  to  stir 
it  over  a  very  moderate  fire,  while  it  boils  and  reduces  to  the  small 
pearl  degree;  then  add  the  orange  flower  ■water,  stir  all  together  on 
the  fire,  remove  the  preparation  from  the  stove,  skim  off  the  froth, 
and  use  the  mixture  to  cast  the  jujubes  in  levelled  layers  of  starch 
powder  confciiued  in  a  flat  box. 

Spanish  Licorice  Jujcues. — ^liigredients :  1  lb.  picked  gum  arabic, 
14  oz.  of  sugar,  and  2  oz.  of  Spanish  licorice  dissolved  in  a  gill  of  liot 
water,  and  afterwards  strained  clean.  First  prepare  the  gum  and 
hoil  it  with  sugar  as  directed  in  the  preceding  article,  and  when 
reduced  by  boiJin.a  to  the  small  pearl  degree,  incorporate  the  prepared 
Spanish  licorice  with  it,  remove  the  scum  from  the  surface,  and  finish, 
the  jujubes  in  the  maimct  indicated  above.  Easpbern/  Jujubes. 
Ingredients:  1  lb.  picked  gum  arabic  soaked  in  1  pint  of  liot  water 
and  afterwards  strained,  li  oz.  of  sugar,  1  gill  of  filtered  r:i.=;j)berry 
juice,  and  a  lew  drops  of  cochineal.  Proceed  as  directed  m  th3 
foregoing  case,  adding  the  raspberry  and  coloring  l.nst  Black  Cio- 
rauCJajabiS.  Proceed  in  all  respects  as  indicated  for  raspberry 
jujubes,  omittnig  tlie  cochineal,  bL"<k  currant  juice  being  used.  Eecl 
Currant  Jujab'  s. — Tlie  same  as  black  currant  jujubes,  red  cuiTant 

J'uice  being  used  and  a  few  drops  of  cochinen.1.  OrdinaTy  Jujubes. 
ngredients  :  1  lb.  gum  arabic  soaked  in  1  pt.  of  hot  water  and  after- 
wards strained,  14  oz.  sugnr,  i  oz.  e,-scuce  of  ros<^s,  and  a  few  drops 
of  prej);;ied  cochineal.  Let  the  mixture  be  prepared  as  for  other 
jujiil)cs,  but  iustead  of  casting  them  in  impressions  made  in  starch- 
powder,  when  the.  prepaiation  is  re;idy,  pour  it  into  a  very  clean 
smooth  tinued  baking  sheet  to  the  depth  of  a  quarter  of  an  inch,  and 
set  it  t(}  dry  in  the  screen,  or  hot  closet  (moderate  heat) ;  when  suffl- 
cieutly  dried,  so  that  on  pressinj  the  surface  it  proves  gomewhat 


238     GROCEEs  AND  confectioners'  KECEIPTS. 

elaistic  tn  tho  tonrh,  reTnove  it  from  the  hcAt,  and  alloxt  it  to  becoma 
old  ;  the  sbcc  t  of  jiiju'^e  may  then  be  easily  detached,  and  is  to  be 
cut  up  witli  sri^sors  in  the  shape  of  diamonds. 

Stick  Apple  Sugar.  -Boil'tJie  sngar  to  caramel,  flavor  with  apple 
jnice  together  \rith  tart-uric  or  other  acid,  pour  it  on  a  marble  slab, 
draw  it  into  sticks,  cut  t'.;em  of  equal  lenofth.  then  mil  them  en  a  slab 
till  they  are  perfectly  cold  ;  when  finished,  wrap  them  in  tissue-paper 
&nd  put  tliem  in  fancy  enTeloi>es. 

CrEKA>T  A>T)  Raspberhy  Paste  Deops, — ^Ingredients  :  1  lb.  of 
pulp  (the  cmTant3  and  raspberries  in  equal  propTirtious  boiled,  and 
aftenvards  rubbed  through  a  sieve),  1  lb.  of  silted  8Up;;ir.  Stir  both 
together  in  a  copper  su;^i-b3L!er  or  preserving  p:'.u  over  a  brisk  fire, 
until  the  paste  becomes  sufficiently  reduced  to  show  the  bottom  of 
the  preserving  pan  as  you  draw  the  sjioon  across  it ;  then  proceed  to 
lay  out  the  drops  about  the  size  of  a  florin,  u.=ing  a  snouted  sugar  boiler 
for  the  purpose.  The  drops  should  then  be  placed  in  the  screen  to 
dry,  at  a  low  heat  for  an  hour  or  so.  When  tlie  di-ops  are  dry,  use  a 
thin  knife  to  remove  them  from  the  tin  sheet  on  which  yoa  laid  then: 
out,  and  put  them  awr.y  between  slicets  of  paper  in  dosed  boxes,  in  a 
dry  place.  Dam-ton  Paste  £>rop.<:. — In.irredieuts :  1  lb.  of  damson  thick 
pnlp,  1  lb.  bniised  sugar.  Stir  the  pulp  and  sugp.r  on  the  fire  until 
reduced  to  a  thick  p.iste,  tlien  proceed  to  lay  out  the  drops  on  square 
sheets  of  jwlished  tin  ;  dry  them  in  the  screen  (modeintb  heat),  and 
remove  them  in  the  manner  aforesaid.  The~e  drops  may  be  prepared 
with  all  kinds  of  plums  and  also  with  gooseberries.  Pear  Paste 
Drops. — Use  1  lb.  pear  pulp  (made  by  peeliug  the  pears,  and  boiling 
tliem  to  a  pulp  with  ^  pt  of  cider  or  perry,  and  ribbing  this  tlirougn 
a  coarse  sieve),  1  lb.  of  bmL«ed  sugar.  P:  occcd  as  for  dainscn 
pafte.  Apple  Paste  Drops. — Use  lib.  cf  apple  pulp  (made  by  peel- 
lug,  .«;licir.g  arA  boiling  the  apples  with  ^pt  ciflcr),  1-lb.  of  bruised 
sug;ir.  Proc-eed  as  in  the  foregoing  cases,  adding  a  few  drops  of 
cochineal  to  half  of  the  parte  fortl-.e  sal;e  of  va:;ety.  P;«c  Apple 
Pa.'ite  Dmps. — Use  1  lb.  of  pine-ap;le  pv.lp  (made  by  frst  )>ecling, 
and  then  grating  the  pine-apple  on  a  dish,  n.siug  a  cle-n  coarse  tia 
prater  for  the  piirpose),  1  lb.  of  braised  sugar.  Procc^-d  v.i  in  the 
former  cases. 

Tasks,  Baskets,  FrGrsK.<»,  AKtiiAL.<?,  &c.,  ixGi^aestd  f.^-cvn. — 
Tie  sugar  bouig  boUed  t>  the  ball  degree,  add  a  few  dn  j^-*  of  acetic 
acid,  and  work  the  sugar  with  the  back  part  of  t':e  b<Trrl  of  a  silrcr 
fc'WesTHxm  up  against  the  sile  of  the  Bug-.ir  boiler,  fet<;hi'vg  up  the 
wh<ile  in  turns,  so  tlir.t  every  portion  may  acquire  an  ojaliiied  cr 
whitish  color.  As  ^^n  as  the  sugar  has  been  worTrcd  up  to  thij 
state,  which  constitutes ''graining,"  yiour  it  immedir.tely  iuto  tlio 
ready  prepared  mould  ;  ana  when  it  has  become  jK^rfcLtlv  pet  firm  in 
the  centre',  you  may  turn  the  vase,  bashet,  aniu-al.  or  vihntever  th.e 
object  may  be,  out  of  its  mould,  and  place  it  in  th.e  s.^.cen  or  hot 
closet  to  dry.  at  a  rmi  moderate  heat  Afterwards  they  may  b« 
painted  in  colors  to  imitate  nrture. 

EvEETOx  Taffy. — To  make  this  favorite  a^^d  wholesome  candy, 
take  1^  pounds  of  moist  suirar,  3  onnres,  of  butter,  a  teacup  and'a 
half  of  water,  and  one  lemon.  Boil  the  sugar,  b'.itter,  water,  and 
lialf  the  rind  of  the  lemon  together;  and,  when  d.3iio, — ^which  will 
be  known  by  dropping  into  cold  water,  when  it  shoald  be  qiuta 


GROCERS   AND   CONFECTIONERS'   RECEIPTS.       239 

erigp,— let  it  stand  aside  till  the  boiling  has  ceased,  and  then  stir  in 
the  juice  of  the  letnon.  Butter  a  dish,  and  pour  it  in  alwut  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  tliickness.  The  five  must  be  quioir,  and  the  taffy 
Btirred  all  the  time. 

Candy  Fkt'it. — Talce  one  poiuid  of  the  best  loaf  sugar;  dip  each 
lump  into  a  bowl  of  water,  aud  put  tiie  sugjir  into  your  preserving 
kettla  Boil  it  do^n,  and  skim  it  until  perfectly  clear,  and  in  a 
candying  state.  When  sufficiently  boiled,  have  reiidy  the  fruits  yoa 
wish  to  preserve.  Large  white  giupes,  orau'.ve.-;  separated  into  small 
pieces,  or  preserved  fruits,  taken  out  of  tlieir  syrup  and  dried,  are 
very  nice.  Dip  the  fruits  irto  the  prepared  sugar  while  it  is  hot;  put 
them  in  a  cold  place;  they  will  soon  become  hard. 

Jellies  without  Fiioit.— To  1  pint  of  water  put  l  oz.  alum;  boil 
a  minute  or  two;  then  add  4  lbs.  white  sugar;  coutinue  the  boiling  a 
little;  strain  while  hot;  and,  when  cold,  put  in  half  a  twenty-five 
cent  bottle  of  extract  oJE  vanilla,  strawberry,  lemon,  or  any  other 
flavor  you  desire  lor  jelly. 

Prize  Honev. — Good  common  sugar,  6  lbs.;  water,  2  lbs.  bring 
gradually  to  a  boil,  skimming  wlien  cc>ol ;  add  1  lb.  bees'  honey  and  4 
drops  essence  of  peppermint.  If  you  de.^ire  a  better  aiticle,  use  white 
sugar,  and  ^  lb.  less  water,  J  lb  more  honey. 

Another. — Coffee  sugar,  10  lbs. :  water  3  lbs. ;  cream  tartar,  2oz9. : 
strong  vinegar,  2  tablespoons:  white  of  an  e^^  well  beaten;  bees 
honey,  ^  lb;  Lubin's  extract  of  honeysuckle,  10  drops.  Put  on  the 
Bugar  and  water  in  a  suitable  kettle  on  the  fire ;  when  lukewarm  stir 
in  the  cream  tartar  and  vinegar;  add  the  egg;  when  the  sugar  is 
nearly  melted  put  in  the  honey,  and  stir  till  it  comes  to  a  boil;  take  it 
off,  let  it  stand  a  few  minutes;  strain,  then  add  the  extract  oi  honey- 
suckle last;  stiud  over  night,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Anothei'. — 
Common  sugar,  4  lbs. ;  water,  1  pt. ;  let  them  come  to  a  boil,  and 
skim.  Tiieu  add  pulverized  alum,  J  oz.  remove  from  the  fire  and 
stir  in  cream  of  tartar,  ^  oz.  and  water,  or  extract  of  rose,  1  table- 
spoonful,  and  it  is  fit  for  use. 

To  Keep  Frcits  Fresh.— Rosin  2  lbs. ;  tallow,  2  oz. ;  bees' -wax, 
2  oz.  Melt  slowly  over  tire  fire  in  an  iron  pot,  but  dcn't  boil.  Take 
the  fruit  separately,  and  rub  it  over  with  pulverized  chalk  or  whiting 
(to  prevent  the  coating  from  adhering  to  the  fruit),  then  dip  it  into 
the  solution  once,  and  hold  it  up  a  moment  to  set  the  coating,  then 
pack  away  carefully  in  barrels,  boxes,  or  on  shelves,  in  a  cool  place. 
Unequalled  for  preserving  apples,  pears,  lemons,  &c. 

Acid  Drops.— Pound  and  sift  into  a  clean  pan  8  ozs.  of  double 
refined  sugar,  add  slowly  as  much  water  as  wiil  render  the  sugar 
eufficieutly  moist  not  to  stick  to  the  stirring  spoon,  place  the  pan 
on  a  small  stove  or  slow  fire,  and  stir  till  it  nearly  boils,  removo 
from  the  fire  and  stir  in  i  oz.  tartaric  acid.  Place  it  on  the  fire  for 
half  a  minute,  then  dip  out  small  quantities  from  tlie  pan,  and  let 
it  fall  in  small  drops  on  a  clean  tin  plate;  remove  the  drops  in  2 
hours  with  a  knife.    Ready  for  sale  in  24  hours. 

Chocolate  Cream  Candy.— Chocolate  scraped  fine,  J  oz.,  thick 
cream,  1  pt,  best  sugar,  3  ozs.,  heat  it  uairly  boiling,  then  remove  it 
from  the  fire  and  mill  it  well;  when  cold,  add  the  whit«8  of  4  or  5 
eggs;  whisk  rapidly  and  take  up  the  froth  on  a  sieve.  Serve  tix9 
cnstua.  is  glasses  and  pile  up  the  froth  on  top  of  them. 


240  LEATHER    WOUK£BS',    I.C.,    E£C£IPXS. 


TANNERS,  CURRIERS,  BOOT,  SHOE  ANT)  RUii. 
BER  M'FRS,  MARBLE  WORKERS,  BOOK- 
BINDERS, &c. 

Best  Color  fob  Shoe  asd  HARjrEss  Edge,— Alcohol,  1  pint ; 
tkicture  of  iron,  1^  ozs.  ;  extract  logwood,  1  oz.  ;  pulverized  DutgaUs, 
1  oz.  ;  soft  water,  i  piut ;  sweet  oil,  |  oz. ;  put  this  last  into  the  alco- 
hol before  adding  the  water.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  beaatiful  finish 
imparted  to  the  leather  by  this  prepar:itiun. 

Cheap  Colob  for  the  Edge. — Soft  wat^r,  1  gallon. ;  extract 
logwood,  1  oz.  ;  boil  till  the  extract  is  di-N^solved  ;  remove  from  the 
fire,  add  copperas,  2  oz.,  bichromate  of  potash,  and  gum  arable,  of 
each  ^  oz.,  all  to  be  pulverized. 

Beautifitl  Bkoxze  fob  Leather.— Dissolve  a  little  of  the  so-call- 
ed insoluble  aniline  violet  in  a  little  -water,  and  brush  the  solution  over 
the  leather  :  after  it  dries  repeat  the  proces."?. 

Sctebior  Edge  Blackixg.— Soft  water  5  gallons;  bring  to  a  boil, 
and  add  8  oz.  logwood  extnict,  pulverized  ;  boil  3  minutes,  remove 
f  fom  the  fire,  and  stir  in  2^  oz.  gum  arabic,  1  oz.  bichromate  of  potash, 
find  80  grains  prussiate  of  potash. 

For  a  small  quantity  of  tliis,  use  water,  2  quarts  ;  extract  of  log- 
-wood,  I  oz. ;  gum  arabic,  9G  grains  ;  bichromate  of  potash,  48  grains; 
prussiate  of  potash ;  8  grains.  Boil  the  extract  in  the  water  2  mmntes; 
remove  from  tlie  fire  and  stir  in  the  others,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

For  tanners'  surface  blacking,  Tvhich  is  not  required  to  take  on  a 
high  polish,  the  gunx  arabic  may  be  omitted. 

SizrKG  FOB  Boots  a^td  Shoes  in  Tbeeexg  Oirr.— "VTater,  1  qnait; 
dissolve  in  it,  by  heat,  isinglass,  1  oz.  ;  adding  more  water  to  replace 
loss  by  evaporation  ;  when  dissolved,  add  starch,  6  oz. ;  extract 
of  logwood,  beeswax,  and  taUow,  of  each,  2  oz.  Bub  the  starch  up 
first  by  pouring  on  snfflcient  boiling  water  for  that  purpose.  It 
makes  boots  and  shoes  soft  and  jjliable,  and  gives  a  splendid  appear- 
ance to  old  stock  on  the  shelves. 

Black  Takxish  fob  the  Edge.— Take  98  per.  cent  alcohol,  1 
pint  ;  sheUae,  3  oz.  ;  resin,  2  oz. ;  pine  tnqientine,  1  oz.  ;  lampblack,  i 
oz.  ;  mix  :  and  when  the  gums  are  all  cut,  it  is  ready  for  use.  This 
preparation  makes  a  most  splendid  appearance  when  applied  to  boot, 
Ehoe,  or  harness  edge,  and  i»  equally  appUcable  to  cloth  or  wood, 
where  a  gloss  is  recjuii-ed  after  being  painted. 

Waterproof  Varnish  for  Hae>-ess.— India-rubber,  ^  lb.  ;  spts. 
turpentine  1  gal.  ;  dissolve  to  a  jelly,  then  take  hot  linseed  oil  equal 
parts  with  tlie  mass,  and  incorjxirate  them  weU  over  a  glow  fire. 

Blacking  fob  Karxess.— Beeswax,  i  lb. ;  ivory  black.  2  ozs. ;  spts. 
of  turpentine,  1  oz.  Prussian  blue,  ground  in  oQ  1  oz. ;  copal  varnish, 
i  oz.  ;  melt  the  wax  and  stir  into  it  the  other  ingredients,  before  tho 
mixture  is  quite  cold  ;  make  it  into  balls,  rub  a  little  upon  a  bruah, 
apply  it  upon  tiie  harness,  and  polish  lightly  with  sUk. 

Best  Harness  Varnish  Extant.— Alcohol.  1  gallon;  white  tur- 
pentine, li  lbs. ;  gum  shellac.  1^  lbs. ;  Venice  turpentine,  1  giU.  Let 
them  stand  by  the  stove  tilj  ti^e  guma  are  diaaoh  ed,  then  add  awect 


LEATHEB    \rORKERs'',    AC,   RECEIPTS.  241 

oil.  1  gffl;  and  color  it  if  yoTl  vrish  with  lampblack,  2  oz.  Thia  will 
n(ii  crack  like  the  old  vami^Ii, 

Hakjtess  on,.— Neat's-fcMjtoil,  1  pal. ;  lampbLick.  4  or.    Jlix  welL 

ERn.i,TA\T  Frekch  VAR:.-iSH  FOB  Le.v.thi:b. — Spirit  of  wine,  f  pint ; 
•r!ne»ar,  5  pints ;  gum  tenegal  in  powder,  J  lb. ;  loaf  sugar.  6  oz. ; 
Xow-dered  gails,  2  oz. ;  green  co;  per.'U!,  i  02.  Dlesolve  tlie  gum  and 
EU2ar  in  the  water;  stKlin,  find  put  ou  a  glow  fire,  but  don't  boil;  now 
T'si  in  the  galls,  copperas,  and  toe  akx-hol ;  eMt  well  for  five  ininutes ; 
t r t  off;  and  when  nearly  cool,  strain  thiough  flannel,  and  ix)ttle  for 
use.    It  it  applied  with  a  pencil  brnsb.    Host  superior. 

LiQTiD  JxFxs  FOB  Leathss.— Molasses,  8  lis. ;  Limpblack,  1  lb. ; 
eweet  oil.  1  lb. ;  gam  arable,  1  lb. ;  isinglass,  1  lb.  Mix  well  in  S2  lbs. 
water;  aj  nly  heat;  when  cool,  add  1  quart  alcohol;  an  ox's  gall  will 
inirrove  it. 

WATOirKooF  OtL-BLACKEfo.  Camphenc,  1  pint;  add  all  the 
India-rubber  it  will  di.s?olve;  curriers'  oil,  1  pint;  tallow,  T  lbs.; 
lampblack,  2  oz.    Jli-x  thoroughly  by  heat 

Shoemakers'  Heel  Bajli^. — Beeswax,  8  oz. ;  tallow,  1  oz. ;  melt, 
and  add  jxivrdered  gam  arabic,  1  oz.,  and  lampblack  to  color. 

Best  Heel  Ball. — Jlelt  toirether  beeswax,  2  lbs. ;  suet,  3  ozs. ;  stir 
in  ivory  black,  4  ozs.,  lampbi;ick,  3  oz.,  powdered  gum  arabic,  2  oz., 
powdered  rock  candy,  2  oz.,  mis  and  when  partly  cold  pour  into  tin 
or  leaden  motild5. 

Cha>~s"zllees  ant>  Shoemakeks'  Cejeejtt. — ^India-rubber  dis- 
solved to  a  proper  consistence  in  sulphuric  ether. 

Ceiie>"t  fok  Leather  ok  Rrr.BEii  Soles  axd  Leather  Beltes'g. — 
Gutta  percha,  1  lb.;  ludi.i-rabber,  4  oz.;  pitch,  2  oz.;  shellac,  1  oz.; 
oil,  2  oz.;  melt,  and  nse  hct 

GERnLVN'  Blacetn-o. — ^Ivory-black,  1  part;  molasses,  Jpart;  sweet 
oH,  I  part;  mix,  as  before;  then  stir  in  a  mixture  of  hydrochlorie  add, 
I  P'lrt;  oil  of  vitriol,  J  part;  each  separately  diluted  witli  twice  its 
weight  of  water  before  miring  them.  This  forms  the  ordinary  pasta 
blacking  of  Germany,  according  to  Liebig. 

Oil  Paste  Blackixcj.  Ivorr-LIack,  4  lbs.;  molasses,  2  lbs.;  sweet 
oil,  1  lb. ;  oil  of  vitrei  3  lbs. ;  mi-y  and  put  in  tins. 

Gold  Yar>-ish. — Tormeric,  1  di-am  ;  gamboge,  1  dram  ;  turpen- 
tine, 2  pints  ;  sheUac,  5  oz.  ;  sandarach,  5  oz.  ;  dragon's  blood,  8 
drums  ;  thin  mastic  vamL^h,  8  oz.  ;  digest  with  occasional  agitation 
for  fourteen  days  ;  then  set  aside  to  fine  ;  and  pour  off  the  clear. 

Grain  Blacik  for  Hax-2.t:s3  Leather. — First  gfcun  in  tallow  ; 
then  take  spirits  turi:)entine,  1  pint  ;  cream  of  tartar,  1  oz.  ;  soda  1  oz.; 
pum  shellac,  ^  oz.  ;  thick  paste,  reduced  thin,  2  quarts.  Mix  well. 
This  will  finish  12  sides. 

Beautiful  Statn's  for  Boots,  Shoes  a>t>  Leather  Goods. — 
Soft  water  1  pt ;  oxalic  acid,  2  tablespoonfuls  or  more ;  if  required 
stronger,  dissolve,  and  for  a  red  color,  add  finely  pulverized  rose-pink, 
vermilion  or  drop  lake.  Blue,  add  finely  pulverized  Prussian  blue, 
cr  indigo.  Yellov;,  kin?'s  yellow,  yellow  ochre,  &c-  White,  fialce 
white.  Green,  blue  and  yellow  mixed.  Orange,  red  and  yellow 
mised.  Purple,  red  and  blue  mixed.  Pidverize  the  ingredients  well 
before  mixing  with  the  water  and  acid.  Any  other  shade  desired 
can  be  selected  from  the  "  Compound  colors"  in  the  next  department 

Biluia  Staxs.— Skimmadiailk,  1  pt.  ;  spirits  ol  salts,  ^02. ;  apt* 
16 


242  LEATHER    WOBKEBS',    AC,    EECEIPTsT 

•f  red  layender,  \  oz.  ;  gum  arable,  1  oz. ;  and  the  jnice  of  2  lemoM : 
piJT  ■well  together,  and  cork,  for  use  ;  apply  with  a  sponge  ;  whea 
dry,  polish  with  a  bmsh  or  a  piece  of  flannel  If  wished  paler,  put 
mles3  red  lavender. 

Ox  Rlebeb  Goods. — As  many  parties  require  to  use  rubber  goods 
■who  are  entirely  ignorant  of  the  cheisp  mLstiires  which  are  vended 
in  large  quantities,  at  enormous  profits  by  manufacturers,  I  have 
thought  proper  in  this  plate  to  irradoite  "the  subject  with  a  little 
"light"  for  the  benefit  of  those  whom  "it  may  concern,"  and  ac- 
cordingly present  the  formulre  for  compounding  the  different  mix- 
tures wiich  enter  into  the  composition  of  many  articles  sold  quite 
extensively  as  pure  ru66?rgood.«,  but  which,  owing  to^arge  adulter- 
ations, in  many  cases  cost  75  per  cent  leiis  than  uie  prices  charged 
for  them.    The  first  I  shall  pre.-ent  is  for 

Light  BrrrEB  SrsiNGs. — Grind  together  clear  Java  rubber,  25 
lbs. ;  Para  rubber,  5  lbs. ;  common  magnesia,  10  lbs. ;  pure  sulphur,  25 
ozs.  This  is  brown  at  first,  but  ia  a  few  days  turns  grey  or  white, 
and  just  sinks  ia  water.  Springs  made  from"  this  compound,  "1^x24 
z  1,  pressed  to  half  an  inch,  showed  Sj  tons  on  the  diaL 

Gket  Packxno  F02  M.vKCTE  Ekgctes.  &c. — Grind  togetlier  clean- 
ed Java  rubber,  5  lbs. ;  Para  rubber,  25  lbs. ;  oxide  of  zinc,  16  lbs. ; 
carbonate  of  magnesia,  6  lbs. ;  Porcelain  or  Cornwall  clay,  3  lbs. ;  red 
lead^  2  lbs. ;  pure  suljihur,  50  ozs.  It  niay  be  proper  "to  state  that 
good  purified  Java  rubber  might  be  substituttHi  by  engineers  with 
good  effect  for  I*ara  rubber  in  the  above  and  some  other  com- 
positions. 

Rag  Packixo  fob  Valves,  BEABrNG  Speingp,  &c. — ^This  is  made 
principally  from  the  useless  cuttings  in  the  manufacture  of  India- 
rubber  coats,  when  the  gum  is  run  or  spread  on  calico  foundations. 
Proportions  as  follows:  grind  together  useless  scraps,  Solbe.;  black- 
lead  18  lbs. ;  Java  gum,  lo  lbs. ;  yellow  sulphur,  1  lb. 

Composition  fob  Srcricix  Hose  fob  Ftek  Exgixes,  &c. — 
Grind  together  Java  rubber,  20  lbs. ;  Para  do.  10  lbs. ;  white  lead,  14 
lbs.  •  red  lead,  lilbs, ;  yellow  snlphur,  1\  lbs.  This  is  spread  upon  flax 
clotn,  which  weighs  30,  16,  and  32  ozs,'to  the  square  yard. 

Cosmox  BI.ACK  Pacioxg. — Grind  together,  Java  "rubber,  15  lbs. ; 
Paia  do.,  15  lbs. :  oxide  of  zinc,  15  lbs. ;  China  or  Cornwall  clay,  15 
lbs. ;  yellow  sulphur.  23  ozs, 

CoMMOx  White  Buffeb  Rtxgs,  &c. — Grind  together  Java  rub- 
ber, 80  lbs. ;  oxide  of  zinc,  13  11«.  carbonate  of  magnesia,  6  lbs. ; 
clean  chalk  or  whiting,  6  lbs  ;  flour  of  sulphur,  2  lbs. 

VuLCAXiTE,  OB  Eboxite.— If  the  amount  of  sulphur  added  to  the 
prepared  rubber  amounts  to  10  per  cent  and  the  operations  of  vul- 
canizing is  performed  in  close  vessels,  at  a  temperature  exceeding 
800,  or  the  beat  required  for  Yulcaxizixg  Ixdia-Rcebee  as  de- 
cribed  under  that  head,  which  see,  an  article  Avill  be  produced  known 
as  vulcanite,  or  ebonite.  It  is  a  black,  hard,  elaiUc  substance,  re- 
Bembling  horn  in  iu  texture  and  appearance,  and  capable  of  tildng  a 
very  higii  polish.  It  is  of  great  use  in  tlie  arts,  and  is  largely  miin- 
»!actured  for  making  combs,  door  handle*,  and  hundreds  of  articles 
1  -<herto  made  in  ivory  or  bone.  Its  electrical  propeities  aleo  ara 
vtv  great. 

%£oT  Ptbje  Sprixq,  OB  Washjkbs.— Grind  together  Paia  gum,  M 


LEATHUE   WOBKEKS',   AC,    BECEIPTS.  248 

ibs.;  oxids  of  zinc,  5  lbs.;  carb.  maErnesia,  2  lbs.;  common  chalk,  3 
lbs. ;  Porcekun  or  Cornwall  clay,  2  Ite. ;  pare  enlphar,  30  oz. 

CoMPA^^o^-  QrAixn:  to  Aiovz. — Para  rubber,  30  lbs.;  oxide  of 
jrinc,  5  lbs. ;  Porcelain  or  Com^vall  clay,  5  lbs. ;  pure  sulphur,  32  oz. 

''Htpo"  Cloth  fob  ■WAXEHPROoi'  Coats.— Grind  together  clean 
Java  gum,  SO  lb?. ;  lanipblark,  5  Ibs.^  dry  chr.lk  or  -whiting,  11  lbs- : 
snlphuret  of  lead,  5  lbs.  This  composition  is  applied  to  ■waterproof 
garments. 

To  Ycxc.v^rrzB  I>-dia  Rtebsb. — Tne  vulcanizing  process  patent- 
ed by  the  late  Charles  Goodyear  con-^ists  in  mcori-xjrating  with  the 
rubber  from  3  to  10  per  cent  of  eulphur,  to;:ether  with  various  me- 
tallic oxides,  chiefly  lead  aud  zinc,  the  quantity  of  the  latter  articles 
being  regulated  by  the  degree  of  elasticity  &c,  required  in  the  desired 
article.  The  goods  of  one  large  establishment  are  vulcanized  in 
cylindrical  wrought  iron  steam  heaters,  over  50  feet  long  and  from 
5  to  6  feet  in  diameter.  These  heaters  have  doors  opening  on  hinges 
at  one  end,  and  through  these  doors  the  goods  to  be  vulcanized  aro 
introduced  on  a  sort  of  railway  carriage,  tAen,  aft'3r  the  door  is  shut. 
Fleam  is  let  on,  and  a  temiXrrature  of  from  250<3  to  300°  of  heat  is 
kept  up  for  geveral  hours,  the  degree  of  heat  being  ascertained  by 
means  of  thermometei-s  attached  to  the  heaters.  The  value,  solidity, 
and  quality  of  the  goods  is  much  increased  by  keeping  the  articles 
underthe  pressure  of  metalic  moulds  or  sheets  while  undergoing  this 
procesa  The  whole  process  r^uires  careful  manipulation  and  great 
experience  to  conduct  it  properly. 

To  Deodorize  Rubber. — Cover  the  articles  of  rubber  with  char- 
coal dust,  pLice  them  in  an  enclosed  vessel,  and  rai.se  the  tempera- 
ture to  &io  Fahr.,  and  let  it  remain  thus  for  several  hours.  Remove 
and  dean  tl.e  articles  from  the  chaix»al  dost,  aud  they  wiU  be  found 
irt?e  from  all  odur. 

GrTTA-PEECKA  A>-D  BcBEEB  "WASTE. — The  waste  is  cut  into 
small  pieces,  and  100  lbs.  of  the  same  are  placed  in  a  weU-closed 
boiler  with  10  lbs.  of  bisulphide  of  carbon  and  i  ozs.  absolute  al- 
cohol, well  Etirred;  then  the  boiler  is  closed,  and  leit  a  few  hours  to 
Eoak.  After  this  time  it  is  found  to  be  changed  into  a  soft  dough 
mass,  which,  alter  being  ground  or  kneaded,  is  fit  to  be  formed  into 
.-my  shape,  when  the  solvent  will  evaporate.  If  too  much  of  tlie 
latter  has  been  used,  a  tiiick  uiunanageable  liquid  is  obtained- 

To  Utilize  Leather  Sctzaps — First  clean  the  scraps,  then  so-^i 
them  in  water  containing  1  x>er  cent  of  siUphuric  acid  until  the 
material  becomes  soft  and  plastic,  then  compress  into  blocks  and  dry 
by  steam.  In  order  to  soften  the  blocks,  1  lb.  of  glycerine  is  added 
to  100  lbs.  of  the  material;  they  are  then  passed  through  rollers, 
and  brought  to  the  proper  thickness  to  be  used  as  Loner  soles  of  boota 
and  shoes. 

Deer  Sktss. — Taxsiso  A2vD  BtmxG  for  Gloves. — ^For  each 
fkin,  take  a  bucket  of  water,  and  put  it  inti  1  qt  of  lime  ;  let  tha 
ekin  or  skins  lie  in  from  3  to  4  days  ;  tlien  rinse  in  clean  water  hair, 
and  giuin  ;  then  soak  them  Ln  cold  water  to  get  out  the  glue  ;  no>v 
scour  or  pound  in  go-id  sou|>-5uds  for  ludt  an  horn- ;  after  which  tike 
white  vitriol,  alum,  and  s-il't,  1  tablespoonful  of  each  to  a  skin  ;  tiie*a 
will  be  dissolved  in  sufficient  water  to  cover  the  skin,  and  remain  in  it 
for  24  hours  ;  wring  oat  as  dry  m  convenient,  and  sproad  on  with  a 


2 14  LEATHEB    -VTORKERS',   <tC.,   KrCEIPTS. 

hrash  ^  pint  ot  cnrriers'  oil,  and  hanq  in  tne  stui  abont  2  days  ;  afM 
•wliith  you  will  gtour  oat  tLe  oil  wit'a  soap-guds,  and  hang  out  again 
tmtil  jVrfectly  drv  ;  tlicn  jmll  and  work  them  nntii  they  are  eoft ; 
and  ii  a  reas^naMe  time  d'>^  not  make  them  =oft,  ?<T>ur  out  in  =udj 
rj  :         '    '  ■  '  "0.    The  oil:        "  '  ' 

v:  3  safl>.  i: 

T   .  -  .         -  readii)?  :t- 

6i.rfa«.e  of  Uie  skia  '•  .-<-ii  iliiiilibd-  ri;ijh;:^_  .;  •.  .  i  v.  i^  a  biUfh. 
T.^"^TN"Q  •vriTH  Ac:ix — Aiter  liavl:.^'  ii:-i.y.-  i  tLe  hair.  6Cour!'^7. 


r  ;  tiienfolil 

L— ,  ,  ,,'  readr  a  s^.  ..  _......-, _    ,  .„,-  1  ...   .    _ 

bjckc'tcf  water,  and  aonk  tiie  skin  orebias  nz  that  fur  two  hoi' t^, 
when  yoM  wLU  -wath  in  t:«x;a  wat»r.  andap>y  a  little  drr  Fait,  letting 
lie  in  t-         '         r  nifr'.t,  or  '.'       "        'i  of  time;  f  et'.j 

fiofh  V  :  kni.e,  cr.  iiness  on  •^,  bj 

mean."  1  ^.r  be^.m  a:.  :  e  ;  when  t  -J  ^% 

Eoften  1  y  ]  /.lii.g  and  rahblng  wl,.a  il^*  hands,  and  al-j  wiili  a  plece^ 
of  pnrai  <:— toae.  Ti.'.a  cf  cour-e  ij  the  qnichest  wsy  of  tiTinia^ 
End  by  only  wetting  the  elduA  wiui  the  acid,  aud  soaking  out  iu  20 
minutes,  they  are  u  it  rotttd- 

A>-OTnrK"MzTHOP.— Oil  of  vitriol,  |  ot.  ;  r~!t,   1  teacnp  ;  milk 
eniHcient  to  handsomely  cover  the  skin.  ;  ^  :iqts.  ;  wnrm 

the  mUk,  then  add  the  ealt  and  vitriol  ;  .-  .  .n  tli'e  lirjiiid  4U 

r:ini:tes,  keeping  it  warm  ;   then  dry,  ; .  .c  as  directed  in 

the  above. 

C.*v.\T>TAN'  Proce=«. — ^The  CanadiPT>3  mnl-Te  fotir  liqnnr^  in  ti'^tt" 


iure  ;.l;=o.    Ti.  J  .  -  J  lifi..  of  j.i- 

iru    The  ForRT:-  nlv  15  lbs. 

_r  ±u=.  of  snliihnric  acii  -  ^  ■•'":ns  4 

r  lor  ay;,er  ;  and  L.i  tlir:e 

They  coar*  ?^  c--!'  .  _       .js  of 

V  -  lie  in  eac". 

^:x5,  &C. —  .  i  nse!e<s  parts, 

F        -    .  .     ..     .;,  and  then  r —    .  .   —    ...  .    . .  uuiccs,  and  soak 

it  iu  warm  w atear  i  iionr.  i\ow  lake  ior  ei-.c-h  skin,  boraxj  saltpetr*?, 
r.tid  Glaut>er-«ait-.  of  each  ^  ot,.  ar.d  di»="l"e  r^r  wet  with  fnftwjittr 
fv^Ade--"  -■■-...  ^  -  -         -         .-  ■       -      •    ■       '  p_t 

it  fin  V,  ,\iT> 

J^Illd  1..  2 

1   '  .Lot  illowixj^  it  Z.J  Iiv;>..e. 

3da  1  oz. ;  boi-Rx  ^  oz,  ;  le'r 
t-.    .    c  , .^er,  baiug  caieliil  not  to  all   ..   ..^ 
th3  mirtnte  to  the  £e?h  side  at  first.    B->il  u: 
warm  place  for  24  hoars  ;  then  wash  the  skin  .. 
and  have  saleratus  2  oz..  dissolved  in  hot  rain  wn.irr  sz^jieixt  t j  w^U 
tsttuatetheakli:;  take alosi 4 os. ;  saltSoz.;  anddigsolveaL-obiLot 


1 

T 

I 

CI 

J..  ■ 

d: 

lys  "i: 

ere  b 

tHATEfSa   TrOEKERS',    iC,   llECEIPTS.  S45 

Rus  water  ;  vrhen  gufflcientlv  cool  torJlowthe  hnndlmj  of  it  witb- 
«ut  scalding,  put  La  the  sk-in  lor  U  hours  ;  tiica  wrin-j  out  tte  -watei 
End  hang  up  for  12  honrs  more  to  drv.  Kc«."ttlns  List  soaliing  and 
drying  2  or  3  times,  according  tn  tie  dcsLreU  ?oftne-s  oi  the  pJdn  when 
finished.  Lr..-t;v  finish,  bj  pulling  and  v^ork;;;;;,  and  finally  by  rub- 
king  with  a  piece  of  pan^ico-^•t<>ne  and  fine  fjiv.d-paper.  This  worfca 
3^6  a  charm  on  fheep-sk:u.=«,  iui  glons,  doc,  v.. df,  bear-skins,  &c. 

Process  of  TAXNitrfi  Calf,  Kip,  a:.i>  ILvii>es3  Leathtr  ix 
FBOM  6  TO  30  Days. — ^For  a  12-Ib  aili-skln.  tike  3  lbs.  of  tena  ja- 
pon  ra,  common  salt,  2  ll)?. ;  alum,  1  lb. ;  pv.t  tliem  in  a  copper  kettle 
\r:tt  euiScieiit  water  to  dissolve  the  whole  w;:';,  -ut  boiling.  The  skin 
will  be  limed,  haired,  imd  treated  every  wav  a*  for  the  old  process, 
when  it  will  be  put  rrito  a  vc^^J;cl  with  water  to  cover  it,  at  whidi  time 
you  \^ii.  put  in  1  pint  cf  ti.e  composition,  t-tirriug  it  well,  adding  tliO 
fame  night  and  mo-xing  for  tkree  days,  when  tou  will  add  the  whole, 
handling  2  or  3  tLi.os  daily  all  the  time  t.  uuiii^  ;  yon  can  continue 
to  use  tlie  tanning  liquid  bV  adding  half  the  qoantity  each  time,  by 
keeping  thp=e  ■  roportions  for  any  amount,  li  tou  desire  to  give  4 
d.iik  color  to  tlie  leatlser,  you  will  put  in  1  lb.  61  Sicily  sumac  ;  kip 
tkins  will  Tc-TiUixe  ab<3Ut  20*days,  licht  horse  hides  for  harness  30  aays, 
calf-gkir.s  fn^m  G  to  10  davs  at  mo^t. 

To  TA2f  Kavt  lIiDS. — AvLon  taiken  from  the  animal,  spraad  it  flesh 
eideup;  then  put  2  i«,rts  of  go.lt,  2part3  of  6alti>etre  and  alum  oom- 
Li:ied,  make  it  fine,  sprinkia  it  evenly  over  the  surface,  roll  it  up,  let 
it  r.lone  a  few  d.iT.s  till  diss«jlvei;  then  t:ke  off  what  fle^h  remniiK', 
and  nail  tl  e  $l;in  to'  the  side  of  a  bam  in  the  srjj,  stretoh  tight,  to 
make  it  solt  like  harness  leather,  put  neaf  s-f  Jot  oil  on  it.  fasten  it  up 
in  the  er.n  again ;  then  rub  cut  all  tke  oil  you  can  with  a  wedge- 
shaped  stick,  ai>d  it  is  tanned  with  tie  hair  on. 

To  Ta>'  MrsKRAT  SsLss  WITH  TiLG  Fi.*B  OX. — First,  for  soaking, 
to  10  gals.  co\d  soit  water,  add  8  parts  of  wheat  bran,  o:d  soap,  J  pL ; 
pnlverirpd  borax,  1  oz. ;  sulpliuric  acid,  2  o.'.s.  If  the  skitLs  have  not 
been  salted,  add  salt,  1  pL  Green  skins  should  not  be  soaked  more 
than  8  to  10  houis.  Dry  ones  should  soak  tiU  very  soft  The  sul- 
phuric a'^id  hr..~teus  the  soaking  process.  For  tan  liquor,  to  10  gals. 
warm  sOit  water,  add  bran,  ^  bushel;  stir  well,  and  let  it  ferment  in  a 
warm  room.  Then  add  slowly,  sulphuric  acid^  2^  lbs. ;  stir  all  the 
time  Musk  tat  skins  should  remain  in  about  4  hours ;  then  tike  out 
and  ub  "with  a  fle^^hing  knife ;  an  old  chopping  knife  with  the  edg* 
take:  cfi:  will  da    Then  work  it  over  a  beam  until  entirely  dry. 

To  Dte  Fru^ — Any  dye  tliat  will  color  wool  will  also  color  fun, 
and  an  imiucuse  nr.mler  of  such  dyes  can  be  found  under  tlie  dyers 
depaitniciit.  in  bujing  furs,  examine  tlie  density  and  lenarth  of  the 
down  next  the  skin,*tlus  can  easily  be  done  by  blowing  brL«kiy  against 
the  set  of  the  fur,  if  it  is  very  close  and  dense  it  is  aU  right,  but  if  it 
«pens  easily^and  exposes  much  of  the  skin,  reject  it 

French  "FixjSH  for  Leathke, — Take  a  common  wooden  paUfnl  of 
Bcraps  (the  legs  sad  pates  of  cjiLf-skius  are  l>est),  and  put  a  handfnl 
each  of  salt  and  alnm  upon  them,  ai>d  l*>t  stand  three  days  ;,  then  boll 
until  they  get  a  tliick  paste  ;  in  usmg,  you  will  warm  it,  and  in  the 
f  r?t  aupiic-atioD  put  a  little  tallow  with  it,  and  It  a  second  time  a 
little  soil  £O0>,  and  ase  it  in  the  r^nlar  way  of  finishing,  and  jou 
le<ither  'nlU  be  soft  aod  pliable,  like  Fiecdi  le&tli£X. 


ii%  LEATHER  WORKERS',  AC,  RECEIPTS. 

Fbbxch  Patent  Leather.— Work  into  the  skin  with  appropriafcl 
tools  3  or  4  Buccessive  coatingf>  of  drying  vamieh,  made  by  boiling 
linseed  oil  with  white  lead  and  litharge,  iu  the  proportion  of  one 
pound  of  each  of  the  latter  to  one  gallon  of  the  former,  and  addhig  » 
portion  of  chalk  or  ochre,  each  coating  being  thoroughly  dried  before 
the  application  of  the  next  Ivory  black  is  tlien  substituted  for  the 
chalk  or  ochre,  the  varnish  tJjinned  ^vith  spirits  of  turpentine,  and 
five  additional  applicatious  made  iu  the  same  manner  as  before,  except 
that  it  is  put  on  thin  and  not  worked  in.  The  leather  is  rubbed  down 
with  punuce-stone,  in  powder,  and  then  placed  in  a  room  at  90  degrees, 
out  of  tlie  way  of  dust  The  last  varnish  is  prepared  by  boiling  §  lb. 
asphaltum  with  10  lbs.  of  tlie  drying  oil  used  in  the  first  stage  of  the 
process,  and  then  stirring  in  5  lbs.  copal  varnish  and  10  lbs.  ol  turpen- 
tine.   It  must  have  1  month's  age  before  using  it. 

CriEAP  Tanking  without  Bark  or  Mineral  Astejngents. — The 
astringent  liquor  is  composed  of  water,  17  ^als. ;  Aleppo  galls.  J  lb. ; 
Bengal  catechu,  1^ oz.  and  5  lbs.  of  tormentil,  or  septfoil  root  Powder 
the  mgredients,  and  boil  in  the  water  1  hour  ;  when  cool,  put  in  the 
ekins  (which  must  be  prepared  by  being  plunged  into  a  preparation  of 
bran  and  water  for  2  days  previously) ;  handle  them  frequently  during 
the  first  3  days,  let  them  alone  the  next  3  days,  then  handle  three  or 
lour  times  iu  one  day  ;  let  them  lie  undisturbed  for  25  days  more^ 
when  the  process  will  be  complete. 

New  Tai.t«ng  Composition. — For  harness  leather,  4  lbs.  catechn, 
3  pts.  common  ley,  3  oz.  of  alum.  For  wax  leather  (split  leather),  3 
lbs.  catechu,  3  pts.  common  ley,  3  oz.  alum.  For  calf-skins  2  lbs. 
catechu,  1  pt  ley.  For  slie€2}-skins,  1  lb.  catechu,  1  pt.  ley,  1  oz.  alum. 
The  catechu  by  itself  will  make  the  leather  hard  and  brittle^  the  ley 
will  soften  it;  the  alum  being  only  used  for  coloring,  can  be  dispensed 
with,  or  other  matter  used  iu  its  place.  The  mixture  is  in  every 
case  boiled,  and  the  leather  is  then  immersed  in  it  long  enough  to 
be  thoroughly  tanned,  for  which  purpose  the  harness  leather  should 
be  steeped  from  18  to  20  days,  wax  leather  from  12  to  14  days,  calf- 
ekins  from  7  to  9  days,  and  sheep-skins  from  2  to  4  days. 

French  Polish  ok  Dressino  for  Leather. — Jttix  2  pts.  best 
Tiuegar,  with  1  vt.  soft  water;  etir  into  it  J  lb.  glue,  broken  up,  ^  lb. 
logwooQ-cliips,  i  oz.  of  finely  powdered  indigo,  J  oz.  of  the  best  soft 
Boap,  ^  oz.  of  isinglass;  put  tlie  mixture  over  the  fire,  and  let  it  boil 
ten  minutes  or  more;  then  strain,  bottle,  and  corli.  When  cold,  it  ia 
fit  for  use.    Apply  with  a  sponge. 

Tanning. — The  first  operation  Is  to  soak  the  hide,  as  no  hide  can 
be  properly  tanned  uuIces  it  has  been  soaked  and  broken  on  a  fleshin? 
beam.  If  the  hide  has  not  been  salted  add  a  little  salt  and  soak  it  in 
6oft  water.  In  order  to  be  thoroughly  soaked,  green  hides  should 
remain  in  the  liquor  from  'J  to  13  days;  of  course  the  time  varies  with 
the  thickness  of  tlie  hide.  The  following  liquor  is  used  to  remove 
hair,  or  wool,  viz. :  10  gals,  cold  water  (soft);  8  qts.  slacked  lime,  and 
tie  same  quantity  of  wood  ashes.  Soak  untU  the  hair  or  wool  will 
pull  o£f  easily.  As  it  frequently  happens  it  is  desirable  to  cure  tlie 
aide  and  keep  the  hair  clean,  the  following  paste  should  be  made, 
viz:  equal  parts  of  lime  and  hard  wood  ashes  (Ume  should  be  slaked) 
and  made  into  a  paste  with  soft  water.  This  should  be  spread  on  the 
SiBth.  aide  of  the  hide  and  the  akin  rolled  up  fiesh  side  in  and  placed 


LEATHER    TTOKKERS*,   AC,   KECEIPTS.  243 

to  a  tnb  jnst  corering  it  Tdth  water.  It  should  remain  10  days  of 
until  the  nair  will  pull  out  easily,  then  scraije  with  a  knife.  The 
skins  of  animals  are  composed  maiily  of  glue  or  gluten.  This  is  soluble, 
r.nd  the  principle  derived  from  tlie  bark,  tannin  or  tannic  acid  is  also 
to  a  considerable  extent  soluble;  when  tlie  latter  is  allowed  to  act 
npon  the  former,  chemical  combination  takes  place,  and  leather  is  pro- 
iuced,  whicli  is  insoluble. 

CiKRiERs'  Size.— Take  of  sizing,  Iqt. ;  soft  soap,  1  gUl;  stuffing, 
1  gill ;  sweet  mLLlc,  ^  pt. ;  boil  the  sizing  in  water  to  a  proper  consistence, 
.-tntin,  and  add  tlie  other  ingredients ;  and  when  thoroughly  mixed,  it 
is  ready  for  use. 

CuRBiEKs'  Past-e.— First  Coaf.— Take  of  water,  2  qts.;  flour,  * 
pint;  Castile  soap,  1  oz. ;  make  into  paste.  Second  Coat. — ^Take  of 
fi  1st  paste,  i  pt. ;  gumtragacauth,  1  gUl;  water,  Ipt. ;  mix  all  together. 
This  will  finish  18  sides  oi  upper. 

CrKKiEKs'  Skirting. —This  is  for  finishing  skirting  and  the  flesh 
of  harness  leather,  iu  imitation  of  oak  tanning.  Take  of  chrome 
yeUow,  i  lb.  ;  yellow  ochre.  1  lb.  ;  cream  of  tirtar,  1  oz.  ;  soda,  ^ 
oz.  ;  paste  5  qU.  ;  mix  well    Tliis  will  finish  twelve  sides. 

Skiktinc,. — For  the  grain  to  imitate  oak  tan.  Take  of  chrome 
yellow,  i  lb.  ;  yellow  ochie,  h  lb.  ;  cream  of  tartar  1  oz.  ;  soda,  1 
oz.  ;  paste  2  qt.s.  ;  spirits  of  torpenttue,  1  pt  ;  mix  well.  This 
will  finish  twelve  sides. 

Dyes  for  Morocco  ajnd  Sheep  Leatheb.— (iJZwc.)— Blue  is 
given  by  steeping  the  subject  a  day  in  uriue  and  indigo,  th€n  boiling  it 
with  alum  ;  or,  it  may  be  given  by  tempering  the  indigo,  with  red 
wine,  and  washingtheskin  therewith. — Aiiolher. — Boil  elderberries  or 
dwarf -elder,  then  smear  and  wash  the  skins  therewith  and  wring  them 
out ;  tlicn  boil  the  elderberries  as  before  in  a  solution  of  alum  water, 
and  wet  the  skins  in  the  same  manner  once  or  twice,  dry  them,  and 
tlicy  will  be  tcij  blue.- (7?.<i. )— Red  is  given  by  washing  the  skin  and 
laymg  them  2  hours  in  gall,  then  wrmging  them  out,  dipping  them 
in  a  Bquor  made  with  ligastrvmi,  alum,  and  verdigris,  in  water,  and 
lastly  in  the  dye  made  of  BiazLl  wood  boiled  with  ley.  {Purple. )— Pur- 
ple 18  given  by  wetting  the  skins  with  a  solution  of  roche  alum  in 
warm  water,  and  when  diy,  again  rubbing  them  with  the  hand  with  a 
decoction  of  logwood  in  cold  water.  ( Green. )— Green  is  given  by 
smearmg  the  skin  with  sap-green  and  alum  boiled.  {Dark  Green.  >— 
Dark  green  ia  given  with  steel-filings  and  sal-anunoniac,  steeped  in 
wine  till  soft,  then  smeared  over  the  skin,  which  is  to  be  dried  in  the 
ehade.  ( Yellcno. ) — YcUow  ia  given  by  smearing  the  sJun  over  with  aloes 
and  linseed-oil  dissolved  and  strained,  or  by  infusing  in  weld.  {Lu/ht 
Oranf/e.) — Orange  color  is  given  by  smearing  it  with  fustic  berries 
boiled  in  alum  water,  or  for  deep  orange,  with  turmeric.  {Sky-color. ) 
Sky-color  is  given  with  indigo  steeped  in  boiling  water,  and  the  next 
morning  warmed  and  smer  rod  over  the  skin.   jS'ee  Dyers'  Department. 

To  Marijle  Looks  or  I'.vper.- rrovide  a  wooden  trough  2  Inches 
deep  and  the  length  and  width  of  any  dasired  sheet ;  boU  in  a  brass 
or  copper  \-:'.n  any  quantity  of  linseed  and  water  mitil  a  thick  mucil- 
uge  is  formed  ;  strain  it  into  tlie  trough,  and  let  cool ;  then  grind  on  a 
marble  slab  any  of  the  following  colors  in  small  beer.  For  Blue. — 
Prussian  blue  or  indigo.  R-'d. — Rose-pink,  vermilion,  or  drop  lake. 
Yeltov — King's  yellow,  yellow  ochre,  &c,     H7ki(€.— Flake  vhit€c 


243  LEATHER    -WOEKEKs'.   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

BlacTc. — burnt  ivory  or  lamb  black.  Brown. — ^Umber,  burnt  do.; 
terra  di  Bienna,  burnt  do.  Black,  mised  with  yeHoAv  or  red,  ako 
makes  broTvn.  G>-e>:n. — Bine  and  Vellow  mixed.  Orange. — Ec  J  and 
yellcv  mixed,  ^urplr. — ^Red  ana  blue  mixed.  For  each  color  voa 
mu5t  have  two  cups,  one  fcr  the  color  arter  griiiding,  the  other  to.  mir 
it  irith  ox-sall.  ■wLieh  mur-t  be  used  to  tLin  tlie*  colors  at  discret'.^n. 
If  too  much  gall  is  used,  the  colois'will  ei  rend  ;  ■when  they  keep  their 
place  on  the  surface  of  the  trough,  when  moved  with  a  qii'"'l,  they  are 
•£t  for  use.  All  things  in  readmessj  the  colors  axe  successively 
sprinkled  on  the  surface  of  the  mucilage  in  the  trough  with  a  brush, 
and  are  waved  or  dravm  about  with  a  quill  or  a  stick,  accordLng  to 
taste.  When  the  design  is  just  for.iied,  tae  bock,  tied  ti,:;htly  between 
cutting  boards  of  the  same  size  is  lightly  prest  i-d  with  its  edje  on  the 
surface  of  the  liquid  pattern,  and  then  withdrawn  and  dried.  The 
covers  mav  be  marbled  in  tlie  same  way  only  letting  tlie  liquid  colors 
run  over  uiem.  In  marbling  pry.er  tl;e  sides  of  the  paper  is  geutlr 
applied  to  the  colors  in  the  troufc'.i.  The  film  of  color  iu  the  ticuga 
may  be  as  thin  as  possible,  aud  if  any  remains  after  the  marbling  it 
may  be  taken  off  by  applying  paper  to  it  before  you  prepare  for 
marbling  again.  To" diversify  the  effects,  colors  are  often  t.i^ed  with 
a  little  sweet  oil  before  sprinlding  thcai  on,  by  which  meaas  a  light 
halo  or  circle  appears  around  eac-n  sfx-t 

BooKBiKDERs'  V.UIX1SH.  —  ShcUac,  8  parts  ;  gum  benzoin,  3 
parts  ;  gum  mastic,  2  parts  ;  bniise,  and  digest  in  alcohol,  4<i  parts  ; 
oil  of  lavender,  ^  part.  Or,  digest  shellac,  4  parts  ;  gum  mastic, 
2  parts;  gum  dammer  and  white  trnpentine,  of  each,  1  part;  with 
alcohol  (95  per  cent.),  28  parts. 

Red  SPKCfKxs  for  EooKBrs-DERs'  Usz. — Crazilwocd  (gToand\  4 
paits;  alum,  1  part;  vinegar,  4  parts;  water,  4  parts.  Boil  uiitU 
reduced  to  1  jiarts,  then  add  a  quantity  of  loaf  sugar  and  gam;  bot- 
tle for  use.  Llu<-. — Strong  sirlphiiric  acid,  8  oz.";  Spanish  i::digo, 
powdered.  2  oz. ;  mix  in  a  bottle  that  will  hold  a  quart,  ar.d  place  it  in 
a  warm  br.th  to  promote  solution  For  use,  dilute  a  little  to  the 
required  color  in  a  tea-cup.  B!ack. — Xo  better  black  can  be  pK)cnred 
than  that  made  by  tiie  receipt  for  edge  blacking,  in  this  work,  i:hKh 
see.  Oi-ange  color. — Ground  Brazilwood,  16  parf;;  auaatto,  4  parts, 
alum,  sugar,  and  gam  arabic,  each  1  part;  water,  70  parts,  boH,  rtraia, 
and  bottle.  Purple. — Logwood  chips ;  4  parts,  powdered  ah.ini,  1  port; 
foft  water,  24  parts;  boiTimtil  reduced  t)  IG  parts,  and  bottle  for  uFe. 
Green  —French  berries,  1  part;  soft  water,  S  parts.  Boil,  and  add  a 
litt'e  powdered  alum,  then  bring  it  to  the  required  shade  of  green,  by 
ad.iing  liquid  blue.  Broton. — Dogwpod  chips,  1  part;  annatto,  1  part 
b(  lU  in  water,  6  jiarts ;  if  too  light  add  a  piece  of  copperas  the  size 
of  a  pea. 

TaEE-MABBLE. — A  marbiB  in  the  form  of  trees  may  bo.  done  by 
Ix-uding  the  boards  a  little  on  the  centre,  using  the  same  method  as 
the  common  marble,  having  the  covers  previously  prepared.  TTie  end 
of  a  candle  may  be  rubbed  on  different  parts  of  the  board  to  form 
loiots.  Bice-Marble. — Color  the  cover  with  spirits  of  wine  and  t-.ir- 
ci eric,  then  place  on  rice  in  a  regular  manner,  throw  on  averyCr.a 
sprinkle  of  copperas  water  till  the  cover  is  near'y  black,  and  let  it  re- 
main till  dry.*  The  cover  may  be  spotted  with  the  red  liquid  or 
potash-water,  very  freely,  before  tlie  rice  is  thrown  off  the  board*. 


LEATHSB   WOKKEKS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.'  249 

Ppoftc-d  Marble  for  Books,  etc.— After  the  fore-odge  of  the  book  h  cnt 
L.t  it  remi^iv  in  the  press,  antl  thro.v  on  linseeds  in  a  regular  mamu  i% 
Enrinkletho  eclije  withouy  d;irk  color  till  the  paper  is  covered,  then 
shake  oflf  tJie  tweeds.  Varioiis  colors  may  be  used;  the  edge  may  be 
colored  with  yellow  or  red  before  throwing  on  the  seeds,  and  sprmk- 
ling  with  blue.  The  seeds  will  make  a  tiue  fancy  edge  when  placed 
rery  thick  on  differrut  jiarts,  witli  a  few  slightly  thrown  on  the  sixicea 
between.  Japmi  Culorinj  for  Leather  liool:-<:overs,  etc  —  After  tho 
book  is  covered  and  dry,  color  tlie  cover  with  potash-water  mixed 
with  a  little  paste:  give  2  good  coats  of  Brazil  wash,  and  glaze  it;  put 
the  book  between  the  hands,  allowing  the  bairds  to  slope  a  Uttlo; 
d.ish  on  copperas- wiiter,  tljen  with  a  sponge  full  of  red  liquid  press 
out  on  the  back  and  on  diJerent  part.s  Lirge  drops,  which  will  run 
down  each  board  and  make  a  line  shaded  red ;  when  tlie  cover  is  dry, 
wa.sh  it  over  2  or  3  times  with  BracQ  wash  to  give  it  a  brighter 
color.    {See  the  various  dyeK  forlea'hcr.) 

Gold  Spri>-jclb  fkh  JB  jOks.— I'nt  in  a  marble  mortar  J  oz.  pnre 
honey  and  one  book  of  gold  leaf,  rub  thera  well  together  until  they 
are  very  fine,  add  \  puit  cle:o:  water,  and  mis  well  together;  when  the 
water  clears,  pour  it  oS,  and  put  in  mora  till  the  honey  is  all  extracted, 
snd  nothing  remains  but  the  gold;  mix  one  grain  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate in  a  teasixjoui'iil  of  spuits  of  wine,  aiid  when  dissolved,  puttiie 
pam3,  together  with  a  little  gum  water,  to  tl:o  gold,  and  bottle  for  use. 
The  sdges  of  the  book  may  be  spihihlcd  or  colored  -^ery  dark,  with 
gieen,  blue,  or  pnrple,  and  Lastly  ^vith  the  gold  liquid  in  small  or 
large  spots,  very  regular,  shaking  the  bottle  before  using.  Burnish 
the  edges  when  dry,  aud  cover  them  with  paper  to  prevent  tlia  dust 
falling  thereou.  This  sprinkle  will  have  a  most  beautilul  appearance 
on  extra  work. 

To  Gild  tste Edges  of  Books.— Armenian  bole,  4  parts;  sngarcan- 
dy,  1  part;  white  of  egg  to  mix.  Apply  this  composition  to  tlie  edgo 
of  the  leaves,  previously  firmly  screwed  in  the  cutting-press;  when 
nfci\rly  dry,  smooth  tlie  surface  with  the  burnisher;  then  take  a 
damp  sponge  aud  pass  over  it,  and  with  a  piece  of  cotton  wool,  fcika 
the  leaf  from  the  cushion  and  apply  it  to  the  work ;  when  qcite  drv, 
burnish,  obsen  ing  to  place  a  piece  of  silver  or  India  paper  between 
the  gold  and  tho  ag;ite. 

Chinese  Eu.;r  kok  Books. — Color  the  edge  with  liglit  liquid  blue 
and  dry ;  then  tike  a  sponge  charged  with  vermilion  and  dab  on  spots 
according  to  fancy ;  next  throw  on  rice,  and  finish  the  edge  with  dark 
liqu'.d  blue. 

T<j  MAKE  Paper  tsto  Parchment. — To  produce  this  transforma- 
tion, take  imsized  paper  and  plimge  it  into  a  solution  of  two  parts  of 
coaccrtrated  sulphuric  acid  combined  with  1  part  water;  withdi-aw 
it  imu*ecUately,  aud  wash  it  in  clean  water,  and  the  change  is  com- 
plete. It  is  now  fit  for  writing;  for  the  acid  suw)lies  the  want  of  size, 
and  it  becomes  so  strong  that  a  strip  2  or  3  mches  wide  will  bear 
from  GO  to  80  lbs.  weight,  while  a  hke  strap  of  parchment  will  bear 
oi^  about  25  lbs. 

To  Maxufacture  Glue.— This  article  is  usually  made  from  tha 
parings  and  waste  pieces  of  hides  aud  skins,  the  refuse  of  taimeries, 
the  tendons  and  otlier  offal  of  slaughter  houses.  They  ought  to  be 
ebtaiued  aud  kept  ja  th9  dry  itate,  to  prereut  decomposiUon.    Fox 


250  LEATHER   TVORKEES',    AC,  RECEIPTS. 

■  nse,  they  are  first  steeped  for  14  or  15  days  in  mfTk  of  lime,  and  thea 
drained  and  dried  ;  tliia  constitutes  the  cleaning  or  tlie  preparation. 
Before  conversion  into  glue  they  are  nsaally  steeped  in  v>eak  milk  ol 
lime,  well  -worked  in  water,  and  exposed  to  the  air  for  24  hours. 
They  are  then  placed  in  a  copper  boiler  §  fiUed  with  water  and  f  iir- 
nished  with  a  perforated  faUe  bottom,  to  prevent  them  from  burning, 
and  as  mucn  is  piled  on  as  will  fill  the  vessel  and  rest  on  the  top  of 
it  Heat  is  next  applied,  and  gentle  boiling  continued  until  tlie 
liquor  on  cooling  becomes  a  gelathioos  ma.ss.  The  clear  portion  ia 
then  run  off  intx)  another  vessel  where  it  is  kept  hot  by  a  water  bath, 
and  all  around  to  repose  for  some  hours  to  dexif  it,  when  it  ia  ran  into 
the  congealing  boxes  and  plated  in  a  cool  Bitur.tion.  The  next  morn- 
ing the  cold  gelatinous  mass  is  turned  out  uixia  boards  wetted  with 
water,  and  are  cut  horizontally  in  thin  cakes  with  a  stretched  piece  of 
brass  wire,  and  into  smaller  cakes  with  a  moistened  flat  knife.  These 
cakes  are  placed  upon  nettings  to  dry,  after  which  they  are  dipped 
one  by  one  in  hot  water  and  slightly  rubbed  with  a  brush  wetted 
with  boiling  water,  to  give  them  a  gloss  ;  they  are  lastly  stove  dried 
for  sale.  During  this  time  the  undissolved  skins,  &c. ,  left  in  the  cop- 
per is  treated  with  water  and  the  whole  operation  is  repeated  agam 
and  again,  as  any  gelatinous  matter  is  extracted.  The  first  runmngs 
produce  the  finest  and  bett  glue.  The  refuse  matter  from  the  tan- 
ners and  leather  dressers  yields  on  the  average,  when  dried,  50  per 
cent  of  its  weight  in  glue. 

To  DvE  Leathzb  Yellow.— Picric  acid  gives  a  good  yellow 
without  any  mordant ;  it  must  be  tised  in  very  dilute  solution,  and 
not  warmer  than  7(P  Fahr.,  so  as  not  to  penetrate  the  leathe 

Greex  Dve  foh  Lk-\theb. — Aniline  blue  modifies  picric  twid  to 
a  fine  green.  In  dyeing  the  leather,  the  temperature  of  85"  Fahr., 
must  never  be  exceeded.     See  AniliiieDyes  in  Dyers'  Bep't. 

Dyes  fob  Ivory,  Horn^,  axd  'Bo:st..— Black. — 1.  Lay  the  articles 
lor  several  hours  in  a  strong  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver,  and  expose 
to  the  light  2.  Boil  the  article  for  some  time  in  a  strained  decoction 
of  logwood,  and  then  steep  in  a  solution  of  per-sulphate  or  acetate  of 
bon.  3.  Immerse  frequently  in  ink  uutil  of  sufficient  depth  of  color. 
Blue. — 1.  Immerse  for  some  dilute  solution  of  sulphate  of  indigo,  partly 
eaturated  with  potash,  and  it  will  be  fully  stained.  2.  Steep  in  a 
strong  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper.  Green. — 1.  Dip  blue-stained 
articles  for  a  short  time  in  a  nitro-hydrochlorate  of  tin,  and  then  in  a 
hot  decoction  of  fustic.  2.  Boil  in  a  solution  of  verdigris  in  vinegar 
Bntil  the  desired  color  is  obtained.  Red. — 1.  Dip  the  article  first  in  a  tin 
mordant  used  in  dyeing,  and  then  plunge  in  a  hot  decoction  of  Brazil 
wood — \  lb.  to  a  gallon  of  water  or— cochineal.  2.  Steep  in  red  ink 
till  sufficiently  stained.  Scarlet. — Use  lack  dye  instead  of  the  pre- 
ceding. Violet — Dip  in  the  tin  mordant,  and  then  immerse  in  a  decoc- 
tion of  logwood.  Ttillow. — ^Boil  the  articles  in  a  solution  of  alum,  1  lb. 
to  i  a  gallon,  then  immerse  for  half  an  hoxir  in  the  following  mirure : 
T.ake  h  lb.  of  turmeric,  and  4  lb.  pearlash:  boil  in  1  gah  water:  whea 
tiiken  from  this,  the  bone  must  be  again  dipped  ia  the  alum  solution. 

Mother  of  Pearl  Work. — ^This  delicate  substance  requires  great 
care  in  its  workmanship,  but  it  may  be  cut  with  tlie  aid  ot  saws,  files 
and  drills,  with  the  aid  of  muriatic  or  sulphuric  acid,  and  it  is  polished 
ty  colcothar,  ox  the  brom  red  oxide  of  iron  left  altex  the  <^ifftill^^ti"B 


LEATHER   "NVORKEES',    &.C.,  RECEIPTS.  251 

of  the  add  from  sulphate  of  iron.  In  all  omamental  work,  -where 
pearl  is  said  to  be  used,  for  flat  surfaces,  such  as  Inlaying,  moeaie 
work,  &c.,  it  is  not  real  pearl,  but  mother  of  pearl  that  is  used. 

To  Polish  Peabl. — Take  finely  pulverized  rotten  stone  and  make 
into  a  thick  pa^te  by  adding  olive  oil ;  then  add  sulpnuric  acid  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  make  into  a  thin  paste,  apply  on  a  velvet  cork  ; 
rub  quickly  aud,  as  soon  as  the  pearl  takes  the  poUsh,  wash  it. 

To  Polish  Ivoby. — Remove  any  scratches  or  tile  marks  that  may 
be  present  with  finely  pulverized  pumice-stone,  moistened  with 
water. — Then  wa.sh  the  ivory  and  polish  with  prepared  chalk,  applied 
moist  upon  apiece  of  chamois  leatner,  rubbing  quickly. 

Etching  pIcid  fob  Ivoby, — Take  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  dilnto 
muriatic  acid,  equal  parts  :  mix.  For  etching  varnish  take  white  wax, 
2  parts  ;  tears  of  ma.«;tic,  2  paila  :  mix. 

To  gild  Ivoby. — Immerse  it  in  a  solution  of  nitro-murlate  of  gold, 
and  then  expose  it  to  hydrogen  gas  while  damp.  Wash  it  afterward* 
iu  clean  water. 

To  Sil%'eb  Ivory. — Pound  a  small  piece  of  nitrate  of  silver  in  a 
mortar,  add  soft  water  to  it,  mix  them  well  together,  and  keep  in  vial 
ior  use.  When  you  wi.'^h  to  silver  any  article,  immerse  it  in  this 
BOlution,  let  it  remain  till  it  turns  of  a  deep  yeUow  ;  then  place  it  in. 
dear  water,  and  expose  it  to  the  rays  of  the  sun.  If  you  wish  to 
depicture  a  figure,  name,  or  cipher,  on  your  ivory,  dip  a  camel* s-hair 
pencil  in  the  solution,  and  draw  the  subject  on  the  ivory.  After  it  has 
tamed  a  deep  yellow,  wash  it  well  with  water,  and  place  it  in  the 
eunshine,  occasioually  wetting  it  with  pure  water.  In  a  short  time  it 
will  turn  of  a  deep  black  color,  which,  if  well  rubbed,  will  change  to 
B  brilliant  silver. 

To  Soften  Ivobt. — In  3  oz.  epirits  of  nitre  and  15  oz.  of  spring- 
•water,  mixed  togetlier,  put  your  ivory  to  soak  ;  and  in  three  or  four 
days  it  will  obey  your  fingers. 

To  Whiten  Iv'orj-. — Slake  Kome  lime  in  water  ;  put  yonr  ivory  in 
the  water,  after  being  decanted  from  the  grounds,  and  boil  it  till  it 
looks  quite  white.  To  polish  it  afterwards,  set  it  in  the  turner's  wheel ; 
and,  after  having  worked,  take  rushes  and  pumice-stones,  subtila 
powder,  with  water,  rub  it  tiU  it  looks  perfectly  smooth.  Next  to 
that,  heat  it  by  turuing  it  againsta  piece  of  linen  or  sheep-skin  leather  : 
and  when  hot,  rub  it  over  with  a  little  dry  whiting  diluted  in  oil  of 
oUve  ;  then  with  a  Uttle  dry  whiting  alone  :  finally  with  a  piece  of 
soft  white  rag.  When  all  this  is  performed  as  directed,  the  ivory  will 
look  very  white. 

Anotheb  WAT  TO  Bleach  Ivort. — Take  2  handfuls  of  lime,  slaka 
it  by  sprinkling  it  with  water  :  then  add  3  pts.  of  water,  and  stir  th« 
■whole  together  ;  let  it  settle  ten  minutes,  and  pour  the  water  into  a 
pan  for  your  purpose.  Then  take  your  ivory  aud  steep  it  in  the  lime- 
water  for  24  hoursj  after  which,  boil  it  iu  a  strong  alum- water  1  hour, 
and  dry  it  in  the  air. 

Horn  in  Imitation  of  Tobtoise-Shell. — First  steam  and  then 
press  the  horn  into  proper  shapes,  aud  afterwards  lay  the  following 
mixture  on  with  a  small  brush,  iu  imitation  of  the  mottle  of  tortoise- 
shell  ;  Take  equal  parts  of  quick  lime  and  litliarge,  and  mix  with 
strong  soap-lees  ;  let  this  remain  until  it  is  thoiMughly  dry  ;  brush  off. 
ynd  repeat  two  or  three  times  it  necessary,  S  uch  paits  as  ar«  teqaked 


952  LEATnEn  ttorkers',  &c.,  receipts. 

to  l>e  of  ft  reddiab  bro'mi  Eboold  be  coveied  \nth  a  mlxtare  o£  wbitin^ 
aod  the  stain. 

To  cnr  and  polish  M.\rble.— The  marble  saw  is  a  tliin  plate  of 
Boft  iron,  contiuualiy  supplied,  during  it3  eawing  motion,  •wita  water 
and  tlie  slinrpest  sand.  The  Ba\vtng  of  modsr:ite  pieces  is  performed 
by  hand  :  that  of  large  shibs  is  moat  fccououiieally  done  by  a  proi>er 
mill.  The  lii-st  substance  used  in  the  iwiishiu^;  process  is  the  sharpest 
Band,  which  must  be  worked  with  till  the  Bariace  becomes  perfectly 
flat.  Then  a  second  and  even  a  third  snnd,  of  increasing  fineness,  js 
to  be  appUed.  The  next  substance  is  emery,  of  progTcssive  degrees 
of  fineness  ;  after  which,  ti'ipoli  is  employed  ;  and  uie  last  polish  U 
given  with  tin  putty.  The  body  witli  which  the  sand  is  rubbed  iipo:i 
file  marble  is  usually  a  plate  of  iron  ;  but,  for  the  subsequent  proces.-<., 
a  plate  of  lead  is  used,  with  fine  sand  and  euiery.  The  polisliiiig- 
rubbers  are  coarse  linen  cloths,  or  bagging,  wedged  tight  into  an  iron 
planing  tool.  In  every  step  of  the  oxieratiou,  a  constant  trickling 
supply  of  water  is  required. 

Powerful,  Ci^ie-nt  for  Broken  Marble. — ^Take  gum  arabic,  1 
lb.  ;  make  mto  a  thick  mucilage:  add  to  it  jviujcred  plaster  of  Paris, 
li  lb.  ;  sifted  quick  lime,  5  oz.  ;  mix  well  ;  heat  the  marble,  and  ap- 
ply the  niLxtiue. 

Seven  Colors  For  SxAJXixa  Marble. — It  is  necessary  to  heat 
the  marble  hot,  but  not  so  hot  as  to  injure  it,  the  proper  heat  being  that 
at  which  the  colors  nearly  boil.  Bute ;  alkaline  indigo  dye,  or  turn- 
sole with  alkali.  Ji  d;  Dragon's  blood  in  spirits  of  wine.  Ydlow ; 
gamboge  in  spirits  of  wine.  Gold  Color ;  siil-ammoniac,  sulphate  of 
zinc,  and  verdigris  equal  parts.  Green ;  s.ip  green  in  spirits  of  pot- 
ash. Brown  ;  tuicture  Oi  logwood.  Crinis'm ;  alkauet  root  in  tur- 
pentine. Marble  may  be  veined  according  to  taste.  To  stain  marble 
well  is  a  difficult  operation. 

Perpetual  Ixk  for  Tomstoxes,  etc. — Pitch,  11  lbs.  ;  Iximpblack, 
1  lb.  ;  turpentine  snfiicient ;  mix  with  heat 

To  Clean  Old  M.uiBLE. — Talie  a  bullock's  gaU,  1  gill  soap  lees, 
half  a  gill  of  turpentine  ;  make  into  a  paste  ^vith  pipeclay,  apply  it  to 
the  marble  ;  let  it  dry  a  day  or  two,  and  then  rub  it  off,  ana  it  will 
appear  eqiKil  to  new  ;  if  very  dirty,  repeat  the  application. 

To  EXTR.VCT  Oil  from  Marble  or  Stone.— Soft  soap,  1  part ; 
fullers  earth,  2  jxirts  ;  potash,  1  part ;  boiling  water  to  mis.  Lay  it 
on  the  spots  of  grease,  and  let  it  remain  for  a  few  hours. 

To  Gild  Letteiw  on  Marble.— Apply  first  a  coating  of  size  and 
then  several  successive  coats  of  size  thickened  with  finely  powdered 
whiting  imtil  a  good  face  is  producecL  Let  each  coat  become  dry  and 
rub  it  down  with  fine  glass  paper  before  applying  tlie  next  Then  go 
over  it  thinly  and  evenly  with  gold  size  and  apply  the  gold  leaf,  burn- 
ishing with  an  agate  ;  several  coats  of  leaf  will  be  required  to  give  a 
good  effect 

To  Clean  Marble. — Take  two  parts  of  common  soda,  1  part  pum- 
ice-stone, and  1  part  of  finely  powdered  chalk  ;  siit  it  through  a 
fine  sieve,  and  mix  it  with  water  ;  then  rub  it  well  all  over  the  mar- 
ble, and  the  stains  will  be  removed  ;  tlien  wash  the  marble  over  witk 
soap  and  water,  and  it  will  be  as  clean  as  it  was  at  first. 

To  MAKE  A  CnF.mcAL  BAROMETER.— Take  a  long  narrow  bottle, 
and  put  into  it  2^  drs.  of  camphor  ;  apirita  of  wiDe  11  drs.    ^Tbea  th* 


CABINETMAKERS,   PAINTESS',    AC,   RECEIPTS.      253 

camphor  Is  dissolved,  add  to  it  the  folln\dn£;  mixture  :  •^ater  9  drs. , 
saltpetre,  38  gra,  ;  sal-ammoniac,  38  grs.  Dissolve  these  salts  In  tha 
water  prior  to  mixing  with  the  camphorated  spirit  ;  then  shake  all 
weU  together,  cork  the  bottle  well,  wax  the  top,  but  af  terwai-ds  make 
a  very  small  aperture  in  the  corlt  with  a  red-hot  needle.  By  ofcaerr- 
ing  the  different  appearances  which  the  materials  assume  as  t!i3 
weather  changes,  it  becomes  an  excellent  proguosticator  of  a  com- 
ing^  storm  oi  oi  a  sunny  sky. 

Tkappers'  a>t>  Anglers'  Secret  for  Game  xst>  Fish. — A  few 
drops  of  oU  of  anise,  or  oil  rhodium,  on  any  trapper's  bait,  will  en- 
tice any  wild  animal  into  the  snare  trap.  India  cockle  mixed  with 
floor  dough,  and  sprinkled  on  the  surface  of  still  water,  will  intox- 
icate fish,  rendering  them  insensible  ;  when  coming  up  to  the  surface 
they  can  be  lifted  in  a  tub  of  fresh  water  to  revive  them,  when  they 
may  be  used  without  fear.  Fish  may  also  be  caught  in  large  numbers 
during  the  winter  sea.«on  by  watching  them  through  the  ice  and  striking 
it  with  a  mallet  directly  over  where  they  happen  to  l>e.  The  shock 
stuns  them,  and  they  wiU  rise,  belly  upwards  towards  the  surface, 
when  they  are  easily  secured  by  breaking  a  hole  in  the  ice. 


PAINTERS,  CABES'ETZ^IAKERS,  GILDERS, 
BRONZERS,  GLASS  STATNERS,  &c. 

CoMPOtTNT)  Colors— 62  Ttsts — Bhie.—GTmi  Prussian  blue  in 
turps,  other  blue,  very  fine  in  linseed  oil;  mix  with  whit&paint  to  the 
color  required.  Straio. — A  mixture  of  chrome  yellow  and  wliite  leiid, 
eil  and  turps.  >?tecZ.— Mix  ceruse,  Prnssiroi  blue,  fine  lac,  and 
vermilion,  with  oil  and  turps.  PwrpiV.— "White  lead.  Prussian  bluo 
and  vermilion,  vrith  oil  and  turns.  French  Gray. — White  lead  and 
Prussian  blue  tinged  with  vermilion,  and  for  the  last  coat  substitute 
carmine  or  lake  for  vermilion.  i)r-;b. — Wliite  lead  with  a  little 
Prussian  blue  and  French  veito^i^  linseed  oil  and  turps.  Another 
J)rab.—Vrhite  lead  with  a  httle  Prus.^ian  blue  and  lampblack,  linseed 
on  and  turiK.  JJark  Bed,  for  common  p  u  rposes. — ilLx  English  Venetian 
red,  in  boUed  oil,  with  a  little  red  lead  and  litharge,  to  give  a  drymg 
qualitv.  Lighter  Fed.—Zllx  together  equal  paits  of  Venetian  red  and 
red  lead  in  boiled  oil  and  turjis.  imitation  of  Vennilion. — Grind  togeth- 
er, in  oil,  red  lead  and  rose  puik.  Deep  i?e(i— Mix  in  oil,  vennilion  with 
a  dust  of  Venetian  red,  or  red  lead.  Un/a.Ung  Orange — ^This  is  a  mix- 
tire  of  oransre  lead  (orpiment)  and  French  cr  stone  yellow,  oil  and 
turps.  Bright  Yellow,  for  floors.— White  le.ad  and  linseed  oU,  mixed 
with  some  French  yellow,  and  a  htt'.e  chrome  yelJow  to  heighten  it, 
some  red  lead,  burnt  white  vitriol  and  litharge,  added  to  give  it  a  dry- 
ing quaUty.  This  color  mixed  with  equal  parte  of  boiled  oil  and 
turpentine,  and  used  verv  thin.  Bark  YeUoio.—}<r\x  French  yellow  in 
boiled  oil,  adding  to  it  a  little  red  lead  or  litharge  to  gi^e  the  pamt  a 
drying  qualitv.  Light  Telloic— This  is  a  mixture  of  French  yellow 
and  white  lead,  with  oil  and  turpentine.    Another.    French  yellow. 


954     CABINETMAKEBS^  PAJNTEES',  4C.,  RECEIPTS. 

white  lead  and  red  lead.  Anotlier.^'rhis  la  a  mixture  of  PmssLin  hlae. 
French  yellow,  a  email  portion  of  Turkey  umber,  and  a  litttle  burnt 
vitrioL  Ground  the  same  way.  Another,  in  oil. — Mix  Prussian  blue 
and  chrome  yellow.  Ground  the  same.  Aivoiher  Shade. — A  mrxtura 
of  Prussian  blue  and  French  yellow,  with  a  Braa,ll  quantity  of  white 
lead  and  Turkey  uuiber;  add  burnt  Aitriol,  gioiuid  the  same.  An- 
ot/ter,  licjht. — ^\'hite  nibced  with  verdigris.  A  variety  of  shades  may 
be  obtained  by  using  blue  and  j-ellow  with  white  lead.  Another. 
0/Jre.— Black  and  blue  mixed  with  yellow,  in  such  quantitiea  as  to 
obtain  the  colors  or  shades  required.  For  dislemper,  use  indigo  and 
yellow  pink  mixed  v  ith  whiting  or  white  lead  powder.  Freestone 
color. — A  mixture  of  red  lead,  Ycnetian  red,  Frencli  yellow  and  lamp- 
black, (varying  the  phade  accordiug  to  taste, J  with  linseed  oil  and 
turpentine.  Olive  Gixtn. — Grind  separately,  Prussian  blue  and 
French  vellow,  in  boCod  cil,  then  mix  to  the  tints  required  with  a  little 
burnt  wliite  \itriol  to  act  as  a  dryer.  A  cheap  and  handsome  color  for 
outside  work,  such  as  doors,  carts,  wagons,  railings,  &c  Light 
Gray  is  made  by  mixing  white  lead  with  lampblack,  using  more  or 
lees  of  each  material,  as  yoa  wish  to  obtain  a  lighter  or  a  darker  shade. 
Buff  is  made  from  yeHow  ocl'.re  and  white  lead-  Silver  or  Pearl 
Gray. — ilix  white  lead,  Prusbian  blue,  and  a  very  sl^ht  portion  of 
black,  regulating  the  quantities  vou  wish  to  obtain.  Flaxen  Gray  ia 
•btained  DT  a  mixture  of  white  Icivd  ajid  Prussian  blue,  with  a  small 
quantity  of  lake.  Back  Color. — ^Yellow  ochre  and  red  lead,  with  a 
little  wliite.  Oak  Wood  Color. — %  white  lead  and  J  part  nniher  and 
yellow  ovi.re,  proportions  of  the  List  two  Ingredients  beiu";  deteiTained 
by  tie  desired  tints.  Walmtl-tree  Color.— ^  white  lead,  and  J  red 
ochre,  veUow  ochre,  and  umber,  mixed  according  to  the  shade  sought. 
If  veining  is  required,  use  cliiTerent  shades  of  the  same  mixture,  and 
for  the  deepest  places,  black.  Jonquil. — Yellow,  pink,  and  white 
load.  This  color  is  only  proper  for  distemper.  Lemon  Yellow. — 
Realgar  and  orpiment  Tlie  same  color  can  Ije  obtained  by  mixing 
yellow  pink  with  Naples  yellow;  but  it  is  then  only  fit  for  distemper. 
Orantjt  Color. — Red  lend  and  yellow  ochre.  Vioht  Color. — Vermilion, 
or  red  lead,  mixed  with  black  or  bine,  and  a  small  portion  of  white. 
Vermilion  is  jiri.'ferab'e  to  red  lejid  in  mixing  this  color.  Purple. — 
Park  i-cd  mixed  with  violet  color.  Carnaticn. — Lake  and  whiter 
Gold  color. — JIassicot,  or  Naples  yellow,  with  a  small  quantity  of 
r^gar,  and  a  very  little  Spanish  white.  Olive  Color  may  be  obtained 
by  black  and  a  little  blue,  mixed  with  yellow.  Yellow-p  .ik,  with  a 
little  verdigris  end  lampblack;  also  oclue  and  a  small  juantitr  of 
white  will  produce  an  oU .  e  color.  For  diatemper,  indigo  and  yellow- 
pink,  mixed  with  white  lead  or  Spanish  white,  must  be  used.  If 
veined,  it  must  be  done  with  urabcr.  Lead  Color. — Prussian  blue  and 
white.  Chestnut  Color. — Red  ochre  and  bhwk,  for  a  dark  chestnut 
To  nake  it  lighter,  employ  a  mixture  of  yellow  ochre.  Light  timber 
Colo,'. — Spruce  ochre,  white,  and  a  little  umber.  Flesh  Color. — Lake, 
white  lead,  and  a  little  vermilion.  Liriht  Willow  Green, — White, 
mixed  with  verdigris.  Grass  Green. — ^Yellow-pink  mixed  with  vijv 
digrig  Stone  Color. — ^TVhite,  with  a  little  spruce  ochre.  Bark  Lead 
Cwor.-'Black  and  wliite,  with  a  httle  Prussian  blue.  Fawn  Color.-" 
White  lead,  stone  ocnre,  ^ith  a  little  vermUion.  Chocolate  Color.-' 
Lampblack  uid  Spanish  brown.    On  account  of  the  fatnees  of  lamp' 


Ci3IWETirAKEES,  PAINTEBS*,   AC,  EECEIPTS.      253 

black,  mix  eome  litharjre  and  red  lead.  Portland  f^one  Color.— 
XJuiber,  yellow  ochre,  aud  vhite  lead.  Rose  Color. — White  le^  and 
carmine  or  lake.  Salvwn  Cvlor. — 'WTiite  lead  and  blue,  yellow,  and 
red.  Poarl  Color. — White  lead,  Prussian  blue,  and  red.  Slate  Color. 
— White  lead,  black,  red,  aud  blue.  Pea  Green. — White  lead  and 
Clirome,  or  Paris  green.  Cream  Color. — AVhite  lead,  yellow  and  red. 
iilnno  Color. — ^^^lite  lead  aud  yellow.  Pea':h  P>lossom.  Color. — Wliite 
lead  and  vermilion.  Brown. — Venetian  red  aud  lampblack.  Dark 
Green. — Lampblack  and  chrome  grecu.  Olive  Color. — Red,  green,  or 
bLick,  yellow  and  rod.    Snuff  Color. — Yellow,  siemia,  aud  red. 

Fkesco  PArNTixG.— Steep  good  glue  over  ni^ht  in  water  to  soften, 
then  melt  in  a  suitable  pot  or  kettle,  applying  the  heat  cautiously,  so 
aa  not  to  boil,  as  boiling  will  render  it  unfit  for  u^e.  Then  take  aa 
much  Paris  v.hiting  aa  you  tliink  you  will  use  for  your  first  coat,  beat 
it  up  thick  Vk-ith  water  to  a  perfect  pulp  to  get  rid  of  lumps,  &c.  Now 
put  in  a  pail  as  much  of  this  whitiug  mixture  as  will  be  required  for 
your  work  aud  prix-eed  to  mix  in  the  colors  required  to  produce  the 
desired  shade.  The  colors,  previously  groimd  iu  water,  should  be 
cautiously  mixea  with  the  hand,  aud  the  shade  tested  by  drying  a 
little  on  a  shingle  or  white  pa-ier;  if  too  dark,  add  more  whitiug,  if 
t<.>o  light,  more  color.  Now  add  enough  of  your  melted  glue  to  bind 
or  fix  the  color  very  hard  so  as  not  to  riiie  or  wash  up  with  your 
Becond  coat,  aud  test  this  on  paper  or  wood  also,  otuerv.ise  you  may 
ruin  your  worlc.  For  Yellow,  chrome  yellow  of  diilerent  tmts  mav 
be  used.  B"J'  or  Drab  can  be  got  by  admixture  of  yeUow  ochi-e,  red, 
blue,  or  black,  aud  Bometimes  umber  is  intermixed  with  good  effect. 
Buff  or  di-ib  colors  may  bo  produced  by  yellow  ochre,  chrome 
yellow,  or  raw  sienna,  iutcmiixed  with  Turkey  umber.  For  Green, 
niineraJ  or  Paris  greens  are  first  class.  Any  good  chrome  green  will 
Buit  very  welL  For  Blue,  me  cobalt  ultramariue  blue,  Prussian  blue 
aud  verditer.  For  Graij,  use  comjiosiuoQ  of  white,  blue,  red,  and 
black.  Fur  lied,  use  vermilion,  Indian  red,  Venetixm  red,  lake,  and 
carmine.  For  Pink  or  R^^se  tiuts,  use  a  mixture  of  red  with  white, 
if  not  wanted  bright,  use  Indian  red,  if  a  strong  rich  color  is  degued, 
use  carmine,  lake,  Venetian  redj  or  vermilion.  For  Black,  use  blue 
black  aud  the  Franlifort,  or  pure  Ivory  black.  For  Brmcns  for 
thading,  &c.,  m^e  banit  sienna,  oumt  ochre,  puiole  brown,  cc4cotlier. 


imparts  a  beautiful  color  to  the  gold,  and  gives  a  splendid  edect  to 
the  work.  Pre\-iou3  to  using  the  distemper  color<»,  gi\e  the  walls  and 
ceilmp.  if  new  aud  clejin,  a  good  coat  of  paiut,  which  should  09 
mixed  about  f  turpentine  ana  i  linseed  oil,  using  as  much  J.appji 
dryer  as  will  dry  it  haul ;  be  careful  of  adding  too  much  oil,  as  it  wilj 
6^)011  tlie  subsequent  work. 

La  preiiariJig  vestibules,  haUs,  &c.,  to  stand  washing,  go  over  the 
rails  with  oil  paint  for  the  fir^t  coat,  but  for  tlie  l;u-<t  coat  no  oU 
B'loul''  be  used,  only  spirits  of  turpentine.  A  harder  surface  Tsill  ba 
eiven  x)  tlie  wmU  by  adding  1  tablesijoonful  of  good  i«\!e  copal 
varnish  to  each  25  lbs.  of  paint  used  for  the  Lvt  coat.  Predous  to 
the  Willi  rereiviug  the  last  two  coats,  let  the  design  or  panelling  be  1^ 
oorreoljr  laid  ouu 


256     CABDfETMAIIERS,   TAIKTERS',    &C.,   RECEn»T8. 

To  prepare  old  Trails  or  ceiUogs  ;  if  there  nre  any  stabu  or  cracks 
In  the  plaster,  repair  wnth  size  putty,  if  small,  or  use  jilaster  of  Paris 
f.nd  a  little  puttv  lime  if  the  cracks  are  lai-j^e,  damping  the  places 
■with  a  biusu  aiid  -water,  then  api'lying  the  plaster  vrith  a  small 
tro;vel,  afterwards  smoothing  off  neatly.  AVhen  all  is  dir  and  hard 
prcjiare  the  walls  or  ceilings  with  a  ciKit  of  paint  prepared  as  beforo 
directed,  or  with  a  preparation  coat  in  size  made  of  -whiting  with  an 
extra  quantity  of  melteu  glue  coutaming  a  small  quantity  of  alum. 
Cive  the  walls  a  good  coat  of  this,  let  it  harden  -well,  then  ajiply 
another  ;  this  ought  to  be  suflBcient  if  good  flowing  coats  are  applied. 

Now  mix  the  colors  to  tlie  proper  tints  (in  oil),  lay  in  the  panelj 
first ;  then  the  stiles,  and  ivhen  diy,  put  on  the  fi-tt  or  last  coat  (spirit 
color).  When  the  work  is  dry  for  luineUing,  lu^e  the  following^ for 
mixing  the  finishing  colors:  Turi)«itine,  a  little  mastic  varnish,  a 
little  white  -Rax,  and  a  liitle  pale  damar.  Tamish,  use  but  little 
varnish,  else  too  much  gloss  will  be  i)r«.Kiuced,  the  only  use  being  to 
cause  the  color  to  set  quickly  to  jAinnit  rapid  work. 

The  fresco  painter  -will  find  continued  use  for  a  book  of  designs  to 
illustrate  the  different  orders  of  architecture,  pillars,  columns,  scrolls, 
borders,  &c.  and  should  make  a  particular  study  in  the  line  of  sketch- 
ing any  thing  and  every  tiling  calculated  to  assist  him  in  the  business. 

House  P-vtsting. — Priming,  -"Pl'ly  as  thick  as  the  paint  will 
Fpread  easily,  rubbing  out  well  -wiih  the  brush.  Use  litharge  as  a 
di-yer.  Alter  sandpapering  and  dusting,  putty  up  aU  the  nail  heads 
and  craclis  -with  a  putty-knife.  Outmls  S'cond  Coat.  Mis  your 
paint  ^vith  raw  oil,  n.<dng  it  as  thick  as  jxissible  consistent  vrith  easy 
spreading.  After  it  is  applied,  cross-smootli  tlie  work  nntil  it  is  level 
and  even,  then  finish  le:i;,thw-ise  -nith  long  light  sweeps  of  the  brush. 
Outsklethird  Cua'.  M:ike  a  little  thinner  tlian  the  Last,  mb  out  well, 
cross-smooth  and  finish  very  lightly  -with  the  tip  of  the  brush! 
Inside  second  Oxd.  Mix  your  paint  as  tliiek  as  you  can  work  it, 
using  equal  parts  of  raw  oil  and  turpentine,  rub  this  out  well  and 
careiully  ^vith  the  brush,  cross-smooth  and  finish  even  and  nice. 
Inside  third  Coat.  Mix  -with  3  parts  turpentine  and  1  part  of 
raw  oil,  rub  out  well  and  smooth  off  with  great  care.  Fourth  Coat, 
Ilatci'ifr.  Mix  -wiih  turiientine  alone  thin  enough  to  admit  of  spread- 
ing before  it  sets.  Apply  quickly  without  cross-smoothing,  and 
finish  length-wise  -with  lijlit  touches  of  the  tip  of  the  brush,  losing  no 
time,  as  it  sets  rapidly.  Drawn  Flatting.  Ground  white  lead  is 
n:ixcd  with  turpentine  almost  as  tliin  as  the  last-named  mixture. 
The  lead  will  soon  settle  :■  nd  the  oil  and  turpentine  rise  to  the  top, 
pnur  it  off,  and  repeat  the  mixture  xmti'l  what  rises  to  the  top  is  clear 
turpentine.  The  oil  being  all  witlidra-mi  by  this  process,  the  lead  is 
mixed  with  turpentine,  and  applied  thickly  and  evenly  with  great 
care.  This  is  used  as  a  fourth  coat,  and  the'room  must  be  kept  "shut 
r.nd  free  from  draught,  as  the  color  sets  as  fast  as  it  is  put  on.  See 
P0RCEL.4JN  Fr>nsH  FOE  Pahloes.  Plastered  Walls.  Give  them  a 
coat  of  glue  size  before  painting  in  oil.  Killinr]  Smoky  Walls  or 
Ccilin!7S.  Wash  over  the  smoky  or  {^easy  walls  -with  nitre,  soda,  or 
thin  lime  -white-wash,  the  last  is  the  best. 

UsEFCi.  HiXTS  TO  Paixtees. — Painters'  Colic.  To  "2^  gals. 
ftpmce  or  table  beer  add  1  dram  of  sulphuric  acid,  mix  w«ll  and  let  it 
Btand  3  boms.    A  tumbler  full  2  or  3  times  per  day  is  said  to  be  very 


CABnfETMiLKEUS,    rAIXTER3",    AC,   RECEIPTS.      257 

■beaeflcial  in  cnsea  of  lead  colic.  Sweet  oil  and  milk  &r«  also  good, 
but  add,  fruits,  spiritaons  liquors,  and  Yinegar  should  be  avoided  ia 
every  illness  caused  by  paint.  Avoid  inhalin?  tlie  dost  when  haadlo- 
iag  dry  colors,  or  drinking  water  which  has  stood  lon»  in  a  painted 
room  ox  jiaint  shop.  Never  eat  or  sleep  without  washing  the  hands 
nnd  face  and  riui^in.jthe  moutli,  cleaning  well  out  under  tlxe  mills. 
Lrthe  the  whole  body  every  few  days,  avoid  spattering  your  clothes, 
ai;d  either  wear  overalls  or  change  Voiir  garmeata  every  week,  well 
iiiring  those  you  put  oSf.  Keep  your  paint  shop  clean,  weli ventilated, 
and  avoid  sleeping  in  it  at  any  "time.  To  Remove  Paint  from  Cloth- 
ing. Saturate  the  spota  with  equal  parts  ttirpentine  aiid  spirits  of 
ammonia  until  they  become  soft,  then  wash  out  with  soapsuds.  J) 
dissolve  Paint  Sl'iiis,  Cleanings  of  Pots,  Brushes,  <tc.  Save  them 
carefully,  aud  dissolve  them  by  boiling  them  in  oil.  To  Clean 
Brushes.  Use  turpentine  first,  then  waih  in  warm  soapsuds.  To 
Clean  Paint  Pails,  &c.  Use  strong  ley,  hot  Sanding.  The  per- 
forated sprinkler  of  a  watering  pot  attached  to  the  nozzle  of  a  pair 
of  bellows.  Ls  a  first-rate  contrivance  for  applying  sand  to  painted 
work.  Apply  on  the  fourth  or  filth  coat,  with  another  coat  on  the 
sand.    To  remove  old  putty,  apply  nitric  or  muriatic  acid. 

Pkcssiax  Blub. — ^Take  nitric  acid,  any  quaaiity,  and  ns  much 
iron  shavings  from  the  lathe  as  the  acid  wid  dis,solve;  heat  the  iron 
as  hot  as  can  be  handled  with  the  hand ;  then  add  it  to  tlie  acid  in 
small  qu:intitiC3  ns  long  as  the  acid  will  dissolve  it;  then  slowly  add 
double  the  qu;imity  of  soft  water  that  tliere  wc.-5  of  acid,  aiid  put 
in  iron  agiin  as  long  as  the  acid  will  dissolve  it.  i'lL  Take  prus- 
sLate  of  pot  ;sh,  dissolve  it  in  tlie  hot  water  to  m.".ke  a  -trong  solution, 
.".nd  make  suiujieut  of  it  with  the  first  to  give  the  de;  th  of  tint  de- 
sired, and  tl.o  blue  ia  made.  Another  Method. — A  very  passable 
Prussian  blue  is  made  by  taking  sulprate  of  iron  (copperas)  and 
prussiate  of  yjotash,  equal  parts  of  each ;  and  dissolving  each  separately 
in  water,  then  nirsing  the  two  waters. 

Chsome  Yellow. — 1st  Taka  sugar  of  lead  and  Paris  white,  of 
each  5  lbs.;  dissolve  them  in  hot  water.  2d.  Take  bichromate  of 
potash,  6^  oz. :  and  dissolve  it  in  hot  water  also :  each  article  to  bo 
dissolved  separately;  then  miv  all  together,  putting  in  the  bichro- 
mate last    Let  stand  twenty-four  hours. 

CHP.otE  Gkzek. — ^Take  Paris  white,  6i  lbs.;  sugar  of  le-id,  and 
blue  vitriol,  of  each  3^  lbs. ;  alum,  lOV  oz. ;  best  soft  PrussLnn  blu«.  and 
chrome  yellow,  of  eadi  S^  llis.  Mix  thoroughly  while  in  fine  powder, 
and  add  water,  1  gal.,  stirriag  well,  and  let  stind  three  or  four  hours. 
Another  Green,  durable  and  cJuap. — Take  spruce  yellow,  and  color  16 
with  a  solution  of  chrome  yellow  and  Prussian  blue,  until  you  give  it 
the  shade  you  wish.  AnotJier  M:tho'.L — Blue  vitriol,  5  lbs.;  sugar  of 
ie:id,  6i  lbs. ;  arsenic,  2^  lbs. ;  bichromate  of  iv>tash,  IV  oz. ;  mix  them 
thoroughly  in  fine  powder,  and  add  water  3  parte,  mixing  well  again 
and  let  stand  three  or  fo;u:  hours. 

Pea  Brown. — Ist.  Take  sulphate  of  copper  any  quantity,  and 
dissolve  it  in  hot  water.  2d.  Take  prossiate  of  potash,  dissolve  it  in 
hot  water  to  make  a  strong  solution;  mix  of  the  two  solutions,  &a  ia 
the  blue,  and  the  color  is  made. 

Rose  Pimc. — Brazil  wood  1  lb.,  and  boa  it  for  two  hours,  having  1 
piL  0^  water  at  the  end;  thee  strain  it,  and  boil  alnra,  1  lb.,  in  tha 

17 


45^      CABINETlttAKKnS,   t»Amtr.RS',    tC,   RECEIPTS. 

•water  until  dissolved ;  trhen  pufficiently  cool  to  admit  the  liand,  add 
mniiate  of  tin,  |  oz.  Now  have  Paris  white,  12.^  lb. ;  moigten  up  to  a 
Kalvy  consistence,  and  -nhen  the  first  is  cool,  stir  them  thoroughly 
together.    Let  stand  twenty-four  houra. 

Patent  yELrx)W. — Common  salt,  100  lbs.,  and  litharge,  400  lbs., 
are  ground  togedier  wilii  water,  and  for  some  time  in  a  gentle  heat, 
■water  being  added  to  supply  the  loss  by  evaporation ;  the  carbon-ita 
of  soda  is  toen  washed  out  with  more  water,  and  the  white  residuum 
heated  till  it  acquires  a  fine  yellow  color. 

Naples  Yellow. — No  1.  Metallic  antimony,  12  lbs. ;  red  lead,  S 
lbs. ;  oxide  of  zinc,  4  lbs.  Mix,  calciue,  triturate  well  together,  and 
fuse  in  a  crucible:  the  fused  mass  must  be  ground  and  elutriated  to 
a  fine  powder. 

Cx_EAP  Yellow  Pai>-t. — ^Whiting,  3  cwt ;  ochre,  2  cwt. ;  ground 
<rhite  lead,  25  lbs.     Factitious  linseed  oil  to  grind. 

Stoxe  Color  Paikt. — Road-dust  sifted,  2  cwt. ;  ground  white 
lead,  ^  cwt. ;  whiting,  1  cwt. ;  groimd  umber,  14  lbs. ;  lime  water,  6 
gals.    Factitious  linseed  oU  to  grind. 

Glazier's  Putty. — "OToitiug,  70  lbs.;  boiled  oil,  20  lbs.  Mix;  if 
too  thin,  add  more  whiting;  it  too  thick,  add  more  oiL 

To  Imitate  Bkowx  Freestoxe. — First  mal^e  a  pretty  thick  oil 
paint  of  the  same  color  as  the  stone  to  be  imitated,  which  may  be 
done  in  different  ways,  the  basis  is  white  lead  or  zinc  white,  colored 
with  umber  and  mars  red,  or  any  other  pigments  which  suit  you;  put 
it  on  as  usual,  and  while  yet  sticky  throw  common  wliite  sand  agamst 
it ;  this  will  not  affect  the  color  and  will  make  a  rough,  sandy  coat 
imitating  the  surface  of  the  stoue. 

GERiiAK  Carxuke. — Cocliineal,  1  lb. ;  water,  7  gals.  ;  boil  for  5 
minutes,  then  add  alum,  1  oz.  Boil  for  5  minutes  more,  filter  and  set 
aside  the  decoction  in  gla^^s  or  jwrcelain  vessels  for  3  days,  then  decaut 
the  hquor  and  dry  the  carmine  in  the  shade.  The  remaining  liquor 
will  still  deposit  of  an  inferior  qualitv,  by  standing. 

Staix  for  Floors. — To  strong  ley  of  wood-aahea  add  enough 
copperas  for  the  required  oak  shade.  Put  this  on  with  a  mop  and 
and  varnish  afterwards. 

Lead  Color  for  Iron. — Take  litharge  and  place  it  over  a  fire  in  a 
ladle  ;  sprinkle  over  it  flour  of  brimstone  to  turn  it  dark  ;  grind  it  la 
oil.    It  dries  quick  and  stands  well  in  any  weather. 

A  Good  liiiTATiON  of  Gold. — ilix  white  lead,  chrome  yellow  and 
burnt  sienna  until  the  proper  shade  is  obfciined. 

Beautiful  White  Paint. — For  inside  work,  which  ceases  to 
smell,  and  diies  in  a  few  hoars.  Add  1  lb.  of  frankincense  to  2  qts. 
turpentine  ;  dissolve  it  over  a  clear  fire,  strain  it,  and  bottle  it  for  use; 
then  add  1  pt.  of  this  raLxture  to  4  pts.  bleaclied  linseed  oil,  shake 
them  well  together,  grind  white  lead  in  spirits  of  tnrijentine,  and 
strain  it ;  then  add  siSScient  of  the  lead  to  make  it  proper  for  paint- 
ing ;  if  too  thick  in  using,  thin  with  tu  i^entine,  it  being  suitable  for 
the  best  internal  work  on  account  of  its  riuj>eriority  and  exi>en.«e. 

For  a  Pure  Whttk  Paint. — Nut-oil  is  the  best :  if  linseed  oil  is 
used,  add  one-third  of  turpentine. 

To  Mix  CoicviON  White  Paint. — Mix  or  grind  white  lead  in  lin- 
seed oil  to  tlie  consistency  of  paste  ;  add  turpentine  in  the  proportiofl 
of  one  quart  to  the  gallon  of  oU  ;  but  theae  proportions  most  b4  ▼» 


CA-BINETXiAiCERS,   PAINTERS*,  AC,   EECEIPTS.        259 

ned  according  to  circnmstanccs.  Remember  to  strain  yoTtr  color  for 
the  better  eorts  of  work.  If  the  work  is  exceed  to  tlie  sun,  use  more 
turpentine  for  the  ground-color,  to  prevent  its  blistering. 

Invisible  Green  fob  Ootslde  Work.— Mix  lampblack  and 
French  yellow  -vsith  burnt  -white  vitriol.  These  colors  mix  in  boiled 
oU.  Burnt  vitriol  is  the  best  drier  for  greens,  as  it  is  powerful  and 
colorless,  and,  consequently,  will  not  injuie  tlie  color. 

Bright  Varnish  Green,  for  Inside  blinds.  Fenders.  &c.— The 
irork  must  first  be  minted  over  with  a  light  lead  color,  and,  -wnen 
diry,  grind  some  white  lead  in  spirits  of  turpentine  ;  afterwards  take 
about  i  in  bulk  of  verdi2;ris,  which  has  been  ground  stifiE  in  linseed 
oil ;  tlien  mix  them  both" together,  and  put  into  a  little  resin  varnish, 
suflicient  onlv  to  bind  the  color.  When  this  is  hard,  which  will  be  the 
case  in  15  minutes,  pour  into  the  color  some  resin  to  give  it  a  good 
gloss.  Then  go  over  the  work  a  second  time  and,  if  required,  a  third 
time.  Thus  you  -will  have  a  cheap  and  beautiful  green,  with  a  high 
polish.  It  possesses  a  very  drying  quality,  as  the  work  may  be  com- 
pleted in  a  few  hours.  The  tiiit  may  be  varied  according  to  taste,  by- 
substituting  mineral  green  for  verdigris  ;  and  if  a  briglit  grass-green 
is  required,  add  a  little  Dutch  pink  to  the  mixture.  N.B.— This  color 
must  be  used  when  quite  warm,  to  give  the  varnish  a  uniform  ex- 
tension. 

CoMi'oiTND  Greens. — ^Tliis  is  a  mixture  of  whiting,  indigo  and 
Dutch  jiink,  the  intensity  of  which  may  be  increased  or  diminished  by 
the  addition  of  blue  or  yeUow.  These  mixtures  will  not  admit  of  any 
fixed  rules  in  regard  to  the  quantities  of  the  matters  used  in  theuf 
composition.  They  must  depend  on  tho  taste  of  the  artist  and  the 
tone  he  is  desirous  of  giving  to  the  color. 

Pea  Grekn. — Take  one  pound  of  genuine  mineral  green,  one  pound 
of  the  precipitate  of  copper,  one  pound  and  a  half  of  blue  verditer, 
three  pounds  of  white  lead,  three  ounces  of  sugar  of  lead,  and  three 
ounces  of  burnt  white  vitrioL  Mix  tlie  whole  of  these  ingredients  in 
linseed  oil,  and  grind  them  quite  fine.  It  will  produce  a  bright  mineral 
pea-green  pain^  preserve  a  blue  tint  and  keep  any  length  of  time  ia 
any  chniate,  without  injury,  by  putting  water  over  it.  To  use  thia 
color  for  house  or  ship  painting,  take  one  pound  of  the  green  paint 
with  some  pale  boiled  ou,  mix  them  well  together,  and  this  will  pro- 
duce a  strong  pea-green  paint.  The  tint  may  be  altered  at  pleasure, 
by  adding  a  proportionate  quantity  of  white  lead  to  the  green,  which 
may  be  ground  in  linseed  oU,  and  thinned  with  spirits  of  turpentin* 
lor  use.  It  may  also  be  used  for  painting  Venetian  window  blinds,  by 
adding  white  lead  and  mixing  the  color  with  boiled  oil.  For  all  the 
aforesaid  preparations  it  will  retain  a  blue  tint,  which  is  very  desir- 
able. 

For  ELr^OTTiNQ.— One  pint  of  vegetable  naphtha,  1  tablespoonfnl  of 
red  lead,  J  pint  of  japanners*  gold  size,  7  ozs.  of  orange  shellac,  mix 
aU  together,  set  in  a  warm  place  to  dissolve,  and  frequently  shake. 
Another.— Uix  white  lead,  or  red  lead  powder,  in  strong  glue  size, 
and  apply  it  warm. 

White  Lead.— The  most  usual  method  of  manufacturing  whit* 
lead  is  that  known  as  the  Dutch  method.  It  consists  in  exposing  lead, 
cast  in  thin  gratings,  to  tlie  combined  action  of  acetic  acid,  moist  all 
ftnd  carbonic  acid  gas.    The  gratings  are  supported  a  little  abovt  the 


t60     CABrNETMARERS,  r^IKTEBS',   AC,  EECEIPTS. 

bottom  of  earthen  pote,  similar  to  flower  pof.g,  in  each  of  which  &  smaS 
quantity  of  weak  acetic  acid  i3  placed.  Tne  i)ot3  are  built  up  in  al- 
ternate layers  with  spent  tanners'  bark,  until  a  stack  is  formed,  each 
layer  of  pots  bein,'  0(>\ered  with  a  board.  Fenneutatiou  soon  talics 
pLace  in  the  tan.  uud  serves  tLe  double  place  <ji  generating  heat  and 
Bupplyins  carbouic  acid.  Alter  the  lapr^e  of  ;  ix  or  ei^'lit  weeks,  tlie 
metallic  lead  is  found  converted  into  wlute  masses  of  cr.rbonic  snixed 
with  hydrated  oxide.  It  id  then  levigated,  washed,  dried,  and  ground 
■with  oiL 

To  CuEE  Da3ip  Wall!». — Boil  2  ozs.  of  grease  with  2  quarts  of 
tar,  for  nearly  twenty  minutes,  in  an  iron  ves.^el,  and  have  ready 
pounded  glass,  1  lb.  ;  slaked  lime,  2  lbs.  ;  well  dried  in  an  iron  p<  t 
and  silted  through  a  flour  bieve  ;  add  some  of  the  li:ue  to  the  tar  and 
glass,  to  make  it  the  tliic'cness  of  thin  paste,  suiticient  to  cover  a 
sguare  foot  at  a  time,  a^i  it  hardens  so  quick.  Apply  it  about  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  thick. 

To  Pbotect  Wood  axd  Brick  wokk  frou  Dajip  We.vtheh. 
— ^Take  3  pecks  of  hme,  slaked  in  tl'.e  air,  2  pecks  of  wood^ashos, 
and  1  peck  of  white  sajid.  Sift  them  tine,  and  add  lin.secd  oil  sulli- 
cient  to  u.se  with  a  jxiint  brush  :  tain  the  iin-t  coat ;  use  it  as  tliick  as 
it  will  work  for  the  second  coat,  grind  it 'fine,  or  beat  it  In  a  trougli, 
and  it  is  a  good  composition. 

Putty  fok  Kepaiklkg  Broken  Walls.— Tlie  best  putty  for  walU 
is  composed  of  t-riual  parte  of  whiting  and  jJaster  of  TarL-*,  as  it  quiik- 
ly  hardens.  T!ie  walls  may  be  immediately  colored  upon  it  Soma 
painters  use  whiting  witli  size  ;  but  this  is  not  ixood,  as  it  rises  above 
the  surface  of  tlie  wa'ls,  and  shows  tlie  iititclics  v.-hcn  tlie  work  w 
finished.  Lime  miift  not  be  used  as  putty  to  revrair  walls,  as  it  will 
destroy  almost  every  color  it  corae.s  in  coutart  wiih. 

lNSTBrCTK)XS    Ton,    SiGK    "WillTIX'},   Wrftl    TUB    COLOR3    TO  BE 

tJSED  FOB  TUE  GRorND  AXD  Lettsks. — On  au  oak  ground,  oma- 
mentil  letter.-^,  in  ultramarine  blue,  filled  in  with  gold  and  silver  leaf, 
blocked  up  and  shaded  with  burnt  sieiuia,  AnoliLrr. — Gold  letters 
on  a  wliite  marble  pound,  blocked  up  ajid  .'■h;uied  with  a  t:an.?parent 
brown  or  burnt  fciem^a.  On  f/Iass. — Gold  letters,  shadodwith  burnt 
fienna.  Anoih'i: — Gold  letters,  shaded  witii  black,  oa  a  scarlet  or 
chocolate  ground.  On  a  ric  h  blue  ground,  g<:>ld  letters,  double  shaded, 
black  and  white.  White  letters  on  a  blue  gromid,  sliaded  with  blacic, 
look  very  well.  On  a  purple  ground,  pink  letters  shaded  with  white. 
Mix  ultramarine  and  vermiiion  for  a  ground  color,  wliite  letters 
shaded  with  a  li.^^ht  grey.  Yennili  m  ground,  chrome  yellow,  stained 
with  vermilion  and  lake,  for  the  letters,  shaded  bl;.ck.  A  subs'tituta 
lor  the  above  colors:  Rosse  pink  and  red  lead;  a:id  for  the  letters, 
ft.me  yellow,  white  lead  aud  Venetian  red.  A  good  substitute  for 
gold  is  obtiined  by  grinding  white  lead,  chrome  yellow,  and  a  dust  of 
vermiUon  togetlu-r.  Mix  your  colors  for  writing  in  Ijoiled  oil,  and 
use  for  drier  gold  size.  Other  good  grAunds  for  gold  letters  are: 
blues,  vermilion,  lake,  and  Saxon.  'U^icu  your  siioi  is  ready  f<jr 
gilding,  follow  tlie  directions  given  imder  tlie  head  of  "  To  Gild 
jLc'trson  ]\'or,l." 

To  Give  Lcstrb  to  a  Light  Blub  Ground.— After  the  lettets 
are  written  and  dry,  pr.int  t'legronnd  over  again,  between  the  letters, 
with  the  same  color,  and  vhile  wet  take  polverized  Prufi&iau  blue  and 


CABINETMAKEES,   PAINTERS',   .«;C.,  RECEIPTS.      26J 

Rift  over  the  surface;  glass,  frost,  or  gmalta  may  be  used  instead  of  ot 
•with  the  blue.    When  drv,  brush  oil  tlie  l^ose  jjartides. 

Gn-DERs'  GoT.D  Size.— Drying  or  boiled  luiseed  oil,  thickened 
with  yellow  ochre,  or  calcined  W  oclire,  aiid  carefully  reduced  to  th« 
utmost  smootliuess  by  grinding.    Thin  with  oil  of  turpentine. 

To  GiLi>  Lktteks  on  Wood,  &c.— When  your  sign  is  prepared  as 
smooth  as  possible,  go  over  it  -with  a  sizuig  made  by  white  of  an  eg? 
dissolved  in  about  four  times  its  weight  of  cold  water;  adding  a  small 
quantity  of  fuller's  earth,  this  to  prevent  the  gold  sticking  to  any 
part  but  the  letters.  When  dry,  set  out  the  letters  and  commenco 
writing,  hvving  on  the  size  as  thinly  as  possible,  witli  a  sable  pencil. 
Let  it  stand  until  you  can  barely  feel  a  slight  stickiness,  tliengoto 
work  with  your  gold  leaf,  knife,  and  cushion,  and  gild  the  letters. 
Take  a  leiif'up  on  the  point  of  your  knife,  after  giving  it  a  slight  puff 
into  the  back  part  of  your  cu.shion,  and  8pre;id  it  on  the  front  part  of 
the  cushion  as  straight  as  possible,  giving  it  another  sUght  puff  with. 
your  mouth  to  flatten  it  out.  Now  cut  it  into  the  proper  size,  cutting 
withtheheelof  your  knife  forwards.  Kow  rub  the  tip  lightly  ou 
your  hair;  Uike  up  the  gold  on  tlie  point,  and  place  it  ne;itly  on  tha 
lettei-s;  when  they  are  all  covered  get  some  very  fine  cottonwool, 
and  gently  rub  the  gold  until  it  is  smooth  and  bright.  Then  wash 
the  sign  with  clean  water  to  take  off  the  egg  size.    See  Gilding  on 

To  Use  Sm.u.ts.— For  a  gold  lettered  sign,  lay  out  on  a  lead  color 
or  white  surface  tlie  line  of  letters,  and  roughly  size  tlie  shape  of 
each  letter  with/a«  oil  size.  This  mui?t  be  allowed  at  least  12  hours 
to  get  tacky  and  ready  for  gilduig.  After  the  gold  leaf  is  laid  and 
perfectly  di-v,  mix  up  (for  blue  smalts)  Prussian  bi«e  and  keg  lead 
with  oil,  addiug  a  little  dryer.  Outline  carefully  around  tlie  letters, 
and  fill  up  all  the  outside  with  blue  paint;  tlien  with  a  small  sieve 
sift  on  the  smalts,  allowing  the  sign  to  lay  horizontally.  Cover  every 
part  with  plenty  of  smalts,  and  allow  it  to  remain  unmolested  until 
the  pamt  is  dry.  Then  carefully  shake  off  the  surplus  smalts,  and 
the  work  is  done. 

SuPEKFiXE  Size  for  GiLDrN-G.— Good  drying  oil,  1  lb. ;  pure  gum 
animi,  powdered,  4  ozs. ;  bring  the  oil  almost  to  the  boiling  point  in  a. 
covered  metal  pot,  add  your  gum  gradually  and  cautiously  to  the  oil, 
stirring  all  the  time  to  dissolve  completely.  Boil  to  a  tarry  con- 
sistency and  strain  while  warm  through  silk  into  a  warm  bottle  with 
a  wide  mouth;  keep  it  well  corked  j  use  as  required,  thinning  with 
turpcntuie.  This  is  the  celebrated  Birmingham  "  secret  size,"  and  is 
tmequaUed  for  tenacity  and  durabiUty.  Size  to  fix  the  Pearl  on  Glaus 
Sifins.  1.  Copal  varnish  1  part,  Canada  balsam  2  parts.  2.  Pura 
mostic  varnish.    3.  Pale,  quick  drying  copal  varnish. 

To  Paixt  Banxers,  &c.,  ox  Cloth  ou  Silk.— Stretch  the  fabric 
upon  a  frame,  and  finish  your  design  and  lettering.  Use  a  size  made 
of  bleached  shellac  dissolved  in  alcohol,  thinned  to  the  proper 
consistence,  go  over  such  parts  as  are  to  be  gilded  or  painted,  over- 
ruunmg  the  outlines  slightly,  to  prevent  the  color  from  spreading. 
For  inside  work  the  white  of  an  esg  makes  a  good  size;  lay  tlie  gold 
while  the  size  is  still  wet,  when  dry,  dust  off  the  surplus  gold,  and 
proceed  with  the  shading,  painting,  &c.  A  litU©  honey,  combixiai 
yriiix  thick  glue,  is  another  good  si^iQ. 


262     CJiBrSETMAKEnS,    PAIKTERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

JvU'AyxED  Tin  Sios.— Draw  your  letters  on  pap«r  to  suit  yoot 
piece  of  tin.  having  first  cleaned  it' with  diluted  alcohol  and  a  piece  of 
cotton.  This  will  remove  any  grease  or  other  matter  that  mi^t  hold 
the  gold.  Then  take  some  whiting  and  rub  it  over  the  back  of  the 
paper  upon  which  your  design  is  made  and  lay  it  upon  the  Japanned 
tin.  Next  place  a  weight  upon  the  four  comei-s  of  the  paper,  or 
otherwise  fix  it  secarelyto  the  tin  :  then,  with  a  tine  p<iiated  piece  of 
hard  wood,  trace  the  design  carefullv,  bearing  upon  the  paper  with 
the  point  just  hard  enough  to  cause  t£e  whiting  on  the  under  side  of 
the  paper  to  adhere  to  the  tin,  ^d  after  going  carefully  over  the 
whole,  you  will  have  transferred  the  entire  design  in  fine'white  out- 
line to  the  tin  you  are  to  finish  it  upon.  Now  size  with  oil  size,  and 
when  dry  enough  for  gilding,  lay  on  the  gold  leaf  and  dab  it  down 
thoroughly,  afterwards  brushing  oS  the  loose  gold  with  your  flat 
camel-hair  brush  or  cotton. 

Changeable  Sigxs. — Make  a  wooden  sign  in  the  usual  maimer, 
and  have  a  projecting  moulding  around  it  Now  cut  thin  groove.-! 
into  the  moulding,  an  inch  apart,  allowing  each  cut  to  reach  to  the 
surface  of  the  sign.  In  each  of  these  grooves  insert  strips  of  tin  one 
inch  wide  ;  and  long  enough  to  reach  quite  across  tiie  sign  board. 
Wlien  all  are  fitted,  take  out  the  tin  strips,  and  placing  them  edge  to 
edge  on  a  level  table,  paint  any  desired  words  on  their  imited 
enriace  ;  when  dry,  reverse  them  and  paint  other  words  on  the 
opposite  side.  Now  finish  your  lettering  as  usual  on  the  wooden 
sign  board,  and  when  dry,  "insert  the  painted  tin  strips  in  correct 
order  in  the  grooves.  TMs  will  present  the  curious  novelty  of  three 
signs  in  one,  as  viewed  from  difTcrent  positions. 

Tr-v>"SPare>'t  Cloth. — Di.'^solve  together  white  rosin,  pulverized, 
8  ozs.,  bleached  linseed  oil  6  ozs.,  white  beeswax  1^  ozs.,  add  the 
turpentine  while  hot.  Applv  to  both  sides  of  the  cloth  while  it 
is  stretched  tight  A  good  vehicle  for  mixing  colors  for  painting  on 
cloth  or  paper  Ls  gum  Siellac  dissolved  in  alcohoL 

Ti>'3ELLED  Letteb  Glass  Signs. — Paiiit  tlie  ground-work  of  your 
Eign,  on  glass,  any  desired  color,  bi'.t  be  carefid  to  leave  the  lettering 
or  design  naked,  after  it  is  dry,  take  any  of  the  fancy  colored  copper 
or  tin  foils,  crumple  them  in  your  hand  and  ap^jly  them  over  the 
black  lettering,  &c.,  after  partially  straightening  them  out 

To  bfCKTST  'Wtsvow  Glass  with  Jfwels. — Dissolve  dextrine 
in  a  concentrated  solution  of  sulphate  of  mngnesia,  sulphate  of  zinc, 
sulphate  of  copper  or  otlier  m'et.illic  salts,  strain  the  liquid  and 
Tsrosh  a  thin  c-oat  of  it  over  the  glass  and  dry  slowly  at  the  ordinary 
tempemtnre,  keeping  the  gkiss  level.  For  protection  it  may  ho 
▼armshed.  The  effect  produced  is  that  of  an  incrustation  of"  dia- 
monds, sapphires,  &c. .  according  to  the  color  of  the  salt  used. 

To  P.AJ>T  ry  Imitatiox  of  Gbouxd  Glass. — Grind  and  mix 
white  lead  in  three-fourths  of  boiled  oil  and  one-fourth  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine, and  to  give  the  nurture  a  very  drying  quality,  add  sufficient 
quantities  of  burnt  white  vitriol  and  sugar  of  lead.  The  color  must 
be  exceedingly  thin,  and  put  on  the  r>anes  of  gla.«3  with  a  large  sized 
paint  brush  in  aa  even  a  manner  as  possible.  \\'hen  a  number  of  the 
panes  ai«  thus  painted,  take  a  dr^'  ouster  quite  new,  dab  the  ends  of 
the  bristles  on  toe  glass  In  quick  g'uocession,  tiU  you  give  it  a  imiform 
Appearance.    Repeat  thij  operation  tiU  the  work  appears  very  totL. 


CABINET>tAKEliS,  PAINTERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS.     263 

and  it  will  then  appear  like  ground  glass.  When  the  glaea  reqaires 
fresh  painting,  get  the  old  coat  off  first  by  using  sti-ong  pearl-ash 
water.  Another  i/e^Aod.— Spirits  of  salts,  2ozs. ;  oU  of  vitriol,  2oz8. ; 
Bolphate  of  copper,  1  oz. ;  gum  arable,  1  oz. ;  mix  all  well  together, 
and  dab  on  the  glass  with  a  brush.  Another. — Dab  your  squares 
regularly  over  with  putty ;  when  dry,  go  over  them  again ;  the  muta- 
tion will  be  complete. 

PATKTrKa  ON  Glass. — Take  clear  rosin,  1  oz.,  melt  in  an  iron  ves- 
sel. When  all  is  melted,  let  it  cool  a  little,  but  not  harden;  then  add 
oil  of  turpentine  sufBcient  to  keep  it  in  a  liquid  state.  When  cold, 
use  it  with  colors  ground  in  oiL 

Hard  Drtixg  Paixt. — Grind  Venetian  red.  or  any  other  color 
you  wish,  in  boiled  oD ;  then  tlVin  it  with  black  japan.  It  will  dry 
very  hard  for  counter  tops,  &c. 

Paste  for  Paper  HAXGrxGS.  Books,  Paper  Boxes.  &c. — Good 
wheat  flour,  sifted,  4  lbs.,  make  it  into  a  stiff  batter  with  cold  water 
in  a  pan,  beat  it  well  to  break  the  lumps,  then  add  pulverized  alum, 
2  OZ3.  Into  this  pour  boUing  water,  hissing  hot  from  the  fire,  stirring 
the  batter  thoroughly  all  the  time.  As  it  cooks  it  swells  and  loses  its 
white  color,  and  when  cold,  will  make  about  |  of  a  pail  of  thick  paste. 
Thin  with  cold  water  to  adapt  it  for  ea,«y  use  with  the  brush.  For 
painted  or  varnished  walls,  add  h  oz.,  pulverized  rosin  to  each  2  qts. 
paste,  and  reduce  the  mass  witli  thin  gum  arabic  or  glue  water.  A 
little  pulverized  corrosive  sublimate  will  enhance  the  keeping  qualities 
of  paste,  but  alum  used  as  above  will  do  very  well. 

To  Remo\-k  Old  PAiyr.— Sal  soda,  2  lbs.  ;  lime,  J  lb.  ;  hot  water, 
1  gal.  ;  rummage  all  together  and  apply  to  the  old  paint  while  warm. 
It  will  soon  loosen  the  paint  so  tliat  you  can  easily  remove  it.  Ano- 
ther simple  method  is  to  sponge  over  vour  old  pamt  with  benzine,  set 
it  on  the  fire,  and  you  can  then  flake  oft  tlie  paint  as  quick  as  you  like. 
Do  not  attempt  to  go  over  too  much  surface  at  a  time,  otherwise  you 
might  get  more  to  do  than  you  can  attend  to. 

Rkfcse  P.ajxt  and  Paint  Skins. — Dissolve  sal  soda.  \  lb.,  in 
rain  water,  1  gal.  ;  cover  the  refu.se  paiut  for  2  days,  then  heat  it, 
adding  oil  to  reduce  it  to  a  proper  consistence  for  painting  and  strain- 
ing. 

Spirit  Graeninq  for  Oak. — Two  pounds  of  whiting,  quarter  of 
a  pound  of  gold  size,  thinned  down  -nith  spirits  of  tiir.ieutine:  then 
tinge  your  whiting  with  Vandvke  brown  and  raw  sienna,  ground  fine. 
Strike  out  your  lights  with  a  fitch  dipped  in  turpentine,  tinged  with  a 
little  color  to  show  the  lights.  If  your  lights  do  not  appear  clear,  add 
a  little  more  turpentine.  Turpentine  varnish  is  a  good  substitute  for 
the  above  mentioned.  This  kind  of  graining  must  be  brushed  over 
with  beer,  with  a  cleair  brush,  before  vamisning.  Strong  beer  must 
be  used  for  glazing  up  top-graining  and  shading. 

Oil  for  Graining  0.^^. — Grind  Vandyke  brown  in  turpentine, 
add  as  much  gold  siie  as  will  set,  and  as  much  soft  soan  as  will  make 
it  stand  the  comb.  Should  it  set  too  quickly,  add  a  httle  boiled  oil. 
Put  a  teaspoonful  of  gold  size  U)  half  a  pint  of  turi>entiiie,  and  aa 
much  soap  as  will  lie  on  a  twenty-five  cent  piece,  then  take  a  little 
soda  mixed  with  water  and  take  out  the  veins. 

To  Prepare  the  Grocnd  for  Oak  Rollers. — Stain  your  white 
laod  with  raw  sienna  and  red  lead,  or  with  chrome  yellow  kod  VeoA* 


2frt     CABnTETMAKERS,   PAmTEES',   AC,  RECKIPT8. 

tian  red ;  thm  it  -with  oil  and  turps,  nni  Ftvahi  for  use.  When  tba 
grotmd  work  is  dr\',  giiud  in  beer,  Vandyke  bro^ni,  whiting  and  a 
Httle  burnt  sienna,  for  the  graining  color;  or  you  may  use  raw  sieun:i 
with  a  httle  whitin?,  umbers,  &c. 

To  I.^nTATE  Old  Oak. — To  make  an  exceedinsly  rich  color  lor  tlie 
imitation  of  old  oak,  the  ground  is  a  composition  of  stone  ochre  or 
orange  chrome  and  burnt  sienna ;  the  graimug  color  is  burnt  umber 
or  Vandyke  brown,  to  darken  it  a  little.  Observe  that  the  above 
colors  must  be  used  whether  the  imitation  is  in  oil  or  distemper. 
When  diy,  varnish. 

To  Imitatk  Old  Oak,  dt  Oil. — Grind  Vandyke  and  whiting  in 
turpentine,  add  a  bit  of  common  soap  to  make  it  stand  the  comb,  aii>l 
thin  it  with  boiled  oiL 

To  Imitate  Poll.ujd  O.uc. — The  ground  color  is  prepared  witii  a 
mistare  of  chrome  yellow,  vermilion,  and  white  lead,  to  a  rich  light 
buff.  The  graining  colors  are  Vandyke  brown  and  small  portions  of 
raw  and  burnt  sienna  and  lake  gro'imd  in  ale  or  beer.  Fill  a  large 
tool  with  color,  spread  over  the  surface  t'3  be  grained,  and  soften  witix 
the  badger  hair  brush.  Take  a  moistened  sponge  between  tlie  thumb 
and  finger,  and  dapple  roimd  and  roimd  in  kind  of  knobs,  theu  soften 
very  liglitly ;  then  draw  a  softener  from  one  set  of  loiobs  to  the  other 
while  wet,  to  f onn  a  multipUcity  of  grain.s,  aud  finish  the  knots  with 
a  hair  pencil,  in  some  places  in  thicker  clusters  than  others.  When 
dry  put  the  top  grain  on  in  a  variety  of  directions,  aud  varnish  with 
turps  and  gold  size;  then  glaze  up  with  Vandyke  aud  strong  ale.  To 
finish,  varnish  with  copal. 

To  bnTATE  Mottled  Mahoga^tt. — ^The  ground  is  prepared  witli 
the  best  English  Venetian  red,  red  lead,  and  a  small  |X)rtion  of  white 
lead.  ITue  graining  colors  are  burnt  sienna,  ground  in  ale,  with  a 
small  portion  of  Vandyke  brown,  sufficient  to  take  away  the  fiery  ap- 
pearance of  the  .sienna.  Cover  the  surface  to  be  grained,  soften  with 
the  badger  h:iir  brush,  and  while  wet  take  a  mottling-roUer  and  go 
over  the  lights  a  second  time,  in  order  to  give  a  variety  of  shade,  then 
blend  the  wliole  of  the  work  with  the  badger  softener.  Put  the  top 
grain  on  with  Che  same  color.    When  dry,  varnish. 

To  tmTATE  Rosewood. — Mix  vermilion  and  a  small  quantity  of 
white  lead  for  the  groiuid.  Take  ro?e  pink,  tinged  with  a  little 
lampblack,  or  Vandyke  brown,  aud  grind  very  fine  in  oil,  then  take 
a  flat  .ojatQing  brusli,  with  the  hairs  cat  away  at  imequal  disfcmces, 
and  cut  down  the  grain  as  if  wending  round  a  knot  When  nearly 
dry,  take  a  graining  comb  tJiat  is  used  for  oak,  and  draw  down  the 
grain.  This  will-give  it  the  appearance  of  nature.  When  dry. 
Tarnish.  Aiwthcr. — ^The  gi-ound  color  is  prepared  with  verrailioa 
and  small  quantities  of  white  lead  and  crimson  lake.  When  the 
ground  is  dry  and  made  very  smooth,  take  Vandyke  brown,  ground 
in  oil,  and  with  a  small  tool  spread  the  color  over  the  surface  in  dif- 
ferent directions  forming  kind  of  knots.  Before  the  work  is  dry,  take 
a  piece  of  leiither,  and  with  great  freedom  strike  out  the  Ught  veins; 
having  previously  prepared  the  darkest  tint  of  Vandyke  brovm,  ot 
eum  a.sphaltiun,  mimediately  take  the  flat  graining  brush  vrith  feMf 
nairs  in  it.  draw  the  gram  over  the  work  and  soften.  ^Vhen  varnished, 
the  imitation  will  be  excellent. 

Amoxhes  Koskwooo  lauTAiioir  iir  Size.— Mix  Venetian  re4 


CABTXETMAKEKS,    PAINTERS',    JtC,    HaCEIPTS.      265 

■white  lead  ponder,  vermilion  and  common  sire,  the  conpfetency  of 
■which,  when  cold,  most  be  that  of  a  weak  tiembiing  jeily.  With 
this  composition  paint  the  work  twioe  over.  When  tlie  ground  is  dry, 
take  some  h^inpblack,  finely  ground  in  beer,  and  beat  the  ^rhite  of  an 
egg  into  it;  tike  tlio  flat  srraining  brush,  dipped  lu  the  blnck,  pnd  put 
on  the  ,£n-:iin.  When  dry,  stnin  the  fir^t  coat  of  vanii  ":i  ■^vith  rose 
pink,  finely  ground  in  tai-jjentine,  and  fiuii^h  the  vrork  by  giving  it  a 
eoat  of  clear  varnish 

Tc)  Imitate  Bird*s-eve  JIaple. — The  grocndis  a  light  buff,  pre- 
pared ■svith  white  lead,  chrome  yellow,  and  a  lit*le  vemulion  or  Eng- 
lish Venetian  red,  to  take  off  the  rawness  of  the  yellow.  The  grain- 
ing color  is  equal  parts  of  raw  umber  and  sienna  ground  in  oil  to  the 
proper  consistency.  Spread  the  surface  of  tlie  work  with  this  color, 
and,  having  gome  of  the  same  prepared  a  little  tliieker,  iaimediatel7 
take  a  sash  tool  or  sixmge,  and  put  on  the  dark  shade?,  and  soften 
■with  the  badger' s-hair  brash  before  the  color  is  dry  pv.t  on  the  eyes 
T)y  dabbing  the  dotting  macliine  on  tlie  work.  When  dry,  j  ut  on  the 
prain  with  the  camel' s-hatr  pencil  on  the  prominent  parts,  to  imitats 
the  small  licai-ts  of  the  wood.    ViTien  dry,  varnish. 

To  Imitate  Ctri-ed  Maplt:. — Pre^'are  a  light  yellow  for  the 
frrormd,  by  mixing  chrome  yellow  aui  \\  hite  lead,  tinged  with  Vene- 
tian red.  The  graining  colur  is  a  misture  of  equal  poi^tioas  of  raw 
fieima  and  Vandyke,  ground  in  ale;  s^ire.id  the  surface  to  be  grained 
in  an  even  manner;  then  ■with  a  piece  of  cork  rub  across  tl-.e  work  to 
and  fro,  to  form  the  grains  wliich  ran  across  the  wood.  'NMien  dry, 
varnish. 

CiBLED  Matle  in  Oiii  FOE  OrTSTDE  WoRK. — Prcijare  a  rich 
ground  by  mbdng  chrome  yellow,  white  lead  and  burnt  sienna.  For 
the  graining  color,  grind  equal  parts  of  raw  siemia  and  umber  with  a 
little  burnt  copx>eras  in  turpentine,  and  mix  ^ith  a  small  quantity  of 
grainer's  cream.  Thin  the  color  ■with  boued  oil;  then  fill  a  tool  and 
spread  the  surface  even,  and  mb  out  the  Ughte  with  the  sharp  edge 
of  a  piece  of  buff  leather,  which  must  now  and  then  be  wiped  to  keep 
it  clean ;  soften  the  edges  of  the  work  very  lightly,  and  when  dry, 
put  on  the  top  grain  with  burnt  umber  and  raw  sienna,  ground  in  ale, 
■with  the  white  of  an  egg  beat  into  it.     When  dry,  vamith. 

Satixwood. — This  ground  is  prepared  with  white  lead,  ttone  ochre, 
and  small  quantities  of  chrome  yellow  and  burnt  sienna.  The  grain- 
ing color  is  one-third  of  raw  sienna  and  whiting,  g^'onud  in  pale  ale, 
very  thin ;  then  spread  the  color  over  the  surface  to  be  grained. 
While  wet,  soften,  and  have  ready  a  wet  roUer  or  tiiott'ing  brush,  ia 
order  to  take  out  the  lights;  blend  the  whole  with  the  Uidger' s-hair 
crush.  When  the  work'is  dry,  take  the  fiat  brush,  and  ■with  the  same 
color,  put  on  the  top  again.    'NMien  dry,  varnish. 

To  briTATE  Tew  Tree. — ^The  ground  is  a  reddish  buff.  For  the 
graining  color  grind  in  ale  equal  portions  of  Vandyke  trov.-n  and 
burnt  sienna,  ^vith  a  small  quantity  of  raw  sienna.  When  tl:e  ground 
la  dry,  spread  the  surface  even  -with  the  color,  and  soften;  then  with 
a  piece  of  cork  with  a  sharp  edge,  rub  the  work  crors  t:nd  cmrs  in 
order  to  form  the  fine  grain.  When  dry,  dip  the  tip  of  your  fingers 
in  the  graining  color  to  form  the  eyes  or  knots,  and" put  in  the  sinall 
touches  ■with  a  camel' s-hair  pencil.  When  dry,  put  ou  the  top  grai^ 
And  when  this  is  dry,  varnish. 


J$6     CABD?ETMAE£R3,  PAINTEBS',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

To  Imitate  Black  asv  Gold  MAnBL".— Tlus  descrixjtion  of 
marble  is  now  in  great  demand.  The  ground  Is  a  deep  jet  black,  or  a 
dead  color,  in  gold  size,  drop  black  and  turps :  second  ooat,  black 
japan.  Commence  veining;  mix  white  and  yeilow  ochre  with  a  small 
quantity  of  vermihon  to  give  a  gold  tin.iie ;  dip  the  pencil  in  tliia  color, 
and  dab  on  the  groimd  with  great  fre-edom  pome  large  patches,  from 
TThieh  small  threads  must  be  drawn  in  varioiu  directions.  In  the 
deej>est  parts  of  the  black,  a  white  vein  w  sonietimes  seen  rmrning 
with  a  great  number  of  small  veins  attaclied  to  it;  but  care  must  be 
taken  toat  these  threads  are  connected  with,  and  ran  in  some  degree 
in  the  same  direction  with  the  tliicker  veins.  Lf  durability  is  not  an 
object  and  the  work  is  required  in  a  shmt  time,  it  may  bo  executed 
very  quick  in  distemper  colors,  and  when  varnished,  it  will  look 
well. 

Red  Makblk. — For  the  ground,  put  on  a  wlute  tinged  with  lake  or 
vermihon ;  then  apply  deep  rich  rels  in  patches,  fining  np  tlie  inter- 
mediate sjwvces  with  brown  and  white  mixed  in  oil ;  then  blend  them 
together;  if  in  quick  dryhig  colors,  lu^e  about  luilf  turps  and  ^old 
size.  Wlien  dry,  vamish;  and  while  the  varnish  is  wet,  put  ma 
multitude  of  the  fine  white  threads,  crossing  tlie  whole  work  in  all 
directiuus,  as  the  wet  varnish  brings  the  pencil  to  a  line  point 

Jasper  Makble. — Put  on  a  white  giound  lightly  tinged  with  blue; 
then  pnt  on  patches  of  rich  reds  or  rose  pink,  leaving  spaces  of  the 
white  grounds;  then  partly  cover  those  s]>ace3  with  various  browns 
to  form  fossils,  in  places  running  veins;  thenp'.itin  a  few  Bi)ot.s  of 
white  in  the  centre  of  some  of  the  red  patches,  and  leaving  in  placea 
masses  nearly  all  white.    When  dry,  use  the  clearest  varnish. 

Blce  a>t>  Gold  Mabble. — For  the  ground  put  on  a  light  blue; 
then  lake  blue,  with  a  small  piece  of  white  lead  and  some  dark  com- 
mon bhie,  and  dab  on  the  groimd  on  patches,  leaving  portions  of  the 
ground  to  shine  between;  then  blend  the  edges  together  with  dnstcr 
or  softener;  afterwards  draw  on  some  white  veins  in  every  direction, 
leaving  lar^  oi>ea  spaces  to  be  filled  np  with  a  pale  yellow  or  gold- 
paint;  finisn  with  eome  fine  white  running  threiids,  and  a  coat  of 
Tarnish  at  last 

To  LsuTATB  Graxite. — For  the  ground  color,  Btam  your  white 
lead  to  a  Ught  lead  color,  with  lampblack  and  a  little  rose  pink. 
Throw  on  bhick  spots,  with  a  graniting  machine,  a  pale  red,  and  fill  np 
with  white  before  the  ground  is  dry. 

Another. — A  black  ground,  when  hall  dry,  throw  In  vermilion,  a 
deep  yellow  and  white  Bj)ots. 

To  'Imitate  Haib  Wood.— For  the  grotmd  color,  take  white  lead 
and  thin  it  with  turj)€ntine,  and  felightly  stain  it  with  equal  quantities 
of  Prussian  blue  and  lampblaclt.  For  the  graining  color,  grmd  in  ale 
a  mixture  of  Prussian  blue  and  raw  sienna ;  when  the  ground  is  dry, 
#pread  a  transparent  coat  of  the  graining  color  on  the  surface  of  th.e 
work,  and  soften;  then  with  the  cork,  mottle  by  rubbing  it  to  and 
fro  across  the  work,  to  form  the  fine  long  grain  or  mottle.  When 
this  is  done,  soften  and  top  grain  in  wavy  but  perpendicular  direo- 
tions;  varnish  when  dry. 

SuBSTiTtTTB  FOR  Whitb  Lead. — Sulphate  of  barytes  ground  in  oil 
and  applied  like  paint  It  can  also  be  used  to  redace  white  lead  to 
any  desired  extanl 


CABi:iETiLA.E:EES,   TXl^JZSS',   AC,   BECEIPT8.      267 

Padtt  for  Black  Boahm  nf  Schools.— Common  glue,  4  ot; 
floor  of  emerv,  3oz. ;  andjust  lampblack  euonph  to  give  an  inky 
color  to  the  pi-eixiration.  Diiisolve  the  glue  in  ^  qt  of  -warm  water, 
put  in  the  lampblack  and  emery,  stir  till  there  are  no  Inmps,  then 
apply  to  the  board  %vith  a  woollen  rag  smoothly  rolled.  Three  coat* 
are  amply  snflk-ient 

CoMPOCXD  Ibox  Pai>'T. — Finely  pulverized  iron  filings,  1  part; 
brick  dust,  1  jxirt;  and  ashes,  1  jart  Pour  over  tliem  glue-wafer  or 
size,  set  the  whole  near  the  fiie,  and,  when  warm,  Btir  them  well 
together.  With  this  paint  cover  all  tiie  wood  work  which  may  be  in 
danger;  whcu  dry,  give  a  second  coat,  and  the  wood  will  be  rendered 
incombustible. 

Ftlli>"G  CoMPOSiTioxa — 12  kixps. — 1.  "Work  finished  in  oil  should 
receive  a  substantial  filling  consisting  of  equal  parts  by  weight  of 
whiting,  plaster  of  Paris,  pumice-stone,  and  litharge,  to  which  may 
be  added  a  little  French  yellow,  asphaltum,  Vandyke  brown,  and 
f-jna  Ji  sienna.  Mix  with  1  part  jajjan,  2  of  boiled  oil,  and  4  of  tur- 
peutiue.     Grind  fine  in  a  mill.    Lay  the  filling  on  with  a  brush,  rub 

it  in  well,  I ""     '     ■      "'  '^    ""    '  i-^--^v-_j 

some  time, 

the  filling  .      ,  .       .  _ 

vripe  ofif,  and  rab  to  a  polL-h  with  fine  cotton,  and  finish  with  iiny  fino 

fabric.      Some  fill  with  rye  flour,  whe;'.t  fioar,  coiti  starch,   Paris 

white,  &c.,  grotmd  fine  in  oil  and  trirpentine.  but  when  work  is  to  Ixj 

Tami.-!he<l,  such  filling  shonld  previously  receive  one  or  two  g.x-d 

coats  of  shellac.    2.  Boiled  linseed  oil,  1  qt ;  turpentine :  3  qts. ;  co:-n 


wood.  On  w;ilnut  wood  add  a  little  burnt  umber;  on  cherry  a  little 
Venetian  red,  to  the  above  mirti'.re.  4.  On  furniture  apply  a  coat  of 
boiled  Ln.~ecd  oil,  then  immediately  sprinlde  dry  whiting  u;>on  it,  and 
r'.m  it  in  weU  with  vour  hand  or  a  stitf  bntsh.  all  over  the  surface; 
the  whiting  al>snrbs"theoil,  and  fills  tlie  pores  of  the  wood  completely. 
For  black  walnut,  add  a  little  bumea  umber  to  the  whiting;  lor 
rherrv,  a  little  Venetian  red,  kr.,  according  to  the  color  of  the  wood. 
Tnmed  work  can  liave  it  applied  while  in  motion  intlie  lathe.  Furni- 
ture can  afterwards  be  finished  with  ouly  one  coat  of  varnish.  5.  Ter- 
ra alba  is  a  very  good  and  very  cheap  filHug.  M:.ny  paintei-g  have 
been  most  shamefully  imix?sed'on  by  parties  selling  the  stuff  at  a  high 
price.  6.  Fumitiire  Pasks. — Beeswax,  spts.  turi>entiae  and  linsoed 
oil,  equal  parts;  melt  and  cool.  7.  Beeswax,  4  ozs. ;  turpentine.  10 
ozs. ;  alkanet  root  to  color;  melt  and  strain.  8.  Beeswax,  1  lb.;  lin- 
seed oil,  5  ozs. ;  alkanet  root,  ^  oz. ,  melt  and  add  5  ozs.  ttirpentine, 
strain  and  cool.    9.  Beeswax,  4  ozs. ;  rosin.  1  oz. ;  oQ  of  turpentiiie, 

2  ozs. ;  digest  until  eufflciently  colored,  then  add  beeswax  till  dissolved, 
then  add  beeswax  scraped  small.  4  ozs. ;  put  the  ve,^el  into  hot  water, 
and  stir  till  dissolved.  If  wanted  pn/e  tlie  alkanet  root  should  b« 
omittfid.  10.  (>\'hite.)  White  wax,  1  lb.;  liquor  of  jiotassa,  \  gal.; 
boil  to  a  proper  consistencv.   11.  Beeswax,  1  lb. ;  soap,  i  lb. ;  pearlash, 

3  0Z8.,  dissolved  in  water,  *  gal. ;  strain  and  boil  as  the  la.-;t  12.  Tel« 
low  wax,  18  parts;  rosin,  1  part;  alkanet  root,  1  part;  turpentine,  4 
paits;  linseed  oil  6  parts.    Fir»t  steep  the  alkanet  in  oil  with  he«^ 


§68     CABIXETMAKEES.    PAUTTERS',    AC,    EECEIPTS. 

and,  wlien  •well  colored,  poor  off  flie  deer  on  tlie  other  ingredients, 
and  ag:iin  heat  till  all  are  dissolved.  1"3.  Ftmiiture  Cream. — I3eea- 
Tvax.  1  lb. ;  soap,  4  ozs. ;  pearlash,  2  oas. ;  soft  water,  1  gtiL,  boil  to- 
gether until  mixed. 

To  Rep  ATE  tee  SixvERrr^G  OF  MrRKOic?. — Pour  upon  a  sheet  of 
tin  foil  3  drs.  of  qiiicksilver  to  tlie  square  f<Xit  of  folL  Rub  smartly 
•with  a  iHCce  of  Luek^kin  antU  the- foil  becomes  biilliant  Lay  tli'e 
glass  npoa  a  flat  table,  face  down-wardi.  place  the  f-jil  upon  the 
damaged  portjou  of  tue  glass,  lay  a  sheet  of  psper  over  the  foil,  and 
place  Upon  it  a  block  of  wood  or  a  piece  of  marble  vritli  a  perfectly 
liat  surface ;  put  upon  it  suffici^it  weight  to  pr(??.s  it  down  tight;  let  it 
remain  in  tlii3  position  a  few  hours.  The  foil  will  adhere  to  tL-; 
glass. 

Pe>-cils  fob  "WEmcfG  on  Glass. — Stearic  add.  4  pts. ;  matton- 
f  aet,  3  Bts. ;  wax  2  pts ;  melt  together  and  add  C :  -^  '•^  '  •  t^M  lead,  an^ 
1  pt,  pimljed  carbonate  of  i)ota*:>a,  pre^^ous!;.- 1:  :I;er;  eet 

f.<ide  iqr  an  hour  in  a  warm  situation,  stirring  :.  :aen  pour 

into  g!a;s  tubes  or  hollow  reeds. 

Polishes — 15  kijtds.— 1.  Carver^  Polish. — TThite  resin,  2  oz. ; 
seedlac,  2  oz. ;  spirits  of  wine,  1  i)t  Dissol\-e.  It  should  be  laid  on 
warm.  AvoiJ  moisture  and  dampness  when  used.  2.  French  Polish. 
— Gum  shellac.  1  oz. ;  gum  aratic,  J  oz. ;  gum  oci  nl  ^  "z.  Powder, 
rud  sift  through  a  piece  of  mtislin;  putthem  iu  r "  '  '     '  bot- 

tle -with  1  pt.  spirits  of  -n-ine,  in  r.  very  -svarm  s ;:  erj- 

i^ay  till  the  gums  are  dissolved;  tlien  'strain  thro  ork 

lor  xise.  3.  Polith  for  Dark-olorcd  Woods. — ^  v  c^ll;ic,  1  oz. ;  gum 
guaiacum,  2  drs. ;  dragon's  blood,  2  drs. :  gum  mastic,  2  drs. ;  put  in 
a  bottle  with  1  pt.  spirits  of  wine,  cork  close,  exiiose  to  a  moderate 
liej.t  till  tl'.e  gums  are  dissolved;  strain  into  a  bottle  for  Pise,  with  J 
gill  of  liur^ed  oil;  shake  toceti^er.  4.  TTVr  -'■';'  P>f'>,^. — Gum 
benjamin,  2  ozs. ;  giim  s'.  ~  '  "s  ot 

•wine,  1  pt. ;  mix  in  a  clos  uid 

Ixith  or  in  hot  water  till  t-.^ .-.   .  .     \ ._  the 

mixture,  shake  it  up  with  ±  gi^l  oi  ilie  best  ilear  i'<-'»'i>y  oil,  and  put  it 
by  for  use.  5.  Fin>shin(/ Poli-^h — Gum  sbell.T".  2"dr<!. ;  g".m  l>enja- 
n:in,  2  drs. :  put  into  ^  pt   best  recti":'      •    -  i  a  bottle 

closely  corted;  keep  in  warm  pLics.  .-  :':e  giur.s 

aredissolved.   '\Vlien cold. shake upV  thebest 

clear  i>oppy  oil    6.  Polish  ftr  Jlcmov^a,  '.(..:-!  JJi'dan 

f/om  Fitrhii^cTe. — ^Take  of '  GS  per  cent.  :  ut:  pulverized 

rr^in  r.nd  ^.im  shellac,  of  each,  Joz.  L<  t  i.  .  :  l:-.  ;ke  alcohol; 
tlien add hn seed  o:L  ^  pt;  siiake  well,  and  r^^^lv  •with  a  sponge, 
brush,  or  c-^tton  flamiel,  or  an  old  news^per.  r.;";.bing  it  well  after 
tl-e  -.,  whiou  gives  a  nice  poli-h!    7.  Po'Lh  for  Bevivinj 

C  . — Take  alcohol,  1^  oz. ;  spirits  of  f.-Jt?  (muriatic  acid), 

i  I  r. ,  ._ 1 '  :1,  8  oz, ;  best  vin^ar,  i  [t :  and  b:itt?r  of  antimony, 

Ijozl;  mix,  putting-in  tlift  vinegar  lart.  8.  J  t  or  Polish  for  Wood 
cr  l/>fT*hfr.  B'ark.  Rd.  or  Blrte- — Alcohol  (:  3  per  cent),  1  pt. :  sealing 
wnv  *'  '  '  -■-=-—■  -^  ..-•-.  .:;-,  .^  bv  heat,  rnd  haveitwarm 
v"  :o  apply  it  vrAli.    9.  I'o'.lih  for 

T  .1  oz*, "in  siiirit  of  v.-iae,  |  pt; 

next  t}..iTe  lcc,s^vax,  1  cz,;  and  dissolve  it  in  a  sufficient  qoantity  of 
t^iiiits  of  turpentine  t>  make  it  into  a  pc£te,  add  the  former  mixior* 


CABIiTETlIAKERS,   PAINTEHS'.   AC,   KECEIPTS.     20% 

by  degrees  to  it,  then  -nith  a  woolen  cloth  apply  it  to  the  work  while  it 
ia  in  motion  in  the  lathe,  and  with  a  eoit  linen  rag  polish  it  It  wil 
appear  aa  ix  highly  vamiahed.  10.  Furniture  Jrotish. — Be«6wax,  -i 
Id.,  and  ^  of  an  oz.  of  allianet  root:  melt  together  in  a  pipkin  until 
the  former  is  we^i  colored.  Then  add  linseed  oil  and  spirits  of  tur- 
]>entine,  of  each  halTa  gill ;  strain  through  a  piece  of  coarse  muslin. 
11.  French  Polishcs.-^l.  Shellac,  o  lbs. ;  wood  naphtha,  3  jits. ;  dis- 
solve. 2.  Shellac,  2  lbs. ;  powdered  mastic  a'.id  sandarac,  of  each  1 
oz. ;  copal  varnish,  htint ;  spirits  of  wine,  1  gal.  Digest  in  the  cold 
till  disswlred.  12.  Black  Walnut  Polish. — Take  pulverized  asphal- 
tum ;  put  it  in  a  jar  or  bottle,  pour  over  it  about  twice  its  bulk  of  tur- 
pentine or  benzole,  put  in  a  warm  place,  and  shake  oocasionaily ; 
when  di-^solved,  strain,  and  apply  it  to  the  wood  with  a  cloth  or  stiff 
brush;  should  it  prove  too  dark,  dilute  with  turpentine  or  benzole. 
If  desired  to  bring  out  the  grain  still  more,  apply  a  mixture  of  boiled 
oil  and  turpentine;  this  is  better  than  oil  alone  \7henthe  oil  is  dry, 
the  wood  can  be  polished  with  the  following :  shellac  varnish,  2  parte, 
boned  oil,  1  part ;  shake  it  well  before  using  Apply  with  a  cloth,  rub- 
bing briskly  13.  To  Polish  Wood. — T;tke  apiece  of  pumice-btuue and 
water,  and  pass  repeatedly  over  the  work  imtil  the  rising  of  the  graia 
is  cut  down.  Then  take  powdered  tripoli  and  boiled  linseed  oil,  and 
polish  the  work  to  a  bright  surface  14.  Clock  Case  and  Picture 
Frame  Finish. — Copal  varnish,  2  lbs. ;  linseed  oil  varnish,  ^  oz. ;  mix 
well,  shake  often,  and  place  in  a  warm  spot  The  wood  to  be  var- 
nished is  prepared  witli  a  thin  coat  of  glue-water,  and  rubbed  down 
with  fine  pumice-stone  or  something  equivalent  In  light-colored 
wood,  a  hght  pigment,  such  as  chalk,  L=4  added  to  the  glue-water; 
in  dark  wood,  a  dark  pigment  is  added  When  ready,  the  articles  ara 
varnished  with  the  above  mixture,  and.  after  drying,  rubbed  with  a 
solution  of  wax  in  ether,  thereby  receiving  a  high  polish  15  While 
Poli.?h.  for  Mliite  Wo<kIs. — A\*h:te  bleached  sheUac,  3  ozs. ;  whito 
gum  benzoin,  1  oz. ;  gum  sandarac,  ^  oz. ;  spirits  of  wine  or  naphtha, 
1  pt    Dissolve. 

Oel  Fcxi-bnES. — 1.  Linseed  oU,  IG  ozs. ;  black  resin,  4  ozs. ;  vinegar, 
4  ozs. ;  rectliied  sjnrits,  3  ozs. ;  butter  of  antimony,  10  o.-^s. ;  spirit  of 
salts,  2  ozs. ;  melttlie  resin,  add  tlie  oil,  take  it  off  the  fire,  and  stir  in 
the  %inegar;  let  it  boil  for  a  few  minutes,  stirring  it;  when  cool,  p-.;t 
it  into  a  bottle,  add  the  other  ingredient*,  sliakiug  all  together.  2. 
Linseed  oil,  1  v>t. ;  oil  of  turpentine,  ^  pt ;  rectified  sjiiiits,  4  ozs. ;  pov.- 
dered  resin,  li  oz. ;  rose  pink,  ^  oz. ;  niLx.  3.  Acetic  acid,  2  drs. ;  oil 
of  lavender,  .^  dr. ;  rectified  spirits,  1  dr. ;  linseed  oil,  4  ozs.  4.  Linseed 
oil,  1  pt ;  alkiinet  root,  2  ozs. ;  he;it,  strain,  and  add  lac  varnish,  1  oz. 

5.  Linseed  oil,  1  pt ;  rectified  spirits,  2  ozs. ;  butter  of  antimony,  4  Oiis. 

6.  Linseed  oil,  1  gal. ;  alkanet  root  3  ozs. ;  rose  pink,  1  oz.  Boil  them 
together  ten  minutes,  and  strain  so  tliat  the  oil  be  quite  clear. 

Faxcy  FiGL-EEs  ox  WooD. — Slake  some  lime  in  stale  urine.  Dip 
a  brush  in  it  and  form  on  the  wood  figures  to  suit  your  fancy.  \\'he:i 
dry.  rub  it  well  with  a  rind  of  pork. 

Staixs  for  Wood.— 1.  Cheap  Black  Walnut  Stain,— Bnmt  um- 
ber, 2  parts:  rose  pink,  1  part;  ghie,  1  jiart;  water  sufficient;  heat  all 
together  and  dissolve  completely,  apply  to  the  work  first  with  a 
spon;.;e.  then  go  over  it  with  a  brush,  and  varnish  over  vrith  slio-Uac; 
X  Sbony  Utain^—iyzo^  black,  2  parts  \  ros«  pink,  1  part ;  turpeatiua,  a 


170     CABINETMAKEES,   PAUfTERS',   AC,   EECEIPTS. 

Bufflcient  quantity.  3.  Bright  Yellow  Stain. — 1.  Brusli  over  •with  the 
tincture  of  turmeric  4.  Warm  the  worlc,  and  brush  it  over  with  weak 
aquafortis ;  vaniish  or  oil  as  usual  5.  A  very  small  bit  of  aloes  put 
into  tlie  varnish  will  give  a  rich  yellow  color  to  the  wood.  6.  Ejctra 
Black  Stain  for  Wood. — Pour  2  quarts  boiling  water  over  1  oz.  of 
jKiwdered  extract  of  logwood,  and,  when  the  solution  is  affected,  1  dr. 
of  yellow  chromate  of  potash  is  added,  and  the  whole  well  etirred. 
It  is  then  ready  for  use  aa  a  wood-stain,  or  for  writing  ink.  When 
rubbed  on  wood,  it  produces  a  pure  black.  Repeat  with  2.  3,  or  4 
applications,  till  a  deep  black  is  produced.  7.  Imitation  of  Mahogany. 
Let  the  first  coat  of  piainting  be  white  lead,  tlie  second  orange,  and 
the  last  bomt  umber  or  sienna  :  imitating  the  veiu.s  ae«)rding  to  your 
taste  and  practice.  8.  To  Imitate  Wainscot. — Let  tlie  lirst  coat  be 
white ;  the  second,  half  white  and  yellow  ochre ;  and  the  tliird,  yeUow 
ochre  only-  shadow  witli  umber  or  sieima.  9.  To  Imitate  Satiii 
Wood. — Take  white  for  your  first  coating,  light  blue  for  the  second, 
and  dark  blue  or  dark  green  for  the  third  10.  Rosewood  Stain,  very 
bright  sliade — Used  Cold. — Take  alcohol,  1  gal.;  camwood,  2  oz.: 
set  them  in  a  warm  place  24  hours ;  then  add  extract  of  logwood,  3 
oz. ;  aquafortis,  1  oz.  ;  and  when  dissolved,  it  is  ready  for  use;  it 
makes  a  very  bright  ground  like  the  most  beautiXiil  rosewood: 
1,  2,  or  more  coats  as  you  desire.  11.  Chen^j  Stain. — Raiu  waterj  3 
qts. ;  annatto,  4  oz. ;  hoil  in  a  copper  kettle  till  the  annatto  is  dis- 
solved, then  put  in  a  piece  of  potash  the  size  of  a  walnut;  keep  it  on 
the  fire  about  half  an  hour  longer,  and  it  is  ready  to  bottle  for  use. 
12.  Rosevjood  Stain,  very  bright  shade. — Equal  parts  of  logwood  and 
redwood  chips,  boil  weU  in  water  sulScieut  to  make  a  sti-ong  stain ; 
apply  it  to  the  furniture  while  hot;  2  or  3  coats  accordin^tothe  depth 
of  color  desired.  13.  Rose  Pink  Stain  and  Varnish.— -rut  1  oz.  of 
potash  in  1  qt.  water,  with  red  ganders,  1  ^  ozs. ;  extract  the  color  from 
the  wood  and  strain  :  then  add  gum  sl'.ellac,  ^  lb.,  di.«solve  it  by  a 
brisk  fire.  Used  u^xin  lo^ood  stain  for  rosewood  imitotion.  14. 
Blue  Stain  for  Wood.  1.  Dissolve  copper  filiup:3  in  aqiiafortis,  brush 
the  wood  with  it,  and  then  go  over  the  work  witli  a  hot  solution  of 
pearlash  (2  oz.  to  1  pt.  of  water)  till  it  assumes  a  perfectly  blue  color. 
15.  Boil  2  ozs.  of  indigo,  2  lbs.  wood,  and  1  oz.  alum,  in  1  gal.  water, 
brush  well  over  until  thoroughly  stained.  16.  Imitation  of  Botany- 
Bay  Wood. — Boil  i  lb.  French  berries  (the  unripe  berries  of  the 
Rhammis  infectorius)  in  2  qts.  water  till  of  a  deep  yellow,  and  while 
boiling  hot,  give  2  or  3  coats  to  the  work.  LE  a  deeper  color  is  desired, 
give  a  coat  of  logwood  decoction  over  the  yellow.  When  nearly  dry, 
form  the  grain  with  No.  8,  black  stain,  used  hot,  and.  when  dry,  rust 
and  Tarnish.  17.  Mahogany  Color — Dark. — 1.  Boil  |  lb.  of  madder 
and  2  ozs.  logwood  chips  in  a  gallon  of  water,  and  briish  well  over 
while  hot;  when  dry  go  over  the  whole  with  j)earl:«h  solution,  2 
drs.  to  the  quart.  2.  Put  2  ozs.  dragon's  blood,  bruised,  into  a  quart 
of  oil  of  turpentine ;  let  the  bottle  stand  in  a  warm  place,  shake  fre- 
quently,  and,  when  dissolved,  steep  tlie  work  in  the  mixture.  18. 
Box^wood  Brown  Staiii. — Hold  your  work  to  the  fire,  that  it  may  re- 
ceive a  gentle  warmth ;  then  take  aquafortis,  and,  with  a  feather, 
pass  it  over  the  work  till  you  find  it  change  to  a  fine  brown  (alwayi 
keeping  it  near  the  fire),  you  may  then  varnish  or  polish  it.  IQl 
jLight  Red  Brown.    Boil  ^  lb.  madder  and  ^  Ih.  fustio  in  1  gaL  'water: 


CABINETMAKERS,   PAINTEES',   AC,   EECEIPTS.       271 

brush  over  the  work,  when  boiling  hot,  until  properly  stained.  20. 
The  surface  of  the  work  being  quite  smooth,  brush  over  with  a  weak 
eolation  of  aquafortis,  ^  oz.  to  the  pint ;  then  finish  with  the  follow- 
ing : — Put  4^  ozB.  dragon's  blood  and  1  oz.  soda,  both  well  bruised,  to 

3  pte  spirits  of  wine,  let  it  stand  in  a  wann  place,  shake  frequently, 
strain  and  lay  on  with  a  soft  brush,  repeating  until  of  a  proper  color; 
polish  with  linseed  oil  or  varnish.  21.  Purple. — Brush  the  work 
several  times  with  the  logwood  decoction  used  lor  No.  6  Black ;  and, 
when  dry,  give  a  coat  of  pearlasli  solution,  1  dr.  to  a  quart;  lay  it  on 
•venly.  22.  Rcd.—l.  Boil  1  lb.  Brazil  wood  and  1  oz.  pearlash  in  a 
gal.  of  water ;  and,  while  hot,  brush  over  the  work  until  of  a  proper 
oolor.  Dissolve  2  ozs.  alum  in  1  qt.  water,  and  brush  the  solution 
over  the  work  before  it  dries.  23.  Take  a  gaUon  of  the  above  stain, 
add  2  ozs.  more  pearlash ;  use  hot,  and  brush  over  with  the  alum 
solution.  24.  Use  a  cold  solution  of  archil,  and  brush  over  with  the 
pearlash  solution  for  No.  1,  Dark  mahogany.  25.  Mahcgany  Stain  on 
Wood. — Take  nitric  acid,  dilute  with  10  imrts  of  water,  and  wash  the 
wood  with  it.  To  produce  rosewood  finish,  glaze  the  same  with  car- 
mine of  Mmiich  lake.  Asphaltum,  thuiued  with  turpentine,  forms  an 
excellent  mahogany  color  on  new  work.  26.  Mahogany  Stain  on 
Maple. — Dragon  s  blood,  i  oz. ;  alkanet,  ^  oz. ;  aloes,  1  dr. ;  spirits  of 
wine,  16  ozs. ;  apply  it  wifli  a  sponge  or  brush.  27.  Crimson  Stain 
for  Musical  Instruments. — Ground  Brazil  wood,  1  lb. ;  water,  3  qts. ; 
cochineal,  i  ounce;  boil  the  Brazil  witli  the  water  fbr  an  hour,  strain, 
add  the  cochineal;  boil  gently  for  half  an  hour,  when  it  will  be  fit  for 
use.  If  you  wish  a  scarlet  tint,  boil  an  ounce  of  salTron  in  a  quart  of 
water,  and  pass  over  the  work  before  you  stain  it.  28.  Purple  Stain. 
— Chipped  logwood,  1  lb. ;  water,  3  qts. ;  pearlash,  4  ounces ;  powdered 
indigo,  2  ounces.  Boil  the  logwood  in  the  water  half  an  hour,  add 
the  pearlash  and  indigo,  and  when  dissolved,  you  wiU  have  a  beauti- 
ful purple.    29.  Green  Stain. — Strong  vinegar,  3  pts. ;  best  verdigris, 

4  ounces,  ground  fine ;  sap  grseu,  ^  oimce ;  mix  together. 

Black  Stains  fob  Wood. — 1  Drop  a  little  sulphuric  acid  into  a 
small  quantity  of  water  ;  brush  over  the  wood  and  hold  it  to  the  fixe  : 
it  will  be  a  fine  black  and  receive  a  good  polish.  2.  For  a  beautiful 
black,  on  wood,  nothing  can  exceed  ti\e  black  Japan  mentioned  under 
Tinsmiths'  Department  Apply  two  coats  ;  after  which,  varnish  and 
ix)lish  it  3.  To  1  gal  vinegar,  add  a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  iron  rust : 
let  it  stand  for  a  week  ;  then  add  a  pound  of  diy  lampblack,  and 
three-quarters  of  a  pound  copi^eras  ;  stir  it  up  for  a  couple  of  days. 
Lay  on  five  or  six  coats  with  a  sponge,  allowing  it  to  dry  between 
eaoi ;  polish  with  linseed-oil  and  a  solt  woollen  rag,  and  it  will  look 
like  ebonv.  Incomparable  for  iron  work,  ships'  guns,  shot,  &a  4. 
Vinegar,  |  gal ;  dry  lampblack,  |  lb. ;  iron-rust  sifted,  3  lbs. :  mis  and 
let  stand  for  a  week.  Lay  three  coats  of  this  on  hot,  and  then  rub 
with  linseed  oil,  and  you  wiU  have  a  fine  deep  black.  6.  Add  to  the 
above  stain,  nut-galls,  1  oz.  ;  logwood-chips,  ^  lb. ;  copperas,  i  lb.  : 
lay  on  three  coats  ;  oil  well,  and  you  will  have  a  black  stain  that  will 
stand  any  kind  of  weather,  and  is  well  adapted  for  ships'  combings, 
&c.  6.  Logwood-chips,  ^  lb. ;  Brazil-wood,  t  lb. ;  boO  for  1 J  hours  in 
1  gal.  water.  Brush  the  wood  with  this  decoction  while  hot ;  make  a 
decoction  of  nnt-galla,  by  gentle  simmering,  for  three  or  four  davs,  a 
quarter  of  a  pouad  of  the  galls  in  3  qts.  water  ;  give  the  wood  tnre« 


272     CABINET^t.VTTIIRS,   PAmXERS',   AC,   EECEIPT3. 

coats,  and,  while  wet,  lay  on  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron  (2  oza.  to  ^ 
quart),  and,  when  dry,  oil  or  vamiih,  7.  Give  three  coats  with  a 
solution  of  copper  filings  in  aquafortis,  and  repeatedly  brush  over 
with  the  logwood  decoction  until  the  greenness  of  the  copper  J3 
destroyed.  8.  Boil  ^  lb.  logwood-chips  iu  2  quai-ts  water ;  add  an 
ounce  of  pearlash,  and  apply  hot  with  a  brush.  Then  tiike  2  qts.  of 
tlie  logwood  decoction,  aud  h  oz.  of  verdigris,  and  the  same  of  cojv 
peras  ;  strain,  and  throw  in  |  lb.  of  ixoa  rust  Brash  the  work  well 
with  tliis,  and  oil. 

Black  Walxut  Staix. — Spirits  of  turpentine,  Igal.;  pulverized 
asphaltum,  2  lbs. ;  dissolve  in  au  iron  kettle  on  a  stove,  stirring  con- 
stantly. Can  be  used  over  a  red  stain  to  imittite  rosewood  To  make 
a  perfect  black  add  a  little  lampblack.  The  addition  of  a  little  varnish 
with  the  turpentine  improves  it. 

Cktstal  Yarxish,  for  Maps,  &c. — Canada  bal.=vim,  loz.  ;  spirits 
of  turpentine,  2  oz.  ;  miv  together.  Before  applying  this  varnish  to 
a  drawing  or  coloved  piint,  the  p.nper  should  be  placed  on  a  stretcher, 
and  sized  with  a  tliin  solution  of  isinglass  in  water,  and  dried.  Apply 
with  a  soft  camel' s-hair  brash. 

To  EaoNizE  ^VooD. — MLx  up  a  strong  sfciln  of  copperas  and  log- 
wood, to  which  add  powdered  nut-gall.  Skiiu  your  wood  with  this 
BolutioTi,  dry,  rub  dovro.  well,  oil,  tlien  use  French  polish  made  toler- 
ably dark  with  indigo  or  finely  powdered  stone  blue. 

Miscellaneous  Staixs. — Ydloio  is  produced  by  diluted  nitric 
acid.  Rii  is  produced  by  a  solution  of  dragon's  blood  in  spirits  of 
wine.  BiacJc  is  produced  by  a  strong  solution  of  nitric  acid.  Green  la 
produced  by  a  solution  of  verdigris  in  nitric  acid  ;  then,  dipped  in  a 
hot  solution  pearlash  produces  a  JJlue  stain.  Jfurple  is  produced  by 
a  solution  of  sal-ammoui.ac  in  nitric  acid. 

Beauxifcx  y.ujxisH  FpB  TiOLixs,  &c. — Rectified  spiiits  of  wine, 
i  gal.  ;  add  6  oz.  gum  sandarac,  3  oz.  gum  mastic,  and  ^  pt  turpea- 
fiue  vaniish  ;  put  the  above  in  a  tin  can  by  the  stove,  frequently 
shaking  till  well  dissolved  :  sti-aln  aud  keep'for  use.  If  you  find  it 
hai-der  than  you  vrish,  thin  with  more  turi^entiue  varnish. 

AxoTHER. — Heat  together  at  a  low  temperat.ire  2  qt<.  of  alcohol,  J 
pt  tiux>entine  varnish,  and  lib.  clean  giun  mastic  ;  when  the  latter  is 
thoroughly  dissolved,  strain  through  a  clotli. 

Varxish  for  FiLViLES,  ETC. — Lay  the  frames  over  with  tin  or 
silver  foil  by  means  of  plaster  of  Paris,  glue  or  cement  of  some  kind, 
that  the  foil  maj'  be  x)erfectly  adherent  to  the  wood  ;  tJicn  apply  your 
gold  lacquer  varnish,  which  is  made  as  follows  :  Groimd  turmeric.  1 
lb.  ;  powdered  gamboge,  1^  oimces  ;  powdered  sandivac,  3^  lbs.  ; 
powdered  shellac,  |  lbs.  ;  spiiits  of  wine,  2  gals.  ;  dissolve  and  strain  ; 
then  add  turpentine  varnish,  1  pt.  ;  aud  it  is  ready  for  use. 

Dyes  fob  Vex-eers. — AfneBlack. — Put  6  lbs.  of  logwood  chips 
into  your  copper, -with  as  many  veneers  as  it  wUl  hold  without  press- 
ing too  tight,  fill  it  with  water,  let  it  boil  slowly  for  about  3  hours, 
then  add^  lb.  oi  powdered  r:rdif;ris,  ^  lb.  copperas,  bruised  gall-nuts 
4  ozs.  ;  fill  the  copjier  up  with  vinegar  as  the  water  envaporates  ;  let 
it  boil  gently  2  hours  each  day  till  the  wood  is  dyed  through.  A  ffm 
Blue. — Put  "oil  of  vitriol,  1  lb",  and  4  ozs.  of  the  best  powdered  indiga 
in  a  glass  bottle.  Set  it  in  a  glazed  eaithen  pan,  as  it  will  ferment 
Now  put  your  veneers  into  a  copper  or  stone  trough  ;  fill  it  rathei 


CABINETMAKEBS,   PAINTERS,   AC,   RECEIPTS.      273 

more  than  one-third  ■with  water,  and  add  as  much  of  the  vitriol  and 
Indigo  (stirring  it  about)  as  -vnll  make  fine  blue,  te?tLag  it  with  a 

Eiece  of  white  paper  or  wood.  Let  the  veneers  remaia  till  the  dva 
as  struck  througn.  Keep  the  solution  of  indigo  a  few  weeks  before 
using  it  ;  this  improves  tHe  color.  Fine  Yellow. — ^Reduce  4  lbs.  of  the 
root  of  barberry  to  dust  by  sawtnjr.  which  put  in  a  copper  or  brass 
trough  ;  add  turmeric,  4  ozs.  ;  water.  4  gals.  ;  then  put  in  as  many 
white  holly  veneers  as  the  liquor  will  cover.  Boil  tlicm  together  3 
hours,  ofteu  turning  them.  When  cool,  add  aquafortis,  2  oz.,  and 
the  dye  wiU  strike tlrrough  much  sooner.  Bright  Green, — Proceed  aa 
in  the  previous  receipt  to  produce  a  yellow ;  but,  instead  of  aqu?.- 
fortis,  add  as  much  of  the  vitriolated  iudigo  (see  above,  under  blue- 
dye)  as  will  produce  the  desired  color.  Bright  Red. — Brazil  dust,  2 
Ids.  ;  add  water,  4  gals.  Put  in  as  many  veneers  as  the  liquid  will 
cover  ;  boil  them  for  3  hours,  then  add  alum,  2  oz  .  aquafortis,  2  oz.; 
and  keep  it  luke-warm  until  it  has  struck  thr75rigli.  Purple. — ^To  2 
lbs.  of  chip  logwood  and  \  lb.  Brazil  dust,  add  4  gals,  of  water  ;  and 
after  putting  in  your  veneers,  boil  for  3  hours  ;  then  add  pearlash.  9 
ozs.,  and  alum  2  oz. ;  lot  them  boil  for  2  or  3  hours  every  day  till  the 
color  has  struck  tlirough.  Orange. — ^Take  the  veneera  out  of  the 
above  yeUow  dye,  while  still  wet  aud  saturated,  transfer  them  to  the 
tright  red  dye  till  the  color  pcuch-ates  throughout. 

To  DirEo\-E  THE  CoLOR  OF  St.4I>7s. — Nltric  acid,  1  oz.  ;  muriatii; 
Rcid,  J  tea.«poonful;  grain  tin,  ^  oz. ;  rain  water,  2  oz.  Mix  it  at  lea.-t 
2  days  before  using,  and  keep  your  bottle  well  corked. 

Steoxg  Glxte  fob  Islatxng  or  Vexeerixg. — Select  the  be.^t 
light  brown  glue,  free  from  clouds  and  streaks.  Dissolve  this  in  wa- 
ter, and  to  every  pint  add  haK  a  gill  of  the  best  vinegar  and  ^  oz.  of 
isinglass.    For  other  glues  see  Engineere'  Department. 

tfLAiD  Mother  of  Pearl  Work,  on  serving  machines  and  other 
fancy  work,  is  jierformcd  by  selecting  the  thin  scales  of  the  shell 
and  cementing  them  to  tlie  surface  of  tlie  material  ;  the  rest  of  the 
surface  is  covered  vrith  successive  coats  of  Japr.n  varnish,  generally 
bLack,  bemg  subjected  to  a  baking  process  after  each  applicati'jn. 
When  the  vami~h  is  as  thick  as  the  sl^.ell,  it  is  polished,  the  gilding 
and  painting  added,  and  a  flowing  coat  of  varnish  put  over  the  whole. 

AnotJier  Method. — ^Prepare  the  job  witli  a  heavy  coat  of  bktck  Japan, 
then,  before  it  is  dry,  procure  fialres  of  pearl  and  Liy  them  on  the 
black  surface,  pressing  them  into  the  Japan  until  they  are  level  with 
the  surface;  then  with  colors  form  vines  and  flowers,  allowing  the 
pearl  to  form  the  body  of  the  flower  leaf,  and  shade  up  all  nicely. 

Tra^'sparf.nt  Paixtixg  on  WrNTtow  Shades. — The  muslin  is 
spread  on  a  frame  and  secured  tightly  with  tacks,  then  sized  with  a 
mixture  of  fine  flour  paste,  white  glue,  and  white  bar  soap ;  the  soap 
'enders  the  muslin  pfiable  and  soft.  A  tlita  coat  is  applied,  which  is 
nearly  invisible  v.-hen  dry.  A  coat  of  pure  hnreed  oil,  dUnted  with 
spirits  of  turpentine,  is  tliVn  applied,  to  tiie  whole,  or  part,  as  desired; 
lay  it  on  quicldy  and  smoothly,  to  insure  an  even  trrjisparent  surface. 
TlJe  colors  used  are,  ivory  black,  ultramarine,  Piiris  green,  sienna, 
umber,  verdigris,  asphaltiim,  or  other  suitable  colors.  An  outline  of 
the  design  is  drawn  witli  a  small  pencil  with  black  or  nmber.  aft^r 
which  the  colors  may  be  appUed,  more  or  ie?3  diluted,  as  more  or  lesa 
ttuas7>arenc7  is  desired.    In  genei-al,  the  brightest  colors  should  b« 

IS 


274     CAB1KET3IAKEES,   P-UXTERS',   <tC.,   RECEIPTS. 

applied  first,  .ind  the  darker  Phadca  over  them.  These  colors  enst  he 
laid  evenly  and  smoothly  -with  eoit  brushes:,  and  should  any  part  be 
made  too  dark,  the  best  way  is  to  s craiie  off  with  a  stick  before  the 
color  gets  too  dry.  The  best  desien?  for  shades  cons;.-t«  of  Landscape 
views,  and  should  always  be  desii,'ned  to  acconunodxite  the  form  and 
position  of  the  ground  on  which  they  are  drawn.  Stencils  will  be 
found  iisefnl  on  this  work,  in  making  comers  or  stripes  for  borders. 

To  Pai>-t  Magic  L.a>,-teex  Sides.— Transparent  colors  only  are 
nsed  for  this  work,  such  as  lakci,  sap-green,  ultrr-marine,  verdigri.*, 
gamboge,  asphaltiim,  &c.,  mixed  in  oi^  ar.d  tempered  with  light 
colored  ^-amLh  (white  Demar).  Draw  on  tlie  paper  the  design  de- 
sired, and  stick  it  to  tlie  gla^js  with  water  or  gum;  then  witli  a  fiue 
pencil  put  the  outlines  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  gla.«9  vrith  the  prop- 
er colors;  then  shade  or  fill  up  with  black  or  Vandyke  brown,  as  voa 
find  best 

M.\Ki>-E  Patst  for  Metals  ix  S.\i.t  TTatxr.— Ecd  lead  55  parts; 
quicksDver,  30  mrts;  thick  turj^entine,  7  parts.  Mil  with  boiled 
linseed  oil  to  the  proper  consistency.  The  quicksilver  must  bo 
thoroughly  amalgamated  with  tl:e  thick  turpentine  by  grinding  or 
rubbing,  and  this  misture  must  be  ground  witii  red  lead  and  mora 
boiled  oiL  As  little  oil  as  is  necessary  to  make  the  paint  lay  well  must 
be  used.  To  make  the  paint  adhere  ruore  firmly,  a  previoai  coat  of  ox- 
ide of  iron  paint  may  be  n.sed- 

To  biiTATE  ToKTOisE  Sheix.— Paint  a  ground  of  erJmon  color; 
then  when  dry  and  smoothed  off,  coat  it  over  with  rose  pink,  mixed  in 
varnish  and  turpentine;  then  with  a  flat  piece  of  glass,  press  on  the 
snrface,  and  remove  the  glass  quickly,  being  careful  not  to  push  it 
over  the  paint  so  as  to  disturb  the  curious  figures  which  tlie  pressure 
vrill  form  thereon.  Varnish  when  dry,  p.:  \  you  will  find  you  have  a 
beautiful  imitation  of  tortoise  shell 

B.AJNXEB  Pai>-ti>-g.— Lay  out  tie  lettere  very  accnratelv  with 
charcoal  or  crayon,  then  saturate  the  cloth  with  water  to  render  the 
painting  easy.  On  hirge  work  a  stencil  will  be  found  useful  Take 
a  piece  of  tin.  lay  the  straight  edge  to  the  mark,  brush  over  with  a 
saah  tool,  and  by  this  means  yon  will  make  a  very  clean-edged 
letter.    Use  stiff  bristle  pencils  in  paintiag  on  canvas. 

Oil  Cloth  Pain-tisg. — To  paint  crjivas  for  floors,  the  canvas 
should  first  be  saturated  with  glue-water  or  flour  paste,  and  allowed 
to  dry  first  Then  pr,:i-t  it  with  any  color  desired.  To  put  in  tlie 
figures,  cut  out  designs  in  tin  plates  or  stiff  paper,  and  'stencil  them 
on  in  various  colors. 

To  Imttate  Maeble. — For  i-hjte  marble,  get  up  a  pnre  whita 
ground,  then  hold  a  lighted  cjmdle  near  the  surface,  and  allow  tl:e 
smoke  to  form  the  shades  and  various  tints  desired.  This  will 
make  a  very  handsome  imitation.  Black  m;irble  imitation  is  mada 
by  streaking  a  black  surface  with  colors,  using  a  feather  and  pencii 
Another  plan  is  to  get  up  a  smooth  black  surface :  then  take  the  colors, 
^Teen,  yellow,  red,  white,  &:c.,  ground  thick  in  gold  size,  and  streak 
the  surface  with  a  stick  or  pencil.  Allow  it  to  dry,  and  apnlv  a  heavy 
coat  of  lampblack  and  yellow  ochre.  mLxed  with"  rough  stuff.  When 
all  is  hard,  nib  down'to  a  level  surface  with  lump  pnmice-stuue, 
Tarnish,  and  a  beautiful  varigated  marble  will  be  the  result 

£tchi>'g  07f  Glass. — ^Druggists'  bottles,  bar-tumblers,  Eigna,  am) 


CABINETMAKEBS,   PAINTERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.     27.^ 

giMBware  of  erery  description,  can  be  lettered  in  a  beantifnl  style  of 
art,  by  simply  giving  tlie  article  to  be  engraved,  or  etched,  a  thin  roat 
of  the  engraver's  vaniish  (see  next  receipt),  and  the  application  of 
fluoric  acid.  Before  doing  so,  the  glass  must  be  thoroughly  cleaned 
and  heated,  so  that  it  can  nardly  be  lield.  The  varnish  is  then  to  bo 
applied  ligntly  over,  and  made  smooth  by  dabbing  it  with  a  Email 
ball  of  silk,  filled  with  cotton.  When  dry  and  even^  tlie  lines  may  be 
traced  on  it  by  a  sharj)  steel,  cutting  clear  tlirongh  the  varnish  to  tho 
glass.  The  varnish  must  be  removed  clean  from  each  letter,  other- 
wise it  will  be  an  imperfect  job.  When  all  is  ready,  jxjur  on  or  apply 
the  fluoric  acid  Avith  a  feather,  filling  each  letter.  Let  it  remain  until 
it  etches  to  the  required  depth,  then  wash  off  with  water,  and  remove 
the  varnish. 

Etching  Varnish. — Take  of  virgin  wax  and  asphaltum,  each  2 
oz. ;  of  black  pitch  and  Burgimdy  pitch,  each  h  oz. ;  melt  the  w.ai  and 
pitch  in  a  new  earthenware  glazed  pot,  and  add  to  them,  by  degrees, 
the  asphaltum,  finely  powdered.  Let  the  wholo  boil,  simmering 
gradually,  till  such  time  as,  taking  a  drop  upon  a  j  aate,  it  will  break 
when  it  is  cold,  or  bending  it  double  two  or  three  unips  betwixt  the 
fingers.  The  vamish,  being  then  boiled  enough,  must  be  taken  off 
the  fire,  and,  after  it  cools  a  little,  must  be  pomal  into  warm  water 
that  it  may  work  the  more  easily  with  the  hands,  so  as  to  be  formed 
into  balls,  which  must  be  kneaded,  and  put  into  h  piece  of  taffety  for 
use.    The  sand  blast  is  now  in  extensive  use  for  ornamenting  on  glass. 

Fluokic  Acid  to  Make  fob  Etching  IPijrposes. — You  can 
make  your  own  fluoric  (sometimes  called  hydro-fluoric)  acid,  hj 
gettmg  the  fluor  or  Derbyshire  spar,  pulveriziiig  it,  and  putting  sdl  of 
it  into  sulphuric  acid  wluch  the  acid  will  cu';  or  dissolve.  Inasmuch 
as  fluoric  acid  is  destractive  to  glass,  it  ©innot  be  kept  in  common 
bottles,  but  must  be  kept  in  lead  or  gutta  percha  bottles. 

Glass-Grinding  tor  Signs,  Shades,  &c.  —  After  you  have 
etched  a  name  or  other  design  uiion  uncolored  glass,  and  wish  to  have 
it  show  off  to  better  advantage  by  permitting  tlie  liglit  to  pass  only 
through  the  letters,  you  can  do  so  by  talcing  a  piece  of  flat  bra^sa  siitn- 
ciently  large  not  to  dip  into  the  letters,  but  pass  over  them  when  gild- 
ing upon  the  surface  of  the  glass;  then,  with  flour  of  emery,  and 
keeping  it  wet,  you  can  grind  tlie  wholo  surface, very  quicklv,  to  look 
like  the  ground-glass  globes  often  seen  upon  lamps,  except  tne  letter, 
which  is  eaten  below  the  general  surface. 

To  Drill  and  Ornament  Glass.— Glass  can  be  easily  drilled 
bj  a  steel  drill,  hardened  but  not  drawn,  and  driven  at  a  high  velo- 
at;r.  Holes  of  any  size,  from  the  l(ith  of  an  inch  upwards,  can  bo 
drilled,  by  using  spirits  of  turpentine  as  a  drip ;  and,  easier  still,  by 
nsing  camphor  with  the  turpentine.  Do  not  press  the  glass  very 
hard  again.>it  the  drill.  If  you  require  to  ornament  glass  by  turning 
in  a  lathe,  u.se  a  good  mill  file  and  the  turpentine  and  camphor  drip, 
and  you  will  find  it  an  easy  matter  to  produce  any  shape  you  choose. 

Gilding  Glass  Signs,  "^&c.— Cut  a  piece  of  thin  paper  to  the  size 
of  your  glass,  draw  out  your  design  coiTectly  in  black  lead-pencil  on 
the  paper,  then  prick  through  the  outline  oi  the  letters  with  a  fine 
needle;  tie  up  a  little  dry  white  lead  in  a  piece  of  rag;  this  is  a 
pounce-bag.  Place  your  design  upon  the  glass,  right  side  up,  dust  it 
with  the  ];M3unce-bag;  and,  after  taking  the  paper  off,  the  deaiga  will 


276      CABDsETMAKEKS,    PAETTEES',    AC,    EECEIPT3.  * 

appear  in  white  dots  npon  the  glass;  these  will  guide  you  in  laylr^ 
on  the  gold  on  the  opposite  side,  which  must  be  tr  .7  cleaned  VTepaxa 
torr  to  layin?  on  tl.e  ^old.  Preparing  the  siz^. — Boil  perfectly  clea. 
wrUer  m  an  enamelied  siucepan,  and  while  Ix^llin j,  add  2  or  3  shreds 
of  best  seleaed  isinglasa,  aiter  a  few  minutes  stmin  it  through  a 
clean  linen  rag;  when  cool,  it  is  ready  for  use.  Clean  the  glass  per- 
fectly.— ^^Mien  tliis  is  done,  n^e  a  filit  camel' s-hairbru^h  for  laying 
on  the  pize ;  and  let  it  drrJn  off  when  you  put  the  gold  on.  When,  the 
gi;!d  Ls  Liid  on  and  perfectly  dry,  take  a  ball  of  the  finest  cotton  wool 
end  gently  nib  or  polish  tLe  gold;  you  can  tV.cn  Ir.y  on  another  coat 
of  gold  iidftfirable,  it  is  now  ready  for  writing.  In  doing  this,  mix  a 
litue  of  the  best  vegetable  black  with  black  japan;  thin  with  turpen- 
tine to  proper  working  consistency;  apply  t'^.i^  when  thoroughly  dry; 
wash  off  the  ani^rfluous  gold,  and  shade  as  in  sign-writing. 

Glass  Gm):^'G,  A>-othzr  3Jxteoo.— Clean  and  dry  the  glass 
thoroughly,  then  lay  out  the  lines  lor  letters  with  a  pi«ice  of  hard 
Ecented  soap,  then  paint  the  letters  on  the  ri^^-iU  side  of  the  glass 
with  lampblack  mixed  wiih  oil,  in  order  to/or;/i  a  fpnlcfor  the  icork, 
then  on  the  inside  lay  on  a  coat  of  the  size  mentioned  in  the  preced- 
ing receipt,  using  a  camel' s-hair  brush,  covering  ths  whole  of  the  let- 
ters ;  next  b.y  on  the  geld  leaf  with  a  tip,  mitil  every  part  of  the  let- 
ters is  covered  welL  Let  tV.e  leaf  remain  ur^il  the  size  is  dry,  whea 
you  win  f  nd  that  the  letters  on  the  front  Biiie  ciJi  be  easily  seen  and 
traced.  Tnis  is  done  with  qtiick  drying  black,  tnlxed  vnth  a  little 
varnish.  P.i  int  over  the  whole  directly  over  the  g-^l  J ;  allow  it  to  dry ; 
then  wipe  oiE  with  soap  and  water  the  lampblack  letters  from  the 
front  side ;  with  pure  cold  water  and  a  clean  spcnge.  wash  the  su- 
perfluous gold  leaf  and  size  from  the  back,  and  yoit  will  have  a  splen- 
did gold  letter  on  the  glass  ;  next,  shade  your  le~er  to  suit  the  taste, 
always  remembering  to  shade  to  the  edge  of  tke  gold,  for  then  you 
have  only  one  edge  to  make  straight.  The  o:aer  ^^ge  may  be  left 
rough,  and  when  "dry  may  be  straightened  by  scraping  with  a  knife. 

OBXAjrEVTAL  Desigxs  OX  Glass. — la  m^-kin^  scrolls,  eagles  &c., 
on  gk^.?~  '.^ters  put  on  the  outlines  and  shades  first,  and  then 

lay  tl. :  .  er  all  ;  another  goc-d  way  is  to  scratch  the  shades 

on  tot-  -  .  ;  alter  it  is  drv,  and  putt. e  colors  on  the  biick  of  the 
goli  SuVcr  lc.ii  may  be  used  ia  the  same  manner  as  gold,  but  it 
wiU  not  wear  as  well  A  very  pretty  letter  may  be  made  by  incor- 
jxjrating  silver  wit 'a  gold  ;  take  paper  and  cut'any  fancy  design  to 
fit  the  parts  of  the  letter  ;  stick  it  on  the  size  before  laying  the"  leaf, 
r.'Jowing  it  to  dry  and  wash  o5  as  before;  then  with  a  penknife  raise 
the  parer  figure,  and  the  exact  shape  or  form  of  t:;e  figure  will 
be  found  cut  or.t  of  the  gold  letter  ;  clean  oil  nicely,  applv  more  size, 
ind  lay  filvtr  leaf  to  cover  the.vacant  s^ots  ;  wash" off  when  dry.  and 
a  very  handsome  letter  will  be  the  result  Colors  may  be  used  in- 
gtead'of  silver,  if  desired,  or  a  silver  letter  edged  or  "  cut  up"  with 
gold,  will  look  welh 

Glass  a^d  Poecelven'  GiLDDrr,. — ^Dissolve  ia  linseed  oil  an  equal 
▼eight  either  of  copal  or  amber  ;  add  as  much  oU  of  turpentine  aa 
win  enable  you  to  apply  the  compound  or  size  thas  formed,  aa  thia 
as  possible,* to  the  ports  of  the  glass  intended  to  be  gilt  Tr.e  glasii 
is  to  be  placed  ia  a  stove  till  it  will  almost  bum  the  fingers  when  han- 
dled ;  at  this  tempeiataid  the  size  becomes  adhesive,  and  a  piece  cf 


CABINETilAKEBS,"  PAINTEKS'.   iC.j   KECEIPT5.      27? 

gold  leaf,  applied  in  the  nsnal  war.  -will  lmraodL''.te!y  et'ir'k.  Svrtrf 
CI  J  thoeupCTiluoiis  portions  of  the  loaf,  and  -when  quite  coid  it  may  l>8 
burnished  ;  taking  care  to  interpose  a  i^iece  of  India  paper  betweea 
tlie  jrolc  and  the  bumifher. 

Druxesg  Chena,  Glass,  &c.— To  drill  china  n?o  a  copper  drill 
Rnd  emerj-,  ir.oi«teiiod  •vritli  spints  of  tr.rx;cntij'.e.  To  drill  g'-a^s,  nso 
a  steel  drill  tenipered  as  hard  as  possible  and  camphor  and  ■water  as 
a  lubricant 

Gold  Lttstke  ron  Stoxextaee,  Cnrxv,  fee. — Gold,  6  part";  aqa- 
reda,  36  pait.?.  Dissolve,  then  add  tin,  1  part  :  next  add  bakam  of 
e.iiphnr,  3  parts  ;  oil  of  turpentine,  1  pai-t.  ilix  gradnally  into  a 
raortar,  and  rub  it  until  the  mixtuia  bercn.cs  hard  ;  th.cn  add  oil  vt 
t'lri^enttne,  4  parts.  It  is  then  to  be  applied  to  a  ground  prepared  for 
the  imrjiosc. 

GiLPxr}  Cn:>'A  Axn  Glaps. -^Powdered  pold  is  niL^ed  Trith  borax 
t.ni  giim-wator,  and  the  soluticn  siplicd  vrjth  a  camel's-halr  i)cncll. 
lft.Mt  is  then  applied  by  a  stove  nntii  the  borax  fuses,  ■when  the  gold 
is  fi"cd  and  afterwards  brirnlshed. 


priniicfj  better  than  patent  dryVr,  and  -works  bc-tter  n'-der  the  pan  !- 
l^aper.  ^Vhen  tic  first  coating  is  hard  and  dry,  r.ib  do\vn  v:\0\  jr-  v 
fand-pnper  end  bo  S'.je  to  make  perfectly  levei  -wcrk  airf'T-i:  t.ia 
in-e;:;iluritips,  deficiencies  and  ridges  en  the  pnrface  of  yonr  •^^-ork. 

Next  dust  yo-.ir  -work  careiuHy,  and  ■with  your  p'.itty  knife  go  ovcf 
the  whcle  FiirTace  and  pntty  lip  every  crevicej  Fplrt,  crack  or  knut- 
hole  with  the  hard  drving  petty "hereiifter  mentioned.  Be  very  car*^- 
icl  not  to  overlook  the  slightest  fl:iw.  but  bring  every  sp<  it  to  a  truo 
and  perfect  level.  Xow"'dtl^t  off  the  -work  ajrain,  preiiaraUwy  to 
pecond  caiting.  Thm  your  cclor  -with  turpentine,  if  too  stout  or 
thick,  but  do  not  u?e  thin  coloi-s,  for  it  neith.er  covers  well,  nor  rub.'* 
down  ■weiL  For  dark  colors,  use  a  d;irk  lend  coVir  for  tlie  oil  coat^, 
but,  for  prcnaring  for  snch  a  col^r  r.}  li:::ht  green,  let  the  color  bo 
l;^-ht  lead  color,  if  for  a  yellow,  begin  ■witli  white,  or  slightly  tinted 
■with  chrome  vcilow. 

Be  careful  with  your  second  corrt,  to  lay  it  fair,  regular,  and  equal, 
over  each  and  every  part  of  tlie  work,  and  when  it  is  tl^orouglily  dry, 
rub  down  with  a  'finer  quality  of  sand-paper  than  the  last,  being 
careful  to  make  the  surface  perfectly  sraootii  and  evert  No^r  com- 
mence to  give  the  third  coat  (after  dusting  off),  putting  on  the  paint, 
not  lavi^jhlv,  but  rub  it  out  well. 

Tiie  nest  ptep,  when  the  bst  is  hard  and  dry,  is  to  apply  the  filling 
■np  coats.  Tor  a  good  composition  see  receipt  for  ''  Bovjh  StuJ"'  for 
caniige  wi^rk.  Another  eood  filling  consists  of  dry  French  3  ellow, 
a  small  quav.titv  of  white  lead,  the  s^me  amount  of  wliiting,  a  little 
lod  lead.  Elvout  one-sixteenth  of  htharge.  and  of  drying' Japan  enouE:h 
tj  nearlv  mix  it,  put  in  a  very  little  dryius  oil,  and  tunjeutine  to  tliln 
to  a  suitable  thickness  to  ni'ake  it  spread  like  a  .«:tiff  coat  of  paint 
Thin  so  that  it  can  \te  applied  easily,  and  flow  on  fidl  and  free. 
Applvthis  sompodtlon,  givmgthe  bodv,  shafts,  wheels,  springs,  &c.,  a 
jto»d  coat  l&TCliins  oil  any  hoflows,  «S:c.*,  existing  in  the  parts,  and  whai 


J78      CA.BI>'ETMAKEKSj    PAISTEES',    &C..    EECEIPTS. 

tiiis  coat  becomes  perfectly  hard  give  it  anctlicT.  The  nest  step,  aftei 
this  last  coat  dries  hard,  is  to  rub  it  do^vn  Nriij  lunip  pmnice-etone, 
first  rubbing  the  pumice  flat  upon  a  stone  beiore  commencing  to  use 
il  In  rubbing  down  with  lump  pumice  use  plenty  of  water,  freely 
supplied  from  the  gponse  in  your  lelt  hand ;  be  very  cautious  to 
»Toid  cutting  through,  and  feiel  the  parts  frequently  as  the  work 
progresses,  to  ascertain  when  all  is  eafSciently  smooth  and  hard,  then 
with  your  sponge  wash  oSf  the  work  nicely,  and  with  youx  wash 
leather  wrung  out,  dry  it  off  cle^m  and  emoutli. 

The  next  step  is  to  paint  tLe  carrl;ige.  See  to  it  that  your  colors 
are  freshly  ground,  your  paint  mill,  pot",  tins,  brashes,  &c.,  j>cv- 
fectly  clean.  Aijply  your  color  the  proi>er  thickness,  eipe<iiti0'^^7 
and  neatly,  so  that'  the  work  will  present  a  good  clean  appearance. 
The  following  directions  will  be  found  usef  j1  in  nixing  the  desig- 
nated colors.  Dark  Green,  Olive  Shade.  T.ike  deep  chrome  yellow 
and  powdered  drop  blxvck,  yn^r  in  a  pet  with  the  dr.  ing  Japan,  and  a 
little  turi^entine,  grind  all  together,  test  to  be  sure  tliat  the  color  is 
right,  if  wished  Eghter,  add  more  chrome  vellow,  if  darker,  more 
drop  black,  grade  the  color  to  the  pro'>er  thickness  and  a-^ply  at 
once.  Two  coats  •vs-ill  be  required.  Ultramarine  b'v.e^  F^r  your 
ground  color,  ^Ind  good  Prussian  blue  in  oil.  ar.i  a<l  1  to  vrhite  lead 
as  much  cf  tie  blue  as  will  mske  it  sufi-ier/Jy  d.^rk  to  form  a 
ground  for  the  ultramarine  bine,  t'^o  coats  of  this  will  be  required. 
"VHien  hard  and  dry,  grind  some  of  the  bc.5t  ultramarine  blue  on  the 
stone  with  a  quantity  of  vamish,  add  enough  of  this  to  your  body 
flowing  vamiih  to  impart  the  right  color.  Two  good  coats  of  tha 
beautiful  color  will  be  necessary;  ti>e  stigar  of  lead  as  a  dryer. 
Before  giving  the  second  coat  rub  down  w;:h  gioimd  ptmiice  and 
water,  tiding  a  cloth  ;  the  nest  coat  will  flow  all  the  better  for  t'Js 
treatment  After  a  few  days  rub  down  again  with  ground  pumice 
and  water,  wash,  and  drv  with  your  chamois  skin,  when  the  work 
will  be  all  ready  for  picking  out  and  striping.  (Tiaret  or  Lake, 
Vermilion  and  rose  pink,  in  oD,  same  as  the  List,  for  first  coat 
When  hardened  dry,  give  another  li^ht  cir.t,  previously  rub^  lug 
down  with  ground  pumice  and  water,  as  directed  for  blue.  I'^r  a 
rich  light  claret  be  sparing  of  your  rose  pink  in  the  ground  color;  for 
dark  claret,  tise  more  rose  pink.  For  darker  s'lodes  use  more  rose 
pink  in  the  grotmd  color,  Cien  tise  the  be:-t  crimson  lake,  same  way 
as  for  the  light  claret  two  good  coats  will  do.  For  a  purple  shade  of 
claret  use  vermilion,  rose  pink  a  spice  of  ultramarmo  blue,  for  a 
ground  color.  Then  add  the  pror-er  quantity  of  ground  purple  lake 
to  body  flowing  vamish  and  apply  two  coats.  Jajian  Brown. 
Grind  drop  black  in  Japan  using  enough  vermilion  to  be  visible. 
Chrome  Greens.  Giind  your  greens  in  Japan,  or  use  greens  oonw 
posed  of  chrome  yellow  and  Pti'.ssianb-"e.  Carmine  Color  en  Fin 
Ewfines,  d-c.  Cheap  method.  For  a  ground,  use  tl;e  best  En|rlisi 
vermihon,  then  add  pure  carmine,  ground  in.  a  little  drying  oil  to 
your  body  flowing  vamish,  and  apply  two  coats  carefully.  This 
method  extends  t}.e  precious  color  so  that  an  ounr-e  will  guSce  for  & 
carnage  or  machine.  Or  ford  Broi?n,  Use  a  Uttle  chrome  yellow, 
India  red,  be>-t  ochre,  white  lead,  bumed  timber,  jtist  white  enough 
to  be  seen  ;  yellow  is  the  leading  color  ;  red  to  warm  it,  and  umbef 
to  impart  the  brown  shade.    liich  Purple,    YeimllioQ  and  Prub^iaa 


CABINETMAKERS,   PAETTESS',    AC,    RECEIPTS.      279i 

blae,  with  a  Kttle  vrhite,  a  very  cheap,  nice  color.  Favm  Color.  Vsfi 
T^ow,  red.  a  little  bLick,  a  little  tierra  de  sienna,  or  bnrued  lunber 
may  be  added  to  obtain  the  right  shade.  Drab  Color.  White  and 
raw  umber  form  a  cool  drab  -which  may  be  varied  with  chrome,  or 
red,  as  may  be  desired.  Pluvi  Brown.  Drop  black  and  vermilion 
makes  a  very  good  color  at  a  cheap  rate. 

STRiPDfG  OR  "PiCKrxo  OuT,  FOB  C.VREiAGE  WoKK. — Great 
care  is  required  in  this  part  of  the  •work  to  carry  a  steady  hand  so 
that  the  lines  may  be  dra^rn  equidistant,  cleiin  and  neat.  For  fino 
lines,  grind  the  color  in  drying  oil,  as  it  makes  the  best  work.  Japaa 
color  vrill  do  for  broad  or  coarse  lines,  on  bl>'e  ground.  If  a  lax^'i 
carriage,  with  heavy  wheels,  draw  lines  with  Frankfort-black,  Japan 
mixed  color  from  three  quarter  inch  to  one  inch  broad,  on  aU  parts  of 
the  carriage,  wheels,  spnngs,  spokes,  hubs.  &c.,  then  draw  fine  hnes 
of  light  orange  or  light  primrose  color  about  throe-ei.-hths  or  a  quarter 
inch  from  the  broad  black  line,  with  one  fine  line  around  the  edges  ot 
the  black  nuts  and  bolt  heads.  On  snpeiior  work,  pure  white,  goH, 
or  deep  orange  hues  may  be  drawn  down  the  midJle  of  the  black 
lines,  producing  a  very  fiiie  effect ;  on  greens,  pick  or.t  with  black,  if  a 
light  green,  black  lines  wiU  be  sufficient,  if  dccired  better,  run  up  the 
centre  of  the  black  lines  with  white,  not  too  fine.  On  dark  green, 
pick  out  with  black,  mnning  very  fine  lines  on  each  side  of  the  black 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  off  the  black.  This  also  sets  off  a  very  bright 
green  to  good  advantage.  On  Clarets,  piclc  out  with  black,  with  ver- 
milion or  rich  orange  fine  side  lines,  or  bglit  orange  side  lines  with 
vermilion  Mne  run  up  the  centre  of  the  blick  ;  or  light  gold  line  up 
the  centre  of  one  large  black  line.  On  OTj'crd  Bmtrn,  pick  out  with 
black,  fine  hne  with  vermilion  or  medium  tint  of  chrome  yellow  wit'i 
slight  tint  of  red  in  it ;  or  part  the  black  lino  with  white  down  thu 
centre.  On  Fmcn  Colors,  pick  out  with  broad  black,  fine  line  with 
white  on  each  edge,  or  brown  drab  shade.  On  Japan  or  Plum 
Brmims,  vermilion  line  has  the  best  appearance.  On  Olives  or  Qua- 
kers' Greens,  pick  out  with  black,  with  white  for  fine  lines,  or  orange 
or  light  green.  On  Drabft,  pick  out  -with  black,  fine  line  with  vermil- 
ion, or  high  colored  orange,  or  white  centre  line  for  extra  finish.  On 
Purple,  pick  out  with  black,  fine  line  with  a  bright  tint  of  orange  or 
vermilion. 

VAicTisTHrsG  OF  Coaches  axd  CAKRLVnES.— In  this,  as  well  as  m 
the  painting  dej^artment,  absolute  cleanline««s  is  iudispensable,  as 
regards  brushes,  pots,  freedom  from  diist,  &c.  'UTien  your  work 
is  ready,  if  it  is  tlie  under  carriage,  apply  a  good  fuU  coat  of  carriago 
Tarnish,  and  when  through  with  this  part  of  the  process,  go  over  it 
•gain,  this  time  using  body  varnish.  After  it  is  hard  and  dry  proceed 
to  ' '  flat  "the  work  by  lightly  removing  the  gloss  with  ground  pumice, 
water,  and  a  woollen  cloth,  being  careful  not  to  cut  into  the  lines  or 
ground  ;  then  clean  away  all  the  pumice,  and  dry  off  nicely  with  the 
chamois  leather  slightly  wet.  If  you  have  cut  through  in  any  part, 
repair  with  Japan  color  previous  t«^  second  coating.  Let  your  second 
coat  bq  very  full  and  weU  laid  on,  but  be  carefnl  that  it  does  not  run. 
A  very  superior  gloss  will  be  obtained  on  tlie  wheels,  if  after  ths 
application  of  a  good  coat  you  spin  them  until  the  varnish  is  nearly 
eet 

If  th*  Moond  ooat  is  not  Mtisfactory,  repeat  the  flattei^  prooeafl 


280 


CABINETMAKERS,   PAINTEBS',   &C.,    RECEIPTS. 


with  yoTir  pumice,  cloth  and  water,  dean  off  aa  before  and  varnish 
again. 

In  more  costly  polished  ■work,  commence  with  the  very  finest 
ground  pumice  or  Trinoli,  rub  until  you  brinj:  the  work  to  a  verv 
smooth  state,  then  -wasn  off  very  cler.u  and  nice,  dry  and  dust  welL 
Use  every  precaution  against  dust,  by  f-weeping  and  sprinkling  your 
floor  in  every  stage  of  polishing  and  va:-ni;ihing.  The  next  step  in 
poUshing  is  to  use  a  fine  cloth  for  a  ruLljer,  rotten-stone,  sifted  fine 
through  muslin  and  mixed  with  olive  oil  ;  rub  with  tliis  until  tlio 
gloss  is  restored,  occasionally  examining  the  j-rogress  of  the  worl:. 
This  step  being  fiui?hed.  wipe  off  v.ith  a  ^>erf6ctly  clean  cotton  cloth, , 
with  a  piece  of  the  finest  tiax  f  iill  of  fine  w  heat  flour  or  putty  powder 
go  orer  the  work,  riiL'iing  well  to  polish  it  still  farther,  and  remove 
every  particle  of  the  t^il  and  rotten-etone  pre\iously  used.  Finish  off 
by  rubbing  the  work  briskly  with  an  old  silk  )ir.ndkerchief,  which 
will  induce  a  beautiful  fine  gloss.  h\  every  instance  when  a  po;i.-^h 
and  varnish  finish  is  required,  do  nrt  omit  to  lay  on  an  extra  coat  of 
vamiijh,  as  it  will  greatly  enhance  the  appearance  of  the  work. 

Gllding  axd  ORNAaiksTiNG  Cabklaghs. — English  gold  size  is  t!:e 
best  for  tliis  purpose.  If  you  cannot  get  it  re;idy  prepared,  make  a 
substitute  by  using  Euglish  yamish  and  Japan  in  equal  parts.  If 
the  gilding  is  for  stiiiiiiig,  you  should  K:ix  a  little  chrome  yellow 
with  it,  to  be  able  to  see' the  linos  the  better,  but  for  lettering  no 
coloring  is  retjuiied.  Rab  yniir  job  down  suioothly,  take  a  piece  of 
muslin  and  tie  up  in  it  a  little  wliiteniug  to  form  a  "  ixjunce  bag  ;" 
with  this  dust  over  ever>-  jart  of  the  v."ork  where  the  gold  leaf  is  to 
be  put,  to  prevent  tl.e  Icr.f  sticking  to  tlie  surface  not  covered  by 
the  size,  or  wash  the  job  o\  er  with  starch  water,  or  rub  it  over  with 
the  raw  siuface  of  a  potato  cut  in  halves  ;  tlie  jnice  of  the  potato 
soon  diies,  and  leaves  a  tliin  film  to  which  tl-.e  gt>!d  will  u'^t  ndliere. 
Either  of  the  above  methods  will  do,  and  tie  co.nt:ng  v.ill  wash  off 
when  the  gilding  is  dry.  The  surface  prepiued,  take  the  size  and 
put  on  the  stripes,  figiire«i,  or  ornaments,  ar.d  all(  w  it  to  dry  just 
enough  to  enable  you  to  iiass  your  finger  over  it  Avithout  sticlon^, 
but  u  it  is  '"tackv"  when  you  place  your  finger  upon  it,  it  w 
ready  for  the  gold  leaf,  x^hich  is  to  be  ajviir-d  in  the  VvT.y  directed 
for  gilding  letter.*  on  wood.  The  gold  letters  mry  be  shaded  with 
ultramarine,  carmine,  a.«i)haltum,  lake,  Paris  green,  verdigris,  &c.,  to 
suit  the  taste. 

Broxzekg. — Gold  bronze  is  used  on  carriage  parts  for  striping  and 
ornamenting,  using  the  same  size  as  that  used  for  gold  leaf.  For 
taking  up  and  applying  the  bronze,  take  a  piece  of  plush  or  velvet 
'.nd  make  a  "■  poimcc  bag."  by  tyiug  up  a  wad  of  cotton,  rubbing  the 
bronze  gently  over  tJie  si.'.e.  To' vary  the  a^inearance,  a  mixture  of 
copper,  gold,  and  puyov  1  rouz.e  may  be  gppliid.  For  fancy  work  in 
bronze,  cut  out  any  desired  jjatteru  on  thin  sheet  brass,  pasteboard, 
nr  paper,  and  apply  it  to  any  nearly  dry  varnished  surface  ;  rub  the 
bronze  on  through  the  ai>e!-tarcs  in  the  p-itteni. 

CrOOD  Colors  for  Brsr>-Ess  W.a.uox'*. — No.  1.  £o<hi. — (Jhroma 
ereen  ;  frame  or  ribs  black  stiijKd  with  white  or  cream  color. 
liunninc/  <;ear. — Crejim  color  stri!>ed  ■with  rc<^.  bbie  nr  dark  arreon.  or 
black,  and  red  fine  line.  No.  2.  Botly. — YeUow;  jrauie'tlack.  stiiped 
with  pine  or  white.    Sw.:ung  j/eur.— Light  veixuilioa,  fetrii-eJ  with 


CABINKTMAKEES,    PAINTERS*,   AC,    RECEIPTS.     281 

K{ick  and  ukite.  No.  3.  Joc?tf.— Carmine  ^aze  over  Indian  red. 
Rniming  £rc«r.— VerQoilion.  No.  4.  Body.~D6ep  vonnilion.  Run^ 
niag  gear, — Light  vermilion. 

MixTCTiE  TO  REMOVE  OLD  Patnt. — Dissolve  1  lb.  potash  in  3  pte. 
vraler  over  the  fire,  then  add  yellow  ochre  or  some  common  dry  paint 
until  it  is  as  thick  aa  rough  stuff ;  spread  this  over  your  old  paint 
and  after  a  little  it  wiU  come  off  quite  ea.sUy,  then  wash  the  wood 
nitli  so:ip  ;iTid  water  to  remove  all  the  potash,  djy  off  and  sand-paper, 
then  give  a  coat  of  clean  raw  oU.  Another  method  is  to  heat  a  heavy 
piece  of  iron  and  apply  to  the  paint,  which  wiU  cause  it  to  becoma 
loose  and  suit,  so  that  it  may  be  Bcraped  o£f  Vvith  a  knife.  Still  another 
method  is  to  direct  tlie  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp  (which  may  be  con- 
structed for  tlie  purpose)  on  the  old  paint,  scraping  it  ofl  as  it  softens. 

To  Bleach  Oil. — Pour  as  muck  linseed  oU  into  a  shallow  earthen 
vejisel  as  will  stand  one  inch  deep,  tlien  pour  in  6  inches  of  water,' 
cover  with  a  fine  cloth,  and  let  the  whole  stand  in  the  sun  for  a  few 
weeks  until  the  liquid  becomes  tliickj  when  it  should  be  poured  into 
a,  phial  and  submitted  to  a  gentle  heat ;  after  whidi  the  clear  is  to  b« 
poured  off  and  strained  through  a  flannel  cloth. 

To  Copy  ax  Oic»  ament. — Mace  the  jiaper  or  other  article  "contain- 
ing  the  ornament  against  a  pane  of  gLoss  ;  then  laying  a  sheet  of  thia 
paper  over  it,  you  c;ia  copy  it  e::actly  with  a  lead  pencil, 

Okxamexts,  in  the  sJiape  of  decalcouline  or  other  gilded  pictures; 
may  be  e:isily  transferred  to  carriages  or  coaches  by  following  th« 
dii'ections  given  in  transferring  pictures.    See  farther  on. 

Vekjiiliox. — To  prevent  vermilion  from  fading,  add  to  tne  dry 
color,  before  mixing,  ^  part  of  flour  of  sulphur.  Light  English  ver- 
milion is  used  for  stliprng,  ornamenting  or  letteiing ;  the  deep  vermil- 
ion having  less  body,  will  not  cover  good.  English  vermiUon  gives 
the  best  color  on  carriage  work  when  mixed  with  rubbing  Tarnish 
and  oil.  Amerioau  vennilion  should  not  be  ground,  as  the  process 
would  change  it  to  an  orange  color  ;  whilo  green,  Indian  red,  chrome 
yellow,  and  all  hciivy  body  colors  are  all  the  better  for  beuig  ground 
as  fine  as  pos.-:;ii>le.  Raw  oil  is  preferablo  to  boiled,  as  it  is  more 
volatile,  and  penetrates  and  fills  fiie  iwres  of  the  wood  better. 

Pi{::Mixa  for  C.vsuiags  Wobk. — First  coat  of  lead.  Mix  whitd 
lead  with  raw  oil,  2  parts,  Japan,  1  part,  to  make  it  proper  for  a  thick 
coal^  adding  a  very  little  turpentine  to  make  it  wor^  easily.  For 
carriage  parts  add  a  little  Indian  black,  but  not  for  bodies. — Second 
coat  of  l(  ad.  Mix  wlute  lead  with  1  part  raw  oil  and  2  parts  Japan, 
and  a  little  turpentine,  as  before,  adding  lampblack  for  carriage  parts, 
bat  none  for  the  body. — 'i  hird  and  fourth  coat.  Mix  white  lead  into  a 
thick  piuste  with  turpentine,  add  a  little  oU,  Japan  and  rubbing  varnish 
to  bind  the  pamt  well ;  add,  for  tho  carriage  parts,  a  little  lampblack 
and  a  httle  red  lead. 

IIaku  URYiNa  TxjTTY^—For  carriage  work.  Mix  dry  white  lead 
with  Japan  and  rubbing  varnish  equal  part'',  to  the  proper  cousistoucy, 
beathig  it  with  a  Biuail  mallet  to  bruuso  the  lumps.  Keep  it,  when 
not  in  use,  i»  w.ater,  to  prevent  it  drying. 

Rough  Stuff. — For  carriage  work.  Take  3  parts  of  English  filling 
(ground  stiite),  2  parts  dry  white  lead,  1  part  white  lead  in  oiL  Mix 
with  Ja^iau,  2  parts,  rubbing  varnish,  1  part.  Mix  and  crush  thor* 
eojjhiy  by  runuing  all  tluough  the  mill  together. 


192     CAJQINETMAXfES,    PJaNTEKs',    *C.,    BECEIFTS. 

TxcsS'j  Leajj  fob  C.4RB1AGE  '\roRK.— -ilix  drT  white  le^d  with  1 
parts  Japan,  1  part  rabbiDg  varuish,  aud  tbin  witfi  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine, adding  a  uttle  lampblack  to  make  a  dean  lead  color,  and  niu  all 
through  the  niilL 

Coach  Paintixg. — The  panels  of  such  •work  are  generally  painted 
in  color,  while  the  pillars,  top  strip,  quarters,  deck,  &c,  are  always 
hlack  ;  umber  colors,  lakes,  sheens,  and  blues  are  some  of  the  best 
colors  used  on  this  work.  To  prepare  the  body  for  any  of  these 
colors,  a  ffround  color  is  \i5ed  in  the  place  of  hiuipblack  on  black 
work.  The  following  are  a  few  approved  ffrounds.  Lake. — ^Indian 
red  and  vegnilion  mixed  to  a  dark  brown,  but  some  prefer  a  black 
ground  for  lake.  Ultramarine. — 5Iix  a  medium  blue  with  white  lead 
and  Prussian  blue.  Vermilion. — A  light  pink  color  is  generally  used 
h&  a  ground  for  vermilion.  Green. — Green  and  all  heavy-oodied 
colors  will  cover  well  on  the  lead  colors  without  any  ground  color. 
Tictoria  lake  aud  black  Japan  makes  a  fine  color  for  carriages. 

Prepared  Oel  fob  Carriages,  &c. — To  1  gaL  linseed  oil  add  3 
lbs.  mm  shellac  ;  litharge,  ^  lb.  ;  red  lead.  \  lb.  ;  umber,  1  oz.  Boll 
elowly  as  usual  until  the  gums  are  dissolve  d ;  g:ind  your  paints  in  this 
(any  color),  and  reduce  with  turpentin'5. 

Porcelain  Fixish,  vert  fi>-b  fob  Parlors. — ^To  prepare  the 
wood  for  the  finish,  if  it  be  pine,  give  one  or  two  coats  of  transparent 
Tarnish,  which  prevents  the  pitch  from  oosing  out,  causing  the  finish 
to  turn  yellow ;  nert,  give  the  room  at  leact  four  coata  of  pure  rinc, 
which  may  be  ground  in  only  sufficient  oil  to  enable  it  to  grind  prop- 
erly; then  mix  to  a  proper  consistence  with  turpentine  or  napntha. 
Give  each  time  to  dry.  WTien  it  is  dry  and  hard,  sand-paper  it  to  A 
perfectly  smooth  surface,  when  it  is  ready  to  receive  the  finish,  which 
consists"  of  two  coats  of  French  zinc  groxmd  in,  and  thinned  with 
I>emar  varnish,  tmtil  it  works  proi)erly  under  the  brush. 

Jap  AX  Drier  Best  QrALrrr. — Take  linseed  oil,  1  gaL ;  put  into 
it  gum  shellac,  |  lb. ;  litharge  and  burned  Turkey  umber,  each  \  lb. ; 
red  lead,  \  lb. ;  sugar  of  lead,  9  oz.  Boil  in  the  oil  till  aU  are  dissolv- 
ed,which  wiU  require  about  4  hours ;  remove  from  the  fire,  and  stir  in 
epirits  of  turpentine,  1  gaL,  and  it  is  done.  2.  Liaseed  oil,  5  gals. ; 
add  red  lead  and  litharge,  each  3i  lbs. ;  raw  nmber,  LJ  lbs. ;  sugar  of 
lead  and  sulphate  of  ziuc,  each,  \  lb. ;  pu2veri2e  all  the  articles  to- 
gether, and  boil  in  the  oil  till  dissolved;  wb^n  a  little  cool,  thin  with 
turpentine,  6  gals.  3.  Linseed  oil,  4  gals,  red  lead  and  umber,  of  each 
8  OM. ;  sulphate  of  zinc,  4  ozs. ;  sugar  of  lead,  4  on.  Boil  until  it  will 
scorch  a  feather,  when  it  is  ready  for  use.  4.  N".t  or  linseed  oil,  1 
gaL  ;  litharge,  12  oz. ;  sugar  of  lead  and  white  viiriol,  of  e;n.h  1  oz. ; 
Eunmer  and  skim  until  a  peUicle  forms;  cool,  and,  when  settled,  da- 
cant  the  clear.  5.  Oil  1  grJ. ;  litharge,  12  to  16  oz. ;  as  last.  C>.  Old 
iiut  or  linseed  oil,  Ipint;  litharge,  3oz.  Mix;  agitate  oc-casionaUy  for 
10  days ;  then  decant  the  clear.  7.  Nut  oil  and  water,  of  each  2  "lbs. : 
white  ritriol,  2  oz. ;  boil  to  dryness.  8.  Mix  oil  w:th  p'jwdered  snow 
cr  ice,  and  ketp  it  for  2  months  without  thawing. 

To  Eedcce  On:.  Faixi  with  Water — -Take  S  lb«.  of  pure  on- 
flaked  lime,  add  12  qts.  water,  stir  it  and  let  it  settle,  turn  it  off  jentlj 
and  bottle  it;  keep  it  corked  tfJ  used.  This  will  mix  with  oil,  and  i^ 
5»roportion  of  bait  will  render  paint  more  duralle. 

Ou.  PAiyr^-^To  SSSCC2  inxB  Waxsk.— Cum  sheUac,  1  lb.;  nk 


S^INETMAKEUS,    TAINTEKS',   AC,    EECEirTS.      281 

Kda,  i  lb.;  vater,  3  parts;  boil  all  to;:ether  in  a  kettle,  Btirring  till 
dissolved.  I  f  it  does  not  all  dissohe,  add  a  little  more  sal-eoda ;  -when 
cool,  bottle  foi  use;  mix  up  2  quarts  of  oil  pjunt  as  usual,  any  colot 
desired,  using  no  turpentiae;  put  1  piut  of  the  gum  shellac  mixtura 
with  th«  oil  paint  -when  if  becomes  thick :  it  can  then  be  reduced  with 
water  to  a  proper  thickness  to  lay  on  witn  a  brush. 

AjfOTHEB  Method.— Soft  water,  1  g:^!.;  dissolve  it  in  pearlash,  3 
<w. :  bring  to  a  boil,  and  slowly  add  Bhe'.lac,  1  lb. ;  when  cold,  it  la 
ready  to  be  adJed  to  oil  paint  in  equal  propoitions. 

Flexible  Palnt  fob  Ca^^as.— Yellow  soap,  2^  lbs.;  boilin» 
water,  ligals. ;  dissolve;  grind  the  solution  while  hot  Yith  good  oU 
paint,  If  c\\  t 

Painteks'  Cream. — ^Pale  nut  oil,  6  oz. ;  maytic,  1  oz. ;  dissolve; 
add  of  sugar  of  lead,  i  oz.,  previously  groimd  in  tVe  least  possible 
quantity  ol  oil;  then  add  of  water  q.  s.  gradually,  until  it  acquires  the 
consistency  of  cream,  working  it  well  all  tlie  time.  Used  to  cover  the 
unfinished  work  of  painters.    It  will  wash  off  with  water. 

Smalt. — Eoast  cobalt  ore  to  drive  oil  the  arsenic  ;  mahe  the  resi- 
duum into  a  pa.'^tewitb  oil  of  vitriol,  pud  heat  it  to  redness  for  an 
Iiour  ;  powder,  dissolve  in  water,  f.na  f  recijntate  the  oxide  of  iron  by 
carbonate  of  potash,  gradually  added  untU  a  rose-colored  powder 
begins  to  fall ;  then  decant  the  clear,  and  precipitate  by  a  solution  of 
silicate  of  potash,  prepared  by  fusing  together  for  5  hours  a  mixture 
of  10  jmrts  of  potash,  16  parts  of  finely-ground  flints,  and  1  part  char- 
coal. The  precipitate,  irtien  dry,  may  be  fused  and  powdered  very 
fine.    It  is   much  the  cheapest  way  to  buy  smalts  ready  made. 

Factitiocs  LnfSKKD  Oil.— Fish  or  vegetable  oil,  100  gallons  ; 
acetate  of  lead,  7  lbs. ;  litharge,  7  lbs. :  dissolved  in  vmcr^ar,  2  galls. 
"Well  mixed  with  heat,  then  add  boiled  oil,  7  gallons  ;  turi^entine,  J 
gallon.    Again  well  mix. 

Vabnishes.— Common  Oil  Tamii^h. — Resin,  4  lbs,  ;  beeswax, 
I  lb.  ;  boUed  oil,  1  gallon  ;  mix  with  heat  j  then  add  spiiita  of  turpea- 
fiue,  2  quarts.  Chinese  Varnish.— Mastic,  2  oz. ;  sandarac,  2  oz. ; 
rectified  spirits,  1  pt  ;  close  the  matrass  with  bladder,  with  a  pin- 
hole for  the  escape  of  vapor  ;  heat  to  boiling  in  a  sand  or  water  bath, 
r.nd  when  dissolved,  strain  through  bnen.  iktnllic  Varnish  For 
C%ach  i?ocZi>s.— Asphaltun,  66  lbs.  ;  melt,  then  add  litharge,  9  lbs., 
red  lead,  7  lbs.  Boil,  then  add  boiled  oil,  12 g.-ls. ;  yellow  resin,  12  lbs. 
Asaiu  boU  until,  la  cooling,  the  mlxtui-o  mav  bo  rolled  uito  pills  ;  tl:cn 
Idd  spts.  of  tuiTcntme,  30  gals.  :  lampbhick,  7  lbs.  hlxn  well. 
Voitia  FamisA. —Mastic,  1  lb.  ;  white  wax,  1  oz.  :  sririts  tur^cn- 
Bne,  1  gallon  ;  reduce  the  gums  small ;  t^  en  digest  it  with  heat  m  - 


a 


close  vessel  tCl  di-ssolved.  Tiu-pcritine  Varnish. — Resin,  lib.  :  boiled 
oil,  1  lb.  ;  melt ;  then  add  turpentine,  2  lbs.  Mix  well.  Po^.e  Tuj-- 
fjwA.— Pale  African  copal,  1  part ;  fuse.  Tlien  add  hot  pule  oil,  2 
parts.  Boil  the  mixture  till  it  is  stringy ;  then  cool  a  little,  and  add 
spirits  of  turpentine,  3  parts.  Lacquer  FcirHwA.— A  good  lacquer  la 
made  bv  coloring  lac  varuifh  v\ith  turmeric  and  annatto.  Add  as 
much  of' these  two  coloring  substances  to  tlie  varnish  as  will  give  the 

Jiropei  color;  then  squeeze  the  varnish,  through  a  cotton  cloth  when  it 
orms  laojuer.  Gold  Varnish. — Digest  shellac,  sixteen  parts,  guiu 
sandarac,  mastic,  of  each  three  parts  ;  crocus,  one  part ;  gum  gam« 
^e,  two  pixia ;  all  Vruised,  wita  alcohol,  one  hundred  and  lottf 


284     CABlXETilAKBRS,    PAINTEES',    «tC.,    RSCEIPT8. 

fonr  ivarts.  Or,  digest  eeedlac,  gandarac,  inastic,  of  ea^li  eijUi 
parts  ;  gamboge,  two  jxii-ts  ;  dragon's  blood,  oue  pai-t ;  white  t-upen- 
fine,  six  parts  ;  tiirmciic,  four  paits ;  bruised  witli  r.lcoliol,  caa 
hundred  aud  twenty  paits.  Ik^p  GAd-C'dovt:!  Laiquer-Scod  lac. 
3  oz.  ;  turmeric,  1  oz.  ;  dragon's  biood,  oue-louith  ouace  ;  alcohol,  ] 
pt  ;  digest  for  a  week,  frequently  shaking  :  decant,  aud  filter.  La.:- 
quers  are  used  ujxiu  ix)liKhed  metals  and  wood  to  imp;iit  the  a;  ipear- 
ance  of  gold,  ii  yellow  is  required,  use  turmeric,  aloes,  saiiroa  or 
gamboge  ;  for  red,  use  amiatto,  or  dragon's  Llood,  to  color.  Turmeric, 
gamboge,  and  dmgon's  blood  generally  afford  a  sufiicient  range  of 
colors.  Gold  Lacquer. — Put  mto  a  clelm  4  g-al.  tin  1  lb.  of  ground 
turmeric,  1^  oz.  of  gamlxjge,  3^  lbs.  powdered  gum  sr;ndarac,  £ 
pound  of  shellac,  and  2  gals,  of  spirits  of  wine.  When  siiaken,  db- 
solved,  and  strained,  as^d  1  pint  of  turpentine  varnish,  well  mixed, 
VarnUh  For  Tools. — Take  tallow,  2  oz.  ;  resin,  1  oz  .  ;  and  melt  to- 
gether. Strain  wliUe  hot,  to  get  rid  of  s^^cks  which  are  in  tie  resin  ; 
apply  a  slight  coat  on  your  toobj  with  a  brush,  and  it  will  keep  oS 
rust  for  any  length  of  time.  Qj'.d  Tarnich. — Turmeric,  1  dram  ; 
gamboge,  1  drsai ;  turpentine,  2  pints  ;  shellac,  5  oz.  ;  dragon's  blood, 
y  drams  ;  thin  mastic  vaniish,  8  oz.  ;  digest  wi:h  occa.sional  agitation 
for  14  days  ;  then  set  aside  to  fine,  and  pour  ol  the  clear.  JJ^auiJ'ul 
Pale  Aiiib'^r  Varnish. — Amber,  pale  and  transpareut,  6  lbs.  ;  fuse ; 
add  hot  clarifie<i  linseed  oil,  2  gals.  ;  boil  till  it  gtrinrrs  rtrongly,  cocla 
little,  and  add  oil  of  tiuiK-ntine,  4  gals.  Tiiis  fccc.:i  Lecorats  v«iry  hard 
and  is  ibe  most  durable  of  oil-vamLshes.  When  Avaated  t)  dry 
quicker,  drying  oil  may  be  substituted  for  liaseed,  or  "  dricvs"  may  L»9 
added  duriu*  the  cooling.  £Mck  Coach.  Varnuh. — ^^Vmber,  1  ib.  ; 
fuse;  add  hot  dnjing  oil,  ijt>;  powdered  black -je>:a  a::l  Is;v.!c3 
aephaltum,  of  each  3  oz.  When  properly  iaccr;iorated  aud  coniiJ- 
erably  cooled,  add  oU  of  tur;>e;itiue,  1  pt.  Bjly  Vi.imu-.k. — ^I'iiic.i; 
African  copal,  8  lbs.  ;  fiu^e  carefully ;  add  clirified  oil,  2  gals.  ;  h  '1 
geutly  for  4^  hours,  or  a:itil  qr.ite  stringy  ;  cool  &  little,  and  thin  wiih 
oil  of  turjieutiue,  S^  gals.  JJrics  slowli/.  Carria;e  Va^-nish. — Sau- 
darao,  !;>  oz,  ;  i^ale  shellac,  9^  oz. ;  very  ^ale  traaspareut  resin,  1'2\ 
oz.  ;  tur^utine,  li  oz.  ;  to  per  cer.t.  alcohol.  5  pts.  :  d:.-.iolve.  Used 
for  the  internal  parts  of  caiTiage,  &c.  Di  ies  rn  ten  minutc-.s,  Cabinci- 
inai:ers'  VaraiJt. — Very  paie  shellac,  5  lbs.  ;  laastic,  7  oz.  ;  alcoliol, 
i-Oper  cent.  5  or  6  pt-!.;' dissolve  in  the  cold  with  frequent  stirring. 
Used  lor  French  polishing,  &-c.  Jopannirs'  Copal  Vatiiuih. — ^Piila 
Aliieau  cojial,  7  lbs. ;  fuse  ;  add  clarified  linseed  oil,  ^  gal. ;  boil  fivo 
miiiu  es,  remove  it  into  the  open  air,  add  boiling  oil  of  turpentine,  2 
pal<i, ;  mix  well,  etraia  it  into  tlie  cistern,  and  cover  it  up  immediately. 
Used  to  varnish  furniture,  aad  by  japannevs,  caach-makers,  &;c,  Co^/ot 
■V.'.rn  ish. — Pale  hard  copi',1,  S  lbs.  •  add  hot  and  pale  drying  oil,  2  galls.  : 
boil  till  it  Etriugs  sti-ou^ly,  cool  a  little,  and  thia  with'h^  c  r^JtiCed  c4i 
of  turpentine,  3  gals.  ;  and  strain  immediately  iato  the  store  can. 
Tery  fane.  Gold  Varnish  of  Wa:iti,for  G<ldcd  Aruc^cs.— Gam  Lac  iq 
grains,  gamboge,  drqgou's  blood,  and  annatto,  of  each  12^  oz. ;  saffron, 
b^  oz.  Each  resin  lyust  be  dis.^olved  separately  in  5  pts.  of  90  per 
cent  alcohol,  and  2  separate t;acturesmu.st  be  mada  wit^i  thedragou'a 
blood  aud  annatto  in  a  like  quantity  of  spirits  ;  and  a  proper  propor- 
tion of  each  mixed  together  to  produce  the  required  shade.  Trans- 
parent  Varnish  /or  I'lon^ks,  li<i.—Beet  alcohol*  1  ssd. ;  gam  63a> 


CABINETMAKERS,    PAKTTEKS',    JtC,    RECEIPTS.      28l 

daiso,  2  lbs. ;  g:um  mastic,  |  lb.  ;  place  all  In  a  tin  can  -srhlcli  admits 
of  being  corked  ;. cork  tight,  shake  it  frequently,  occasionally  placin* 
the  can  in  hot  water.  When  dis-sblved,  it  i?  ready  for  use.  Fim 
Slack  Varnish  for  Coaches. — Melt  in  an  iron  pot,  amber,  32  oz.  ; 
resin,  6  oz.  ;  asphaltum,6  oz.  ;  drying  linseed  oil,  1  pt.  ;  vhen  partly 
cooled,  add  oL  of  turjientine,  Tvarmed.  1  pint.  Mordant  Varnkfu-^ 
dissolve  1  oz.  mastic,  1  oz.  sandarac,  *  o.-^.  j;am  gambo^ie,  and  ^  oz. 
turpentine  in  6  oz.  s^nrits  turpentine.  One  of  the  f^implest  mordants  in 
that  procured  by  dissolving  a  little  honey  in  tliick  glue.  It  has  tl:e 
effect  of  greatly  heightening  tlio  color  of  'the  gold,  and  the  leaf  sticks 
eitx-emely  well.  Changing  Varnish.— To  imitate  Gold  or  Silver,  dc. 
Put  4:  oz.  best  gum  gamboge  into  32  oz.  spirits  of  turpentine  ;  4  o?.. 
dragon's  blood  into  32  oz.  spirits  of  turpentine  ;  and  1  oz.  of  annatto 
into  8  oz.  spirits  of  turijentine.  Make  the  3  mixtures  in  difieront 
vessels.  Keep  them  in  a  warm  place,  ex])osed  to  the  sun  as  much  as 
possible,  for  about  2  weeks,  when  they  will  be  fit  for  usa  Add  to- 
gether such  quantities  of  each  liqtior  as  the  nature  of  the  color  you  ar« 
desirous  of  obtaining  will  pouit  out.  Transparent  Varnish,  for 
Wood. — Best  alcohol,  1  gal. ;  nice  gum  shellac,  2^  lbs.  Place  the  jug 
or  bottle  in  a  situation  to  keep  it  just  a  little  warm,  smd  it  will  dis- 
solve quicker  than  if  hot,  or  left  cold.  Patent  Vami.'sh  for  V/ood  or 
Canvas. — Take  spirits  of  tunientiuo.  1  gal  ;  aspluVitiun,  2^  lbs.  ;  put 
them  into  an  iron  kettle  which  will  fit  upon  a  stove,  and  dissolve  the 
gum  by  heat.  When  dissolved  and  a  little  cool  add  copal  varnish,  1 
pt. ;  and  boiled  linseed  oil,  1  pt  ;  when  cold,  it  is  ready  for  use 
Perhaps  a  little  lampblack  would  make  it  a  more  perfect  black. 

Mos.uc  Gold  Powder  fok  Bkoxziag,  &c.— Melt  1  lb.  tin  ia  a 
crucible,  add  ^  lb.  of  purified  quicksilver  to  it:  when  this  is  cold,  it 
is  reduced  to  ixnvder,  and  ground,  with  ^  lb.  sal-ammoniac  and  7  oa. 
flour  of  sidpliur,  tiU  the  whole  is  thoroughly  mixed.  They  are  then 
calcined  in  a  matrass  ;  and  the  sublimation  of  tlie  other  iugrediente 
leaves  the  tin  converted  into  the  mosaic  gold  lewder  wliich  is  found 
at  the  bottom  of  the  glass.  Remove  any  black  or  discolored  particles. 
The  sal-ammoniac  must  be  very  white  and  clear,  and  the  mercury  of 
the  utmost  puritv.  When  a  deeper  red  is  required,  grind  a  verj'  small 
quantity  of  red  lead  with  the  above  materials.  True  Gold  JPowder. — 
Put  some  gold  leaf,  with  a  little  honey,  or  thick  gum  water  made 
with  gum  arable,  into  an  earthen  mortar,  and  poimd  the  mixture  till 
the  gold  is  reduced  to  very  small  i^artioles;  then  wash  out  the  ho:iey 
or  gum  repeatedly  with  warm  water,  and  the  gold  in  powder  will  ba 
left  behind.  Wlien  dry,  it  is  fit  for  u.<e.  Dutch  Gold  Powder  is 
made  from  Thitch  gold 'leaf,  which  is  sold  in  books  at  a  yery  lovr 
price.  Treat  in  the  manner  described  above  for  true  gold  powder. 
When  this  inferior  iwwder  i.s  used,  cover  the  gilding  with  a  coat  of 
clear  varnish,  otherwise  it  will  soon  lose  its  bright  appearance.  Cop' 
per  Poicder  is  prejiared  by  dissolving  filings  or  slips  of  copper  with 
nitrous  acid  in  a  receiver.  When  the  acid  is  saturated,  tlie  shps  are  to 
be  removed ;  or,  if  filings  be  employed,  the  solution  is  to  be  poured 
off  from  wliat  remains  undissolved.  '  Small  bars  arc  then  put  in,  which 
will  precipitate  the  copper  powder  from  tlie  saturated  acid;  and, 
the  liquid  being  poured  from  the  powder,  this  is  to  bo  washed  clean 
off  the  crystals  by  repeated  waters. 
'.BssoNrk  Powi>£B  of  &pcle  gold  color  is  produc«d  from  an  alloj  «f 


886       CABINETMAKERS,    PAIKTERS,    AC,   BECEIPTS. 

13J  parts  of  copper  and  2|  parts  zinc,  of  a  crimsoyi  metallic  lustre  from 
copper,  of  &  paler  color,  copper,  and  a  very  little  zinc,  green,  bronz* 
with  a  proportion  of  verdigris,  of  a  fine  orange  color,  by  14^  -^aiXs  cop- 
per and  1|  parts  zinc  ;  another  orange  color,  litj  parts' copper  and  2i 
zinc  The  alloy  is  laminated  into  very  fine  leaves  with  careful  anneal- 
ing, and  these  are  levigated  into  impaliiable  powders,  along  with  a 
tilrn  of  fine  oil,  to  prevent  oxidizemeut,  and  to  favor  the  levit^tion. 

Gexekal  Directions  fok  Bkoxztng.— The  choice  of  tSe  above 
powders  is  of  course  determined  by  the  degree  of  biiUiancy  you  wish 
to  obtain.  The  powder  is  mixed  with  strong  gum  water  or  isin^laae. 
and  laid  on  with  a  brush  or  pencU  ;  and,  not  so  drv  as  to  have"  still 
certain  clamminess;  a  piece  of  soft  leather  wrapped' round  the  finger 
is  dipped  into  the  powder,  and  rubbed  over  the  work.  When  the  work 
has  been  all  covered  with  the  bronze,  it  must  be  left  to  drj-,  and  and 
loose  powder  then  cleared  away  by  a  hair-pencil. 

BRo>-zrNG  Iko>". — The  subject  should  be  heated  to  a  greater  de- 
gree than  the  hand  can  bear,  and  German  gold,  mixed  with  a  small 
quantity  of  spirit  of  wine  varnish,  spread  over  it  with  a  t)encil;  should 
the  iron  be  already  ix)lished,  you  must  heat  it  well,  and  moisten  it 
with  a  linen  rag  dipped  in  vinegar. 

Gilder's  PAECHirEST  Size. — The  best  is  made  from  cuttings  of 
fine  parchment  Wash  them  clean,  cover  them  with  water,  and  al- 
low them  to  simmer  for  about  2  hours  over  a  slow  fire:  when  brought 
to  the  proper  strength  or  tenacity,  which  may  be  tested  by  tlie  tiial  of 
a  portion  between  the  thumb  and  finger:  if  "it  proves  adhesive  pour 
it  into  a  clean  vessel  for  use.  When  solidified,  it  resembles  a  jelly; 
if  very  stiff,  it  will  require  dilution  with  water.  Some  gilders  use  a 
lactometer  and  a  deep  glass  to  determine  the  proper  strength  of  size. 
When  the  float  indicates  a  little  higher  than  1,  for  burnish  size,  and 
near  2,  for  matt  gold  size,  excellent  work  will  result.  In  the  United 
States,  some  gilders  substitute  a  ichite  glue  for  parchment  cuttings 
in  the  making  of  size.    For  On.  Got.d  Size,  consult  that  item. 

Matt  Gold  Size  is  usually  purcliased  from  dealers  ready  made; 
it  is  prepared  for  use  by  intermixture,  (in  a  clean  vessel)  over  a  glow 
fire,  widi  parchment  size,  to  the  density  of  a  thickish  cream,  and  used 
■while  warm. 

BuBXiSH  Gold  Size  is  often  bought  ready  made  from  the  deal 
er.  Good  results  may  be  obtained  by  using  red  chalk,  black  lead, 
and  deer  suet,  of  each"  2  ozs.,  fiuely  ground  to  a  stiff  paste,  with  2  lbs. 
of  pipe  dav,  and  for  use  prepared  like  matt  size. 

Thick  White  for  application  to  tlie  p;irts  intended  to  be  burnish- 
ed, previous  to  putting  on  the  burnish  size,  is  a  composition  of  parch- 
ment size  and  whitening,  about  the  density  of  cream. 

Gilder's  OEMOLr.— Red  Sanders  wood  2  drs.,  turmeric  1  dr., 
garnet  shellac  1  oz.,  spirits  of  wine  ^  pt. :  mix  all  together  thoroughly 
and  Etrain.  This  is  added  to  medium  strength  parchment  size  in  or- 
der to  impart  a  more  beautiful  appearance  to  the  matt  and  oil  gilding. 
Clay  for  Gilder's  Use  is  usually  purchased  from  the  dealer* 
and  Is  prepared  similar  to  burnish  size. 

Thb  STOPPD.-G  CoMPOsmox  used  for  filling  holes  and  deficiencies 
in  the  work  is  a  compound  of  size  and  whitening,  brought  to  tha 
density  of  putty. 

To"White>'  MorLDESGS.— On  gUded  work  to  be  exposed  to  the 
weath«r,  paiat  is  used  as  a  foundation,  and  the  gOding  is  done  in  oil 


CABINETMAKERS,   PAINTERS,    <tC.,    RECEIPTS.      287 

U  burnished  ailding  is  unfit  to  withstand  exposure.  This  last  named 
deBcription  ot  work  must  have  a  good  base  of  whitening  applied  to  the 
moulmng  previous  to  gildiug.  First  applj-  a  verj-  hot  thin  primu;g 
coat  of  fine  whitening  and  parclimeut  size ;  after  ttus  is  dr>-,  fill  the 
holes,  blemishes,  and  irregularities  with  the  stopping  composition; 
then  apply  a  good  coat  of  (hick  iclilte,  dry,  and  apply  another.  After 
applying  several  coats  of  the  thick  white,  which  should  be  in  all  about 
l-16th  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  pumice-stone  should  be  applied  to 
smooth  off  all  irregularities  and  the  surplus  wliiting.  Make  thorough 
work  to  ensure  a  &ie  smooth  surface  on  the  moulding,  paying  great 
attention  to  the  different  hollows,  beads,  &c. 

Composition  for  Oio.aments. — Best  glue,  9  lbs.  6  ozs. ;  water 
5  pts. ;  rosin  (white)  4  lbs. ;  raw  hnseed  oil  4  pts.  Boil  the  glue  in  th» 
water  until  dissolved ;  dissolve  the  rosin  in  the  oil,  add  the  whole  to 
the  glue  mixture.  Boil  the  whole  slowly  for  25  minutes  longer,  and 
pour  the  mixture  into  a  large  vessel  among  finely  sifted  whiting,  and 
mix  up  to  the  consistency  of  thin  puttj*.  Set  away  in  a  damj)  place,  - 
and  cover  with  a  wet  cloth  ready  for  use.  The  ornaments  are  made 
by  selecting  a  portion  of  the  mixture,  steaming  it  to  a  soft  plastic  con- 
dition (for  tlie  mixture  becomes  very  hard  when  cold),  and  pressing 
with  the  hands  into  a  boxwood  mould,  previously  well  lubricated  or 
smeared  with  oil  and  turjientine.  The  composition  being  fitted  into 
the  mould,  a  board  tlioroughly  wet,  is  place  against  the  mixture  out- 
side the  mould,  and  the  wliole  is  submitted  to  pressure  in  an  iron 
screw  press,  which  drives  tlie  mixture  into  the  minutest  parts  of  the 
mould.  This  done,  the  pressure  is  relaxed,  and  the  mould  taken  from 
the  press  and  the  ornament  withdrawn  from  it.  The  ornaments  may  be 
attached  to  the  frame  with  glue  or  white  lead ;  and  when  they  com- 
pose the  comers  on  fran\es,  require  to  have  the  vacant  space  between 
backed  or  ^fiUrd  up  with  composition  softened  in  boiling  water. 

Gilding  ix  Oil. — The  ornaments  being  pronerly  adjusted  and  al- 
lowed full  time  to  harden  on  the  frame,  the  first  step  taken  by  th& 
gilder  is  to  wash  and  cleanse  them,  togretherwith  the  frame,  from  the 
adherent  oil  and  dust  This  done,  when  dry.  apply  a  uniform  coat  of 
thin  white  to  the  frame,  and,  after  drying,  fill  all  the  holes  and  defect- 
ive parts  with  the  stopping  described  above.  When  this  becomes 
hard,  go  o^■e^  every  part  of  the  work  and  bring  it  to  the  utmost 
smoothness  with  fine  {'lass  paper.  This  part  of  the  work  must  not  be 
slighted  if  a  good  job  is  wanted,  for  it  cannot  be  dispensed  with.  Now 
dust  off  the  work  and  apply  the  clay  prepared  as  described  above;  al- 
low it  to  dry  and  rub  smooth  with  fine  glass  paper  once  more.  A  coat 
of  dear  cole  is  now  applied,  consifting  of  parchment  size  diluted  to  a 
thinnish  consistency  with  water.  It  is  usual  to  apply  2  coats  of  this 
size  in  a  warm  condition.  It  effectually  prevents  the  absorption  of 
the  sncceeding  coat  of  oil  size.  The  gilder  prepares  the  oil  size  (boiled 
linseed  oil  and  ochre  well  ground  together)  by  bringing  it  to  a  creamy 
consistency,  and  purifies  it  by  Ftraining  through  a  clean  mg  held  un- 
der pressure,  squeezing  out  the  size.  This  pre{iaration  is  spread  very 
evenly  over  the  prepared  surface,  and  allowed  to  stand  imtU  it  b&- 
comea  slightly  sticky  or  tacky,  when  the  knife,  cushion  and  gold  leaf 
are  brought  into  requisition,  and  the  leaf  applied  with  the  tip  to  the 
entire  surface  covered  with  the  size.  Tliis  process  requires  carefiU 
management  ;  the  gilder  blows  the  gold  leaf  out  on  the  cushion  with 
bis  bziaiUu  divides  imd  euMivides  it  witJi  hia  knile  to  cover  the  difier> 


283      CAB1NET1IAXEU3,    FAJXTER3.    4C=,    RECEIPTS. 

•Dt  wants  of  various  parts  of  the  work.  The  leaf  is  dabbed  down 
with  a  dabber  of  cotton  wool  or  other  soft  iDatorial,  and  finished  v.-iih 
*  badger.  See  Gildimj  JUdcrs  on  JWxxi.  The  frame  being  now  cov- 
ered  with  the  leaf,  is  brushed  off  to  clear  it  from  the  small  jgrold  pani- 
cles still  adhering,  and  is  fiuallr  finished  bv  applying  the  finish,  sir.e 
evenly  with  a  hog's-liair  brush  over  the  work.  The  Cnii-h  com-Ms  of 
a  somewhat  weak,  clear  size,  whith  may  betemyeied  with  a  httie  or- 
molu if  it  is  desired  toimpait  a  finer  color  to  the  pr':  J. 

W'atek  and  Oil  Gii-dlso  o^-  Labge,  Bko.'  d  Fb.'jies,  &c.— Re- 
move all  dust  and  dirt  fi-om  the  frame  and  oruanienfs,  by  thoroxi^h 
washing  and  brushing  with  plenty  of  dear  water,  being  careful  not  to 
damage  the  ornaments  while  doing  so,  dri-,  and  avjly  a  coat  of  thin 
white,  fill  all  holes  and  delects  bv  stoppiiij,  and  trer't  the  f  nits  in- 
tended to  bebuiuished  with  thrte'or  four  coats  of  tLLk  icfutc,  smooth- 
ing down  the  last  coat  when  neaily  dry,  bv  passing  the  fin-ers  over  it. 
When  dry,  go  over  it  v.ith  glass  paper,*ma!:inga  comi-lete  smooth  job; 
next  apply  a  coat  of  clay,  and  smocth  down  with  .;  lass  pn]:er  once 
more.  Next,  apply  an  even  coat  of  size,  and  w].en  dry.  aprly  cjiother. 
The  frame  is  next  "  put  in  oil "'  as  above  de^-tiihed,  and  siibsequently, 
the  parts  intended  to  be  burnished,  which  have  received  Vze  coats  of 
thick  ichite.  must  be  thoroughly  cleaned  from  oil  bv  careful  ruhbing 
with  a  wet  piece  of  cotton  applied  by  the  finger,  tuming  the  rag  at 
short  internals  so  as  to  present  a  clean  surface  to  the  work.  Guard 
agamst  touching  any  otlier  paits  of  the  frame  with  the  wet  cloth,  as 
the  mistake  will  have  to  be  corrected  with  the  oil  brush.  To  make 
sure  that  no  trouble  will  result  from  grease,  it  is  r.ece.-'saiy  before  lay- 
ing the  gold,  to  apply  clay  to  all  parts  intended  to  be  bV.mi-hcd,  in 
order  to  prevent  any  of  the  gold  leaf  from  sticking,  as  it  would  have 
to  be  removed  with  glass  paper  previous  to  applying  ether  ]  repara- 
tions. The  frame  is  then  gilded  as  previously' desciited,  the  leaf 
pressed  into  the  cavities  of  the  ornaments,  &c..  the  defects  corrected, 
the  work  brushed  off,  and  size  finished  as  above.  The  parts  to  be 
burnished  or  v:ater  f/ihUd,  previously  noted  rs  being  coated  with  clay, 
must  now  be  treated  to  three  or  four  coats  of  met  pold  size,  laid  on 
evenly  with  a  camel' s-hair  brush.  "When  dry,  jc-lsh  with  fine  glass 
paper,  brush  down,  and  pass  over  it  afterwards  with  a  damp  sj>onge. 
Kow  apply  2  even  coats  of  burnish  gold  size,  and  apply  the  leaf  as 
won  a.-*  the  last  cait  becomes  dry.  This  is  a-  plied  in  a  manner  en- 
tirely different  from  that  previously  described.  The  frame  being  ele- 
vated at  a  proper  angle  to  allow  tlie  snrpliis  water  to  drain  off,  and 
the  gold  leaf,  cushion,  knife,  tip.  camel's-hair  pencils,  glass  of  clean 
water,  &c.,  being  ready,  proceed  to  gi'd  the  bead  which  passes  around 
the  frame  lietween  those  parts  whioh  h.nve  prev'onsly  been  oil-gilt,  by 
dipping  a  proper  sized  camel's-hair  pencil  into  the  glass  of  water,  wipe 
it  on  the  edge,  commence  at  the  left  hand  extremity  of  the  bead,  wet- 
ting it  for  a  space  of  4  or  5  inches  or  n^':>re  down,  saturating  it 
thoroughly  with  the  water,  and  apply  the  gold  leaf  (previously  cut  to 
the  proper  size  and  held  in  re.adiness  on  V.ie  tip^  very  neatly  and 
quickly  to  the  spot  while  it  is  covered  with  wnter.  Go  over  tlie  bead, 
ornaments,  and  all  parts  intended  to  be  burnished  in  this  way.  being 
extremely  careful  to  allow  no  water  to  come  in  contact  wit'i  the  gilded 
}i«rt  of  the  frame.  When  done,  examine  closely  fc  r  faults,  and  repair 
&11  defects  discover«d,  dry,  and  proceed  to  bwnish  by  applviug  th« 
curred  part  of  de  baimsber  to  the  work,  passing'  it  hi£tier  ani 


Uiither  over  the  gold  Mfith  the  right  hand,  susdistiug  the  prefigare  and 
steadying  the  movement  by  the  thiunb  of  the  lelt.  This  resolta  iu 
biiiigin^  out  a  ppleudid  buiiiLsh.  Go  over  the  work  with  particulas 
care,  bnug  out  the  full  lustre  of  thej^old,  cover  tlelicieuoei.jj/i.'.'*/*,  s/zc 
the  frame  once  more,  -iaref ully  avoidiu;t:  tho  biinii,<hcd  part^  ;  liually, 
tinge  tiie  edge  of  the  frame  with  othr<'.  In  burnish  gildhig,  «id 
large  frames,  the  couspicious  [>arts  of  the  frame,  such  as  the  beads, 
ormiments.  i-c.  should  be  selected  for  opeiation. 

Brish  Polish. — Shellac  4  ozs..  white  ro^La  4  ow.,  dissolve  in  2 
pts.  spirit<  of  wine  and  apply  while  warm,  with  a  br;'sh. 

Cabinet  Makek's  Vakxlsh. — Ciniu  siieiiac  o  o;:*.,  gum  nlR^'tIo 

1  oz.,  gum  sa'.idarac,  3  ozs.,  spirits  of  w  iue,  40  ozs.    Dia«)lye  the  h«>^ 

2  in  the  spirit*,  theu  dissolve  the  shelhic  «md  pour  oS  the  deai"  for 
tise. 

French  Polish  Reviver. — Linseed  oil  1  pint,  viuef^r  4  ozs., 
ept?.  camphor  2 ozs.,  spt*.  hartshoni  h  oz.,  butter  oi  antimony,  1  oz. 
.4;io?/i-/\— Dissolve  8  oz?.  shellac  and  ^  an  oz-  of  oxalic  acid  in  2  lbs. 
naphtha,  theu  ;yid  3  ozs.  linseed  oil. 

Ebonized  Black  for  EBOxizixr.  MocLDtso  Framzs,  &c. — 
Stroug  vinegar,  1  gal.,  ext.  of  logwood,  2  lbs.,  green  copperas,  i  lb., 
China  blue,  J  lb.,  nut-gall.  2  ozs.  Simner  over  a  slow  lire  until  all  is 
dissolved  ;  set  off  and  cool.  Aid  to  the  above  ^  pt  imn  rast  obtained 
by  steeping  iron  filings  in  strong  viuegiir.     Au  miequuiled  jet  bkck. 

SATI>'TfoOD   StAIX   FOR  THH  IXSID^;   OP   DkA^VUR-S.  —  Alcoliol    2 

pts.,  powdei-ed  gamboge,  3  ozs.,  gronud  titrnieric,  <5  ozs.  Steep  fe> 
obtain  full  strengtli.  and  sti-ain  through  musiin.  Api»ly  2  coats  with 
a  fiue  sponge,  s^-mdpaper  when  dry  and  varuiih  or  F:-ench  polish. 

Wal>tt  Statx  ox  PtXE  OR  Whitewo-:)!). — T;ii::e  2  gals,  of  vcr;,' 
tliin  sized  shellac;  add  burnt  sienna,  2  lbs.,  burnt  uniljer,  2  lbs.,  l.i:n;>- 
black,  ^  lb. ;  siiake  all  togetlier  and  mix  well  iu  a  stons  jug.  Apply 
1  coat  with  a  brush,  dry;  sandpaper  s.^l^x>th,  and  anply  a  eor-t  of  com- 
mon varnish  or  shellac.    A  fine  imitiition  of  walnut. 

Cheap  Bl.\ck  Stain  ox  Pink  ob  Whit::wood. — "Water,  2 pals., 
black  copperas,  1  lb.,  logwood  chins,  1  lb.,  ext.  logwood.  1  lb.,  indlzo 
blue,  1  lb.,  lami^bhick,  2  ozs.  ;  simmer  over  a  slow  -fire,  cool  off, 
strain,  and  add  1  oz.  nut-galL  A  splendid  black  stain  for  cheap 
work. 

To  Gild  a  Wooden  Flower  Stand. — r.;'.b  t':e  wooii  gmootji, 
prime  with  glue  size,  tiicn  put  on  2  coats  of  oil  p.^t  r.nl  one  of  fiat- 
ting.  Smooth  over,  when  dry,  with  wash-leather.  Pi:t  on  gold  sLce, 
and  when  it  is  sticky  to  the  touch,  it  is  ready  for  the  leaf,  whi'^h  j'.ut 
on  carefully  and  dab  down  with  cotton-wool.  A  tninsiiariBt  glazing 
can  be  used  to  deaden  the  gold  in  place,*. 

Old  Oak  Imitation  on  Whitk  Deal.— Bunit  nmber,  1  part, 
brown  ochre,  1  i>art,  mix  thoroughly  with  a  very  ti.Ln  glue  fire  and 
apply.  A  good  oak  ftarn  is  made  by  adding  1  lb.  each  of  pcfc^h  f.:id 
pearlash  to  1  gal.  water,  adding  more  water  if  a  lighter  BUihx  is  re- 
quired. 

RoszwooD  lAnT.A.Tioy  ON  White  Deal. — Apply  Venetian  red 
and  a  little  lamp-blaclt  in  solution,  -with  tliin  glue'size.  A  good  ma- 
fukfant/  ft'iiii  is  VeuPtian  red,  1  lb.,  yellow  lead.  2  H«.  ;  mix  with 
thin  glue  si>e.  W' Imit  sUiin  on  dcrJ. — Burnt  umbor  and  yellow 
Odit*  >  ♦^    "uze.    The  aoove  t'^v  be  applied  while  warm  wit4  % 


290      CABIXETMJLKEBS,   PAISTEK5,   4C.,    BECEIPT8. 

soft  rag  or  by  dipping  the  wood  into  a  vat  containing  the  solotinB,  af 
is  done  with  chairs,  etc.,  in  many  manniactories. 

Mahog.vnt  Imitatiox  oy  Beech.— Pulverized  dragon's  blood,  3 
ozs..  rectified  spto.  of  vriae,  1  qt. 

IiLLiyo  FOB  Fke>ch  Polished  Wobk.— A  creamy  paste  com- 
posed of  water  and  plaster  of  Pari.*,  applied  with  a  coarse  rag  to  tiie 
grain  of  the  wood  forms  a  good  filling.  Apply  ^-igoroa*ly  to  the  wood 
to  fill  the  pores  thoroughly,  and  wij*  on  tae  sujplu*.  Finely  sifted 
whitening,  mixed  with  painter's  drying  oil,  is  another  good  filling 
com^osirion. 

Splexdid  Cbemsox  Spieit  Staix.  —  Brazil-wriod,  loz.,  cochi- 
neaL  1  oz.,  dragon's-blood.  1  oz.,  saffron,  2  ozs. ;  steep  to  obtain  full 
gtreugth.  in  2  qta.  alc-jhol  and  strain. 

BKiT  MocyxrsG  ilATEBiAi..— Good  Bermuda  arrow  root,  1 1  oss; 
sheet  gelatine,  80  grain* :  mix  the  arrow  root  to  a  creamy  consistence 
with  a  spoon,  in  1  oz.  of  water;  then  add  14  ozs.  of  water  and  the 
gelatine  broken  into  fragmema.  Boii  for  4  or  5  minutts,  set  it  aside 
until  partiaUv  cool,  then  add  1  oz.  of  methylated  spirit,  and  6  drops 
of  carbolic  acid,  the  former  quite  slowly.  This  article  has  no  superi- 
or and  will  keep  for  years. 

To  Cleax  ExgbaVixgs. — Place  the  engraving  on  a  smooth  board 
with  a  sheet  of  clean  paper  between,  damp  the  picture  on  both  sides 
irith  a  sponge  and  clean  water:  then  soak  it  well  with  the  following 
BOlution  applied  with  a  clean  sponge :  Water.  1  pt,  chloride  of  lime, 
4  ozs. ;  oxalic  add,  1  oz-  Tnis  imparts  a  fine  wliite  appearance  to  dis- 
colored prints,  but  it  must  net  be  applied  to  water  colors  in  any  case, 
as  it  will  certainly  destroy  them. 

To  RE^^vE  the  Colors  or  Old  Patstixgs.— Mix  linseed  oil.  3 
ozs.,  with  methylated  chloroform.  1  oz.:  and  apply  a  little  over  the 
painting,  previously  washing  it^  with  clean  water  applied  with  a  little 
cotton  wool:  wir>e  off  the  composition  with  a  soft  silk  handkerchief 
darins  the  next  dav.  The  mtxtore  possesses  the  valuable  property  of 
restorins  the  faded"  colors  of  paintii^  The  vapor  of  alcohol  has  a 
like  effect. 

To  Pbesebvb  a  Scaltxg  or  Cbacked  P-atxtlxg. — Clean  the 
painting  very  carefully  with  pure  soft  water,  and  pour  over,  or  gently 
apply,  a  mirtnre  of  equal  parts  of  methylated  chloroform  and  linseed 
oiL  Allow  it  to  remain  a  day  or  two:  carefully  wire  off  the  excess  of 
oiL  and  apply  more  of  the  fresh  mixture,  wioin?  it  off  as  before.  Re- 
peat the  process  tintil  the  colors  become  fixed,  and  the  painting  be- 
comes flexible,  when  it  may  be  cleaned  and  varmshed. 

Yarxish  tor  PATXxixnp. — Xo  better  varnish  for  paintings  can  be 
had  than  that  made  from  good.  ripe,  clean,  gnm  mastic  and  rectified 
terpentine,  fully  matured  by  an  exposure  of  se^'eral  months  in  a  wide 
mouthed  glass' bottle.  Cover  the  bottle  fo  as  to  admit  air,  bat  no 
dust  and  set  it  in  the  light,  but  crt  of  the  sna. 

To  Pbesebve  P.vixTiyGs  Ixdeftxitet.v. — Tarnish  the  painOnff 
on  both  sides,  and  hermetically  seal  with  well  fitting  sheets  of  polished 
gla^  on  the  front,  and  apply  a  good  coat  of  air  nroof  material  to  the 
back.  According  to  "Vragner.  the  real  cause  of  tne  ultimate  destrac^ 
tion  of  pictures  as  well  an  of  paint,  is  the  graduaL  but  continnoos, 
yet  slow,  oxidation  of  the  linoxine.  resulting  in  the  crumbling  to 
fowder  of  pnlTemlezit  matters — pigmeote  uMd*4  'vlors.    It  maj  not 


CA.BIN£TJ£AKER3,    PAINTERS,    AC,    RECEIPTS,       291 

t»  oat  of  place  to  state  that  one  of  the  best  solvents  of  linoiine  (diied 
paint)  U  a  mmare  of  alcohol  anl  chloroform,  -which  miiy  be  ad- 
vantageously used  to  remove  stains  of  paint,  and  also  of  wagon  and 
carriage  grease  from  silks  and  woollen  tissues. 

To  Remove  Old  Black  Yakxxsh  fbom  Paixxekgs.— Various 
articles  as  soda,  naptha,  spirits  of  wine,  oil  of  tartar,  &c.,  will  effect 
this,  if  carefolly  handled  by  an  experienced  person,  or  the  following 
mixture  may  be  applied  to  the  painting  with  a  dabber  of  cotton  wool: 
Wood  spirits,  4  ozs. ;  linseed  oil  ^  pt.  spirits  of  salts,  2  ozs.  Go  over 
the  painting,  imparting  a  spiral  movement  to  tlie  rubbing  wad,  keep- 
int'  the  picture  level  and  the  rubber  clean.  Watch  the  progress  oi  tJo 
work,  taking  care  not  to  go  too  far,  and  finish  by  wiping  with  a  clean 
rag  wet  with  spirits  of  turpentine. 

To  Whitex  Pl.\steb  C.\st3,  &c.— If  t!ie  uncalcined  plaster  is  un- 
mersed  for  15  minutes  in  water  contaming  8  or  10  per  cent  of  sul- 
phuric acid  previous  to  burning  it,  it  will  after  being  calcined,  set 
more  slowly,  and  make  splendid  casts,  which  will  be  perfectly  white. 
Semi-transpai-eiit  casts  of  lincv  articles  can  be  made  of  unbaked 
gypsum,  2  parts,  bleached  bees- wax.  1  part;  parafline,  1  part.  It  la 
very  tough  and  becomes  plastic  at  120=.  Plaster  casts  will  bear  a  nail 
driven  in  them  without  fracture  if  they  are  immersed  in  a /wr«o/utw7i 
o/fl'.'as  long  enough  t3  bej^jms  sat arat-3l.  Tj  meni  P I asUr  Models, 
use  sandarac  varnish,  saturating  the  broken  surfaces  weU,  then  pres- 
sing them  together,  then  drving.  As  an  a-pplioation  to  the  inside 
Plaster  Mndds  use  glycerine,  or  a  mixture  of  lard  and  oiL 

To  Polish  PiaxoI,  Fcrxttvbz.  Fsexch  Polish,  &c. — The  fol- 
lowing method  of  polishing  pianos  is  in  use  in  all  first  class  factories. 
The  same  process  will  answer  for  any  other  piece  of  furniture,  by 
merely  substituting  for  the  scraping,  where  scraping  is  not  practica- 
ble, a  fiUin^.  properly  colored :  *  First,  give  the  work  three  coats  of 
icraping  or  >o.  2  fnmiture  varnish,  allowing  each  coat  to  become  per- 
tectiy  hard  before  applying  the  next  ;  then  scra;>e  ok  the  varnish  with 
a  steel  scraper,  properlv  sharpened  on  an  oilstone,  and  in  scraoing  be 
careful  not  to  cut  into  the  wood,  but  merelv  remove  the  varnish  from 
foe  surface,  leaving  the  pores  filled.  Smooth  with  No.  1  sandpaper, 
and  the  work  will  be  ready  for  the  polishing  varnish,  four  coats  of 
which  must  be  put  on,  allowing  each  coat  to  harden.  To  detemune 
the  proper  time  required  for  the  hardening.  I  wor.'.d  say  that  one  coat 
■will  not  be  ready  for  the  next  nntil  it  is  so  hard  that  yo"u  cannot  make 
an  impression  on  it  with  your  thumb  nail.  The  four  coats  ha\-ing  been 
put  on,  anl  the  work  having  stood  a  few  days— and  the  longer  the  bet- 
ter— rub  down  with  fine-ground  pumice-stone  and  water,  applied  with 
a  woolen  rag.  The  work  must  be  rubbed  until  all  lumr^  and  marks 
of  the  brush  are  removed  ;  wasli  off  with  a  sponge  and  dry  with  a 
chamois-skin  :  let  the  work  stand  out  in  the  open  air  for  a  day  or  two, 
taking  it  into  the  shop  at  night.  The  work  should  now  receive  two 
coats  more  of  polishing  varnish  and  a  second  rubbing,  after  which  it 
is  ready  for  polishing. 

Foraiture  may  be  polished  after  the  first  rubbing,  and  In  that  cas« 
the  polishing  is  performed  with  lump  rotten-stone  and  water  applied 
with  a  woollen  rag.  Put  plenty  of  rotteu-^t^ne  o:i  vour  work,  with 
water  enough  to  make  it  work  easy.  Rib  until"  all  marks  and 
»ci"atchfes  are  removed.  Rub  the  rotten-stone  off  with  your  bare  hand 
keeping  the  work  wet  What  cannot  be  removed  with  the  hand  should 


|9f       CABlNET>tAKER«,    rAlKTKR>',   AC,    RECEIPTS. 

be  -srashed  off  with  3  spon<3:c.  After  drying  with  a  rhamois-skin,  brin* 
up  tlie polish  with  the  palm  of  your  hand,  mcviug  it  lightly  aua 
quickly  with  a  circular  motion,  over  the  work.  Clean  up  the  work 
■with  a  piece  of  soft  cotton,  dipped  into  sweet  oil,  and  lightly  tgucli  all 
the  white  spots  and  marks  of  the  rotteu-stone.  Remove  the  oil  with 
wheat  flour,  applied  with  soft  cotton,  and  finally  d.ut  oE  with  a  soft 
rag  or  silk  handkerchiei. 

The  follo%viug  method  is  known  as  the  Shellac  or  French  PolL«lv 
In  preiiaring  for  this  x^rocess,  add  to  one  pint  of  Sliellac  vr-i'nish  twc 
tablespoouf uls  of  boiled  oil ;  the  two  to  be  thoroughly  mixed.  If  yoa 
want  the  work  dark,  add  a  little  burnt  umber  ;  or  j'bu  can  give  the 
work  any  desired  shade  by  mixing  with  tlie  shellac  the  proper  pig- 
ment in  the  dry  state.  Apply  the  shc4lac  thus  prepared  with  a  siuali 
bunch  of  rags  held  between  your  tiugers.  Iii  applying  it  be  j)articiilar 
in  getting  iton  smootli  and  even,  le.i\  ing  110  thick  places  or  blotches. 
Repeat  tlie  process  continually  until  the  grain  is  tiHed  and  tlie  worlc 
has  received  sufficient  body.  Let  it  stand  a  few  hoars  to  harden,  and 
tlien  rub  your  work  lightly  -with  pnraice-stone  and  oil,  applied  with  a 
rag.  A  verj-  little  rubbing  is  required,  and  tiiis  is  to  be  followed  by 
the  cleaning  of  the  work  with  rags  as  drj-  as  po.'^sible.  With  a  piece 
of  muslin  wet  with  alcohol,  go  over  the  work  two  or  three  times,  for 
the  purpose  of  killing  the  oil.  ELive  ready  ^  lb.  of  pare  gum  shellac 
dissolved  in  one  pint  of  95  per  cent,  alcohol.  Vrith  tiiis  saturate  a  pad 
made  of  soft  cotton,  covered  with  wliite  musliji,  and  with  the  pad  thus 
formed  go  over  your  work  two  or  three  -times.  To  become  proficient 
in  this  work,  practice  and  close  attention  are  required, 

"W.VLMTT  Stai>'  for  Wood. — "Water,  1  gal. ;  Vandyke  brown,  10 
OZ3. ;  bichromate  of  potash,  1  oz. ;  wasliing  soda,  6  ozs. ;  boil  10 
minutes,  immerse  the  article,  or  apply  with  a  brush  as  desired. 

Gold  Broxze  For.  FrKKiTrKE.— Mix  copal  varnish  with  gold- 
colored  bronze  powder.    This  is  made  from  bisulphate  of  Mn. 

To  Eboxize  Wood. — ?>Iix  lampblack  with  good  French  polish  and 
apply  in  the  usual  way.  The  lampblack  may  be  collected  on  a  tin  held 
%ver  a  kerosene  oil  lamp,  or  lighted  candie. 

Kevivek  fok  Gii.tFka51E.s.— ^^'hite  of  escis,  2  ozs.;  chloride  of  pot- 
ash or  soda,  1  oz.;  mix  well;  blow  olf  the  diist  from  the  frames;  then 
go  over  them  with  a  soft  brush  dipped  in  the  mixture,  and  thcv  will 
be  equal  to  new. 

Bad  Sjiell  from  Axim^vl  Size.— To  remove  bad  smell  jass  ii 
through  powdered  charcoal.  To  preserve  it,  dissolve  one  OQiice  of 
sidphate  of  zinc,  generally  known  as  wliite  copperas,  in  hot  water,  anc 
add  to  every  i  cwt.  It  will  keep  any  length  of  time.  Melt  your  size, 
and  thorougliiy  mW  it 

PoLisHixG  Br.\ss  axd  Sto>-e.— Plate-glass  may  be  polished  bj 
rubbing  with  emery  and  water,  the  emery  being  of  a  greater  degree  of 
fineness  as  the  work  progresses,  until  at  last  by  employing  an  imjial- 
pable  variety  prepared  by  suspending  emery  in' water  for  an  hour  or 
more.  Of  course  no  scratches  must  exist  in  the  work  when  the  polish- 
ing operation  begins ;  such  must  have  been  removed  by  means  of  a 
coarser  emery  flour.  "Stones,  such  as  Brighton  pebbles,  &a,  are  often 
eat  and  polished  on  a  rapidly  revolving  leaden  disc,  the  surface  of 
which  is  loaded  with  diamond  dust,  emery,  or  tripoli,  according  to  tin 
stone  under  operation. 

801.CBLB  Glass.— I.  Silica,  1  part,  carbonate  of  soda.  2  parts;  fas* 
together.    2.  Carbooate  of  sodit  (dry)  54  parts;   dry  carbonate  ol 


CABINETMAKERS,  rAINTERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.      J^S 

^otaesa,  70  parts  ;  silica,  192  parts  ;  soluble  in  boiling  -waUfr,  yielding 
ft  fine,  transparent  semi-elastic  varnish.  S.  Carbonate  of  potassa 
(dry),  10  parts  ;  po^wdered  quaitz  (or  sand  free  from  iron  or  alumina), 
15  paits  ;  charcoal,  1  part ;  all  fused  together.  Soluble  hi  5  or  6 
times  its  -weight  of  boilinf/  water.  The  filtered  solution  evaporated  to 
dryness,  yields  a  transparent  glas.?,  permanent  in  the  air. 

Glass  Staining. — The  following  colors  after  ha^'ing  been  prepared, 
and  rubbed  ui)ou  a  plate  of  grouud-gla!?s,  with  the  sjnrits  of  turfien- 
tuie  or  lavender  thickened  in  the  air,  are  aiipiied  with  a  hair-peacil. 
Before  using  them,  however,  it  is  necessary  to  try  tliem  on  small 
pieces  of  glass,  and  expose  them  to  the  fire,  to  ascertain  if  the  desired 
tone  of  color  is  produced.  The  aitipt  must  be  guided  by  the?e  proof- 
pieces  in  using  his  colors.  The  glass  proper  for  receiving  the::e  j-.ig- 
ments  must  be  colorless,  uniform,  aud  difHcult  of  fusion.  A  dei-i'^n 
must  be  drawn  on  paper,  and  placed  beneath  the  plate  of  glass.  Tfio 
upper  side  of  the  glass,  being  sponged  over  with  gam-watsr,  afTordn, 
when  dry,  a  surface  proper  for  receiving  the  colors  "wlthoT-t  .the  risk 
of  running  irregularly,  as  they  would  othei-wise  do  on  11:3  dippciy 
glass.  The  artist  draws  on  the  plate  (usually  in  black),,  with  aCno 
pencil,  aU  the  traces  which  mark  the  great  outlines  or  shades  of  tho 
Bgnres.  Afterwards,  when  it  is  dry,  the  vitri';;,-in.<j  colors  r.re  laid  on 
by  means  of  larger  hair-pencils  ;  their  selection  beini;  ro^iJatcd  by 
the  burnt  specirjeu-tiuts  alwve  mentioned.  The  following  arc  ail 
fast  colors,  which  do  not  nm,  except  the  yellow,  which  must  therefore 
be  laid  on  the  opix)6ite  side  of  th.e  glass.  The  preparations  being  rll 
laid  on,  the  glass  is  ready  for  being  fired  in  a  mufJe,  in  order  to  fix 
and  bring  out  the  proper  colors.  The  muSe  must  be  m:ide  of  very 
refractory  fire-clay,  Jl^t  at  its  bottom,  and  only  five  or  six  inches  high, 
with  a  strong  arched  toot,  and  close  en  all  sides,  to  exclude  smoko 
and  flame.  On  the  bottom,  a  smooth  bed  of  gifted  lime,  freed  from 
water,  about  half  an  incli  thick,  must  be  prepared  for  receivuig  tlia 
glass.  Sometimes,  several  plates  of  glass  are  laid  over  each  other, 
with  a  layer  of  lime  powder  between  each.  The  fh-e  is  now  lighted, 
and  very  gradually  raised,  lest  the  glass  should  be  broken  ;  then  keep 
it  at  a  full  heat  for  three  or  four  hours,  more  or  less,  according  to  tho 
indications  of  the  tiial  ehps  ;  tho  yellow  coloring  being  priucij\".ky 
watched,  it  furnishing  the  best  criterion  of  the  stiite  of  tl.e  otliers. 
When  all  is  right,  let  the  fire  die  out,  eo  as  to  anneal  the  gli'.ss. 

Stained-GLass  Pigjients. — ^^o.  1.  Flcih-color. — Ilcd  lead,  1  oz. : 
red  enamel  (Venetian  glass  enamel,  from  alum  and  co';>jjer,is  calciuca 
together)  :  grind  them  to  a  fine  powder,  and  work  this  up  with  eU 
cohoi  upon  a  hard  stone.  When  shghtly  baked,  this  produces  a  fjie 
fiosh-color.  Xo.  2..  LUick  color. — T;ike  1-1^  oz.  of  smithy  scales  of 
iron  ;  mix  them  with  3  oz.  of  Avhite  glass  :  ar^timonj-,  1  oz.  manganese, 
h  oz.  ;  pound  and  grind  these  ingredients  together  with  strong  vinegar. 
No.  3.  Brovm  color. — White  glacs  or  enamel,  1  oz.  -.good  manganese. 
\  oz.  ;  grind  together.  No.  4.  I\"d,  Rose  and  L'rov:n  colors  ryo 
made  from  peroxide  of  iron,  prepared  by  nitric  acid.  Tho  flux  vwu- 
sists  of  borax,  sand,  and  minium,  in  small  quantitif^.s.  JTcZ  color  may 
likewise  be  obtained  from  1  oz.  of  red  chalk,  poujided,  mi.ted  with  2 
oz.  white,  hard  enamel,  and  a  little  peroxide  of  copper.  A  red  may 
also  be  coInlK)^^ed  of  rust  of  iron,  glass  of  antimonyj  yellow  gi.T^s  of 
Jead,  such  as  is  used  Ly  potters,  or  litharge,  each  in  e4ual  (juanliuci, 


f94     CABI^'ETMAKEE5,    TAIKTERS',    AC,   RECEIPTS. 

to  which  a  little  snlphnret  of  silver  is  added.  This  compotdtioii,  well 
gronnd,  produces  a  very  fine  red  color  on  glass.  Ko.  5.  Green. — 2  oz. 
of  brass,  calcined  into  an  oxide  ;  2  oz.  of  minimti,  and  8  oz.  of  -white 
eand  ;  reduce  them  to  a  fine  tiowder,  ■which  is  to  be  enclosed  in  a 
well-luted  crucible,  and  heated  strongly  in  an  air  ftirnace  for  an  hour. 
"When  the  mixture  is  cold,  giind  it  ia  a  brass  mortar.  Green  may, 
however,  be  advantageously  produced,  by  a  yellow  cu  one  side  and  a 
bine  on  the  other.  Oxide  of  chrome  tas  also  been  employed  ;  to 
stain  glass  green.  No.  6.  A  fine  yeUoic  stain. — Take  fine  silver,  lam- 
inated thin,  dissolve  in  nitric  acid,  dilute  with  abundance  of  water, 
and  precipitate  with  solution  of  sea-salt ;  mis  this  chloride  of  silver 
in  a  dry  powder,  -with  three  times  its  weight  of  pipe-clay  well  burnt 
and  pounded.  The  back  of  tiie  glass  pane  is  to  be  painted  with 
this  powder  ;  for,  when  painted  ou  the  face,  it  is  r.pt  to  run  into 
the  other  colors.  A  pale  yellow  can  be  made  by  mixing  snlphnret  of 
silver  with  glass  of  anMmony  and  yellow  ochre,  previously  calcined 
to  a  red  bro\\Ti  tint.  Work  all  these  powders  t-ifrether,  and  paint  on 
the  back  of  the  glass.  Or  silver  lamince,  melted  with  sulphur  and 
glass  of  antimony,  thrown  into  cold  water  and  aiterwards  ground  to 
powder,  affords  a  yellow.  A  pale  yelloic  may  be  made  with  the 
powder  resulting  from  brass,  sulphur,  and  glass  of  antimony,  calcined 
together  in  a  crucible  till  they  ceo.se  to  smoke,  and  then  niixed  with 
a,  Uttle  burnt  ochre.  The.7!7l€  yelloio  of  M.  Meraud  is  rrepared  from 
chloride  of  silver,  oxide  of  zinc,  and  rust  of  iron.  This  mixture, 
gimply  gronnd,  is  applied  on  the  glass.  Oro?\7e  colcr. — Take  1  part 
of  silver  powder,  as  precipitated  from  the  r.irrate  of  that  metal,  by 
plates  of  copper,  and  washed  ;  mix  with  1  p;.:t  of  red  ochre,  and  1  of 
yellow,  by  careful  trituration  ;  grind  into  a  thin  pap,  with  oil  of  tur- 
pentine or  lavender  :  apply  this  with  a  brush,  cud  bum  in. 

To  Sn-VEB  LooKi>-G  GLASsrs. — A  sheet  of  tin-foU  corresponding  to 
the  size  of  the  plate  of  glass  is  evenly  spread  on  a  perfectly  smooth 
r.TA  solid  marble  table,  and  every  wrinkle  on  its  surface  is  cajefuUy 
nibbed  down  with  a  brush  :  a  portion  of  merctuy  is  then  poured  on, 
and  rubbed  over  the  foil  with  a  clean  piece  of  soft  woollen  stuff,  after 
which,  two  rules  are  applied  to  tlie  edges,  and  mercury  poured  on  to 
the  depth  of  a  crown  piece  ;  when  any  oxide  on  the  surface  is  care- 
fully removed,  and  the  sheet  of  glas3,"rerfectly  clean  and  dry,  is  slid 
along  over  the  surface  of  the  liquid  metal,  so  that  no  air.  dirt,  or 
oxide  can  possibly  either  remain  or  got  between  them.  "Ulien  tha 
glass  has  arrived  at  its  proper  piosition.  gentle  pressure  is  applied, 
and  the  table  sloped  a  httle  to  carry  off  the  waste  mercury  ;  after 
which  it  is  covered  with  flannel,  and  loaded  with  heavy  weights  ;  in 
t-.venty-four  hours  it  is  removed  to  another  table,  and  further  slanted, 
and  this  position  is  progressively  increased  during  a  month,  till  it 
becomes  perpendicular. 

PoECELAix  CoLOBS. — The  following  are  some  of  the  colora  used 
In  the  celebrated  porcelain  manufactorv  of  Sevres,  and  the  propor- 
tions  in  which  they  are  compounded.  Though  intended  forporcelain 
painting,  nearly  all  are  applicable  to  painting  on  glass.  Flui  No.  1 
Eiinum  or  red  lead,  3  parts  ;  white  sand,  washed,  1  part.  This  miituie 
Is  melted,  by  which  it  is  converted  into  a  greenish-colored  glass. 
Flux  No.  2.  Gray  flux.— Ot  No.  1, 8  parts  ;  tas&d  borax  in  powder,  1 
part.    This  mixture  is  melted.    Flux  No.  3.  For  carmine*  andgrter^ 


CABINETMAKEBS.    PAINTEES'.   AC,   BECEIPTS.      295 

—Melt  togetlier  fused  borax,  6  parts  ,  calcined  flints,  3  parts  ;  pure 
minnm,  1  part  No.  1.  Indifjo  »iu«.— Oxide  of  cobalt,  1  part  ;  flux 
No.  3,  2  i>arts.  Deep  azure  6? «e.— Oxide  of  cobalt,  1  part;  oxide  of 
rinc,  2  i«irts  ;  flux  No.  3,  5  parts.  No.  2.  Eincrcdd  Green. — Oxide  of 
copper,  1  part  ;  antimonic  acid,  10  parts  ;  flux  No,  1,  30'paxtM.  Pul- 
Tcme  together,  and  melt.  No.  3.  Grass  green. — Green  oxide  of 
chromium,  1  part  ;  flux  No.  3,  3  parts.  Triturate  and  melt  No.  4. 
Yellow. — -Antimonic  acid,  Ipart  ;  Bubsulphate  of  the  peroxide  of  iron, 
8  parts  ;  oxide  of  zinc,  4  parts  :  flux  No.  1,  3(3  parts.  Rub  np  together 
and  melt.  If  this  color  is  too  deep  the  salt  of  iron  is  diminished.  No. 
6.  Fixed  yellow  for  to^iches. — Na  4,  1  part  ;  -white  enamel  of  com- 
merce, 2  parts.  Melt  and  pour  out ;  if  not  siiffieicutly  tixed,  a  little 
sand  may  be  added.  No.  6.  Deep  Nankin  yellow. — Subsalphate  of 
iron,  1  part  ;  oxide  of  zinc,  2  parts  ;  flux  No.  2,  8  parts.  Triturate 
■without  melting.  No.  7.  Deep  red. — Subsnlphate  of  iron,  calcined  in 
a  muffle  until  it  becomes  of  a  beautiful  capucine  red,  1  ijart  ;  flux  No. 
2,  3  parts.  Mix  without  melting.  No.  8.  Liver  brown. — Oxide  of 
iron  made  of  a  red  brown,  aud  mixed  with  three  times  its  weight  of 
flux  No.  2.  A  tenth  of  sienna  earth  is  added  to  it,  if  it  is  not  deep 
enough.  No.  9.  Mliite. — The  white  enamel  of  commerce,  in  cakes. 
No.  10.  Deep  black.— Onde  of  cobalt,  2  parts  ;  copper,  2  parts  ;  oxide 
of  manganese,  1  part  ;  flux  No.  1,  6  jkrts  ;  fused  borax,  i  part.  Melt, 
and  add  oxide  of  manganese,  1  part  ;  oxide  of  copper,  2  parts.  Trit- 
urate without  melting.  The  Application.— ToUow  tlie  general  direc- 
tions given  in  another  part  of  this  work,  in  relation  to  staining  glass. 

How  TO  WErrH  ox  Glass  in  the  Sex. — Dissolve  chalk  in  aqua- 
fortis to  the  consistency  of  mUk,  and  add  to  that  a  strong  dissolution 
of  silver.  Keep  this  in  a  glass  decanter  well  stopped.  Then  cut  out 
from  a  paper  the  letters  you  will  have  appear,  and  paste  the  paper  on 
the  decanter  or  jar,  which  you  are  to  pkice  in  the  sun  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  its  ravs  may  pass  through  the  spaces  cut  out  of  the  paper,  and 
fall  on  the  surface  of  the  linuor.  The  part  of  the  glass  tlirongh  which 
the  rays  pass  will  turn  blacK,  whilst  that  under  the  paper  will  remain 
white.  Do  not  shake  the  bottle  during  the  operation.  Used  in  let- 
tering jars. 

To  SxArx  OR  CoLOE  Glass. — For  amethyst,  oxide  of  manganes* 
Is  used  ;  blue,  oxide  of  cobalt ;  for  brown,  oxide  of  iron  ;  for  green, 
black  oxide  of  copper  ;  for  purple,  oxide  of  gold  ;  for  ruhij  red,  sub- 
oxide of  copper  ;  for  tchite,  oxide  of  tin  ;  for  yellow,  oxide  of  silver, 
&c.  These  substances  pure  and  well  powdered,  are  either  added  to 
the  melted  contents  of  tne  glass-pot,  or  are  applied  to  the  surface  as 
in  glass  staining.  Fine  Blue.  To  10  lbs.  of  flint  glass,  previously 
melted  and  cast  into  water,  add  zaffer,  6  drs. ;  calcined  copper,  J  oz. ; 
prepared  by  putting  sheet  copper  into  a  crucible,  and  exposing  it  to 
the  action  of  a  fire  not  strong  enough  to  melt  tlie  copper,  and  you  will 
have  the  copper  in  scales,  which  vou  x)ound. — Briqht  ViiqAe.  Use  10 
lbs.  flint  glass  as  before  ;  zaffero  drs.;  precipitate  of  calcium.  1  dr. 
Cold  Ydfow.  Flint  glass  28  Ibe.,  of  the  tartar  which  is  found  ia 
nrine,  i  lb.,  purify  by  putting  in  a  crodble  on  the  fire  until  it  ceases 
to  smoke,  and  add  manganc-e,  2  ozs. 

Bottle  Gla.hs. — No.  1.  Dark  Green. — Fused  glanber-salts,  lUtM.; 
Boaper  salts,  12  lbs.  ;  wnste  soap-aslies,  ^  bush.  ;  silicious  sand,  { 
cwt.  ;  glass-skimmings,  22  lbs.  ;  broken  green  gkuis,  1  cwtto  Ij^  cwt,  j 


basalt,  23  lbs-,  to  i  owt.  No.  2.  Pale  Orcen.  —Pale  sand,  100  Iba.  *, 
kelp,  35  lbs.  ;  lixiviated  wood-aslies,  1^  OAVt.  ;  fresh  do,,  40  Iba. ; 
pipe-clay,  |  cwt.  ;  ciilUt,  cr. broken  glas^a,  1  cvrt.  No.  3  Yellow  ol 
white  Faiul,  120  part^  ;  woofl-ashes,  80  parts  ;  pearl-ashes,  20  parts  : 
common  salt,  15  iiurtd  ;  v.hite  arseuic,  1  part ;  very  pale.  Ci'ystat 
Glass.— ^0.1.  Refilled  potaihes.  GO  lbs.  ;  saud,  120  lbs.  ;  chalk,  24 
lbs.  ;  nitre  and  white  arsenic,  of  eaohj  2  lbs.  ;  oxide  of  manganese,  1 
to  2  oz.  No.  2.  Pure  white  sand,  120  parts  ;  refined  aslies,  70  parts  ; 
saltpetre,  10  parts  ;  white  arsenic,  ^\iirt  ;  oxide  of  manganese,  \  part. 
No.  3.  Sriud,  120  parts  ;  red-lead"^  50  paits  ;  puriScd  pearlash,  40 
parts;  nitre,. 20  parts;  manganese,  ^  part.  Flask  Glass  (of  St. 
JSiieniic). — Pure  silicious  sand,  CI  parts  ;  potash,  3^  pails  ;  lime,  21 
parts  ;  heavy  spar,  2jiarts  ;  oxide  of  manganese,  q.  s.  Best  German 
Cnjslal  GU'-fS. — Take  120  lbs.  of  calcined  Hints  or  white  sand  ;  best 
pearlash,  70  lbs.  ;  saltpetre,  10  lbs.  ;  arsenic,  I  lb. ;  and  5  oz  magnesia. 
No.  2.  (C/i?rtKr.>— Sand  or  fiiut,  120  lbs.  ;  pearlash,  4Clbs.  ;  nitre,  7 
lbs.  ;  arsenic,  G  lbs.  ;  magnesia,  5  oz.  This  will  require  a  long 
continuance  in  the  furnace,  as  do  all  others  when  much  of  the  arsenic 
is  used.  Plate  Glass. — No.  1.  rmo  sand,  40  parts  ;  dry  carbonate  of 
soda,  261  parts  ;  lime,  4  parts  ;  nitre,  1\  parts  ;  broken  ]3late  glass,  25 
parts.  No.  2.  Ure's. — Quartz-sand,  ICO  parts  ;  calcined  sulphate  o£ 
soda,  24  parts  ;  lime,  20  parts  ;  crdlet  of  soda-glass,  12  parts.  No. 
3.  l7eH««.— Sand,  100  parts  ;  calcined  sulphr.te  of  soda,  50  parts  ; 
lirae,  20  parts  ;  charcoal,  2^  parts.  No.  4.  French. — White  quartz 
sand  and  cullet,  of  each  "00  parts  ;  dry  carbonate  of  soda,  100  parts  ; 
sk,kcd  lime,  43  parts.  Crown  Gla.'^s. — No.  1.  Sand,  ^^00  lbs.  ;  soda- 
ash,  200  lbs.  ;  lime  30  to  "5  lbs.  ;  200  to  300  lbs.  of  broken  glass.  No. 
2.  (JBohcmian.)— Vine  silicious «(and,  G3  part-; ;  potash,  22  parts  ;  lime, 
12  parts  ;  oxide  of  manganese,  J  part.  No.  ?.  I  Prof.  Schicciggers.)— 
Pure  sand,  100  lbs.  ;  dry  sulphate  of  soia,  50  parts  ;  dry  quicklime  m 
powder,  17  to  20  pails  ;'  charcoal,  4  paits.  l^rodiict,  white  and  good. 
Pest  Window-Glass.— l\o.  1.  Take  of  whito  sand,  GO  lbs.  ;  puri- 
fied pearkishes,  30  lbs.  ;  of  saltpetre,  15  lbs.  ;  of  borax,  lib.  ;  of  arsenic, 
■|  lb.  This  will  be  very  clear  and  colorless  if  the  ingredients  be  good, 
and  not  be  very  dear.  No.  2.  (Cheaper.)— \\'hitQ  s.ind,  CO  lbs.  ;  un- 
puritied  pearl-ashes,  25  lbs.  ;  of  common  salt,  10  lbs.  ;  nitre,  5  lbs.  ; 
arsenic,  2  lbs.  ;  magnesia,  1^  oz.  No.  3.  Common  green  uindoio-' 
(jlass. — Vv^hite  sand,''G0  11 '-i.  ;''unpurlficd  peailashcs,  30  lbs.  ;  common 
salt,  10  lbs.  ;  arsenic,  21!;s.  ;  magnesia,  2  oz.  Loolivg-G  ass  Plate. 
—No.  1.  Cleansed  white  sand,  GO  lbs.  :  pcarlashes,  purified,  25  lbs.  ; 
saltpetre,  13  lbs.  ;  borax,  7  lbs.  This  cwnposition  should  bo  contin- 
ued long  in  the  fire,  wliicli  should  be  sometimes  strong  and  artcr- 
wards  more  moden'tp,  tlint  the  glass  m;iy  be  entirely  free  from  bub- 
bles before  it  be  wor!;ed.  No. 2. 'V^'hitesaiHl, G01L'.s.  ;  pearkishes, 20 lbs.  ; 
common  s::!t,  10  lbs.  ;  nitre,  7  lis.  ;  borax,  1  lb.  This  glass  will  run 
with  as  little  he;:t  as  th.o  former;  but  it  will  bo  more  brittle,  and, 
TcfKU't  the  rays  cf  li<-:''ifc  in  a  greater  degree.  No.  3.  Washed  white 
eand,  GO  lbs.  ;  purified  penrlashes,  25  lbs.  :  niti'e,  15  lbs.  ;  borax,  7 
lbs.  If  proi)€rly  managed,  this  glass  v.iil  be  colorless.  Window 
Glnss.—^o.  1.  Dried  sulphate  of  soja,  llll'S.  ;  soaper  salts,  10  lbs.  ; 
lixiviated  soap  waste,  ^  bush.  ;  sand,  £0  to  CO  I'.is.  ;  glass-pot  Bki:n- 
miugs,  22  lbs.  ;  broken /T'cfepi-eenglasrs,  Icv.t.  No.  2.  (Paler.) — ^Whita 
eand,  CO  lbs.  ;  pearl-ashes,  oO  lbs.  ;  common  aalt  10  lbs.  ;  arsenic,  Id 


Ci^BHTETiLlKEKS,   PAIKTEES/  AC,   RECEIPTS.      29? 

^**^}  '^Jl*  ^^  manganese,  3  to  4  oz.  Xo.  3.  (Very  Pa7e. >— Whtts 
Band,  60  lbs.  ;  gocxi  i«t  ashee,  25  lb?.  ;  common  enit  10  Jbs.  ;  nitre  5 
w^d  ^.-r='^'  uv'-'  '^^^*^^^'*^»  -  ^  *  "^-  «^  required  ;  broken poia 

Ck)ix)Rfa>  PoTTEiw'  Glazixgs.— TJ7,,7e:  prepare  an  latiraate  mix- 
ture of  4  pam  01  massicot,  U  ul  tiu  a^he^,  a  fragmentd  of  cj-,>ial  glass, 
and  ^  part  of  sea  salt  The  mixture  n  PulIerecL  to  melt  in  eanhen- 
^re  vftfsels.  when  the  liquid  fiuj  may  be  i^^ed.  Tdh-ic  ;  take  equal 
parts  of  maj^sioot.  red  lead  and  sulphuret  vi  antimony,  calcine  tbo 
mixture,  and  reduce  it  again  to  powder,  add  Uieu2  i -irts  of  pnre 
■ind.  and  1^  r^irt^  of  salt ;  melt  tbe  whole.  Grcm  ■  o  p.j^^  pj  ^,^.^ 
\l^,^^/'^^^^^'--<^%  }  part  of  Kat  aiid  copi.cr  scales,  atci.rdiW  to"  the 
shade  to  l^e  produced  :  melt  and  use.  VioUt;  1  i«rt  ma^cct  3 
Mrts  sand.  1  of  smalt,  J  part  of  bbck  cxida  of  man^-anese  :  melt 
i^iu  '"  1,,,  ^J^^  ,^*^  mas.-icot,  equal  puita  ;  bli:e  s"-ia!t,  h  part ': 
mclL  Black;  black  oxide  of  manu'ane>e,  2  paits  ;  suioTt  i  lart  • 
burned  quartz,  1  part ;  ma^>ic•ct,  l.V  pr>its ;  nieit  Lr^'sn';  ^a 
bottift  gla^,  1  part ;  mangane**,  1  rart ;  lead,  2  parts,  Keit 

MoKTAR,  Pi,.vsTEii,   d:c.-22  kLm.3.-1.  i7o7,-  J/.-rtor.— Cemefli, 
« parte;  lime  3  parts;  sand,  31  parts.  2.  if'j.tar.— Lime,  1  part;  sbarp^ 
clean  sand,  24  paits.    An  excels  of  water  in  eUikiu-  ihe  lime  sweli^ 
the  mortar,  which  remains  light  and  porous,  cr  thrinks  in  dTving:  an 
excess  of  s-and  dcstrovs  the  cohesive  properties  of  tie  ffass     S 
Brmcn  Jforf ar  — Luue,  1  part;  sand,  2  parts,  aud  a  small  qi-anftv  of 
hair,     i   Bnck   J/ort«r.— Cement,  3  yans;  lime,  3  part^;  s:;i,d  27 
parts.    Lame  and  sflnd.  and  cement  and  sand,  Ic^.'^en  al)Out  4  in 
Tolume  when  mixed  U -ether.    5.  Turkish  Mortar.— Vowdend  brick 
and  tiles.  1  p;irt ;  line  eifted  lime,  2  parts ;  mix  to  a  proper  ccnsistencv 
witn  water,  and  lay  on  layei^  of  5  or  6  imhes  thick  between  the 
rourses  of  bnck  or  stone.    Verv  useful  on  mns^ve  or  Terr  solid 
buildmgs.     6   Inienor  PlasiirJig—f\xirs€    SUnf.—Commcn    lime 
mortar  as  made  for  brick  masonry,  with  a  smaU  q"uantitT  of  hair  •  or 
by  volnme^.  lime  ia*.te  (;^  lb.-<.  lime.)  1  part;  sard,  2  to  2i  part*;  hair. 
i  V^n.    A\  lien  fuUiime  for  hardening  cannot  be  allowed.  sn1jst=tute 
Iiom  loto  20;>f'r  cent,  of  the  lime  by  an  equal  portion  of  hvdmnlic 
^^il^*-  ^-    •  ^¥  ^,^"ond  or  broicn  coat  the  pr(>iiortion  of  hair  may  be 
sbghtly  dinum.vhed.    7.  Fine  Stuf.—{Ume  puttv):  Lumo  lirup  sla'kcd 
to  a  paste  with  a  moderate  volun;e  of  water,  aud  aiterwcrd?  dUuted  to 
the  coasisteucy  of  cream,  and  then  harden  bv  evaiion-tiou  to  the  re- 
quired con.<itteucy  for  working.    Inthisst-.te  it  is"  u.-^ed  as  a  .o'^njerf 
ow;  and  wlien  mixed  with  sand  or  pLister  of  Paris,  it  is  used  for  the 
pnishiny  ccut.    8.  Ganne  iStnif'or  Hard  Fbruh  is  comrcsed  of  3  or  4 
volumes  of  l;ne  stuff  and  1  volume  of  plaster  of  Paris,  in  proportion! 
regulated  by  tlie  degree  of  rapidity  required  in  hjirdeuing  for  cornices 
So.,  the  proTX):t:ons  are  equal  volumes  of  each,  f  ne  stuff  and  plaster 
«.  btucco  is  coniiKjsed  of  from  3  to  4  rolrmes  of  white  sr.nd  to  i 
W'Tume  of  tine  stuff  or  lime  putty.    10.  6\vQtLh  Coat.— The  first  of  3 
coatswhen  laid  upon  laths,  and  is  from  i  to|  of  an  inch  in  thickness 
11.  One  Coat  IT <,ri-.— Plastering  in  1  coat  without  Suish,  either  ca 
masonry    or   laths   that    is    rendered   or    laid.     Work   on   welL 
1^.  IvroCoai  U  o»*.— Plastering  in  2  coats  is  done  either  In  a  lairin(t 
^oatandjit  or  m  a  tcreed  coat  and  set.  The  Scrted  Coat  isalso fenced 
•  rioaUd  Coat,    La][iHa  the  first  coat  in  two  coat  -woik  is  resoned  t« 


598     CABDTETMAKEES,   TArXTEES',    AC,   nnCEIPTS 

in  common  work  instead  of  screediryj,  when  the  finished  surface  b 
not  required  to  be  exact  to  a  straight  edge.  It  is  laid  in  a  coct  of 
about  I  inch  in  thickness.  The  lavint:  coat,  e:scept  for  very  common 
work,  should  be  ha7id  floated,  ai  the  tenacity  and  firmness  of  t!:9 
work  is  much  increased  thereby.  Screeds  ore  gtri-js  of  mortar,  23  to 
28  inches  in  width,  and  of  the  rieqnired  thickness  oi  the  first  coat,  ap- 
plied to  the  angles  of  a  room  or  edge  of  a  ■wall  and  parallclly,  at  in- 
tervals of  3  to  5  feet  over  the  surface  to  be  covered.  When  tLeso 
have  become  siifBdently  hard  to  witlistnud  tlic  pressure  of  astriiTl.t 
edge,  the  intersjjaces  between  the  screetb  g'-onlJ  be  filled  out  flush 
■with  them,  so  as  to  produce  a  continuo^iis  and  straight,  even  sarfacc. 
Slipped  Coat  is  tl.e  smoothing  off  of  a  brown  coat  with  a  small 
quantity  of  lime  putty,  mixed  ■with  three  per  cc::t  of  white  sand  so  aa 
t)  make  a  comimratively  even  surface.  TiA?  fiiiL-h  answei-g  when  the 
surface  is  to  be  fiuished  in  distemper  or  pn;>or.  JIj.rd  Finish.  Flno 
Ftufif  applied  with  a  trowel  to  the  depth  of  about  J  of  an  inch.  I'i 
Cement  for  External  Use. — Ashes,  2  parts;  clay,  3  parts;  sand,  1 
part;  mix  -with  a  little  oiL  Yery  durable.  14.  Compositions  for 
Streets  and  Roads. — Bitumen,  16.875  parts ;?.splialtum,  2.2o parts;  oH 
of  resin,  6.25;  sand,  1.33  parts,  TLiclicess  from  It  to  Ig  inches. 
Asphaltum,  55  lbs.,  and  gravel  28.7 lbs.  ■v^-lIl  cover  an  area  of  10.75 
square  feet.  15.  Asphalt  Cymposiiion. — ^^I-ueral  pitch,  1  part;  b'tn- 
men,  11  parts ;  powdered  stone  or  wood  a.-:'.'.es,  7  parts.  16.  Asphalt 
Mastic  is  composed  of  nearly  pure  carbonate  of  line  and  about  9  or 
10  per  cent,  of  bitumen.  "When  in  a  state  of  powder  it  is  mi.-^od  •with 
about  7  per  cent,  of  bitumen  or  mineral  pitch.  The  powdered  asphalt 
is  mixed  ■with  the  bitumen  in  a  melted  state  alon^r  with  clean  gravel, 
and  consistency  is  piven  to  pour  it  into  moulds.  The  asphalt  is  duc- 
tile, and  has  elasticity  to  enable  it,  with  tlie  small  stones  sirted  upon 
it,  to  resist  ordiuary  wear.  Sun  and  rain  do  not  aflect  it.  wear  and 
tear  do  not  seem  to  injure  it  The  pedestrian  in  many  cities  in  tlio 
Tnited  States  and  Canada,  can  readily  detect  its  presence  on  the  side- 
walk by  its  peculiar  yielding  to  the  foot  as  he  steps  over  it.  It  is  also 
a  most  excellent  roofing  material  when  riglitly  applied,  it  bc::i:;  on 
record  in  France  that  a  stout  roof  of  this  material  ■withstood  the  ac- 
cidental fall  of  a  stack  of  chimneys,  ■with  the  osly  efTect  of  bruL-ing 
the  mastic,  readily  repaired.  17.'  Asphalt  Jhr  WaiJ^s. — Take  2  p.-.rts 
■very  dry  Ume  rubbi&hT  and  1  part  coal  ashes,  also  very  dry,  ail  s;  Itcd 
fine.  In  a  dry  place,  on  a  dry  day,  mir  tliem,  and  leave  a  hole  ii] 
the  middle  of  the  heap,  as  bricklayers  do  when  mailing  mortar.  Int  j 
this  pour  boihng  hot  coal  fcir;  mix,  and  when  as  stiff  as  mortir,  pat  it 
three  inches  thick  where  the  ■walk  is  to  be;  the  ground  should  be  dry 
and  beaten  smo<itli ;  sprinkle  over  it  coarse  sand.  When  cold,  pr.sj 
A  light  roller  over  it:  in  a  few  days  the  walk  ■will  be  solid  and  wr.tcr- 
prooL  18.  ifastie  Cement  for  Covering  the  Fronts  of  Umses. — Fifty 
parts,  by  measure,  of  clean  dry  sand,  50  of  limestone  (not  burned) 
reduced  to  grains  like  sand,  or  marble  dust,  and  10  parts  of  red  Iced, 
mixed  with  as  much  boiled  linseed  oil  as  will  make  it  slightly  moist. 
The  bricks  to  receive  it,  should  be  covered  ■with  three  coa*B  of  boCed 
oQ,  laid  on  with  a  brush,  and  suffered  to  dry  before  t'.ie  mastic  is  put 
on.  It  i*  laid  on  with  a  trowel  like  plaster, "but  it  is  not  so  moist.  It 
beooraeH  hard  a«  stoue  in  a  few  months.  Care  must  be  eierci-od  not 
to  iu«  Ux>  .naudi  oiL  W.  Cexaoni  for  2'i?e-.E'3o/«.— Equal  parts  of  whit- 


C>LBiyETMAKKR8,    PADfTEBS',   AC,   RECEIPT*.      299 

tag  and  dry  sand,  and  25  per  cent  of  litharge,  made  into  the  consst* 
ency  of  putty  with  linseed  oiL  It  is  not  liable  to  crack  when  cold,  nor 
mtft,  like  coal-tar  and  asphalt,  with  the  heat  of  the  sun.  20.  Cement 
for  Outside  of  Brick  ITcu/*.— Cement  for  the  outside  of  brick  walla, 
to  imitate  stone,  is  made  of  clean  sand.  90  parts ;  litharge,  5  parts ; 
plaster  of  Paris,  5  parts;  moistened  with  boiled  linseed  oiL  The 
bricks  shotild  receive  two  or  three  coats  of  oil  before  the  cement  ia 
«>plied.  21.  Tracer  Lime  at  Fifty  Cents  per  Barrel. — Fine  clean  sand, 
lOO  lbs. ;  quick-lime  in  powder,  28  lbs. ;  bone  ashes,  14  lbs. ;  for  use, 
beat  up  with  water,  and  use  as  quick  as  possible.  22.  Cement  for 
Seami  in  Roofs.— Ta.ke  equal  quantities  of  white  lead  and  white  sand, 
and  as  much  oil  as  will  make  it  into  the  consistence  of  putty.  It  wDJ 
in  a  few  weeks  become  as  hard  as  stone. 

SiLVEB  Polish  Kalsomin-e. — Take  7  lbs.  of  Paris  white  and  J  lb. 
of  light  colored  glue.  Set  the  glue  in  a  tin  vessel  containing  3  pts.  of 
•water,  let  it  stand  over  night  to  soak,  then  put  it  in  a  kettle  of 
boiling  water  over  the  fire,  stirring  till  it  is  well  dissolved  and  quite 
thin.  Then,  after  putting  the  Paris  white  into  a  large  water  pail, 
pour  on  hot  water  and  stir  it  tDl  appears  like  thick  milk.  Now  mingle 
the  glue  liquid  with  the  whiting,  stir  it  thoroughly  and  apply  with  a 
whitewafih  brush,  or  a  large  paint  brash. 

JIKAflCKEME>TC  OF  STOh'B  OB  BB>"Tt  WOEK. 

1.  Perch,   Matons'   or   Quarrymen^   Ifeature, 

16i  feet  long     )  ( 

16  inches  wide  >     «=     ■^  22  cubic  feet  To  be  l^<«^l^ed  in  wall. 

12       "      high)  ( 

Js^SSS'^del      =     I  24.ra  cubic  feet     To  ^*  measured  in 

12      "      high)  (     P"®- 

1  cubic  yard  =  3  feet  X  3  feet  X  3  feet  =  27  cubic  fee^.  The  cubic 
yard  has  become  the  standard  for  all  contract  work  of  '»te  years. 
Stone  walls  less  than  16  inches  thick  count  as  if  16  inches  thick  to 
masons ;  over  16  inches  thick,  each  additional  inch  is  counted. 

VUKBKB  or  BBICK  KEQCIELED  TS  WALL  FEB  S<)UAJl&  roOT  TACB  Ot 
WALL. 

Thicknees  of  walL 


4  inches 

7i 

8     " 

15 

13     " 

22i 

16      " 

30 

»      " 

37J 

rhici 

sness 

o<  wan. 

24  inchfl* 

46 

28 

K 

62i 

32 

11 

60 

36 

(( 

67^ 

42 

<i 

"6 

Cubic  yard  =  600  bricks  in  wall. 
Perch  (22  cubic  feet)  =  500  bricks  in  walL 
To  pave  1  sq.  vard  on  flat  requires  48  brickii, 
"     "     1  ''^  ■  "       edge        "       68      " 
BB8T  Wash  for   Bakks   akd  Horses.— 'Water   lime,    1   P*ckt 
tTMhly  alaked  lime,  1  peck;  yellow  ochi«  in  powder,  4.  Ibe.;  ounl 


300     CABDTETriAKEKS,   PATNttRs',    &C.,   EECEIPtS, 

Dmber,  4  lbs.     To  be  dibsolred  in  hot  water,  and  applied  witli  % 

brush. 

D[:iuj?rK  Outside  Paixt. — Tate  2  parts  (in  bulk)  of  -water  lima, 
trrouiid  f.ne-  Ipart  (in  bul'.;)  of  wlute  lead,  in  oiL  Mix  thexa 
T?-~  '-.  Dj  trilling  6<?si  boiled  linseed  oil.  enough  to  prepare  it  to 
i  ';  a  i-'^int-niill;  after  which,  temj^er  •with  oil  till  it  can  be 

;  a  coiniiiou  paint  Lrush.    Mal;e  any  color  to  suit    It  will 

l:.st  3  times  za  long  as  'c>aJ  paint.    It  is  svperior. 

Farmkk^'  t.'u>-T.— Parjut-ri  will  find  the  following  profitatle  fc« 
home  or  fence  P'tiJ^t  '■  sliim  milit,  two  qu<\its;  frt-iih  daked  lin:e  8 
oz.;  linseed  oil,  D  oz- ;  white  Buigiindj  pitch,  2  oz. ;  Spanish  while, 
3  lbs.  The  liroe  is  to  l>e  shii^ed  in  water,  esiT.oscd  to  ti.e  air.  and  t!;cn 
n.ixcd  with  about  ona-foinlh  of  the  milk;  the  oU  m  which  tlie  pitil.  U 
(.:  .-  ulved  to  be  added  a  Ltile  at  a  time,  then  the  rest  of  the  milk,  and 
alterwards  the  Spanish  white.  Ti:isLs  suiUcieut  for  twenty -fievcn 
yaids,  2  coats.  This  is  for  wlJte  paint  If  desirable,  any  other  color 
niay  be  produced ;  thus,  if  a  cream  color  is  detired,  in  place  of  pait  of 
tl;e  Spanish  white  use  the  other  alone. 

EsnsiATE    OF    SIATEBIAL3  AXD    LABOR    FOB    100    StjnABB    TASDS  Of 
LATK  A2SD  PLASTCB. 


Materials  ITteee  coats 
and  Labor,  hard  finiiih. 

Two   Coartfe 
Slipped. 

1  Slaterials 
and  Labor. 

Three  coats 
hard  finish. 

Two     CO*t3 
Slipped. 

Lime.    .    .|      4  Oaeks. 
LximpLime;    ^i       " 
Pla.'itcr     of 

Paris  .    .     »<,       " 
T.T.hs.    .    .200' 
Hair  .    ,    .       4  bxuhs. 
Sand  ...       0  loatK 

2000 

elojuls. 

j'^hiieSiind 

'Nail?.    .    . 
Masoiis  .    . 
1  Laborer     . 
jCariage .    . 

13  'lbs. 
4    da-ya. 

1       « 

13   Ihe. 
aij  dnys. 
2       " 

%    " 

l*ArNTT:;o  ik  Milk, — Skimmed  milk,  |  gallon  ;  newly  slaked 
lime,  6  cz. ;  and  4  oz.  of  poppy,  lln.^eed,  or  nntoil;  and  3  lbs.  Si^anish 
white.  I'lit  t'.ie  lime  into  an  earthen  yesscl  or  clean  bucket;  and 
having  loiircd  on  it  a  sufficient  quantity  of  milk  to  make  it  about 
the  tLiclmess  of  cream,  add  the  oil  in  small  quantities  a  littla 
at  a  tiuiCj  stirring  the  mixtuie  welL  Tuen  put  in  the  rest  of 
the  mUk,  aiterv.-ard3  tlie  Siani.<h  -white  finely  powdered,  or 
any  other  desired  color.  For  out-door  work  add  2  oz.  each  more  of 
oil  and  slaked  lime,  end  2  oz.  of  Burgtindy  pifcJi  dissolved  in  the  oil 
by  a  gentle  heat 

PHEMira  Pai>t  ■\nTH0CT  Oil  or  Lead. — Slake  stone-lime  with 
boiling  water  in  a  tub  or  barrel  to  keep  in  the  steam;  then  pass  6 
quarts  tlirough  a  fine  sieve.  Xow  to  this  quantity  add  1  quart  of 
coarse  salt,  and  a  gallon  of  water;  boil  the  mixture,  and  skim  it  dear. 
To  every  five  gallons  of  this  skimmed  mixture,  add  1  lb.  alum;  ^  lb. 
-eoppenis:  and  by  slow  degrees  |  lb.  p<itai>h.  and  4  quarts  sifted  ashea 
or  tine  sand ;  add  any  coloring  desired.  A  more  aurable  paint  wag 
nfever  made. 

GsEEy  Paist  fob  Gabdes^  Staiojb,  Bu>^d3,  ETC.— Take  mineral 


CABINETMAKERS,    PAINTERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.      301 

green,  and  white  lead  groood  ia  turpentine,  mix  np  tiie  qnantitT  yon 
^sh  with  a  small  quantity  of  tnrj^entiue  varuiilju  Tliis  gerves  for  tb« 
first  coat  For  the  second,  put  aj  much  varaish  iu  your  mixture  as 
will  produce  &  good  glosg,  if  you  dej>ire  a  brighter  green,  add  a  little 
Prussian  blue,  which  will  much  improve  the  color. 

Milk  Pai>t,  for  B.\rx3,  axy  Colok. — Slii  water  lime  with  gTrir: 
milk,  to  a  proper  consistence  to  apply  with  a  brush,  and  it  ia  ready  to 
use.  It  will  adhere  well  to  wood,  whether  smooth  or  ron;j;h,  to  brit^k, 
mortar,  or  .-tone,  where  oil  h;is  not  been  used  (in  wluch  ciseitclearej 
to  some  extent),  and  forms  a  very  hard  substmce,  as  durable  as  tha 
best  oil  paint.  It  is  too  cheap  to  estimate,  and  any  one  can  put 
it  or  who  can  use  a  brush.  Any  color  may  be  given  to  it,  by 
using  colors  of  the  tinge  de,-5ired.  If  a  fed  is  preferred,  mix 
Venetian  red  with  Tniiv^  £ot  using  any  lime.  It  loolia  well  for  fifteen 
years. 

P.AJXT. — To  Make  wrruorr  Lead  or  Oil. — ^Wliitinj,  5  lbs.; 
ekimmed  milk,  2  qts. ;  fre.'jh  slaked  lime,  2  cz.  Pat  tlie  lime  int  j  a 
stoneware  vessel,  pour  niwu  it  a  sufiidsnt  quantity  of  the  milk  to 
make  a  mixture  resembling  cream  j  tlie  balance  of  the  milk  is  then  to 
be  ^ded;  and  Lastlv,  the  whiting  is  to  be  crumbled  u'x^n  the  surface 
of  the  fluid,  ia  whic'h  it  gradually  sinlcs.  At  tl-ia  periv;>J  it  must  bo 
well  stirred  in  or  ground,  as  yon  would  other  paint,  and  it  is  fit  for 
use. 

Paris  Grix>*. — Tske  unslaked  lime  of  the  best  quality,  sLike  it 
with  hot  watar;  then  take  the  finest  part  of  the  i)owder,  and  add 
alum  water  as  strong  as  it  can  be  made,  suiScient  to  form  a  thick 
pa.'te,  then  color  it  with  bichromate  of  jxitash  and  sulphate  of  copper 
until  the  color  suits  your  fancy,  and  dry  it  for  use.  N.B. — The  sul- 
phate of  copper  gives  a  blue  tinge ;  the  bichromate  of  jxitash,  a  yil- 
low.    Obsei-ve  this,  and  you  will  get  it  right 

Beaxttiful  Geeex  Pai>t  for  WALLs.^^Take  4  lbs.  Roman 
Titriol,  and  pour  on  it  a  teakettlefnl  of  boiling  water.  Whcndis- 
fiolvbd,  add  2  lbs.  pearlash,  and  stir  the  mixture  well  with  a  stick  un- 
til the  effervescence  ceases;  then  axld  ^  lb.  pulverized  yeJlow  arsenic, 
and  stir  the  whole  together.  Lay  it  on  with  a,  paint  brush ;  and  If  the 
wall  has  not  been  painted  before*  2  or  even  3  coats  will  be  requisite. 
If  a  pea-green  is  required,  put  in  less,  if  an  apple-green,  more,  of  the 
yellow  arsenic.  This  paint  does  not  cost  the"  quarter  of  oil  paint, 
and  looks  better. 

Blue  Color  fob  Cehjxgs,  &c. — ^Boil  slowly  for  3  hours  1  lb. 
blue  vitriol  and  h  lb.  of  the  best  whiting  in  about  3  qts.  water;  stir  it 
frequently  whileboiling,  and  also  on  taicing  it  off  the  fire.  When  it 
has  stood  till  quite  cold,  pour  oil"  the  blue  Uqnid,  then  mix  the  cake 
of  cnlor  with  good  size,  and  use  it  with  a  plasterer's  brush  lathe 
same  manner  as  whitewash,  either  for  walls  or  ceilings. 

To  H-iRDEX  WiriTEWAsn. — To  ^  pail  of  common  whitewash  add 
ipint  of  flour.  Ponron  boiling  water  in  quantity  to  thicken  it. 
Then  add  6  pals,  of  the  lime  water,  and  stir  welL 

Wii-TEWAsn  THAT  WILL  NOT  KcB  OFF. — Mix  Up  half  a  pailful  of 
Jme  and  water,  ready  to  put  on  t'r.e  wall;  then  tike  J  pt.  flour,  mix  it 
up  with  water;  then  poor  on  it  boiling  wnter,  a  sufftcieut  quantity  to 
eJckenit;  thcnjwur  it  while  hot  iuto  tho  wlutewjkslj,  etir  aUwiJi 
together,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 


U2 


CALCULATIONS,    AC,    FOR    BUILDERS. 


Slati^^g  —The  pitch  of  a  slateJ  roof  shoald  be  about  1  in  height  to  4 
in  leneih;  the  usuaJ  lap  is  abont  3  in*.,  but  is  is  fomeiimes  4.  Eatb  slat* 
pbould  be  f .istene-l  bv  2  naiis,  either  ot  copper  or  zinc.  A  «iuare  of  glat^ 
U  100  superflciai  fee't,  allowances  being  made  for  the  txc-uble  of  cutting 
The  slatee  at  the  hips,  eaves,  rouud  chiuuieyj,  etc.  The  sidea  and  bottom 
edge*  of  the  slates  should  be  triuimed,  and  the  uail  boles  punched  as  near 
the  head  as  possible;  they  should  be  sorted  in  siz#^,  when  ihev  su-e  no» 
all  of  one  eize,  and  the  siiiallest  riz^  pla^-ed  near  the  ridge.  The  thiok- 
nese  of  ^lates  yaries  from  3-16  to  5-16  of  an  inch,  and  their  weight  from 
2.6  to  4-53  lbs.  per  square  foot.  The  following  uble  of  sizes,  etc.,  of  rooi- 
iug  siaic-*  ii  very  useful: 

i  . v-^  „,  Xo.  re-Xo.     of 

Dewription.    ]  «H"8«   fS^f?-  perl-'V  toco  vex  quired 

I  '•     u      i^^^,    iu  t^as-     one      to     one 

I  inches,   cover. 


jLength  Bre'th. 


square. ,  square. 


I  ft.  ill. 
Double* 1    1 


Ladies 
C-ounteoaee 
Duch  eases. 


Imi>erials  ... 

Bags  and 
Q u  e  e  ns 
Westmore- 
lands,  of 
various 


54 

7 

9 

10^4 


2 

7 

2 

10 

3 

4?0 

175 
127 


3S2 
234 


a  ton  ^U  cover  C^«  to  2^  ■qoaiw. 


sizes. 


The  next  table  exhibits  the  comparative  weighi  of  various  roof  corer- 


WeUht. 


l.eabt 
Slope. 


Plain  tiles,  per  sqtiare  of  100  Bup'l  feet . 

Pantiles 

Slarijig,  an  average 

L'ead,  7  lbs.  per  sup'l  feet 

Com: gated  iron 

Cot'i'-rr.  or  zluc.  16ozs.  per  sup'l  feet.. . 
Tiilivr  framing  for  slated  or  tiled  roofs 

Boar.liug,  s^  in.  thick 

Board: :ig.  \^  in.  thick 

A  J  i:.;  .'nal  load  for  pressure  of  wind. . . 
Gou-i    rr-'-'fs.  steeoest  aiig'.e 


8  to  IScwt. 

S^iCwt. 

7  to  9  cwt. 

6'^  cwt. 

Scwt 

lem. 

560  to  C72  lbs. 

24  cwt. 

Bcwx. 

35c«t. 


26^4  to  30° 

254  to  3U» 

4=> 

4> 

4'» 


&>» 


CotEST  FOR  M.u?BLE  .OTD  Alab.aster. — Mix  12  part?  of  Port- 
land cemeut.  6  parts  slacked  lime,  6  parts  of  fine  sand,  and  1  part  of 
infu-sorial  earth,  and  make  np  into  a  tiuck  pa,<te  with  silicate  of  soda. 
The  object  to  be  ceniented  does  not  require  to  be  heated.  It  sets  in  34 
hours,  and  the  fracmre  can  not  readUy  be  found. 

SuTERiOK  Blastixg  CoMPOCSD.-^Tte  English  mining  eneineer, 
Mr.  W.  B.  Brain,  has  fonnd  that  one  of  the  mo?t  available  blasting 
compoonds  consists  of  equal  parts  of  pota.«h  chlorate,  potash  nitrate, 
chaKoaL  and  dry  oak  saw-dnst;  3  peTt*;  of  this  miittire  is  made  to 
about  2  part?  nitfoglycerlae  of  1.6  specific  gravity. 

To  Thaw  f  eozes  Sdtk  Pipbs,  &c.— Place  tlie  end  of  a  piec«  of 
)«ad  ol£«  ftgaiatt  the  ice  w  b«  iaftwed«  aud  Uica  tiuoujii  &  fusael  ia 


CALCUL  ITIONS,    AC,  FOR   BUILDEES-  803 

tt»e  other  end  pour  lulling  water.  Keep  tlie  pipe  constantly  against 
the  ice  and  it  will  s<X)u  disappear.  Or  stiffen  rubber  tubing  with  fine 
wire  and  introduce  it  into  the  pipe  as  far  as  possible,  and  direct  a  jet 
of  steam  from  a  small  boiler  over  a  portable  charcoal  f  omace,  as  is 
done  by  plumbers  in  many  cases. 

Extinguishing  Fuses. — A  s  jlution  of  pearlash  in  water,  thrown 
upon  a  fire,  ertinguishes  it  instantly ;  the  proportion  is  4  ozs.,  dis- 
Bolved  in  hot  water,  and  then  poured  mto  a  bucket  of  cold  water.  In 
extinguishing  kerosene  fires,  use  no  water,  but  smother  the  flames 
with  blankets  or  rugs. 

In  clapboard ing,  1  bundle  laid  3%  ins.  to  the  weather  will  cover  2C 
■quaie  feet.    To  b«  laid  wiih  6-peuny  nails. 

COMPAKATIVE    WEIGHT    OF    DIFFERENT    WoODS    IN    GbEKK    ANO 

Seasoned  states  in  Pounds  and  Olnces  Per  Cubic  Foot.— Ash, 
green,  6*.3;  do.,  seasoned,  50.  Beech, green,  liO:  do.,  seasoned,  50.  Amer- 
kaii  pine,  green,  44.12;  do.,  seasoned,  30.11.  Cedar,  green,  32;  do.,  sea. 
eoued,  28.4.  English  oak,  greon,  71.10;  do.  seasoned,  43,8.  Riga  Fir, 
green,  4802;  do.,  seasoned,  oo.S. 

Sheinblage  in  Dimensions  of  Tixbeb  by  Seasoning. 


"Woods.  I  Ins.  II  Woods. 


Pitch  pine.  South. . . 

Spmce 

"White  pine,  America 
Yellow  pine 


18%  to  ISV* 
8%  to  8% 
12  to  11% 

18  to  17  vi 


Cedar,  Canada. 

Elm 

Oak,  English . . 
Pitch  pine 


Ins. 


14  to  13V^ 

11  to  103 

12  to 
10x10 


103.x 

to  9%  by 


Pebcestage  of  Watee  in  Diffebent  "Woods. 

Alder 41.6  Larch 48.6  Red  pine 4.'!.2 

Ash 28.7(Mountaiu  ash 28. ^  White  oak 36.2 

Birch 30.8  Oak 34.7J  While  pine 37.1 

Ehn 44.61Pine 39.7  White  poplar 50.6 

Horse  chestnut 38.2|Red  beech o9.i |  Widow. , 26.0 

In  shirtgling,  1  bundle  of  16-inch  shingles  will  c"ver  30  square  ft.;  1 
bundle  of  18-inch  shingles  will  lay  33  square  ft.,  when  laid  5J^  ins.  to  the 
weather;  6  lbs.  4-penny  nails  will  lay  1000  split  pine  shingles. 

Plasterer's  Memobanda. — l:sO  yards  of  lath,  lay  and  set,  require  1 
load  of  laths,  10,000  nails,  2Vj  cwt.  of  hme,  \\U  double  load  of  sand,  and  7 
bushels  of  hair;  plaster,  laborers  and  boy,  6  days  each. 

Render  and  Set.— 100  yards  requires  l*^  cwt'.  of  lime,  1  double  load  of 
sand,  and  4  bushels  of  hair;  plasterer,  laborer  and  boy,  3  days  each. 

Hefting — 375  yards  require  IVj  cwt.  of  lime  and  5  bushels  of  hair. 
Jn  lathing,  1  bundle  of  laths  and  384  nails  will  cover  5  yards.    In  rt'n' 
dering,  187*4 'yards  requiie  1^  cwt.  of  lime,  2  double  loads  of  sand  and  5 
bushels  of  Lair.    Floating  requires  more  labor,  but  ouly  half  as  much 
material  as  rendering. 

1000  bricks,  closely  stacked,  occupy  56  cubic  feet ;  1000  old  bricks, 
cleaned  and  loosely  stacked,  occupy  72  cubic  ft. 

1  rod  of  brickwork  requu-es  126  gals,  water  to  slack  the  Ume  and  mix 
the  mortar.  Bricks  absorb  1-15  of  their  woight  in  water.  Ko.  of  bricks  in 
eubic  yard,  384.  A  bricklayer's  hod  will  hold  20  bricks,  or  %  cubic  ft.  of 
mortar,  or  ^^  bushel,  nearly. 

Safe  Load  in  Stbuctubes,  Including  Weight  of  Stbuctuhe. 

In  cast-iron  columns 1/4  breaking  weighti 

Wrought-iron  structures i/.       "  " 

In  cast-iron  girders  for  tanks ij       '*  - 

In  cast-iron  for  bridges  and  tank* 1^5      "  •• 

In  timber 1-10    «*  * 

Stone  aud  brick* 1^      ««  • 


CABlN^ETMAETEnS,  PAINTEES',   &C.,  RECEIPTS.      SOJ 

WaiTEvrAerr. — The  best  mathod  of  making  a  whitewasli  for  ont- 
Olde  expoeure  id  to  stake  \  bushel  of  lime  in  a  barrel,  add  1  lb.  oi 
•Sommon  sTilt,  ^  lb.  ot  the  Bulphate  of  zinc,  and  a  gallon  of  Bweet  milk. 
ia\j  desired  color  may  be  imparted  to  whitewash,  by  adding  coloring 
Jnatter  to  suit.    See  Compound  Colors. 

TEiiKA  CoTTA  Mancfactube. — 111  the  terra  cotta  manixfacture  of 
the  north  of  Enghiud  and  Scotland,  the  purest  Inmpa  of  fire  clay  are 
selected  by  their  color  and  tcxtfure,  and  used  clone  y,  ithout  any  other 
clay,  while  tlie  firnia  near  Ix)nden  prepare  more  carerally  a  mrsture 
of  clays,  which  produce  a  body  of  better  testura  One  of  the  chief 
jifflculties  met  m  mj'vtafucturLag  terra  cotta  fi,:?urc8  and  ornamental 
works  is  the  contraction  the  clay  g.ifi'ers  after  it  has  left  tli'i  niould  ; 
fir.^t,  in  dryicx,  afterwards  in  firing  ;  By  mixing  the  clr.ys,  a  further 
advanL-vge'is  fe.iined  in  the  diminished  shrinkage,  as  £..e  clay  terra 
cotta  (that  is,  uuaiixed)  shrinks  in  lineal  dimensions  about  12  per  cent, 
from  the  time  it  leaves  the  mould  until  it  leaves  the  kiln  ;  ti.e  mijzed 
clay"  terra  cotta  shrinks  6  per  cent,  or  less,  and  red  clays  shrink  3  pos 
cent.  To  enliance  the  durability  of  the  l>ocly  of  terra  cotta,  a  partial 
vitrificr.t:on  of  the  mass  is  aimed  at  by  adding  clays  and  substancea 
whi'.'h  coufciin  a  small  amount  of  alkalies  wliich  act  as  a  flux  to  f  ass 
tie  body  harder  ;  also  vitrifying  ingredients,  pure  white  river  sand, 
old  firebrick,  ground  fine,  previously  ground  clay  called  "  grog,"  ara 
addnd  in  various  proportions,  amoimting  even  to  25  per  cent.  They 
ci;uutoract  excessive  shrinkage,  act  as  vitrifying  elements,  and  keep 
t'le  color  lighter.  In  tlio  manufactirre  the  mixture  of  clays  is  ground 
under  an  edge  runner  to  the  consistency  of  floar.  The  mills  have 
either  revolviug  or  stationarj"^  pans  ;  t'lO  former  do  tlia  most  work. 
In  order  to  mix  and  incorporate  tiie  different  clays,  a  subijequent  care- 
ful pugging  i.s  rcxjuired,  for  hot  water  is  somelimcs  uscl  The  mix- 
'tiiro'when  brought  to  the  proper  homogeneous  consistency,  is  placed  in 
a  plaster  mould,  dried  near  the  kilns  or  otlierwLse,  an  baked  in  a  kiln 
for  five  or  seven  days,  luring  wliich  time  itis  slowly  brought  to  a  white 
heat,  and  is  gradually  cooled  down  again.  I  order  to  avoid  twisting 
and  warpmg  dnring  the  firing,  it  is  necessary,  besides  complete  mix- 
ing of  olays,  that  the  mould  be  shaped  so  as  to  give  a  uniform  thick- 
ness of  material  throughout,  and  ii  the  temperature  of  the  kilns  be 
well  graded,  the  homogeneous  body  will  not  wai^i.  To  cheajien  terra 
cotta  builduig  block.'?,  they  are  made  hollow,  and  filled,  diu-ing  the  con- 
etruction,  with  concrete  or  cement.  Although  in  tlie  kilns  tlie  pro- 
ductions are  separated  from  the  wares,  it  is  foimd  that  the  use  of  sul- 
ph.urous  fuel  darkens  and  tami.she3  the  surface,  and  it  is  to  be  avoid- 
(■d.  This  material  admits  of  being  used  with  tlie  greatest  facility  ia 
the  formation  of  th«  most  elaborate  architectural  ornaments  and  other 
beautiful  derigns  which  can  be  multiplied  to  any  required  extent  at  a 
f  ery  cheap  rate.  A  piece  of  four  inch  column  tested  at  the  1851  Exhibi- 
tion required  a  pressure  of  ibj  tons  per  square  foot  to  crush  it,  or  aa 
touch  as  good  gi-anite  and  two  or  three  times  a.s  much  as  most  build- 
ing stone. 

ExcELT^EXT  CHE.'i.p  RooFiNO. — Ilave  your  roof  stiff,  raftera  made 
of  stuff  IJj  by  8  inches,  well  supported  and  6  feet  apart,  with  ribs  1 
inch  by  '2  inches,  set  edgeways,  well  nailed  to  the  rafters,  about  18 
inches  apart.  The  boards  may  be  thin  but  must  be  well  eeaaoned,  and 
nailed  close  together-  this  done,  lay  down  and  cover  the  roof  with  thin 
20 


SOS     CABIKETMAKEBS,   PACfTEES',    &C.,   BECZIPTS. 

Boft,  fpon^  gtraw  paper  used  in  making  paper-Txixe?,  which  comee  IJt 
roll*  and  comee  very  low.  Lay  in  courses  up  and  down  the  roof,  and 
lap  over,  riailing  down  with  common  No.  6  tacks,  with  leather  nndef 
the  beads  like  carpet  tacks.  Then  spread  on  geveral  coatingB  of  the 
following  comp>osition,  previously  boiled,  stixred,  and  mired  together: 
good  clean  tar,  8  gals.  ;  Roman  cement,  2  gaU.  (or  in  its  place  very 
fine,  clean  sand  may  be  used)  ;  resin,  5  It*?.  ;  tallow.  3  1m.  ;  apply 
hot :  and  let  a  hand  follow,  and  eift  on  sharp  grit  gand,  pressing  it  in- 
to the  tar  composition.  If  wished  fire-proof,  go  over  the  above  with 
the  following  preparation  ;  slake  stone  lime  nnder  cover  with  hot 
water  till  it  falls  into  a  fine  powder,  sift  and  mix  6  qta.  of  this  with 
1  qt  salt ;  add  2  gals,  water,  boil  and  skim.  To  5  gals,  of  this  add  1 
lb  of  alum,  and  l|  lb.  of  copperas,  slowly  while  boiling,  lilbs.  jKJtash 
and  4  qts.  of  clean,  sharp  sand,  and  any  color  desired.  Apply  a  thick 
coat  with  a  brush,  and  you  have  a  roof  which  no  fire  can  injure  from 
the  outside. 

How  TO  BcTLD  Gbavel  HorsES. — This  is  the  best  building  ma- 
terial in  the  world.  It  is  four  times  cheai)er  than  wood,  six  times 
cheaper  than  stone,  and  superior  to  either.  Proportions  for  mixing  : 
to  ^ight  barrows  of  slaked  lime,  weU  deluged  wiih  water,  add  15 
barrows  of  sand  ;  mif  the?©  to  a  creamy  consistency,  then  add  60 
barrows  of  coarse  gravel,  w  hich  murt  be  worked  well  ajid  completely  ; 
you  can  then  throw  stones  into  this  mixture,  of  any  Bhai>e  or  size,  up 
to  ten  inches  in  diameter.  Form  moulds  for  the  walls  of  the  house 
by  fixing  boards  horizontally  a::ainst  upright  standards,  which  must 
be  immovably  braced  so  that  they  will  not  yield  to  the  immense  pres- 
sure outwards  as  the  material  'settles  ;  set  the  stpjidardi  in  pairs 
around  the  building  where  the  walls  are  to  sfcrnd,  from  six  to  eigl:t 
feet  apart,  and  so  wide  that  the  inner  space  shr.U  form  the  thickness 
of  the  wall  Into  the  moulds  thus  formed  throw  in  the  concrete 
material  as  fast  as  you  choose,  and  the  more  promiscuously  the 
better.    In  a  short  time  the  gravel  will  get  as  hard  as  the  solid  rock. 

Yabxtsh  fob  Plastek  Casts.— ^Miite  soap  and  white  wax,  each  J 
oz.,  water  2  pts.,  boil  together  in  a  clenn  ves.iel  for  a  short  time.  Thia 
varnish  is  to  be  applied  when  cold  with  a  soft  brush. 

The  BBO>"zr>'G  of  Pla«tf:b  Casts  is  eiTected  by  givmg  them  a 
coat  of  oil  or  size  varnish,  and  when  this  is  nearly  dry,  applying  with 
a  dabber  of  cotton  cr  a  camel-hair  pencil  any  of  the  metallic  brcnze 
powders  ;  or  the  powder  may  be  placed  in  a  little  b-ag  of  muL-lin^  and 
onsted  over  the  surface,  and'afterwards  finished  with  a  wad  of  Imen. 
Ths  surface  must  be  afterwards  vsmished. 

SuBSTirTTB  FOR  Plaeteb  OF  Paei?. — Beft  whiting.  2  lbs.  ; 
glue,  1  lb.  ;  linseed  oil,  1  Ih.  Iler.t  all  together,  and  stir  thoroughly. 
Let  the  compound  cool,  and  then  by  it  on  a  stone  covered  with 
powdered  wmting,  and  heat  it  well  till  it  becomes  of  a  tough  and 
firm  consistence  ;  then  put  it  by  for  use,  covering  ^1th  wet  dcths  to 
keep  it  fresh.  ^Vhen  wanted  for  nse,  it  must  be  cut  hi  pieces  adr.::ted 
to  the  size  of  the  mould,  into  which  it  is  forced  by  a  screw  press. 
The  ornament  may  be  fixed  to  the  wall,  picture-frame,  &c.,  with  glua 
or  white  lead.    It'beoomes  in  time  as  hard  as  stone  it^^elf. 

MoDEi-LrsG  Clay. — Knead  dry  clay  with  glycerine  instead  cf 
water,  and  a  mass  is  obtained  which  remains  moiit  and  pListic  for  a 
^ooiiidenble  time,  being  a  gio&X  cosvenience  tc  the  znodeUer. 


WATCnMAKEKS,  JE'^TELLERS',    AC,   RECEIPTS.    30? 

Roman  Ce:mi:>-t.— Drift  sand,  94  parts  j  mislaked  lime,  12  lbs. ; 
»nd  4  Ibe.  of  the  ixwrest  cheese  grated  ;  mix  •well ;  add  hot  (not  boil- 
ing) -water  to  reduce  to  a  proper  consLstence  for  plastering.  Work 
■well  and  quick  with  a  thin  smooth  coat. 

To  Polish  Plaster  of  Pakis  woitK.— The  addition  of  lor  2  per 
tent  of  many  saltcs,  such  as  alum,  siilphato  of  potash,  or  borax, 
confers  upon  g>-psum  the  property  of  setting  slowly  in  a  mass  capabla 
of  receiving  a  very  high  polish. 

To  MAKE  Plaster  of  Parls  as  hard  as  Marble. — The  plaster 
is  put  in  a  drum,  turning  horizonfcdly  on  its  axis,  and  steam  admitted 
from  a  steam  boiler  :  by  this  means  the  plaster  is  made  to  absorb  in 
a  short  si^ace  of  time  tlie  desired  quantity  of  moisture,  which  can  bo 
regulated  with  great  precision.  The  plaster  thus  prepared  is  fiUcl 
into  suitable  moulds  ;  and  the  whole  snbmitted  to  the  action  of  an 
hydraulic  press  :  when  taken  out  of  the  moulds,  the  articles  ar3 
ready  for  use,  and  will  be  found  as  hard  as  marble,  and  will  taka  a, 
polish  Mke  it. 

To  TAKE  A  Plaster  of  P.vris  Cast  from  a  Person's  Face. — 
The  jwrson  must  lie  on  his  back,  and  his  hair  be  tied  behind  ;  into  eacli 
nostril  put  a  conical  piece  of  paper,  open  at  each  end,  to  allow  of 
breathing.  The  face  is  to  be  hghtly  oiled  over,  aud  the  plaster,  bemg 
properly  prepared,  is  to  be  poured  over  the  face,  taking  particular 
care  that  the  eyes  are  shut,  till  it  is  a  quarter  of  an  inch  thick.  In  a 
few  nfiinutes  the  plaster  may  be  removed.  In  this  a  mould  is  to  bo 
formed,  from  which  a  second  cast  is  to  be  taken,  that  will  furnish 
caeta  exactly  like  the  originaL 


'^ti^i.- 


WATCHMAKERS,  JEWELLERS  A^^>  GILDERS 
RECEIPTS,  TABLES,  &c. 

On  Watch  Cleaning.— The  greatest  care  is  necessary  in  takingc 
the  watoh  down,  and  separating  its  parts.  First,  remove  the  haudt 
carefully,  so  as  not  to  beud  the  shght  pivots  on  which  they  work,  next 
remove  the  movement  from  the  case,  and  take  off  the  "dial  and  di.il 
wheels ;  next,  let  down  the  main  spring  by  placing  your  bench  key 
upon  the  arbor,  or  wiadiug  post,  and  tuiiung  as  though  jou  "Jrei» 


308    WATCHMAKERS,   JETTELLERS  ,   &,C.,   KECETPTS. 

going  to  ^tvind  the  -watcTi  tintil  the  click  refta  lightly  npoti  the  ratchet* 
then  with  your  screw-driver  pre«>9  the  point  of  tlie  cliclc  away  from 
tlie  teeth  and  ease  down  the  springs;  next,  draw  the  b'crews,  or  pins, 
and  remove  the  bridges  of  tlie  train  or  tlie  upper  plate,  as  %h9 
case  may  be,  next,  remove  the  bahmce  with  the  greiitest  care  to  avoid 
iujurmg  the  hair  spring.  The  stud  or  emcll  ]>f)f-t  into  which  the  hnif 
epring  is  fastened  may  be  removed  from  the  bridge  or  plate  of  most 
modem  watches  without  nukeying  the  spring,  by  glipping  a  thin  u> 
etrument,  like  the  edge  of  a  blade  knife,  under  the  conier  of  it  Rn.i 

frying  upward,  this  will  save  much  trouble,  as  you  will  not  have  ti.e 
air-spring  to  adjust  when  von  reset  the  baiauce.  If  the  watch  upon 
Tvliich  you  propose  to  work  has  an  upper  plate,  p.a  an  American  or  an 
Enghsh  lever  for  instance,  loosen  tl'.e  lever  IcTore  yoit  have  entirely 
separated  the  plates,  otlxerT\ise  it  will  hang  and  probably  be  broken. 
The  watch  being  now  taken  apart,  brush  tbc  dust  away  from  ita  dif- 
ferent parts,  and  subject  tliera  to  a  careful  examinatiou  with  ronr 
*v6-glas8.  Assure  yourself  the  t«eth  of  the  wheels  ajid  leaves  of  tlie 
pinions  are  all  perfect  and  smooth;  that  the  pivots  are  all  straight, 
round,  and  higlily  polished;  that  the  holes  through  wliich  they  arfc  to 
■work  are  not  too  large,  and  have  not  become  oval  in  shape ;  that  every 
jewel  is  smooth  and  perfectly  goimd ;  and  that  none  of  them  are  loose 
in  their  settings.  See  also  that  the  escapement  is  net  too  deep  or  too 
f  hallow ;  that  the  lever  or  cylinder  13  perfect;  that  all  the  wheels  havd 
Faflacient  plav  to  avoid  friction,  but  not  enough  to  derange  their 
coming  together  properly;  that  tione  of  them  work  against  tlie  pillar- 
rhite ;  that  the  balance  turns  horizontally  and  does  not  rub :  that  th» 
hair-spring  is  not  bent  or  WTongly  set  so  th.at  the  coi's  rub  on  each  other 
on  the  pkte,  or  on  the  bahince;  in  short,  th.nt  everythmg  about  the 
■whole  movement  is  just  as  reason  would  teach  vou  it  sliould  be.  If 
Ton  find  it  otherwise,  proceed  to  repair  in  accordance  ■with  a  carefully 
Weighed  judgment  and  the  processes  given  in  this  chapter,  after  which 
clctm;  if  not,  the  watch  ofily  needs  to  be  cleaned,  and,  therefore,  you 
may  go  on  with  your  work  at  once. 

To  Clt-xs. — Tlie  be.-t  procesa  is  to  pimply  blow  your  breath  upon 
the  plate  or  bridge  to  be  cleaned,  and  then  to  U5e  your  brush  witli  a 
little  prepared  chalk.  The  wheels  and  bridges  should  be  held  between 
the  thumb  and  finger  in  a  piece  of  gof  t  paper  while  undergoing  the  pro- 
cess; otherwise  iJie  oil  ft-rrna  the  skin  will  prevent  their  becoming 
clean.  The  pinions  m-iy  be  cleaned  by  sinlnng  them  several  times 
into  a  piece  of  pitli,  and" the  holes  by  turning  a  nicely  shaped  piece  of 
pivot  wood  iiito  them,  fir'-.t  dry,  and  afterwards  oiled  a  very  little  with 
watch  oil.  When  the  holes  pass  through  jewels,  yon  "must  work 
gently  to  avoid  breaking  tliem. 

Thk  "  CHEsncAij  Process." — Some  ■watchmakers  employ  wniit 
they  call  the  *- Chemical  Process  "  to  cleah  and  remove  discoloration 
from  watch  movements.    It  is  as  follows  : — 

Remove  the  screws  and  other  steel  parts  ;  then  dampen  with  a 
solution  of  oxalic  acid  and  wr.ter.  Let  it  remain  a  few  minirtes.  after 
■^•hich  immerse  in  a  »jluti(jn  made  of  one-fourth  poimd  cyanuret  pot- 
assa  to  one  gallon  rainwater.  Let  remain  about  five  rriinutes,  and 
then  nns9  trell  with  clean  water,  after  which  you  may  dry  in  sawdust, 
of  "^th  a  brush  and  prepared  chalk,  aa  suits  your  convenience.  Thia 
£>E!9  t]M  work  an  exceUent  appeanuKd, 


▼ATCnsIAKEBS,   JEWELLERS  ,   AC,   BECEIPTS.      301 

To  PKEPAEE  Chaix  FOB  CLEAToyo.— Pnlrerke  yoTiT  duilk  thor- 
•cghiy,  and  tiien  mix  it  ■jritb  cIkvt  n;in  \r?.term  t'*ie  proportion  to 
lwoponnd5  to  t-.e^-llon.  Stir  TreH.  r_ud  then  let  rtnr.d  about  two 
minutes.  In  thi«  time  tl  e  grittr  matter  v;.l  have  settled  to  the  bot- 
ttm.  Pourtlie  wstcr  iutoan'  thcrTo.--;elF'i"-l7  eo  as  not  to  etir  bt* 
the  scttlin::?.  L?t  gtand  ni::;l  eiit:r«".v  F'"tt'cd,  snd  then  pour  off  a'g 
before  The  fettlhigs  in  t".;e  scvor.d'  re.  cl  vnjl  b»  vour  preT^r.red 
chalk,  ready  lor  ufe^as  fot-n  as  dried-  S-  nr.ish  Trliitmg,  treated  in 
tie  siime  'war,  riike*  a  very  pn."d  cl'id-.-.h:^  or  polls '.ling  powder. 
Bome  ojierataves  add  s  litt!e  j  vreilcr'9  ron~»,  and  ve  thini  it  an  Im- 
irovement ;  it  gives  the  joTTder  a  nice  ctl.-ir  rt  least,  and  thercforts 
Cilds  to  ita  impxn-tance  in  ti;6  tyes  of  the  cnL-:'tiatcJ-  In  cs?'^  where 
a  sharper  polishing  povrder  is  required,  it  cur  be  prepared  in  the 
eame  way  from  rot+c-n-stone. 

rivoT'TToop.— VratchmalicrB  ■D?txal!T  br.T  this  artid*  of  watch- 
material  deiler*.  A  f •.r.r.U  shr^.b  known  afi  I:V-'.-an  arrow-wood,  to  be 
t:c-t  with  in  tLs  nonhcra  ar.d  wcsteni  str.tcs,  mshes  an  excellent 
I  ivot  wood.  It  niuft  be  cut  wl:enti;e  erT  15  fIo^vn,  pjid  eplit into  quar- 
ters so  as  t  J  throw  the  pith  or.fc^ide  of  t"..3  roi 

IhTH  F'^a  CLEA^^^"^.— The  stalk  vt  tlie  common  muTlen  afford.! 
the  best  pith  for  cleaning  jiiiions.  'Wiiiter,  when  tlie  rtr.Ik  is  dry,  is 
the  time  to  gather  it  come  use  cork  instead  of  pith,  bet  it  is 
iuTerior 

To  PrvoT. — ^VThen  you  find  a  pivot  brolten,  you  will  h.irdly  be  at  a 
lr>r3  to  nnderstiud  that  the  easiest  mode  of  repairing  the  dr.rah,ce  is  to 
drill  into  the  end  of  the  pinion  or  staff,  as  che  esse  may  be,  and  h.iving 
Inseiicd  a  new  pivot,  turn  it  down  to  the  proper  proix>rtion«.  This  ii 
by  ne  meacs  a  diS(.nIt  thing  when  the  pieceto  be  drilled  is  not  too 
hard,  or  when  tlie  temper  may  be  slightly  drawn  without  injury  to 
the  other  parts  of  the  article. 

To  TELL  wnr.x  the  Llver  is  of  rROPEit  Lrxcrn. — Ton  may 
readily  ler.m  whether  cr  not  a  lever  is  of  pro-ver  lengtli,  by  measur- 
ing from  the  g-.iard  point  to  the  pallet  staiJ,  and  then  "comparing  with 
the  roUei  or  ruby-pin  table  ;  the  diameter  of  the  table  should  always 
be  just  half  the' length  measured  on  the  lever.  The  rale  will  work 
both  ways,  and  may  be  useful  in  cases  where  a  new  ruby-pin  table 
has  to  be  erpplied. 

To  CHAX  IE  Depth  of  Levee  i^c.^PEsrErsT. — ^If  you  are  opera- 
ting on  a  fita  watdi,  the  best  plan  i^  to  pnt  a  new  staff  into  the  lever, 
cutting  its  I'ivots  a  little  to  one  side,  just  as  far  as  you  desire  to 
change  the  escapement.  Common  watches  will  not,  of  course,  justify 
^o  much  trouble.  The  usual  process  in  their  case  is  to  knock  out  the 
staff,  r.ad  with  a  small  file  cut  the  hole  oblong  in  a  direction  opixjsita 
to  tliat  in  whiLh  yon  desire  to  move  your  pallets  :  then  replace  th9 
efaff,  wedge  it  to  the  required  xx)siticn.'  and  secure  by  soft  scildering. 
In  instances  where  the  rtaff  is  put  in  with  a  screw,  you  will  have  to 

{jroceed  diiTerentlv.  Take  out  the  staff,  pry  the  pallets  from  the 
ever,  file  the  pin  fioles  to  slant  in  the  direction  you  would  move  tha 
paHeti,  without  changing  their  sij.e  on  tlie  otiier  side  of  the  lerer. 
Connect  the  pieces  as  they  were  before,  and,  with  tlie  lever  resting  on 
Br.mo  solid  substance,  you  mav  strike  lightly  with  your  hammer 
until  tha  bending  of  the  pins  will  ftllow  tiio  pallets  to  pass  into  jieei,- 


810    WATCHMAKRES,   JETTELLERS',   &C.,   EECEITTS.' 

CaxPESsxiioy  Balance  of  Cheokometees. — The  balance  is  a 
small  piece  of  eteel  covered  ■with  a  hoop  of  brass.  Tbe  rim,  contiiffting 
of  the  two  metals,  is  divided  at  the  two  extremities,  the  one  diamet- 
rical arm  of  the  balance,  so  that  the  increase  of  t<;mperature  M-hich 
■weakens  the  balance  springs  contract,  in  a  proportionate  degree, 
the  diameter  of  the  balance,  leaving  the  spring  less  resistance  to 
overcome.  This  occurs  from  the  bra.<ss  ex^^anding  much  more  by 
heat  tlian  sfeel,  and  it  therefore  curls  tlie  seaiicircalar  arcs  inwards, 
an  a-rtion  that  will  be  immediately  understood,  if  vre  conceive  the 
compound  bar  of  gteel  to  be  straignt,  as  the  heat  ■would  reader  the 
brass  side  longer  and  convex,  and  in  the  balance  it  renders  it  mora 
curved.  In  the  c-ompensat'on  babjica,  the  two  metds  are  tmited  as 
follows :  tlie  di-k  of  steel  when  turned  and  pierced  with  a  central  hole 
is  fixed  by  a  little  screw-bolt  and  nut  at  t_e  bottom  of  a  small  cru- 
cible, ■with  a  central  elevation  smaller  than  tlie  disk ;  the  brass  ia 
now  melted  and  the  ■whole  allowed  to  cool.  Tlie  crucible  is  broken, 
the  excess  of  brass  is  turned  ol  in  tl.e  latlie,  tlie  arms  are  mada 
with  the  file  as  nsual,  the  rim  is  tapped  to  receive  tlie  compensation 
screws  or  weights,  and^  lastly,  the  hoop  is  divided  ia  two  places  at 
the  opposite  ends  of  its  diametrical  arm.  The  bahince  springs  of 
marine  chronometers,  wliich  are  in  the  form  of  a  screw,  are  wound 
into  the  square  thread  of  a  screw  of  the  appropriate  diameter  and 
coarseness  ;  the  two  ends  of  the  spring  are*  retained  by  side  screws, 
and  the  whole  is  carefully  enveloped  ia  platinum  foil,  and  hghtly 
bound  with  •wire.  The  mass  is  next  heated  in  a  piece  of  gun  barrel 
closed  at  one  end,  and  plunged  into  oil,  which  hardens  the  spring 
almost  ■without  discoloring  it,  o^wing  to  the  excl'.ision  of  the  air  by 
the  close  platinum  covering,  which  is  now  removed,  and  tlio  spring  is 
let  down  to  the  blue  before  removal  from  the  screwed  block.  The 
balance  or  hair  spring  of  cormnon  watches  are  frequently  left  soft, 
those  of  the  bc4t  watches  are  hardened  ia  the  coil  upon  a  plain 
cylinder  anl  are  then  curled  into  tlie  spiral  form  between  the  edge 
of  a  blunt  knife  and  the  thumb,  the  same  as  iu  curhjg  up  a  narro^w 
tibbon  or  paper,  or  the  filaments  of  an  c.-trich  feather.  The  soft 
springs  are  woi-th  60  cents  ea.:±,  those  hardened  and  tempered  Sl.28 
each.  This  raises  the  value  of  the  steel ;  originally  less  than  4 
cents,  to  §2000  and  $6000  respectivelj.  It  takes  S200  balance  spring* 
to  weigh  an  ounce. 

Watch  Speing  MAyrFAcmiE.—  'VTaich  springs  are  hammered 
out  of  round  steel  ■wire,  of  suitable  diameter  until  t..ey  fill  the  gauge, 
ior  width,  which  at  the  same  time  insures  e  [uahty  of  thicicncss. 
The  holes  are  punched  in  their  extremities,  and  they  are  trimmed 
on  the  edge  with  a  smooth  file.  The  springs  are  then  tied  up  with 
binding  -wire,  in  a  Icose  open  coil  and  heated  over  a  charcoal  firo 
upon  a  perforated  revolving  plate.  They  are  hardened  in  oil  and 
biazed  oflf.  The  spring  is  now  distended  in  a  long  metal  frame,  simi- 
lar to  that  used  for  a  sa-w  bkde,  and  ground  and  polishea  ■with 
emery  and  oil  between  lead  blocks.  By  this  rime  its  elasticity  appears 
quitelost.  and  it  may  be  bent  in  any  direction  ;  its  elasticity  is,  how- 
ever, entirely  restored  by  a  subsequent  hammering  on  a  very  bright 
anvil  which  puts  the  "  natire  into  the  spring."  The  coloring  is  don» 
over  a  flat  plate  of  Iron,  or  hoc>d,  nnrter  which  a  small  spirit  lamp 
ia  kept  burning ;  the  spring  i»  cboUanally  drawQ  baclrward  ao4 


WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLEES',    &C.,   EECEIPT3.    311 
t 

Itnrward,  about  two  or  three  Inches  at  a  time,  nntil  it  a^'stimes  the 
orange  or  deep  blue  tint  throughout,  according  to  tlie  tiuste  of  th9 
purchaser.  By  many  the  coloring  is  considered  to  be  a  matter  of 
ornament  and  not  egseutiaL  The  last  process  is  to  coil  the  spring 
into  the  spiral  form,  that  it  may  enter  tlie  barrel  in  Trhich  it  is  to  b« 
contained.  This  is  done  by  a  tool  vith  a  small  axis  and  ■winch 
handles,  and  does  not  require  heat 

To  TEI.L  WHEN  LeVEK  PALLETS  AKE  OF  rROPEB  SiZE.— ThB 

clear  space  between  the  pallets  should  correspond  with  the  outside 
measure,  on  tlie  points  of  three  teeth  of  the  scai>e  ■wheel.  The  usual 
mode  of  measuring  for  new  pallets  is  to  set  the  wheel  as  close  as  po* 
gible  to  free  its  self  when  in  motion.  You  can  arrange  it  in  your  dep* 
thing  tool,  aiter  which  the  measurement  between  tlie  pivot  holes  of 
the  two  pieces,  on  the  pillar  plate,  will  ehow  yua  exactly  what  is  re- 
quired. 

To  LENGTHEN  LeVERS  OF  AnCHOR-ESCAPEJEENT  AVaTCHES  WITH- 

OUT  HAMiiEEixG  OB  SoLDEEiNG. — Cut  Square  across  with  a  ecrew- 
head  file,  a  httle  back  from  tlie  point  above  tlie  fork,  and,  when  jrou 
have  thus  cut  into  it  to  a  sufficient  depth,  beud  forward  tlie  desired 
distance  the  piece  thus  partially  detached.  la  the  event  of  the  piece 
Enapping  off  while  bending — ■which,  however,  rarely  happens — filo 
down  the  wiut  level  with  the  fork,  and  insert  a  piu  Eugliih  lever 
Btj^e.  '  ^ 

To  TEstPEK  Case  and  other  Springs  op  "Watches. — ^Draw  the 
temper  from  the  spring,  and  fit  it  properly  ia  its  place  in  t!ie  watch  ; 
then  take  it  out  and  temper  it  hard  in  rahi-wnter  (tlie  addition  of  a 
little  table-salt  to  the  water  ■will  be  an  improvement)  ;  after  which 
place  it  in  a  smnll  sheet-iron  ladle  or  cnp,  and  barely  cover  it  with  Mii- 
eeed-oil ;  then  hold  tlie  ladle  over  a  hgbtcd  lamp  until  the  oil  ignites, 
let  it  bum  unt^Il  the  oil  is  nearly,  not  quite  consumed  ;  then  re-cover 
with  oil  and  bum  do^svn  as  before  ;  and  so  a  thhd  time ;  at  the  end  of 
which,  plunge  it  again  into  water.  Miiin  and  hair  springs  may,  in 
like  manner,"bc  tempered  by  the  same  process ;  first  draw  the  temper, 
end  properly  coil  and  clamp  to  keep  it  ia  position,  and  then  proceed 
the  same  as  ■with  case-springs. 

To  MARK  Red  Watch  Hands.— 1  oz,  carmine,  1  cz.  muriate  of 
silver,  J  oz.  of  tinner's  Japan  •  mix  together  in  an  earthen  vessel,  and 
hold  over  a  spirit-lamp  until  formed  into  a  paste.  Apply  this  to 
the  watch  hand,  and  then  lay  it  on  a  copper  plate,  face  side  n;\ 
and  heat  the  plate  sufficiently  to  produce  the  color  desired. 

To  Dkill  into  H^\nD  Stecl. — 3Iake  your  drill  oval  in  foniL  In- 
stead of  the  nsual  pointed  8ha;.e,  and  temper  as  hard  as  it  will  bear 
without  breaking;  then  roughen  the  surface  where  you  desire  to  drill 
with  a  little  diluted  mnri.atic  acid,  and,  instead  of  oil,  use  turpentine 
or  keroseue,  in  wliich  a  little  gum  camphor  has  been  dissolved  with 
your  drill.  In  operating,  keep  tlie  pre? sure  on  yo^ir  drill  firm  and 
Btcady  ;  r.nd  it  tV.e  bottom  of  the  hole  should  chance  to  become  bur- 
nished that  tlie  drill  will  not  art.  ac  gometiuies  happens,  again  nnighea 
with  diluted  acid  aa  before;  then  clean  out  the  nola  (^ef ally,  and 
proceed  again. 

To  Put  Teeth  nr  "Watch  or  Clock  "Wheels  \nTHOUT  Dove- 
TATLINQ  or  Solderino. — Drill  a  hole  somewhat  wider  than  th« 
tooth,  6(i\x&i9  through  the  plate,  a  little  below  the  base  of  the  tooth  ; 


812    MATCHMAKERS,  JEWELLERS',  AC,  EECEIPT9. 

■» 

cut  from  fhe  edge  of  the  •wheel  square  down  to  the  hole  already  drHl. 
«d  ;  then  flatten  a  piece  of  wire  so  as  to  fit  snuglv  uito  the  cut  of  th« 
saw,  aud  with  a  light  hammer  form  a  head  on  it  like  the  head  of  a 
l^in.  When  thus  prepared,  press  the  wire  or  pin  uito  possession  in 
the  wheel,  tlie  head  filling  the  hole  drilled  tlirough  the  plate,  and  tho 
projecting  out  so  as  to  form  the  tooth  ;  tlicu  with  a  sharp-point' i 
graver  cut  a  small  groove  each  side  of  the  pin  from  the  edge  ot  tiio 
wheel  down  to  the  hole,  and  with  a  hlow  of  your  hammer  pprend  the 
lace  of  the  pin  so  as  to  nil  the  grooves  just  cut.  Repeat  the  ennie  op- 
eration on  the  otlier  side  of  tiie  wheel,  and  finish  off  ia  the  usual 
way.  The  tooth  will  he  found  perfectly  riveted  m  on  every  side,  and 
as  strong  as  the  original  one,  while  in  appearance  it  will  be  equal  to 
the  best  dovetaihng. 

To  Casb-haedejt  Ieok. — If  you  desire  to  harden  to  any  conplder- 
able  depth,  put  the  article  into  a  crucible  with  cyanide  of  jintash, 
cover  over  and  heat  altogether,  then  plunge  into  wator.  Thiaprocesa 
will  harden  perfectly  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  inches. 

To  TIGHTEN  A  Cannon  Pinion  on  the  Ckntue  Aubor  wheh 
TOO  LOOSE. — Grasp  the  arbor  lightly  with  a  pair  of  cutting  nippew, 
and,  by  a  single  turn  of  the  nippers  around  the  arbor,  cat  or  raise  a 
small  thread  thereon. 

To  Fkost  Watch  Movkihents. — Sink  that  part  of  the  article  to  bo 
frosted  for  a  short  time  ia  a  compound  of  nitric  acid,  muriatic  acid, 
and  table  salt,  one  ounce  of  each.  Ou  removing  from  the  acid,  place 
it  in  a  shallow  vessel  containing  enough  sour  beer  to  niciely  cover  it, 
then  with  a  fine  scratch  brush  scour  thoroughly,  letting  it  remain 
xmder  the  beer  durmg  the  operation.  .Next  wr-.-^h  off,  first  in  pure 
water  and  then  in  alcohol.  Gild  or  silver  in  accordance  vrith  any 
recipe  in  the  plating  department. 

RULB  FOB  DETEEIVIINING  THE  CORRECT  DiASrETF.R  OF  A  PlNIOX 
BY  BCEASORING  TEETH  OF  THE  WhEEI,  THAT  MATCHES  INTO  IT. — 

The  term  full,  as  used  below,  indicates  fuU  measure  from  outside  to 
outside  of  the  teeth  named,  and  the  term  centke,  the  measure  from 
centre  of  one  tooth  to  centre  of  the  otlier  tooth  n:imed,  inclusive. 
'     For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  15  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  a 
shade  less  than  6  teeth  of  the  wheel,  full. 

For  diameter  of  a  ])inion  of  14  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  a  shade 
less  than  6  teeth  of  the  wheel,  centre. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  12  leaves  measure,  with  calipers.  5  teetli 
of  the  wheel,  centre. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  10  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  4  tectli 
of  the  wheel,  full. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  9  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  a  Iitt]o 
less  than  4  teeth  of  the  wheel,  full. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  8  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  a  little 
less  than  4  teeth  of  the  wheel,  centre. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  7  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  a  little 
less  than  3  teeth  of  the  wheel,  full. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  6  leaves  measu  re,  with  calipers,  3  teeth 
cf  the  wheel,  centre. 

For  diameter  of  a  pinion  of  5  leaves  measure,  with  calipers,  0  tacth 
of  the  wheel,  centre. 

Af  A  general,  rule,  pinions  *'»at  lead,  as  in  tb«  hour  wheel,  vhould 


"WATCHMAKEna,    JEVTELLEES',    &C.,    BECBIPT3.     818 

be  somewhat  Irvrgnr  than  those  that  drive,  anfl  pinions  of  clocV* 
Fhoald  geueraUj  bo  somewliat  larger  proportionally  than  those  of 
watches. 

For  dLimetet  of  a  jiinion  of  4  leaves  measnre,  ■with  calipers,  odb 
half  of  one  sjuce  over  2  teetli  of  the  wheel, /«W. 

To  Polish  ^\'HEELg  pekfectlv  without  injury. — ^Take  a  flr.t 
tarnishing  tile,  warm  it  over  a  spirit  lamp,  and  coat  it  lightly  with 
beeswax.  ^\  hen  cold,  wijie  off  as  much  of  tlio  wax  as  can'be  rendCy 
removed,  and  with  your  tile  thiw  prepared,  polish  the  wheel,  re.stin* 
the  wheel  while  polishing  on  a  piece  of  cork.  The  finish  produced 
will  be  quite  equal  to  the  finest  bulf  polish,  while  there  will  be  no 
clogging,  and  tlia  edges  of  the  arms  and  teeth  ^vill  remain  perfectly 
equare. 

Sandoz'  IIethod  of  PRODUcrNO  LsociiKOxisM  IN  Flat  axd 
Bkegukt  SriuNcs. — Isochronism,  from  tlie  Greek,  meaning  equal 
time,  is  the  ])roperty  possessed  by  the  pendulum  and  the  hair  spring 
to  accomplish  tlieir  arcs  of  vibration  of  diif  erent  amplitudes  in  the 
fame  space  of  time.  In  a  pendulum,  the  only  condition  required  is 
that  its  length  be  such  as  to  make  the  centre  of  gravity  move  accord- 
ing to  the  cycloid  curve;  but  in  the  hair  spring  the  means  change 
with  the  forms  effected  by  the  sprincr.  In  tlie  spherical  or  conical 
Fjiringa,  the  extreme  curves  constructed  after  the  mathematical  rules 
discovered  by  Pi-of.  Phillipps,  of  the  Polj-technic  School  of  Paris, 
will  produce  an  Isochronism  very  nearly  perfect.  In  the  flat  spring, 
tliese  curves  caimot  exist,  therefore  other  means  must  be  resorted  to. 
1  shall  give  now  the  results  of  several  years  of  erperimeut  and  study, 
v.liich  can  be  embodied  in  the  two  followong  thetjrems  : 

1.  In  the  flat  simng,  every  coil  has  theoretically  a  point  where  the 
vibrations  are  Isochronal.  2.  That  point  of  Isochronismis  determined 
by  the  relative  position  of  the  two  points  connecting  the  hair  spring 
uith  the  collet  and  stud,  called  Points  d' attache. 

These  two  propositions  form  the  base  of  Isochromsm  in  tlie  flat 
ppring;  therefore  the  idea  generally  accredited  among  watchmakers 
tfiat  the  Isochronal  properties  of  a  flat  spring  depend  on  its  length  is 
incorrect,  since  the  lOth  as  well  as  the  20th  coil  of  the  spring  is  able 
to  produce  the  Lsochrouism,  the  only  limit  being  such  si^es  of  springs 
tlin.t  would  prevent  the  perfect  freedom  of  its  action. 

Freedom  of  action  being  necessary  for  the  Isochronal  properties  of 
the  spring  to  develoji  themselves,  tlie  spring  must  be  bent  to  the 
cnntre,  according  to  Fig.  II. — the  first  coil  being  too  near  or  the  curva 
tioflat,  £0  that  even  a  minute  part  of  the  spring  could  touch  the 
c  iih-t,  would  hinder  the  Isochronism.  Next,  the  spring  luust  be 
I  iuned  perfectly  tight |B|  the  coUet  and  stud,  and  move  freely  between 
the  regulator  pins.       •"  ' 

These  conditions  fulfilled,  the  watch  is  run  3, 6  or  13  hours  with  juat 
ctrength  cnoui,'h  to  keep  it  going;  the  result  is  compared  with  a  regu- 
lator and  set  down.  Next,  the  watch  is  fully  wound  up,  and  alter 
a  space  of  time  equal  to  the  first  trial,  the  result  ia  again  set  do^ra. 
Host  genenilly  the  watch  will  run  slower  in  the  short  vibrations  tliaa 
in  the  wide  ones,  and  cousequeiitly  lose  time  in  the  pocket  in  tlie  last 
twelve  hoursof  itsnmning.  Having  set  down;iaa  principlethatevery 
coil  has  an  Isochronal  point,  we  have  now  to  determine  tliat  point,  re- 
memberinj;  that  aa  a  general  rule,  every  incrcaae  of  length  of  thtt 


814    TTATCHMAKERS,  JETTELLERS',  AC,  RECEIPTS* 

tpnng  over  thai  point,  wilt  cause  the  watch  to  gain  in  the  sJiort  tH/ra* 
?M)7W,  and  every  decrease  back  of  that  point  will  cause  it  to  gain  in  the 
tcide  vibratiom.    This  rule  is  correct  only  for  certain  limit'»,  as  I  am 

foing  to  explain.  Supposing  that  a  hair  spring  of  15  coils  is  per* 
ectly  Isochronal  vrith  the  tvto  points  d' attache  jast  opposite  each 
other,  as  sho-ma  in  Fig.  lU.,  the  Mth  and  the  16th  coil,  as  well  as  tha 
loth,  will  produce  the  Isochronism  very  nearly  at  the  same  point 
Supposing  that  we  increase  gradually  the  lengtn  of  that  hair  spring 
of  lo  coils,  pinned  up  so  that  the  tvro  points  d' attache  are  primitively 
opposite  each  other — so  that  its  length  mill  noio  be  15^  coils — the  two 
fioints  d' attache  are  now  in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  17.,  or  what  is 
called  pinned  to  the  half  coil.  The  result  will  be  that  the  hair  spriiig 
•will  cause  tiie  watch  to  gain  in  the  short  vibrations  as  much  aa  it  is  in 
its  power  to  do. 

But  if  we  go  further  than  the  half  coil,  we  now  enter  the  ground 
that  belongs  to  the  IGth  coil,  and  every  increase  of  length  in  that  half 
coil  will  cause  the  hair  spring  to  lose  in  the  short  vibrations,  in  the 
Fame  proportion  that  it  has  been  gaining  in  increasing  the  length  of  tlie 
first  half.  That  change  will  continue  until  we  reach  the  same  point 
on  the  16th  coU  that  we  started  from  on  the  15th.,  the  two  pins  ojv- 
iKjsite  each  other;  at  that  point  we  shall  have  again  the  Isochronism. 
The  same  oj^eration  is  applicable  to  the  14th  coil,  with  the  same  re- 
enlts. 

Now  it  is  immaterial  whether  we  take  that  half  coil  to  the  centre,  or 
to  the  outside  of  the  spring,  because  both  of  these  operations  will  pro- 
duce the  same  results,  viz.,  the  change  of  the  relative  places  of  the 
jxnnts  d'attache  at  tlie  spring.  Therefore  the  artist  has  his  choice, 
and  is  guided  by  the  size  of  tae  spring  aud  the  weight  of  the  balance; 
for  taking  half  a  coQ  to  the  centre  of  the  spring  will  not  much  affect 
the  rate  of  the  watch,  but  taken  outside,  the  difference  will  be  great. 
On  the  other  hand,  a  very  short  cut  to  the  centre  will  greatly  affect 
the  Isochronism,  and  at  the  outside,  a  full  half-coil  will  generally 
produce  from  15  to  25"  difference  in  24  hours.  If  then  the  watch- 
maker would  produce  the  greatest  possible  diangea  of  Isochronism  in 
a  watch,  the  change  of  position  of  the  two  points  d'attache  of  tha 
spring  of  one  coil  around,  will  give  him  the  two  highest  degrees  of 
gaining  and  losing  in  the  short  vibrations. 

It  follows  from  the  following  pages,  that  If  a  watch  loses  in  the  last 
running  (short  vibrations),  tlie  first  thing  to  do  is  to  increase  the 
length  of  th«  hair  spring  from  the  outside;  if  the  result  is  better,  but 
not  yet  good,  give  stiU  more  length;  if  the  result  is  worse,  it  shows 
that  you  are  too  far  on  the  coil.  Take  back  the  whole  length  tliat 
you  tad  given  in  the  first  operation,  and  draw  more  length,  so  as  to 
affect  the  spring  the  other  way ;  or  if  your  spring  is  already  small  or 
J  our  balance  pi-etty  heavy,  cut  to  the  centre  so  as  to  come  around  to 
the  required  positions. 

Some  springs  caimot  produce  the  Isochronism ;  this  comes  from  a 
defect  in  making  the  spring,  or  a  want  of  homogeniety  in  the  metal ; 
the  only  remedy  is  a  new  spriji^. 

In  tile  Breguet  Spring,  the  Isochronism  is  produced  in  the  earn* 
manner  as  the  flat  springings,  but  great  care  must  be  taken  in  making 
the  curve,  for  if  it  is  not  made  in  conformity  to  the  prindpl*  oi  Phil- 
lippa,  tht  laochroniein  will  bo  distorbwi. 


WATCHMAKERS,   JE-WELLERS,*  AC,   RECEIPTS.    315 

For  instance,  in  Fig.  Y.,  tlie  spring  being  pinned  in  A,  and  tlio 
watch  losing  7"  in  tlie  last  12  hours  (short  vib.),  I  first  increase  tha 
length  of  the  hair  spring  to  the  point  B  ;  but  as  I  am  already  on  tht 
ground  belonging  to  the  losing  action,  the  result  will  be  an  increased 
1068  of  time  in  the  last  ruiming.  I  then  go  back  to  the  point  A,  and 
moreover  pin  the  spring  to  C,  and  then  I  shall  approximate  Isochron- 
ism  However,  in  most  cases  the  increase  of  length  will  naaka  th« 
tratch  gain  in  ita  iaet  runnin?. 


Timing  and  Adjuat'nf. 


Pig.  IL 


Pig.  IV. 


ADjrsTMEyrs  to  Posttions.— This  adjustment  is  known  to  but 
Sew  watchmakers,  and  they  make  it  a  regular  business  It  require! 
91  the  operator  coosideiable  manual  Bkijl  aud  i«tlective  power*.    Tin 


WATCHMAKERS,  JEWELLERS*,  AC,  BECErfTS.    817 

fraat  principle  is  to  equalize  the  frictions,  bo  that  the  pivots  will  offei 
lo  the  action  of  the  spring  the  same  resisLince  in  the  four  positions 

fenerally  required,  viz.,  dial  up,  XII  up,  cock  up  and  III  up.  Alter 
avlng  inspected  and  corrected  the  train  so  that  the  motive  power  ia 
transmitted  nuiformly  to  the  balance,  the  pivois  and  jewela  of  the 
lever  should  be  polished  and  ehoitcued  bo  as  to  have  very  little  fric- 
tion; next,  the  lever  should  be  poised  as  nearly  perfect  as  possible, 
and  the  slot  also  in  the  fork  wLcie  the  ruby  pin  acts  should  be 
polished.  The  balance  jewels  ought  to  be  made  short  enough  to 
nave  the  holes  square,  rounded  infeide,  and  perfectly  ixjli^hed.  tho 
balance  pivots  well  burnished  and  their  ends  hulf  rounded,  and  tlie 
balance  poised  very  carefully.  The  English  method  of  throwing  tlia 
balance  out  of  poise  to  obtain  the  same  rate  in  different  positions  is 
not  accepted  generally,  and  is  considered  a  bad  practice  by  the  motjt 
eminent  watchmakers.  The  hair  spring  is  put  in  its  position  without 
the  balance,  and  bent  so  that  the  collet  and  the  cock  jewel  will  havo 
the  same  centres.  The  watch  being  now  in  good  running  order,  is 
put  under  trial  for  12  or  24  hours,  aud  the  rate  ia  each  position  care- 
iully  noted,  K  there  is  any  difference  in  the  nmuiug  with  the  cock 
up,  or  dial  up,  making  the  ends  of  the  pivots  even  and  equally  well 
polished  will  remove  the  discrepancy.  If  the  watch  loses  with  XII 
lip,  wluch  is  generally  the  case,  and  the  friction  ou  the  balance  jewels 
being  reduced  as  much  as  possible,  the  remedy  is  to  increase  the 
friction  when  the  watch  is  either  dial  or  cock  up.  Tliis  i.s  done  by 
throwing  the  hair  spring  a  little  out  of  ihe  centre  of  the  cock  jewel, 
thereby  adding  to  the  mction  on  the  pivot  end,  a  lateral  pressure 
against  the  balance  jewels.  If  the  watch  is  well  regulated  with  XII 
up,  and  loses  with  III  up,  throio  the  simng  a  little  toicnrds  the  figure 
III ;  tills  operation  lifts  up  the  balance  when  tlie  watch  is  in  losing 
position  and  diminishes  the  friction  of  the  pivots  in  that  particular 
case.  Maldng  the  ends  of  the  pivots  perfectly  flat  has  a  tendency  to 
make  the  watch  gain  with  dial  or  cock  up.  The  soimd  of  the  watch 
must  be  clear  in  all  ix)8itions,  else  it  indicates  a  friction,  as  for  instance 
rough  jewels  or  pivots,  safety  pin  rubbing  against  the  roller,  etc. 

How  TO  Regulate  a  Watch  rv  a  few  Mi::?utes,  ant)  a  Phacti- 
CAX.  Method  to  put  a  kew  II  air  Srni^-G,  of  the  right  size  ant> 
Perfectly  REcrLAiED  in  a  ^VATc^  without  Eunki>-o  It. — Fii-st, 
a.scertain  bow  many  vibrations  the  watch  beats  in  one  minute,  by 
cotmting  every  other  vibration  and  comparing  that  time  with  a  well- 
regulated  watch  or  regulator.  In  general,  Swiss  watches  beat  18,000 
in  one  hour,  viz.,  SCO  in  one  minute;  American  watches,  eitlier  18.000 
either  10,200,  or  270  per  minute;  and  the  English  levers,  14,400,  or 
240  per  minute.  If  there  is  any  doubt,  it  is  better  to  count  up  leaves 
and  teeth,  and  ascertain  the  right  number-  but  these  cases  are  scare* 
where  watches  will  beat  odd  numbers. 

Ilaving  found  out  the  right  number,  esaimine  tne  oalance  carefully 
for  one  or  two  minutes,  coimting  every  vibration  going  from  right  to 
left,  and  ia  the  mean  time  examining  tlie  regulator  or  clock,  to  see 
when  one  minute  is  up.  If  the  watch  is  weU  regulated,  the  number 
of  vibrations  must  be  exactly  half  of  the  regular  first  number,  viz., 
150,  135,  or  120,  as  only  every  other  vibration  has  been  recorded  to 
facilitate  the  observation.  If  not  so,  move  the  regulator,  right  or 
Wt,  uAtu  a  perfect  coincidence  oomes< 


818    WATCffSrAKEK?,  JE-WEIXfiRS',   AC,    RECEIPTS. 

To  pick  Tip  a.  ne-w  hair  pprice,  after  harms  reecmled  the  ripht  rmau 
ber  of  beats — either  by  the  old  hair  Bpring  or  by  tlie  numbers  of  tlia 
teain— lar  first  the  spring  with  its  centre  well  in  the  centre  of  the  cock 
jewel,  and  having  ascertained  where  the  coU  will  enter  between  the 
pins  of  the  regulator,  note  the  place.  Stick  to  the  pivot  of  tlie  balance 
asmallronnd  piece  of  bee*: wax;  then  stick  it  to  t ■■e  centre  of  the 
ppnng,  80  as  to  e^^tablish  a  temporary  bnt  firm  connection  of  the  t-rro 
paeces,  and  having  pinched  with  the' tweezers  the  hair  eprine:  to  t!:e 
place  indicated  by  the  regulator  pin5,  cause  it  ty  vibrate  gently ;  then 
count  up  the  ribrations  for  one  minute,  and  when  yon  have  got  » 
spring  that  will  produce  nearly  the  required  number  of  beats,  pin  it 
to  the  collet  and  cause  it  aga^jj  to  vibrate,  moving  the  tweezers  for- 
•ward  and  backward,  until  the  right  number  oibeats  la  produced; 
witli  another  pair  of  tweezer?,  pinch  the  hair  spiing  about  one-eighth 
of  an  ini±  bacK  of  the  regaLiting  point,  go  as  to  counterbalance  iia 
gain  produced  by  the  regulator  pins,  and  bend  slightly  the  wire, 
which  is  the  pL'icie  where  the  hair  spring  mast  be  pinned  to  the  Ftud. 
Having  then  trued  up  the  spruit:,  proceed  to  put  the  regulator  to  the 
right  ]3ace,  by  using  the  w.-iy  indicated  in  the  beginning  of  this  article, 
and  the  work" ia  done.  Success  is  certain,  when  the  operation  has 
been  carefully  performed.  The  balacje  muet  be  mr.de  to  vibrate  on 
Fome  hard  and  well  polished  substance,  so  as  to  keen  up  the  vibra- 
tion to  about  tlie  standard  of  regular  running.  A  little  practice  will 
8oon  enable  the  watchmaker  to  change  a  nair  epring  very  quick, 
and  without  any  trouble  whatever. 

Of  CwrpENSATioy. — A  most  accurate  way  of  counterbalancing 
pfFects  produced  on  the  running  of  watches  by 'difierenttomperatarcs, 
id  the  expansion  balance,  formed  of  two  concentric  riuzs,  one  in- 
terior, oi  steel,  and  one  exterior,  of  brass,  joined  together  by  hard 
soldering  or  smelting.  The  general  proiKntion  of  these  two  metals  to 
one  part  of  steel,  two  of  bras!».  The  stronger  dilation  of  brass,  causes 
the  rim  of  tiie  balance  to  head  in^-ardly  when  the  heat,  increasing, 
diminishes  the  strength  of  the  hr.ir  sirring;  the  greater  contraction 
bends  the  rim  ontwardly  when  cold  comes^to  increase  the  rigidity  of 
the  spring's  coils.  Pushing  forward  or  br.clnvard  the  screws  of  tlia 
rim  will  affect  the  compensating  powers  of  the  balance,  by  causing 
their  weight  to  be  more  active  as  thev  come  nearer  the  end  of  the  cnt 
arm.  Tlie  thinner  and  higher  the  rim,  the  greater  the  action.  A  few 
trials  will  bring  the  balance  to  com',-)ensr.te  the  e  "ect  of  temperature 
from  30°  to  iOO<'  Fahrenheit  For  extreme  tempemtnres  another 
compensation,  called  a^mUnrv,  is  nsed.  but  only  iii  sh.ip  chronome- 
ters. A  soft  spring  will  be  less  affected  I  y  changes  of  "temperature 
than  a  hr.rdened  one;  this  affords  a  war  tJ  compensate  certain  bal- 
ances, where  otherwise  new  ones  would  have  to  be  used.  A  precau- 
tion to  observe  in  compea-xiting  is  to  malre  the  screws  go  freely  on  the 
lalance,  and  not  screw  thera  too  ti^ht,  else  the  nrtlon  of  the  "rim  not 
being  free,  a  good  coTnpens''ticn  could  not  be  attained,  until  the  com- 
bined actions  of  diLition  and  contraction  of  the  rim  have  fr^d  the 
Bcrews. 

For  watchmakers  who  would  want  to  compensate  a  watch  without 
ha^■ing  an  exi)ansion  baiince,  I  give  tlie  following  procesa,  which  I 
have  Buecessfidly  used  :  After  having  cut  off  the  greater  part  of  the 
•i^olAtor's Kta,  ew^^vmii  to \k  fitted  wltU «  wnw 9;^ ^«  ;is| 


WATCHMA.KERS,   JEWELLERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS.    31t> 

of  the  regnlator,  so  as  to  revolvB  freely  aronnd  tli.it  screw  as  an  axis. 
TTie  pins  are  pat  in  the  same  position  as  ou  tlie  old  arm.  A  ring,  of 
two  parta  of  brass  and  one  oi  steel,  ib  tlien  fastened  to  one  end  on 
that  movable  arm,  and  the  other  end  is  screwed  at  any  convenient 
place,  either  on  the  regulator  itself,  or  on  the  cock.  See  Fig.  1.  By 
placing  tlie  whole  ring  on  the  regulator,  the  latter  may  be  moved  as 
ui  any  other  watch,  tlie  ring  opening  or  shutting  itself  imder  tha 
changes  of  temiierature,  will  pnsli  1>acicward  and  forward  the  regu- 
lator pins,  and  so  effect  the  compen^ition  which  is  to  be  rejrulated  by 
varying  either  tlie  proportion  of  brass  and  steel,  or  the  Biz«  of  the 

To  try  the  nmning  of  the  watches,  a  common  refrigerator  is  nsed 
to  prodiice  tlie  low  temperature,  and  tlien  an  apparatus,  self-regula- 
ting, will  produce  the  high  temperature.  It  is  commonly  a  squai-a 
box  of  tin  or  copper,  hermetically  closed,  under  which  is  a  gas  burner. 
A  compensating  aim  of  the  form  of  a  U,  made  of  brass  and  steel,  is 
fastened  inside  tlie  box,  and  is  connected  by  a  string  with  a  lever  at- 
tached to  the  key  of  the  burner,  and  acts  so  that  at  the  high  temper- 
ature, say  100<' Fah.,  the  gas  is  nearly  shut  off,  the  compensating 
arm  gradually  releasing  itself  and  consequently  letting  out  more  gas 
when  the  heal  diminishes  inside  the  box.  Use  6teel  pins  to  secura 
spring  to  collet  and  stud. 

To  MAKE  PoLisni>'Q  BROACHES. — These  are  usually  made  of  ivory, 
and  used  with  diamond  dust,  loose,  instead  of  having  been  driven  in. 
You  oil  the  broach  lightly,  dip  it  into  the  finest  diamond  dust,  anfl 
proceed  to  work  it  hito  the  jewel  tho  same  as  you  do  the  brass 
broach-  Unfortunately,  too  many  watchmakers  fail  to  attacli  sulR- 
cient  imijortance  to  the  polishing  broach.  The  sluggish  motion  o£ 
watches  now-a-days  is  more  often  attributable  to  rough  jewels  tlian 
to  any  other  cause. 

To 'Polish  Steel. — ^Take  crocus  of  oxide  of  tin  and  graduate  it  in 
in  the  same  way  as  in  preparhig  diamond  dust,  and  apply  it  to  tho 
steel  by  means  of  a  piece  of  soft  iron  or  bell  metal,  made  proper  form, 
and  prepared  with  flour  of  emery,  same  as  for  pivot  bumishers;  use 
the  coarsest  of  the  crocus  first,  and  finish  off  with  the  finest.  To  iroa 
or  soft  steel  a  better  finish  may  be  given  by  burnishing  than  can  be 
imparted  by  tlie  use  ofi polishing  powder  of  any  kind  whatever.  Ths 
German  Method  of  Polishing  Steel  is  perfonued  by  the  use  of  crocus 
on  a  buff  wheeL  Nothing  can  exceed  the  surpassing  beauty  imparted 
to  steel  or  even  cast  iron  by  this  process. 

Cbocub  Powder  for  ^'olishino. — Chloride  of  sodium  and  sul- 
phate of  iron  are  well  mixed  in  a  mortar.  The  mixtuie  is  then  put 
into  a  shallow  crucible  and  exposed  to  a  red  heat ;  vapor  escapca 
and  the  mass  fuses.  When  no  more  vapor  escapes,  remove  the 
crucible  and  let  it  cool.  The  color  of  the  oxide  of  iron  produced, 
if  the  fire  has  been  properly  regulated,  is  a  fine  violet ;  if  the  heat 
has  been  too  high  it  becomes  black.  The  mass  when  cold  is  to  be 
powdered  and  washed,  to  separate  the  sulphate  of  soda.  T'le 
l)owdcr  of  crocus  is  then  to  be  submitted  to  a  process  of  careful 
dutriation,  and  the  finer  particles  reserved  for  the  more  deUcata 
work.  An  excellent  jiowder  for  applying  to  razor  strops  is  made 
by  igniting  together  m  a  crucible,  equal  parts  of  well  dned  green 
TttTM  9»X  oominua  palt,    Tb«  heat  miwt  be  elowlj  raided  and  vreU 


S20    WATCH3SIAKERS,   JEWELLERS',   &C.,   RECEIPTS. 

regulated,  otherwise  the  materials  \nn.  boil  over  in  a  pai3ty  rtate, 
and  be  lost.  WTien  ■well  made,  out  of  contact  witk  air,  it  has  the 
brilliant  aspect  of  black  lead.  It  ibquires  to  be  groimd  and  elutri- 
ated, after  which  it  affords,  on  drying,  an  impalpable  powder,  that 
may  be  either  applied  on  a  Btrop  of  smooth  buff  leather,  or  mixed 
up  with  hog's  lard  or  tallow  into  a  stiff  cerate. 

To  Removb  ErsT  from  Lrox  or  Steel,  &c.— For  cleaning  piirt 
po.ses,  &c.,  kerosene  oil  or  benzine  are  probably  the  best  tilings 
known.  \>'hen  articles  have  become  pitted  by  mst,  however,  these 
can  of  course,  only  be  removed  by  mechanical  means,  such  as  sconr- 
Ing  with  fine  powder,  or  flour  of  emery  and  oU,  or  with  very  fine 
emery  paper.  To  prevent  steel  from  rusting,  rub  it  •with  a  mixture  of 
lime  and  oil,  or  with  mercurial  ointment,  either  of  which  will  be 
found  valuable. 

To  Make  BuRifiSHEEs. — ^Proceed  the  same  as  in  making  pivot  files, 
■with  the  exception  that  you  are  to  iise  fine  floiir  of  emery  on  a  slii)  of 
oiled  brass  or  copper,  instead  of  the  emery  paiicr.  Burnishers  which 
liav3  become  too  smooth  may  be  improved  vastly  with  the  flour  of 
emery  as  above  without  drawing  the  temper. 

To  Prepare  a  Bitrisisher  for  Pol:shtn-g. — Melt  a  little  bees- 
wax on  the  face 'of  your  burnisher.  Its  effect  then  on  brass  or  other 
finer  metals,  wUl  be  equal  to  the  best  buff.  A  small  burnisher  pro- 
pared  in  this  way  is  the  very  thing  with  which  to  polish  np  watch 
■wheels.    Rest  tliem  on  a  piece  of  pith  while  polishing. 

EULES  FOR  DeTEEMI>-ES-G  THE  CORRECT  LeXGTH  OF  THE  LevER, 

SIZE  OF  RcBY-pry  Table,  size  of  the  Pallets,  a^td  depth  of 
Escapement  of  Le'Ver  Watches. — A  lever,  from  the  guard  point  to 
the  pallet  staff,  should  correspond  in  length  with  twice  the  diameter 
of  tiie  ruby-pin  table,  cvud  when  a  table  is  accideutally  lost,  the  cor- 
rect size  thereof  may  be  known  by  measuring  half  the  length  of  tl:o 
lever  between  the  points  above  named.  For  correct  size  of  pallet,  the 
clear  sjKice  between  the  pallets  should  correspond  wiih  the  outside 
measure  on  the  points  of  three  teeth  of  the  escapement  wheeL  The 
only  rule  that  can  be  given,  without  the  use  of  diagrams,  for  correct 
depth  of  the  escapements,  is  to  set  it  as  close  as  it  ■will  bear,  and  still 
free  itself  perfectly  when  in  motion.  This  may  be  done  by  first 
placing  the  escapement  in  your  depthing  tool,  and  then  setting  it  to 
the  correct  deptn.  Then  by  measining  th.e  distance  between  the 
pivots  of  the  lever  staff  and  escapement  wheel,  as  now  set,  and  the 
corresponding  pivot  holes  in  the  watch,  you  determine  correctly  ho^w 
much  the  depth  of  the  escapement  requires  to  be  altered. 

To  Pre^vknt  Watches  losing  Tdie  from  Action  of  "PEKDxrLXTX 
Spring. — Pin  the  pendulum  spring  into  the  stud,  so  that  that  part, 
the  part  of  the  eye  immediately  emerging  from  the  coUet,  and  the 
centre  of  the  collet,  are  in  a  line;  then  you  will  have  the  spring  pin- 
ned in,  in  equal  terms,  as  it  is  called  by  tliose  who  are  versed  in  the 
higher  branches  of  springing.  Bring  the  watch  to  time  by  adding  to 
or  talring  from  tlie  balance,  and  poise  it;  tiythe  watch  with  the  13 
up  for  2  hours,  then  ■with  the  6  up  for  2  hours,  then  lying  down  for 
tlie  same  time;  the  trials  here  described  will  be  sufficient  if  t};e 
watch  has  seconds;  keep  the  curb  pin  close  so  as  to  allow  the  spring 
only  a  little  play;  the  vibration  of  the  balance  should  b«  If  turn  oir 
Inlying. 


WATCSMAKEftSj  JEWELLERS',  AC,  feBCBtPTS.    Sti 

LIST  OP  TRAINS  OF  wItCHES. 

•aOWtKG    THB    MUMBKU    0>   TEETH    IN    TSK    WHEELS,    I,aAV48    lH  tUM 

PISIONS     BBAT8   IM  A   MINCTK,    AND   TlHB  THB   FOOBTH 

WHBEL    KKVOLVaa   IK. 


Trains,  for  Seven  Teeth  i--» 

tbtt  Escapement  Wbeel. 

No.  of 

LeiTes 

Teeth 
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Kscape- 

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in  the 

No.  of 
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Trains,  for  Ntno  Teetli  ia  the  Escapement  Wheel. 


63 

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WATCHiLiKEBS,   JEWELLERS',   *C.,   RECEIPTS.    S23 


TrmlBs,  for  Plfte«n  Teetb  In  tbe  Eseapsm^iit  Wheel. 

Ko.  of 

L«BT«( 

L»»T« 

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Tmins,  for  ScTenteen  Teeth  in  t!io  Escapement  ITlteel. 


64 

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To  RsMOVB  Soft  Soldir  fi^oji  Goto. — Place  the  work  in  spiriU 
of  salts,  or  remord  as  mucb  as  possible  wiih  ihe  scra-'Cr,  usi  ig  a 
gentle  neat  to  enable  you  to  get  off  the  solder  more  easily.  Very 
useful  to  be  knovm  wb«r«  Eaxd  soldering  U  re^^oired,  eiiber  la 
trigbt  or  colored  w<»k. 


124  WATGfiKA£S&S,  J£WSLL£ftS'j  kC,}  &SC£2I>7I 


Vralna,  for  Tlili'd  Wheel  and  S>atettt  Se«ond«« 


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ie^l  Seco^&n,  wlfh.  EleTen  Tecti 
-tupenicui  \i'Ljcel. 


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Trains,  for  Fonrtli  Wlieel  f:econds,  T-Itb  Tlilrteen  Teeth 
in  ibe  Li^capcmc-ut  \*x^t«.l. 


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V^Ndaa,  tot  Fotirih  irheei  S#eond»,  xclih.  Flfteett  TMth 
in  Bseapement  Wbeel. 


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Tr&ln*, 


for    Foarth   TTlieel    Seconds,    TvItK    SeT-enteen 
Tcetb  in  Escapement  Wlieel. 


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Train  of  tbe  American  Watcli  Company's  Wateb. 


64 


61 


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60 


IToTS. — By  n=«'-fth''  foro?oin»  «ot  of  Trains,  and  the  rnle  for  sixes  of 
piuioni,  on  pa^i  312,  alt  diuic.ilc:^  of  calcdating  u  obviated;  and  at  ons 
view.  In  case  of  tlie  acciden^^l  K.-i  of  a  wheel  ;  ud  pirion,  maj  be  known 
tbo  oorrvct  sue  and  count  of  tne  pijiiou,  and  aumber  of  t'««c^  la  tb* 
vbesliKMt. 


326    WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLERS*,    JLC,    RECEIPTS. 

To  PcTP  Watcetes  in  Beat.— If  a  cylinder  cscai)ement,  or  a  de- 
tached lever,  put  the  balance  into  a  position,  then  tnm  the  regulator 
BO  that  it  will  ix)iut  directly  to  the  pivot-hole  of  the  pallet  ptaff ,  if  a 
lever,  or  of  the  scape- wheel,  if  a  cylinder.  Then  lift  ont  the  balance 
•with  ita  bridge  or  clock,  turn  it  over  and  set  the  ruby -pin  directly  in 
ixae  with  the  regulator,  or  the  square  cut  of  the  cylinder  at  right 
angles  with  it.  Your  watch  will  then  be  in  perfect  beat.  In  case  of 
an  American  or  an  English  lever,  when  the  regulator  is  placed  upon 
tiie  plate,  you  will  have  to  proceed  di  j'erently.  Fix  the  balance  into 
its  place,  cut  off  the  connection  of  the  tra;n,'if  the  main.'spring  is  not 
entirely  down,  by  slipping  a  fine  broach  into  one  of  the  wheels,  look 
between  the  I'lntes  and  ascertain  how  the  lever  stands.  If  the  end 
fartht-st  Irriin  the  balance  is  equi-distant  between  the  two  bra^js  pins, 
it  is  all  ri.cht;  if  not,  change  the  hair-spring  till  it  becomes  so.  If 
dealing  \^  ith  a  duj-lex  watch,  you  mast  see  that  the  roller  notch, 
■when  the  balance  is  at  rest,  is  exactly  between  the  locking  tooth  and 
the  line  of  centre;  th;.t  is,  a  line  drawn  from  the  centre  of  the  roller 
to  the  centre  of  the  6cai)e-wheeL  The  balance  must  .sfcirt  from  its 
rest  and  move  through  an  arc  of  about  ten  degrees  before  bringing  the 
locking  tooth  into  action. 

To  Fbost  Watcu  Tlates. — ^Watch  plates  are  frofted  by  means 
of  fine  brass  wire  scratch  brushes  fixed  in  a  lathe,  and  made  to  re- 
volve at  great  speed,  the  end  of  the  wire  brushes  striking  the  plate 
producing  a  beautiful  fro.«ted  appearance. 

To  Restore  Watch  Dlujs. — If  the  dijJ  be  painted,  clean  the 
figure  off  with  spirits  of  wine,  or  anything  el.se  tliat  will  render  the 
iml  perfectly  clean ;  then  heat  it  to  a  bright  red,  and  plunge  it  into  a 
strong  solution  of  cyanide  of  potassium,  then  wash  in  soap  and  water, 
and  dry  in  box  dust  Repeat  If  not  a  good  color.  India  ink,  ground 
with  gum  water,  will  do  for  the  fi.gures. 

To  Whiten  Silver  Watch  Dials. — Flatten  a  piece  of  cnarcoal 
"by  rubbing  it  on  a  fl:.t  stone:  ontliis  place  the  dial  face  upwards,  ap- 
ply a  gentle  heat  carefully  with  tlie  blow-pii>e,  allowing  the  flame  to 
play  aU  over  the  surface  of  tlie  dial  without  touching  it,  so  as  to 
thoroughly  heat  without  warjiing  the  dial.  Then  pickle  and  rinse, 
vising  acid  enough  to  make  the  water  very  tail,  and  immersing  but 
for  a  few  seconds.  Silver  dials  may  also  be  annealed  by  heatings 
them  red  hot  on  a  flat  piece  of  copper  over  a  clear  tire. 

To  M.\KE  A  Watch  Keep  Good  Time  whex  the  Ctldtdkr 
Edges  are  Worn  Off,  et  Alterdtg  the  Escapejiejtt  without 
PcTTiKG  A  NEW  Ctxxnx>f>b  IN.— Look  at  the  cylinder,  and  see  if 
there  is  room,  either  above  or  below  the  old  wears,  to  shift  the  action 
of  tlie  wheel.  If  the  wheel  holes  are  brass,  making  one  a  little 
deeper,  and  putting  a  shallower  one  on  the  other  side,  will  perhapa 
be  sufficient  This  must  be  done  according  as  you  want  your  wheel 
Mp  or  down.  If  the  holes  are  stone,  shift  your  wheel  on  'the  pinion 
by  a  new  collet,  or  turning  away  more  of'  the  old  one,  as  the  case 
may  require.  If  you  niise  yonr  wheel  see  that  it  works  free  of  plate 
Bna  top  of  cvlinder,  and  that  the  web  of  wheel  clears  the  top  of  pas- 
gage.  Thisla^t  fault  may  be  altered  by  polishing  the  passage  a  bttlo 
wSer,  if  the  rub  be  slight  If  shifted  downwards,  see  to  freedom  at 
bottom  of  cvlinder,  &c 

PoieufQ  'Wxxca  Bat. tNCg.— This  may  be  done  with  enflacient  se- 


WATCHMAKEBS,  JEWELLERS',  AC,  KECEIPTS.    327 

COiacy  by  scraping  one  arm  of  the  callipers  with  a  file  when  tha 
baUnce  is  set  in  motion.  This  will  cause  tlie  heaviest  part  to  settle 
downwards  ^rith  certainty,  observing  always  that  the  pi^■ot8  are  nicely 
rounded  and  formed  at  the  ends.  In  some  cases  it  becomes  necessary 
to  put  a  balance  out  of  poise,  in  order  to  make  the  watch  go  equally 
in  various  positions.  The  rule  for  this  is :  to  make  the  watch  gain, 
the  balance  should  be  heaviest  on  tlie  lower  side  when  hanging  up: 
to  make  it  lose,  the  reverse. 

To  Peeve^-t  a  Chaix  RtJNNTxa  off  thk  Fcsee.— In  the  first 
place,  you  must  look  and  ascertiiiu  th.e  cau.se  of  tlie  difficulty.  If  it 
results  from  the  chain  being  too  large,  the  only  remedy  is"  a  new 
chain.  If  it  is  not  too  large,  and  yet  runs  off  without  any  apparent 
cause,  change  it  end  for  end— that  will  generally  make  it  go  all  right 
In  cases  where  the  channel  in  the  fusee  has  been  damaged  and  is 
rough,  you  will  be  under  the  necessity  of  dressing  it  over  with  a  file 
the  proper  size  and  shape.  Sometimes  you  fiud  the  chain  naturally 
inclined  to  work  away  from  the  body  of  tlie  fusee.  The  be.st  way  to 
remedy  a  difficulty  of  this  kind  is  to  file  off  a  very  little  from  the 
outer  lower  edge  of  the  chain  the  entire  length ;  tliis,  as  you  can  see, 
■will  indine  it  to  work  on  instead  of  off.  Some  workmen,  when  they 
have  a  bad  case  and  a  common  watch,  change  the  standing  of  the  fusee 
BO  as  to  cause  the  winding  end  of  its  arbor  to  incline  a  little  from  the 
barrel.  This,  of  course,  cannot  do  otherwise  than  make  the  chain  run 
to  its  place. 

To  Weaken  the  HAOt-SPKiyG.— This  is  often  effected  bv  grinding 
the  spring  down-  Tou  remove  ti.e  P-.ring  from  the  collet,"and  place 
it  upon  a  piece  of  pivot  wood  cr.t  to  fit  the  centi-e  coil.  A  piece  of 
soft  steel  wire,  flattened  so  as  to  pass  freely  between  the  coUs,  and 
armed  with  a  httle  pulverized  cil-stone  aiid  oil,  will  serve  as  your 
grinder,  and  with  it  you  may  soon  reduce  llie  strength  of  the  spring. 
Tour  operations  will,  of  course,  be  confijied  to  tlie  centre  coil,  for  no 
other  part  of  the  sprinir  will  re?t  sufficiently  a^rt'inst  the  wood  to  en- 
able yon  to  grind  it,  but  this  will  generr.r.y  stuace.  The  effect  will 
be  more  rapid  than  one  would  supiK^c,  tlierefore  it  will  stand  you  iu 
hand  to  be  careful,  or  you  may  get  the  spring  too  weak  before  yoa 
suspect  it. 

To  Tighten  a  Ruby  Pin.— Set  the  ruby  pin  in  asphaltum  varnish. 
It  wiU  become  hard  in  a  few  minutes,  and  be  much  firmer  and  better 
than  ram  shellac,  as  generally  used. 

To  Tempek  Brass,  obtoDkaw  its  TtorPEB.— Brass  is  rendered 
hard  by  hammering  or  rolling;  therefore,  when  you  make  a  thing  of 
brass  nece.--sar\-  to  be  in  temper,  you  must  prepare  the  material  be- 
fore shaping  the  article.  Temper  may  be  drawn  from  brass  by  heat- 
ing it  to  a  cherry  red,  and  then  simply  plunging  it  into  water,  the 
same  aa  though  yon  w«»re  going  to  temper  steel. 

To  TEiCPER  Gravers.— Gravers,  and  other  instruments  larger 
than  drills,  may  be  tempered  in  quicksilver  asal>ove;  or  yoo  may  use 
lead  instead  of  quicksilver.  Cut  down  into  the  lead,  say  half  an 
inch;  then,  having  heated  your  instrument  to  a  Jght  cherry  red, 
press  It  tirmly  into  the  cut.  Tlie  lead  will  melt  around  it,  and  an  ex. 
cellent  temper  will  be  imiarted. 

To  TptPER  DRn.1^.— Select  none  but  the  finest  and  best  steel  for 
yoar  drills.    In  making  theui,  never  heat  higher  than  a  cherry  red, 


328    TrATeHJLAJLEES,   jewellers',  AC,   RECE1K1I. 

bud  aivara  hammer  till  neatly  cold  Do  all  roar  hammering  in  on* 
iray,  for  If,  after  yea  have  flattened  your  piece  out,  you  attempt  to 
hammer  it  baclc  to  a  square  or  a  round,  you  s^xtil  it.  Wlien  your  driU 
is  in  proper  shape,  heat  it  to  a  cherry  red,  and  thrast  it  into  a  piece 
of  resin  or  into  quicksilver.  Some  use  a  solution  of  cyanuret  potassa 
and  rain-water  lor  temijering  tlieir  drills,  but  tlie  resin  or  quicksilver 
•will  work  best. 

Othek  Methods  to  Tejiteb  Spkings. — ^Having  fitted  the  spring 
into  the  case  according  to  your  liJdn^,  temper  it  hard  by  heating  and 
plunging  into  water.  Next  ix)li>ih  the  small  end  so  that  you  may  be 
able  to  see  when  the  color  changes;  lay  it  on  a  piece  of  copper  or 
brass  plate,  and  hoLl  it  over  your  lamp,  with  the  blaze  directly  under 
the  Largest  part  of  the  spring.  Wat/^rh  the  jwlLshed  part  of  the  steel 
closely,  and  when  you  see  it  tarn  blue,  remove  the  plate  from  th» 
lamp,  letting  all  cool  gradually  together.  When  cool  enough  to 
handle,  i)oli<h  the  end  of  the  spring  again,  place  it  on  the  phite,  and 
hold  it  over  the  lamp  as  before.  The  third  bluing  of  the  polL*hed  end 
will  leave  the  spring  in  proi^er  temper.  Any  steel  article  to  which 
yon  desire  to  give  a  spring  temper  may  be  treated  in  the  same  way. 
Another  process,  said  to  Le  good,  is  to  temper  the  spring  as  in  the 
first  instance;  then  put  it  into  a  small  iron  ladle,  cover  it  with  linseed 
oil,  and  hold  over  a  lamp  till  the  oil  takes  fire.  Remove  the  ladle, 
but  let  the  oil  continue  to  bum  until  nearly  all  con.«umed,  then  blow 
out,  re-cover  with  oil,  and  hold  over  the  lamp  a.s  before.  The  third 
burning  out  of  the  oil  will  leave  the  spring  in  the  right  temper. 

To  Te^hter  Clicks,  R.vTcirEra,  tc. — Ciiclc?.  ratchets,  or  other 
Fteel  articles  requiring  a  similar  degree  of  hardness,  should  be  tem- 
Jicred  in  mercurial  ointment.  The  process  consists  in  simply  heating 
to  a  cherry  red  and  plunging  into  the  ointment.  No  other  mode  will 
combine  toughness  and  hardness  to  such  an  extent. 

To  Dkaw  the  Tempek  feom  Deucate  Stitei,  Pieces  with- 
oirr  SpiirxGESG  the^l — Place  the  articles  from  wliich  you  desire  to 
draw  the  temper  iato  a  common  iron  dock  key.  Fill  around  it  with 
brass  or  iron  filing*,  and  then  i-lug  up  the  open  end  with  a  steel,  iron, 
or  bra.=a  plug,  mada  to  fit  closely.  Take  the  handle  of  the-key  ^-ith 
your  pliers  and  hold  its  pipe  into  the  blaze  of  a  lamp  till  near  hot, 
tlien  let  it  cool  gradually.  Wlien  snlBciently  cold  to  handle,  remove 
the  plug,  and  you  will  find  the  article  with  its  temper  f  uUy  drawn, 
but  in  all  other  respects  just  as  it  was  before. 

Ton  wUl  understand  the  rca.-on  for  having  the  article  thus  plugged 
np  while  passing  it  through  the  heating  and  coohng  process,  when 
you  know  that  springing  always  results  from  the  action  of  changeable 
current*  of  atmosphere.  The  temper  may  be  drawn  from  cylinders, 
staffs,  pinions,  or  any  other  delicate  pieces,  by  thia  mode  vrith  perfect 
eafety. 

To  Temper  Staffs,  Cvlin'ders.  or  Pixinxs,  wrrHorT  Sprutgixq 
THEiL — Prepare  the  articles  as  iu  the  preceding  process,  using  a  steel 
plug.  Haviug  heated  the  key-pipe  to  a  cherry  red,  xjlunge  it  into 
water;  then  ixilish  the  end  of  your  steel  plug,  place  the  key  upon  a 
plate  of  brass  or  copner,  and  hoM  it  over  your  lamp  with  the  blaze 
mamediately  under  the  pipe  till  the  polished  part  becomes  blue.  Let 
c<x)l  gradually,  Uien  ix)liih  a^iin.  Blue  ana  cool  a  second  time,  smi 
the  work  will  be  done. 


WaTCHMAKEBS,   JEWELLEES',    &C.,   BECEIPT3.    &29 

To  DSAW  THE  Tempeb  rR03i  r.\KT  o?  A  Small  Steel  Abticlk.— 
Hold  the  part  from  which  you  wi-a  to  draw  tlie  temper  with  a  pair  of 
tweezers,  an  i  ■with  ynur  blow-pijie  direct  tlie  flame  upon  them— not 
the  arrlolf  -  ut  heat  is  communicated  to  the  article  to  pro- 

dace  the  c  . 

To  BLii.  __  ^  EvEi-LT.— Take  an  old  watch  barrel  and  drill  aa 
many  hoies  luto  lue  head  of  it  as  you  dc-sire  to  blue  screws  at  a  time. 
Fill  it  about  one-foorth  full  of  bm??  or  iron  fillin-rs,  pi't  in  tl:e  headi 
and  then  tita  wire,  lon<»eno;    \  ;    '       '  .      ,  :      iu;o  tlio 

arbcrholes— headof  the  bar:  a"  vour 

icrews,  set  them  point  do^\-u      :  :d,'and 

expose  the  bottom  of  the  bariei  to  yom:  lamp  tLl  tii©  f>ci«.va  assume 
the  color  yon  wi<h. 

To  Remove  BLrrsa  fkom  Steel.— Immerse  in  a  pickle  composed 
of  equal  parts  muriatic  acid  and  elixir  vicrioL  ItLnse  iu  pure  water 
*nd  dry  iu  ti^-^ue  pajier.  ' 

To  Make  Diajioxd  Broaches.- Hake  yon  broaches  of  brass  the 
Bize  and  shai>e  you  desire:  then,  havui^  oiled  them  sliihtiv.  roll  their 
points  into  line  diamond  dust  till  enthely  covered.  Uold'tliem  tlien 
on  the  face  of  your  anvil,  and  tip  with  a  licht  hammer  till  tlie  grains 
disappear  in  the  brass.  Great  caution  will  be  ne^^essary  in  this 
operation.  Do  not  tap  heavy  enou  :".i  to  flatten  the  broach.  Very 
li^'ht  blows  are  all  that  will  be  requhed;  the  grains  will  be  driven  ia 
much  sooner  th;m  one  would  imagine.  Some  roll  the  broach  between 
two  small  pieces  of  steel  to  imbed  V.iq  di;i.inoud  du^t.  It  is  a  very 
good  way,  but  somewhat  more  wasteful  of  the  dust.  Broaches  made 
on  this  pLin  are  used  for  dres.sing  out  jewels. 

Jewellinc— In  using  the  broache.i,  press  but  lightly  into  the  jewel 
hole,  and  turn  tlie  broach  rapidly  v.  iili  your  fingers.  For  poll.-<Iun? 
use  a  bone  or  ivory  point,  liglitly  coated  with  the  finest  diamond  du«t 
and  oil,  and  whQe  using  it  with  the  one  hand,  accomi-anv  the  motioa 
with  a  slight  oscillating  motion  of  the  other  hand,  in  which  the  jewel 
is  held.  Tius  wiU  insure  a  more  even  polish  to  the  hole,  with  less 
liabihty  to  press  the  jewel  oat  of  its  place  in  the  phite,  than  if  held 
firm  and  steady. 

To  make  DiAMoiTD  Fdles.— Shape  vonr  file  of  bra.s,«,  and  chanja 
•with  diamond  dust,  as  in  case  of  the  m'ilL  Grade  the  dust  in  accord- 
ance with  the  coarse  or  fine  character  of  the  file  desired. 

To  M.vKE  Pivot  Files.— Dress  up  a  piece  of  wood  file-fashion, 
about  an  mch  broad,  and  glue  a  piece  of  fine  emerv  paper  upon  it. 
Shape  your  file  then,  as  you  wl-^h  it,  of  the  best  ca.st  steel,  and  before 
tempering  pass  your  emery  paper  heavily  across  it  several  time^, 
dmjonaUy.  Temper  by  heating  to  a  cherry  red,  and  plunging  into 
xiii-eed  oiL  Old  worn  pivot  files  mav  be  dressed  over  and  made  new 
by  this  process.  At  first  thought,  one  would  l>e  led  to  regard  them 
too  sligutly  cut  to  work  well,  but  nut  so.  They  dress  a  pivot  mora 
ra]-)idly  tiian  any  rther  file. 

To  Make  a  Diamoxd  Mill.— Make  a  brass  chuck  or  wheel,  suit- 
able for  use  on  a  foot-la.he.  with  a  iLit  even  surface  or  face  of  about 
Ih  or  •_  in-ncs  in  diameter;  then  place  a  number  of  the  co;irsest  pieces 
^-  '■^'^  diist  on  diCerent  parts  of  its  face,  and  %%-ith  smooth 

I-  ^  mmer  drive  the  pieces  of  dust  all  evenlv  into  the  brass  to 

B€  ,;.,  ..  ^_:e  level  with  the  surface.    Your  mill,  "thus  prepared,  'm 


330    WATCnilAKCRS,    JETVELLERS',   AC,    RECEIPTS. 

Iio-w  nscd  for  makini^  paJlei  je-xels  ot  for  grindiiis:  etone  and  glass  of 
iny  kiud.  Foriwlisliiiig,  use  a  bone  or  boxwood  chuck  or  wheel.of  sim- 
ilar form  to  your  miU.  aud  coat  it  lightly  with  the  tiuetit  grade  ot 
jrour  diamond-du?t  aud  oil;  with  this  a  beautiful  i>olish  may  be  giveu 
to  the  hardest  i^tuue. 

To  Make  Diamoxd  Dt'^t. — Place  a  few  ?mall  pieces  of  commoa 
or  cheap  diamond  on  a  block  of  haid  polished  steel,  in  a  suitable  rcd- 
eel,  and  cover  it  with  water  to  preveLt  it  fl\"ing  or  scattering,  then 
place  a  flat  steel  pnuch  on  each  piece  peparately,  and  strike  the  punch 
with  a  mallet  or  hammer,  with  sufficient  forte  to  crush  the  diamond. 
When  reduced  sufficiently  fine  in  tliis  way,  the  dust  may  be  collected 
and  dried  for  u?e  ;  after  drj-ing,  it  nmy  be  graduated  for  differeul 
purposes,  by  mixing  it  with  a  little  watti  oil ;  when  agitated,  the  fin- 
est particles  will  fioat  near  the  surface,  while  the  coarsest  pieces  will 
fink  at  once  to  the  bottom  ;  and  thus  by  decantinj  the  oil  in  which 
the  dust  floats,  ns  many  grades  of  fineness  as  desired  may  be  obtain- 
ed. The  dust  mny  be  separated  from  t!ie  oil  by  poming  on  a  pi'^ce  of 
smooth  clean  I'Ujior  ;  tlie* paper  will  absorb  tl.e  oil,  or  allow  it  to  fil- 
ter through,  while  the  diust  will  remain  on  t'.e  surface  ;  but  to  pre- 
vent waste,  the  better  way  is  to  leave  it  in  t':e  oil  and  use  directly 
therefrom  as  required,  or  the  oil  may  bo  washed  out  of  the  dust  witix 
alcohol. 

To  PRESERVE  PI^^o^"3  ob  BEARrscs  mo3i  Corrosion  xsv  Rcst. 
• — ^In  case  of  the  lower  centre  bearing  under  the  cannon  pmion  cor- 
roding or  rusting,  when  you  clean  tlie  watch,  bo  particuLar  to  take  tha 
central  wheel  oif.  Clf-:n  it  thorong]:ly;  if  the  ]iivot  is  scratched,  pol- 
ish it,  then  make  a  litti©  hoUo^r  in  tlie  top  hole  ;  put  good  fresh  oil 
on  it,  and  the  pivot  will  not  corrode  or  rust  lor  two  or  three  years. 
As  to  the  other  pivots  in  the  watch,  they  should  all  be  thoroughly 
cleaned,  and  old  oil  cleaned  out ;  then  if  no  diust  gets  in,  and  no  acci- 
dent happens  V.ia  -ivatch.  It  will  mn  for  years. 

To  Clean  a  Clock.— Takethe  movement  of  the  clock  "  to  pieces." 
Brush  tlie  wheels  and  pinions  thoroughly  with  a  stiJ  coarse  brush  ; 
also  the  plates  which  tlie  trains  work.  Clean  the  pivots  well  by  tam- 
ing in  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth  held  tightly  between  your  thumb  and 
finger.  The  pivot  holes  in  the  pLitcs  are'gcnerally  cleansed  by  turn- 
ing a  piece  of  wood  into  tliem,  but  I  have  always  found  a  strip  of 
cloth  or  a  soft  coi-d  dra\vn  ti;:htly  thronc;h  tliem  to  "act  the  best.  If  yoa 
use  two  cords,  the  first  cue  slightly  oiled,  aud  the  next  dry,  to  clean  the 
oil  out,  all  the  better.  Do  not  use  salt  or  acid  to  clean  your  clock — 
it  can  do  no  good,  but  mny  do  a  great  deal  of  harm.  BoUuig  tlia 
movement  in  water,  as  is  the  pi-actiee  of  some,  is  also  foolishness. 

To  Bl'sh.— The  hole  through  which  the  great  arbors,  or  winding 
axles,  work,  are  the  only  ones  that  usually  require  bushing.  Wliea 
they  nave  become  too  much  worn,  the  great  wheel  on  the  axle  before 
named  strikes  too  deeply  into  the  pinions  above  it  and  stops  the  clock. 
To  remedy  this,  bushing  is  necessary,  of  course.  The  most  commoa 
way  of  doing  it  is  to  drive  a  steel  jwint  or  punch  into  the  plate  just 
rbove  the  axle  hole,  thus  forcing  the  brass  do-.vuwards  xmtil  the  nolo 
is  reduced  to  its  original  size.  Another  motle  is  to  solder  a  piece  of 
bra£3  nixjn  the  plate  in  guch  a  position  as  to  hold  the  axle  down  to  itj 
prope»  place.  If  you  simply  wish  your  clock  to  rtm,  and  have  no  am- 
Mtioa  to  produce  a  liuab  UmhI  will  Mok  workoaoUke,  about  m  $004  % 


"WATCHMAKERS,   JETTELLERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS.    881 

way  M  any  is  to  fit  a  piece  of  liard  Trood  between  the  post  which 
cornea  thron;:h  the  t'jp  of  tiie  plate  rjid  axle.  Make  it  long  enonjrh 
to  hold  the  aille  to  iti»  proper  place,  to  tliat  the  axle  will  run  on  tha 
end  of  tlie  griin.  Cut  notches  where  the  pivots  come  through,  ana 
secure  by  wrapping  around  it  and  the  plate  a  piece  of  eniall  wire  or  a 
thread. 

To  Rk-medy  Worv  Pi>nox.— Turn  the  leaves  or  rollers,  so  tha 
worn  places  upon  them  vdU  be  towards  tlie  arbor  or  shaft,  and  fasten 
tlieiu  in  that  porution.  If  they  are 'rolling  pinions"  and  you  cannot 
secure  them  otlierwise,  you  had  better  do  it  with  a  little  soft  solder. 

To  Oil  Pkopkrly.— (Jil  onJy,  and  very  lightly,  the  pallets  of  th<» 
verge,  the  steel  pin  xiyion  which  the  verge  works,  and  tlie  pouit  where 
tlie  loop  of  the  verge  wire  works  over  the  pendulum  wire.  Use  nono 
but  the  best  watch  oil.  Tliongh  you  might  be,  working  constantly  at 
the  clock-repairing  business,  a  bottle  costing  you  but  twenty-five 
cents  would  last  you  two  years  at  least  You  can  buy  it  at  any  watch- 
fumisliing  establishment. 

To  Make  the  Clock  Strtkk  Correctlt.— If  not  very  cautious 
inputtijig  up  your  clock  vou  will  get  some  of  the  strildng-tram  wheels 
in  wrong,  and  thus  produce  a  derangement  in  the  striking.  If  this 
should  hapi>en,  pry  the  plates  apart  on  the  strikinj;  side,  slip  the 
pivots  of  tlio  npi>o.r  wheels  out,  and  ha\ing  discon;ie(.-tcd  them  from 
the  train,  tmn  them  part  around  and  put"  them  back.  If  still  net 
right,  repait  the  experuuent.  A  few  efforts  at  most  will  get  them  to 
working  properly.  The  sound  in  cnckoo  clocks  is  caused  by  a  wire 
avting  on  a  small  bellows  which  is  connected  with  two  email  pipes 
like  organ  pipes. 

A  Defect  to  look  after. — Always  examhie  the  pendulum  wire 
at  the  point  where  th.e  loop  of  the  verge  wire  works  over  it  You  will 
generally  find  a  small  notch,  or  at  l&ist  a  rough  pl.-'.ce  worn  there. 
Dress  it  outperfe^lly  smooth,  or  your  dock  will  not  be  likely  to  work 
well  Small  as  tliis  defect  may  seem,  it  6tox>s  a  large  number  of 
clocks. 

Figures  ox  Gold  ajnt)  SlL^'ER  Dials. — IIoIJ  a  small  piece  of 
«opper  over  a  gas  fl^me  for  a  few  minutes  till  it  is  coated  with  soot ; 
clear  this  off  on  to  a  piece  of  finely  giound  glass,  add  fat  oil  and  a 
gmall  quantity  of  oil  of  spike  lavender,  and  grind  up  ;  paint  vsith  a 
gmaU-camel  hair  j^enciL 

To  Dktekmixe  the  Exact  Focal.  Distance  of  Spectaclb 
Glasses. -^-I'lace  the  cud  of  a  measure  of  thirty  or  forty  inches  in 
length  against  a  smooth  wall,  or  other  suittvble  ground,  in'phiin  view 
of  some  well-defined  object  a  few  rods  distant,  as  for  iustance  a 
bnilding  or  window  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street.  Tlien  place 
the  edge  of  your  lens  on  the  measure,  and  move  it  backwards  or 
forwards  until  a  sjiectrum  is  formed,  or,  in  other  words,  until  a  clear 
and  distinct  outline  of  tlie  distant  object  is  produced  on  the  ground 
against  which  your  measure  rests.  This  point  will  represent  sufli- 
ciently  near,  for  all  practical  purixjses,  the  exact  focal  distance  of  the 
lens,  and  will  corre.'^pond  in  inches  with  the  number  on  all  properly 
marked  convex  specticlcs.  For  mending  fine  steel  spectacle  fmnea, 
use  the  best  gold  solder  in  preference  to  silver  or  brass  solder. 

VALrABLB  Receipts  tor  GoLDSJirrHs.— Standard  gold  is  com- 
90^Bd«d  of  440  psiui  of  fine  gold,  and  40  graioa  CTroy  weigbt.)  \^ 


332    IVATCHMAXERS,  JEWEtLEES',  AC,  EECEIPT3. 

the  oz.  alloy  ;  therefore,  when  yon  jndsje  how  mnch  gold  a  jMece  of 
•work  will  lake,  compoimd  it  to  the  standard  weight  by  the  following 
directions  :  Ax^aij  Weight. — The  weight  of  go'd  is  a  ponnd,  which  is 
divided  into  12  ozs.  each  oz.  into  24  carats,  each  carat  into  4  grains, 
and,  lastly,  e<ich  grain  into  4  quarters  ;  then  you  see  the  assay  quarter- 
grain,  is  in  reaUty  1 J  grain  Troy. 

Ox  Meltixg  akd  R£Fi>axG. — In  melting  T!rn$s  Gold,  urge  the 
fire  to  a  great  heat,  and  stir  the  metal  with  the  lung  stem  of  ft 
tobacco  pipe  to  prevent  honev-combiug.  If  Steel  or  Iron  filimjs 
ges.  mto  gold  whUe  melting,  throw  iu  a  piece  of  sandiver  the  size 
of  a  common  nut ;  it  will  attract  the  Llou  or  steel  from  the  gold 
into  the  flux,  or,  sublimate  of  mercury  will  iestroy  the  iron  or 
Eteel.  To  cause  Gold  to  roll  well,  melt  with  a  good  heat,  add  a 
teaspooofnl  of  sal  ammoniac  and  charcoal,  eqtiaJ  (quantities,  both 
pulverized,  gtir  up  well,  put  on  the  cover  for  2  minutes,  and  pour. 

To  Refink  Snatiepings  CoxT.\i>n:i ;  Goli>  or  Silveu. — To  8 
ozs.  of  the  diit,  which  has  been  washed  and  Lumt,  add  .salt,  4  ozs.  .• 
l«arlash  4  ozs.  ;  red  t;irtar  1  oz.  ;  saltpetre  h  oz.,  mix  thuronglily  ia 
a  mortar,  melt  in  a  crucible,  and  dissolve  out  tlie  precious  metals  in 
a  button. 


QCAXTITY  OF  STA>'DAKD  GOLD  TO  COMPOUND  .\X  OZ.  OF  AXT  OF 
THE  FOLIX)WrN'G  ALLOYS  CALCCLATED  TO  TILK  ^  OF  A  GBAlXi 
A3  FOLLOWS  : 


Carat, 

Dwts. 

Gra. 

Qrs. 

D\ri.3. 

Gra. 

Qrs. 

1 

0 

21 

9 

19 

2 

3 

2 

1 

19 

7 

18 

4 

4 

3 

2 

17 

5 

17 

6 

6 

4 

3 

15 

3 

16 

8 

» 

6 

4 

13 

1 

15 

10 

10 

6 

5 

10 

10 

14 

13 

1 

7 

6 

8 

8 

a 

13 

15 

3 

8 

7 

6 

6 

<; 

12 

17 

5 

9 

8 

4 

4 

11 

19 

T 

10 

9 

2 

2 

10 

21 

9 

11 

10 

6 

0 

10 

C 

0 

12 

10 

21 

9 

P 

9 

2 

2 

13 

11 

19 

7 

E- 

8 

4 

4 

14 

12 

17 

5 

^ 

7 

6 

6 

15 

13 

15 

3 

o 

6 

8 

8 

16 

14 

13 

1 

►J 

5 

10 

10 

17 

15 

10 

10 

J 

4 

13 

1 

18 

16 

8 

8 

<. 

3 

15 

3 

19 

17 

6 

6 

2 

17 

5 

20 

18 

4 

4 

1 

19 

7 

•  2J 

19 

2 

2 

0 

21 

9 

22 

22 

0 

0 

To  Fuse  Gold  Dcst. — Use  sucli  a  crucible  as  is  generally 
n«ed  for  melting  bras.s  ;  heat  very  hot :  liien  add  your  gold  dnst 
mixed  with  powdered  Ixirax  ; — ^alter  some  time  a  scum  or  slag  will 
arise  on  the  top,  which  may  be  thickened  by  the  addition  of  a 
little  lime  or  bone  8.«h.  If  the  du.-t  contains  any  of  the  mora 
oxidizeable  metaJs,  add  a  little  nitre,  skim  oS.  tlie  slag  or  scum  very 
carefolly  ;  when  melted,  grasp  the  crucible  with  strong  iron  tongs ; 


WATCnriAKEKS,   JE"WT:LLER3*,    AC,   RECEIPTS.    333 

•nd  pour  off  immediately  into  cast  iron  moolds,  plightly  greased. 
The  Flng  aud  crariblcs  iruiy  be  afterwards  pulverized,  and  tha 
cririfcroos  matter  recovered  irom  tlie  mass  through  cupeUation  by 
r.eaud  of  lead. 

Gold  Allot?. — Tlio  "Kcw  Standard"  for  watch  cases,  &c.,  is  18 
canits  of  fine  p  Id  and  6  of  all  ^y.  No  gold  of  inferior  quality  can 
receive  the  "liiiU  mark  ;"  and  gold  of  lower  quality  Is  generally 
doFcribcd  by  its  commercial  value.  The  nlloy  may  bo  entirely 
fih  er,  which  will  give  a  green  color,  or  entirely  copper  for  a  red 
c<ilor,  but  the  copper  and  silver  are  more  Uisually  mixed  in  one 
alloy  according  to  the  taste  of  tlie  jeweller.  It  will  be  understood 
that  these  are  all  made  with  fiuo  gold,  tine  silver,  and  fine  copper, 
direct  fr..im  the  refiner.  Cold  of  22  carats  fine  being  so  little  used, 
is  intentionally  omitted.  1.  Gold  of  IS  ccirais,  of  v. How  tint.  Gold 
15dwt,  silver,  2  dwt.,  IS  grs.,  coiiper  2  d^vt.,  G  grs.  2.  Gold  of  18 
mtrats,  red  tint.  Gold  15  dwi;.,  fiilver,  1  dv^-t.  IS  grs.,  copper,  3  dwt. 
6  grs.  3.  Spring  <tiuI  of  16  cr'rats.  Gold  1  oz.  16  dwt.,  silver,  6  dwt, 
copper,  12  dv.  t.  T!.i3  when  drawn  or  rolled  very  hard  makes  spiings 
little  inferior  to  steel ;  4  Jeicdkrs'  Fine  Gold,  yellow  tint,  16  caratt 
nrar']/.  Gold,  1  cz.  eilver,  7  dwt,  copper,  6  dw-t.  6.  Gold  of  red 
tint  16  carats.    Goid.  1  oz.  silver,  2  dwt,  copper,  8  dwt. 

Stekling  Gold  Allot,  78s.  per  oz. — 1,  Fiuepuld,  18  dwts.,  13 
grs.,  fine  silver,  1  dwt,  fine  copper,  12  grs.  2. — JJi>/  colored  Gold 
Alloys.  17  Cdrat.  Fine  gold,  l.j  dwts.,  fine  silver,  Idwt  10  grs.,  fine 
copper,  4  dwts.  17  grs. — 3.  Another,  IS  Carat.  Fine  gold,  1  oz.,  fine 
silver,  4  dwt-?.  10  grs.,  fine  copper,  2  d\\ta.  5  grs.— -4.  Another,  18 
Carat.  Fine  gold,  15  dwts.,  fine  silver,  2  d\\ts.  4  grs.,  fine  copper.  2 
i\-:U.  19  grs.— o.  Another,  18  Carat.  Fine  gold,  IS  dwt''.,  fine  silver, 
1  dv.-t^  IS  grs.,  fine  copper,  3  dwts.  IS  gri.— C.  Another,  19  Carat 
Fine  gold,  loz.,  fine  siiver,  2  dwts.  6  grs.,  fine  copper,  3  dwts.  13 
g:-3.— 7.  Another,  20  Carat.  Fine  gold,  1  oz.,  fine  silver,  2  dwts.,  fine 
copoer,  2  dwts.  4  grs. — 8.  AncAhcr,  22  Carat.  Fine  gold,  18  dwts.,  fine 
tilv'cr,  12  grs.,  fine  copper,  1  dwt.  3  grs.— 9.  Guld  solder  for  the  forc- 
fing  AUoiis.  Trke  of  the  alloyed  gold  you  are  uting,  Idwt,  fino 
t  ivcr,  6  gfi*. — 10.  Al'.'^y  /<^r  Dry  Colored  liinejs.  Fine  gold,  1  oz., 
il;ie  silver,  4  dr.  ts.  G  grs., "fine  copper,  4  dwts.  C  grs.— 11.  Solder  for 
J.  70.  S  rap  gold,  2  ozs.,  fine  silver,  3  dwt-?.,  fine  copper,  3  dwts. — 12. 
Jiry  C'doird  Scrap  reduced  to  cos.  Guld.  Colored  scrap,  1  oz.,  9 
dwts.  12  gre.,  fine  silver,  2  dwts.,  fine  copper,  17  dwts.  12  grs.,  spelter, 
4  dwts. 

DuY  CoLORrsG  FOB  TitE  FoBEGOtsc— Poli.sli  your  work  well  and 
for  every  2  ozs.,  t".ke  Kilt;ietre,  8  ozs.,  alum,  4  oz?.,  salt,  4  ozs.,  melt 
all  together  in  a  bl;uk  lead  pot,  stirring  with  a  thin  iron  Ixir  whea 
disi«oh-iug.  Use  tl:e  fire  on  a  forge  and  urge  it  well  ^vith  the  bellows, 
is  you  can  not  make  it  tf>o  In  it.  Your  fKilislied  work  being  vrell 
cleaned  with  soda,  soan,  and  hot  water,  is  dried  in  box  sawdust  Ja 
cfterwards  covei-ed,  with  a  thin  layer  of  borax  ;  anne;iled  and  boiled 
out  and  again  dried  in  box  sawdust  and  finally  hung  on  pUitinum 
CT  silver  WHO.  ^^■hen  the  "'color"  in  the  pot  assumes  a  bro\m  yellow 
f.:ii:,e.  the  work  is  dipped  in  for  two  or  three  seconds,  and  queuclied 
with  hfit  water  diluted  with  muriatic  acid,  which  removcsany  "  color" 
that  may  adhere  to  the  work.  This  ought  to  produce  tlio  desired 
color,  but  if  it  does  not,  repeat  tho  proccaa.  previously  drjin;  the 


334    WATCH1U.KEBS.   JEWELLERS',    ACS   BECEIPTS. 

work  before  K-immersioa  in  tlie  "color."  The  color-pot  most  ba 
emptied  iimne<iiatclT  upon  the  forgCi  30  thai  it  may  be  lesulj  lor 
futui«  use. 

Wet  C-olosed  Aixots. — 1.  line  gold,  1  02.,  tme  SLlver,  3  dins.  12 
JT3  ,  fine  copx)er.  9  d nts.  2.  Fine  eold,  loz..  fine  giiver,  4 drtts.  12 grs. 
niie  copper,  10  d«-L5     3.  Fine  gold,  1  oz.,  fine  gilTer,  4  dwta.  12  grs., 
fine  ccpy-er,  10  dwia   12  gra,    4  Fine  Gold.  1  oz  ,  fine  silver,  4  d^ts  , 
Hue  copper,  9  dwts.  12  grs,     5  Green  Gold  for  Faru^j  Work,    iine 

fold,  1  oz,,  fine  silver,  6  dwts.  16  gia.  d.  Anoi'tur  Gnsn  Gold 
ine  gold,  10  dwta.,  fine  aiiver,  2  dwts.  2  gte.  7.  R-i  Gold,  for 
fancy  icork.  Fine  gold.  5  dwta. ,  fine  copper.  2  dwia.  12  era. 
b.  Another  Red  Gold.  Fine  gold,  5  dwts.,  fini  copper,  1  «iwt. 
6  gra.  9.  Gold  solders  for  the  foreg'kn'j  AUoys.  Take  of  the  allovcd 
gold  you  are  using,  1  dwt.,  fine  eilver.  6  grs.,  or,  5  uts.  silver  and  1  gr. 
copi^er  may  be  used.  10.  Soldt^r  for  R'noairino.  Gold  alloyed,  1  dwt.. 
fine  silver,  5  grs.,  pin  bras<»,  1  gr.  11.  TFtt  CAorci  Sold  jr.  Wet 
colored  scrap,  3  ozs.,  fine  silver,  10  dwt^.,  fine  copper.  5  dwts.  12. 
Gold..  15  carat,  o??t  56i.  or  $14 per  oz.  Fine  gold.  1  oz.  13  dwts.,  fine 
silver,  12  dwta.  12  grs.,  fine  copper,  10  dwts.  13.  Fine  gold.  1  oz.,  fine 
silver,  8  dwta.  fine  copper,  4  dwt«.  14.  Fine  gold,  1  oz..  fine  silver,  8 
dwts.,  fine  copTier,  4  dwts,  15.  Fine  gold.  1  oz.,  fine  silver,  6  dwts., 
fine  copper,  8  dwts.  16.  Gold  solder  jor  the  last  Gold  scrap,  1  oz., 
fine  silver.  5  dwta.  17.  Gold  good  color.  Fine  gold,  1  oz.,  fine  silver, 
6  dwts.,  fine  copper,  4  dwts."  IS.  Go'f  cost  60s.  or  $15,  good  color. 
Fine  gold,  1  dwt.,  fine  silver,  6  dwts.,  fine  copwr,  4  dwts.  19.  Wet 
colored  solder.  Scrap  gold,  4  ozs.,  fine  silver,  li  dwt?..  fine  copper.  6 
dwts.  16  grs.  20.  To  reduce  22  carat  into  Wet  colored  Gold.  Gold 
coins  4  ozs.  8  dwts.,  fine  silver,  13  dwts.,  fine  copper.  1  oz.  13  dwts.  21. 
To  redxice  22  carat  to  ordinary  tr'^t  colored  G^'dd  xcith  scrap.  Coin.?  1 
oz.,  fine  gold,  3  oza.,  fine  silver,  17  dwts.  12  grs.,  fine  copper,  2  oz*.  I 
dwt.  12  grains.,  scrap,  3  ozs.  1  dwt  22.  Aii'Ahcr  xcay  roUh  scrap. 
Coins,  3  ozs.  1  d^vt  6  grs.,  fine  gold,  2  ozs.,  fine  silver,  1  oz.  1  dwt., 
fine  copper,  2  oza.  11  dwts.,  scrap.  1  oz.  6  dwts.  IS  g-s.  23.  Anothe.' 
«cay  with  »crap.  Coins,  2  ozs.,  fine  gold,  3ozi».  3  dwts.  8  grs,,  fine 
silver,  1  oz.  1  dwt  4  grs.,  fine  copper,  2  ozs.  10  dwta.  12  grs.,  scrap,  1 
oz.  5  dwts.  24.  To  reduce  22  carat  to  ordinary  wet  colored  Gold  leiih- 
cnit  scrap.  Coins,  1  oz..  fine  gold,  8  oza.,  fi::e  silver,  2  ozs.,  fine  cop- 
per, 4  ozs.  14  dwts.  25.  Another  icwj  tciihont  scrap.  Coins,  1  oz.. 
fine  gold,  2  ozs.,  fine  silver,  13  dwts.,  fine  copper,  1  oz.  11  dwts.  26. 
AnoDier  %ccy  xcith'-jut  scrap.  Coins,  2  ozs.,  fine  gold,  6  oza, ,  fine  silver, 
1  oz.  14  dwts.,  fine  copper,  4  ozs.  2  dwts. 

To  Wet-Color  the  foregoi>"0  Allots. —  Fcr  5  023.  of  work  take 
ealtpetre,  lii  oz.?.,  aiam.  8  ozs.,  salt,  8  oza..  all  ptilverLzed  and  muriate 
£cid  2  ozs.,  dissolve  the  ingredients  gmdanlly  in  a  black  lead  pot 
"When  it  boils  up,  add  the  acid,  an  J  j^tlr  t':e  whole  with  a  wooden 
spoon.  Having  r.nnealed  your  work  and  m.^i"  it  perfectly  dean,  tie 
in  small  parcels  with  platinum  or  fine  silver  wire,  and  when  the  color 
Ixiils  up  immerse  it  therein  for  four  minntes,  movin;:  it  about  to  en- 
sure &  perfect  contact  with  all  p-.urts  of  t.\e  sarface.  Then  take  it  out 
and  rinse  it  well  in  boiling  water,  then  Lmnerse  in  tie  color  again  for 
for  1,J  minutes  and  rinse  well  once  more  in  fre^h  hot  water.  Now 
add  2  ozs,  of  fresh  hot  water  to  the  color  in  the  pot,  which  will  cause 
ji  to  liak.    Whes  it  rise«  pat  m  jour  woik  for  1  minute,  lissing  in 


"WATCmiAKERS,   JEWELLERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.    335 

tnrix  hot  water  npiin,  ^vhen  it  -wtII  begin  to  brighten.  Now  immene 
your  work  lor  half  a  minute  longer,  and  rinse  for  the  last  time  in 
ci^  hot  water,  when  it  will  appear  of  a  most  beautiful  color 

Allots    co>-Ti>-trED.    1.  Pale  gold  for  coloring  Enamelling,  or 
iMppxng—Yme  gold,  1  oz.,  fine  gilver,  9  dwts.  fine  copner,  2  dwte  12 
grs.    2.  Another  ditto— Tine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  sHver  9  dwts.,  fine  cop- 
p»  3  dwts.  12  gr?.    a  AroVier  ditto— Yme  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  10 
dvrts-,  fine  copper  3  dwts,  12  grs.     4.  Enamelling  Gold  Xo.  1— Fine 
gold  I  oz.,  fine  silver  1  dwt  12  grs.,  fine  copper  2  dwts   12  grs     6 
enamelling  Gold  from  Sterling— SteThus  1  oz.,  fine  sUver  8  gra    fine 
copper  2  dwts.    6.  Enamelling  Gold  ,'^older— Gold  alloyed    1  dwt 
fine  silver  4  grs.    7.  Another  ditto,  cost  43s.  stg.,  or  $10  75  'per  oz  — 
Fine  gold  12dwt<!..  fine  silver  7  dwta.  3  gra.,  fine  copper  6  dwts.  '  8. 
Enamelling  Gold  Xo.  2.  cost  50?  stq.  per  oz.— Fine  gold  1  oz    fine  sO- 
vor9dvrt3.  12  grs.,  fine  copper  7  dwts.  12  grs.    9.  Enamelling  Gold 
Ao.  3.— Fine  gold  1  oz.,  fiiie  silver  14  dwts.,  fine  copper  8  dwts.    10 
Enamelling  Gvld  Xo.  4.— Fine  gold  2  ozs.  5  dwts.,  fine  silver  1  oz  6 
dwts.,  fine  copper  1  oz.,  pia  brass 5  dwts.     11.  Enamelling  Gold  No'.  5. 
— iine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  12  dwts.,  fine  copper  6  d\vts     12  En- 
amelling Gold  Xo.  6.  for  tran.oparaU  cnnmelling—Tme  gold  1  oz    fine 
Kilver  14  dwts.,  fine  copper  G  dwts.    lo.  Gold  solder  for  enamelled 
7cor/fc— Ime  gold  1  oz.,  line  silver  1  oz.,  fine  copper  10  dwts.,  silver 
solder  8  dwta.  8  grs.     14.  Pale  Gold  alloys  fen-  poli.ohing,  ct-c.   Xol. 
—I me  gold  1  oz.,  fane  silver  8  dvrts.,  fine  copper  3  dwts    12  gre.    15 
Another  Xo.  2.— Fine  gold  1  oz.  fine  silver  1  dwt.  20  grs.,  fine  coiv 
F^J-i*^^  *  ^"-      ^^-  ^^^^  18  ^<^^  Gfo.'d— Fine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  sUver 
4  dwts.,  fine  copper  2  dwts.  15  grs.     17.  Another  Pole  IS  Carat  Gold 
-Fme  gold  1  oz.  12  cts    &je  silver  3  dwts.  8  grs.,  fine  copper  3  dwts. 
?  5!!l     \l-  -^f^^  ^^  5oWer— Gold  alloved  1  dwt.  6  grs^fine  sUver 
1  dwt    19.  Alloy  for  best  Pem—Yino  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  5  dwt<. 
fine  copper  7  dwtsJlS  grs.,  spelter  1  dwt  6  grs.    20.  Solder  for  ditto 
^Fine  gold  12  dwts.,  fine  silver  7  dwts.  3  grs.,  fine  copper  6  dwts 
21.  iledtumqualHy pena-Yine  gold  1  oz.,  composition  1  oz.,  13  dwts 
^2.  Cmipoiztion  for  the  last— Fine  silver  1  oz.  17  dwts.,  fine  copper  5 
ozs.  15  dwte. ,  spelter  18  dwts.  20  grs.    23:  Solder  for  ditto— Fine  gold 
1  oz.,  fine  silver  2  ozs.,  pm  brass  1  oz.    24.  Gold  for  common  pms- 
Fine  gold  1  oz. ,  fine  silver 2 ozs. ,  fine  copper  1  oz.    25.  Solder fordUto 
Fme  go.d  1  oz.,  fine  silver  2  ozs.,  pinbrass  1  oz.    26.  Alloys  of  Gold 
rrith  Brass,  J\o.  l.-Fme  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  5  dwts.  6  grs.,  fine  cop- 
per  3  dwts.  12  cts.,  pm  brass  18  dwts.    27.  Another  ditto!  iVo  '>  -= 
Ime  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  4  dwts.,  fine  copper  4  dwts.,  pin  bra.<»s  16 
iwts.    28.  Another  ditto.  Xo.  3.  —Fine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  sUver  5  dwts 
12  gi^,  fine  copper  3  dvrts.   12  grs.,  pin  brass  19  dwts.  6  grs     '>9' 
Amtaer  alloy.— \  ine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  3  dwts.  21  grs.,  fine  copper 
i^H-.^lP';^  comTOsition  5  dwts.  6  grs.    30.  Another  di/«o-Fme 
gold  15  dwt3.  9 grs.,  fine  silver  5  dwts.  19  grs.,  fine  copper  3  dwts  ^i 
CTs.,  composition  15  dwts.    31.  Composition  for  the  last  tico  alloys— 
1  inest  copper  1  oz. ,  spelter  5  dwts.     32.  Solder  for  foregoing  alloys- 
Gold  alloyed,  1  dwt,  fine  sUver  12  grs.    33.  Imitation  Gold,  costs  Sic. 
vcr  oz.—YmQ  silver  2  oz.  6  dwts.,  fine  copper  1  oz.,  composition  1  oz 
keeps  its  color  very  welL    34.  Composition  fvr  ditto— Fine  copper  ll 
ozs. ,  spelter  2  ozs.    33,  "  Ca'.ifomia  "  Go/d— Fine  gold  6  ozs.  12  dwta. 
eomj)o«Uon7  ozs.  17 dwta    36.  (J<mpQsitifm for  *'  California" —Ixa^ 


336    "VTATCHilAKEES,   JETTELLEKS'     AC,   R2CEIPT3. 

pilTpr  7  OT?.  17  dwts.  fine  copper  33  ozg.  12  d^rt?.,  spelter  5  oza.  12  d-wt^ 
r,     ' '  "  ' ' — Fine  gold  1  oz.,  tine  silver  1:2  d-.vts.,  fine  copper  13 

Gold — Fine  gold  1  oz.,  fine  silver  7  d^vts.,co;n■» 
'-  .    .  '.  Si,  1  dwt  6  gra.    39.  Common  Gold  No.  1.— Fio:? 

foA  1  oz.,  mie  eilver  S  d^xta.,  composition  No.  34. 1  oz.  11  &xts.  41. 
Common  G'Ai,  No.  2. — Fine  gold  5  dwts.,  fLie  silver 3 dwts. G  grs..  fine 
roprer  fi  ' wts.  12  grs.  42.  Gold/or  FiH< — Fine  g  >M  1  oz..  fine  silvei 
5  J\vxi.,  fine  copper  1  oz..  speltero  dwta,  4-3.  J'../  C  ■"  -a,  J  Scrap  rc-.i:.  *-_  j 
to  '^-''3.  or  SS.75  tyo?'i — Colored  scrap  1  oz.  9  d .  te.  12  grs.,  fine  silvc;  .? 
d^vts.,  fine  copper  17  dwt,«.  12  grs.,  spelter 4  d'.vts.  4i.  Alloy  j\>r  GAl 
(J'l^.nf. — Fine  gold  11  dwts.  6  grs.,  fine  silver  2  dwts.  ogx-s.,  fine  cop- 
per 6  dwts.  13  grs.  45.  Another  ditto — Fine  gold  1  pz.,  fine  silver  9 
dwts.,  fine  copper  6  dwts.  46.  Gold  worth  45  gtj.  or  Sll.25. — Fine  gold, 
1  oz,.  coiniX)sition  (see  Xo.  22)  1  oz.  47.  Solder  for  dPJo. — ^Fiue  gold  1 
or.,  fineailver  15  dwts..  fine  copper  15  dTts.  4S.  12  Curat  Gold, — Fina 
gold  1  oz..  fine  silver  10  dwts.,  ti:ii  e «'  '>or  9  d?rti.  6  grs.  49.  Com- 
mon G-IJfiMin  '•  Cf.iforma," — "CaLLurnla,"  (>.  ?  No.  35)  8  oz.?.  fine 
eilver  l;<  ozs.  IG  dvrts.',  fine  copi>er  6  oz:*.  16  d ..  rs.  50.  20.j  or  S7.25 
Gold. — Fine  gold  1  oz.  13  dwts-  6  grs.,  fine  silver  1  oz.  12  d^vts.  13 
gr?.,  fine  copper  1  oz.  V>  divts.  6  gi^,  spelter  4  d-.vts-  Standi  nitria 
acid  very  well. 

OKDIXAHT  BRIGHT  GOLD  -mRE,  TABLE  SHOinyG  THE  PKOPOKTIOS* 
OF  ALLOY  FKOM   1  OZ.    UP  TO  21   OZ. 


Fine  Gold. 

FineSil 

rer. 

Fine  Copper. 

TotaL 

Oz.  Ehrts.  Grs. 

Oz.  Dwts. 

Grs. 

Oz. 

Dwts.  Grs. 

Oz.  Dwts. 

Gra. 

0         6        21 

0         6 

6 

0 

6        21 

1 

0 

0 

0        11        13 

0        14 

12 

0 

13        13 

2 

0 

0 

0       17        15 

1          1 

18 

1 

0        15 

3 

0 

0 

1        15         6 

2         3 

12 

2 

1         6 

6 

0 

0 

2        13       21 

3         5 

6 

2 

1        21 

9 

0 

0 

3       10        12 

4         7 

0 

4 

3        13 

12 

0 

0 

4         8         3 

5         8 

18 

5 

3         3 

13 

0 

0 

5         4        IS 

6        10 

12 

6 

3        18 

13 

0 

0 

6         3         8 

7        13 

6 

2 

4         9 

21 

0 

0 

To  Recover  the  Gold  lost  in  CoLORrxG. — Dissolve  a  h-andfnl 
of  enlpiijre  of  iron  in  boiiing  water,  then  add  this  to  tout  "color" 
■water,  it  preeii'liatestlie  small  paititles  of  gold.  Now  draw  off  the 
■waier.  being  very  careliil  nut  tu  disturb  the  auriferous  sediment  at 
the  bott-jin.  You  will  now  prot^eed  to  wash  tlie  sediinent  from  all 
trace  of  acid  with  plenty  of  buiiiug  water  ;  it  will  re<.]uire  3  or  4  sep- 
arate was'iings,  with  sailicienttinie  between  each  to  allow  the  water  to 
cool  and  the  sediment  to  settle,  before  pouring  the  water  off.  Then 
dry  in  an  iron  vessel  by  the  fire  and  finally  fuse  in  a  covered  skittio 
pot  with  a  flux  as  directed  on  pn:;e  202. 

ALLOT3  FOK  GoLD.— 1.  R  d 'jold. — Coppcr.  66.67  pQits  ;  gold.  33.- 
S3  parts.  2.  Yd'^^-x  uo'd. — C'lvi^ier.  12.50  ixvrts  ;  silver,  37.50  iiarts  ; 
gold.  50  parts.  3.  Gr:rn  grr, 'J.— Silver,  25  parts  ;  gold,  75  parts.  4. 
Jdlou  ^oW.— Silver,  CW.C7  parta  ;  gold,  33.33  parta.  5.  Gray  goid,^^ 


IfATCHMAKERS,  JEWELLERS*,  AC.,  BECEIPTg.     337 

fiDrer,  5.89  parts  ;  gold,  88.23  parts  ;  iron,  6.89  parta.  6,  Dentists'  gold. 
—Silver,  8.M  jjarts ;  platinnm,  66.67  parts  ;  gold,  24.29  parts.  7. 
Englishgold coin. — Copper,  8.34 parts  ;  gold,  91.66  parts.  8.  Amei-ioan 
gold  coin.— Copper,  10  parts  ;  sold,  90  paits.  French  gold  coin  game 
as  American.  10.  Alloys  for  Silver  Coin  and  Plate.— English 
standard. — Copper,  7.50  ixirta;  silver,  93.50  parts.  11.  American d>Uo. 
— Copper,  10  imrts  ;  silver  90  pai-ts.    French,  the  same. 

GiuJiNG  Metal  for  common  jewelry  is  made  by  mixing  4  parts 
copper  -with  one  of  calamine  brass.  Sometimes  1  lb.  copper,  with  6 
oz.  of  brass.  Dentists'  Plate.— 'No.  1  Gold,  20  dwts.  ;  glh-er,  1  dwt ; 
copper,  2  dwte.  2.  Gold,  21,  silver,  2,  copper.  Gold  for  Springs, 
— ^Gold,  18  d\vts.  12  grs. ;  silver,  6  dwfcs. ;  copper,  5  dwts. 

Jewellers' SouDEStsG  Fluid.— Muriatic  acid,  |pt.;  grain  einc, 
IJ  oz.    Dissolve,  and  add  a  little  common  solder  and  sal-ammoniac- 

Jewellers'  Gold  Compositions.— C'om?no«  (ro^rf. — Silver,  1  part; 
Spanish  copper,  16  parts,  gold,  2  parts;  mix.  Sing  Gold.—Svunish. 
copper,  6  parts;  silver,  3  parts;  gold,  5  parts;  mb:.  Manheim  Gold. — 
copper,  3  parts;  zinc,  1  part.  M-ilt,  and  stir  well.  Mosaic  Gold. — 
copper  and  zinc,  equal  parts ;  melt  at  the  lowest  temperature  that  wiU. 
fuse  the  foimer,  then  mix  by  stirring,  and  add  5  per  cent,  more  zinc. 
Parker' s  Mosaic  Gold. — Copper,  100  parts;  zinc,  5i  parts.  For  common 
Jeivch~y — Copper,  3  parts;  1  of  old  brass,  and  4  oz.  of  tin  to  every  lb. 
*f  copper.  Factitious  Gold. — Copper,  16  parts;  platinum,  7  parts; 
rinc,  1  part;  fused  together.  This  alloy  resembles  gold  of  16  ciirats 
fine,  or  §,  and  vc ill  resist  the  action  of  nitric  acid,  uiiless  very  concen- 
trated and  boiling.  Harmstadt's  True  Imitation  of  Gold.— is  stated 
not  only  to  resemble  gold  in  color,  but  also  in  specific  gravity  and 
ductility.  Platinum,  16  parts;  copper,  7  parts;  zinc,  1  part;  put  it  ma 
crucible,  co\er  with  charcoal  powder,  and  melt  into  a  mass.  Do.  of 
fi'iVrer.— Copper,  J  oz. ;  brass,  2  oz. ;  pure  silver,  3  oz. ;  bismuth,  2  oz. ; 
saltpetre,  2  oz. ;  common  salt,  1  oz.;  arsenic,  1  oz. ;  potash,  1  oz. ;  melt 
in  a  crucible  with  powdered  charcoal.  This  compound,  used  by  a 
German  chemist  for  unlawful  purposes,  was  so  perfect  that  he  waa 
never  discovered. 

Aktificial  Gold.— This  is  a  new  metallic  alloy  which  is  now  yctj 
extensively  used  iu  France  as  a  substitute  for  gold.  Pure  copper,  100 
parts;  zinc,  or,  preferably,  tin,  17  parts;  magnesLa,  6  parts;  sal- 
ammoniac,  3-6  parts;  qiiick-Kme,  |  part;  tartar  of  commerce,  9  parts; 
are  mbced  as  follows  :  The  copper  i.s  first  melted,  and  the  magnesia, 
Kil-aaimoniac,  lime  and  tartar  are  then  added  separately,  aud  by 
degrees,  in  the  foim  of  powder;  the  whole  is  now  briskly  stirred  for 
about  h  an  hour  so  as  to  mix  thoroughly ;  and  when  the  zmc  is  added 
in  small  grains  by  throwing  it  on  the  sui-face,  and  stirring  till  it  is 
entirely  fused;  the  crucible  is  then  covered,  and  the  fusion  matutained 
for  about  35  minutes.  The  surface  is  then  ekiramed,  and  the  alloy  is 
ready  for  casting.  It  has  a  fine  grain,  is  malleable,  aud  takes  a  splen- 
did poli^li.  It  dose  not  corrode  readily,  and  for  many  purposes,  is  an 
excellent  Fill )stitut  for  gold.  When  tarnished,  its  brilliancy  can  bo 
restored  by  a  httle  acidulated  water.  If  tin  be  employed  instead  of 
2inc,  the  alloy  will  be  more  brilliant.  It  is  very  much  used  in  France, 
and  must  ultimately  attain  equal  popularity  here. 
,  New  French  Patent  Alloy  for  Silver.— Messieurs  De  Ruobi 
,&  Fontenay  have  Invented  the  following  alloy,  whldi  may  be  udei 
22 


338  WATcmiAKEEs,  jewellers',  <l<:.,  eeceipts 

for  almost  all  pnrposes  In  which  sQver  is  nsnallj  arrplied.  Silver,  20 
parts ;  porided  nidiel,  28  parts ;  copjier,  52  parts,  Meit  tiie  copper  anl 
nickel  in  the  granular  state,  then  introduce  the  silver.  The  flux  to  he 
employed  is  cliarcoal  and  borax,  both  in  the  ctate  of  powder;  and  tha 
iiijjots  obtiined  are  to  be  rendered  malleabie  by  annealing  for  a  con- 
eiderable  time  in  powdered  charcoaL 

Gold. — To  find  the  number  of  carats  of  gold  in  an  object,  first  weigh 
the  gold  and  mix  with  seven  timea  its  weight  in  silver.  Thid  alloy  is 
teaten  into  thin  leaves,  and  nitric  acid  is  added  ;  tliis  dissolves  t2iQ 
silver  and  cop;>er.  The  remainder  (.:;yld)  is  tiien  fused  and  weijrhed  ; 
by  comparing  the  first  and  liVat  wei^jhta  t'.e  number  of  carats  of  pure 
gold  is  found.  TIas  operation  is  always  reieated  several  times, 
and  if  any  difference  oa:uis  in  the  result,  "all  is  doue  over  again. 

Jewellers'  Alloys. — Soldes,  &c.  Eljhte^n-caratgold/jr  rings — 
Gold  coin,  19^  gr. ;  pure  cojv^ier,  3  grs. ;  pure  silver,  1^  gr.  Cheap  gold, 
tv>elve  carat.— Gold  coin,  25  gr.  ;  pure  copper,  13^  gr.  ;  pure  silver, 
7i  grs.  Very  cheap  four-carat  gold. — Copper,  13  purt3;  gold,  4  parts  ; 
Buver,  2  parts.  Imilations  of  gold.—l  Platina,  4  dvv-t  ;  pure  copper, 
2Jdwt  ;  sheet-zinc,  1  d\vt  ;  block-tin,  1|  dwt.  ;  pure  lead,  1^  dwL 
If  this  should  be  found  too  h.ard  or  brittle  for  practical  use,  re-meltin.:; 
the  composition  with  a  little  &al-ammoniac  will  generally  render  it 
malleable  as  desired.  2.  Phitina,  2  parts  ;  silver,  1  part ;  copper,  3 
parts.  These  compositions,  when  properly  prepared,  so  nearly  resem- 
ble pure  gold  it  is  very  diScult  to  distinsruish  tlicm  therefrom.  A 
little  powdered  charcoal,  mixed  with  metris  while  melting,  will  be 
found  of  service.  Best  oreide  of  gold. — Pure  copper,  4  oz.  ;  sheet 
zinc,  If  oz. ;  magnesia,  g  oz. ;  sal-ammoniac,  ^  oz.  ;  quick-lime,  9-33 
©z. ;  cream  tartar,  ^  oz.  First  melt  the  copv'er  at  as  low  a  temperature 
as  it  win  melt  ;  then  add  the  zinc,  and  afterwards  the  other  articles 
in  powder,  in  the  order  named.  Use  a  charcoal  fire  to  melt  tLe-co 
metals.  Bushmj  Alloy  for  Pivot-fu-ls,  <£c. — Geld  coin,  3  d-rts. ;  sC- 
ver,  1  dwt.  20  grs. ;  copper,  3  dwts.  20  grs.;  pa'.ladiim,  1  dwt  The 
best  composition  known  for  the  pnnx)se  named.  Gvld  Solder  far 
Fjui  teen  to  Sixteen-carat  Work. — Gold  coin,  1  dwt  ;  pure  silver,  9 
grs. ;  pure  copper,  6  grs. ;  bra.«3,  3  grs.  Darker  solder. — Gold  coin,  1 
dwt ;  pure  copper,  8  grs.;  pure  silver,  5  grs. ;  brass,  2  grs. ;  meit  to- 
gether in  charcoal  fire,  f^' >'dcr  for  Uold. — Gold,  6  d^\•ts.  ;  silver,  1 
dwt. ;  copper,  2  dwts.  Soft  Gold  Sohier.— Gold,  4  parts  ;  silver,  1 
part  ;  copper  1  part  Solders  for  Silver. — (For  the  nse  of  jewellers. ) — 
fine  silver,  19  dwts.  ;  coioer,  1  dw"t  ;  sheet  brass,  10  dwts.  Mliite 
Solder  for  Silver.— &-lrei,  1  oz. ;  tin,  1  oz.  Silcer  Solder,  forPlated 
Metal.— Tine  silver.  1  oz.  ;  brass  10  dwts.  Solders. — For  Gold. — 
1.  Silver,  7  parts;  copner,  1  part,  with  borax.  2.  Gold,  2 parts;  silver. 
1  part ;  oopi^er,  1  p.ift  a  Gold,  3  parts  ;  silver,  3  parts  ;  copi>er,  1 
part;  zinc  j  part  F^r  Silyr. — SUver,  2  parts;  brass,  1  part,  with  bo- 
rax ;  or,  silver,  4  paits  ;  bmss,  3  parts ;  zinc,  1-1 S  i^art,  with  borax. 
Gold  S'Ader».—\.  Copr>er.  21.24  parts  ;  silver,  27.57  parts  ;  gold,  48. 
19  parts.  2.  Enamel  iv/it r.— Copi>er,  25  parts;  silver,  7.07  jmrta;  gold, 
C7.'J3  parts.  3.  Copper.  2d.oo  parts";  zinc,  iiso  j^arts;  silver,  31.25  parts; 
gold,  36  parts.  4.  Enamel  Solder. — ^Silver,  1  (.57  parts  ;  gold,  80.43 
parts.  Solder.— For  22  carat  gold^-Goli.  of  22  carats,  1  dwt;  silver, 
Sgr. :  copper,  1  gr.  For  18  carcA  gold. — Gold  of  18  carats,  1  dwt ;  sil- 
ver. 2  gr.  ;  copper,  1  gr=    For  cheaper  gold. — Gold,  1  dwt ;  silver,  10 


WATCHJIAKERS,   JE"SrELLEKS',   AC,    EECEIPT8.    339 

gr. ;  ooppet ,  8  gr.  Cheaper  $tUl.—Tiae  gold,  1  dwt  ;  silver,  1  dwt. ; 
copper,  1  dwt 

Silver  Solders. — 1.  (hard.)  Copper,  30  parts  ;  ziuc,  12.85  parta  ; 
silver,  57.15  i>art8.  2.  Coj>i>er,  23.:^  paits  ;  ziuc,  10.00  parts  ;  silver, 
66.67  parts.  4.  Copper,  26.(36  partrf;  zLuc,  10.00  parta;  silver,  63.34 
parts.  5.  (soft.)  Copper  14.75  parts;  ziuc  8-50  i>art3 :  silver,  77.05 
parts.  6.  Copper,  22.  ;M  parts  ;  zmc,  10.43  parts  ;  silver,  67.18  parts. 
7.  Tin,  63.00j)art3  ;  lead,  37  parts. 

Colored  Gold. — 1.  Fvll  red  gold. — Gold,  6  dwts. ;  copper,  5  dwts. 

2.  Bed  gold. — Gold,  5  dvrts.  ;  silver,  1  dwt.  ;  copper,  4  dwts.  3. 
Green  GoW.— Gold,  2  dwt.  ;  silver,  21  gr.  4.  Gray  gold.— Gold,  3 
dwts.  15  gr  ;  silver.  1  dwt  9  ct.  5.  Blue  qokt — Gold,  5  dwt ;  steel 
filings,  5  dwt.  6.  Antique  gold,  greenish-ydloio  color.— Gold,  18  dwts. 
9  gr. ;  silver,  21  gr.  ;  copper  18  gr.  These  all  require  to  be  submitted 
to  the  process  of  wet  coloring.  7.  Fictitious  gold,  very  bright. — Cop- 
per, 16  parts  ;  platina,  7  paits  ;  zinc,  1  part ;  fused  together. 

English  Standard  for  Silver. — Pure  silver,  11  ozs.  2  dwts.  ; 
copper,  22  dwts.  :  melt  Silver  Imitation, — Copper,  1  lb. ;  tin,  |  oz. , 
melt    This  composition  will  roll  and  ring  very  near  to  silver. 

French  Gold  Plate. — 1.  Gold,  92  parts  ;  copper,  8  parts.  2. 
Gold,  84  parts ;  copper,  16  parts.  3.  Gold,  75  parts ;  copper,  25  parts. 
Jewellers'  i/eto/.— Copper,  30 parts;  tin,  7  parts;  brass,  10  parts ;  mix. 

Alloy  fob  "Watch  Pinion  Sockets. — Gold,  31  parts;  silver,  19 
parts;  copper  39  parts;  palladium,  1  part 

Coloring  OF  Jeu'elrv. — 1.  To  Ilciyhien  the  Color  of  Yellow  gold. 
— Saltpetre,  6  ozs  ;  green  copperas,  2  ozs.  ;  white  vitriol  and  alum,  of 
each  1  oz.  If  wanted  redder,  a  F^inll  quantity  of  blue  vitriol  must 
be  added,  2.  For  Green  Gold. — buitpetre,  1  oz.  10  dwts. ;  sal-ammo- 
niac, 1  oz.  4  dwts.  ;  Roman  vitriol,  1  oz.  4  dwts.  ;  verdigris,  18  dwts. 

3.  To  Clean  Gilt  Jewelry. — Boiling  water  in  a  clean  flask,  \  pt; 
cyanide  of  potassium,  1  oz.  ;  shake  the  flasli  to  dissolve  the  potaa- 
eium.  Add,  when  colj!,  liquor  ammonia,  \  oz.  ;  rectified  alcohol,  1 
oz.  Used  by  brushing  over  gilded  articles.  4.  Coloring  Jewelry. — 
Boil  the  articles  in  a  dilute  solution  of  terchloride  of  gold,  to  which 
some  bicarbonate  of  soda  has  been  added.  5.  Coloring  of  Gilding. — 
Defective  colored  gilding  may  also  be  improved  by  the  help  of  the 
lollowing  mixture  :  nitrate  of  potash,  3  ozs.  ;  alum  1^  ozs.  ;  sulphata 
of  ziuc,  1^  ozs.  ;  oommon  salt,  1^  ozs.  These  ingredients  are  to  be  put 
into  a  small  quantity  of  water  to  form  a  sort  of  paste  which  is  put 
upon  the  articles  to  be  colored  ;  they  are  then  placed  upon  an  iron 
pmte  over  a  clear  fire,  so  that  they  will  attain  nearly  to  a  black  heat, 
•when  they  are  suddenly  plungod  "into  cold  water  :  this  gives  them  a 
beautiful  high  color.  Different  hues  may  be  had  by  a  variation  in 
the  mixture.  6.  For  Red  Gold. — To  4  ozs.  melted  yellow  wax,  add,  in 
fine  powder,  1 J  ozs.  of  red  ochre,  ;liozs.  verdigris,  calcined  till  it  jielda 
no  fiimes  ;  and  ioz.  of  Ci.lcined  borax.  Mix  them  well  together. 
Dissolve  either  of  above  mixtures  in  wat«r,  as  the  color  is  wanted,  and 
nse  as  required.  7.  Fine  color  for  Heavy  Gilt  Work. — Alum,  3  ozs. ; 
saltpetre,  6  ozs. ;  sulphate  of  zinc,  3  ozs. ;  common  salt,  3  ozs.  Mix  all 
into  a  thick  paste,  dip  the  articles  into  it,  and  heat  them  until  nearly 
blAck  on  a  piece  of  sheet  iron  over  a  clear  coke  or  charcoal  fire,  theu 
plunge  them  into  cold  wat«r.  8.  Fine  Color  For  Light  Plated  toorA-.— 
bulpbate  of  copper,  2  d^vt3, ;  best  verdigris,  4  dwts,  12  grs. ;  sai-aznmo» 


340    "WATCHMAKERS,   JE-VTELLEBS',   AC,   BECEIPT8. 

mac,  4  dwt?. ;  ealtpetre,  4  d-wts. ;  acetic  acid,  1  oz. ;  pnlverize  the  soil* 
articles,  add  the  acetic  acid  gradually,  stirring  all  the  time.  Dip 
your  articles  into  tl.is  mixture  and  heat  them  to  a  black  color  on  a 
Fheetof  copper.  When  cold,  place  them  in  a  middling  strong  sul- 
phuric acid  pickle,  ■which  dissolves  the  coloring  salts  and  iuducea  a 
very  fine  gold  color.  9.  Ztmscan  Gold  Coloring. — Alum,  1  oz.  ;  fine 
tabie-fa'-t,  1  oz.  ;  saltpetre  (powdered),  2  oz. ;  hot  rain-water,  suffi- 
cient to  innl:e  the  eoiution,  ■when  dissolved,  about  the  consistency  of 
thick  ale  ;  tlicu  add  sulScient  muriatic  acid  to  produce  the  color  de- 
sired. The  degree  of  success  must  always  depend,  in  a  greater  or 
less  degree,  upon  the  skill  or  judgment  of  the  operator.  The  article 
to  be  colored  should  be  from  lourteen  to  eighteen  carats  fine,  of  piure 
gold  and  copper  only,  and  be  free  from  coatings  of  tin,  or  silver 
solder.  Tlie  eoiution  is  best  used  vrann,  and  ■when  freshly  made  the 
principle  on  ■which  it  acta  is  to  ent  out  the  copper  aJloy  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  article,  leaving  thereon  pure,  frorted  gold  only.  After 
coloring,  wash  off,  first  in  rain-water,  then  in  alcohol,  and  ary  ■with- 
out rubbing,  in  fine  clean  sawdust.  Fine  Etruscan  -jewelry,  that 
has  been  defaced  or  tarnished  by  use,  may  be  perfectly  rene-wed  by 
the  same  process'. 

Fob  SiLVERSMirns,  Sterling  Silver. — 1.  Fine  silver  11  oz.  2 
dwts.,  fine  copper  18  d-wts.  2.  Eqnal  to  Stcrlinr/ — Fine  silver  1 
oz.,  fine  copper  1  d-wt.  12  grs.  3.  Another  dtto — Fine  silver  1  oz., 
^e  copper  6  dwts.  4.  Common  Silver  for  Chains — Fine  silver  6 
d-wts.,  fine  copper  4  dwts.  5.  Solder  for  ditto — "  me  silver  16  dwts., 
fine  copper  12  grs.,  pin  brass,  3  d-wts.  12  grs.  G.  Alloy  for  Plating. 
— Fine  silver  1  oz.,  fine  copi)er  10  dwts.  7.  S'\-cr  Solder — Fine 
silver  1  oz.,  pin  brass,  10  dwts.,  pure  spelter,  2  d-wts.  8.  Cojiper 
Solder  for  Plating — Fine  silver,  10  dwts.,  fine  copper  10  dwts. 
9.  Common  t^ilver  Solder — Fine  silver  10  ozs^  pin  brass,  6  ozs.  12 
d-wts.,  spelter,  12  d-wts.  10.  Silver  So'der  for  Enamrlling,  $1  per  oz. 
—Fine  silver  14  dwts.,  fine  copper,  8  dwts.  11.  Ditto,  for  filling 
Signet  Pings. — Fine  silver,  10  ozs,  fine  copper,  1  oz.  16  dwts.,  fine 
pin  brass,  (3  ozs.  12  dwts.,  spelter,  12  dwts.  12.  Silver  Solder  for 
Gold  Plating — Fine  silver,  1  oz.,  fine  copper,  5  dwts.,  pin  brass,  5 
dwts.  13.  Quick  Silver  Solder — Fine  silver,  1  oz.,  pin  brass,  10 
dwts.,  bar  tin,  2  dwts.  14.  Imitation  Silver  —  Fine  silver,  1  oz., 
nickel,  1  oz.  11  grs.,  fine  copper,  2  ozs.  9  grs.  15.  Another  ditto — 
Fine  silver,  3  ozs.,  nickel,  1  oz.  11  dwts.,  fine  copper,  2  ozs.  9  grs., 
Bjielter,  10  dwts.  16.  Fine  Silver  Solder  for  Filigree  Work — Fine 
folver,  4  dwts.  6  grs.,  pin  biass,  1  dwt.  17.  Bismuth  Solder — Bismuth, 
3  ozs.,  lead,  3  ozs.  18  dwts.,  tm,  5  ozs.  6  dwts. 

Dead  White  o?f  Silver  Articles. — ^Heat  the  article  to  a  cherry 
Ted,  or  a  dull  red  heat  and  allow  it  to  cool,  then  place  it  in  a  pickle  of 
B  parts  sulphuric  acid  to  100  parts  of  water,  and  allow  it  to  remain  for 
an  hour  or  two.  If  the  surface  is  not  right,  rinse  in  cold  water,  and 
repeat  the  heating  and  pickling  operation  as  before.  This  removes 
the  copper  from  8ie  snrfai^e  of  the  article,  leaving  pure  silver  ou  the 
Burface.  When  sufficiently  -s\hitened,  remove  from  the  pickle,  well 
rinse  in  pure  hot  water  and  place  in  warm  box  sawdust. 

Pickle,  fob  Frostino  akd  Whitentkg  Sil-ver  Goods. — Sul- 
phuric acid,  1  dr.  ;  water,  4  oz.  ;  heat  the  pickle,  and  immerse  th« 
•UTer  in  it  until  frc^d  &a  desired ;  th^  -wash  oS  clean,  and  dry  -witb 


WATCHMAKEES,  JEWELL^BS',   AC,  KECEIPT9.    Z4X 

ft  Bofl  linen  cloth,  or  In  fine  dean  sa-wdust.  For  •whitening  only,  a 
■mailer  proportion  of  acid  may  be  used. 

To  Fkost  Poliseed  Silver. — Cyanide  of  potassium  1  oz.  ;  dis- 
solved in  ^  pt  of  water.  Do  not  hold  tl'.a  silver  in  your  hands,  but 
Use  pliers  made  of  lauce  wood  or  box  wood,  and  apply  the  miituie 
•with  a  brush  to  the  polished  s'orface. 

SiL'VEEi>'G  HooK3  A>*D  ErEs,  fzc. — The  BmiU  iron  articles  are 
BTispended  in  dilute  culphuric  acid  until  t!;e  iron  thows  a  bright  clean 
Kuiiace.  After  rinsing  in  pure  water  they  are  placed  iu  a  bath  of  a 
taixed  selution  of  gulphatei  of  zinc,  snlpliate  of  copper  and  cyaoido 
of  iK)ta^jam,  and  there  remain  untU  they  receive  a'  bright  coatin-  of 
ljra£3.  Lastly,  they  are  transferred  to  a  b.'i.t':i  of  nitrate  of  silve:-, 
cyanide  of  i-KJtP.ssi'.im  and  sulphate  of  goda,  in  •which  they  quickly 
leceivcd  a  coating  of  silver. 

Oroi".uir>T.vL  De3IO>-3  ox  Siltee. — Select  a  smooth  part  of  tha 
silver,  and  g;:ct:h  on  it  a  monogram  or  anv  other  desi,.Tn  you  chon.«e, 
with  a  shar,)  load  T>encil,  then  place  the  article  in  a  gola  golution  with 
tlie  battory  in  good  working  order,  and  in  a  short  time  all  the  parts 
not  sketched  -vvith  the  lead  pencil  will  be  covered  with  a  coat  of  gold. 
After  cle;msii]g  the  article,  the  black  lead  is  easily  removed  by  the 
fingers,  and  the  silver  ornament  disclosed.  A  gold  ornament  may  be 
produced  by  reversing  the  proccfs. 

To  Extract  Sll\tji  from  waste  PRonrcTS. — ilix  your  refuse 
with  an  equal  quantity  of  wocd  charcoal,  place  in  a  crucible  and  sub- 
mit to  a  bright  red  heat,  and  in  a  short  time  a  silver  button  will  bo 
ioimd  at  the  bottom.    Carbonate  of  soda  is  another  good  flux. 

To  Solder  Tortoise  Shell. — Bring  the  edges  of  the  pieces  of 
shell  to  fit  each  other,  observuig  to  give  the  same  inclination  of  grain 
to  each,  then  secure  them  in  a  piece  of  paper,  aud  place  them  between 
hot  irons  or  pincers ;  apply  pressure,  and  let  them  cool.  The  heat 
must  not  be  so  great  as  to  burn  the  shell,  therefore  try  it  firat  on  a 
•white  piece  of  paper. 

ABTtFiEEV-ii  Pearls. — ^Are  made  from  beads  of  opaline  glass  filled 
with  gum,  the  polish  of  the  glass  being  reduced  by  the  vapor  if 
hydrofluoric  acii 

REvn'ES  FOR  Old  Jewelry. — Dissolve  sal-ammoniac  in  urine, 
and  put  the  jewelry  in  it  for  a  sho:t  Jime ;  then  take  it  o'Jt,  and 
rub  -with  chajiois  leather,  and  it  vri\\  appear  equal  to  new. 

To  RECO^'ER  Gold  from  Gilt  Metal. — ^Take  a  solution  of  borax 
water,  apply  to  the  gUt  surface,  and  sprinkle  over  it  some  luiely 
powdered  sulphur  ;  make  the  article  red  hot,  and  quonch  it  in  water; 
then  scrape  off  the  gold,  and  recover  it  by  means  of  lead- 

Polishing  Powter  for  Gold  and  Silver.— Rock  alum  burnt 
and  finely  jiowdere  i,  5  parts  ;  levigated  chalk,  1  part  Mix  ;  apply 
with  a  dry  brush. 

SiLVER-rLATtxQ  Flttid. — Dissolvc  1  ounce  of  nitrate  of  silver,  in 
crystiils,  in  12  ounces  of  soft  water  ;  then  dissolve  in  the  water  2  oz, 
cyanuret  of  ix)ta.=h  ;  shake  the  whole  together,  and  let  it  stmd  till  it 
becomes  clear.     Have  ready  some  half-ounce  vials,  and  fill  half  f  rdl 

Sf  Paris  wlilte,  or  fine  whiting  ;  and  then  fill  up  the  bottles  with  tha 
quor,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  The  whiting  does  not  increas* 
the  coating  powder  ;  it  only  helps  to  clean  the  articles,  and  save  thf 
iilvpr  fluid,  by  half  filling  tha  bottles. 


342      "WATCmiAKERS,   JETTELLERS,    &C.,   RECEIPTS- 

To  EsDrcE  English  SovEREicys  to  Lowbk  FryETEss. — No.  L 
15  Carat  gold,  Coins,  2  ozg. ;  gold,  8  ozs. ;  silver,  2  oza.  3  dwt6. ;  copper, 
5  OM.  3  dwte.  2.  Another  ditto.  Coiue,  4  ozs. ;  gold,  6  ozs. ;  silver,  a 
era.  2  dwts. ;  copper,  5  ozs.  2  dwts.  b.  ^nom-Lr  di.'2o.  Coins,  2  oze  ; 
gold,  6  oz«. ;  silver,  1  oz.  14  dwts. ;  copper,  4  ozs. ;  2  dwts.  4.  14  Carai 
gold.  Coins,  3  ozs. ;  gold,  5  ozs. :  silver,  1  oz.  £'  dwt*.  12  grs. ;  copp-er,  11 
dwts.  12  grs-  5.  Arwther  ditto.  Coins,  1  oz. ;  gold,  2  ozs. ;  silver,  13 
dwts.;  copper,  1  oz.  11  dwts,  6.  Anuther  ditto.  Coins,  1  oz. ;  gold,  8 
oz«. ;  silver  2  ozs. ;  copper,  4  ozs.  14  dwts. 
Sterling  Value  of  Gold  of  DiFrERE>T  Degrezs  of  Fixi:>-ess. 


Value  per. 

Value  per. 

Carats  Fine.                         oz.  Troy. 

Carats  Fine. 

oz.  Trov. 

£ 

£ 

24                                    4    4  IH 

12 

2    2    5i 

23                                      4    15 

11 

1  IS  11 

22  British  Standard.        3  17  lOi 

10 

1  15    4* 

21                                      3  14    4 

9 

1  11  10 

20                                      3  10    9 

8 

18    3 

19                                      3    7    3 

7 

14    9 

18  (Lowest  Han  Mark).  3    3    8i 

6 

1    1    2J 

17                                    3    0    2 

5 

0  17    8 

16                                  2  17    n 

4 

014    2 

15                                      2  13    1 

3 

0  10    7i 

14                                      2    9    C>i 

2 

0    7    1 

13                                      2    6    0 

1 

0    3    6i 

Xote. — The  British  Sta>1)akd  for  gold,  is  gold.  22-24  of  a  pound, 
egufll  to  11  parts  pure  gold  and  1  of  alloy;  a  pound  is  estimated  to  be 
divided  into  24  equal  parts  or  carats,  hence  the  proportion  is  rated 
equal  to  22  carats.  The  JStandard  of  Silver  is  222-240  of  a  poond, 
equivalent  to  37  parts  pure  silver  and  3  of  allor.  A  Trov  oivnce  of 
Standard  gold  is  coined  into  £3.17.10.21.  and  aii  ounce  of  Standard 
silver  into  5*.  6d.  A  lb.  Trov  of  gold  yields  46  19-240  sovereigns.  A 
lb.  TroT  of  silver  66  shillings.  £150.000  in  gold  weighs  over  a  ton. 
£75.000',000  weighs  500  tons. 

The  American  Sta>d.\rd  of  Gold  and  Silver  is  SCO  parts  of  pnr6 
metal  and  100  of  alloy  in  l.COO  parts  of  coin.  t>.e  fineness  being  ex- 
pressive of  the  qnantitv  of  pure  metal  in  10«30  parts.  The  value  of  1 
onnce  of  pure  gold  is  ^20.OT.183i,  as  standard  gold  coin  it  is  worth 
$18.60.465.  The  value  of  1  ouncie  of  pure  s^ver  is  Sl.29.29.,  as  stand- 
ard silver  coin  it  is  wortli  Si  16.36-36. 

To  Melt  Gold. — Prepare  a  good  fire,  and  heat  the  ingot  in 
which  you  wish  to  cast  the  gold,  a  little  !•  rter  than  boiling  water: 
next  put  the  alloy  In  the  crucible,  add  a  8H_.  U  quantity  of  pulverizea 
borax,  and  leave  on  the  fire  until  melted.  Cast  this  in  a  clean  ingot, 
and  after  breaking  t!ie  bar  into  small  fragments,  return  to  the  pot 
and  remelt  the  gold,  not  adding  borax  this  time,  but  when  the  gold 
looks  clear  and  smooth  on  tlie  top.  add,  for  every  6  ozs.  gold,  a  piece 
of  saltpetre  about  the  size  of  a  nea,  and  in  abciut  a  minute  pour  the 
gold.  Keep  up  the  heat  after  adding  the  sjtltpetre.  and,  previous  to 
pouring  the  gold.  ix)ur  a  few  drops  of  oil  ijitn  the  iron  ingot.  If  tha 
rtock  was  clean  when  you  commenced,  the  gold  will  roll  well.  Much 
depends  on  the  fir?t  roLhug  of  the  stock :  18  carat  should  be  subjected 
to  a  very  heavy  strain;  the  first  and  second  draughts,  which  impart* 
a  grain  to  the  'stock :  ligiit  diiiughts  stretch  the  gold  on  the  surface, 
and  the  middle  poition^remainiug  as  cast,  causes  the  gold  to  crack  ; 
Boasj-  good  b»T)i  having  been  coodemued,  wh»a  the  troaUe  was  Im 


WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLERS,   AC.,  RECEIPTS,     345 

file  rolling.  After  the  18  carat  has  been  rolled  to  about  twice  it» 
original  length,  it  must  be  annealed,  then  rolled  to  the  size  you  re- 
quire. Proceed  with  melting  14  carat  as  above  described  for  18  carat, 
giving  it  as  heavy  strains  in  the  rolls,  but  not  rolling  so  much  before 
inneaJing  as  the  18  carat  The  other  carats  of  cheaper  grade,  do 
not  require  the  use  of  saltpetre  to  toughen;  instead  of  ■which,  use  a 
iittle  salammoniac,  and  then  proceed  as  above.  When  you  anneal 
red  gold,  do  not  quench  it  when  red  hot,  but  allow  the  gold  to  blacken 
before  quenching,  otherwise  it  will  slit  or  seam.  Melt  new  alloys  in 
every  case  twice;  treat  solder  the  same  way,  to  ensnre  a  thorough 
admixture  of  the  copper  with  tlie  gold. 

To  RE.MOTE  Tix  FROM  THE  STOCK. — Just  previous  to  pouring 
the  gold,  throw  a  small  piece  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  the  pot,  stir 
well  with  a  long  piece  of  pointed  charcoal,  and  allow  the  pot  to  re- 
main on  the  fire  about  half  a  miuute  afterward.  This  will  take  tin 
from  the  alloy;  while  the  tin  is  in,  the  gold  will  not  roll  without 
cracking.  To  remove  emery  or  steel  filings  from  gold,  add  a  small 
piece  of  glass-gall,  while  melting;  it  will  collect  them  in  the  flux. 

M.\KiNG  Beittlb  Gold  STnoxr,. — Gold  is  sometimes  so  brittle 
that  the  jeweller  cannot  well  work  it  ;  this  is  probably  due  to  phos- 
phorus, which,  being  no  metal,  is  of  course  not  detected  in  the  assay. 
The  remedy  is  to  pass  chlorine  gas  through  the  molten  gold,  by  which 
treatment  mo.<*t  of  the  gold  which  had  otherwise  to  be  set  aside  &s 
imfit  for  certain  kinds  of  work,  can  be  redeemed. 

To  M.A.KE  Plated  Stock. — Ciist  t'le  bar  you  wish  to  plate  the 
breadth  you  require,  and  roll  to  the  thickness  of  the  .Sth  of  an  inch. 
If  you  plate  on  silver,  cast  the  silver  the  same  width  as  the  gold,  and 
roll  a  little  longer  tliau  the  gold.  Generally  the  lower,  cheaper 
grade  metal,  is  2  or  3  times  the  thickness  of  the  dearer,  therefore  use 
as  much  of  each  as  wiU  malce  the  desired  proportions.  Polish  as 
nearly  flat  and  straight  as  possible,  then  file  one  face  of  silver  and 
one  face  of  gold,  until  they  are  bright.  Previous  to  this  you  have 
rolled  a  piece  of  plate  solder  very  thin,  .^ay,  36  in.  round  size  plate, 
and  cut  a  strip  a  little  wider  aiid  longer'  than  your  gold.  Emery 
paper  can  be  used  to  clean  each  side  of  this  from  dirt  and  grease. 
Cover  the  siirface  with  ground  bonix  from  theslr.te,  on  eacli  side;  do 
the  same  on  the  bright  faces  of  the  gold  and  silver;  place  the  solder 
between  them,  and  have  a  piece  of  iron  wire  about  |  of  an  inch  in 
thickness,  and  3  feet  long,  in  readinef^s,  place  this  lengthwise  on  the 
gold,  and  squeeze  the  whole  tightly  together  in  a  vice,  and  bind  every 
inch  or  so  with  heavy  binding  wire  very  secure.  Xext  make  a  good 
charcoal  fire  in  the  forge,  shaped  so  as  to  be  like  an  oven,  and  then 
solder;  when  the  solder  melts  on  each  side  the  whole  length,  all  is 
ready  to  roll  like  any  other  stock.  If  you  make  gold  plating  that  is 
18  carat,  or  16  carat,  or  14  carat,  and  12  carat,  you  must  use  a  gold 
solder  about  5  or  6  carats  less  than  the  inferior  gold.  If  gold  on  sil- 
ver or  composition,  use  copper  solder.  The  clippings  from  the  above, 
■when  the  gold  is  on  silver,  may  be  placed  in  an  enamelled  vessel,  ami 
covered  with  nitric  acid,  2  part-;;  water,  1  pait.  The  silver  will  bo 
taken  in  solution,  which  must  be  sa%ed  in  an  earthen  pot.  Precipi- 
tate the  silver  from  the  solution,  or  after  the  solution  has  been  di- 
luted, a  ]>ar  of  copper  placed  in  it  will  collect  it;  this  sediment  must  be 
well  washed  and  dried,  then  melted.  The  gold  after  being  well 
dried,  can  be  melted  in  a  bar,  a  small  amount  of  copj>er  l>(>)ng  added, 
»o  that  it  ■will  be  of  the  jiame  quality  as  before. 


344     WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLEES",    AC,   RECEIPTS. 

Jbw£lleb3'  ARMExiAJf  Cemext. — Isinglasa  soaked  in  water  aod 
dissolTed  in  spirit,  2  oz.  (thick)  ;  dissolve  in  this  10  gra.  of  very  pale 
gum  ammonia  (in  tears)  by  rubbing  them  tj^ ether  ;  then  add  6  lai^e 
tears  of  gum  ma?tic,  dissolved  in  the  least  ivjssibVe  quantity  of  rec- 
tified epirits.  When  carefulij  made  tldi  cement  rediala  moisture  and 
dries  colorless.    Keep  in  a  closely  ? ti^pi-ed  phial. 

Jeweixzes'  Cem£S-t. — ^Put  in  a  bottle  2  ozs.  of  isinglass  and  1  oz.  of 
the  beat  gum  arable,  cover  them,  with  pnx>f  spirits,  cork  loosely,  and 
place  the  bottie  in  a  vessel  of  water.  a,ud  boil  it  till  a  thorough  solu- 
tion is  effected  ;  then  strain  it  for  u;5e. 

Gold  is  taken  from  the  surface  of  silver  by  spreading  over  it  a 
paste  made  of  powdered  sal-ammoniac,  with  aquafortis,  arid  heatm^ 
it  till  the  matter  pmoke,«,  and  is  nearly  dry  ;  when  the  gold  niaj  b« 
separated  by  nbbin  j  it  with  a  scratch*  brush. 

To  Sep  ABATE  Gold:  a:s'i>  SIL^^Eat  fbom  L-\ce,  &c. — Cut  in  pistes 
the  gold  or  silver  lace,  tie  it  tightly,  and  boil  in  soap  ley  till  the  size 
appear?  dimini-jhed  :  tike  the  cloth  out  of  the  liquid,  and  aitor  re- 
peated rinsings  ot  coki  water,  beat  it  with  a  mallet  to  draw  out  the 
alkali.  Oi>en  the  linen,  and  the  pure  metal  will  be  found  in  all  its 
beauty. 

Tak>19h  ox  ELECTRr>-Pjjk.TE  Goods  may  bo  removed  by  immers- 
ing the  article  from  one  to  ten  or  fiiteen  minutes,  or  imtil  tbo  taiTiijh 
hM  been  removed,  bnt  no  loi\ger,  in  the  following  solution  :  Ra'^n 
water,  2  gals.  ;  cyannret  potassa.  h  lb.  ;  dissolve  and  pnt  into  a  stone 
jug  or  Jar  and  closely  cork.  After  immersion,  the  artiiles  mn.=t  be 
taken  out  and  thoroughly  rinsed  in  two  or  t".\ree  waters,  then  dried 
with  a  soft  linen  doth,  or,  ii  frosted  or  chase?-!  work,  with  fine  cler.n 
sawdust.  Tarnished  jewelry  may  be  speedily  restored  by  this 
process  ;  but  make  sure  work  of  removing  the'  alkali,  otherwise  it 
"will  corrode  the  goods. 

A  Bright  Gou)  TrxGE  may  be  given  to  silver  Vy  steeping  it  for 
Si  atiitable  lengtli  of  time  in  a  weak  solution  of  guiphnrio  acid  and 
water  strongly  impregnated  witli  iron-riist. 

To  Refi>te  Gold. — If  you  desire  to  retlne  gold  from  the  baser 
metals,  swedge  or  roll  it  out  very  thin,  then  cut  into  narrow  stripa 
and  curl  up  so  as  to  prevent  ita  lying  flatly.  Drop  the  pieces  thus 
prepared  into  a  vessel  containing  good  nitric  acid,  in  the  proportion 
of  acid,  2  ozs.,  and  pure  rain-water  ^  oz.  Sufier  to  remain  until  thor- 
oughly dissolved,  which  wiU  be  the  case  in  from  i  an  hour  to  1  hour. 
Then  pour  oS  the  liquid  carefully,  and  yoa  will  fiiid  the  gold,  in  the 
form  of  yellow  jwwder,  lying  at  the  ix)ttom  of  the  vessel.  Wash 
this  witii  pure  water  till  it  'cea.«es  to  have  an  acid  torte.  after  which 
yon  may  melt  and  ca,<t  into  any  form  yon  choose.  Gold  treated  in 
this  way  may  be  rehed  on  as  perfectly  pure. 

In  melting  gold  use  none  other  tlian  a  charcoal  fire,  and  during 
the  process  sprinkle  saltpetre  and  potash  into  the  crucible  occasion- 
ally. Do  not  attempt  to  melt  with  stone  coaJ,  as  it  renders  the  metal 
brittle  and  otlierwise  imjx-rfect. 

To  Re?i>"X  Sllver. — Dissolve  in  nitric  acid  as  in  the  case  of  the 
gold.  When  the  silver  hd3  entirely  disappeared,  add  to  the  2^  oz.  ot 
solution  nearly  1  quart  of  pure  rain-water.  Sink,  then,  a  sheet  of 
clean  copper  into  it :  the  silver  will  collect  nit  idl ,-  uTxm  tlie  coprer,  and 
you  can  8Ci«pe  it  otf  znd  melt  into  bulk  at  pleasure- 


WATCHMAKERS,   JKWELLEBS',   AC,    RECEIPTS.    S45 

In  the  ereot  of  yonr  reftning  gold  In  accordance  witii  tlio  foregc«ng 
formula,  and  the  impurity  was  eilver,  tlie  oiily  steps  necessary  to  sava 
the  latter  would  be  to  add  the  above  named  proportion  of  water  to  th© 
solution  poured  from  the  gold,  and  then  to  proceed  with  your  copper 
plate  as  just  directed. 

To  Rej'ixe  CorpKR. — This  process  differs  from  the  one  employed  to 
refine  silver  in  no  respects  save  the  plate  to  ie  immersed ;  you  use  an 
iron  instead  of  a  copj^er  plate  to  collect  the  metal. 

If  the  impurities  of  gold  refined  were  both  silver  and  copper,  jou 
might,  after  saving  the  silver  as  above  directed,  sink  your  iron  plato 
into  tlie  solution  yet  remaining,  and  take  out  the  copper.  The  parts 
of  alloyed  gold  niay  be  seiiaiated  by  these  processes,  and  leave  each 
in  a  perfectly  pure  state. 

Cold  Silvering  of  Metals. — 5Iix  1  part  of  chloride  of  silver 
with  3  i^arts  of  pearlash,  1^  parts  common  gait,  and  1  part  whiting; 
and  well  rub  the  miiture  on  the  surface  of  bra^s  or  copper  (previously 
well  cleaned),  by  means  of  a  piece  of  soft  leather,  or  a  cork  nioi.-stened 
with  water  and  dipped  in  the  powder.  When  jiroperly  silvered,  the 
metal  sliould  be  weU  washed  in  hot  water,  slightly  alkalized;  then 
wiped  diy. 

To  Hard  Solder  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  Brass,  Iron,  Steel  ob 
Platina. — The  solders  to  be  used  for  gold,  silver,  copper  and  brass  are 
given  in  the  preceding  part  You  commence  opeititions  by  reducing 
your  solder  to  small  particles,  and  mixing  it  with  jxjwdered  sal- 
ammoniac  and  powdered  borax  in  equal  parts,  moittened  to  make  it 
hold  together.  Having  fitted  up  the  joint  to  be  soldered,  you  secure 
tlie  article  upon  a  piece  of  soft  charcoal,  lay  your  soldering  mixture 
immediately  over  the  joint  and  then  with  your  blow-pipe  torn  tha 
flame  of  vonr  lamp  upon  it  imtil  fusion  takes  place.  The  job  is  then 
done,  and  ready  to  be  cooled  and  dressed  up.  Iron  is  usually  soldered 
with  cc^per  or  brass  in  accordance  with  the  above  process.  The  best 
solder  for  steel  is  pure  gold  or  pure  silver,  though  gold  or  silver  solders 
are  often  used  successfully.  Platina  can  only  be  soldered  well  with 
gold ;  and  the  expense  of  it,  therefore,  contributes  to  the  hindrance  of  a 
general  use  of  i)lathia  vessels,  even  for  chemical  purposes,  where  they 
are  of  so  much  importance. 

To  Soft  Solder  Articles.— Moisten  the  parts  to  be  united  with 
Boldering  fluid;  then,  having  joined  them  together,  lay  a  smaU  piec« 
of  solder  upon  the  joint  and  hold  over  your  lamp,  or  direct  the  blaza 
npon  it  with  your  blow-pipe  until  fusion  is  apparent.  Withdraw  them 
from  the  blaze  immediately,  as  too  much  heat  will  render  the  solder 
brittle  and  unsatisfactory.  When  the  parts  to  be  joined  can  be  made 
to  spring  or  press  against  each  other,  it  is  best  to  place  a  thin  piece  of 
solder  between  tliem  l^ef  ore  exposing  to  the  lamp.  Where  two  smooth 
surfaces  are  to  be  soldered  one  upon  the  other,  you  may  make  an  ex- 
cellent job  by  moistening  them  with  the  fluid,  arid  then,  having  placed 
a  sheet  of  tin  foO  between  them,  holding  them  pressed  fijmly  together 
over  your  lamp  till  tlie  foil  melts.  If  the  surfaces  fit  nicely,  a  joint 
may  be  made  in  this  way  so  cK>se  as  to  be  almost  imperceptible.  The 
bright  looking  lead  which  comes  as  a  lining  to  tea  boxes  works  better 
in  the  same  way  than  tin  foO. 

To  Cleanse  Gold  Tarnished  in  Soldering. — The  old  English 
mode  was  to  expose  all  parts  of  the  article  to  a  uniform  heat,  allow  it 


846   WA.TCHMAKEES,   JEWELLERS',   AC,   Kl-CEIPTS. 

to  oodl,  and  then  boil  until  bright  in  urine  and  sal-ammcniJic.  It  la 
now  usually  cleaned  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid.  The  pickle  is  mads 
in  about  the  proportion  of  one-eighth  of  an  ouuce  of  acid  to  one  ounce 
of  rain  water. 

To  Clean  Silteb  TAR^^SHED  IK  Soldep.ixo.— Some  expose  to 
a  uniform  heat,  aa  in  the  case  of  gold,  and  then  boil  in  strong  alnm 
•water.  Others  immerse  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  in  a  liquid 
made  of  ^  oz.  of  cyanuret  potassa  to  1  pint  rain  water,  and  then  brush 
off  with  preparedchalk. 

Nickel  Platexg. — The  following  is  the  substance  of  the  patent 
granted  to  Dr.  Isaac  Adams,  March  22,  1370.  Tlie  process  is  hijjhly 
Buccessf  ul.  "  This  improvement  consists  in  the  u.«e  of  3  new  solutions 
from  which  to  de;x)i:it  nickel  by  tlie  electric  current.  1.  A  solution 
formed  of  the  double  snlp!iate  of  nickel  aud  alumina,  or  the  sulphate 
of  nickel  dissolved  in  a  solution  of  soda,  potash,  or  ammonia  alum, 
the  threedifferentvarieties  of  commercial  alum.  2.  A  solution  formed 
of  the  double  sulphate  of  nickel  and  magnesia,  with  or  without  an 
excess  of  ammonia.  I  have  found  that  a  good  coating  of  nickel 
can  be  deposited  from  the  solution  before  mentioned,  provided  th^y 
axe  prepared  and  used  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  free  from  any  add 
or  alkaline  reaction.  When  these  solutions  are  used,  great  care  must 
be  taken,  lest  by  the  use  of  too  high  b.itterr  power,  or  from  the  in- 
troduction of  some  foreign  matters,  the  solution  becomes  acid  or 
alkaline.  I  prefer  to  use  these  solatiom*  at  a  tempemtore  above  100" 
Fah.,  but  do  not  limit  my  invention  to  the  use  of  these  solutions  at 
thiit  temperature.  I  therefore  claim,  1.  The  electro  deposition  of 
nickel  by  the  means  of  solution  of  the  double  sulphate  of  nickel  and 
alumina,  prepared  and  used  in  such  a  manner  a;<  to  be  free  from  the 
presence  of  ammonia,  potash,  soda,  lime  or  nitric  acid  or  from  any 
other  add,  or  from  any  acid  or  alkaline  reaition.  2.  The  electro 
deposition  of  nickel  by  means  of  a  solution  of  the  double  sulphate  of 
nickel  and  potash,  prejiared  and  used  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  free 
from  the  presence  of  ammonia,  soda,  alumina,  lime  or  nitric  add,  or 
from  any  add  or  alkaline  reaction.  3.  The  electro  dei)osition  of  nick- 
el by  means  of  a  solution  of  the  double  sulphate  of  nickel  and  mag- 
nesia, prepared  and  used  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  free  from  the 
presence  of  {lotash,  soda,  alumina,  lime  or  nitric  acid,  or  from  any 
acid  or  alkaline  reaction. " 

St  ALB  a' 8  Nickel  Platiko  Peocess. — Consists  in  plating  with 
nickel,  by  the  action  of  zinc  upon  salts  of  nickel,  in  the  presence  of 
chloride  of  zinc  and  the  metal  to  be  plated.  By  this  process,  Stalba 
states  that  he  has  succeeded  in  plating  objects"  of  wrought  and  cast 
iron,  steel,  copper,  bi'a.«s,  zinc,  and  lead.  It  is  only  necesearj'  that 
the  size  of  the  objects  should  permit  them  to  be  covered  entirely  by 
the  plating  liquid,  and  that  their  surfaces  should  be  free  from  dirt. 
The  following  is  the  nnydus  operaruH : — A  quantity  of  concentrated 
chloride  of  zinc  solution  is  placed  in  a  clean  metalUc  vessel,  and  to 
this  is  added  an  equal  volume  of  water.  This  is  heated  to  boiling, 
and  hydrochloric  add  is  added  drop  by  drop,  until  the  predpitata 
which  had  formed  on  adding  the  water  has  disappeared.  A  small 
quantity  of  zinc  powder  is  now  added,  which  produces  »  zinc  coating 
on  the  'metal  as  far  as  the  liquid  extends.  Enough  of  the  nickel  salt 
tthe  chloride  or  sulphate  answera  equally  well,  id  now  introduced  t» 


WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLEBS,''  AC,   EECEIPTS.    3-17 

color  the  liquid  dujtinctly  green  ;  the  objects  to  be  plated  are  placed 
In  it  together  with  some  zhic  clippings,  and  the  liquid  is  brought  to 
boilin".  The  nickel  is  precipitated  in  the  course  of  15  mmutes,  and 
the  objects  will  l>e  found  to  be  completely  coated.  The  coating  va- 
ries in  lustre  ATith  the  character  of  the  metallic  surface;  when  this  is 
polished,  the  platii^g  i3  likewL«e  loatrous  and  cice  versa.  Salt  of  co- 
balt aflords  a  cobalt  phiting,  winch  is  steel  gray  in  color,  not  so  lus- 
trous as  the  nickel,  but  more  liable  to  tarnish. 

To  Make  Sllviir  S<5LmoN  fob  ELECTRO-PLATisa.— Put  to- 
gether into  a  gliiss  vessel  1  oz.  good  silver,  m-ide  thin  and  cut  ijito 
strips;  2  oz.  best  nitric  acid,  and  i  oz.  pure  r;'.:ii  wn.ter.  If  solution 
does  not  begin  at  once,  add  a  little  more  water— voutinue  to  add  a, 
Tery  little  at  a  time  till  it  does.  In  the  event  it  starts  off  well,  but 
stops  before  tlie  silver  is  fullv  dissolved,  you  may  generally  start  it 
up  again  all  right  by  adding  a  little  more  water.  V\  hen  solution  la 
entirely  effected,  add  1  quiirt  of  warm  i-ain  water  and  a  hirge  table- 
spoonful  of  table  salt.  Shake  well  and  let  settle,  tiien  proceed  to 
pour  off  and  wash  through  other  waters  as  in  Cie  case  of  the  gold 
preparation.  AVheu  no  longer  acid  to  tlie  ti.-;te,  put  in  an  oimce  and 
an  eighth  etannret  potassa  and  a  quart  pure  rain  water:  after  stand- 
in^f  about  24  hoius.  it  will  be  readv  for  a'^e. 

To  MAKE  Gold  SoLt-noN  fok  ELECTKO-PL.<Tiyr;.— Dissolve  five 
pennyweights  gold  coin,  5  grains  pure  copper,  and  4  grains  pure 
eOver  in  3  ozs.  nitro-mnriatic  acid;  which  is  simply  2  parts  muriatie 
acid  and  1  part  nitric  acid.  Tl'.e  sUver  wiU  not  be  t.ikeu  into  solution 
as  are  the  other  2  mefcils,  bnt  win  gather  at  the  bottom  of  tho  vessel. 
Add  1  oz.  pulverized  sulphate  of  iron,  ^  oz.  pulverized  borax,  25 
grains  pure  table  salt,  and  1  quart  hot  rain  water.  Uiwn  this  the 
gold  and  copner  will  be  thrown  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel  with  the 
silver.  Let  stand  till  fully  settled,  then  pour  off  the  liquid  carefully, 
and  refiU  with  boiling  rain  water  as  before.  Continue  to  repeat  thia 
operation  until  the  precipitate  is  thorou^jchly  washed  ;  or,  in  other 
words,  fill  no,  let  settle,  and  pour  oft  so  long  .is  the  accumuLation  at 
the  bottom  of  the  vessel  is  acid  to  the  t^iste.  Ton  nvw  have  about  an 
18  carat  chloride  of  gold.  Add  to  it  an  ounce  and  an  eighth  cyanuret 
potassa,  and  1  auart  rain  water— the  latter  heated  to  the  boilhij 
ixjint  Shake  up  well,  then  let  stand  about  24  hoiu-s,  and  it  will  ba 
ready  for  use.  Seme  u.«e  platina  as  an  alloy  instead  of  silver,  under 
the  impression  that  plating  done  with  it  is  harder.  I  have  tLsed  both, 
but  never  could  see  much  ditlerenco.  Solution  for  a  darker  colored 
plate  to  imitate  Guinea  gold  mav  be  made  by  adding  to  the  above  1 
oz.  dragon's  blood  and  5  grs.  iodide  or  kon.  If  you  desii-e  an  alloyed 
plate,  proceed  as  first  directed,  without  the  silver  or  copper,  and  with 
an  ounce  and  a  half  of  suJphuret  potassa  in  place  of  the  iron,  borax, 
and  salt  .        ,         , ,  . , 

To  Plate  with  a  Battery.— If  the  plate  is  to  be  gold,  use  the 
gold  solution  for  electro-plating ;  if  silver,  u.<e  the  silver  solution.  Pre- 
pare the  article  to  be  ph-.ted  bv  immersing  it  for  several  minutes  in  a 
strong  ley  made  of  ix)tash  and  rain  water,  polishing  off  thoroughly  at 
the  end  of  the  time  with  a  soft  brush  and  prepared  chaLk.  Care  should 
be  taken  not  to  let  the  fingers  come  in  contact  with  the  article  while 
poliahiu'',  ad  that  has  a  tendencv  to  prevent  the  plate  from  adhering; 
ttaboulabe  held  in  two  or  thre«  micknesaeaol  tissue  paper.    AV 


348    "nrATCHMAKEES,   JEWELLERS',   &C.,    RECEIPTS. 

taoh  the  .article,  wlien  thoTotigMy  cleansed,  to  tlis  positiT©  pole  of 
your  battery,  then  affix  a  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  as  tlie  case  may  be, 
to  the  urgative  jx^le,  and  immerse  both  into  the  solution  in  each  a 
way  as  not  to  hnr.g  in  contact  with  each  other. 

After  the  ar:Jde  has  been  eijoj;ed  to  tue  action  of  the  battery 
about  ten  min'itcs.  take  it  oat  and  wa^h  or  iKtlish  over  with  a  thlJs 
mixture  of  water  and  prepared  chalk  or  jeweUei-s'  ronge.  If,  in  the 
oi>eration,  you  find  places  where  the  plathi^;  seems  inclined  to  j)Cel 
off,  or  where  it  h.-is  not  taken  wcU,  mix  a  little  of  the  plating  solution 
with  prepared  chalk  or  r(jnge,  and  rub  the  defective  part  thoroughly 
with  it.    This  will  be  likely  to  set  all  ri-Jit. 

Govern  your  time  of  exposing  the  article  to  the  bsttery  by  the  do- 
fdred  thickness  of  the  plate.  During  the  time,  it  should  be  taken  out 
and  poliiiicd  up  as  juf^t  directed  about  every  ten  minutes,  or  as  often 
at  least  as  there  is  an  indication  of  a  growing  darkness  on  any  part  of 
its  surface.  When  done,  finL:h  with  the  burnisher  or  prepared  chalk 
and  chamois  slan,  as  best  Buitsyo'.'.rfcifte  and  convenience.  In  case 
the  artijlc  to  be  pil-ted  is  iron,  steel,  lead,  pewter,  or  block  tin,  yoa 
janst,  after  first  cleaning  with  ti.o  ley  and  chalk,  prepare  it  by'ap- 
plyiug  with  a  soft  br.ith — a  car::els'-hr.ir  pencil  is  test  suited — a 
solution  made  of  the  foilowing  r.rticle3  in  trie  proportion  najiied  : — 
Mtric  acid,  ^  oz. ;  muriatic  acil.  ^  oz. ;  snl^huric  acid,  l-'Jth  oz.; 
mr.riate of  p-^ta^h,  1-7 th oz. ;  svJ^hate of  iron.  ^ oz. ;  suir-lmi-ic  ether, 
l-5th  oz. ;  and  as  ranch  sheet  zi:ic  as  it  wlil  dis.-olve.  This  preparei* 
a  foundation,  v.ithout  which  the  plate  would  fail  to  take  well,  if  aS 
.all. 

To  MAKE  GoLr>  AmalgavL — ^Eight  parts  of  gold  and  one  of  mer- 
cury are  formed  into  an  amalgam  lor  plating,  by  rendering  tlie  gold 
into  thin  plates,  maki!;g  it  red  hot  and  then  putting  it  hito  the  mercurj 
while  the  latter  is  a!  -o  bected  to  ebnliitlon.  The  gold  immediately 
disapjiears  in  corcbiiu-.tion  with  the  mercury,  after  which  the  mixture 
may  be  tumed  into  v-.ler  to  cooL    It  is  then  ready  for  use. 

To  Plate  wiiar  Gold  AaiALOA?.!. — Gold  amalgam  is  chiefly  osed 
as  a  plating  for  silrer,  copper  or  brass.  TTie  article  to  t«  plated  is 
washed  over  with  diluted  nitric  acid  or  pofcishlyeand  prepared  chalk, 
to  remove  any  tarnish  cr  ru.<t  tliat  might  prevent  the  amalgam  from 
adhering.  Alter  IsaA-ing  been  polj.-hed  I'eiiectly  bright,  the  amal- 
gini  is  applied  as  evenly  as  possible,  usaally  with  a  fine  scratch 
brush.  It  is  then  set  u;>on  a  grata  over  a  cliarccal  fiie,  or  j  laced  into 
an  oven  .and  Leated  to  that  degree  r.t  which  mercury  exhf.les.  The 
gold,  when  the  mercitry  has  evai.nrated.  presents  a  dull  yellow  color. 
Cover  it  Vvith  a  coatinjof  pnlveri.Ted  nitre  and  alum  in  equal  parts, 
mised  to  a  paste  with  water,  and  heat  again  till  it  is  thoroughly 
melted,  then  plunge  into  water.  Burnish  up  with  a  steel  or  blood- 
stone burnisher. 

To  Mak£  a^-d  Apply  GoLD-PL.\TrN-G  SoLmox. — Dissolve  ^  oz. 
of  gold  am.ilgam  in  1  oz.  of  nitro-muriatic  acid.  Add  2  oz.  of  alcohol, 
and  then,  having  brightened  the  article  in  the  usual  way,  apply  tha 
eolation  with  a  soft  brush.  Rinse  and  dry  in  sawdust,  or  with  tissu© 
paper,  and  polish  up  with  chamois  skui. 

To  M.VKB  a^'d'  Apply  Gold-I'lating  Powder. — ^Prepare  a 
chloride  of  gold  the  s;ime  as  for  plating  with  a  battery.  Add  to  it, 
irhen  thoroughly  washed  out,  cyanoret  potasea  in  a  proportion  of  3 


WATCHMAKERS,   JEWELLERS',   AC,    BBCEIPTS.    319 

W5.  to  5  p«nuy  weights  of  gold.  Pour  in  a  pint  of  clean  rainwater 
Bbake  tip  well  and  then  let  stand  till  the  chlorido  is  dissolved.  Add 
■  ^Ji  L^-  ^^  rreixired  Spanish  whiting  and  let  it  evaporate  in  the  open 
aa  tiU  dry,  after  which  put  away  in  a  ti-Lt  vessel  for  use.  To  apnly 
rt  yon  prepare  the  article  in  tlie  usual  wav,  and  having  made  tba 
powder  into  a  paste  with  water,  rub  it  upon  the  surface  ^vith  a  pieca 
n  chamois  skin  or  cotton  flannel 

An  old  mode  of  making  a  gold-plating  powder  was  to  dip  clean 
Jmen  n^s  into  solution  prepared  as  in  the  second  article  p-"©- 
ceding  this,  and  having  dried,  to  fire  and  bum  them  into  ashe^ 
The  a»:hes  formed  the  powder,  and  were  to  be  applied  as  above. 

To  Make  and  .\pply  Silvek-Platixg  Solutio'.— Put  to^-ether 
in  a  glass  vessel  1  oz.  nitrate  of  silver,  2  ozs.  cvanuret  pota5sa,'4  ozs 
pr^jared  Spanish  whiting,  and  10  ozs.  pure  niin  water.  QeansQ  the 
article  to  !«  plated  as  per  preceding  directions,  and  apply  with  a  soft 
brush.    Finish  with  the  cuamois  skin  or  burnisher. 

To  M.A.KE  AXD  Apply  S!l\t:e-Plati>,-g  Powdee.— Dissolve  sil- 
ver m  nitric  acid  by  the  aid  of  hc-.t;  put  some  pieces  of  copper  into 
the  solution  to  precipitate  the  silver;  wasli  the  acid  out  in  tho  usual 
way;  then,  with  15 grains  of  it  mix  2  drams  of  tartar,  2  drams  of 
table  salt,  and  ^  dram  of  pulverized  alum.  Brighten  the  article  to 
M  plated  with  ley  and  prepared  chalk,  and  rub  on  the  mrrture. 
«  hen  it  has  assumed  a  white  appearance,  e3qx)se  to  heat  as  in  the 
case  of  plating  with  gold  amalgam,  then  polish  np  with  the  burnisher 
or  soft  leather. 

To  Desthoy  the  Effects  of  Acid  ox  Clothks.— Dampen  as 
eoon  as  possible,  after  exposure  to  the  acid,  with  spirits  ammonia.  It 
wiU  ae.-^roy  the  effect  immediately. 

To  Wash  Si l^-erw are.— Never  nse  a  particle  of  soap  on  toot 
Bflverware,  as  it  dulls  the  lustre,  giving  the  article  more  the  appear- 
ance of  pewter  than  silver.  When  it  wants  cleaning,  rub  it  with  a 
piece  of  soft  leather  and  prepared  chalk,  tlie  Litter  made  into  a  khud 
of  paste  with  pnre  water,  for  the  reason  that  water  nut  pure  mi«'ht 
contam  gritty  particles.  " 

To  CpAKSE  Brushes.— The  best  method  of  cleansing  watch- 
makers and  jewellers*  brushes  iri  to  wash  them  out  in  a  stron^ 
soda  water.  A\hen  the  backs  are  wood,  vou  must  favor  thiit 
^rt  as  much  as  poesible  ;  for  being  glued,  the  water  may  injure 

To  Cut  Glass  Round  or  Oval  without  a  Diamont).— Scratch 
Ihe  glass  around  the  shape  yon  desire  with  the  comer  of  a  file 
or  graver  ;  then,  having  bent  a  piece  of  wire  in  the  same  shape 
heat  It  red  hot  and  lay  it  upon  the  scratch,  sink  the  gla*<?  into  cold 
water  just  deep  enough  for  the  water  to  come  almost  on  a  level 
with  Its  upper  surface.    It  wiU  rarely  ever  fail  to  break  perfectly 

To  Re-Black  Clotk  H.v>rD3.— Use  apphaltum  varnish.  One  coat 
wiU  make  old  rusty  hands  look  as  good  as  new,  and  it  dries  in  a  few 
minutes. 

To  Gild  Steei — Ponr  some  of  the  ethereal  solution  of  gold  into  a 
wineglass,  and  dip  mto  it  the  blade  of  a  new  penknife,  raM)r  lancet. 
&c.  ;  with  iraw  the  mstmment  and  allow  the  ether  to  evaporata 
The  blade  wri  then  b»  found  covered  with  a  beautiiul  caat  oigold. 


850    WATCHMAKER*,    JEWELLERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

The  blade  may  be  moistened  with  a  clean  rag,  or  a  small  pieoe  o£ 
very  dry  sponge  dipped  in  the  ether,  and  the  eauae  effects  will  bo 
Jjrodnced. 

SrLVERiNa  Shells. — Silver  leaf  and  gum  water,  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity ;  grind  to  a  proper  thickness,  and  cover  the  inside  of  the  snella. 
For  a  Gold  Colok,  grind  up  gold-leaf  with  gum  water,  and  apply  to 
the  inside  of  the  shells. 

Liquid  Foil  fob  Silvekino  Glass  Globes,  &c. — Lead,  1  part; 
tin,  1  part;  bismuth,  1  part;  melt,  and,  jurt  before  it  sets,  add  mer- 
cury, 10  paits.  Pour  this  into  the  globe,  and  turn  it  rapidly 
round. 

Siltek-Platers'  Strippln'o  LiQcnD. — Sulphnric  acid,  8  parts; 
nitre,  1  part    Used  to  recover  silver  from  old  plated  ware. 

To  StLV'ER  Clock  Faces,  &c. — Old  silver  lace,  ^  oz. ;  nitric  acid, 
1  oz.  Boil  them  over  a  gentle  fire  for  about  5  minutes  in  an  earthen 
pot  After  the  silver  is  dissolved,  take  the  mixture  off,  and  mix  it  in 
a  pint  of  clean  water,  then  i>our  it  into  anotlicr  vessel  free  from  sedi- 
ment; then  add  a  tablespoonful  of  common  F.-Ut,  and  the  silver  will  be 
precipitated  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder  of  curd ;  pour  oif  the  acid, 
and  mix  the  curd  with  2  oz.  salt  of  t;irtar,  and  h  oz.  whiting,  all  to- 
getlier,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  To  Use.— -Cleanyour  brass  or  copper 
plate  with  rotten-stone  and  a  piece  of  old  hat ;  r.ib  it  with  salt  and 
water  with  your  hand.  Then  take  a  little  of  the  composition  on  your 
finger,  and  rub  it  over  your  plate,  and  it  will  firmly  adhere  and  com- 
pletely silver  it  Wash  it  well  -with  water.  When  dry,  rub  it  with  a 
clean  rag,  and  varnish  with  this  a'arxish  fob  clockVaces.  Spirits 
of  wine,  1  pt. ;  divide  in  three  part's,  mix  one  part  with  gum-mastic  in 
a  bottle  by  itself;  1  part  spirits  and  ^  oz.  sandarac  in  another  bottle; 
and  1  part  spirits  and  i  oz.  of  whitest  giim  benjamin,  in  another  bot- 
tle; laix  and  temper  to  your  mind.  If  too  thin,  some  mastic;  if  too 
soft,  some  sandarac  or  benjamin.  When  you  use  it,  warm  tho 
silvered  plate  before  the  fire,  and,  with  a  flat  camels' -hair  pencil, 
stroke  it  over  till  no  white  streaks  appear,  and  this  will  preserve  the 
silvering  for  many  years. 

REFnsTNG  Gold  a>t»  Silver. — The  art  of  assaying  gold  and  sil- 
ver is  founded  upon  the  feeble  affiaiity  which  these  have  for  oxygen 
in  comparison  with  copper,  tin,  and  other  cheap  metals,  and  on  the 
tendency  which  the  latter  metals  have  to  oxidize  rapidly  in  contact 
with  lead  at  a  high  temperature,  and  sink  with  it  into  any  porous, 
earthy  vessel  in  a  thin,  glassy,  vitrified  mass.  The  precious  metal 
having  previously  been  accurately  weighed  and  prepared,  the  first 
process  is  Cupellation.  The  muffle,  vrith  cupel  properly  arranged 
on  the  "  muffle  plate,"  is  placed  in  the  furnace,  and  the  charcoal  ad- 
ded, and  lighted  at  the  top  by  means  of  a  few  ignited  pieces  thrown 
on  last  Aiter  the  cupels  have  been  exposed  to  a  strong  white  heat 
for  about  Iialf  an  hour,  and  have  become  white  hot,  the  lead  ia  put 
into  them  by  means  of  tongs.  As  soon  as  tliis  becomes  bright  red 
and  "  circiilating,"  as  it  is  called,  the  specimen  for  assay,  wrapped 
in  a  email  piece  of  paper  or  lead-foil,  is  added  ;  the  fire  is  now  Kept 
up  strongly  until  tlie  metal  enters  the  lead  and  '^circulates"  well, 
wnen  the  neat,  8li";htly  diminished,  is  so  rop^ulated  that  the  assay 
appears  convex  and  more  glowing  than  the  cupel  itself,  whilst  the 
**vndul(itvm*"  circuIatQ  in  all  dUiectiooa,  and  the  middle  of  tht 


WATCHMAKEKS,   JEWELLERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.    351 

metal  appears  smooth,  Trith  a  marsin  of  litliargo,  Trliich  is  freely  ab- 
sorbed by  the  cupel.  When  tlie  metal  bcroiiK's  bright  and  Bliiiimg, 
or,  in  technical  language,  begins  to  "U(jlUc))-,"  and  pridmatic  huea 
suddenly  flash  across  tlie  globules,  andunduLiteaud  cross  each  other, 
loUowed  by  the  metal  becoming  ^ eiy  brilliant  and  clear,  and  at 
length  bright  and  solid  (called  the  brightcniivj),  the  separation  is  end- 
ed, and  the  process  complete.  The  cupels  are  then  drawTi  to  tlio 
mouth  of  the  "muffle,"  aud  allowed  to  cool  slowly.  TNTien  quite 
cold,  the  resultuig  ^'button,"  if  of  s;lvek,  is  removed  by  the 
"pliers"  or  "tongs"  from  the  cupels,  r.nd,  after  being  flattened  on 
a  small  anvil  ofpvll*hed  steel,  with  a  poll;  hed  steel  hammer,  to  de- 
tach adhering  oxide  of  lead,  and  cleaned  with  a  smaU,  hard  brush,  ia 
Tery  accurately  toeujhed.  The  weight  is  that  oipvre  silccr,  and  the  dif- 
ference between  the  weight  before  cupellation  and  that  of  tlie  pure  metal 
represents  the  proportion  of  alloy  in  the  sample  examined.  In  the 
case  of  GOLD,  the  metal  has  next  to  undergo  the  operations  of  quab- 
TATiON.  The  cupelled  sample  is  fused  with  3  times  its  ■weight  of 
pure  silver  (called  the  "  witness  "),  by  which  the  gold  is  reduced  to 
one-fourth  of  the  mass  less,  and  in  this  state  may  easily  be  removed 
by  PAitTiNo.  The  alloy,  after  quartation,  is  hammered  or  rolled  out 
iuto  a  tliin  strij)  or  leaf,  curled  mto  a  spiral  form,  and  boiled  for  a 
quarter  of  an  hour  with  about  2^  to  3  ozs.  of  nitric  acid  (specific 
gravity,  1.3)  ;  and  the  fluid  being  poured  oiT,  it  is  again  boiled  in  a 
similar  manner,  with  1^  to  2  ozs.  more  nitric  acid  (sp.  gr.,  1.2);  after 
which  the  gold  is  carefully  collected,  washed  in  pure  w.iter,  and  dried. 
When  the  oper;ition  of  partuig  is  skilfully  conducted,  the  acid  not  too 
strong,  the  metal  preserves  its  spiral  form;  otiiei-wise  it  falls  into 
flakes  or  powder.  The  second  boiling  is  termed  the  "  rq^mc."  The 
loss  of  weight  by  parting  corresponds  to  the  quantity  of  silver  orig- 
inally in  the  specimen. 

For  Alloys  Ck^NTAiinxQ  PLATiNxrir,  ■which  tisnally  consist  of 
copper,  silver,  platinum,  and  gold,  the  method  of  assajong  is  as  fol- 
lows :  The  alloy  is  cupelled  in  the  usual  way,  tlio  lo-^s  of  weight  ex- 
presses the  amount  ci  copper,  and  the  "  button,"  made  into  a  riband 
aud  treated  with  sulphuric  acid,  indicates  by  the  portion  dissolved 
tliat  also  of  the  silver  pi-esent.  By  submitting  the  residuum  to  quarta* 
tion,  tiieiHaiinum  becomes  soluble  in  nitric  acid.  The  loss  after  di- 
gestion in  this  menstruum  exjiressesthe  weight  of  that  metal,  and  tho 
weight  of  the  portion  now  remaining  is  that  of  pure  gold.  Gold  con- 
tainmg  PALLAnma  may  be  assayed  in  the  same  manner.  Auneal- 
INO.— This  consists  in  putting  the  pure  gold  into  a  small,  porous 
crucible,  or  cupel,  and  heating  it  to  redness  in  tho  muffle.  Weighino 
must  be  done  with  the  utmost  accuracy.  Tlie  weight  in  grains  Troy, 
doubled  or  quadrupled,  as  the  case  may  be,  gives  the  number  of 
carats  fine  of  the  aUoy  examined,  without  calculation.  According  to 
the  OLD  French  method  of  assaying  gold,  the  following  quantities 
were  taken  ;  For  tlie  assay  pound,  12  gr. ;  fine  silver,  30  grs. ;  lead, 
108  gr.  These  ha\ing  been  cupelled  together,  the  perfect,  button  i» 
rolled  into  a  leaf  (IJ  X  5  inches),  twisted  on  a  quill  and  submitted 
topartmg  with  2^  oz.  and  li  oz.  of  nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.,  1.16  (20o 
Baumd. )  Tlie  remainder  of  the  process  is  similar  to  uiat  above  de- 
cribed.  Tne  usual  weight  of  silver  taken  for  the  assay  pound,  when 
tb«  fineiieBs  Is  reckoued  in  lOOOths,  is  20  gis.,  every  real  grain  of 


352    WATCHMAKERS.    JEWELLEBS',    StC^    BKCEIPTfl. 

which  represents  SO-lOOOths  of  fineness,  and  bo  on  of  smaller  dirl- 
stona. 

EjfAaoEtxrsG  ox  Gold  or  Coppeb. — The  basis  of  all  enameb  i* 
a  highly  transparent  and  fnsible  glass,  called  fkit,  Ftrx,  or  past^ 
which  readHy  receives  a  c«ilor  on  the  addirion  of  the  metallic  oiidei 
Prejxn-arton.— Red  lead,  16  parts ;  cikined  borvx,  3  parts ;  poonded 
Sint  glass,  12  part?;  flints,  4  parta,  Fiise  in  a  Hossum  crucible  for  13 
honrs,  then  ponr  it  or.t  into  water,  and  r«?dace  it  to  powder  in  a  bis- 
cnit-ware  mortar.  The  foUo-wing  direct;  :^s  will  ser\  e  to  show  how 
tiie  coloring  preparations  are  made  :  JB  /:  emiinel.-'  are  ruiide  with 
peroxide  of  manganec^e,  or  protoxide  of  ir.'n,  to  wuii~a  more  denth  of 
color  is  given  with  a  little  cobalt  Violet  enamel  of  a  very  fine  nne  s 
made  from  peroxide  of  manj:?jiese,  in  small  q'^antity.  with  saline  or 
alkaline  fluxea.  Rzd  enamel  is  made  from  tLe  jWtoxide  of  copper. 
Boil  a  solution  of  equal  \>z.its  of  sugar  and  acetcite  of  cop^ier  in  four 
parts  of  w.'^ter.  The  su^r  takes  possession  c f  r\  '^r*:-'".  of  tbe  enpre- 
OU8  oxide,  r.:-liedace3  it  tothe  prDtoxidD;      '  /:- 

tated  in  the  form  of  a  granular  po^rder  of  a  jt 

two  hour?  of  moderate  boiling,  the  li'^ili  L-  .  .  ._  :  -:  _:,  de- 
canted off  the  precipitate,  whidi  is  wasxied  and  dri.-i.  By  this  pur9 
oxide  any  tint  may  be  obtained  from  red  to  or.ui^e  by  adding  s 
greater  or  smaller  quantity  of  per^oxide  of  iron.  'Eio  nxile  and 
porple  of  Casc^os  are  likewise  employed  to  co.or  red  eni'.r^'.eL  This 
composition  resists  a  strong  fire  very  welL  Green  en.":nel  can  b© 
proauced  by  a  mistire  of  yellow  and  blr.e,  but  is  gt?nerary  obfc'.ined 
olreot  from  the  oxide  of  "copper,  or,  better  etEl,  witli  the  oxide  of 
chrome,  which  last  will  resist  a  strong  heat  r..7o?c. — Take  one  part 
of  white  oxide  of  antimony,  with  from  one  to  three  parts  of  white 
lead,  one  of  alum,  and  one  of  sal-ammonia.  Ea?h  of  these  sub- 
stances is  to  be  pulverized,  then  ah  are  to  be  exact!"  mixed,  and  ex- 
posed to  a  heat  adeqrjite  to  decompose  the  =al-animomac.  This  oj)er- 
ation  is  judged  to  be  finished  when  the  yellow  color  is  well  brought 
cat.  BiM. — This  color  is  obtained  fromthe  oxide  of  cobalt  or  some 
of  its  combinations,  and  it  pro-.iuces  it  with  su.  h  intensity  that  only  a 
very  little  can  be  used  lest  the  shade  shoald  pass  into  black,  "  A 
vhite  enamel  may  be  pre;.ared  with  a  ecJci.ie  formc-<l  of  2  parts  of  tin 
and  1  of  lead,  calcined  to::ether  :  of  this  combined  oxide,  1  part  is 
melted  with  two  parts  of  fine  crystU  and  a  very  little  manganese,  all 
previously  ground  together.  When  the  fusion  is  wmplete,  the  vitreotis 
matter  is  to  be  jwured  into  cle.'.r  water,  and  the  frit  is  then  dried  and 
melted  anew.  Repeat  the  pouring  into  water  three  or  four  times,  to 
insure  a  perfect  combination.  Screen  the  crudljle  from  smoke  and 
flame.  The  smallest  portions  of  oxide  of  iron  or  copTjer  admitted  in- 
to this  enamel  will  destroy  its  value.  The  a;-tiit  prepares  his  enamel 
colors  by  pormding  them  in  an  agate  mortar,  -nith  an  agate  pestle, 
and  grinding  them  on  an  agate  slab,  with  ell  or  lavender  rendered 
viscid  by  exposiue  to  the  sun,  in  a  shallow  vessel,  loos^y  covered 
with  gauze  or  glass.  He  should  have  alongside  cf  him  a  stove,  in 
which  a  moderate  fire  is  kept  up,  for  dryiu^  his  work  whenever  tha 
figures  are  finished.    It  is  then  passed  through  the  mufSe. 

Black  E>"amel  Oir  Gold  ob  Siltep.. — Ta-ke  ^  pennyweight  of 
i-Qver,  2J  pennyweights  of  a^per,  3^  pennyweights  of  lead,  and  2J 
penayweighta  of  muriate  of  ajBmoma.    Slelt'together.  and  pour  into  a 


VATCBOJASEUS,   JSXTELLERS',    AC.,   RECEIPTS.    S5S 

crncifole  witli  twice  as  nmch  polreriztyl  gulphor;  the  <*rapil)l«  is  th«i 
to  be  ImmedLitoly  covered  that  the  ^alphar  maynottake  fire,  and  the 
miiture  is  to  be  caldned  over  a  stmofting  fire  until  the  gnperaiiooa 
Bulphur  «  burued  away.  The  conrxcmd  is  tlien  to  be  coarsely 
pouQded,  and.  with  a  solution  of  muriate  of  ammonia,  to  be  formed 
into  a  paste  which  is  to  be  placed  up<^Ti  the  article  it  is  designed  to 
enaAeL  The  anicle  must  tlien  be  b»'.d  over  a  spirit  lamp  till  the 
compound  upou  it  melts  and  Cows,  /ilter  tliis  it  may  bo  smoothed 
•nd  polished  up  in  safety. 

Silvee-Platesg.— Fiie  the  parts  vrl:U\  itreto  receive  the  plate 
yery  smooth ;  then  apply  over  the  5urfa<-o  the  miuL^.te  of  tine,  which 
is  made  by  di?solvin;4^inc  ia  muriatic  aoi! ;  noT  hold  this  part  over 
a  dish  coatiLni'i?  hot  (fofts?]'->r,  and  w:::i  a  E^^ab  n'^rilv  the  solder  t<j 
the  part  to  which  it  will  adhere,  brush  oil  all  supe'i:laous  solder,  vo 
as  to  leave  the  snrface  smooth;  you  will  now  take  No.  2  fair  silver 
plate,  of  the  ri;;ht  size  to  t-ovef  the  prepared  surface,  and  lav  tiie 
plate  upon  it,  and  mb  down  smooth  with  a  cloth  moistened  with  oil; 
then,  with  a  tiimed  solderin.ii  iion,  pass  slowly  over  all  the  sariV^eof 
tiie  plate,  which  melts  tiie  sclder  underneath" it,  causiusr  the  plate  to 
adhere  as  firmly  as  the  sclder  does  to  the  iron;  tJiea  iMjlish  the  sur- 
face, and  ficLshwith  back?  kin. 

Platixo  with  Nickel  may  be  effected  by  placing  the  object  to  ho 
plated,  either  of  iron,  steel,  coiper,  bronze,  zinc  or  lead  in  a 
boiling  neutral  solution  of  zinc  cRloride  conUinin^  a  salt  of  nickel 
and  granulated  zinc.  If  the  zinc  solution  is  acid,  the  coating  of 
nickel  is  dull.  A  plating  of  cobalt  may  be  made  in  the  same 
manner. 

Elkixgtox's  Patent  Gn-Diire.— Fme  pold,  5  ok.  (troy);  nitro- 
muriatic  acid.  52  oz.  (avoirdaiX)is);  dissolve  by  neat,  and  continue  tlia 
heat  untn  red  or  yellow  vaiwrs  cease  to  be  evc-!vc-d;  decant  the  clear 
liquor  into  a  snitible  vessel;  add  diMiU'^d  vrp.ter,  4  gaL^;  pure  bi- 
carbonate of  potass*,  20  lb. ;  and  toil  fcr  2  ho;irs.  K,  B.— The  nitro- 
mnriatic  acid  is  made  with  pnre  nitric  add  (?:\  pr.,  1.45)  21  oz. ;  pvre 
muriatic  acid  (sp.  gr.,  1.15%  17  oz. ;  aud  cfi>;iVri  watra-,  14  oz.  Tlie 
articles,  after  being  perfectly  clenn«:4  fi>)m  scale  or  grea:^e.  aud 
receiving  a  proiier  face,  are  to'  be  p"  t  ended  on  drives,  dipined  into  the 
liquid  hoi'.iiiff  hot,  and  moved  alwi^t  thei-oin,  when,  in  from  a  fe-sv 
seconds  to  a  minute,  depending  on  the  neime??  a:id  streuirth  of  the 
liquid,  the  requisite  coating  vf  g-'M  v.ill  be  de;xisited  on  them.  Bv  a 
little  practice  the  time  to  withdiawthe  aiticles  is  readily  known;  tlj^ 
doration  of  the  immersion  re<-|uired  to  produce  any  given  effect 
gradnaliv  inrrervses  as  the  liquid  weakens  by  u?e.  \VTien  pro^^rlT 
gilded,  the  aiticles  are  witlidrawn  from  tlie  solution  of  gold,  washei 
fa  clean  water  and  dried ;  after  which  they  undergo  the  usual  opera- 
tion of  coloring,  &c. 

A  ''<kad  gold"  appearance  is  produced  by  the  ai^pUcation  to  tha 
articles  of  a  tcnk  solution  of  nitrate  of  m.rcunj  previouj-ly  to  the 
immersion  in  the  gUdin^  liqnor.  or  the  deadening  may  be  given  by 
applying  a  solution  of  the  nitrr.te  to  the  nezcly  yilded  suxEice,  aoa 
then  exiielliug  the  mercury  by  heat 

Spot  GrLDiNG.  or  gilding  in  EjKtts.  producing  a  very  fine  appear- 
ance, is  done  by  ]n!tt:r.g  a  thin  coat  of  oil  on  tho«e  i>arts  of  the  metal 
where  yon  do  not  wi^h  the  gilding  to  appeaXv  the  gold  will  thou  b« 


854         MACHH^'ISTS,    rXGiyEF-Tts',    AC,   Ri:CETPTS. 

deponted  in  those  spot^^  only  -whore  there  is  uo  cii,  and  the  oil  is  easilj 
TcmoTed  when  the  ]ol>  is  finished. 

Watchhakeks"  On,. — Pat  thin  shoot  Irad  into  olive  oil  in  a  bottle, 
expose  it  to  the  puu  for  a  few  weeks,  and  pour  <>rl"  the  cle:ir. 

SoLCTiON  FOR  DrppiNO  Steei.  Abtici,e.«,  1'keviocsly  to  Elec- 
tko-Platixg. — Xiti-ate  of  pilver,  1  piirt:  nititit*  of  niereurj-,  1  pait; 
nitric  acid  ( sp-  gr. .  1.:3S4 ),  4  i>art? ;  Avater,  IJ)  parts.  For  c";  'per  a>-tid's. 
— Sulphuric  acid,  6i  part.s;  water.  M  p;?rtif;  nitric  add,  32  part^; 
muriatic  acid,  1  part ;  mi.^.  The  aititle,  free  from  gieaso,  ia  dipped  in 
the  pickle  for  a  second  or  two. 

ABR.iXGE>IEXT    OF    LaPIPARIES    CtTTTIXG    pLATES. — 1.   Soft  irOQ 

(very  thin)  with  diamond  du^-t  in  oil.  2.  Pewter,  with  coarse  emery 
and  water.  3.  Pewter,  with  fine  emery  and  water.  4.  Wood  with 
sand  and  water.  5.  Pewter  witli  ri)tten-.stone  and  ^rat^r.  6.  Leather 
•with  putty  ]X)wder  slightly  wet 

PoLiSHixo  DiAMoyps.— The  plan  in  u-se  £t  all  the  large  diamond 
cutters  is  simply  a  cast  iron  disc  of  go<^  metal,  with  a  vertical  spindlo 
run  tlvough  its  centre,  balanced,  and  turned,  and  faced  true  in  a 
lathe.  The  disc  revolves  at  about  1000  revolutions  per  minute.  "Vtith 
a  little  diamond  dust  and  oil,  the  stone  is  set  in  a  small  brass  cup  filled 
with,  common  soft  solder;  it  is  then  screwed  un  in  tiia  clamiw  and 
applied  to  the  gkive  till  the  facets  is  formed. 


RECEIPTS  FOR  MACHTXISTS.  ENGINEERS, 
MILLOTVXERS,  BLACKSMITHS,  LOCOMO- 
TIVE BUILDERS  AND  METAL  TTORKERS 
OF  EVERY  KIND. 

DraTEUcnoKS  to  Exgikeers — Getting  vp  Steam. — Before  light- 
ing tLe  fire  in  the  morning,  raise  your  safety  valve,  brushing  away 
all  the  ashes  and  dust  which  may  impair  its  free  action,  and  il  it 
leaks  steam  grind  it  on  its  seat  with  fine  emery  or  grindstone  grit. 
Valves  with  vibratory  stems  are  safer  tiian  those  with  rigid  stems,  as 
they  are  not  so  liable  to  bind  by  the  lever  and  weight  getting  out  of 
true.    To  guard  agiainst  loes  by  leakage  and  evaxwration,  leave  th9 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEERS',    AC,   RECEIPTS.         SIM 

«rater  up  to  the  third  guage  at  night  and  beep  it  np  to  the  second 
gauge  dorin,?  working  hours.  Qean  all  athes  and  cindera  from  the 
furnace  and  ash  pit,  and  spread  a  layer  of  two  or  three  inches  of 
coal  over  the  j;rate  bars  ;  pile  on  plenty  of  shaviugs  over  the  coal, 
with  dry  sawdust,  split  wood,  &c.,  then  start  your  fire.  Keep  the 
fire  even  and  regular  over  tlie  ^mte  bars,  about  5  inches  thick  with 
soft  coal,  and  about  3  inches  with  anthracite,  and  always  avoid  ex- 
cessive firing.  Moderate  charges  or  firings  at  intervals  of  15  to  20 
minutes  give  the  best  results.  In  getting  up  steam  from  <x>ld  water 
the  fire  should  be  raised  graduaUy,  to  avoid  damaging  the  boiler  by 
unequal  exiiausion  of  the  iion.  t>o  not  keep  the  damper  and  fur- 
nace door  o^ieu  at  the  same  time,  as  the  extreme  draught  expels  the 
heat  from  the  furnace  into  the  chimney,  and  the  cold  air  entering 
through  the  door  induces  a  damaging  contraction  of  the  boiler  plates 
•wherever  it  strikes.  The  current  of  air  enters  the  ash  pit  with  a 
Telocity  of  12  feet  per  second,  and  every  100  lbs.  coal  reqiures  about 
15.624  cubic  feet  for  its  combustion.  With  tcood  for  fuel,  the  area  of 
grate  surface  should  be  1.25  to  1.4  that  for  coal.  Volume  of  furnace 
for  coal  bumiug  should  be  from  2.75,  to  3  cubic  feet  for  every  square 
foot  of  its  grate  surface,  for  wood  4.6  to  5  cubic  feet  The  iise  of  the 
pyrometer  has  satisfactorily  established  the  following  facts.  1st. 
That  the  admission  of  a  certain  quantity  of  air  behind  the  bridge 
developes  a  greater  amovmt  of  heat  for  raising:  steam  by  assisting 
combustion  and  consuming  the  smoke,  the  existence  of  smoke  being 
a.lways  a  sure  sign  of  waste.  2.  A  regular  and  continuous  supply  of  air 
to  the  furnace  increases  its  heating  powers  33^  per  cent.  3.  Tlie  supply 
of  air  may  enter  behind  the  bridge,  through  the  bars,  or  through  the 
furnace  doors,  as  long  as  it  is  properly  regulated.  4.  The  supply  of 
tiir  may  vary  with  tlie  nature  of  tlie  fuel ;  light  burning  coal  requir- 
ing less  air  than  caking  ooal,  because  the  latter  becomes  a  compact 
mass  in  the  furnace,  excluding  the  air  from  the  bars,  while  the  latter 
is  the  reverse.  6.  For  perfect  combustion  a  high  temperature  ia 
necessary.  In  all  cases  see  that  tlie  bars  are  well  covered  and  the 
fuel  kept  from  caking.  Knock  away  the  clinkers  as  soon  as  formed, 
keeping  tlie  spaces  open  between  the  bars.  Regulate  the  supply  of 
air  either  by  the  dampers,  ashpit,  furnace  doors,  or  by  an  orifice 
behind  the  bridge.  A  jet  of  steam  from  a  pipe  placed  across  the  top 
of,  and  inside  the  door,  will  grortly  assist  m  consuming  the  smoke 
and  intensifying  the  heat,  by  yielding  up  its  oxygen  and  hydrogen, 

If  steam  commences  to  blow  off  at  tlie  safety  valve  while  the 
engine  is  at  rest,  start  your  pump  or  injector  to  create  a  circulation, 
co\  er  or  bank  your  fire  with  a  charge  of  at;hes  or  fresh  coal  to  absorb 
the  heat,  and  allow  tlie  steam  to  have  free  egresa  through  the  safety 
valve,    if  by  neglect  the  water  gets  very  low,  and  tlie  boiler  dan- 

ferously  hot,  the  fire  should  either  be  drawn,  or  drenched  with  water, 
hould  the  fire  be  very  hot  and  the  water  supply  temporarily  cut  off, 
Btop  the  engine  and  cover  the  fire  quite  thickly  with  fresh  fuel  to 
absorb  the  heat,  keeping  the  usual  allowance  of  water  in  the  boiler 
until  the  supply  is  renewed.  Boilers  should  be  blovra  out  every  2  or 
S  weeks,  or  as  often  as  mud  appears  In  the  water,  but  never  until 
after  the  fire  has  been  drawn  at  least  one  hour,  and  the  damper 
closed,  otherwise  the  empty  boilei^  'night  be  damaTed  by  the  heat. 
Never  fill  a  A&t  boiler  with  coid  water,  as  the  sudden  coatractioD 


356  MACHINISTS,  ENGIKSERS",  AC,  RECEIPTS. 

many  times  rep«at«d  will  cventnallT  canec  it  to  leak.  Never  blow 
out  a  boiler  w.th  a  higher  pressure  than  jO  lbs.  to  the  square  inch,  as 
eteam  at  a  high  pressure  indicates  a  high  temperature  in  the  iron, 
which  under  caretal  management  should  be  always  let  down  grada- 
ally.  Previous  to  filling  a  boiler  raise  the  valve  to  permit  the  fre« 
egress  of  the  air  which  might  otherwise  do  manifold  damage. 

Use  every  possible  precaution  against  using  foul  v  ater  as  it  in- 
duces foamtog  in  the  boiler  ;  soapy  or  oily  substances  and  an  insuffi- 
ciency of  st-eam  room  have  a  like  effect,  causing  the  boiler  to  burl 
on  the  spots  where  the  water  is  lilted  fron  it,  and  the  glass  gauges  to 
indicate  falsely,  besides  damaging  the  cylinder  by  priming,  carrying 
mud,  erit,  water  and  slush  into  it  t'  r.^ugh  the  pipe,  and  rendering 
the  cj'linder  heads  liable  to  be  knock-;d  oug.  Steam  from  pure  water 
at  212^  Fahr.  supports  a  30  inch  column  of  mercury.  Steam  from 
sea,  or  impure  water  at  the  same  temperature,  will  support  only 
22  inches. 

Pure  soft  water  derived  from  lakes  and  large  streams,  rain  water 
from  cisterns,  reservoirs,  drc,  and  spriuj^s  outsUle  of  linestone  d's- 
tricU.  is  the  best  for  steam  purposes.  Water  from  wells  and  springs 
in  limestone  tlutrict^  and  smaU  streams,  hold  in  solution  large 
quantities  of  chloride  of  sodium,  carbonate  of  lime,  sulphate  of 
lime,  <fec.,  b«side3  quantities  of  vegetable  matter  in  suspension.  The 
carbonic  acid  in  the  water,  vrhich  holds  the  carlxjnate  of  lime.  &c.,  in 
solution,  being  driven  otf  by  boiling,  the  latter  is  precipitated  and 
forms  an  tncru.station  whichi  adhcros  w.th  ob?ti  ate  teaacitv  to  the 
boiler  plates.  By  continual  accretion  the  deposit  of  scale  becomes 
thicker  and  thicker,  and  being  a  non-condnctor  of  heat  it  requires 
fiO  per  cent,  more  fuel  to  r-.»ise  the  water  to  any  given  temperature 
when  the  scale  is,  }^  of  an  inch  thick  ;  the  conducting  power  of  scale 
compared  with  that  of  iron  being  as  1  to  37.  The  red  scale  formed 
from  water  impregnated  with  saitaof  iron,  derived  from  percolation 
thraagh  iron  ore,  is  stiU  more  destructive  to  steam  boilers,  and  in  no 
way  can  the  evil  be  c  >mpletely  averted  except  by  the'use  of  chemicals, 
which  wiU  neutralize  the  diflferent  corrosive  impurities  in  the  water. 
(Se^  artiie  on  Iri'rii.'stal;->n.  page  3CS. 

In  tubular  boilers,  the  hand  hole  should  be  opened  frequently  and 
aU  sediment  removed  from  over  the  fire ;  keep  the  sheets,  flues, 
tubes,  gauge  cocks,  glass  gauges  and  coimections  well  swept  and 
perfectly  clean,  and  the  boiler  and  engine-room  in  neat  condition. 
Keep  a  sharp  lookout  for  leaks,  and  repair  them  if  possible  without 
delay,  and  allow  no  water  to  come  in  contact  with  the  exterior  of  the 
boiler  under  any  circumstances.  Examine  and  repair  every  blister 
as  soon  as  it  appears,  and  make  frequent  and  thorough  examinations 
of  the  boiler  with  a  small  steel  hammer. 

In  ease  of  foaming,  close  the  throttle,  and  keep  closed  long  enough 
*o  show  true  level  of  water.  If  the  water  level  is  right,  feeding  and 
blowini?  will  generally  stop  the  trouble.  With  muddy  water  it  is  a 
safe  rule  to  blow  out  6  or  8  inches  every  day.  If  foaming  is  violent 
from  dirty  water,  or  change  from  salt  to  fresh,  or  from  fresh  to  salt, 
in  addition  to  following  the  above  directions,  check,  draught,  and 
eover  the  fire  with  ashes  or  fresh  fuel 

Qreat  watchfulness  is  necessary  when  Bteaoa  ia  raised,  t^  safetf 


MACfins'ISTS,    EJfGrifEERS*,    AC,    RECEIPTS.  357 

i^Te  fixed,  the  fire  strong,  aud  the  engine  at  rest.    In  every  case 
there  is  a  rapid  and  dangerous  absorption  of  heat,  the  temi>eratiu-e, 
latent    and  sensible   lieat   included,  olten  rising   to    1200°    Fahr 
Frequently  it  is  but  the  work  of  an  instant  to  convert  the  latent  into 
eensible  heat,  thus  generating  an  irresistible  force  which  bursts  the 
b(Hler  and  destroys  life  and  property.     The  destruction  generally 
coming  at  the  moment  of  starting  the  engine,  the  opening  of  the 
valve  inducing  a  commotion  in  the  water,  which  flashes  into  steam  tho 
mstant  it  touches  the  heated  plates.     Steam  has  been  known  to  rl^e 
from  a  pressure  of  32  lbs.  to  the  square  inch  to  90  lbs.  to  the  square 
mch,  m  the  short  sixace  of  fevcn  minutes,  with  the  engine  at  rest.    It 
onght  to  quicken  the  vigilance  of  every  eneineer  to  know  that  the 
explosive  energy  in  each  and  every  cubic  foot  of  water  in  his  boiler 
at  eo  lbs.  pressure,  is  eqnal  to  tliat  contained  in  1  lb.  of  gimpowder. 
From  avaricious  motive's  it  has  bec»>me  quite  common  to  discharge* 
or  to  decline  to  emplov,  qualided  and  careful  engineers.    Incompe- 
tent men  are  employed  becaui^e  their  labor  costs  a  few  dollars  less 
than  that  of  the  former.    This  is  too  much  of  a  bad  Ihing  to  pass 
over  without  notice.    Employ  good  eldli'ul  men  in  tho  management 
of  steam  power,  or  employ  none  at  all,  and  pay  tlicm  decent  wages 
If  an  oversight  takes  phwe,  and  the  best  and  most  carefjl  men  are 
liable  to  make  mistakes,  never  scold,  reprimand,  or  c:^;i.t  service 
during  dangerous  emergencies,  as  in  the  event  of  lost  water  in  tTie 
boiler.    In  no  case  riak  life,  limb,  or  property,  and  do  not  let  t];o 
consideration  of  saving  a  few  dollars  debar  vou  from  securing  intelli- 
gent assistants.    The  Turkkh  mode  of  driving  business  on  a  kte 
occasion  was  to  discharge  the  English  engineers  who  brourht  ov.t 
the  war  vessels  which  were   built   ia  England,  and   t-upply   the 
vacancies  by  iustalling  cheap  green  hands.    Alter  getting  up  rtcara 
the  new  '-Chief"  proceeded  to  start  the  engines.    A  Lit  at  a  crank 
produced  no  results,  a  pull  at  a  lev^r  was  equally  useless.    At  length 
the  iUostrious  officL'U  espied  a  bright  bniss  cock,  and  thinking  he  had 
got  hold  of  a  sure  thing  this  time,  proceeded  to  give  it  a  twiit,  when 
he  was  suddenly  saluted  with  a  jet  of  steam  fuU  in  tue  lite,  which 
swept  the  "engineer"  and  his  assistants  out  of  the  engine  room, 
intx)  the  fire  room  down  stairs.      So  much  for  cheap  labor  and  the 
consequent  results. 

Duties  to  the  Engine  when  under  steam.— Before  stirting  the 
engine,  warm  the  cylinder  by  admitting  steam  so  as  to  slowly  move 
the  piston  back  and  forth,  letting  the  condensed  water  f.o\v  from  tta 
drip-cocks,  which  should  be  left  open  all  night  for  this  purpose  • 
especially  should  this  be  done  during  cold  and  frosty  weather,  during 
wiiich  time  all  pipes  and  connections  should  linve  extra  protection. 
The  minimum  speed  of  tlie  piston  should  be  240  ft.  per  minute,  and 
the  maximum  speed  700  ft  in  anv  enrlne.  The  most  economical 
steam  pressure  is  from  SO  to  90  lbs.  to  t-e  sqnare  inch,  on  the  piston 
of  any  high  pressure  steam  engine.  To  attam  tl.is  it  is  necessary 
that  the  boiler  pressure  should  be  considerably  hi-rher.  for  tiiere  is  a 
lo^  of  at  leaft  SO  per  cent,  arising  froi-itie  irregularity  of  the  steam 
pipes  and  steam  ports,  by  radiation  of  heat,  bv  imi^roper  packing,  by 
friction  of  valve,  by  the  effect  of  the  goveriKir  and  bv  atmospheric 
pressure,  whiih  of  itself  entails  a  loss  of  15  lbs.  per  square  inch  on 
the  oiston.    The  lower  the  steam  pressure  per  equaxe  inch  on  tih« 


358         MACHnilSTSj    EXGINEERS',    AC,    RICEIPTS. 

piston,  the  greater  the  los«  of  poTrer  from  the  atmoepheric  pre«tir» ; 
for  ruBtance,  a  steam  pr^sure  of  30  lbs.  per  siquare  inch  on  the  piston, 
leaves  oniy  15  lbs  per  square  inch  effective  pressure  for  actual  work, 
the  otheikis  lbs.  being  re.^iured  to  overcome  atmospheric  pressure. 

In  tightening  piston  rt^d  paekiaj?.  screw  uo  tighter  than  merelr  to 
prevent  leakage;  any  more  cini'^unips  power  by  friction,  and  will  des- 
troy the  packing.  Spring  pac-du::  in  tue  cylinder  should  be  adjusted 
with  great  care,  always  kept  up  to  its  place,  aad  never  allowed  to 
become  loose,  or  leakage  wiU  ensue.  ca;i>in?  loss  of  power.  On  the 
other  hand,  if  it  b  set  tco  tight  it  will  cut  the  c>iinder,  and  loss  will 
result  from  friction.  Keep  your  pacAiug  free  from  grit,  sand,  filings, 
&c.,  as  such  substaneee  will  cut  tiie  tyliuder  and  flute  the  rod. 
Eemove  all  old  packing  before  inrei-:nvqf  new,  obwrving  to  cut  the 
packing  into  proper  length.*,  ard  bre;iking  joints  by  placing  each 
joint  on  opposite  sides  of  the  etuffijig  bo.T.  Keep  the  governor  clean, 
easy  in  its  movements,  and  avoid  txres.sive  tight  paclang  around  the 
spindle.  Use  good  oUi.  Avoid  watte  in  the  use  of  oil,  as  too  great 
profusion  generates  gum  and  dirt  Use  it  with  judgment  in  combi- 
nation with  concentrated  ley  when  it  is  required  to  remove  gum  or 
dirt  from  these  or  other  parts  of  the  machinery.  Do  not  lubricate 
the  cylinder  until  after  starting  the  engine,  and  closing  the  drip  cocks. 
U  you  have  occasion  to  sej^irate  a  rust  joint,  or  any  crank  from  a 
fhait  on  which  it  has  been  shrunk,  the  simplest  plan  is  to  apply  heat, 
when  the  bodies  being  of  different  dimensions  will  expand  unequally 
and  separate.  Iron  when  heated  expands  with  irresistible  force. 
Eailway  contractors  know  thiit  tiie  heat  of  the  sun  on  a  warm  dav 
will  cause  such  an  extension  of  the  iron,  that  the  rails,  if  laid  with 
dose  joints,  will  rise  with  the  sleepers  from  the  ballast,  and  form 
arches  4  or  5  feet  high  and  50  or  60  feet  in  length.  In  accommoda- 
tion to  this  law  of  expansion,  spaces  are  left  between  the  rails  on  rail- 
way tracks. 

The  contraction  of  ircn  by  cold  is  equally  powerful,  and  has  been 
put  to  good  use  in  truciag  up  large  bulring  b-.iildings  bv  fitting  iron 
girders  across  them  with  strong  wall  plates  £t  each  eni  Then,  by 
cpplving  ^as  jets  all  alcng  the  girders  they  ^ill  expand  ;  the  screws 
are  then  tightened  up,  and  the  girders  allowed  to  cool,  and  the  straia 
of  these  contractions  several  times  repeated  is  sufficient  tD  bring  the 
walls  to  the  perpendicular.  Again,  in  hoisting  heavy  machinery,  &c. 
by  means  of  pulley-blocks,  if  the  ropes  stretch  and  "the  blocks' come 
together  too  soon.  Vet  the  rope,  and  the  object  will  be  elevated  by 
its  contraction  without  any  other  force.  These  hints  will  be  found 
useful  wken  occasion  o"eis. 

In  driving  the  kegs  on  the  crank-pin  and  cross-head,  use  a  leaden 
mallet,  or  interpose  a  piece  of  leather,  or  a  sheet  of  soft  metal  for 
prelection,  if  a  steel  hammer  is  used. 

The  piston  should  be  removed  every  6  months,  and  the  parts  in- 
jured by  friction,  Sec  carefully  ground."  fitted,  and  if  need  be  turned, 
trued,  and  made  steam  tight.  If  knocking  occurs  in  the  engine  it 
may  arise  by  the  crank  t'eing  ahead  of  the  steam  ;  if  so,  move  the 
eccentric  forward  to  give  more  lead  on  the  valve,  if  caused  by  too  much 
lead  move  tlie  eccentric  further  back,  if  caused  bvthe  exhaust  closing 
too  soon,  enlarge  the  exhaust  chamber  in  the  vafve  :  if  caused  by  the 
«u^e  being  out  of  line,  or  by  haxd  or  tight  piston  rod  packing,  tbeM 


MACBTNISTS,    ENGINEERS',  AC.,   KECRIPTS  359 

fetdts  mtist  be  corrected  ;  i£  caused  by  lost  motion  in  the  jam  nut?  on 
ihe  valve,  tmcovor  the  steam  chest  and  adjust  them  correctly.  It  may 
be  that  knocking  is  caused  by  lost  motion  in  the  craiik-pin,  pilW- 
blocks,  key  of  the  piston  in  the  cross-head,  or  boies  on  the  cross- 
bead,  If  so.  tighten  the  key,  or  file  off  the  edges  of  the  boxes  if  they 
are  too  tight.  Should  knocking  arise  from  shoulders  becoming  worn 
on  the  ends  of  the  guides  ftom  any  cause;  replace  the  guides 
^aockmg  may  be  caused  by  insufficient  counterboring  in  the  cylin- 
aer,  causing  derangement  in  the  movements  of  the  piston  The 
remedy  for  this  is  to  re-counterbore  the  cyUnder  to  the  proper  depth 

Keep  a  close  wateh  over  the  journals  of  the  crank  and  cross-head 
If  they  are  loose  in  the  boxes^  or  too  tight,  they  \rill  run  badly  il 
tightened  too  much,  they  will  heat  and  wear  out  the  brass  shoes  il 
not  tight  enough  there  is  danger  of  the  keys  flying  out  and  breakm* 
the  engine.  '  ° 

Be  sure  that  your  steam  gauge  indicates  truthfully.  It  ought  to 
teUacciiratelythej:>re«»Mre  of  steam  in  the  boUer  when  the  water  is 
hotter  than  212°  Fahr.,  and  indicate  the  variation  in  tlie  pressure  of 
Bteam  from  time  to  time;  but  many  gauges  are  much  worse  than  the 
contnvance  used  by  the  colored  engineer,  who,  disdain  fuUy  dispens- 
ing with  a  gauge  altogether,  used  to  ascertain  the  critical  moment 
when  steam  was  up,  or  danger  at  hand,  by  clapping  his  open  hand 
on  the  outside  of  the  boiler.  *  '^    =>  j. 

Steam  Packing.— Many  varieties  of  packing  are  used,  such  as 
metiUIic  packmg,  packing  composed  of  a  mixture  of  duck,  paper 
and  taUow  m  proper  proportions,  soapstone  and  loose  twisted  cotton 
coils,  asbestos,  jute,  Lc.  An  exceUeut  packing  is  composed  of  hemo 
In  long  loosely  twisted  coils,  well  saturated  with  melted  grease  or 
tallow,  with  as  much  pulverized  black  lead  as  it  will  absorb  Pack- 
ing IS  always  applied  with  the  best  effect  when  the  parts  of  the  engme 
are  cold,  and  its  efficiency  is  promoted  by  soaking  ft  in  beeswaiand 
tallow  previous  to  use. 

To  Work  Steam  Expansitelt.— The  volume  of  steam  at  15  lbs 
pressure  to  the  square  inch  or  atmospheric  pressure  is  1700  times 
greater  tlmn  that  of  any  given  quantity  of  water  from  which  it  may 
be  denved.  \V  hen  confined  under  pressure,  as  in  the  cylinder  of  a 
steam  engine,  it  is  always  in  the  effort  to  expand  itself  to  the  fullest 
extent,  and  a  vast  saving  of  fuel  is  effected  by  cutting  off  the  supply 
of  steam  from  the  piston  by  means  of  the  mam  valve,  before  it 
reacues  the  end  of  its  stroke,  instead  of  allowing  it  to  flow  during 
the  full  length  of  its  stroke.  ^ 

xi-'^r®,?^"'^*  available  pomts  at  which  to  cut  off  steam  is  J,  *  and  |  ol 
the  full  travel  or  stroke  of  tlie  piston.  If  steam  at  75  lbs.  pressure 
to  the  square  inch  is  applied  to  the  pie^ton  and  cut  off  at  half  stroke 
the  average  pressure,  during  the  whole  stroke,  owing  to  the  expan- 
mve  qiiaUty  of  the  steam,  would  be  6'^^  lbs.,  or  only  llj  lbs.  less  than 
the  fuU  pressure,  although  but  half  the  quantity  of  steam  is  used, 
remuringfullyi  less  fuel.  ' 

Iniauine  tlie  diagram  to  be  a  cylinder  of  3  ft.  in  length,  with  steam 
at  (.0  lbs.  ]n-essure  entenng  the  oj.cu  i)ort.  During  tlie  kr^t  4  inches 
of  t]ie  travel  of  tlie  pLstun  the  ste^m  port  is  oiien,  permitting  the 
full  pressure  of  the  steam  to  o-jerate  on  thepi.'^ton  ;  but  at  the  twelfth 
incli  marked  G,  the  steam  lap  on  the  valve  V  closea  the  port    Th» 


3fiO  MACHIKISTS,    EXGTNEEBS',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 


imprHtoned  steam  ■wiil  now  pfojiri  the  piftnn  to  the  end  of  tha 
stroke,  driving  out  the  liberated  eteam  through  the  lort  A  into  the 
exhaoBt  cavitv  B,  but  by  the  time  the  pi^ton  reaches  D,  12  inchea 


from  C.  the  orijjinni  prpppnr*?  of  rO  !h?.  rer  pquare  inch,  will  hare 
decreased  onp-balf,  or  to  30  lbs.,  and  -v. hen  it  reaches  E,  24  inches 
from  C  it  will  have  ptiil  f tirther  decreased  tn  !?0  lbs.  Average  pres- 
sure 39  lbs.  Ttro-third.s  of  the  stmke  have  thus  been  made  vritnout 
any  enpply  of  5team  from  tlie  boiler,  and  forms  the  saving  due  to 
■forking  the  ;?team  erpansively.  The  lacK  of  tiiis  contrivant-e  is  tlie 
tnie  reason  why  some  engines  use  more  fuel  and  steam,  than  others 
cf  the  same  capacity-  and  j;«)-.ver.  It  has  been  stated  that  the  economy 
of  the  Corliss  cat-off  is  snch  that  it  requires  only  2  tens  of  ccal 
instead  of  <55  tons  xised  by  other  engines  of  tl.e  same  power,  but  the 
great  tronble  with  that'engine  is  the  liability  of  the  complex  and 
costly  valve-gear  to  get  out  of  order,  emtailing  "difficult  and  expensive 
rerairs. 

TAm.T^.—Shmeinrf  tht  arrraqs  Pressure  of  St?am  en  the  cylvider 
■fh<m  n.tt  o*r  nt  J.  is  and  g  of  the  stroJce  or  trcrd  cf  thp  Fieton,  com- 
monciug  with  25  lbs,  advancing  by  5  lbs.  and  ending  at  lOO  ILs. 


4>.i. 


'  -  '70   75  ;fT)  ;8o.  T"    '-    ' 

:  111  MS  47|  .50  f  ■ 

"  5«4  6?;i  67|  72    7 
:*12V6Tl:72|77iS2,  S7  ,9l|9< 


To  renlise  the  "be?t  re=nlt=!  from  rteam.  keey*  the  cylinders,  pipes, 
&c. .  well  covered  with -r-.n.!  non-conductor!--.  Various  materials  ar« 
used,  such  as  common  felting,  aj^be-^tos  felting,  hair,  old  wool,  t<ow  or 
hemp  carpet*  cut  up  into  strij^s  of  the  proper  size  and  smeared  over 
with  a  substantial  com}xisition  of  mortar,  teased  hair.  &c.  before 
applying  to  the  vpes.    Cover  the  wbcile  'with  coarse  canvas,  finish- 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEEES',   AC,   RECEIPTS.         361 

fee  with  several  coats  of  white  lead  over  the  canras.  Some  cover 
Douers  with  a  tiiicki:fh  composition  of  clav,  intermixed  with  ctcv  or 
brown  paper  for  a  bind,  to  preveut  cracking,  &c.,  tiie  i^aiier  beinj; 
\rorked  up  mto  shreds  along  with  the  v.ater  and  cLiv.  Others  use  a 
mixture  of  mortar,  tease4  hair,  &c.  Su:ne  use  asbestos,  wood  ashe« 
&c  see  composition  for  eoveriug  boilers."  Cyiiuders  should  bo 
well  clothed  and  jacketed,  and  cased  v:th  wood  or  polished  metal 
the  latter  when  kept  consUmtly  bright  being  a  most  powerful  protec- 
tton  agamst  loss  ot  heat  by  radiation.  ^\mong  mofjls,  silver  is  tlie 
best  absorbent  and  conductor  of  hejit.  If  we  call  its  iMJwer  of  con- 
duction lOO,  tuat  of  copper  ia  74,  gold  53.  i;on  12,  le«d  9,  bismuth  2 
To  Set  TER  valve  of  an  Eyc.iiyE.—rhice  the  crank  at  the  end 
of  Its  strolce,  and  give  the  valve  the  proper  amor.ut  of  lead  ;  reverse 
the  crank  to  the  other  end  of  its  stroke,  and  if  the  valve  has  tlie  cor- 
respondmg  amount  of  le;id  it  is  coiTectly  got.  The  pieponderanre  at 
cither  end,  if  any  exists,  must  be  equallv  divided.  Be  careful  ni  ad- 
justing the  nuts  attaching  the  valve  to  the  rod,  tl.ut  they  do  not 
impinge  agamst  the  valves,  preventing  it  from  eeatu)^  tnie  In  ad- 
justuig  the  sUde  valve  to  cut  off  at  any  point  of  tl:e  travel  of  the 
liiston,  the  eccentric  should  be  moved  forward  in  proportion  to  tlae 
amount  of  lap  given  to  the  valve,  without  auv  reJerenee  to  tlie  ex- 
pausive  workmg  of  steam,  the  valve  must  open  at  the  same  pomt  of 
travel  of  the  piston. 

To  FIND  THE  Stroke  op  the  Valve.— Place  the  crank  on  the 
dead  centre,  and  make  a  mark  on  the  valve-rod,  then  revei^e  the 
movement  to  the  opposite  end  and  make  anotl-.cr  mark.  The  distance 
between  the  two  marks  constitutes  tlie  Etn-ke  of  the  valve  The 
stroke  of  the  valve  may  be  iucreai^ed  as  tlie  bearing  in  Che  rocker-arm 
that  cames  the  eccentric  hook  is  lengthened  :  shorten  the  same  and 
tlie  stroke  is  lessened. 

To  Fi>'D  the  Theow  of  the  EccE^-TRIc.— Measure  the  eccen- 
tric on  the  heaviest  side,  then  measure  on  tl:e  o^^^osite  or  iLrht  side 
The  difference  between  the  two  measurements  will  be  thethrow  of 
the  eccentric. 

Lead  on  the  Slide  Yalve.— The  lend  of  a  valve  i"  tl^e  width 
of  openmg  which  the  valve  allows  to  the  steam  port  when  tlie  piston 
is  at  the  end  of  its  stroke,  as  shown  on  the  diai'rara  at  A  which  re- 
presents ot(^»?c7e  lead,  inside  lead,  bemg  ghov\-n  ii.to  tlie  exhaust  at  B 
which  ought  to  he  double  the  amount  of  out.5;ae  ler.d  iu  order  to  liberate 
tae  exhaust  easUy,  and  thus  reduce  or  pros  ent  br.ck  pressure  C'-ra 
should  be  taken  not  to  liberate  the  exhau.-^t  too  soon,  as  it  will  grc-'tiv 
curtail  the  power  of  the  engine,  especially  if  tlie  Labor  is  heavy  ard ' 
the  speed  slow,  as  m  engines  with  heavy  trains  en  up  rjadcs  &c  To 
ascertam  whether  the  exhaust  oi^ns  atthe  li'  ht  time  or  m  t'  uncov-r 
the  steam  chest  ;  tJien  uncouple  the  valve  from  the  valve  rod  pl.T^e'a 
short  batten  of  wood  lengtliwavs  on  the  cxLau.st  port  •  then  w^*'i  a 
scratch  awl  layoff  linea  on  the  valve  seat,  on  ea;  h  side  of  the  exhaust 
port,  that  will  appear  above  the  valve.  Kc:ct  1  -,•  the  batt°n  on  the 
lace  of  the  valve  and  lay  off  corresponding  lines  on  the  exhaust 
chamber  that  will  show  on  the  edges  of  the  valve,  now  replace  t^e 
valve  on  its  seat,  and  give  1-32  of  an  inch  lead,  and  if  the  Imcs  dt- 
Bcnbed  on  the  face  of  tlie  valve  are  past  the  hues  described  on  the 
valve  Beat  1-16  of  an  inch,  the  exhaust  oi^ens  at  the  proper  time  if  it 


362         MACHINISTS,    ENGIXEERS',   AC,    RECEIPTS. 

does  not  the  exhaust  chamber  in  the  valve  should  be  enlarged  to  tlia 
right  size. 


Lead  is  given  to  a  valve  to  enable  the  steam  to  act  a?  a  cushion  on 
the  piston,  bv  admitting  the  steam  to  it  previous  to  the  end  of  its 
Ftroke,  in  order  to  cause  it  to  reverse  its  motion  easily,  without  jar  or 
noise,  for  it  is  not  allowed  to  touch  the  top  and  bcttoin  of  cylinder  for 
lear  of  knocking  them  out.  The  space  between  tiie  top  and  bottom 
of  the  cylinder  and  the  piston,  when  the  latter  is  at  tlie  end  of  its 
stroke,  is  called  the  clearance,  shown  at  C  C  on  diagram.  The  term 
clearance  is  also  used  to  designate  the  capacity  of  the  connecfc-ig 
steam  ports  and  passages.  It  is  necessary  to  guard  again-^t  too  much 
cushion  as  it  greatly  impairs  the  powers  of  the  engine,  causing  violent 
thumping  or  knocking,  and  sometimes  a  serious  breakdown.  One- 
eighth  of  an  inch  lead  is  suflRcient  for  an  ordinary  freight  and  1-16  is 
tufficient  for  passenger  locomotives,  the  difference  being  on  account 
of  the  greater  speed  of  the  latter. 

Lap  ox  the  Slide  YAL^-E.— The  steam  lap  on  the  slide  valve  is 
the  amount  by  which  it  extends  over  the  extreme  width  of  the 


c-iiT^der  ;  J  rte,  as  illustrated  in  tlie  diagram,  the  distince  l>ctween  tlie 
cotted  lilies  B  B  LL.  aud  the  sides  of  the  ports  P  P,  being  in  each 
ca.se  the  lap.  the  lines  B  B  nidicating  the  outside  lap,  and  L  L  denot- 
ing the  inside  lap,  E  P  exhaust  ;K>rt,  E  exhaust  cavity  in  valve.  V  S 
Talve  B«at,  C  C  viilve  iace.    The  e;ni.ssioa  of  gteaiu  into  the  cyli&de; 


MACHINISTS,    EKGINEERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 


363 


Is  regulated  by  the  outer  and  inner  edges  of  the  valfe  and  of  tha 
tteani  ports.  When  th^e  valve  is  so  contrived  that  at  J  stroke  the 
faces  of  the  valve  do  not  cover  the  steam  ports  iutemally,  the  apace 
by  which  each  face  comes  short  of  the  imier  edges  of  the  ports  is 
mown  as  inside  clearance.  By  means  of  the  steam  lap  given  to  the 
Talve  the  engine  is  enabled  to  use  its  steam  expansively,  as  elsewhere 
explained. 

Table. — Showing  the  amount  of  Lap  on  the  Slide  valve  at 
various  points  of  cut  off;  also,  the  travel  of  the  valve  in  inches. 

Travel  or  stroke  of  the  Piston  where  steam  is  cut  off. 


Travel 

of  the 

Valve  in 

inches. 


i 


\ 


I 


The  correct  amount  of  Lap. 


2 

2i 

& 

Si 

4 

4i 

5 

5i 

6 

6J 

7 

1i 

8 

8i 

9 

9i 
10 
lOi 
11 
IH 
12 


lA 


H 


1 

IS 

V 

1 

li 

ll 

2 


Giffaed's  Injector,  as  made  bv  Wm.  Sellers  &  Co.,  ip  a  novel 
and  reliable  invention  for  feedins;  boilers,  economizing  the  heat  ?nd 
dispensing  with  pumps.  By  a  simnle  and  well  knoH-n  combination 
of  2  pipes,  the  one  conveying  steam,  the  other  water,  both  terminat- 
ing in  a  third  pipe  or  tube,  a  let  of  steam  from  the  boiler  escaping 
through  ao  onfice,  of  Bay,  1  inch  \a  diameter,  with  60  lbs.  pressuri^ 


364        HACBTINISTS,    ENGINEERS',    AC.   KECEIPTS 

}» (xmdeQsed  in  perhaps  12  times  its  "weight  of  -water,  which  it  drive* 
thiongh  the  thLd^  tube,  causing  it  to  enter  tlie  boiler  through  an 
orifice  much  siiialler  tlian  the  cue  by  which  it  escaped.  The  niomen- 
tam  of  the  ?teain  impels  tLe  water  "With  gre:it  force  and  imparts  all 
its  heat  to  the  water  during  transmission.  The  followingfcible  shows 
tlie  maximum  temperature  of  "the  feed-water  admissible  during 
different  pressures  of  eteam. 

Pressure  per  Fonare  inch.       10       20        ?0       i")        TO      100 
Temperatui-e  of  ieed,  Fahr.     lilP    130°     i;iOo   134°    liXP    110° 

On  the  Tc'rh,  Strt.n'Gth  &:c.  of  Ste.ui  EorLERs;.— Begard- 
fcig  th&/orm  of  boilers,  it  is  now  an^?ceit.i;!icd  fact  that  tlie  ina>i- 
n;  um  strength  is  obfeiined  by  adopting  the  cylindricr.l  or  ciixular  form, 
the  haycock,  hemisjjhcricr.l,  and  wagou-sliaixid  boilers,  so  general  at 
one  tuue,  have  now  dchen  cd'y  gone  ahncst  out  of  u^e.  Good  boiler 
plate  is  capable  of  v.iil;.- tiiiiling  a  ten.-ilo  stT.Ln  of  50,000  lbs.  or 
00,000  lbs.  on  every  sqimro  inch  of  section  :  b;;t  it  jrill  only  bear  a 
third  of  this  ttxain  vithoat  permanent  dcr.iugement  of  etructiue, 
and  40,000  lbs.,  or  SO.OtX)  lbs.  even,  upon  the  sqiuire  inch,  is  a  prefer- 
able pi-oix)rti"n.  It  hcis  been  found  that  t'.io  tcD:;c:tyof  boiler-i'.lato 
increases  with  the  tempei:,tare  up  to  570°,  ?.t  which  point  the  ten- 
acity commence.^  to  dhniiii.sh.  At  S2°  cohesivo  force  of  a  square  inch 
of  section  was  50.000  lbs.  ;  at  570o  it  was  (k;.500  Ibf^. :  at  720°,  55.0(0 
lbs.  ;  at  1050°,  32,000  Iha.  ;  at  1240°,  22,OC011«.  ;  nr.d  at  1317°,  9,000 
lbs.  Strips  of  iron,  when  cut  in  the  direction  of  the  fibre,  were  found 
by  experiment  to  Ve  6  ]  er  cent,  stronger  than  when  cut  across  the 
grain.  Tbe  sti-ength  of  riveted  joints  has  al.  o  been  demonstrated  by 
tearing  them  directly  asunder.  In  two  d;i:ercnt  kinds  of  joints, 
double  and  s-ing'e  riveted,  the  strength  w."s  found  to  be,  in  the  ratio 
of  the  plate,  as  the  numbers  100,  70,  and  5(5. 

Assuming  the  streu^^th  of  the  plate  to  be 100 

The  strength  cf  a   double   riveted   joint   would   be,    after 

allowing  for  tlie  adhepion  of  tlia  surfaces  cf  the  plata 70 

And  the  strei^gth  of  a  single  riveted  joint. 56 

The5e  figuics,  representing  the  relative  strengths  of  plates  and 
joints  in  vessels  required  to  be  steam  and  Avater  tl,  .l.t,  may  be  safely 
relied  on  as  perfectly  correct.  The  accident:!  oveilioating  of  a  boiler 
has  been  found  to  reduce  the  ultimate  or  n^axunuia  strength  of  the 
philes  from  (15:000  to  45.000  lbs.  per  square  inch  of  section.  Every 
description  of  boiler  used  in  raanuiactorics  or  on  board  of  steamers 
should  be  constructed  to  a  barsting  pressure  of  400  to  CCOlbs.  on  tlia 
square  inch  ;  and  locomotive  enghie  boilers,  wlach  are  subject  to 
much  harder  duty,  to  a  bursting  pressure  of  CC-0  to  700  lbs.  8uch 
boilers  are  usually  worked  at  iX)  to  110  lbs.  on  the  iuch,  but  are  fre- 
quently worked  rpto  a  pressure  of  120,  and,  when  rising  steep  grades 
sometimes  even  a  j  high  as  2uO  lbs.  to  tlie  square  iuch.  In  a  boiler 
eubject  to  such  an  enormous  working  prf-sure,  it  requires  the  utmost 
care  and  attentitiu  r  n  tlie  part  of  the  engineer  to  satisfy  himself  tliat 
the  flat  smfaces  of  the  fire  box  are  capable  of  resisting  that  pressure, 
and  that  every  jiart  of  the  boiler  is  so  nearly  Uilanctd  in  its  powers 
of  resistance  as  that,  ■nlienonepart  is  at  tlie  yioint  of  rupture,  every 
other  part  is  at  the  point  of  yielding  to  the  same  uniform  force  :  for 
we  find  that,  taking  a  locomotive  boiler  of  the  usual  s\iQ,  even  with 


IIACHISISTS,   engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS.  365 

a  presetire  of  100  Iba.  on  thfe  sqnare  incll,  It  retains  an  expanding 
force  within  it3  interior  of  nearly  60,000  tons,  •which  is  niLlier  in- 
creased tlmn  dirainif-hed  at  a  high  speetl.  To  show  the  strain  upon 
a  high-pressure  Ixjiler,  30  feet  long,  6  feet  diameter,  having  2  centra 
flues,  each  2  feet  3  inches  diameter,  working  at  a  pressure  of  50  lbs. 
on  the  square  inch,  we  haVe  only  to  multi^ily  the  number  of  tlie 
square  feet  of  surface,  1030,  ex]K)sed  to  pie->vare,  by  321,  and  we 
hare  the  force  of  SCl'J  tons,  wliieh  such  a  builer  has  to  sustatu.  To 
go  farther,  and  estimate  the  pressure  at  450  lbs.  on  the  squ;ire  in.-h, 
which  a  well-constructed  boiler  of  this  size  will  bear  before  it  bnr.-ti», 
and  we  have  the  enormous  force  of  29,871,  or  nearly  30,000  tons,  bofc 
tied  np  witliin  a  cylinder  SO  feet  long  and  6  feet  diameter.  Boilers  in 
aetnal  use  should  be  tested  at  least  once  a  year,  by  forcing  water  into 
them  by  the  hand  feed-p:inT»,  until  the  s-ifoty-valve  is  lilted,  wliich 
should  be  loaded  with  r.t  lc;i't  tvrico  the  working  pressure  for  tlie  occa- 
sion. If  a  boiler  will  not  stand  tliis  prc.=>3i;ro  it  is  not  safe,  and  either 
its  strength  ehould  be  iicrcai^cd  or  the  working  pressure  should  be  di- 
minishecl.  Internal  flues,  sr.ch  as  contain  the  furnace  in  the  interior 
of  the  boiler,  ghoidd  be  k?jt  as  nc?.r  us  possible  to  the  cyliudrical 
form  ;  and,  as  wrought  iroa  will  yield  to  a  force  tending  to  crush  it 
about  one-half  of  wlir.t  would  tear  it  asunder,  the  flues  should  in  no 
case  exceed  one-half  the  diaiteter  of  tlie  bc-iler,  with  the  same  thick- 
ness of  plates  they  may  be  considered  equally  safe  with  the  other  partj. 
The  force  of  com];ress'ou  bting  so  diiTerent  from  that  of  tension, 
greater  safety  would  be  ensured  if  the  diameter  of  th.e  internal  flues 
were  in.  the  ratio  1  to  2.^  instead  of  1  to  3  of  the  diameter  of  the  boiler. 
As  regards  the  relative  size  and  strength  of  flue^,  it  may  be  sfcited 
that  a  circular  flue  18  inclies  in  diameter  will  resL-t  double  the  pres- 
sure of  one  3  feet  in  diameter.  Blill  owners,  with  plenty  of  room 
and  a  limited  experience  with  steam  power,  would  do  well  to  dispense 
with  boilers  contaiuiag  mr.ny  flues,  the  expense  is  greater  and  the 
durability  less  than  where  there  is  one  or  t^vo  oiSy.  The  foam 
caused  by  a  large  number  of  flues  is  apt  to  deceive  an  inexperienced 
engineer,  causing  him  to  believe  that  there  is  plenty  of  water  in  tlie 
boiler  when  he  tries  the  gauge  cock  when  there  is  but  very  little, 
often  causing  an  explosion.  Some  mill-owners  insert  a  fusible  plug 
in  the  crown  of  the  furnace  to  indicate  danger  from  low  water.  As 
common  lead  melts  at  0-0°,  a  rivet  of  this  metal,  1  inch  in  diameter, 
inserted  immediiitely  over  the  fire  phiee,  will  give  due  notice,  so  that 
relief  may  be  obfciined  before  the  internal  pressure  of  the  steam  ex- 
ceeds tliat  of  the  resisting  power  of  the  heated  plates.  In  France,  an 
extensive  use  is  made  of  fusible  metal  plates,  generally  covered  by  a 
perforated  mctvllic  disc,  which  protects  the  alloy  of  which  the  pLite 
13  composed,  and  allows  it  to  ooze  through  as  soon  as  the  steam  haa 
attained  tlie  temperature  necessary  to  insure  the  fusion  of  the  plate, 
which  varies  from  2.S03  to  SoO*^.  lie  reader  will  fiud  a  number  of 
each  alloys  under  the  tabular  view  of  alloys  and  their  meltiug  heats, 
f  urthat  oh.  Au(  ither  method  is  the  bursting  plate,  fixed  in  a  frame  and 
atfcxched  to  some  convenient  part  of  the  upper  side  of  the  boiler,  of 
f  uch  thiclcness  and  ductihty  as  to  cause  rupture  when  the  pressiire 
f  xceeds  that  on  the  safety  valve.  But,  beyond  all  question,  constant 
u;-e  should  be  made  on  all  boilers  of  a  good  and  reliable  system  of 
staam.&)D*es,  gUkss  tubes,  gauge  cocks,  safety  valres,  &u.   B^  meana 


S66        MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEES',   AC,   RECEIPTS 

of  Cie  glass  tubes  affixed  to  the  fronts  of  the  boflers,  the  height  of  th« 
water  withiu  the  boiler  is  indicated  at  once,  for  the  water  will  stand  at 
the  same  height  in  the  tnbe  that  it  stands  in  the  boiler,  conunnnication 
being  estibli^hed  with  the  water  below  and  the  steam  above,  by 
tneans  of  stop  cocks. 

Wlien  dry  ?team  is  an  object,  the  nse  of  the  rteam  dome  on  boilers 
13  strongly  recommended ;  opinions  are  divided  as  to  the  real  value  of 
mud  drains,  some  reason  strongly  in  their  favor  while  others  discard 
tliem  eatiitjly ;  but  there  can  be  "no  question  as  to  tlie  trie  economy  of 
heating  the  feed  water  previous  to  emission  into  the  boiler  ;  it  should 
always  be  done  when  practicable  to  do  so,  by  means  of  some  one  of 
the  many  contrivances  for  that  purpose  which  are  now  in  tlie  market 
Kegarding  the  power  of  boilers,  it  may  be  stated  that  a  boiler  30  feet 
long  and  3  feet  in  diameter,  will  a5ord  30x3x3.14x2 — 141.30  square 
feet  of  surface,  or  steam  for  14  horse-power,  if  10  feet  are  assumed 
lor  one  horse-power.  Two  gl-.ort  boilers  are  preferable  to  one  long 
one,  on  account  of  having  more  tire  surface, — it  bein^  always  necessa- 
ry to  have  as  much  fire  surface  as  possible  to  make  the  best  use  of  the 
fuel — as  the  hotter  t^.e  surfaf^e  is  kept,  the  less  fuel  it  takes  to  do  the 
game  amount  of  work.  \Vhen  tliere  is  a  large  furnace  it  gives  the 
llreman  a  better  chance  to  keep  the  steam  reguhir,  for  when  clearing 
oat  one  part  of  the  f  amace,  he  can  keep  a  liot  lire  in  the  other.  For 
each  hor36-]X)wer  of  the  engine  there  ought  to  be  at  least  one  equare 
foot  of  grate,  and  three  feet  would  be  better.  In  setting  a  boiler, 
rrrangement  should  be  made  to  carry  on  combustion  with  the  great- 
est possible  heat  This  requires  good  non-conductors  of  heat  such  as 
brick,  with  which  to  surround  the  fire.  If  these  bricks  are  of  a  white 
color,  the  combustion  is  more  perfect  than  if  of  a  dark  color.  The  roof, 
aswell  as  the  piues,  of  the  ftunace  shnuid  be  of  white  fire-brick.  The 
IrxTS  of  the  funrioe  should  be  13  or  20  inches  below  the  boiler  or 
crown  of  the  f  iimace.    They  should  slope  do-.vuward  toward  the  back 

Cirt,  alwuthalf  an  inch  to  "tlie  foot  A  crack  in  a  boiler  plate  ma/ 
i  closed  by  baring  holes  in  the  directiou  of  the  crack  and  inserting 
rivets  v.ith  hirce  heads,  so  as  tJ  cover  up  the  uu-ierfection.  If  the  tor> 
of  the  f  r.ma.e  be  L'Cnt  down,  from  the  boiler  having  been  accideufcdly 
allowed  to  pot  short  of  water,  it  may  be  set  up  again  by  a  screw-jack, 
a  fj^e  of  wood  having  been  previously  made  beneath  tiie  injurel 
phta ;  b;it  it  ^v:ll  hi  general  be  nearly  as  expeditious  a  course  to 
reuioTc  tlie  phitJ  and  introduce  a  new  one,  and  the  result  will  be  more 
fatisXaotn-y.  There  is  one  ohje^ t  that  requires  very  particular  atten- 
tiou,  aad  which  must  be  of  a  certr.iu  size  to  pi-oduce  the  best  effect, 
and  that  is  the  fine  leading  from  the  boiler  to  the  chunuey,  as  well  as 
the  size  and  elevation  of  the  chimney  itself.  Every  chimney  should 
be  built  several  feet  above  the  mill  house,  so  that  there  i«  no  obstruc- 
tion to  bre:\k  the  air  from  the  t/^p  of  the  cliimney.  In  England  a 
factory  chimney  suitable  for  a  20  horse-power  boiler  is  commonly 
made  about  20  inches  square  inside,  and  80  feet  high,  and  these  di- 
mensions are  correct  for  con.*umption  of  15  lbs.  coal  per  horse-power 
l>er  hour,  a  comuun  consumption  for  factory  engines.  In  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  and  the  United  States,  chimneys  of  sheet  iron, 
from  30  to  50  feet  high,  are  in  quite  common  use  by  owners  of  saw, 
and  other  mills,  and  thev  seem  to  answer  everv  reqivLrement 
FBoroBXiccf  07  SxsAic  ^u.EES.'-OyUndir  ^oU«Ti,    The  len^ 


MACHDTISTS,   engineers',    AC,   RECEIPTS. 


36: 


•hould  never  exceed  7  times  its  diameter  ;  the  mut  for  it  is  I''  so  ft 
of  heating  surface,  and  |  of  a  square  foot  of  grate  surface  foreach 
twrse-power  ;  a  fair  evaporation  is  6  Ibe.  of  water  for  1  lb  of  co*i. 

Tabular  Boiler. 


Cylinder  Boiler. 


Tery  long  cybnder  boflers  should  have  a  central  enpport  All  boQer* 
ehoold  have  an  inclination  of  1  inch  in  everv  20  ft.  towards  the  blow- 
off  end.     Tubular  Boilers— Length  4  timea  'the  diameter     Evapora- 


lancaahlre  Boiler.  Cornish  Boiler, 

tion  about  9  lbs.  of  wat^r  to  1  lb.  of  coal.  Heatinsr  surface  15  sqnar* 
It  and  prate  surface.  ^  square  ft.  per  horse-power.  Flue  Boilers 
require  from  14  to  15  square  ft.  of  henting  surface,  and  h  square  ft 
of  grate  per  horse-power.    Evaporation  7  lbs.  water  to  every  lb.  of 


S98        MACfilNISTS,    EWGINEEBS',    AC,   RECEIPT*, 

coaL  Length  of  flue  boilers  should  not  exceed  5  times  thdr  diameter, 
diameter  of  flues  not  more  than  12  to  14  in. ;  if  made  larger,  use  heavier 
iron  than  that  u«ed  in  the  shell  of  boiler,  and  construct  with  butt 
joints.  Cornish  and  Lancashire  Boilers.  In  England,  Cornish  boilers 
are  kno'wn  as  those  furnished  ■with  one  internal  flue,  and  are  usually 
of  great  capacity  and  power,  having  plenty  of  steam  room,  Lanca- 
ehire  boilers  have  2  flues.  Rtiirn  Flue  'Boikr.  When  a  boiler  is 
fitted  -with  a  fiue  cuning  round  at  the  rear,  and  returning  to  the 
front,  it  is  called  a  retiim  flue  boiler.     See  diagrams  of  boilers. 

BoiLrR  Shells. — For  a  boiler  of  48  in.  in  diameter,  to  carry  90  lbs. 
per  square  in.  pressure,  use  J  in.  to  |  in.  good  plates.  Wrought  iron 
teadi  for  ditto,  |  to  f  inch.  Tube  Sheets  and  Crotm  S?Ketsfyr  diitJ. 
I  to  f  inch.  liivcts  on  boilers  up  ts  42  iu.  diam.  and  |  in.  iron, 
should  be  f  in.  for  curvilinear,  and  §  in.  for  longitudinal  rivets 
for  sinr/h  rf-efei  tcork.  On  double  riveted  work,  §  in.  rivets 
■will  answer  for  both  kinds  of  seams.  For  5-16  iron  down  to  it-lG 
iu.  smaller  rivets  will  answer.  Drilled  rivet  holes  are  preferable 
to  punched.  It  is  highly  beneficial  to  heat  the  boiler  plates  before 
rolling  to  form  the  shell  of  the  boiler.  The  fibre  of  the  iron  should 
alwars  run  around  the  boilerj  never  across  it  A  $ted  thdl  byiler 
4  ft.  in  diam.  and  z  in.  tliick,  is  as  strong  as  an  iron  boiler  of  same 
diam.  and  |  in.  tMck,  and  will  evaporate  25  per  cent  more  water, 
besides  being  more  free  from  incrustation  and  corrosion.  The  work- 
ing pressure  of  boilers  should  be  5  times  less  than  the  bursting 
pressure. 

Co3iPOsrno>-  fob  CovEKrjrG  Bollees,  &:c. — R^ad  scrapings,  free 
from  stones,  2  parts ;  cow  manure,  gathered  f n  m  the  pasture,  1 
jart ;  mix  thoroughly,  and  add  to  each  barrowful  of  the  mrsturo 
6  lbs  of  fire  clay  ;  ^  lb.  of  ftax  shoves  or  chopped  hay.  and  4  ozs. 
teased  hair.  It  must  be  well  mixed  and  chopped  ;  'then  add  as 
much  water  as  will  bring  it  to  the  consistency  of  'mortar, — the  more 
it  is  worked  the  tougher  it  is.  It  may  either  be  put  on  •with  the 
trowel  or  daubed  on  with  the  hand,  'the  first  coat  about  1  inch 
thick.  When  thoroughly  dry,  another  the  same  thifkrieBfi,  and  so 
on,  three  inches  is  quite  enough,  but  the  more  the  better.  Let  each 
coat  be  scored  like  plaster,  to  prevent  cracks,  tl.e  last  coat  light 
and  smooth,  so  as  to  receive  paint,  whitewash,  &e.  The  boUcr,  or 
pipes,  must  fir^t  be  brushed  ■with  a  thin  wash  of  the  nuxture  to 
msure  a  catch. 

OS   TffE  PRETESTIOS  OF  SCALE  TS  StEAM  BOtLBES. — It  IS  well 

known  that  all  natural  ■waters  contain  more  or  less  imparities,  and 
also  that  these  impurities  work  to  disadvantage  in  «team  Doilers.  But 
there  are  very  few  steam  users  who  fully  realize  Low  far  the  disad- 
vantages of  these  impurities  extend. 

We  nud  taat  170  boiler  explosions  are  on  record  for  the  year  1880, 
by  which  2oit  persons  were  fclled  and  555  were  injured,  and  we  think 
the  following  reports,  gi^ven  by  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection 
and  Insurance  Co.  for  the  same  year,  ■Rill  show  that  SO  per  cent,  of 
t  aece  explosions  ■were  caused  either  directly  or  indirectly  by  iaipuritiea 
in  the  wat^r.     The  following  is  the  report  :  — 

FamacTsdefective,  U*>o.  Fractured plat*s,  20 i.x  Burned  plates, 
U&5.    Blistered  plates,  i/44i.    Cases  o£  Bediment  and  depoei^  275% 


MACHINISTS,  engineers',  &J.,  BECEIPTS.  369 

incrngtition  and  scale,  S89t.  Cases  of  corropicn.  318?.  Internal 
propvirig,  2.J4.  Watei-guages  defective,  525.  Blow-out*  defective, 
?'S  |*^^*y  ^'^^esoverloa-ded,  9.58.  DefectiTe  bracing  a\.d  staying 
vM.     Boilers  cocdoTrned,  oTT. 

The  above  report  shows  tde  neoeasity  of  oare  and  erperiecpe  in  the 
management  of  the  st«ain  boiler,  and  th«  f  ollo^ving  figures  wxJ  show 
what  li  lost  by  depo.-its  of  sediment. 

iir.  Haiq,  Master  Mccbanio  of  the  New  Yorlj  Central  E.B.,  states 
m  a  report,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Railway  Jlastsx-  Mechanics"  Associa- 
tion, held  at  LoaisvUle.  Ky..  in  Is-Tl.  that  t:ie  estra  exj-ense  in  o'e 
^^-r^  unpurs  water  and  iiicrndt.;t;cn,  on  his  road,  would  amount 
to  $75,000  for  svery  hundred  locomotives. 

.  ^a-y  solvents  have  bet.n  iiitioiu"ed  fo^:  th«  pejnoTal  and  preven- 
tion of  boiler  scalf,  but  from  a  ^cientlSo  inveetfgation  recentlv  made 
of  the  m«rits  of  articles  sold  for  the  removal  and  prevention  of  boiler 
scale,  we  have  a  report  .showing  th.it  most  of  these  articles  are  made 
np  of  refuse  mattpf,  the  bulk  being  no  more  or  less  than  water;  the 
strength  or  so-called  virtue  consisting  of  powerful  refuse  acids, 
which  are  damari^ig  and  destructive  to  the  boiler. 

But  an  article  known  a^;  Lord's  Boiler  Compound,  manufactured 
by  Geo.  W.  Lorcj,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  is  highly  indorsed.  We  find 
also  in  several  different  works  on  Steam  Engineering  Lord's  Com- 
ponnd  highly  re-ommended. 

Roper,  in  his  Hand-book  of  Lqnd  and  Marine  Engipeering,  in  an 
article  on  Corrosion,  page  4.50,  savs  that  Lord's  Compound  appears 
to  be  the  only  known  remedy  that  affords  any  protection  to  boile.s 
a^inst  its  fearful  effects. 

Toe  article  seems  to  possess  the  necessary  ingredients  to  produce 
satisfaptory  results  under  all  circumstances.  It  is  found  to  have  no 
injurious  action  upon  the  iron  of  boilers,  but  on  the  contrary  to  have 
a  tendency  to  protect  the  iron  against  grooving,  pittin^',  or  wasting 
of  the  plates  by  corrosion.  ° 

A  close  inve.=t!ption  of  the  Hartford  In-spectcr's  Reports  for  th« 
year  ISbO,  given  in  this  article,  will  show  that  the  true  value  of  such 
a  remedy  can  hardly  be  estimated. 

A-TER.vr.E  Phoportiox  of  VAEiors  Parts  of  'Esara^'i.— Steam 
P'pe  should  be  ^  tlie  diameter  of  cvliuder,  but  varies  on  lanje  ea<Tne8 
F^haust  Pipe  should  be  ^  the  diameter  of  cvlinder.  PLs'oii  Roi 
thoald  be  J  the  diameter  of  cylinder,  if  of  iron,  and  smaller,  if  of 
EteeL  For  high  speed.^.  steel  piston  rods  are  the  best  Steam  Porii 
rzTj  according  to  speed,  fro  1-16  to  1-10  the  area  of  piston.  Safety 
]  aives  ehouid  possess  an  area  of  i  square  in.  of  suriace  for  every 
foot  of  grate  surface,  and  should  be  constructed  with  lo':>3e  vibratory 
«1:em3,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  not  so  liable  to  get  out  of  order  as 
those  with  rigid  stems. 

RcxE  FOR  Size  of  Cn-rs-DEK.— The  requisite  diameter  of  cylindqi 
tot  a  2.5-hors9  l>eam  engine  is  23  inches,  and  about  5  feet  stroke. 
The  no!i;n::iI  horse-power  of  any  sized  cvlinder  can  be  foimd  by 
the  follo-.rlng  formula  :— For  low  pressure  or  beam  endnea 
divide  the  area  of  cylinder  by  25,  which  will  give  the  number  of 
to^pf-poTSr.     For  fii»h  preasip^   horizontal  engines,    diyida  the 

24 


S70        MACmNISTS,   ENGINEEBS',   AC,   EECE1PT8. 

area  of  cylinder's  diameter  b^  12"5,  which  will  give  the  nnmber  ol 
horse-power,  including  all  t  'ction. 

Stroke  of  Engikes. — The  stroke  of  an  engine  varies  according 
to  circumstances,  which  the  designer  muyt  take  into  consideration; 
but  the  general  rule  is  to  make  the  stroke  about  twice  the  diameter 
of  the  cylinder.  The  diameter  of  tlie  fly-wheel  should  be  about  4 
times  the  stroke  of  the  engine,  and  the  rim  should  weigh  about 
3  cwt  per  horse-power. 

Rule  to  fint)  the  Horse-Poweb  of  Stationary  Engines. — 
Multiply  the  area  of  the  piston  by  the  average  pressure  in  lbs.  per 
square  inch.  Multiply  this  product  by  the  travel  of  the  piston  in  feet 
per  minute;  divide  by  33,000,  this  yrm  give  the  horse-power. — Soper, 

Exaicple: 

Diameter  of  cylinder 12 

12 

144 

7864 


Area  of  piston    .    113,0976 

Pzeesnre,  70 ;  Average  pressure,  60  60 

5664.880 
Travel  of  piston  in  feet  per  min.  300 


33,000)1696464.000 


51.  horse-power. 

Balance  Wheels.— Every  balance  wheel  should  be  speeded  np 
80  aa  to  run  twice  or  three  times  as  fast  as  the  crank  shaft  it  is  in- 
tended to  balance.  When  a  balance  wheel  is  applied  in  this  way  it 
makes  the  machine  run  a  great  deal  more  steadily,  for,  when  the 
balance  wheel  is  geared  into  the  crank  shaft,  and  runs  two  or  three 
times  faster  than  the  crank  sliaft,  it  forms  a  power  of  itself 
when  going  over  the  centre,  which  propels  the  crank  shaft  until  it 
reaches  the  qnarter,  where  it  agam, takes  its  power  from  tho 
machine.  Although  it  takes  an  additional  shaft  and  gears  to  apply 
a  balance  wheel  in  this  way,  the  saviug  of  metal  in  the  balance 
wheel  fully  compensates  for  the  extra  labor;  for,  when  a  balanca 
wheel  is  speeded  three  times  as  fast  as  the  crank  shaft,  it  needs 
only  one  third  of  the  metal  in  it  that  it  would  were  it  not  speeded 
up  at  all,  and  if  balance  wheels  were  applied  in  this  way  generally 
it  would  make  all  engines  run  far  more  steadily. 

To  Reverse  an  Engine. — Make  a  legible  mark  on  the  eccentric 
near  the  shaft,  make  a  similar  mark  on  the  shaft  at  the  same  place. 
Now  place  one  point  of  tiie  callipers  on  the  mark  made  on  the  shaft, 
and  with  the  other  point  ascertain  the  centi-e  of  the  shaft  on  the  op- 
posite side,  making  another  mark  there  also.  Next  unscrew  the 
eccentric  and  move  it  in  the  direction  in  which  you  wish  the  engine  t« 
ran,  until  the  mark  on  the  eccentric  comes  into  line  with  the  second 
mark  on  the  shaft,  then  screw  the  eccentric  fast  and  the  engine  will 
rxa  the  reverae  way. 


1IA.CHIKIST5    AXD    ENGINEERS     DEPARTMENT,     dt  i 


Maktn-e  Beam  Exgdte. — The  above  cut  represents  a  marine  fceaai 
•ngine,  being  the  kind  so  frequently  seen  on  river,  lake,  and  coasting 
eteamers.  The  Workixg-beam,  W,  is  a  ma«5sive  casting  in  the  form 
of  ft  cross,  surronnded,  strengthened,  and  stayed,  in  every  direction 
by  a  powerful  wrought-irou  strap,  forged  in  one  piece,  and"  shaped  to 
9onfoM.i  to  the  casting,  which  contnins  pockets  at  each  extremity  fit- 
ted to  receive  the  end  journals,  besides  containing  intermediate  sock- 
ets for  tlie  m.ain  centre  and  air  pump  journal,  &-c.,  the  whole  maes 
lifting  on  the/'-ame  compoaed  of  i  stout  beams  of  wood,  forming  3 


372       MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT. 


triangles  .13  sJiowu  .it  DD  in  cut.  These  again  rest  on  massive  beami 
styled  keelsons,  shown,  at  KK,  and  are  braced  and  rigidly  secured  to. 
the  vessel  and  inacliinery  by  otlier  powerful  timbers,  knees,  straj)^, 
and  iron  fastenings.    Tlie  gmdes  are  shoMn  at  B. 

The  main  link  ia  shown  at  A,  the  fmi^ecUng  rod  at  C,  the  valvt. 
stem  at  X,  and  the  cylinder  at  F,  in  a  vertical  position  o\"er  the  con- 
denser. 

The  steam  cylinder  F,  ia  uguallj  a  mag«ive  casting,  annular  in 
form,  bored  and  finished  very  true  for  the  easy  movements  of  the 
piston.  It  rest*  on  a  round  flanged  castiujr  containing  the  lower  steam 
port,  called  the  cylinder  bottom,  which  uitervenes  between  it  and  the 
condenser  S,  and  is  securely  attache4  to  each,  by  bolts  and  steam 
tight  rust  ioiots.  The  elevated  end  of  the  cylinder  is  immovably 
braced  to  the  framing  above.  The  valve  chest  is  shpvn  at  EE,  the 
air  pump  at  I,  the  hot  well  at  G,  we  boiler  feed  pump  at  R,  and  the 
delivery  pipe  ^t  P. 

The  cpndeuaer  S,  in  vrhich  the  exhaqst  steam  is  reduced  to  a  liquid 
form,  is  of  the  same  phape  and  diameter  as  the  cylinder,  flanged  at 
both  ends,  and  its  contorts  should  be  llJ-.^Oths  of  the  space  through 
which  the  piston  moves  during  one  stioke.  The  wooden  frame 
which  sustains  the  main  beam  is  attached  by  stout  bolts  and  keys  to 
strong  flanges  which  project  from  the  condenser,  the  upp^r  pait  is 
cast  close  and  the  lower  end  is  opep  and  fitted  accurately  on  the  bed 
plate  to  which  it  is  attached  by  a  rpst  joint  and  bolts. 

In  the  method  known  as  "  surface  condensing"  the  process  is  ef- 
fected by  causing  the  steam  to  pass  through  au  arrangement  of  tubes 
submerged  in  nmning  cold  water  ;  the  other  method,  known  as  "jet 
condensing,"  and  by  far  the  cheapest  arrangement,  consists  in  bring- 
ing the  steam  in  contact  with  a  jet  of  cold  water  as  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing diagram,  where  J  represents  the  jet;  E,  the  exhaust  pipe,  ¥, 


the  injection  pipe;  H,  air-pump  cyliudev;  A  A,  air-pump  valves,  V, 
air-pump  rod ;  D,  delivery  valve ;  fj,  hot  well. 

The  next  cut  represents  Sewall's  surface  condenser,  in  which  the 
exhaust  steam  enters  at  B  and  is  liquefied  by  cont<ict  ^rith  the  exterior 
surfaces  of  the  tubes  ;  the  injection  water  is  adniitte()  at  the  openi^ig 
K..  passes  through  the  foot  valves  L  L  L  and  is  driven  through  the  de- 
livery valves  S  The  wat«r  of  condensation  parses  through  the  delivery 
▼alvee  N,  0,  P.  and  is  driven  through  the  delivery  valves  I  and 


MACHINISTS  AND  engineers'   DEPARTMENT.      373 


Vie  ontboard  J,  into  a  cistern  from  which  the  boilers  are  supplied 
by  the  feed  pumps  with  their  water.  The  apertures  D  F,  are  the 
ends  of  a  pipe  conn&jting  the  fresh  and  salt  water  cisterns,  so  that 
any  shortajje  in  the  feed  water  may  be  furnished  from  tlie  latter 
cistern.  H  represents  tlie  end  of  a  pipe  thio  gh  which  the  auxiliary 
pump  draws  water,  and  A  is  an  air  chamber  for  the  salt  water 
cistern.  The  jet  condenser  is  the  lightest,  simplest  and  cheapest  of 
the  two.  only  it  has  the  fault  of  supplying  salt  water  to  the  boilei-a,  aa 
tliecond"n:'f'd  steam  and  the  sea  water  jet  intermingle ;  on  the  con- 


taary  the  surface  roiidemer  preserves  the  water  of  condensation  M 
that  It  may  be  used  m  the  boilers  many  times  in  succession,  and  in 
4^  W'\y  !"''^'P*'""2.  "**  freshness,  disppnsing  with  the  necessity  of 

tK?fi  fT,'"\''^  '"  ""1,"  ^  P^"^  *^®  ^•'^"^e'-  of  salt  deposits  on 
the  plates  of  the  boilers.  Care  should  be  used  to  keep  the  st^m  and 
exhaust  valves- steam  ti-ht  in  order  to  prevent  the  leakage  of  steam 
into  the  condenser  while  the  engine  is  at  rest,  thereby  heating  the 
lormer  to  such  an  extent  that  the  injection  water  cannot  find  admit- 
vince  owing  to  the  pressure.  In  such  cases  the  trouble  may  be  recti- 
fied by  anplymg  cold  water  to  the  exterior  of  the  condenser,  or  bv 
Kartmg  the  engine  and  moving  it  a  few  strokes. 

TTie  piston  of  the  marine  engine  possesses  tlie  usual  form  of  sprine 
l>ackin^,  and  is  powerfully  braced  by  diverginjt  arms  cast  on  the  n^ 
per  aad  Iowm  flanges,  the  cylinder  head  is  simnaily  strengthened 


374      MXCHIXISTS    AUTD    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMEHT. 

Internally,  while  the  exterior  or  outside  is  turned  and  usually  kep* 
highly  polished.  The  steam  chests  contain  the  usual  appliances  of 
the  receiving  and  exhaust  steam  passages,  valves  and  valve  seats  ; 
the  lower  chest  contains  the  outlet  or  exhaust  port  communicating 
with  the  condenser,  while  the  higher  chest  embraces  the  throttla 
valve  pipe  connected  with  the  supply  pipe,  communicating  with  the 
boilers.  The  steam  chests  are  very  accurately  fitted  and  strongly 
secured  to  the  cylinder,  and  the  valve  bonnets  and  piston  rod  glaudj 
are  turned  and  kept  bright.  The  valves  which  control  the  flow  of  tho 
gteam  are  of  the  description  styled  double-balance  valves,  because 
the  downward  pressure  on  one  valve  is  almost  balanced  by  an  oppo- 
site pressure  on  the  other,  the  two  being  connected  in  pairs,  and 
being  retained  in  their  seats,  by  the  highest  valve  in  the  jxiirs  on  the 
induction  side  and  the  lowest  valve  of  each  pair  on  the  exhaust  side 
being  somewhat  larger  than  the  others,  thus  inducing  a  very  slight 
unbalanced  pressure.  The  valve  gear  embraces  the  lifter  rods,  and 
lifters,  the  rock-shafts  and  their  levers.  The  lifter  rods,  four  in  num- 
ber, have  a  vertical  movement  up  and  down  on  guides  attached  to  the 
steam  chests  and  side  pipes,  and  to  tliese  rods,  eight  projecting  arms, 
called  lifters,  are  attached  by  keys.  Four  of  the  lifters  connect  with 
the  extremities  of  the  valve  spindles,  screwed,  and  fitted  with  double 
jam  nuts,  the  other  four  are  set  vertically  over  the  levers  on  the  rock- 
shaft,  which  imparts  their  motion  to  them.  The  rock-shafts,  two  in 
number,  one  for  the  induction  and  the  other  for  the  exhaust  valves, 
are  operated  by  distinct  eccentrics.  There  are  four  levers  on  the 
shafts,  operating  and  raising  the  rods  and  lifters,  and  to  induce  a 
smooth  movement,  they  are  bent  or  inflected  on  their  working  faces. 
Cast  iron  side  pipes  polished,  turned,  and  ornamented,  connect  the 
steam  chests,  and  are  fitted  with  expansion  rings  of  sheet  copper  to 
accommodate  or  compensate  for  the  unequal  expsmsion  or  contraction 
of  the  metaL 

The  lifter  rods  with  the  valves,  are  alternately  elevated  and  de- 
pressed, by  the  rocking  or  reciprocating  movement  of  the  shafts. 
The  length  of  the  exhaust  levers  is  so  adjusted  as  to  impart  the  exact 
amount  of  lift  and  lead,  and  are  so  regulated  on  their  rock-sh;ift  that 
the  elevation  of  one  rod  commences  at  the  very  instant  the  other  is 
completely  depressed.  The  induction  or  steam  levers  are  longer  than 
the  Last  noted,  and  axe.  placed  on  thin  rock-shafts  so  as  to  incline  to 
each  other,  so  that  a  space  intervenes  between  the  elevation  of  one 
rod  and  the  depression  of  the  other,  during  which  time  both  valves 
are  down,  and  the  steam  connection  stopped.  This  mechanism  forms 
the  expansive  cut  o!r  ge.'\r.  and  may  be  partially  changed  by  varying 
th«  fixture  or  position  of  the  eccentrics  on  the"  shaft,  the  pin  in  the 
eccentric  lever,  and  the  levers  on  the  rock-shaft :  the  required  lift  of 
the  valves  may  be  adjusted  by  changing  the  position  of  the  eccentric 
pin. 

The  trip,  or  rockshafl  is  a  wrought  iron  shaft  moving  in  solid  bear- 
ings c«i  the  lower  steam  chest,  and  is  fitted  with  substantial  projec- 
tions commensurate  with  similar  ones  on  the  lifter  rods,  which  when 
ia  motion  elevate  and  depress  the  valves,  operating  in  the  same  way 
AS  the  large  rook-shafte.  The  rock-sh.^ft  is  fitted  with  apertures  for 
the  insertion  of  the  starting  bar,  which  in  starting  has  to  overcome 
4he  weight  of  the  valves,  lifter-rods  and  their  connections. 

DvTTLES  TO  Mabine  A2iD  oxH££  £2(ai>£S, — AmoQg  the  varied 


MACHINISTS  AND  ENGINEERS'  DEPARTMENT.      373 

teeks  that  devolve  on  the  engineer,  none  of  them  are  of  more  impor- 
tance than  the  imperative  watchfulness  required  to  see  that  all  tha 
IMirts  of  the  engine  are  properly  adjusted,  fitted,  and  regulated;  that 
everything  is  kept  in  efficient  order;  that  there  is  neither  dangerous 
looseness  or  extreme  tightness  about  the  keys,  nuts,  bearings,  eta  In 
the  event  of  the  crank-pin  heating,  apply  a  mixture  of  tallow,  lead- 
filings,  and  black  lead,  or  sulphur,  black  lead,  and  oil.  In  steam 
vessels,  the  crank-pin  and  the  pillow-blocks  are  the  points  most  liabla 
to  heat.  The  latter  may  be  treated  with  the  cooliny  componnd  else- 
where mentioned,  or  water  mixed  with  Bath  brick  dust,  or  pulverized 
Eumice  storae,  may  be  poured  in  through  the  holes  m  the  bearings. 
1  trouble  caused  by  grit,  the  application  of  concentrated  potash  lye, 
and  subsequent  lubrication,  has  good  eiTect. 

If  delayed  in  port,  th&  piston  should  be  removed  and  examined,  and 
the  faces  of  the  rings,  where  they  compose  the  joints  with  the  fiange 
of  the  piston-head  and  follower-plate,  tried,  and  accurately  fitted, 
by  regrindiug,  etc.,  and  the  sprmg-packiug  properly  adjusted.  Tha 
tightness  of  the  repairs  may  be  tested  by  the  admission  of  steam,  tha 
use  of  the  indicator,  and  a  few  turns  of  tlie  engine.  The  steam  chest 
should  be  uncovered,  the  valves,  seats,  etc.,  examined,  and  any  varia- 
tions from  truth  corrected  by  careful  fitting  and  scmping,  and  tha 
proper  amount  of  lead  imparted  to  the  valves,  by  placuig  the  crank 
on  the  top  and  bottom  centres,  adjusting  the  go-ahead  gear  in  proper 
place,  in  order  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  valves  open  and  closa 
at  the  proper  time. 

The  link-motion  should  be  inspected  and  all  derangements  adjusted, 
repaired  and  corrected.  The  valves  of  the  air-pump  should  be  exam- 
ined as  opportunity  offers,  and  all  necessary  repairs  effected;  the 
cover  must  be  taken  off  and  the  bucket  elevated  for  this  express  pur- 
pose. The  screic-sha/t  should  be  kept  true,  and  great  care  taken  to 
guard  against  the  glands  or  any  other  parts  becoming  damaged  or 
eeriously  deranged  in  any  way.  Close  and  frequent  inspection  sliould 
be  made  of  the  condenser,  which  should  be  tested  by  removing  the 
openings  and  pouring  in  cold  water;  and  should  any  ooze  out,  the  de- 
ficient tubes  should  be  either  rejiaired  or  renewed.  The  condition  of 
the  vacuum  may  be  ascei-tained  by  the  vacuum  guage  connected  with 
the  condenser.  If  derangement  exists,  search  out  and  rectify  the 
cause.  If  the  temperature  of  the  hot-well  exceeds  100°,  add  more  in- 
jection water.  Test  the  joinings  of  the  parts  connected  with  the  con- 
denser with  a  lighted  lamp  or  candle;  if  the  union  is  imperfect,  the 
^  flame  will  be  inhaled  by  the  internal  suction.  Make  thorough  work 
in  searching  out  leaks,  and  repair  them  well  whenever  they  are  dis- 
covered. Tlie  entrance  of  air  into  the  condenser  and  its  connections, 
can,  when  ascertained,  be  stopped  for  a  while,  by  entering  in  thin 
wedges,  or  using  some  of  the  numerous  impervious  compositions 
noted  in  this  work.  In  the  event  of  leakage  into  the  condenser,  it  is 
useful  occasiona'ly  to  admit  water  through  the  aperture.  Instances 
have  happened  where  water-tight  tanlcs  have  been  fabricated  (during 
long  voyages  at  sea)  between  the  side  keelsons,  in  cases  where  the 
condenser  had  become  inadequate  to  perform  its  use  through  corro- 
sion, or  otherwise,  thereby  submerging  the  air-pumps  and  condenser 
in  a  reservoir  of  water  supplied  by  the  ocean,  excludins  the  air,  and 
finding  its  way  into  the  leaks,  assisting  the  mjection  water  in  condens- 
tag  the  steam,  the  aperture  of  the  injection-cock  being  partly  shut,  to 


376       KACHIHISTS   AXT>   ENGINEEBS'   DEPASTMEVT. 

eonformto  the  amoant  of  internal  leakage.  In  the  event  of  a  FioleiA 
rtorm  imparting  a  rolling  motion  to  the  vessel,  and  consequent  irregn- 
laritj-  in  the  movement  of  the  engines,  owing  to  the  alternate  elevation 
and  "depression  of  the  wheels  or  propeller,  the  machinery  is  liable  to 
l)e  stopped  by  a  surplus  of  water  in  the  condenser,  and  in  all  suck 
cases  the  supply  of  injection  water  should  be  curtailed.  As  oppor- 
tunity offers  during  ov-casional  detentions,  search  out  and  close  all 
leaks'  connected  wiSi  tlie  injection-cock  or  air-pump,  which  may  causa 
the  condenser  to  fill  with  water,  causing  much  delay  and  anno.vance 
in  startuig  the  engine,  Wheue\  er  this  is  anticipated,  the  sea-cock 
eliould  be  shut  at  tne  same  time  the  injection-cock  is  closed.  When 
the  iudicjitions  of  the  steam  gauge  exhibit  any  excess  of  pressure  over 
the  atmosphere,  raise  the  valves  and  permit  tiie  steam  to  ilow  through 
the  pipes  into  the  cylinder,  to  expel  the  air,  heat  tlie  cylinder,  and 

Ereveul  the  liquefaction  of  the  su-am  on  the  startuig  of  the  engine, 
luring  temiwrary  stoppage,  the  cyunder  drip-cocks  on  stationary  en- 
gines should  be  iu>tanuy  opened,  in  order  to  permit  the  water  of  con- 
densation to  flow  out,  and  they  should  not  be  closed  until  alter  starting 
up.  Previous  to  startiug  an  engine  which  has  been  stopped  for  some 
time,  you  should,  as  a  i^recaution  against  danger,  work  the  engine  a 
lew  turns  with  the  starting  bar,  and  warm  the  cylinder  by  letting  in 
Eteam.  Lubricants  should  not  be  applied  to  the  cylinder  or  valves 
Tintil  after  the  engine  is  started  up  and  the  drip-cocks  closed,  other- 
"wise  waste  is  sure  to  result  from  the  expulsion  of  a  ix)rtion  of  the  oU  or  tal- 
low through  the  drip-cocks.  On  the  production  of  steam  equivalent  to 
produce  a  vacuum,  and  work  the  air-pumps,  tlie  injection-cock  should 
be  slightly  oy»ened,  the  eccentric-hook  disconnected,  and  the  valves 
moved  alternately  hither  and  thither,  with  the  starting-bar.  or  the 
link,  as  either  is  convenient,  in  order  to  effect  an  inten-hangin?  move- 
ment in  the  piston.  The  engine  should  tlien  be  finally  tested  bv 
"  turning  over  "  three  or  four  times  for  the  purpose  of  making  sure 
that  all  is  risht,  and  everything  trim  for  the  anticipated  voyage;  after 
whifh.  if  evervthLn?  is  correct,  the  engine  is  brought  to  a  stand,  and 
all  the  parts  lubrior.ted  in  readiness  for  the  start 

Previous  to  getting  nnder  wav.  the  boQers  sTinnld  he  filled  with 
■water  to  the  np^er  ganse-cock.  This  can  be  easily  effected,  when  thft 
Ixiilers  are  in  the  hold,  by  simnly  orenins  the  blow-cock,  and  the 
■water  will  flow  into  the  boilers  by  gravitation,  throneh  the  vesitel's 
bottom,  from  the  sea.  In  boilers" otherwise  situated,  the  filling  may 
be  performed  by  the  hand-force  pnmn.  or  a  pump  worked  by  a  donkey 
engine,  etc.  On  starting  the  fires,  Minhtly  elf-at"  thf  sauiy  valy.  in 
order  to  permit  the  air  to  escape  from  the  boilers:  bnt  on  the  emission 
of  steam, whijh  indicates  the  complete  ernnlsion  of  the  air.  close  them 
at  once  In  stfypvinfj  an  mninp,  shut  off  the  steam,  open  the  fumac« 
doors,  close  the  damper  in  the  chimney,  curtail  the  snr>i>lv  of  injec- 
tion-water, work  the  valvp«  by  hand,  and  unshin  the  eccentric-  To 
back  or  reverse  an  enrrinf  fitted  with  the  link-motion,  all  that  is  requisite 
is  to  change  it  to  the  reverse-motion;  bnt  where  only  one  eccentnc  is 
available,  shnt  off  the  steam,  throw  the  eccentric  hook  ont  of  pear, 
and,  with  the  starting-bar,  apply  the  steam  to  the  other  end  of  th« 
piston. 

0>'  Mari>-t:  axd  otftkk  BorLEKs. — In  steam  ve»»el9.  it  is  nece*- 
eary,  in  order  to  maintain  a  proper  eqnilibriam.  that  the  boilen 
ghoold  be  placed  equidistant  from  the  keelsons  on  either  side ;  vxf 


XACBIXIST8   MiH>   ENGINEEB3'  DEPASTKENT.         S77 


S9h 


S78      MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT. 

deflection  from  perfect  truth  in  this  arrangement  entails  much  trop< 
ble  in  adjusting  the  proper  balance  of  the  ship.  To  this  end  they 
ought  to  be  secured  by  rigid  fastenings  to  the  hull,  with  the  lower 
face  of  the  boilers  and  the  extension  of  the  flues  ranging  or  conform- 
ing with  the  load  hue  in  each  direction.  In  some  places  it  is  usual  to 
place  them  on  a  substantial  platform  composed  of  3  inch  plank  over 
the  keelsons,  on  which  the  boilers  are  placed,  the  planks  being  pr&- 
viously  coated  to  a  depth  of  1^  inches  or  more,  w  ith  a  tenacious  mixture 
composed  of  drj'ing  oil  and  whiting,  which  affords  a  hard  impen-ious 

Erotection  to  the  boiler  against  water  and  rust.  Another  way,  which 
as  the  advantage  of  presenting  an  opportunity  for  making  incidental 
repairs,  cousistsln  placing  the  boilers  on  cast  iron  saddles  attached  to 
the  boiler  supporters.  Boilers  should  be  properly  protected  by  a 
proper  clothing  of  nou  conductors,  such  as  asbestos,  hair  felt,  &c.,  cov- 
ered with  a  lagging  of  wood  ;  or  some  of  the  other  materials  elsewhere 
noted  in  this  work,  may  be  used  instead,  ilariue  boilers  demand  the 
greatest  attention  and  care  in  repairing,  testing,  cleaning,  blowing  off. 


GANG  OF   STEAM  BOILERS  PROPERLY  SET. 

and  water  supply.  Especial  care  should  be  iised  at  all  times  to  keep 
the  brine  at  a  low  degree  of  strength  when  sea  water  is  used,  by  blow- 
ing off  every  two  hours  at  least,  frequently  testing  the  strength  of 
the  brine  by  the  sahne  hydrometer,  an  instrument  constructed  to 
indicate  by  gradations  the  number  of  ounces  of  salt  held  in  solution  in 
each  gallon  of  water.  Sea  water  contains  3.03  parts  of  its  weig^jt  in 
saline  matter,  or  nearly  1  lb.  in  every  33  lbs.  of  water,  and  saturation 
is  complete  when  it  contains  36.37  parts.  When  by  evaporation  the 
proportion  of  salt  increases  to  4  lbs.  in  33  lbs.  of  water,  the  formation 
of  scale  is  imminent,  and  should  be  guarded  against  by  blowing  off, 
and  the  repletion  of  the  supply  by  additional  fresher  water.  While  in 
port,  as  opportmiity  offers,  the  hand-hole  plates  above  the  furnaces 
ought  to  be  removed  in  order  to  permit  the  removal  of  any  saline 
deposits  on  the  crown  sheet,  and  as  dampness  is  inimical  to  the  inte- 
rior of  the  boiler,  the  bottom  hand  hole  plates  should  also  be  removed 
■when  a  long  detention  is  anticipated,  in  order  to  permit  the  water  to 
drain  off,  and  air  to  circulate,  so  as  to  dissipate  any  dampness,  which 
ethenrise  might  result  in  the  rapid  oxidation  of  the  boiler  plates.    If 


MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.      379 

this  cannot  be  done,  it  is  better  to  keep  the  boilers  fall,  rather  than 
have  them  partially  so. 

Scale  is  not  the  only  danger  to  be  gnarded  against,  for  it  is  attested 
by  the  reports  of  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance 
Company  that  almost  half  of  the  sum  totil  of  imperfect  boilers 
became  such  by  reason  of  the  deposit  of  sediment,  there  being  no  less 
than  40  per  cent,  more  hazardous  Civses  resulting  from  the  deposit  of 
sediment  causing  the  plates  to  be  burned,  or  overheated,  than  from 
Bcale  when  hard  water  is  used,  the  hme,  etc.,  held  m  solution  is  pre- 
cipitated, and  t'le  deposit  becomes  concreted,  fonning  a  terrible 
obstacle  to  t  e  transmission  of  the  heat  to  the  water,  aud  rendering 
the  plates  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  fire  liable  to  be  burnt  through 
or  seriously  weakened. 

In  setting  stationary  boilers,  it  would  be  well  to  have  an  air  space 
of  2  or  3  inches  intervene  between  the  boiler  and  tlie  surroimding 
brick  work,  and  fire-clay  is  every  way  preferable  to  mortar  for  the 
entire  surroundings.  Arrangements  should  be  made  to  have  con- 
venient apei-tures  at  suitable  places  in  order  to  permit  access  for  the 
removal  of  dust,  soot,  ashes,  aud  other  impediments  interfering  with 
the  effective  action  of  the  lire  on  the  lower  parts  of  the  boUer.  A 
vgood  way  of  setting  long  stationary  boilers  is  U)  attach  cast-iron  knees 
to  tneir  middle  and  at  each  end,  having  them  about  12  feet  apart,  and 
placed  on  brick  foundations;  these  knees,  if  placed  on  substantial  rolls 
on  a  solid  seat,  would  ensure  ample  provision  for  the  contraction  and 
expausioD  of  the  boilers,  as  well  as  prevent  all  strains  resulting  from 
unequal  settling. 

As  to  the  attachments  called  mud  drums,  past  experience^  has 
8ho\vu,  when  their  great  cost  and  short  duration  are  taken  into  account, 
that  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  their  use,  are,  to  say  the  least, 
very  equivocal,  as  they  impart  but  a  slight  amount  of  heat  to  the  feed 
water,  retain  none  of  the  ruinous  carbonates  which  induce  scale  on 
the  boiler,  but  only  the  muddy  matter  held  in  suspension  in  the  water, 
while  the  cost  of  renewal  consequent  on  their  rapid  decay,  is  very 
heavy. 

Cleaning  Boiler  Tubes. — ^Weinlig  recommends  a  copper  pipe,  5 
millimetres  in  diameter,  tapering  at  one  end,  and  fitted  at  the  other 
with  a  flexible  india-rubber  tube,  by  which  it  cau  be  connected  with 
the  steam-cock  of  the  boiler  when  required.  The  pipe  is  mounted  on 
a  3ft.  wooden  handle,  and  should  be  long  enongh  to  reach  through 
the  fire-box.  In  use,  tlie  wooden  handle  is  held  firmly  under  l£e 
right  arm,  and  the  nozzle  of  the  pipe  introduced  an  inch  or  so  within 
the  tube  to  be  cleaned.  Steam  is  then  turned  on  through  tlie  india- 
rubber  tubing. 

Stea>i-Pipe  Jacketing.— The  Stettin  Vulciin  Works  make  use  of 
•wool  for  clothing  steam-pipes.  A  lead  cylmder  is  laid  aroujid  tho 
I)ipe,  and  the  space  between,  which  is  about  1^  inches,  is  filled  up 
firmly  with  wool.  The  lead  cylinder  being  drawn  back,  the  wool  as 
exposed  is  tied  down  with  wire,  and  finally  linen  is  sewed  over  tho 
•whole. 

Cement. — Sifted  peroxide  of  manganese  and  zinc-white,  equal  parts; 
and  snfficient  soluble  glass  (commercial)  to  form  a  thin  i>aste.  Apply 
immediately.    This  cement  will  resist  a  red-heat,  water,  and  oils. 

Flanges  to  Stand  Brazing. — Copper  1  lb.,  zinc  i  oz.,  lead  |  ofc. 

Gsdob's  Metal.— Copper  60,  zinc  38.2,  iron  1.8. 


i80      MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS*   ")EPART1IEN», 


Engineers'  T001.S. — The  mechanical  appliances  renresented  abovis, 
should  be  kept  within  easy  reiich,  and,  if  arranged  on  a  vertical  table 
of  thick  plank,  fitted  with  recesses  conformed  and  adapted  for  tlie  re- 
ception of  each  tool,  it  would  not  only  prove  a  great  couTenience,  but 
ttlio  a  striking  ornament  to  tlie  eugine  room. 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEEKS'    DEPARTMENT,       381' 


FrRE  AND  Waterproof  Cement. — Pulverized  litharge  6  Iba..  fine 
Paris  white  2  lbs.,  yellow  oclire4ozs.,  hemp  cut  iuto  ajireds  ioz., 
mix  to  the  density  of  thick  putty  with  boiled  liuseed  oil,  and  it  i» 
ready  for  use. 


M.\RiNE  Engine  Counter,  Clock,  Vacttttm  G  wcc,  am>  ^team 
Gauoes. — The  Gauge  A,  B,  rkpkesents  an  ADArxATioN  applica- 
ble TO  LOCOAIOTIVES. — A,  SHOWS  THE  POINT   OF  CONNECTION  WITH 

Boiler,  B,  the  Spiral  Spring  and  Graduated  Scalk. — The  above 
cuts,  togetlier  with  the  following  ones,  represent  a  Marine  engine 
counter  and  clock,  together  with  steam  and  vacuum  gauges  of  vari- 
ous kinds.  The  counter,  inclosed  in  an  annular  box  of  cast-iron,  con- 
fciins  a  mechanism  connected  by  snifcible  attachments  to  the  engine, 
which  impart  such  a  correct  mechanical  movement  to  a  regular  series 
of  figures  or  numbers  displayed  through  the  narrow  apertures  in  the 
dial,  as  to  exhibit  at  a  glanr^e  the  exact  number  of  revolutions  per- 
formed by  the  engine.  Tlie  steam  gauges  used  to  determine  the 
pressure  of  steam,  operate  either  bv  the  use  of  mercury,  thin  metallic 
tubes,  or  springs,  and  several  of  these  adaptations  are  shown  in  the 
cuts  we  present.  As  used  on  stationary  boilers,  for  it  cannot  be  used 
on  locomotives,  the  mercurial  gauge  is  formed  of  an  upright  glass 
tabe  connected  with  a  cistern  of  mercury,  resting  on  a  round  piece  of 
eteel  or  gutta  percha;  on  marine  engines  it  consists  of  an  inverted  si- 
phon or  tube  bent  in  the  form  of  a  U,  with  one  end  exposed  to  the 
pressure  of  the  steam,  and  the  otlier  open  to  the  atmosphere.  When 
not  pressed  by  steam,  the  mercury  will  remain  level  iu  both  arms  of 


882      MACHINISTS   AND    ENOINEERS'   DEPAETMENT. 


the  syphon,  but  &.-(  the  pressure  rises,  it  will  act  with  increasing  forc« 
on  the'mercury  exposed  to  tiie  action  of  the  steam,  and  forces  it  to 
rise  in  the  limb  exposed  to  the  air,  and  will  determine  the  amount  of 
the  steam  pressure  over  and  above  that  of  the  atmosphere,  the  indi- 
cations being  exhibited  on  the  gauge,  the  gradations  ou  which  are  one 
inch  in  length,  consequently  every  inch  that  the  mercury  rises  in  the 
tube  shows  a  change  of  2  inches  in  the  level  of  the  mercury  contained 
in  the  tube,  and  each  inch  of  mercury  on  the  scale  represents  1  lb. 
pressure  of  steam. 


Many  excellent  gauges,  nearly  thirty  in  all,  are  in  use  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  among  others,  that  of  the  American  Steam  Gauge 
Co.  and  Bourdon's,  or,  as  it  is  better  known  in  the  United  States^ 
Ashcroft's  gauge,  from  the  name  of  the 
maniifactarer,  the  interior  of  which  is 
shown  in  the  cut.  It  is  composed  of  a 
thin  circular  metallic  tube,  a,  closed  at  one 
end;  the  steam  from  the  boiler  is  intro- 
duced at  b.  The  re.sult  of  the  steam  prcs 
sure  on  the  interior  of  the  circular  tube  is  I 
to  enlarge  the  circle  more  or  less  in  pro- 
portion to  the  pressure,  the  elastic  proper- 
ties of  the  metal  operating  to  contra(;t  the 
circle  to  its  original  position  on  the  re- 
moval of  the  pressure.  The  sealed  or 
closed  eud  of  the  tube  is  united  bv  the  link  _ 

c,  to  the  lever  d,  which  operates  a  seg-  lvteriok  of  Ashckobt's 
mental  gear  or  rack  placed  at  the   upper  Gauce 

end  in  gear  with  a  piuiou,  which  imparts 

movement  to  a  hand  ou  a  graduated  circular  scale  as  shown  in  th© 
cuts  above. 

The  same  invention,  when  fitted  to  a  condenser  by  the  pipe  A,  see 
cut  above,  will  indicate  the  state  of  the  vacuum  in  a  condensing  en- 


ILfltCHISISTS   A2fD   ENGINEERS*    DEPAETMENT.       383 

gine.  In  this  case  the  indications  are  caused  by  exterior  atmospheric 
pressure,  the  gauge  is  graduated  to  extend  only  from  1  lb.  up  to  15 
lbs.,  and  the  entire  action  is  reverse  from  that  of  steam,  as  described 
above.  Ou  the  ooening  of  the  tap  C,  as  the  vacuum  enlarges,  the 
band  will  be  flattened  aud  the  hand  on  the  dial  will  move  in  an  oppo- 
eite  direction  irom  that  caused  by  the  action  of  steam. 

Care  of  Steam  Gauges.— A'  little  glycerine,  or  sulphuric  acid, 
placed  on  the  surface  of  the  mercury  will  keep  a  mercurial  steam 
gauge  in  good  order,  by  lubric;itiu^  Iwth  glass  and  metals,  preventing 
their  adhesion. 

Steaji  Pipes. — Ruptured  steam  pipes  may  be  repaired  by  heating 
aud  then  soldering  them.  The  condensation  of  steam  in  siibterianean 
pipes  mav  be  prevented  by  enclosing  the  pipe  inside  a  larger  one,  and 
filling  the  vacant  sjisice  between  the  two  with  a  mixture  of  clay  and 
teased  hair,  or  i)laster-of-Paris. 

Slestitute  for  Fire  Clay  for  Boieer  Fcrxaces. — ^To common 
earth  well  n;ixed  ^^-ith  water,  add  a  small  quantity  of  rock  salt  and 
allow  it  to  stiind  untU  the  salt  dissolves,  then  use  as  fire  clay.  It  an- 
swers very  well. 

Watch  the  Leaks. — Engineers  should  keep  a  vigilant  eye  for 
leaks,  weak  sTiot«,  &c.,  and  apply  a  promi  t  remedy  by  repairing  all 
defects  without  delav.  See  that' all  the  seams  aud  rivets  are  tight, 
and  the  tubes  and  tube  sheets  in  good  order.  Leaky  tubes  should  be 
replaced  or  stopped,  by  driving  a  tightly  fitting  wooden  plug  at  each 
end  and  binding  them' by  means  of  an'iron-iod  passing  through  the 
tube  fitted  with  broad  washers  at  each  end,  and  screwed  up  tight  -nitli 
the  " i<tro7ig  cement  for  Steam  Joints"  (see  page  422)  plentifully 
smeared  on  under  each  washer.  A  mirror  or  bright  tin  plate  may  be 
used  advanta^reously  to  reflect  light  into  obscure  phices  whUe  repair- 
in"  boilers  To  anplv  a  Jtard  pateh.  describe  the  proper  size  on  the 
rlate  to  be  patched,  allowing  from  Ij  to  U  ins.  of  good  iron  beyond 
the  weak  pa'-t  or  flaw.  Kow  drill  the  rivet-holes  through  the  patch, 
»nd  chip  its  edces.  Next,  apply  the  patch  to  the  boiler,  and  mark 
the  places;  for  corresponding  holes  by  means  of  a  small  brush  with 
■white  paint,  drill  the  holes  in  the  shell  with  a  brace  aud  ratchet  drill. 


eneu  (alter  oemg  previonsiy  tuiiuru  "..-.»  «"  ^.wx,»^«.^«..^  "--•--  -- 
eood  cementv  beins  fitted  in  the  same  manner  as  above  descnbed, 
and  secured  to  its  i)lace  bv  means  of  nuts,  bolts,  and  washers,  with  a 
twist  of  hemp  under  the  washers  and  bolt  heads  to  ensure  security, 
and  prevent  leakase.  The  first  method  is  decidedly  tlie  best  for  parta 
of  the  boiler  exposed  to  the  direct  action  of  the  fire 

Dimensiovs  and  Capacity  of  First  Class  Amoskeag  Steak 
Fire-Engi>-e.  (See  Cut.)  Hnnht  from  foor  to  top  or  smoke 
stack,  8  ft  10  ins.  Lertr/th  oi-er  aU,including  tonffne,  23n.  8ins- 
Diamefr  of  boiler,  2  ft  8  ins.  Diameter  of  pnmps,  44  ins.  btrokeoj 
same,  8  in"".  Diamoter  of  steam  a/Unders  7§  ins^iV  um*e>-o;  cfca- 
tJiarrie  nates.  2.  Capacity  in  vals.  per  minute.  900  gals.  W  eigtit, 
6  500  lbs  The  boiler  is  aii  upright  tubular,  very  simiile  m  its  com- 
bination and  for  strength,  safetv,  durability,  and  capacity  for  genera- 
ling  steam,  unsurpassed.  Staiting  with  cold  water  in  the  boiler,  a 
Working  head  of  steam  can  be  generated  hi  less  tlian  five  minut^ 
Vom  the  time  of  kindling  the  fire.    The  enguie     Amoskeag,     owned 


384      MACHINISTS   AKD    EXGIXEEES'    DEPARTMENT. 

by  the  city  of  Slanchester,  has  played  two  streams  in  three  minute* 
and  forty  seconds  after  touching  tb&  match  ;  at  the  same  time  draw- 
ing her  own  water.  The  following  mstructions  to  engineers,  given 
by  the  Amoskeag  Co.,  for  running  their  engine,  may  be  easily  adapted 
to  efficient  uise  in  the  case  of  steam  fire-engines  constructed  by  other 
builders. 

1.  In  laying  yonr  fuel  in  the  fire-box,  first  lay  plenty  of  shavings, 
then  light,  dry  kindhng  wood ;  filluig  your  furnace  full,  which  in 
most  cases  will  give  you  steam  enough,  6y  the  time  you  arrive  at  a 
fire  to  commence  work,  provided  you  light  your  fiie  when  you  leave 
the  house,  which,  as  a  general  rule,  is  advisiible.  2.  If  you  use  coal, 
be  careful  to  keep  a  tbiu  fire,  and  not  clog  it.  "L'se  the  coal  in  as 
large  lumps  as  i^ossible,  and  do  not  bieiili  it  tip  tumecessarily  in  the 
furnace.  Tl.e  be<t  c^al  for  this  pur]  ose  is  a  dean  Ciinnel.  in  lumps, 
free  from  diit  and  dust.  3.  Be  carelul  net  te  let  so  much  fire  collect 
under  your  engine  as  to  bum  the  wheels  , — when  working  for  a  long 
time  at  fires  there  is  a  danger  of  doing  so.  4.  The  Amoskeag  boiler 
is  an  upright  tubular  body,  witli  a  submerged  smoke-box  and  fire-box 
surrounded  w  ith  water.  '  "When  the  engine  is  running,  the  water  in 
the  boiler  should  be  carried  so  as  to  stand  at  tlie  thud  gauge-cock, 
■which  is  placed  near  the  top  of  the  tubes,  and  it  should  never  be  car- 
ried l>elow  the  centre  of  the  tubes  at  which  i>oint  the  first  gauge-cock 
is  lov-ated.  5.  Avoid  using  an  unnecessary  anioiuit  of  steam.  The 
tendency  ia  to  use  more  tl;an  is  required.  From  sixty  to  eighty 
jiounds  is  as  much  as  yon  will  generally  require  to  do  good  fire  duty. 
6  Theengme  rrs  two  suitable  feed  pumps  for  supplying  the  boiler 
with  water.  One  of  these  pumps  should  be  worked  nearly  all  the 
time,  m  order  to  keep  the  water  in  the  boiler  at  the  proper  height, 
and  to  preserve  p.n  even  pressure  of  steam.  7.  If  brackish  water  is 
nsed  for  supjilying  the  boiler,  or  if  the  bcUcr  becomes  foul  fnm  long 
Tise  without  beirg  tlcwn  off,  it  L"  likely  to  icr.m  or  piime.  If  foam- 
ing occurs  while  the  engine  is  working  at  a  fire,  it  may  be  prevented 
or  diminL-hed  by  opening  ths  surface  blow-ofl  ccck.  which  is  located 
between  the  third  r.nd  fourth  garge-cocks,  rnd  blow  ing  off  from  the 
eurface  of  tlte  water  the  sctim  and  oily  matter  which  usually  causes 
foaming.  lu  this  way  the  difficulty  can  generally  be  prevented  w  ith- 
out  any  serious  iiiterniptiou  in  the  workmg  of  the  engine.  While 
doing  this  the  water  in  the  boiler  should  be  carried  as  high  as  the 
eurface  blow-off  cock.  After  the  engine  is  returned  to  the  hou^e,  the 
■water  should  be  blown  entirely  out  of  the  boiler  through  the  blow-off 
cock  near  the  bottom  of  the  boiler,  with  a  steam  pressure  of  about 
twenty  poimds.  and  the  boiler  refilled  with  fresh  water.  This  pro« 
cess  may  be  repeated  untQ  the  b<3iler  becomes  clean.  8.  The  pump 
npon  the  Amoskeag  Engine  is  a  vertical  double-acting  pump,  with  the 
cylinder  surrounded  by  a  circular  chamber,  divided  vertically  outside 
the  cylinder,  so  as  to  answer  both  for  the  suction  and  discharge  cham- 
bers of  the  pump.  It  has  a  separate  valve-piate  at  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  pump,  carrying  both  the  suction  and  discharge  valves  ;  the  suc- 
tion vadve  upon  {)ue"side  of  the  plate,  and  the  discharge  valve  npon 
the  other.  Each  of  these  valve  plates  can  be  reached  by  taking  off 
the  top  and  bottom  of  the  pump,  which  is  so  constmcted  as  to  ba 
readily  removed.  The  discharge  and  suction  parts  of  the  water- 
chamber,  surrounding  the  cylinder,  are  connected  by  a  valve  in  the 
vertical  partition,  wluch  is  called  a  relief  valve.    9.  With  a  single 


MAXXISISTS    AST)  £27er!rE£S.<'   DSFABTU£2rr. 


886 


MiiW 


S86        MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS*   DEPARTMENT, 

long  line  or  hose,  it  may  be  necessary  to  open  your  relief-valve  a  littla^ 
but  as  r.11  iir.lier  times  be  particular  to  have  it  closed,  except  whe» 
you  wact  to  feed  your  boiler  without  forcing  any  water  through  th9 
hose.  10.  In  the  smoke-pipe,  directly  over  the  upper  flue-sheet,  a 
valve  is  placed,  which  is  called  the  variable  exhaust-valve.  By  oper- 
ating this  valve  the  size  of  the  aperture  for  the  escape  of  the  steam 
from  the  steam-cylinder  is  increased  or  diminished,  thus  regulating 
the  draft  of  the  chimney  and  the  heat  of  the  fire.  This  valve  should  ba 
closed,  when  the  engine  h  started,  until  a  fair  working  pressure  of  steam 
is  obtained,  after  which  it  may  be  opeued.  11.  Care  should  be  taken  to 
have  the  suctiou  hose  and  its  connections  air-tight.  12.  Open  your 
<iischarge-gate  and  cylinder  drain-cock  before  stiirting  your  engine. 
13.  Dou't  let  the  flues  of  your  engine  get  filled  up.  14.  Be  particular 
to  tau.e  your  engine  off  the  springs  before  you  work  it,  and  to  place  it 
on  the  springs  again  when  done  working.  15.  With  a  long  line  of 
hose  on,  be  particular  to  open  your  throttle  gradually.  If  you  open 
it  too  suddenly  you  are  liable  to  burst  your  ho^e.  16.  The  pumps  of 
the  engine  should  be  examined  at  least  once  in  six  mouths,  to  see  that 
all  the  valves  aud  parts  are  in  good  condition.  17.  The  pump-valves 
should  have  a  lift  of  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch,  and  the  suction 
valves  the  same  lift.  18.  The  inside  of  the  steam-cylinders  and  the 
steam-valves  should  be  oiled  or  tallowed  always  after  the  engine  has 
"worked  at  a  fire,  aud  as  often  as  may  be  necessary  to  keep  them  well 
lubric^ited  ;  aud  all  the  parts  of  the  engine,  where  liable  to  friction, 
should  be  kept  well  oiled.  Be  particular  to  use  an  abundance  of  oil 
on  the  "  link-block,"  where  there  is  more  friction  tlian  in  any  other 
part  18.  The  running-gear  and  every  part  of  the  engine  liable  to  dis- 
arrangement or  accident,  should  be  thoroughly  examined  every  time 
after  the  engine  has  been  out  of  the  house,  whether  it  has  been 
"worked  at  a  fire  or  not.  19.  Whenever  your  engine  is  repaired,  try 
to  help  to  do  it  yourself,  as  by  so  doing  you  get  a  familiarity  with  it 
that  you  cslu  in  no  other  way  obtain. 


Besides  the  above  noted,  the  Amoskeag  Co.  manufacture  self  p'-o- 
pelling  steam  fire  engines  capable  of  attaining  a  continuous  smedof 
IS  miles  per  hour.  Steam  fire  engines  of  perfect  workmansliip  and 
inmiense  power,  are  also  made  at  Seneca  Falls,  N.  Y. ,  Portland,  Maine 
Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  Boston,  Mass.  and  many  other  places  throushout 
the  United  States.  * 

^  A  Fireman's  REt;prRA tor,— Consisting  of  an  iron  cylinder  attached 
«  a  mask,  and  packed  with  cotton  s^ooi,  glycerine,  a»4  charcoal, 


MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS'  DEPARTMENT.        387 


has  been  exhibited  in  London,  by  Prof.  Tyndall;  the  wearer  is  enabled 
to  remain  in  an  atmosphere  of  smoke,  which  he  could  not  otherwis« 
bear,  for  a  quarter  or  half  an  hour. 

An  Improved  Fire  Escape, — called  the  Jenks-Richard's  fire- 
ladder  has  been  adopted  in  many  places.  It  is  a  permanent  fixture  to 
the  building,  and  is  attiiclied  to  the  cornice  of  the  house,  and  comes 
down  when  the  alarm  is  sounded,  givLug  the  inmates  a  chance  to 
escape  when  other  exits  are  cut  off,  and  the  firemen  a  plan  to  ascend 
with  the  hose,  and  fight  the  fire  at  the  greatest  possible  advantage. 

Cast  Irox  for  Steam  Cylinders— i-erj/  hard. — Scrap  iron,  300  lbs. 
Scotch  pig,  40  lbs.,  charcoal  pig.  No.  5.  40  lbs.  Another,  very  strong 
and  close  gramed.  Scrap  iron,  100  lbs.,  Scotch  pig,  100  lbs.,  charcoal  pig 
No.  5,  80  "lbs. 

Cylinders  shoiild  be  bored  in  a  vertical  position  whenever  possible, 
removing  a  heavy  cut  at  first  and  gradually  cutting  to  within  1-32  of 
an  inch  of  the  finished  size,  and  fiually  brought  down  to  the  proper 
dimensions  by  removing  the  balance  with  a  cutter  embodying  in  its 
form  a  couibination  of  the  circular  and  diamoud  pointed  shapes. 
Some  manufacturers  used  a  ma-ss  of  lead  (cast  in  tne  cylinder  to  give 
it  the  proper  shape)  together  with  emery  and  oil  between  the  abrading 
surfaces,  for  finishing  their  cylinders,  the  latter  revolving  slowly,  whila 
the  operation  continues. 

Rule  for  Thickness  of  Steam  CrLiNDER. — ^Divide  the  diameter 
of  cylinder  i)lus  2  by  16,  and  deduct  a  1-100  part  of  the.  diameter  from 
the  quotient  ;  the  riemainder  will  be  the  ]iroper  thickness.  The  depth 
of  the  piston  rings  should  be  equal  to  J  the  diameter  of  the  cylinder, 
and  the  follower  plate  should  be  equal  in  thickness  to  the  cylinder. 
The  following  table  gives  very  good  results. 


Diameter  of 
Cylinder. 

Thickness. 

Diameter  of 
Cylinder. 

Thickness. 

6 

5-8 

14 

1 

8 

11-16 

15 

11-16 

9 

3-4 

17 

11-8 

10 

13-16 

18 

13-16 

11 

7-8 

19 

11-4 

12 

15-16 

21 

13-8 

Add  to  the  foregoing  dimensions  1-16  of  an  inch,  when  the  piston 
speed  exceeds  300  feet  per  minute. 

Piston  Rinos. — To  prevent  i-apid  wear  in  the  cylinder,  the  pis*on 
rings  should  be  formed  of  some  material  softer  than  the  latter  ;  cast 
iron  is  much  used  for  this  purpose,  as  it  soon  attains  a  fine  smooth 
Burface,  has  great  endurance,  and  generates  little  friction.  They 
ehould  be  fitted  with  judgment  so  as  to  move  easily  between  the  flange 
of  tlie  piston-head  and  the  follower  jilate,  in  order  that  they  may 
adjust  or  conform  themselves  to  any  slight  unevenness  in  the  cylinder. 
To  open  piston  rinc/s,  hammer  them  lightly  with  a  round  pene  ham- 
mer all  round  their  inside  faces,  and,  as  they  become  lealcy  and 
corrode  around  the  edges,  remove  them  from  the  cylinder  and  tmo 
them  up  in  a  lathe,  grind,  and  refit  them  to  the  flange  and  follower 
jiate.    Fiston  spnnga  are  in  the  great  majority  of  cases,  too  stiff  and 


888       MACHIKISTS   AND   ENGINEERS*   DEPARTMENT 

aagid  to  render  them  in  every  way  satisfactory,  as  in  many  instance* 
they  entail  great  loss  of  power  by  UDuecessary  pressure  against  tliB 
cylinder.  Steam  pistons  possess  the  merit  of  low  first  cost,  very  little 
friction,  simplicity,  and  after  a  proper  adjustment  by  a  competent 
person,  give  very  little  trouble.  Solid  pistons  produce  scarcely  any 
friction,  and  when  the  cylinder  is  bored  perfectly  true  through  its 
whole  length,  produce  excellent  results,  if  they  are  properly  fitted,  but 
are  irreparable  when  they  become  worn  out,  as  tliey  cannot  be  re-ad- 
justed. The  piston  speed  of  small  stationary  engines  ranges  from  2C0 
to  250  feet  per  minute ;  average  speed  225  feet,  that  of  large  stationai^ 
enc/ines,  275  to  350  feet ;  average  speed  312  feet ;  that  of  Corliss  Engines 
400  to  500  feet  per  minute;  average  speed  400 feet;  that  of  locomotives 
and  Allen  engines  600  to  800  feet  per  minute,  average  700  ;  that  of 
engines  of  river  steamers  400  to  500  feet,  average  450  feet;  that  of 
ocean  steameis  400  to  600  feet,  average  500  feet  If  the  piston  rod 
glands  become  tight,  ease  by  revolving  and  sliding  the  gland  back  and 
forth  on  the  rod,  applying  a  little  oil  to  the  rod  at  the  same  time.  la 
tracing  up  a  gland,  it  should  be  chucked  in  the  lathe  by  the  flange,  to 
ensure  the  turning  of  the  bore  and  outside  diameter  at  one  chucking, 
without  depending  on  the  accuracy  of  a  mandrel.  Piston  rods  should 
be  secured  to  the  cross  head  by  means  of  a  well  fitted  key  instead  of 
by  the  screw  and  jam  nut  arrangement  u.«ed  in  many  cases.  Piston 
rods  are  usually  made  of  wrought  iron,  but  steel  is  to  be  preferred  on 
account  of  its  great  endurance,  small  friction,  and  extreme  hardness, 
which  render  it  less  liable  to  be  fluted  by  grit  in  the  packing,  &c.  The 
cross-heads  should,  in  every  case,  possess  the  essential  element  of 
strength,  to  resist  strains  of  every  kind,  and  also  capacious  anti- 
friction bearings  on  the  guides,  to  resist  the  wear  and  tear  of  protracted 
rimning. 

The  guides  should  be  powerful  enough  to  withstand  any  degree  of 
speed  without  springing  or  flinching  from  duty  in  tlie  slightest  degree, 
and,  on  horizontal  engines  they  should  be  made  moveable,  so  that 
they  may  be  easily  replaced  by  others  when  they  become  worn  out 

Qrankpins  are  usually  made  of  wrought  iron,  although  for  obvi- 
ous reasons,  steel  is  the  best  material.  Owing  to  excessive  friction  the 
crank  pins  are  liable  to  become  hot,  and  for  this  reason  they  should 
receive  close  attention  from  the  engineer.  A  mixture  of  a  little  su  1- 
phur  in  oil,  or  plumbago  and  oil,  forms  a  good  cooling  lubricant  in 
such  emersencies.  The  diameter  of  the  crank  pin  should  be  from  .2 
to  .25  that  of  the  cylinder,  and  the  length  from  .275  to  ..35  the  diameter 
of  the  cvlinder,  or'for  a  cvlinder  12  ins.  in  diameter  and  30  ins.  stroke, 
the  length  of  crank  pin  should  be  3.3  to  4  ins.,  and  the  diameter  2.4 
to  3  ins. 

The  Steam  chest  should  be  capacious  enough  to  furnish  sufficient 
room  for  the  valve  gear  arrangement,  the  transmission  of  steam  to 
the  piston,  &c.,  but  not  unnecessarily  large  to  induce  weakness  in  the 
parts,  loss  of  heat  by  radiation,  &c. 

VaJ.ve  rods  should  be  constructed  of  substantial  material  to  with- 
stand the  varied  strains  to  which  they  are  liable  ;  they  are  usuallv  of 
wrought  iron,  but  steel  is  to  be  preferred  for  various  reasons.  The 
length  of  valve  rods  may  be  correctly  ascertained  by  placing  the  valve 
in  a  central  position  over  the  steam  ports,  and  the  rocker  or  interme- 
diate bearings  in  a  vertical  position,  and  measuring  from  the  centra 
•f  the  rocker  utud  to  the  centre  of  the  ralve. 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.        389 

The  dimensions  of  the  rock  shaft-bearing,  should  be,  if  subjected  ta 
%  twisting  movement,  or  torsion,  i  or  ^  the  diameter  of  the  engine 
shaft,  if  not  so  subjected,  J  the  diameter  of  the  engine  shaft  will  an- 
swer. The  diameter  of  the  ivck  shaft  pin  ought  to  be  no  less  thau 
the  valve  stem;  but  if  it  is  an  overhanging  pin,  it  ought  to  be  from  i 
to  li  the  diameter  of  valve  stem. 

Eccentric  rods  should  be  substiutially  made  of  good  stock,  and  suf- 
ficiently stiff  and  rigid  to  withstand  the  munifold  strains  to  which 
they  are  liable,  without  being  subjected  to  extreme  vibration,  so  that 
a  steady  movement  may  be  imparted  by  the  eccentric  to  the  valve, 
and  they  are  all  the  better  for  being  long. 

To  adjust  an  eccentric  rod,  place  the  crank  at  the  end  of  its  stroke, 
and  the  eccentric  at  right  angles  with  the  crauk.  Now  regulate  th« 
eccentric-straps  and  adjust  the  rocker  iu  a  vertical  position.  Th9 
proper  length  of  the  eccentric  may  now  be  determined  if  the  eccen- 
tric-catch conforms  itself  to  the  rocker  pin,  without  moving  the  latter 
to  either  side.  The  length  of  the  eccentric  rod  is  the  space  between 
the  centre  of  the  crank  shaft  and  that  of  the  rocker  pin,  when  the  lat- 
ter is  vertical. 

The  eccentric  rod  may  bo  attached  by  turning  the  end  of  the  rod  ta- 
permg,  to  adapt  it  to  a  suitable  hole  in  a  sleeve  c:;st  on  the  forward 
straps  of  the  eccentric,  to  which  it  may  be  secured  by  a  proper  key  ; 
another  way  is  to  insert  the  rod  into  the  sleeve  and  fasten  with  jam 
nuts.  The  diameter  of  the  eccentric  rod,  should,  at  the  neck,  equal 
that  of  the  valve  rod,  and  should  mcrease  J  inch  to  the  foot  of  the 
eccentric. 

The  pilloio  blocks  or  main  bearings  of  an  enqine  should  be  the  ob- 
jects of  close  attention  on  the  part  of  the  engineer,  as,  owing  to  thu 
excessive  friction  and  wear  and  taar  at  this  vital  point,  they  are  liable 
to  become  hot  and  cause  much  trouble.  In  such  emergencies  make 
use  of  the  follDwiag 

Cooling    Compound    for    Heavy    Bearings. — Tallow,  2  lbs  ; 

E lumbago,  G  ozs  ;  sugar  of  lead,  4  ozs  ;  melt  the  tallow  with  gentle 
eat,  and  add  the  other  ingredients,  stirrino:  until  cold.  For  lubricat- 
ing gearing,  wooden  cogs,  &c. ,  nothing  bettor  need  be  used  than  a 
thin  mixture  of  soft  soap  and  black  lead.  Tlie  following  processes 
will  prove  useful  to  engineers  and  machinists  in  many  cases  : 

To  Prevent  Sperm  Oil  Gujlming. — The  addition  of  kerosene  oil 
■will  greatly  assist  in  preventing  gumming  ;  rummage  100  parts  oil 
with  4  parts  chloride  of  lime,  and  12  of  water  ;  now  add  a  small  quan- 
tity of  the  decoction  of  oak-bark  to  destroy  all  traces  of  gelatinous  mat- 
terstill  remainmg,  and  allow  the  impurities  to  settle.  Next,  agitate  tlie 
clear  part  with  a  little  sulphuric  acid,  settle  once  more,  and  wash  to 
remove  the  acid,  which  should  never  be  permitted  to  exist  in  any  oil 
used  on  machinery.  If  oil  becomes  rancid,  boil  it  along  with  water 
and  a  little  bi-carbonate  of  magnesia  for  15  minutes  or  go,  until  it 
loses  its  power  to.  redden  litmus  paper. 

Machinerv  Lubricants. — A  patent  has  been  taken  out  in  France 
lor  lubriciints  compounded  as  follows  :  First,  graphite,  25  parts ; 
talc,  25  ;  sulphur,  20  ;  wax  or  paraffin,  20.  6'econrf,  graphite  oOjvrt^ 
bone-glue,  15  ;  water,  32  ;  sulphur,  12  ;  wax  or  paraffin,  11. 

The  Crank  shaft  being  the  primary  agent  for  the  transmission  oC 
power,  should,  in  all  aises  be  well  proportioned  in  order  to  perforna 
effective  duty  and  resist  the  shearing  aud  tniiitiug  vtraius  te  whi^ 


390        MACHINISTS   AXD   ENGESEERS'   DEPAETMEKT. 

it  is  subjected.  They  are  often  made  of  cast  iron  smoothly  tome*!, 
and  shonJd  be  5-10  tiie  diameter  of  the  cylinder  for  efficient  ose,  ot 
the  diameter  oi  the  shaft  may  be  4-10  that  of  the  cylinder  when 
■wTooght  iron  i3  u^ed.  and  the  len>jth  of  the  crank  sliaft  btcinng  should 
be  equal  to  1^  times  its  diameter,  or,  for  massire  machinery,  twica 
the  diameter  wiil  be  required. 

The  aiea  of  the  crank  at  the  central  part  should  be  exactly  that  of 
the  shaft ;  the  thickness  should  be  equivalent  to  that  of  the  shaft 
journal  multiplied  by  6  :  the  thickn.ss  of  the  tab  of  the  crank 
ehould  be  equivalent  to  3  times  tlie  diameter  of  shaft  joomaL  The 
boss  of  the  crank,  if  of  wrought  iron,  should  be  equivalent  to  the  di- 
ameter of  the  shaft  journal  or  pin  multiplied  by  4,  and  if  of  cast  iron, 
ehould  equal  doable  that  of  the  shaft  journal,  and  the  depth  should 
equal  that  of  the  crank  journal  multiplied  by  7.  Tae  diameter  of 
crunk  at  the  pin  should  equal  twice  the  dinmeter  of  pin,  and  its  depth 
at  the  same  part  should  be  equivalent  to  tlie  diameter  of  the  pin  mul- 
tiplied by  12. 

The  Governor  should  be  kept  perfectly  clean  and  free  from  all 
gummy  deposits,  or  old  dry  pacltin:j  which  mr.y  retard,  or  impede  its 
movements  iu  any  way  whatever.  The  best  of  oil  only  should  be  U5ed, 
and  thorou^'h  duty  should  be  perfonned  w:ien  the  governor  spLuille 
works  through  stuffing  boxes,  to  have  the  boxes  carefully  packed  at 
regular  intervals. 

To  Fi>T>  THE  Di.VMETER  OF  Goverxor-Shjuft  Pct.t.kt. — Multi- 
ply the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  engine  by  the  diameter  of  the 
engine  shaft  pulley  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  ravolu- 
tions  of  the  governor. 

To  FCTD  THE  Dl.VilETEB  OF  THE  EXGI^-E^HAFT  PCXLET. — 31ulti- 

ply  the  revolutions  of  the  governor  bytlie  dianieterof  the  governor 
eliaft  pulley,  and  di\'ide  tlie  product  by  the  number  of  the  revolutions 
of  the  engine. 

Facts  fob  Ste.\3i  Usees. — \  fair  horse-power  in  a  steam  boiler 
is  an  evaporation  of  30  lbs.  of  water  per  hour,  Irozn  a  tora)erutnre  of 
212°.  Ten  pounds  of  water,  evaporated  frcni  a  temperature  of  212° 
for  each  jwund  of  coal,  is  high  economy.  Six  pounds  is  fair  work, 
and  above  the  average.  Fnder  the  be^t  conditlcus,  a  hor^e-power  can 
be  had  from  an  evaporation  of  less  than  £0Ij3.  of  water.  Every 
owner  of  steam  power  should  weigh  the  water  evaporated  in  his 
boiler,  and  also  the  coal  used  to  produce  such  evaporation.  A  meas- 
ure of  some  kind  that  will  show  the  weight  of  feed  water,  j*assing 
into  a  boiler  with  accuracy,  should  be  used  with  all  boilers  when 
economy  is  an  object.  It  should  be  the  duty  of  a  fireman  to  know 
the  weight  of  the  fuel  used  as  well  as  the  weight  of  water.  Xo  man  ' 
has  any  right  to  find  fault  with  the  etononiy  of  his  boiler  until  he 
knows  the  amount  of  water  evaporated  per  hour  and  the  amount  of 
coal  required  to  produce  the  same.  In  getting  the  evaTorative  power 
of  a  steam  boiler,  it  is  necessary  that  the  steam  should  be  dry  to  get 
a  fair  restdt.  A  boiler  that  carries  out  water  vritu  iCs  steam  may  sho  w 
a  large  apparent  evaporation,  but  the  steam.being  wet,  is  of  less  valu« 
in  the  engine.  A  boiler  should  give  dry  steam  in  all  cases.  Super- 
heating is  beneficiaL  Boilers  that  are  overworked,  necessarily  wasta 
f ueL  A  boiler  taxed  to  it^*  full  evaporative  ppwer,  evaporates,  say, 
£  lbs.  of  water  to  1  lb.  of  coal :  double  the  size  cf  the  boiler,  and  yoq 
Win  get  the  same  amotmt  oi  steam,  with  probably  30  to  SO  per  ceub 


Diam,  of  Cylinder. 

Length  of  stroke. . 

Area  ofstcani  port. 

Area  of  eduction 
port 

Diameter  of  blast 
pipe* 

Diameter  of  pump 
ram 

Stroke  of  do 

Diam.  of  feed  pipe. 

Length  of  connect- 
ing rod 

Diam.  of  piston  rod 

Diam.  of  crank  pin 
Diam.  of  back  pin. 
Diam.   of  forward 

Diameter  of  crank 
axle 

0 

n 

3  2. 
•S.-a 
3  r. 

n  0 

•     3 

0 

9-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

Ul                            UU.».H.               MHM            H            H             MB.' 

i2-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

14-in.  Outside 
Freight.       j 

15-in.  Outside 
Passer.        ! 

i6-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

18-inch, 
6  drivers. 
Freight. 

4> 

18-inch, 
6  drivers. 
Anthracite. 

18-inch, 

6  drivers, 

Br'd  Gauge. 

Do.  tul)e  surface... 
Do.    total   healing 

surface 

Ditto,     fire     grate 

surface 

Ratio  fire    surface 

in  i(\.  ft.  to  cubic 

contents  of  cyl'r. 
Diam.  of  chimney. 
Diam.  truck  axle.. 

n 
5" 

f 

r.  :rS,S- 

c 

c 

0 

3  =  5- 

% 

ft  < 

c  « 

s  r 

3  n 
■-•  "I 

2.0 
0  c 

0 

.      0          •            00       -Nl         ^    0          00^    C^»;--«-        0         e*- 

9-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

■      "^ com            « 

i2-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

^     w       *^    -         .           {ji         ^    .            Ok-          «    m         O          « 

14-in.  Outside 
Freight. 

15-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

^3.  -    «      S      - 

i6-in.  Outside 
Passer. 

-.    0       M              M              M 

00\.».          -          0<O          Ml3.».                      .K 

iS-inch, 
6  drivers. 
Freight. 

M        U 
-«U1          U              M              M  0                       « 

^                   -OOQ               0*               '^•-                 M                                M 

18-inch, 

6  drivers. 

Anthracite. 

-   5^  t    1 

£ 

& 

ii 

M 

M       im 

18-inch, 

6  drives. 

Broad  Guae*. 

PI 

to" 

ot 

o 


•nc^ 

►c* 

-t 

«-» 

ti> 

i-?- 

0 

c-»- 

0 

r< 

tl> 

&» 


CO 

;^  CO 

g.  <! 

CO  -< 

'^^  o 

'^  ►,* 


CO 

fcr" 


ca 


&  3 

o       EX 

♦       i=t 

CO 
o 

o 


15 

5. 

15 

10. 

15 

15. 

15 

20. 

15 

25. 

15 

30. 

15 

35. 

15 

45. 

15 

15 

60. 

15 

90. 

392      MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT. 

leas  fad.  A  boiler  may  generate  steam  with  great  economy,  and, 
owing  to  the  steam  being  wasted  by  improper  application  to  tlie  work, 
through  the  engine,  the  result  in' work  be  very  unsatisfactory,  and 
the  boiler  blamed  unjustly.  When  steam  is  used  e.vpansively,  ander 
the  best  conditions,  it  will  give  double  the  power  for  the  same  amount 
of  steam  that  cau  be  got  from  it  worked  at  full  stroke,  or  without 
expansion.  When  steam  is  lused  in  non-condensing  engines  at  low 
pressure,  the  loss  is  great,  owing  to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere 
(15  lbs. )  being  a  greater  percentage  of  a  low  than  of  a  high  pressure. 
The  lo^s  for  piston — not  boiler — pressures  is  as  follows  : — 
Atmosphere.      Pressure  steam.        Total  pressure  on  piston.        Loss. 

20 3-4 

25 3-5 

30 1-2 

So 3-7 

40 3-3 

45 3-9 

50 S-10 

GO 1-4 

75 1-5 

flO 1-6 

105 1-7 

The  steam,  made  from  a  certain  weight  of  water,  used  through  a 
Bon-condensing  engine,  at  10  lbs.  per  square  inch  pressure  above  the 
atmosphere,  vrithout  expansion,  would  give  only  about  one  quarter 
the  power  that  would  be  got  from  the  same  steam  if  used  at  75  above 
the  atmosphere,  and  with  the  best  expansion.  Boilers  can  scarcely 
be  too  large  ;  20-horse  power  can  be  obtained  in  a  40-horse  power 
boiler  more  economically  than  in  a  20-horse  power.    John  B.  Root. 

A  prominent  authority  verifies  the  astounding  statement,  that  a 
record  of  Boiler  Explosions  that  have  occurred  in  the  United  States 
extending  over  about  five  years,  shows  the  appalling  results  of  nearly 
600  explosions,  about  3,000  killed,  over  1,000  wounded,  besides  an  im- 
mense loss  of  propertv.  Fire  insurance  does  not  cover  the  loss  by 
explosion,  unless  fire  occurs,  and,  even  then,  litigation  often  ensues." 
The  infliction  of  this  terrible  aggregation  Of  suiJering,  loss  of  life  and 
proi)erty,  might  have  been  averted  by  the  exercise  of  common  sense 
in  the  selection  of  boilers  which  po.sse-^s  the  elements  of  strength  and 
endurance  in  such  a  degree  as  to  put  the  question  of  safety  beyond  a 
peradveatara.  Setting  aside  the  beclouded  theories  of  self-styled  ex- 
perts, regarding  cerfcxin  exnlosive  gases,  mysterious  chemical  changes, 
electricity,  etc.,  in  the  boiler,  the  simple  "truth  is  reached  when  we 
come  down  to  the  soUd  basis  of  cause  and  effect;  and  in  every  case 
of  boiler  explosion  we  will  find  that  the  trije  cause  is  simply  imperfect 
strength  in  the  boiler.  Tlie  deficiency  may  arise  frorn  defective 
material,  or  faulty  workmanship,  overheating,  overpressure,  over- 
liring,  burning  of  the  boiler-plates,  caused  by  shortness  of  w.ater.  or 
the  tolerance  of  scale  or  deposits  in  the  boiler,  or  by  criminal  negli- 
gence.^ These  are  only  different  form*  or  phases  of  expressing -the 
truth  just  noted,  and  whoever  constructs  a  boiler  absolutely  free  from 
liability  to  destructive  ex]>losion,  has  achieved  an  engineering  triumph 
which  entitles  him  to  recocrnition  as  a  pubUc  benefactor.  Aa  one  whs 
is  cognizant  of  much  suffering  arising  from  the  causes  enumerated 
aboTS,  the  writer  can  truthf  oily  aver  that  he  is  moved  by  no  motlTW 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT.       393. 
•&er  than  those  of  humauity  in  making  favorable  meution  of 


The  Root  Wrought  Iron  Safety  Boileb. 


Tliese  boilers,  made  by  the  Abendroth  &  Root  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany of  New  York,  are  constructed  on  correct  scientific  principles,  oil 
•what  is  Jvuown  as  the  sectional  system,  beina;  composed  entirely  of 
wrought  iron  lap-welded  tubes,  which  are  tested  to  a  pressure  of  500 
lbs.  per  square  inch,  and  are  said  to  be  capable  of  withstanding  two 
or  three  times  that  pressure.  These  tubes,  4  inches  in  diameter,  and 
10  feet  in  length,  are  lap- welded,  consequently  tliey  have  no  rivetted 
joints,  thereby  enhancing  their  strength.  The  boiler  is  constructed 
entirely  of  these  uniform  and  interchangeable  parts,  perfectly  free 
from  explosion,  easilj'  enlarged  or  diminished  in  size,  all  parts  being 
easily  accessible  for  cleaning,  repairs,  or  removal;  also  economical, 
durable,  and  a  rapid  generator  of  steam.  Of  these  boilers,  nearly 
50,000  horse-power  have  been  sold,  and  are  giving  good  satisfaction  to 
the  purchasers. 

The  next  cut  represents  the  Renshaw  CaRt  Iron  Sectional  Boiler, 
constructed  by  Dougherty  &  Broome,  New  York,  which  embodies  the 
possession  of  a  perfect  constellation  of  most  excelleiit  requirements 
as  a  generator  of  steam  power,  among  others,  complete  immunity 
from  explosion.  As  to  the  capacity,  etc.,  of  this  boiler,  limited  space 
■will  only  permit  the  insertion  of  the  following  valuable  testimony,  by 
Dr.  P.  H.  Van  der  Weyde,  the  able  editor  of  the  Manufacturer  and 
Builder:  "We  have  "had  the  pleasure  of  witnessing"  the  rapidity 
•with  which  steam  may  be  raised  in  a  boiler  of  this  kind,  in  one  rated 
at  25  horse-power,  at  the  establishment  of  Messrs.  Dougherty  & 
Broome,  113-147  Bank  street,  New  York.    The  fire  was  started  whil» 


894      MACHINISTS    AND   ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT. 

cold,  and  in  half  an  honr  there  was  a  pressure  of  70  pounds,  and  th» 
engine  staited.  As  tlie  water  used  was  for  the  purpose  of  measure* 
meut  inc:osed  iu  a  tiiik  of  2  by  4  feet,  and  3  feet  high,  we  could  easily 
measure  tlie  evaixjrating  capacity,  and  found  it  to  be  600  pounds  per 
hour,  for  which  duty  the  furnace  coiLsumed  50  pounds  of  coal.    This 


The  Renshaw  CA.->r  ii;(i>  oir.i  tional  BorLEK. 


agreed  with  the  testimony  of  the  engineer,  that  J  ton  of  coal  was  used 
per  day  of  ten  hours,  while  it  showed  the  capacity  of  the  boiler  and 
furnace  to  be  the  evaporation  of  12  pounds  of  water  with  1  jwund  of 
toal.  This  is  a  xerj  high  ratio,  when  we  consider  that  theoretical 
tnaximuin,  when  no  heat  whatsoever  is  lost,  is  14  pounds  of  water  for 
1  of  coal,  (see  "Theory  of  Steam -Engineering,"  on  page  26  of  our 
February  number  for  this  year)." 

Proportion  of  Land  Boilers — For  each  nominal  horse  power  a 
land  boiler  requires  :  1  cubic  foot  of  water  per  hour;  1  square  yard  of 
heating  surface  ;  1  square  foot  of  fire  grate  surface  ;  1  cubic  yard 
capacity;  28  square  inches  of  flue  area;  18  square  inches  of  area  over 
bridge  wall. 

For  Ci/Iindrical  Double-flued  Boilers — Length  multiplied  by  diam- 
eter divided  by  6  =  nominal  horse  power. 

Tubular  Boilers  require  for  each  Horse  Poioer — 1  cubic  foot  of 
water  per  hour ;  10  square  feet  of  heating  surface ;  h  square  foot  fire 
grate;  10  square  inches  sectional  area  of  tube;  13  square  mches  flue 
area ;  7  square  inches  chimney  area ;  8  cubic  feet  total  boiler  capa- 
city ;  2  cubic  feet  of  steam  room.  Diameter  of  tubes  l-30th  of  their 
length. 

The  number  of  square  feet  of  heating  or  flue  surface  required  to 
evaporate  a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  hour,  which  is  equivalent  to  an 
actual  horse  power,  is  iu  different  boilers  as  follows:  Coi-nish  Boilert, 
70  square  feet;  Land  and  Marine  Boilers,  8  to  11  square  feet;  Loco* 
motive  Boilers,  5  to  6  square  feet. 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS.  395 

RfLE  to  FrST>  THE  "WEIGHT    NECESSART    TO    PUT    OS  A    LevER 
^EN  THE   AREA   OF   VALVE,    LeVER,    &C.    ARE    KNOWN.— Multiply 

the  area  of  valve  by  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch;  multiply 
this  product  by  the  distance  of  the  lever  from  the  fulcrum  •  multiply 
j  the  weight  of  lever  by  one-half  its  length  (or  its  centre  of  gravity)  • 
?  then  multiply  the  weight  of  valve  and  stem  bv  their  distance  from' 
the  lulcrum  ;  add  these  last  two  products  together,  and  subtract  theii. 
Bum  from  the  first  product,  and  divide  the  remainder  bv  the  leugtlk 
ol  lever  ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  weight  of  the  ball.— i?o/3er 


Example: 

Area  of  valve  7  sq.  in. 
Pressure   ,    .    (iOlbs. 


Fulcrum  3  ir 


Length  of  lever  24  in. 


.     60  lbs. 
.      Tin. 

420  lbs. 
Sin. 

12fi0 
.      126  lbs. 

24)  1134  lbs. 


9  lbs. 
12  in. 

108  lbs. 
18  lbs. 

126  lbs. 


6  lbs. 
3in. 

ISlbfc 


"Weight  of  lever  9  lbs. 

47.25  lbs.  weight  of  ban. 
Weight  of  valve  and  stem  6  lbs. 


Maeiot:  EKorNE.s.— Dwffes  to  mrrchinen/  ichen  in  Harbor  hpfore 
getting  under  Stram,  hi  a  Practical  Enq'ineer.  When  an  engineer 
takes  charge  of  the  macliinery  of  a  boat  his  first  attention  ought  to  be 
directed  to  his  boilers;  for,  being  the  source  of  power,  they  may  be-- 
come  the  source  of  great  danger  if  not  properly  looked  after.  In  in- 
epectmg  the  boilers,  three  tilings  reqirire  special  rttention.  1.  Tho 
thickness  of  the  plates  above  the  fires  and  other  places  of  importance. 
Z.  Ihe  state  of  the  stays.  3.  The  position  of  the  gauges,  viz.:  tho 
•water  gauge,  cocks,  and  glass  water  gauges.  Respecting  the  fii-st,  a 
general  pLm  is  to  drill  a  small  hole  through  fiie  plate,  and  thus  find 
Jts  real  thickness,  for  it  is  often  the  case  that  a  boiler  plate  may  be 
far  thicker  at  the  scams  than  in  the  middle.  At  the  seams  the  proper 
thickness  cannot  always  be  correctly  ascertained  on  account  of  th« 
way  in  which  they  are  caulked,  by  which  a  plate  may  appear  aoa* 


«J96         MACHINISTS,   ENGINEERS',    &C.,    RECEIPTS. 

eiderabljr  thicker  than  it  really  is.  Mter  the  hole  has  served  its  pu»« 
pose,  it  IS  tapjied  and  plugged  tightly  up  again. 

As  regards  the  stays,  tbey  require  a  great  amount  of  attention;  toi 
they  are  ^■ery  apt  to  get  eaten  through,  near  the  plates  by  oxidation. 
The  gauge  cocks  are  often  placed  just  above  the  highest  row  of  tubes. 
Now  this  is  a  very  dangerous  practice,  for  it  is  possible  for  an  engineer 
to  lose  his  ■water,  let  him  be  ever  so  careful,  when  great  danger  fol- 
lows; while  if  the  cocks  were  placed  a  little  higher,  the  loss  of  water 
would  not  be  attended  by  so  much  danger. 

Duties  to  Machinery  irhcn  Steam  is  f/etling  vp.  The  water  in  tho 
boiler  when  the  fires  are  liglited  ought  to  be  just  above  the  bottom  of 
the  glass.  In  a  large  or  e\en  moderate  sized  boiler,  the  water  will 
expand,  and  there  is  ahso  not  .'^o  much  water  to  heat  at  first;  and  we 
know,  by  reason  of  conduction  aud  radiation,  that  small  bodies  of 
water  are  heated  comparatively  more  rapidly  than  larger.  On  first 
lighting  the  fires  they  should  not  be  kept  too  large,  but  just  sufficient 
to  cover  the  bars.  A  large  thin  surface  of  fire  is  found  to  be  the  most 
effective  in  getting  under  way.  'When  the  fires  are  lighted,  and  tho 
eteamer  is  gouig  on  a  long  voyage,  it  is  the  practice  to  rub  the  jiolished 
]"iarts  of  the  engine  over  with  a  composition  of  tallow  and  white  lead. 
This  prevents  any  rust  forming  on  the  rodsj,  etc.,  from  water  dropping 
on  them  which  may  have  been  used  for  kcepmg  the  bearmgs  cool. 

The  discharge  valve  is  also  opened  now,  or  else  on  stinting  the 
engine  something  will  give  way.  Several  accidents  have  occurred  by 
neglecting  to  do  this. 

The  safety  valves  are  now  to  be  inspected  to  find  whether  they  are 
fast  or  corroded  to  their  seatings.  If  so,  they  must  be  freed  aud  made 
ready  to  act  before  starting. 

It  is  a  good  plan  and  one  much  practised,  to  give  the  engines  a  good 
blowing  through  whilst  the  steam  is  getting  up.  This  warms  tho 
cylinder  and  tries  any  joints  that  may  have  been  made  since  the 
engines  were  worked  last.  It  also  saves  the  steam,  for  if  not  done  now 
(when  the  engine  is  starting)  a  great  amor.ut  of  steam  is  wasted  in 
lieating  the  cylinder,  instead  of  imparting  its  elastic  force  to  the 
piston. 

Starting  the  Engines. — All  steamships  are  now  fitted  with  the 
double  eccentrics  or  '"Stephenson's  Link  Motion,"  by  which  the 
engines  are  started,  or  rather  by  this  the  slide  valves  are  under  the 
control  of  the  engineer,  and  can  be  worked  back  or  forward  as 
command  is  given,  by  either  a  bar,  lever,  or  generally,  m  large 
engines,  by  a  wheel. 

The  handles,  by  which  steam  is  turned  on  and  off,  with  the  injec- 
tion cock  handles,  are  placed  beside  the  wheel,  so  that  one  man  can 
BOW  generally  start  the  engine. 

Some  large  ships  have  a  steam  piston  so  fitted  that  it  rises  and  falls 
hy  steam  admitted  above  or  below,  thus  raising  or  lowering  the  link  m 
its  motion.  This  is  what  is  called  steam  startuig  gear,  and  is  very 
handy  when  the  link  is  of  great  an  eight.  There  is  always  hand  gear 
fitted  as  well,  which  can  be  nsed  in  ca.'^es  of  en^ergency.  In  giving  in- 
jection to  a  common  condenser,  it  should  be  ojieued  just  after  the 
tteara  is  turned  on  to  the  cylinders,  or  else  if  going  slowly  the  con- 
denser may  become  too  full  of  water,  aud  the  air  pump  not  al>l«  t* 
perform  its  work  properly. 


]iA.CHnnsTS,  exghtbebs',  ao.,  ssckzpts.       397 

In  Btartins  an  engine  that  is  fitted  with  snrf ace  condense™,  the  only 
Cling  requiring  attention  before  going  on,  is  to  open  both  yalveg 
eommunicatiag  with  the  pea  above  or  below  the  condenser,  viz.; 
BQCtion  to  the  circulating  pumps  and  delivery  from  tliem. 

Duties  when  under  isteam. — Always  keep  looking  at  the  water 
leveL  This  is  sometimes  a  source  of  great  anxiety,  for  some  boilers 
require  the  water  to  be  kept  at  a  certain  fixed  level.  If  water  be  too 
high  they  will  not  keep  steam,  and  if  too  low  the  steam  will  generate 
too  fast.  Some  boilers  require  a  high  water  level :  nothing  but  practice 
can  determine  it.  A  safe  rule  is  to  keep  tlie  glass  gauge  about 
two  thhda  full.  Blowing  out  marine  boilers  should  be  practised  every 
two  or  three  hours.  Practice  has  proved  this  to  be  a  good  rule,  on 
account  of  not  so  much  water  being  required  to  be  blown  out  at  a  time, 
and  therefore  the  steam  pressure  is  not  reduced  to  a  very  great 
extent. 

In  steamers  fitted  with  surface  condensers,  a  little  sea  water  ia 
snpphed  to  the  boiler  to  make  up  for  the  loss  iu  the  steam  pipes, 
jackets,  caps,  iu  the  condensers,  etc.  This  in  time  may  injure  the 
boiler  if  not  counterbalaueed  some  way  or  other.  Tbe  general  rule  is 
to  blow  out  about  two  or  three  inches  every  twelve  hours.  The  water 
in  these  boilers  is  never  allowed  to  reach  more  than  2-30  of  saltness. 

The  fires  require  much  conside'ration.  A  furnace  is  best  worked 
with  a  heavy  fire,  but  not  too  heavy,  thicker  towards  the  back  than 
front.  The  fresh  fuel  should  be  placed  iu  front,  and  then  pushed 
back  after  being  thoroughly  heated.  Every  four  hours  (at  the  least) 
the  fires  should  be  cleaned  out,  as  large  clinkers  or  refuse  of  the  coals 
adhere  to  the  fire  bars  and  prevent  the  draught,  making  the  fires 
burn  dead,  especially  towards  the  back  of  the  furnace.  Sometimes 
the  slag  will  stick  fast  to  a  furnace  bar,  and  cannot  be  removed  from 
it.  Tills  causes  a  great  amount  of  trouble,  as  in  trying  to  remove  it, 
the  fire  bars  are  occasionally  pulled  out  of  their  places,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  fiie  falls  through  causing  much  waste  and  often 
danger. 

The  principal  thing  to  pay  attention  to  when  the  engines  are  under 
steam,  is  to  keep  the  bearings  cool  and  the  glands  steam  tight.  Oil 
is  generally  used  for  keeping  bearings  cool,  but  when  larger  ones  are 
working  hard,  a  jet  of  water  is  kept  playing  on  them.  This  is 
found  to  answer  very  well  when  the  water  is  turned  on  before  they 
have  had  time  to  heat.  It  should  not  be  used  after  they  have  been 
allowed  to  get  heated,  for  it  may  crack  them  by  too  sudden  contraction. 
A  good  stream  of  water  should  be  kept  running  on  the  thrust  blocic 
from  the  time  of  starting,  this  with  the  tallow,  which  is  always  put 
into  it  before  starting,  keeps  this  all  important  bearing  cool.  The  cap 
of  the  thrust  block  requires  great  care  iu  adjusting.  If  screwed  on  too 
tightly  it  is  almost  sure  to  heat,  or  fire  as  it  is  termed,  and  if  not 
screwed  down  sufficiently  tight  the  unpleasant  jumping  shake  so  often 
experienced  in  onr  screw  ships  is  sure  to  follow.  The  packing  of  the 
gland  at  the  stem  tube  should  be  well  looked  after,  and  kept  quite 
ti"ht  and  well  tallowed. 

In  paddle-wheel  steamers  there  is  frequently  not  sufficient  care 
taken  about  the  outer  bearings  of  the  shafts.  In  very  few  ships  are 
proper  means  provided  for  lubricating  these  important  parts.  At  the 
commencement  of  a  voyage,  the  outer  bearings  are  well  tallowed,,  and 


598         MACHINISTS,   ENGDJEEES',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

often  put  down,  screwed  up,  and  left  to  look  after  themselves  as  beat 
they  may.  Very  few  ships,  indeed,  being  provided  with  tubes  lead- 
ing down  from  the  paddle  boxes  to  the  oil  holes  of  the  blocks,  or  in 
■which  means  are  provided  for  their  lub  rication. 

The  coals  in  the  bnnkers  must  be  carefully  watched,  to  prevent 
ppontaneous  combustion.  The  stoppers  over  tlie  holes  should  bo 
kept  open  as  much  as  jwssible,  and  care  taken  not  to  keep  damp  coals 
longer  in  the  bunkers  than  can  be  avoided;  for  it  is  only  damp  coal 
that  is  liable  to  spontaneous  combustion. 

In  new  fast  running  engijies,  castor  oil  i.'?  a  very  good  thing  to  use  on 
first  startiag.  When  new  brasses  have  been  fitted  into  the  bearings, 
till  they  form  a  good  bearing  for  themselves,  the  same  should  ba 
used.  It  appears  to  have  a  much  finer  body  in  it  to  lubricate  than 
other  oils  have.  The  difference  in  the  cost  of  e  oil  is  not  very  much, 
coarse  ca^*or  oU  being  very  little  dearer  than  good  machine  oil 

Duties  to  Machinery  ichen  the  Ship  has  arrived  in  Port. — The  white 
lead  and  tallow  should  be  rubbed  off  with  a  piece  of  oily  waste,  and 
then  tlie  bright  work  of  the  engines  will  give  no  trouble  by  rusting-. 
The  engines  should  have  a  good  blowmg  tltrough  to  drive  out  all 
"water  in  the  condensers,  then  the  Kingston's  valves  communicating 
■with  the  sea,  should  be  shut,  next  open  the  coudenser  draui  cocks, 
which  let  out  aU  water  left  in  them.  This  is  allowed  to  run  into  the 
bilges,  wliich  can  be  pumped  out  by  the  donkey  pump,  or  the  hand 
pump  if  no  steam  is  left  in  the  boilers. 

Some  engineers  always  blow  out  their  boilers  after  steaming,  others 
do  not,  the  latter  only  let  the  fires  out  and  shut  the  valves  in  the 
Bteam  pipes ;  both  plans  have  their  advantages  and  disadvantages. 
Perliaps  the  majority  keeps  the  water  in  the  boilers,  onlj- blowing  out 
"whcu  repairs  or  an  examination  of  the  boiler  is  required.  An  engineer 
should  always  examine  for  himself,  whether  all  the  fires  are  properly 
out,  and  not  fcike  the  word  of  the  stokers  for  it.  A  great  amount  of 
damage  may  be  done  by  the  fire  not  being  properly  put  out  in  the 
ash  pits.  A  frequent  practica  is  to  get  a  heap  of  hot  ashes  together 
and  dash  some  water  over  it.  This  makes  it  hlack  outside  and  leaves 
it  burning  inside.  The  ashes  should  rather  be  spread  out  evenly,  and 
the  water  thrown  over  gradually  and  gently,  to  put  out  the  fire 
effectually,  and  to  create  as  little  dirt  and  dust 'as  possible. 

To  find  the  amount  of  Ixip  on  the  Slide  Valves  (before  setting  th» 
Elides).  Take  a  batten  of  wood,  and  place  it  on  the  cylinder  slido 
face  at  right  angles  to  and  over  the  ports.  Mark  off  on 'it  the  edges 
of  the  steam  and  exhaust  ports  with  a  square  and  scriber.  By  placing 
this  on  the  face  of  the  slide  valve,  the  amount  of  lap  can  at  once  ba 
found. 

To  Set  the  Slides. — Put  the  piston  at  t^  top  or  bottom  of  its  stroke. 
If  the  eccentric  is  rightly  fixed  on  the  shaft,  simply  fasten  the  slid© 
valve  on  the  spindle  with  the  required  amount  of  lead.  Tlien  turn 
the  engine  to  the  other  end  of  its  stroke,  and  see  if  the  lead  is  tho 
same;  or  in  some  engines  more  lead  is  given  at  the  bottom  than  at  tho 
top  (as  in  vertical  engines).  If  the  engine  is  fitted  with  the  link 
motion,  the  reversing  eccentric  is  then  connected  and  the  valve  tested 
in  like  manner.  Also  with  the  link  motion,  the  slide  rod  is  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  link ;  and  although  the  position  of  the  eccentrics  on 
the  shaft  ought  to  destroy  any  motion  of  the  valve,  yet  there  is  a  littlt 


MACHINISTS    AND   ENGINEERS*   DEPARTMENT.       899 

with  a  short  link.  This  is  tested  to  see  that  the  steam  ports  are  always 
dosed  and  thus  the  engines  can  be  stopped,  even  if  the  full  pressure 
of  steam  be  admitted  to  the  back  of  the  sUde  by  the  stop  or  throttl* 
▼alvea. 


PORTABLE  CONDENSrNQ   STEAM  ENGENE, 

The  above  cat  represents  a  portable  condensing  steam  engine  of  a 
pattern  quite  common  in  Europe.  A,  Working-beam :  b,  Steam  pis- 
ton; C,  Cylinder;  c,  Upper  Steam  port;  d.  Lower  Steam  port;  E, 
Throttle  valve ;  F,  Fly-wheel ;  i.  Crank ;  K,  k,  Eccentric  and  eccentric 
rod  for  working  the  steam  valves;  I,  Steam  valve  and  valve  casing;  n. 
Condenser;  o,  Injection  cock;  q.  Hot  well;  r,  Shifting  valve  to  cause 
a  vacuum  in  the  condenser  previous  to  starting  the  engine;  S.  S,  Feed 
pump;  (,  Cold  water  pump  for  supplying  the  condenser  cistern;  v. 
Governor;  V,  Connecting  rod;  lo,  Air  pump;  X.  X,  The  parallel  mo- 
tion; y,  Condenser. 

Sterro  Metal.— Copper,  55  to  60  parts,  zinc,  34 to  44 parte,  iron  3 
to  4  parts,  tin,  2  to  4  parts.  Sterro  Metal  is  used  for  the  pumps  of 
hydraulic  presses,  &c.  It  is  capable  of  withstanding  a  pressure  of 
from  43,000  to  85.000  per  square  inch. 

Steam  Fire  Engines  are  or  should  be  constructed  with  steel 
boilers  and  blast  tubes,  copper  tubes  and  large  water  spaces,  together 
with  a  good  fit  out  of  gauges,  safety  valves,  injectors,  &c. ,  with  facility 
of  gettm^  up  Bteam  in  from  6  to  10  minutes  from  cold  water,  and  in 


400        KACHCnSTS,   EKGETEEBS',    4C.,   EECEIPTS. 

*boat  5  minntes  from  -water  at  130°.  These  machines  as  now  coo- 
structed  are  of  great  elegance  and  power,  some  of  them  having  pro- 
jected a  continaous,  solid  stream  of  water  over  300  feet,  throagh  100 
leet  of  hose,  fitted  with  1^  inch  nozzle.    Steam  pressure  about  80  lbs. 

Eer  square  inch.  The  principle  is  that  of  a  steam  pnmp,  being 
tted  with  the  usual  air  chamber  to  iuduce  a  continual  steam.  See 
diagram  of  fire  engine  with  horses  att^iched. 

Portable  Engixes  are  constructed  as  light  as  possible,  consistent 
with  proi)er  strength  of  parts,  in  order  to  render  tliem  available  for 
easy  trau.«portation.  Sometimes  they  are  mounted  on  wheels,  and 
are  in  quite  extensive  tise  for  driving  light  saw-mills,  threshing, 
brick-making,  pumping:,  chaff -catting.  &c. 

CoExiSH  E>'Gi>"ES.-Are  usually  single  acting  beam  engines  which  us© 
the  steam  at  a  very  early  ''cut  off,"  and  only  on  one  side  of  the  pis- 
ton, making  great  "use  of  its  expansive  property,  and  are  used  entirely 
for  pumping  water  in  mines  and  cities,  bteam  is  used  in  eiiectiug 
the  downward  movement  of  the  piston,  being  the  Btix)ke  which  hits 
the  water,  the  upward  movement  is  caused  by  the  weight  of  the  plun- 
gers, rods  Uc,  at  the  pump  end  of  the  beam.  Coniish  engines  aro 
nsually  very  massive  and  powerful,  but  the  first  cost  is  enormous, 
and  there  is"  quite  an  outcry  against  them  in  some  places. 

In  the  line  of  pumping  machinery,  possibly  the  largest  engines  in 
the  world  are  those  doing  duty  at  ILiarlem  L:ike,  Iloiiaud.  The  en- 
gines, three  in  number,  drain  "a  sui"face  of  4J.2U)  acres,  an  average 
Eft  of  the  water,  depending  on  the  st;Ue  of  the  tides,  bemg  lb  feet. 
Each  engine  hits  Gd  tons  of  water  per  stroke  to  a  height  of  10  feet  ; 
"when  pressed,  each  lifts  109  Urns  to  that  height.  Rimuing  economic- 
idly,  each  lilts  75,000,000  lbs.  of  water  1  foe  t'high  lor  14  lbs.  of  Welsh 
coaL  Diameter  of  ajlinders  (annular  in  lonnj,  12  leet,  with  inner 
cylinders  7  ft.  diameter. 

Lnstkcctioxs  to  Exgdteeks  a>t)  FmrMEX  ox  LoroMorrrF-s. — 
Keep  the  fire  evenly  and  uniformly  spread  over  the  grate  without 
elevations  or  depressions.  Fire  from  hirse  coal,  as  it  le;ives  wider 
openings  between  the  lumps  lor  the  admission  of  air,  may  be  deeper 
than  when  the  coal  is  small  and  lies  clo.-e  togetlier.  Remove  all 
incombustible  material  and  clinkers  from  the  furnace  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible, they  prevent  the  draught  from  producing  proper  results.  The 
tulk  of  fuel  on  the  grate  should  always  be  in  proixirtion  to  the 
quantity  of  fuel  consumed.  The  dampers  in  the  front  and  rear  of 
the  ash-pan  regulate  the  draught  admitted  to  the  furnace,  and  require 
very  careful  attention,  as  the"  stream  of  air  issues  ■v\ith  a  velocity  of 
72  ft.  per  second  when  the  dampers  are  open  and  train  under  full 
teadway.  At  a  speed  of  GO  miles  per  hour  the  pressure  of  the  cur- 
rent of  air  amounts  to  9  lbs.  on  every  square  fo<jt.  One  ton  of  bitumi- 
noos  coal  requires  300.000  cubic  feet  of  air  for  its  combustion,  of 
which  100,000  is  required  to  consume  the  gases  evolved  from  it. 
Anthracite  coal  requires  310. 4S0  cubic  feet  of  air  per  ton  for  its  com- 
bustion- It  bums  without  smoke,  requires  a  good  supply  of  oxygeu 
and  intense  heat  to  bum  it,  but  niakes  a  very  fierce  fire.  Good 
practice  requires  complete  combustion  of  the  carbon  and  hydrogen 
available  in  the  fuel  ;  insufficent  air  causes  a  dense  black  smoke  to 
issue  from  tlie  chimney,  and  the  loss  of  heating  effect,  and  too  mucli 
sir,  lowers  the  tempeiitore  of  the  flame  and  dissipates  the  heat    01 


lU-CHmiSTS,   ENGINEERS',   AC,   EECEXPTS.         401 

gCMd  coal,  62.2  per  cent  go  to.form  Bteam;  and  1  lb.  -will  in  good 
practice  evaiwrate  7i  11)3.  of  water.  In  practice  tlie  greatest  evapora- 
tive Dower  of  1  lb.  of  coke  is  9^  lbs.  of  water,  in  commou  practice  it 
is  8i  lbs.  and  78  per  cent  of  its  products  go  to  form  stejim,  22  per  cent 
Tjeius  lost  by  products  of  combustion,  aslies,  etc.  The  heating  powet 
of  coke  a.s  compared  with  that  of  coal  is  in  the  projiortiun  of  about 
14  :  12.  The  temperature  produced  by  tlie  combustion  of  coke  in  the 
hottest  part  of  tlie  fire  box,  may  be  estimated  at  l<)(jt)°  Centigrade. 
The  temperature  produced  by  wood  is  usually  less  tlian  1111°  Centi- 
grade, ( lOlF  Centigrade  is  equivalent  to  212°  Fahr).  The  proper  com- 
bustion of  coal  requires  the  admission  of  air  both  through  and  abovo 
the  grate,  the  riglit  proportion  depending  upon  the  perceutnge  of  the 
gaseous  comiionents  in  the  coal :  In  the  combustion  of  coke  the  air 
maj  be  adniiUsd  through  the  grate  only,  lib.  of  coke  requiring  about 
200"  cubic  leet  of  air.  For  receiving  the  best  effects  from  tlie  fuel, 
the  emission  of  the  gases  from  the  furnace  should  be  retarded,  in 
order  to  i^romote  complete  combustion  imder  high  tempeinituro,  for 
this  reason  tlie  grate  surface  should  be  as  large  as  possible  to  induce 
a  slower  current,  and  the  weight  of  the  steam  exhausted  and  the  air 
Inhaled  should  be  in  every  case,  tho  same.  For  the  prevention  of 
Bnioke,  engineers  usually  rely  on  the  damper,  the  a.<h  pan  and  the 
fire  door,  with  careful  stoking.  They  endeavor  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  smoke  by  controlling  the  admission  of  air  through  the 
grate,  adjusting  it  exactly  to  the  demands  of  the  fuel,  also  by  the  fire 
door  for  the  admission  of  air  above  the  fuel,  by  firing  with  largo 
pieces  ot  coal,  and  deep  fires  for  heavy  duty,  and  smaller  coals  with 
ehallow  fires  for  li.;:hter  duty,  by  firing  more  frequently  to  lighten 
the  dutv,  and  at  all  times  by  keeping  the  bara  covered  with  fuel  to 
prevent  excessive  local  draughts  thronc:h  the  grate.  Fresh  coal  should 
be  thrown  on  under  the  fire  door  directly  inside,  and,  when  partly 
bumpd,  pushed  forward  towards  the  tubes;  but  when  the  grates  are 
inclined,  it  wiU  work  downwards  by  gravitation.  Never  fill  a  hot 
boiler  with  cold  water,  and  always  allow  it  to  cool  off  before  ruiming 
the  water  out;  never  blow  out  a  boiler  while  hot,  under  any  circum- 
stances, as  the  heated  plates  will  be  sure  to  bake  the  deposits  of  mud 
into  a  com  pact  scale  of  great  tenacity  ;  if  allowed  to  cool,  these 
deposits  will  settle  down  ia  a  soft  mass  easily  swept  out  with  a  hose 
and  water.  Frequent  duty  should  be  made  of  washing  out  all 
dcix>sit3  of  foreign  matter  from  the  barrel  of  tlie  boiler,  the  tubes, 
and  from  tho  crown  sheets  between  tlie  crown  bars,  especially  while 
tising  bad  water,  and  after  heavy  rains  ;  and  screw-plugs,  made  of 
hard  brass,  should  be  fitted  to  every  boiler  near  the  sides  of  the  fire 
box,  to  permit  the  use  of  a  hose  with  water  for  this  purpose. 

To  avert  danger  from  intense  heat,  to  save  fuel,  and  keep  up  a 
free  circulation,  engineers  should  adjust  tlie  injector  so  tlut  the 
boiler  will  lose  a  little  water  while  rumiing  between  stations,  if  the 
injector  is  kept  at  work  during  stoppages,  this  loss  ^vill  be  compen- 
sated, and  a  full  supply  always  kept  up,  alisorbing  the  surplus  neat 
and  preventing  explosion.  Incessant  watchfulness  is  necessary  to 
look  out  for  impending  danger  in  every  possible  direction,  and  no 
engine  driver,  while  on  duty,  should  relax  his  energy,  eare,  caution, 
watchfulness,  decision,  and  presence  of  mind  for  a  single  moment.  If 
ri^lance  ana  endoiance  were  ever  necessary  in  any  business  or  call- 
26 


402        MACHINISTS,    engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS, 


ing,  most  certainly  they  are  of  paramonnt  importance  in  tliia  above  all 
•thers.     See  that  the  safety  valves  are  properly  acting,  and  that 

i— I  ^— i   tx)   ^  >»  ® 

"5  o  u  ^  a^  g 

C      O  3  5  >. 

^  a  o  j<  aa  P 

•5  a  *^      M'~*  Qt 
~      3"a  -3  »  ^ 

±    ?  >  3  S'SrS  S 


» 


OH     ?;  ©'~  --a 

fl  a  g  t,  e  _  S  jT 
o  !i  a'g  .  ai  o 
Q   v  >5  -  t;  -e* 

g   a;  "  '<^  fc  E2 

J?'  3«  s^  *  is  <* 

«   .  c  s-2  ",d 
\:4  "^^  ©  90    « 

«  o  ,.  _  s  i;  H 


00  3  «  2!  * 

bO©  .3 


'"  2  2 
P  ijijo  2  0  5 


>  c  » 
00  c  g 


the  indicatioiui  of  the  steam  gauge  are  correct.    In  experiments  mada 
with  a  locomutive  boiler,  the  fire  being  kept  regular,  and  the  eogiju 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,   KECEIPTS.  403 


at  rest,  in  9  minutes  the  pressure  increased  from  32  lbs.  to  74f  Ibe.  per 
square  iuch,  being  much  more  than  double,  a  most  surprising  increase, 
and  one  which  will  enable  us  to  accouut  for  many  explosions  which 
have  happened  while  engines  were  at  rest. 

Piiy  the  closest  attention  to  the  cylinder  and  piston  rod  packing, 
and  exercise  judgment  and  care  in  selectmg  the  best  lands  and  also 
in  applying  them  when  selected.  Use  due  precautiou  agaiuat  making 
mistakes  either  in  packing  too  tight  or  too  loose,  as  each  extreme  iu 
its  degree  is  productive  of  much  mischief,  waste,  and  loss  of  power. 
It  requires  the  exercise  of  considerable  mtelUgence  and  care  to  maka 
the  best  possible  adjustment  of  either  spring  or  steam  packing. 

Equal  vi|jilauce  is  necessary  in  guarding  against  incrustation  and 
acale  in  boilers.  In  order  to  raise  steam  to  a  pressure  of  120  lbs.  to 
the  square  inch,  a  very  common  pressure  in  locomotive  boilers,  tha 
■water  must  be  heated  to  a  temperature  of  345°.  Tliis  involves  a 
high  temperature  in  the  furnace  plates  and  other  parts  of  the  boiler, 
imposing  a  very  severe  duty  at  any  time,  but  doubly  destructive  in 
the  event  of  the  existence  of  incrustation  or  scale. 

The  annexed  figures  are  inserted  with  a  view  to  render  assistance  ia 
Adjusting  the  valves  of  locomotives.    The  first  diagram  represeata  tha 


position  of  the  valve  as  it  should  be  when  at  half  gtroke.  The  second 
figure  indicates  the  proper  position  of  the  valve  when  at  the  end  of  its 
etroke  with  the  crank  at  the  dead  centre.   A  represents  e:diau;>t  cavity 


io  Talve.  F  ditto  in  valve  seat  P  P  rteam  ports.  E  lead.  The  third 
cut  represents  the  position  of  the  valve  when  the  link  is  exactly  under 
the  saddle-pin  and  the  reverse  latch  in  the  outer  notch  in  the  quadrant 
or  sector.  V  V  -hows  the  lap.  Full  steam  is  the  position  of  tne  valve 
when  fiilly  open,  and  the  engine  in  motion.  Cut-of  is  the  position  of 
tha  valve  when  it  h.is  ju.-<t  closed  the  port  agamst  the  admission  of 
•team.    Angular  Advance  is  the  iuigulai  measurement  of  the  arc  do- 


404        MACHES'ISTS,    ZKGDTEEBS',    AC,   KEGEIPTS. 

Bcribed  by  the  centre  of  the  eccentric  while  passing  from  the  place  ftM» 
cnpiea  when  the  valve  is  at  half  stroke,  to  that  which  it  occupies  at  the 
tommencement  of  the  stroke  of  the  piston.  Linear  Advance  is  the  dis- 
tance which  the  valve  moves  while  the  centre  of  the  eccentric  in  describ- 
ing tho  above  angle.  See  diagram  of  Eccentric,  Link  and  valvi  motion 


A  majority  of  railways  allow  for  the  travel  of  rabrs,  on  £:.'press  Pas- 
Benrjer  Engine's,  5  inches,  for  outciJe  lap,  ^  inches,  for  inside  lap,  J 
inch,  for  lead  in  full  gear  1-10  inch.  On  E.'prcss  Accommodation 
Engines,  for  travel  of  value,  5  inches,  for  ont^ide  lap,  |  inch,  for  in- 
eide  lap,  |  inch,  for  lead  in  frJl  gear,  1-10  inch.  0;i  IJcavy  Frci;;ht 
En^fines,  for  travel  of  valve,  5  inches,  for  out.-ide  lap,  g  inch,  for  in- 
side lap  1-16  inch,  for  lead  in  full  gear  1-lG  incii. 

Power  or  ExorNES. — Horse-power  in  steam  engines  is  calculated 
as  the  power  which  would  raise  33,(XO  lbs.  a  foct  hi^jh  in  a  minute, 
or  90  lbs.  at  tlie  rate  of  4  miles  an  hour.  Cne-horse  power  is  equal 
to  the  lilting,  by  a  pump,  of  250  hojrsheads  of  water  ten  feet  in  an 
hour.  Or  it  would  drive  100  spindles  of  cotton  jam  twi^t,  or  SCO 
epindles  of  No.  43  mule  yam.  or  lOCO  of  No.  110,  cr  12  pjwcr  looms. 
One  horse  power  is  produced  by  19  lbs.  of  Newcaf  t'.e  coals,  50  lbs. 
of  wood,  or  lA  lbs.  of  culm.  'Coals  1,  wood  3,  and  calm  2,  giva 
equal  heats  in  the  production  of  etcim.  ' 

Sbrteea  lbs.  of  Newcastle  coal  converts  100  Ihs.  of  water  into  steam. 
A  bujihel  of  coal  per  hour  raises  steam  to  15  11  s.  tie  so  uare  inch, 
whose  velocity  is  1350  feet  per  second,  and  2  bushels  rr.ise  it  to  lilO 
lbs.,  or  velocity  of  3300  feet  per  second.  A  horse-power  requires 
from  5  to  7  gallons  of  water  per  miuv.te  for  condensation  of  steanu 
A  steam  engine  whose  cylinder  is  '61  inche-s.  with  17  do'ble  strokes 
per  minute.'ijerforms  the  constant  work  of  40  horres  with  5  t<  ns  of 
coal  per  day.  One  of  19  inches  and  25  strokes,  of  12  horses,  with  Ijf 
tons  per  day.  They  raise  20.000  cubic  feet  of  water  24  feet  for  every 
hundred  weight  of  coals.  One  bushel  of  good  cc-^^ls  r"ise.i  from  24 
to  32,000. 0<X)  lbs.  one  foot  i)er  minute.  Four  I  usliels  of  coal  per  hour 
with  cylinder  of  31^  inches  and  17^  strokes  of  7  feet  per  minute,  is  & 
force  equal  to  40  horses  constantly.  A  rrt,itive  double  engine,  with  a 
cylinder  of  23.75  inches,  making  21.5  strokes  cf  5  feet  per  minute,  is 
a  20  horse-power  ;  and  a  cylinder  of  17.5,  mnkin<;  "25  strokes  of  4  feet, 
is  a  10  horse-power  :  the  consumntion  of  coals  being  proryirtionRL 

Pkopobtiox  of  Locomotive  Boilers,  kc, — Bo'ler  sheets,  best  cold 
blast  charcoal  iron  f  in.  thick,  or  best  ca-t  steel  5-10  in.,  double  rivets 
along  horizontal  seams  and  junction  of  fire  \^x  to  be  double  riveted. 
Waiat  formed  of  2  sheets  rolled  in  the  dire-tion  of  the  fibre  of  tha 
boa  or  steel.     Cue  loogitudiiui  eeam  ia.  each,  above  th»  water -2ia»^ 


MACHTVISTS,    EXGIXEERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 


409 


to  b»  double  riveted.  All  iron  sheet?  ?  in.  thick,  riveted  •with  f  Inch 
nvets  placed  2  inches  from  centre  to  centre.  Steel  plates  5-lG  in.  thick 
riveted  -with  f  inch  rivets,  placed  11  inch,  from  centre  to  centre. 
Extia  welt  jdeces,  riveted  to  side  of  side  sheets,  giving  double  thictc 


106         MACHINISTS,    ENGINEEHS',    AC.,    EECEIPTST 

nese  of  metal  for  stud  bolts  and  esLpansion  braces.  Furnace  Platet, 
if  of  iron,  6-16  inch,  if  of  copper  i  in.,  if  of  steel,  cro\m  sheets,  §  in., 
Bide  and  back  sheete  (steel;  5-l(j  in.,  flue  sheets  (steel)  Jin.,  water  space 
3  ins.  J  sides  and  back,  4  ins.  front.  Stay  Bolts,  J  in.  diam.  screwed 
»nd  riveted  to  sheets,  4^  in.  from  centre  to  centre.  Crown  Bars,  mado 
of  2  pieces  of  wrought  iron  4^  in.  by  f  in.  set  1^  in.  from  centre  to 
eeaitre,  and  secured  by  bolts  fitted  to  taper  holes  in  crown-sheets,  with 
head  on  under  side  of  bolt  and  nut  on  top,  bearing  on  crown  bar. 
Crown  Sheets  braced  to  dome,  and  out-^ide  shell.  Ftir-nace  Door 
opening  formed  by  hanging  and  riveting  t<jgether  the  outer  and  inner 
sheets.  Tubes,  11  feet  long,  and  2  in.  diam.  set  in  vertical  rows  |  of 
an  inch  apart,  give  the  best  resultd.  Grate  Bars,  for  burning  wood 
or  soft  coal,  should  have  ^  in.  openings.  Smoke  Stack  for  wood 
burning  engines  should  have  the  ''  bonnet  stack,"  from  5  to  5^  ft. 
diam.  at  top,  with  wire  netting  ;  for  engines  burning  soft  coal,  a  much 
smaller  area  of  cone  is  required;  but  for  engines  burning  anthracite 
coal,  use  a  plain  open  stack  without  cone  or  netting.  Safety  Valves. 
Every  locomotive  should  be  provided  with  two  safety  valves  fitted  to 
brass  seats,  and  secured  by  springs  of  sufflcient  elasticity  to  allow  a 
lift  of  the  valve  adequate  to  permit  the  emission  of  aU  the  steam  the 
boiler  will  generate  after  it  exceeds  the  maximum  pressure.  The 
bearing  or  mitre  on  the  valve  face  sliould  not  exceed  |  in.  31>td  Plugs 
should  be  provided  on  the  side  of  the  shell  on  a  level  with  the  cro^vn 
sheet.  To  avoid  weakening  the  boUe",  rivet  a  welt  on  the  inside  of 
the  shell  in  the  line  of  the  holes.  Steam  Boom,  6  to  7  cubic  feet  per 
square  ft.  of  growth  surface.  Good  work  has  been  obtained  from 
boilers  possessing  1  cubic  foot  of  steam  room  to  1  sqnare  foot  of  water 
surface,  and  a  water  surface  1-13  that  of  heating  surface. 

Average  PKOPOExiojf  of  the  Vakious  Parts  of  Locomo- 
TIVES. — Cylinders  of  locomotives  vary  in  size,  rangin.^  aU  the  way 
from  8  in.  up  to  20  in.  diam.  Crank  Pin  should  be  J  the  diam.  of 
cylinder.  Valve  Stems  should  be  1-10  the  diam.  of  cylinder.  Piston 
Mods  should  be  J  the  diam.  of  cvUnder.  Pump  Plunger  ehovdi  be  1-0 
the  diam.  of  cylinder.  Main  ^tcarn  Pipe.  Area  should  be  from  J 
to  I  the  diam.'of  cylinder.  Steam  Ports.  Area  should  be  1-12  the  area 
of  cylinder.  Exhaust  Port.  Area  should  be  equal  to  J  the  area 
of  cylinder.  The  width  of  bridges  for  different  sized  cylinders  of 
locomotives  vary  from  |  to  1^  inches.  Chimney.  Height  should  not 
exceed  14  ft.,  diameter  a  little  less  than  t':c  diam.  of  cylinder.  Diam. 
of  Boilers  vary  from  3  ft.  to  4  ft.  3  in.  Tubes  vary  in  number  tsom 
100  to  220,  top  row  should  be  8  inches  under  water.  Heating  surface. 
Total  should  be  from  1000  to  1-300  square  ft.  Fire  Grate  Surface  ranges 
from  12  to  30  sq.  ft.,  usual  nile  15  sq.  ft.  with  about  90  sq.  ft.  of 
heating  surface  in  fire  box.  Evaporative  Poioer  should  range  from 
100  to  200  cubic  ft.  of  water  per  hour.  Proportion  of  heating  surface 
to  each  sq.  foot  of  grate,  should  be  from  C3  to  80  feet.  Petticoat  Pipe 
should  be  I  the  diam.  of  tlie  in^^ide  pine  of  the  stack.  Ash  Pans, 
should  be  9  inches  below  bottom  of  grate  for  wood  burning  engines, 
10  in.  for  soft  coal,  and  12  to  11  in.  for  anthracite  coal  burners,  and 
should  be  as  nearly  air  ti^^lit  as  possible  when  dampers  are  shut. 
Dampers,  should  when  shut  stind  at  an  angle  of  35°  from  perjiendicu- 
lar.  Smoke  Box,  diam.  should  equal  diam.  of  boiler,  length  from  flu9 
•beet  to  iondd  oi  front  do^r  1|  times  tlio  length  of  the  stroke  ol  tlui 


Hachinists,  engineers',  &c.,  keceipts.'      i6T 

•netae.  Tires,  when  new  2^  to  23  in,  thick,  must  not  be  worn  down 
to  less  than  1|  to  1^  in.  Wrought  iron  tires  wear  about  1-12  of  an  inch 
per  annum.    (For  further  details  see  page  413. ) 

Rule  to  fixd  tue  HofoE-PowER  of  a  Locomotive.— Multiply 
tiie  area  of  the  jii.ston  by  the  prepsure  per  square  inch,  which  shoulii 
be  fciken  as  §  of  the  boiler  pre.ssuro  ;  ninltii)lv  this  product  by  thD 
number  of  revolutions  per  minute.  Multiply  this  by  twice  the  length 
of  the  stroke  in  feet  or  inches  ;  if  in  inches 'they  must  be  divided  by 
12),  multiply  this  product  by  2  and  di\ide  by  S3,000  ;  the  result  "wiu 
be  the  power  of  the  locomotive. — Roper. 
Example ; 

Cylinder 19  inches 

Stroke 24     „ 

Diameter  of  Drivers    ,    .    ,    54     „ 

Running  Speed,  20  miles  per  hour. 

Area  of  piston,  283.5  square  inches. 

Boiler  pressure,  130  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

Maximum  pressure  in  cylinders,  80  lbs. 

283.5X80X4X124X2  ^  681.6 horse-power. 
33,000 

Stephenson's  "Rocket."— The  annexed  figure  represents  tbo 
'Rocket"  as  it  appeared  when  it  ran  in  the  memorable  Rainhiil 
competition,  in  1829,  and  graued  tlie  prize  of  £500  offered  by  tho 
directors  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway.  The  stipuLitions 
were:  (1.)  That  the  engine  should  consume  its  own  smoke;  (2.)  If  the 
engme  weigh  6  tons,  it  must  draw  after  it  20  tons,  10  miles  an  hour; 
the  pressure  on  the  gauge  not  to  exceed  50  lbs. ;  (3.)  There  must  be  2 
safety  valves,  the  cuair.o  aud  boiler  must  be  supported  on  springs  and 
rest  on  6  wheels,  the  height  of  the  whole  not  to  exceed  15  ft.  to  th(» 
top  of  the  cliimney;  (1.)  It  must  not  weigh  more  than  6  tons,  Icis 
weight  preferred,  which  may  draw  a  less  weight  behind  it,  then  it 
may  have  4  wheels;  (5.)  The  price  not  to  exceed  £550. 

Dimensions— Boiler.  Cylindrical  ui  form,  length,  6  ft.,  diam.  3  ft. 
4  in.  Cylinders,  two,  diam.  8  in.,  stroke  IGJ  in.  Weight  of  Engine, 
4  tons,  5  cwt.  with  water  m  the  boiler,  with  loaded  tender  7  tons,  9 
cwt.  Chimney,  diam.  12  m.  Heating  sjoface,  117|  square  ft.  Tha 
boiler  contained  25  copper  tubes,  3  inches  in  diameter ;  tlie  use  of  those 
tubes  with  coke  for  fuel,  gained  Stephenson  his  victory-,  and  estabhshel 
his  fame.  The  cylinders  were  set  iuclininst  to  the  niils  at  an  angle  of 
45°,  this  proved  a  poor  arrangement,  as  tho  jolting  motion  sUghtly 
lifted  the  boiler  up  and  dovra  on  the  springs.  Driving  Tllieels,  diam. 
4  ft.  8  in.  Highest  Speed  dvring  trial,  24  miles  per  hour,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  1^  miics.  The  "  Rocket "  with  all  its  defects,  was  a  great  im- 
provement on  Stephenson's  first  engine  constructed  at  Killingworth, 
in  1814,  aud  used  to  "  lead  coals  '^  from  the  pit,  the  motion  bein? 
transmitted  to  the  wheels  by  the  intervention  of  cranks  and  toothed 
gearmg. 

There  is  a  vast  contrast  between  the  "  Rocket"  and  locomotives  of 
recent  coni-truction.  Some  freight  engines  are  now  in  use,  whicl» 
weigh  66  tons,  havmg  4  cylinders  and  12  coupled  dri^•lng  wheels. 
Some  have  cylinders  20 in.  diam.,  with  26  inchea  stroke,  others  hav« 
driving  wheela  9  ft,  diam.,  cylind^ralSm,  diam,,  an^  2* inchea g^Qly^ 


408         MACHIXISTS,    E^GIXEEES',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

English  exprees  engines  have  attained  a  epe^  of  73  miles  "per  tom 
be^een  Holyhead  and  Loodozx. 


The  Ulnstrious  Stephenson  is  ■well  deserving:  of  donble  honor  as  tha 
■worthy  champion  of  the  loftiest  df^cription  of  mechanical  progrees, 
at  a  time  -when  it  might  truly  be  said  tlLat  he  -was  opposed  by  almcs-t 
the  entire  nation.  In  interference  %Tith  the  old  state  of  affairs  nearly 
every  one,  high  and  low,  seemed  to  see  -visions  of  bankrupt  coach 
companies,  deserted  hotels,  ruined  Inndlords,  roads  overgrown  with 
grass,  buildings  and  mansions  burned  to  the  ground  by  flying  sparks 
irom  the  engine,  commerce  ruined,  aud  man  and  beast  everywhere 
run  over  and  crushed  imder  the  car  wheels.  During  Stephenson's 
memorable  examination  l>erore  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, one  of  the  questions  put  to  him  was — "Would  it  not  be  an 
awkward  thing  for  an  enTine  to  run  over  a  cow?"  The  honest 
Korthumbrian's  reply  is  weU  laxiwn,  "  Yes,  it  would  be  awkward  for 
the  coo." 

Feee  CE>rE>T. — ^Fire  clay,  wet,  ICO  ixarts,  white  lead,  3  parts,  pow- 
dered asbestos,  i  part,  mix  "all  together  and  i^se  as  mortar. 

Kaplwat  Traxn"  Speed  Table. — A  train  going  1  mile  an  hour 
travels  one  aud  seven-fifteenths — say  one  and  a  half  foot  per  sec- 
ond. To  form  a  table  of  speed  from  these  data  is  a  mere  matter  of 
multiplication.  Example: — A  train  going  70  miles  an  honr  travel* 
pet  second  1  and  7-15  it.  multiplied  by  70^102  aad  two  thiids  feet 


1U.CHINIST3  AND   KSQINEKRS*  DEPABTMKNT.         409 

The  Stephenson  Link  and  "Valve  Gear  of  1833,  shown  in  tha 
•ut,  differs  but  little  from  the  arrangement  of  the  present  day,  as 
exhibited  on  page  4U2.  In  the  sketch,  A  A  represents  the  eccentric* 
keyed  on  the  driving-shaft  B,  O  is  the  link,  and  D  the  "strap-link" 
conn°cted  with  the  eccentrics  by  the  rods  E  E,  as  shown  in  cut.  F  ia 
the  valve  and  G  the  valve-rod  working  slide-valve  and  connected  with 
link -block.  The  elevation  or  depression  of  the  link,  necesgary  to  in- 
duce a  backward  or  forward  movement  of  the  engine,  was  effected  by 
a  lever  handle  H.  fitted  with  a  catch  which  could  be  dropped  into  a 
series  of  notches  in  the  sector  I ;  this  lever-handle  operating  by  meana 
of  the  reaching-rod  K,  and  the  counter-weighted  bell-crank  h,  had 


the  effect  of  bringing  the  pin  on  the  link-block  connecting  with  the 
valve-stem  into  operation  with  either  eccentric  as  the  forward  or 
reverse  movement  of  the  engine  might  require.  The  lever  as  shown 
at  H,  shows  the  link  in  full  gear  for  reversing ;  at  I  (mid-gear)  steam 
would  be  shut  off,  as  the  valve  would  cover  both  steam-ports ;  at  M 
the  lever  would  be  in  full-gear  for  running  fori^ard,  and  in  inter- 
mediate positions  between  mid-gear  and  full-gear  the  effect  would  be 
more  or  les.s  expansion  of  the  steam,  but  never  the  full  power. 

The  locomo:ive.  with  its  entire  connections  and  Burroimdinga, 
should,  while  on  the  road,  be  the  object  of  a  care  and  vigilance  which 
knows  no  weariness.  Before  starting  from  a  station,  the  engine 
Bhould  be  closely  inspected  to  be  sure  that  all  is  right;  the  boiler 
should  be  well  replenished  wich  water,  and  a  good  surplus  stored  in 
the  tank.  The  injector  should  be  closed  before  starting,  and  whUa 
ascending  grade?,  but  should  be  opened  to  admit  feed  water  during 
stoppage,  or  while  descending  a  down  grade  if  required,  and  fuel  may 
be  added  at  the  same  time.  In  descending  down  grades,  the  steam 
should  be  either  partially  or  entirely  shut  off,  and  the  engineer  should, 
like  a  trusty  sentint^l.  be  always  at  his  post,  with  his  hand  on  the 
lever,  and  with  all  the  faculties  of  his  body  and  mind  on  the  alert, 
ready  to  act  in  response  to  simals,  or  on  the  first  intimation  of  danger 
in  any  of  its  varied  forms.  Modern  improvements  have  rendered  it 
an  easy  matter  to  stop  an  engine  at  very  short  notice,  although  it 
sometimes  happens,  on  critical  occasions,  that  some  of  the  most  power- 
ful patent  brakes  have  proved  inoperative,  owing  to  complicated  or 
imperfect  mechanical  adjustment.  Broken  rails,  mce  especially  during 
winter,  in  cold  climates,  like  that  of  Canada  and  Russia,  are  a  fertile 
cause  of  numerous  disasters,  severe  loss,  and  much  solicitude  and 
anxiety  to  the  engineer.  The  frequency  of  these  breakages  »lw»ya 
inoreasea  in  proportion  with  the  rigor  of  the  climate. 


410      MJICHIKISTS   AXD    EKGINEERS'    iJEPABTMZNT. 


The  valve  gear  and  eccentrics  shonld  te  frequently  examined,  and 
if  found  defective  in  any  way,  no  time  shonld  be  lost  in  adjusting 
them  by  foUowinjj  the  directions  given  elsewhere.  Use  clean  water  ; 
by  so  doing  much  trouble  and  danger  will  be  averted.  Keep  the 
tubes  well  swept,  and  if  one  should  burst,  plug  both  ends  of  it  with 
as  little  delay  as  possible  ;  if  impeded  by  the  emission  of  steam  or 
water,  an  ample  supply  of  cold  feed  water  will  decrease  tlic  pressure 
and  permit  work.  *lf  the  leak  is  very  serion.«,  it  would  be  the  best 
plan  to  quench  the  fire  in  order  to  secure  pro^^er  access  to  repair  the 
defective  tube.  Every  engineer  should  malie  a  point  of  ha\ing  on 
hand  all  those  appliances  which  experience  has  shown  to  be  neces- 
sary for  use  during  jxjssible  emergencies,  such  as  plu.c.s  for  the  tabes, 
screw  jack,  wrecking  tools,  wrench.es,  hammers,  signals,  wedges, 
files,  Tone,  buckets,  chisels,  waste,  cll,  tallow,  Sec. 

Railway  Signals. — A  red  flag  by  d.iy,  cr  red  light  by  night,  ia  s 
signal  of  danger.  Hoisted  at  a  tt;:t!on  it  is  a  signal  for  a  train  *'  to 
stop."  Hoisted  by  the  road  side,  it  is  a  .«i^-nal  of  danger  on  the  train 
ahead.  Carried  un'urled  ca  an  cnjir.e,  it  is  a  waraing  that  anotlier 
engine  or  train  is  on  its  way.  One  short  sound  of  tl.e  whittle  is  the 
signal  to  apply  brakes;  two,  to  kt  them  go;  three,  to  back  up; 
lour,  to  call  in  "the  flagmen;  five,  for  road  crossing.?. 

A  sweeping  partingof  the  hands  on  a  level  v»-:th  the  eye  is  a  signal 
to  go  ahead.  A  downward  motion  of  one  hand,  ^ith  extended  arm, 
to  stop.    A  beckoning  motion  of  one  hand,  to  back. 

A  lantern  raised  and  lowered  vertically,  is  a  signal  for  starting; 
when  swung  at  ri,'ht  angles,  or  across  the  track,  to  stop;  when  gwun^ 
in  a  circle,  to  back  the  train. 

One  stroke  of  the  alarm-bell  signiSes  stop:  two,  to  go  ahead ;  three, 
to  Ixick. 

Speed  of  Passekoee  Tr-^tks. — In  the  United  States,  the  News- 
paper Express  train,  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia  makes  tht 
Oahj  trip  of  92  miles  in  1^  hours,  iuclusive  of  four  Etcppage& 


ltA.CHl^^STS  and  engineers'  department.    411 

The  most  remarkable  feat  of  railway  travel  on  record,  was  accom- 
pliflhed  Jane  4.  1876,  by  a  fast  special  train,  which  made  the  journey 
Jrom  New  York  to  San  Francisco,  a  distance  of  2900  miles  in  2G  min- 
Htes  less  than  84  hours,  being  at  the  rate  of  40  niiles  per  hour. 

Regarding  Englisli  railways,  the  folIo\riug  table  embraces  an  enu- 
meration of  trains  which  rimoir«r60  miles  without  stopping,  shows 
the  distance  run,  and  the  average  speed  per  hour.  It  will  be  seeu 
that  the  London  and  Northwe.«tem  rim  the  longest  distance  without 
stopping,  as  their  engines  suck  up  water  on  the  way  wliile  running  at 
fall  speed.  The  fastest  is  the  11.45  a.  m  from  Paddingtou  over  the 
Great  Western,  which  runs  from  London  to  Exeter,  194  miles  in  4^ 
hours  on  the  "broad  gauge."  Tlie  Great  Northern,  though  nmning  on 
the  "narrow  gauge,"  maintains  an  average  speed  of  more  than  50  nSlea 
per  hour,  and  the  10  a.  m.  Express  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  called 
by  some  of  the  country  people  the  "  Flying  Scotchman,"  travels  188J 
miles  in  4^  hours,  from  London  to  York.  The  Great  Xorthem  R., 
•with  their'new  engines,  having  8  ft.  driving  wheels,  sometimes  at- 
tains 51  miles  per  hour. 


London  to  Swindon  (Broad  Gauge  Express)  G.  W. 

London  to  Peterborough G.  N. 

York  to  Newcastle N.  K 

Grantham  to  York G.  N. 

Kewcastle  to  Berwick N.  E. 

New  Cross  to  Canterbury S.  E. 

Carstairs  to  Carlisle Caledonian 

Oxford  to  London G.  W. 

London  to  Dover  S.  E. 

Rugby  to  Crewe L.  &  N.  "W. 

London  to  Rugbv L.  &N.  W. 

Kentish  Tn.  ta  VVellingboro' M. 

Holyhead  to  Chester L  &  N.  W. 

Wigston  to  Luton M. 

Carlisle  to  Preston L.  &  N.  W. 


X 

5_ 

I 

87 

83 

66f 

77 

741 

63i 

78 

82| 

62 

85 

61i 

89 


s  o  2 

>  X  3 

<      a. 


Besides  the  above,  there  are  well  attested  cases  of  passenger  trains 
tunning  78  miles  per  hour  with  16  coaches  attached,  and  even  as  high 
fts  84  mUes  per  hoiu  have  been  attained. 

THE  rOLLOWINQ     TABLB   EXHIBITS    THE    EFFECTIVE    ADHESIOK  OF 
LOCOMOTITE3  PEB  TOJf  DUEtNG  DIKFEKKiTr  WEATHSBS,  OS  TBM 


Lbs.  Lbs. 

During  frost  or  snow 200    Daring  damp  weather 400 

Daring  misty  weather .350    Daring  fine  dry  weather 760 

Daring  wet  ramy  weather.  .600 

The  adhesion  of  a  locomotive  with  4  wheels,  comptared  with  OM 
ba\-ing  6  wheels,  is  in  th«  proportion  of  5  to  8. 


4l2     iUCHlXlST9  AND   ENGINEERS'   DEPAJITMENT. 


Experiments  have  demon5tnUed  that  traing  (properly  fitted  with 
good  brakes),  moving  at  the  rate  of  33  njjle*  y-er  hour,  can  be  stopped 
within  a  distante  ol  57  yai-ds,  and  within  273  yards  ii  moving  at  th» 
rate  of  (jo  miles  an  hour,  the  re?L-ting  p<twer  of  brakes  being  about 
12y  lbs.  i^er  ton  of  train.  UesL^taiu-e  cau.sed  by  defect*  of  roads  vary 
from  5  to  40  jier  cent.,  and  ftiong  side  wind.^  resist  to  the  extent  of 
20  i»er  cent.  Resistance  increases  with  tlie  sfieed  in  about  the  follow- 
in  f,  ratios  : — 
Speed  of  Trains  in  miles  per  hour 10       15   |   20   |    30       40       50 


Beslstaace  on  level  railway  in  lbs.  per 

voa I    iu      :«i,i  I  10»^  I  ISi/i    17%    22»4 

Eesistaiiceoa  irre^larorcurvedroad  I  I  I  I 

and  high  winds |  13^i    l-t^i  I  15*1 1  20»,4    26Vi  |  Sl^i 

Effective  PREssrES  of  Steam  on  Piston,  with  different  de- 
grees of  expansion,  boiler  pressure  being  assumed  at  100  lbs.  pe» 
gqnare  inch. 

Steam  cut  off  at  f  of  stroke  —  90  effective  pressure. 
"        "      .<      I  u      «      ^80        »  u 

*    -      ••       =50        •'  " 

i    ■■      ■■       =40 


In  eiperiments  with  Locomotive  No.  4",  Xortli  London  Railway,  it 
was  found  that  in  two  17  inch  cylinders,  24  ins.  stroke,  lap  of  vjilve, 
i  in.,  lead.  -1  in.,  position  of  gear,  4th  notch  from  middle  gear,  drivers, 
5  ft  6  ins.  <£am.,  -with  Ixjiler  pres-sure  100  lb.«.  per  square  inch,  th» 
actual  horse-i>ower  of  V>oth  cylinders  was S40.552 

That  the  friction  of  lx3th  valves  was 54.952 

'•  "  "    eccentrics 74.32G 


Total  friction  of  v^ves  and  eccentrics 129.251 

or  15  per  cent,  of  the  jxjwer  of  the  engine  required  to  move  them. 
Rf.voi.itiovs  of  DRivrso  Wufel^  I'ER  iln.?,. 


The  average  life  of  a  car  wiieel  under  a  load  of  3^  tons,  is  45. 'XO 
miles.  The  weight  of  iron  rails  per  mile  varies  from  78  tons.  11  cwt. , 
4-S  !!».,  to  1.57  tons.  3  cwt.,  84  lbs.,  according  as  the  rails  range  from 
50  lbs.  to  100  lbs.  weight  to  the  yard. 

No.  of  15  ft.  rails  per  mile,    704  I  i^o.  of  18  ft  rails  i)er  mile,    587 
"  16  ft.     "  "  eeO  I    "         20  ft.     "  "  523 

A  ri*e  of  60«  in  the  tf  a.  crstrje  of  a  25  ft.  raU  lengthens  it  to  25  ft 
I  ia.    The  la£t  table  refers  to  No.  of  rails  required  for  single  track. 


I   ^  "  <  „ 


wi  3  c  2     "    ' 

5  s  -I ;   — _, :;  r»  _.—    ><  X  s  3 
»fi^  ^  =  3  a 2  !  3  =•=  Sr;  3  a  5 

tea.— ~  —-'(&—■"-.-?--• 


'->^^'  Q  ~  r- ■>  "^  =  s/^  a- 
,-•3  — ij-,  I  =  5  3*^  »  ^ 


J  o  3  r«  a  -1  i-i ^       _       ' 

i'^_s-|^'^M5  ^  o  =  =      b- 


."«  3 


,c  < 


••    rr     -*  ^ -►  3:  :r  i.'^  ^  a- _. 

« £.  o  |.-  ©  i  ^ .-  =■  --i 

__  — —  ?  5' 2  ^— .?* 


.-^  s» 


ri8 


Ls-I"!"?!!???-?^ 


414    KAcaiKiaTS*  xsn  ejtgineees  depaktmeht. 


GEORGE  STEPHENSON, 

THE  FIEST  LOCOMOTTVE  EXGI>"EEB, 

■  Bom  June  9,  1781     Died  August  12,  1848. 

The  iron  energy,  indomitable  perseverance,  sterling  integrity,  and 
thorough  practical  sagacity  for  which  this  Father  of  Railways  wa* 
noted,  hare  indelibly  enrolled  hi3  honored  name  among  the  benefao 
tors  of  the  race.  Of  the  first  railway,  that  between  Stockton  and 
Darlington.  George  Stephenson  was  both  surveyor  and  contractor, 
laying  out  every  foot  of  the  road,  and  taking  the  sights  through  the 
spirit  level  with  his  own  hands  aud  eyes.  On  his  persistent  recom- 
mendations, the  intended  plan  of  a  wooden  tramway  was  set  aside 
and  iron  raUa  substituted,  and  reluctaut  permission  given  him  to 
place  upon  the  road,  which  had  been  intended  only  for  horse-draught, 
a  steam  locomotive.  The  trial  day  was  fixed  for  the  27th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1825.  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  natal  day  of  railway  travel 
A  great  throng  of  people  was  present  to  witness  the  new-fangled  and 
Bnch  ridicaled  affair,  the  multitude  being  ready  to  appl&ud  the  Ba»> 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT.      415 


ENGINE  NO.  1.— STOCKTON  &  DARLINGTON  R.  R.— 1825, 

cess  or  deride  the  failure  of  the  man  -whoni  they  were  equally  ready 
to  canonize  as  the  wisest,  or  condemn  as  the  craziest  man  in  England. 
The  veteran  was  fully  prepared  to  withstand  the  oideal.  A  long  pro- 
cession of  vehicles  was  formed,  consisting  of  6  wagons,  loaded  with 
flour  ;  a  covered  coach,  confciiiiin^^  d=-ectors  and  passengers  ;  21  coal 
wagons,  fitted  up  for  and  crowdetl  v  ith  passengers.  Locomotive  en- 
gine No.  1,  represented  in  the  crt,  driven  by  our  h.ero,  headed  the 
procession,  which  was  preceded  Iv  a  precursor  on  horseback,  who 
rode  before  to  herald  the  comiii'x  of  the  tiain,  the  velocity  of  which 
wag  not  expected  to  exceed  4  or  5  mDes  nn  hour.  But  difS'erent  re- 
sults followed.  An  immen?^9  r-.nlt:tude  of  pcojle,  both  on  horseback 
and  on  foot,  accompanied  tlic  tiain,  br.t  net  kng  ;  they  were  soon 
distanced,  the  man  on  horseb;\(  k  who  heralded  was  compelled  to 
leave  the  track,  and  the  first  t:-a:n  thnt  ever  can-ied  passengera  fin- 
ished its  journey  at  the  rate  of  12  to  15  miles  an  hour.  The  load 
carried  amomited  to  <X)  tons,  inclndim;  450  passengers.  The  railway 
passenger  coach  which  formed  part  of  the  procession  was  totally 
imlike  anything  now  in  use.  and  was  drawn  by  horse  PO'""^'*-  It '«^'"3 
several  vears  before  passengers  wore  drawn  over  the  roaa  by  steain 
(the  traffic  being  confined  to  freirlt  only),  as  the  terror  uispir^  by 
the  locomotive  was  such  that  tl-.c  Liverpool  &  Jlanchester  K.  B. 
Committee  pledged  themselves  not  to  require  any  clause  empower- 
ino- its  use.  and  as  l"te  as  182!)  the  Newcastle  and  Carlisle  Act  was 
conceded  on  the  express  condition  that  it  should  not  be  worked  by 
tocomotives,  but  by  horses  only.  .       u, 

Tlie  plans  of  the  Livei-jiool  S.-  Manchester  R.  R.  were  fougnt 
through  Parliament  by  the  iudcfatitrable  Stephenson  in  the  face  of 
difflcidties  which  would  have  aupalled  any  common  man  ;  and  when 
At  last  tlie  charter  was  obtained,  and  the  work  begun,  he  personally 


416      aU.CHL\IST3   A.VD    fiNQINEERs'    DEPARTMEKT. 


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MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.      41 7 

ropervispd  it  from  beginning  to  end,  getjting  liis  breakfast  of  oatmeal 
with  his  own  hands,  living  on  horsebac-k,  i^rsonally  inspectin"^  the 
progress  of  the  work,  supervi.ving  the  pay-rolls  of  the  men,  and  per- 
lecting  with  his  own  hands  the  workin 2:  drawings.  In  1829,  we  find 
Robert,  the  younger  Stephenson,  at  a  later  dav  engineer  of  the  famous 
Victoria  Bridge,  Montreal,  treading  in  his  father's  footsteps,  and 
canrng  off  the  victor  at  the  noted  contest  at  Rainhill,  when  the 
Kocket,  as  shown  on  a  previous  page,  eclipsed  the  performance  of 
tlie  Novelty,  Sanspareil,  and  Perseverance.  Soon  the  Liverpool  & 
Manchester  R.  R.  was  opened  with  the  Rocket,  altered  and  im- 
proved, as  locomotive,  running  at  the  rate  of  30  miles  an  hour  The 
Illustration  exhibits  the  Rocket,  as  remodelled  after  the  trial  and 
as  aow  to  be  seen  iu  the  South  Ksasingtou  Museum. 


8PAKK3  FBOM  THE  LOCOMOTIVE.— (27/.  Cent.  R.)  Fuel,  etc. 
Arerage  number  of  miles  rmi  to  1  cord  of  wood,  4:3.98.  Ditto  to  1 
ton  of  coal,  39.87.,  Ditto,  to  1  pint  of  oil,  1:183.  Cost  of  Jiepairs, 
Mechanics'  wages,  (i2  per  cent.  Materials— iron,  steel,  brass,  etc  ,  31 
per  cent.  Su])enntendence,  paints,  tools,  etc.,  7  ]ier  cent.  Averago 
cost  per  mile,  m  cents,  for  passenger  engines,  20.10,  for  freight,  do. 
00.42. 

Frenrh  LiKomotivcs.— Avenge  actual  power  exerted,  450  horses  : 
epeed  of  passenger  trains  with  15  vehicles,  is  24  miles  per  hour  ; 
ireight  trams.  18  miles,  mbced  engines,  20  to  ;?0  miles  per  hour. 

American  Lofo; native. —A  10  wheeled  engine,  18  x  22  cylinder 

toUl  weight,  30  tons  9  cwt. ;  weight  on  drivers,  22  tons,  on  Readia* 

^37  ^ 


418         MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS*    DEPARTMENT. 


EDSON'S  TIME,  PRESSURE,  SPEED  RECORDIXG,  AND 
ALARM  GAUGE. 

K.  B.  EDSOX,  91  LIBERTY  ST.,  JTEW  YOKK,  lXA'E>rTOR  ASTD  PATENT^ 
ACCORDED  EXCLUSIVB  MENTION  AT  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXHIEITIOl 
OF   1876. 

RR. ;  will  haul  130  loaded  cars  ;  weight  of  coal,  676  tons  ;  of  cars,  38C 
tons  ;  total  load,  1,085  tons  ;  ou  a  down  grade,  maximum,  13-5  ft  pei 
mile  ;  minimum,  0.65  per  mile.  Same  Engine  will  haul  70  loaded  cars, 
or  561  tons,  over  an  ascending  grade  :35.3  ft.  per  mile.>' 

New  York  City  Street  Dooiv  Engines. — Cylinders,  6  ins.  by  1( 
ins.  stroke  ;  can  haul  2  cars,  containing  100  passengers  each,  up  a  grad< 
100  ft.  per  mile,  at  5  miles  per  hour  ;  on  a  level  and  low  grade,  at  10 
miles  per  hour,  runs  125  miles  per  d^y,  bums  1,200  lbs.  of  coal  ;  steam 
pressure,  130  lbs. 

A  Crampton  locomotive,  drawing  12  carriages,  consumes  35  lbs. 
of  coke  per  mile  in  summer,  and  37  lbs.  in  winter  ;  the  weight  with 
t*"*^*'-  is  90,000  lbs.  ;  the  cost  of  running  a  trip  per  mile,  all  items 
iJ»cIud8d,  i»  33  cents  (gold).    An  engine  is  generally  worn  out  wheu 


1IACHIKIST8   AND   ENGINEERS'    DEPAKTMBNT.      419 


It  has  travelled  186,000  miles,  although  some  have  run  more  th^ 
twice  that  distance  ;  the  usual  performauce  is  from  .15,600  to  25,000 
miles  per  annum.  The  lifetime  of  an  engine  may  be  taken  at  10  years  ; 
the  cost,  in  England,  S9,600  (gold),  tender,  82,200,  and  the  annual 
tamings  about  $25,000. 


GIFFARD'S  INJECTOR. 
A,  steam-pipe  connecting  -n-ith  boiler.  B,  tube  or  cylinder, 
lkw)ugh  which  steam  passes  into  the  space  b.  C,  screwed  rod  for 
regulating  the  passage  of  steam  through  circular  conical  space  c,  and 
worked  by  the  handle  shown  above.  E,  water  supply  pipe  connect- 
ing the  reservoiror  hot-weU  with  tlie  small  chamber  m.  C,  I,  circular 
conical  opening  or  discharge  pipe,  the  dimensions  of  which  is  ad- 
justed bv  the  movement  of  the  tube  or  cylinder  C.  G,  hand  wheel 
for  openitflng  the  cvlinder  C.  H,  opening,  in  connection  with  the  at- 
mosphere, intervening  between  discharge  pii^e  and  the  receiving 
pipe  through  which  the  water  is  forced.    I,  tube  through  which  th^ 


420      MiLCHINlSTS   AND   ENGIKEERS'   DErABTMENf, 

water  is  pa.«aed  to  the  bpiler.  K,  valve  for  preventing  the  rettum  ot 
the  water  from  boiler  when  the  injector  is  closed.  L.  overflow  oi 
waste-]npe. 

Mkthod  of  Opkration. — ^Tum  the  wheel  so  as  to  allow  a  little 
water  to  flow  into  the  mjector.  Open  the  tip  connecting  the  instra- 
ment  with  tlie  b<:>i]er  ;  tlie  admiiision  of  the  steam  will  create  a  par- 
tixil  Tacuiim,  into  which  the  water  will  fiojv  wijh  rapidity.  The  steanx 
condenses  as  it  mingles  with  the  water,  and  a*  it  rushes  forward  it 
carries  the  water  afong  in  its  com-'-  i^:' in_' it  into  the  boiler  witli 
great  force.    The  quantity  may  b'  t  diminished  by  means 

of  taps  fitted  to  the  steam  and  v...,  -pipes,  and  any  suqilus 

water  \vill  escape  at  the  overflow  o:-  wa.-te-pipe.  This  inventiom 
effects  gi'eat  economy  in  the  ti-ansnii?;ion  of  hot  water  to  the  boiler, 
for  not  the  3lighte<t  i>article  of  heat  i^  lo.-t. 

Samuel  Rue's  injector,  a  most  valuable  invention,  is  well  adapted 
to  operate  a.-*  a  boiler  feeder  on  land  or  water:  but  may  be  considered 
as  iudispeusaule  on  maiuie  boUere,  as  from  its  jieculiar  construction, 
with  steam  of  from  40  to  50  lbs.  pressure,  it  is  capiable  of  forcing 
water  against  a  pressure  of  over  200  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

In  40  years  tha  miles  of  railway  in  the  United  States  have  increased 
irom  3  miles  to  60,000  miles. 

Railway  Cboss  Ties,  No.  per  mile,  2  ft.  centre  to  centre,  2.641 

"  "         2i  "  ••         2.348 

<(  <<  <c  <(  oX  "  "  o  lis 

4«  C«  (C  <i  <>3  <«  •'  2  Cf)l 

CI  »  u  «  3  »  .<  ijgi 

1 

Tlie  usual  dimensions  of  r^way  ties  are  9  feet  long,  10  ins .  wide 
Xoins.,  average  life  time,  7  years:  best  material,  seasoned  white 
oak.    If  ties  are  preserved  by  Bumettiziug  they  will  last  15  years. 

The  test  for  new  steel  car  axles,  is  5  blows  of  a  ram,  weighing 
1,650  lbs.,  falling  30  ft  on  axle  placed  on  supports  3  ft.  apart.  The 
test  for  new  iron  axles,  is  5  blows  of  a  ram,  weighing  1,650  lbs.,  fall- 
ing 20  ft.,  on  axle  placed  on  supports  3  ft.  ai>art. 

NoN-Co>'DrcTOR  FOK  Stea3i  Pipes  and  Ctlixdt:ks. — Good  clay, 
50  lbs.,  finely  sifted  qpal  ashes  50  Ib.a..  hair  for  a  bind  12  ozs..  mix  all 
thoroughly  with  watpr  to  the  consistence  of  mortar,  and  allow  it  to 
rest  for  a  few  hours,  bet  just  previous  to  u?e,  add  50  lbs.  plaster  of 
Paris,  working  it  in  well.  Now  apply  it  to  the  pipes,  &c. ,  while  warm, 
in  a  thm  co;'.t.  and  when  drv,  add  another,  continuing  until  the  prop- 
er thickness  is  secured,  whitewashing  or  painting  over  aU. 
EvAPOKATm:  Powers  of  Fuel,  etc. — 

1  lb.  of  coal  evaporates  9  lbs  of  water. 
1      "    coke  "  7^  to  9      " 

1     "    wood         "     "4i 
1     "    turf  (peat) "       6 
Stationary  engines  use  from  3  to  7  lbs.  of  coal  per  horse  power  p«f 

hoiir. 
Locomotive  pa.ssenger  engines  25  to  .%  lbs.  coal  per  mile. 

"  freigkt  ''       45  to  55        "  " 

Wood-burning  "       1  cord  of  wood  to  42  miies. 

Bulk  of  coal  is  6  times  less  than  its  equivalent  in  wood. 
60  bush.  Newcastle  cojU  will  make  r»2  bush,  of  coke. 
1  bush,  anthracite  coal  weighs  86  lbs.:  bituminous   coal  =  80  Iba^ 
charcoal  (hardwood)  «  32  lbs. ;  coke  =  32  Ib^. 


SIACHI»ISTS   ANp    ^IfQINEERS'    DEfABTMENT.      421 


^^^r 


THE  FIRST  R-ULWAY  PASSENGER  COACH. 
The  ma.Lnnficent  caravan  rejiresented  by  the  cnt  couvevp  a  good 
idea  of  raiWay  ^xissenger  travel  and  accommodations    pre\'iou6  t« 
tlie  use  of  st«am  ix)wer  for  that  purpose. 


U.  W.  BALDWIN'S  LOCOMOTIVE  "  IRONSIDES"  — i83a. 

II.   W.    BALDTVry'S   LOCOMOTIVE   "  tROSSTDtS" — 1852. 

The  engine  represented  ahove.  constructed  .l>y  51-  VT.  E.ildjiu, 
fonpder  of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  "Works.  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  U.  S. 
A.,  was  first  mn  on  the  Philadeliihia  &  Xomstovni  R.  R.,  iu  1SS3, 
and  )>rr)ved  to  be  the  pioneer  of  euccessful  railvray  locomotion  iu  tho 
United  States. 

The  avei-n^e  life  of  an  iron  mil  is  13.000.000  of  tons,  or  equal  to 
100.000  tr-iiis  of  1.".0  tons  eadi.  On  the  Great  Northern  Railwr.y  at 
Eaniet.  the  life  of  an  iron  rail  was  5  years,  ^vith  13,484.601  tins  of 
fast  trains,  and  "3. SOS. 01^8  tons  of  slow"  traffic.  Steel  rails  v,'ere  only 
kalf  worn  out  vrith  05,577,2-10  tons  traflSc. 


42?        MACHINTSTS,   EKGINEERS',  AC,  BECEIPtS. 

liATmrr  Heat  of  Steam.— Take  2  emaU  vessels  connected  at  theil 
tops  by  a  tube.  Let  one  contain  1  lb.  of  water  at  32°  Fahr. ,  the  othe« 
5i  lbs.  at  the  same  temperature.  Apply  a  spirit  lamp  below  the  ves- 
sel containing  the  1  lb.  of  water  until  it  is  all  boiled  away  and  its  vapor 
condensed  by  passing  through  the  tube  and  mingling  with  the  5^  lbs. 
of  water  in  the  other  vessel.  At  this  point  the  heat  absorbed  by  the 
B^  lbs  of  water  will  raise  the  temperature  to  212°  Fahr.  or  boiling 
heat,  and  the  combined  weight  will  be  6^  lbs.  instead  of  5^  lbs.,  as 
placed  in  the  vessel  at  first.  The  whole  of  this  heat  has  been  trans- 
ferred from  the  1  lb.  of  water  held  over  the  spirit  lamp,  although  at 
no  time  has  its  heat  exceeded  212°.    Inasmuch  as  this  heat  cannot  be 

Eeasured  by  any  known  instrument,  it  is  caUed  latent  heat.  The  1 
.  of  water'  made  the  5^  lbs.  to  boil,  and  from  this  we  know  by  cal- 
culation that  the  combined  latent  and  sensible  heat  of  steam  is  about 
1200O. 

The  pressure  of  eteam  ia  measured  by  atmospheres.  Steam  of  15 
lbs.  pressure  is  steam  of  one  atmosphere,  of  30  lbs.  pressure,  of  2 
atmospheres,  &c.  It  is  frequently  used  as  high  as  6  or  7  atmospherea. 
Steam  below  2  atmospheres  is  called  low  pressure  steam,  and  all  pres- 
sure above,  high  pressure  steam.  Heat,  by  expanding  water, 
imparts  motion  to  the  gulf  stream,  when  transformed  into  steam 
it  evolves  suflacient  power  to  drive  the  rolling  mill,  cotton  and  other 
mills,  the  machine  shop,  the  locomotive,  and  impel  the  steamship 
over  the  trackless  ocean.  As  the  temperature  of  water  falls  below 
100°  Centigrade  (212°.)  the  boiling  jwint,  it  wiU  contract  or  occupy  a 
smaller  space  until  it  descend-^  to  3°.  8  Centrigrade,  when  it  will  con- 
tract no  more,  as  its  greatest  density  is  then  reached.  From  5°.  8,  aa 
the  water  bm)mea  colder,  it  expands,  till  it  reaches  the  freezing 
point  0°,  Centigrade,  so  that  is  specifically  lighter  than  water,  and 
floats  on  the  surface,  being  about  10  per  cent,  lighter.  Were  it  not 
for  the  interposition  of  tlm  merciful  law,  and  were  ice  to  sink  in 
water,  many  of  the  lakes,  rivers  and  streams  within  the  temperate 
zones  would  be  rendered  incapable  of  navigation  during  the  greater 
j)art  of  the  year  by  reason  of  the  ice  at  the  bottom. 

Applicatiox  for  Bcrxs  akd  Scalds.  The  following  has  been 
tested  in  the  severest  cases  of  burning  and  scalding  from  luUway  and 
steamboat  accidents.  Glycerine,  5  ozs. ;  white  of  egg,  4  ozs. ;  tinct,  of 
arnica  3  ozs. ;  mix  the  glycerine  and  white  of  egg  thoroughly  in  a 
mortar  and  gradually  add  the  arnica.  Apply  freely  on  linen  rags 
night  and  morning,  previously  washing  with  warm  castile  soap  suds. 
In  urgent  cases,  if  nothing  better  can  be  had,  clap  on  a  mad  poultice, 
a  favorite  and  very  effectual  remedy  with  school  boys  who  are  stung 
while  making  war  on  hornets'  nests. 

Cement  to  mz>t>  Leaky  Boilers. — Powdered  litharge,  2  parts, 
very  fine  sand,  2  parts,  slaked  quick  lime,  1  part  Mix  all  together. 
To  use,  mix  the  proper  quantity  with  boiled  linseed  oil  and  apply 
quick.    It  gets  hard  very  soon. 

Steokg  Cement  fob  Steam  Joints. — Wbite  lead  groimd  in  oil, 
10  parts,  black  oxide  of  manganese,  3  parts,  litharge,  1  part  Reduc« 
to  the  proper  consistency  with  boiled  linseed  oil  and  apply. 

Ceme>"t  Fob  Holes  ob  Cracks. — Red  lead  ground  in  oil,  6  parti 
white  lead,  3  parts,  oxide  of  man^nese,  2  parts,  silicate  of  sod&,  4 
pazt,  litbdzge,  ^  part,  all  mixed  and  used  as  putty. 


MACHINISTS,   tNGDfEERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS.         423 

RuBT  Joi^nr,  Quick  Setting — Sal  ammoniac  pulverized,  1  lb.,  flour 
ol  sulphur,  2  lbs. ;  iron  borings,  80  lbs. ;  mix  to  a  paste  with  water  in 
quantities  as  required  for  immediate  use. 

QncK  Settcng  Joest  bettek  thax  the  last,  but  rbquires 
MORK  TIME  TO  Set. — Sal  ammonia,  2  lbs.,  sulphur  1  lb.,  iron  filingt 
206  lbs. 

AiB  A2fD  Water  tight  CEME>"r  for  Casks  ajtd  Cisterns.— 
Melted  giue,  8  parts,  linseed  oil,  4  parts,  boiled  into  a  varnish  witk 
litharge ;  hardens  in  48  hours. 

Marine  Glue.—  India  rubber  1  part,  coal  tar  12  parts,  heat  gently 
mix,  and  add  20  parts  of  powdered  shellac,  pour  out  to  cool,  when  used 
heat  to  about  250°. 

Another  Ditto. — Glue  12  parts,  water  sufficient  to  dissolve,  add 
yellow  resin  3  parts;  melt  then  add  turpentine  4  parts,  mix  thor- 
oughly together. 

Cement  for  External  Use. — Ashes  2  parts,  clay  3  parts,  sand 
1  part;  mix  with  a  little  oQ,  very  durable. 

Cement  to  Resist  Red  Heat  ant>  Boiling  "Water. — To  4  or  5 
parts  of  clay,  thoroughly  dried  and  pulverized,  add  2  parts  of  fine  iron 
filings  free  from  oxide,  1  part  of  peroxyde  of  manganese,  1  part  of 
common  salt,  and  ^  part  of  borax.  Mingle  thoroughly,  render  as  fine 
as  ix)ssible,  then  reduce  to  thick  paste  with  the  necessary  quantity  of 
water,  nuxing  weU;  use  immediately,  and  apply  heat,  gradually  in- 
creasing almost  to  a  white  heat. 

Cement  to  Join  Sections  of  Cast-Iron  Wheels,  &c. — Maka 
a  paste  of  pure  oxide  of  lead,  litharge,  and  concentrated  glycerine. 
Unrivalled  for  fastening  stone  to  stone  or  iron  to  iron. 
VAEN^SH  FOR  BOILERS. — Asphaltum  dissolved  in  turpentine. 
Soft  Cement  for  Steam-bolleks,   Steam-pipes,  &c. — Red  or 
white  lead,  in  oil,  4  parts;  iron  borings,  2  to  3  parts. 

Hard  Cement. — Iron  borings  and  salt  watOT,  and  a  small  quantity 
of  sal-ammoniac,  with  fresh  water. 

Gasfitters'  Cement. — >Tiy  together  resin,  4^  parts  ;  wax,  1  part ; 
and  Venetian  red,  3  parts. 

Plumbers'  Cement. — BLack  resin,  1  part;  brick  dust,  2  parte, 
weU  incorporated  by  a  melting  heat. 

Coppersmiths'  Cement. — BoUed  linseed  oil  and  red  lead  mised 
together  into  a  putty,  are  often  used  by  coppersmiths  and  engineers 
to  secure  joints  ;  the  washers  of  leather  or  dotli  are  smeared  with 
this  mixture  in  a  pastv  state. 

Compositions  to  Fill  Holes  in  Castings.— Mix  1  part  of  borax 
in  solution  -with  4  parts  dry  clay. — Another :  Pulverized  binoxide  ot 
manganese,  mixed  with  a  strong  solution  of  eilicate  of  soda  'watet. 
day)  to  form  a  tiiick  paste. 

Cast  Iron  Cement. — Clean  borings,  or  turnings  of  cast  iron,  15 
parts  ;  sal-ammoniac,  2  parts  ;  flour  of  sulphur,  1  part  ;  mix  then 
well  together  in  a  mortar,  and  keep  them  dry.  When  required  for 
use,  take  of  the  mixture,  1  part ;  clean  borings,  20  parts  ;  mix  thor- 
oughly, and  add  a  sufficient  quantity  of  water.  A  little  grind-stonff 
dust  added  improves  the  cement 

Cement  for  Steam-pipk  Joints,  etc.,  with  Faced  Flangia— 
White  lead,  mixed,  2  parts  ;  red  lead,  dry,  1  part ;  grind,  or  other- 
wise mix  tbem  to  a  ooaaisteuce  of  thiu  pott^  ;  apply  interposed  la^eca 


424        MACHINISTS,   ENOrNEEES',    AC   EEGEIPTa. 

■with  1  or  2  t'lidoiesscs  of  canvas,  or  ganze  wire,  as  the  necessity  ol 
the  cri?e  nmy  be. 

CElir.NT  FOB    JOESTS  OF  LrOS  PIPES    OR  HOLES    tS    CASXrNGS. — 

Tp.ne  of  iron  boi-ings,  cairsely  powdered,  5  lbs.  ;  of  powdered  sal- 
ammoniac,  2  oz. ;  of  suii'.Iiiir,  1  oz. ;  and  water  sufficient  to  moii»ten 
It.  This  com]X)sition  liardens  hipidly,  bnt,  if  time  can  be  allowed  it 
Bets  more  firaily  without  the  piilphor.  Use  ad  soon  as  mixed,  and 
lam  tightly  iuto'the  jumts  or  Jjoies. 

Best  Cement  for  Aql'.^eia. — One  part,  by  measure,  g«v  a  gill  of 
Jitharge  ;  1  gill  of  plaster  of  Paris  ;  1  giil  of  dry,  white  sand  ;  ^  a  gill 
of  finely  jiowdered  resin.  Slit,  and  keep  corked  tight  until  required 
for  u.-e,  w  hen  it  is  to  be  made  into  a  putty  by  mixing  in  boiled  oil 
(lin.^eed)  with  a  little  patent  drier  added.  Never  use  it  after  it  has 
Iseeu  mixed  (th.at  is,  with  the  oil)  over  fiftcoji  hours.  Tliis  cement 
can  be  used  for  marine  as  well  as  fresh  water  aquaria,  as  it  resists 
the  action  of  salt  water.  The  tank  a.  a  be  Uiicd  immediately,  but  it 
is  best  to  give  it  three  or  four  hours  to  dry. 

ANOTHER. — Slix  equal  quantities  of  aiiy  white  lead  and  red  lead  to 
a  paste  with  mastic  varnish  and  use  as  soon  as  mixed. 

C'EirEXT  FOB  Beltixg.  Waterproof. — DL=.^olve  gutta  percha  in 
bisulphide  of  carbon  to  the  consistence  of  molasses,  slice  down  and 
thin  the  ends  to  be  united,  warm  tlie  paits,  and  apply  the  cement, 
then  hammer  lightly  on  a  smooth  anvil,  or  submit  the  parts  to  heavy- 
pressure. 

To  Rei'air  Leakages  in  Fire  Exgine  Hose. — ^Pass  a  rotmd  bar 
of  iron  into  tlie  hose  under  the  leak,  then  rivet  on  a  patch  of  leather, 
previously  coated  with  marine  glue. 

To  Repair  Rctjbek  Hose.— Cut  tlie  hose  apart  where  it  is  defec- 
tive ;  obtain  from  any  gastitter  a  piece  of  iron  pipe  2  or  3  Lucheslong, 
twist  the  hose  over  it  until  the  ends  meetj  wrap  with  strong  twine,  well 
waxed,  and  it  wiU  last  a  long  time. 

Portasle  G"LrE  for  KnAUGirrsMEX. — Glue  5  ozs. ;  sugar  2  ozs. ; 
water  8  ozs. ;  melt  in  a  water  ba^,  cast  it  in  molds.  For  use  dissolva 
in  warm  water. 

Cemextixg  Emert  xo  Wood. — Melt  together  equal  parts  of 
shellac,  white  resin  and  carbolic  acid  in  crystals  ;  add  the  last  after 
the  others  are  melted. 

To  Coat  biox  vtith  EsiZBr. — Give  the  iron  a  good  coat  of  oil 
end  white  lead,  when  this  gets  hard  and  dry,  apply  a  mixture 
ci  glue  and  emery. 

To  Clean  Cotton  Wast?:. — ^Pack  the  -waste  in  a  tin  cylinder 
\r.ih.  a  perforated  false  bottom  and  tube  with  stop-cock  at  lx>tto?j. 
P(.ur  on  the  waste  bisulphide  of  carbon  sufficient  to  cover,  and 
allow  to  soak  a  few  minutes,  then  add  more  bisulphide,  and  so  on 
for  a  time  or  two,  and  tl.en  squeeze  out.  By  simple  distillation 
the  whole  of  the  bisulphide,  or  nearly  all,  can  easily  be  recovered 
and  so  be  used  over  again.  This  will  free  the  cotton  completely 
from  grease. 

French  Prrrr. — Seven  pounds  linseed  oil  and  4  lbs.  brown 
nmber  are  boiled  for  two  hours,  and  C2  grammes  wax  stirred  in. 
After  removed  from  the  £re  5^  lbs.  fine  chalk  and  11  ll>s.  white  lead 
are  addoa  and  thoroughly  incorporated  ;  said  to  b«  very  hard  and 
permanent. 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEERS',   AC.,  RECEIPTS'.  425 

To  Mexd  Cracked  Cast-Irox  Vessels. — ^Drill  a  hole  at  each  ex- 
treme end  of  the  crack,  to  prevent  its  further  extension,  plug  rivet 
the  holes  "with  copper,  and,  -with  fine  iron  filings  saturated  with 
urine,  caulk  the  crack.  Four  pait3  of  pulverized  clay  and  one 
part  of  iron  filings  made  into  a  paste  vrith  boiling  linseed  oil  and 
applied  hot  is  a  good  cement  for  the  same  purpose. 

To  PRE^'E^-T  Ieox  Rrsxi::?G. — Give  it  a  coat  of  linseed  oU  and 
whiting,  mixed  together  in  the  form  of  a  -paste.  It  is  easily  removed 
and  will  preserve  iron  from  rusting  for  years. 

Glue  fok  LABELtrsG  on  Met-\xs.— BoCing  water,  1  gt. ;  pulver- 
ised borax,  2  ozs. ;  gum  shellac,  i  ozs.  Boil  till  dissolved.  Used  for 
attaching  labels  to  metals,  or  it  will  do  to  write  inscriptions  with, 
and  dust  or  dab  on  a  littie  bronze  powder  over  it,  vamishing  over 
file  bronze. 

Cemext  for  Petsoleum  Lajips.— Boil  3  parts  of  resin  witli  1 
part  of  caustic  soda  and  5  of  water.  The  comj^osition  is  then  mrsed 
with  half  its  weight  of  plaster  of  Paris,  and  gets  firmly  in  ^  to  |  of  an 
hour.  I{;  is  of  great  adhesive  power,  not  permeabl  e  to  petroleum,  a  low 
conductor  of  heat,  and  but  superficially  attacked  by  hot  water. 

For  LrxE,  or  cement  for  closing  joints  of  apparatus,  mix  Pans 
plaster  with  water  to  a  soft  paste,  and  apply  itatou;e.  It  bears  nearly 
a  red  heat.    To  render  it  impervious,  rn'j  it  over  with  wax  and  oil. 

Roman  Ceme>-t.— Slaked  lirr.e,  1  bush.,  green  copperas,  3^  lbs., 
fine  gi-avel  sand,  ^  bush.  Dissolve  the  co^reras  in  hotwater,  and  mix 
all  together  to  the  proper  consistency  for  u;o  ;  use  the  day  it  is  mixed 
tmd  keep  stirring  it  with  a  stick  while  in  use. 

Vicat's  Hydraulic  Ceme>"t  is  prepared  by  stirring  into  water 
a  mixture  of  4  parts  chalk  and  1  part  clay  ;  mix  with  a  vertical  wheel 
in  a  circular  trough,  letting  it  run  out  in'a  large  receiver.  A  deposit 
soon  takes  place  which  is  formed  into  ernall  bricks,  which  after  bc- 
hig  dried  in  the  sun,  are  moderately  calcined.  It  enlarges  about  | 
"when  mixed  with  water. 

Glue  to  Resist  Moisture. — Glue,  5  parts,  resia,  4  parts,  red 
ochre,  2  parts,  mix  with  the  smallest  possible  qriOntity  of  water. 

Cemext  to  Fasten  Leather  ox  Top  Rollers. — Gum  arabic,  2| 
ozs.,  L=iQglp.ss  2|  ozs.,  dissolve  each  separately  in  water  and  mix.' 

PARrrotEXT  Glue. — Parchment  shavings",  1  Ih.,  water,  6  qts. 
foil  till  dissolved,  strain  and  envaporate  to  "right  consistence. 

To  ATTACH  Glass  or  Metal  Letters  to  Pl.\te  Glass. — Copal 
▼amish,  15  parts ;  drying  oil,  5  parts ;  turpentine,  3  parts ;  oil  of  tur- 
pentine, 2  parts ;  liquefied  glue,  5  parts.  Heit  ia  a  water  bath  and 
add  10  parts  of  sLaked  lima 

Turxers'  Cemext.— Beeswax,  1  oz.;  resin,  ^  oz. ;  pitch,  ^  oz.; 
inelt,  and  stir  in  fine  brick  diist 

Baxk  Note  Glite.— Dissolve  1  lb.  of  fine  glue  or  gelatine  in  water; 
evaporate  it  tiU  most  of  the  water  is  exx>elled;  add  i  lb.  of  brown 
surar,  and  pour  it  into  moulds. 

Cejiext  fob  Electrical  Machtxes  a>t)  Galvanic  Troughs.— 
Melt  together  5  lbs.  of  resin  and  1  lb.  of  beeswax,  and  stir  in  1  lb.  of 
red  oclire  t  highly  dried  and  still  warm)  and  4  oz.  of  pLaster  of  Pari.'4, 
continuing  the  heat  a  little  alx)ve  2lL'°,  and  stirring  constantlv  till  all 
frothin>;  cea,-*es,  or  (for  troughs)  rosin,  6  lbs. ;  dried  red  ochre,  J  ^h., 
Cftldned  plaster  of  Iteis,  i  lb. ;  linseed  oil,  ^  lb. 


426       MACBrnaSTS  AXB  EI9'GrNXEES'  dbpaktment. 

Abchitectural  CE3rE>"r — 1.  Reduce  paper  to  a  smooth  paste  by  bofl« 
ing  it  in  water;  then  add  an  equal  weight  of  sifted  whiting  and  good  eizt' 
boil  to  a  proper  consistence.  2.  Paper  paste  and  size,  equal  parts ;  finely 
powdered  plaster  of  Paris  to  make  it  of  a  proper  consistence.  Use  it  aa 
Boon  as  mixed.  Can  be  used  in  making  architectural  busts,  etatues, 
columns,  &c.   It  is  light,  receives  a  good  pohsh,  but  will  not  stand  water. 

Alabastek  Cement. — 1.  Finely  powdered  plaster  of  Paris,  made  into 
a  paste  with  water.  2.  Melt  yellow  rosin,  or  equal  parts  yellow  rosin 
and  beeswax,  then  stir  in  half  as  much  finely  powdered  plaster  of  Paris. 
The  first  is  used  to  join  and  fit  together  pieces  of  alabaster  or  marble, 
or  to  mend  broken  plaster  figures.  The  secoud  is  to  join  alabaster, 
marble,  and  other  similar  substances  that  will  bear  being  heated. 

Frexch  Cemext  fok  Rooms. — A  coat  of  oxide  of  zinc ,  mixed  with 
gize,  made  up  like  a  wash ,  is  first  laid  on  the  wall,  ceiling,  or  wainscot,  and 
over  that  a  coat  of  chloride  of  zinc  applied,  prepared  in  the  same  way  as 
the  first  wash.  The  oxide  and  chloride  effect  an  immediate  combina- 
tion, and  form  a  kind  of  cement,  smooth  and  polished  as  glass,  and  said 
to  be  superior  to  plaster  of  Paris  for  coating  the  walls  of  rooms. 

Cemext  foe  Cloth  or  Leather. — Take  ale,l  pt. ;  best  Russia  isin- 
glass, 2  ozs. ;  put  them  into  a  common  glue  kettle  and  boil  until  the  isin- 
glass is  dissolved;  then  add  4  ozs.  of  the  best  common  glu«,  and  dissolve 
it  with  the  other  ;  then  slowly  add  IJ  ozs.  of  boiled  linseed  oil,  stirring  all 
the  time  while  adding,  and  imtil  well  mixed.  TMieu  cold  it  appears  like 
India  rubber.  To  use,  dissolve  what  you  need  in  a  suitable  quantity  of 
ale  to  have  the  consistence  of  thick  glue.  It  is  applicable  for  earthen- 
ware, china,  glass,  or  leather  ;  for  harness,  belts  for  machinery,  cloth 
belts  for  cracker  machines  for  bakers,  &c.  If  for  leather,  shave  off  as  if 
for  sewing,  apply  the  cement  with  a  brush  while  hot,  laying  a  weight  to 
keep  the  joint  firmly  pressed  for  G  to  10  hours,  or  over  night. 

CcTLERs'  Cemext. — Black  losin,  4  lbs. ;  beeswax,  1  lb. ;  melt  together 
and  add  1  lb.  finely  powdered  and  dried  brick-dust.  Used  for  fastening 
knives  and  forks  in  their  handles  when  they  become  loosened  by  use. 

Cemext  for  Fastexixg  Fibrous  Materials  to  Metals. — This 
can  be  effected  by  dissolving  glue  in  vinegar  by  heat  and  adding  one- 
third  of  its  volume  of  white  pine  pitch,  also  hot 

Good  Paste  that  will  Keep  a  Year. — Dissolve  a  teaspoonful  of 
alum  in  a  quart  of  warm  water.  When  cold,  stir  in  as  much  flour  as  will 
bring  it  to  the  consistence  of  cream,  being  particular  to  break  up  all  tha 
lumps  ;  next,  place  it  on  the  fire  and  allow  it  to  cook  gently  for  a  few 
minutes,  stirring  well  meanwhile;  add  2  teaspoonf  uls  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate, a  few  drops  of  carbolic  acid,  and  a  teaspoonful  of  oil  of  rose- 
mary, or  cloves,  or  lavender,  or  any  other  essential  oil,  stirring  in  well. 
Tkis  paste  will  keep  for  any  length  of  time  in  prime  condition. 

Mucilage. — Put  3  ozs.  of  gnm  arabic  in  an  earthen-ware  vessel  con- 
taining i  pt.  of  cold  water.  If  the  liquid  is  occasionally  stirred,  th€^ 
gum  in  24  hours  wiU  be  dissolved  and  ready  for  use. 

Cemext  to  Fasten  Rubber  to  Wood  or  Metal. — Soak  pulverized 
gum  shellac  in  10  times  its  wei^'ht  of  ammonia  ;  in  3  or  4  weeks  a  slim.v 
mass  is  obtained  which  will  become  liquid  without  the  use  of  hot  water  ; 
this  softens  the  rubber,  and  becomes,  after  vola-  ilization  of  the  ammonia, 
hard  and  impermeable  to  gases  and  fluids  whenever  it  is  used  on  rubber 
couuected  to  wood  or  metal,  .ts  in  steam,  or  other  apparatus. 

Imperishable  Putty. — Linseed  oil,  7  lbs.  ;  brown  umber,  4  lbs. ; 
boil  together  two  hunrs  ;  stir  in  2  oz.  beeswax,  remove  from  the  fira, 
aud  mix  in  5^  lbs  chalk  and  11  Ihs.  white  lead,  mixing  thoroughly. 

Cheap  Gold  V.ajrxish  fop.  Orx-^jiextal  Tix-Ware. — Turpentin* 
Tarnish,  2  gals.  ;  turrientine,  1  gal.  ;  asphaltnm,  1  giU  ;  umber,  8  oz. ; 
yellow  aoilinej  4  oz.  ;'  gamboge,  1  lb.    Boil  and  mis  for  10  hoon. 


MACHINISTS   AITD  ENGIXEERs'   DKPAKTMENT         427 


Temporary  Repairs  In  Locomotive  Break-downs 
on  the  Road. 

That  the  locomotive,  in  its  long  and  rapid  trips,  with  continual  oscilla- 
tion, jars,  and  heavy  shocks,  over  uneven  rails,  passing  around  curves 
and  sinuosities,  twisting  first  one  way  and  then  another,  should  meet 
■with  frequent  break-do\Tns,  is  a  matter  of  small  wonder.  The  real 
wonder  is  that  they  do  not  occur  more  frequently.  Much  of  this  im- 
munity from  accident  is  doubtless  owing  to  the  watchful  care  of  the 
men  to  whom  they  are  intrusted,  whose  perceptions  and  intuitions  are 
quickened  to  a  wonderful  degree  of  activity  by  the  peculiar  dangers 
which  beset  them  in  their  calling.  Among  the  emergencies  in  which  the 
locomotive  engineer  may  be  called  to  act,  the  following  may  be  noted  : 

1.  Bursiiyigofthe  Tubes  or  Hues. — The  temjx)rary  remedy  for  this  is 
to  drive  a  tapering  plug  of  pine  wood  iuto  the  ruptured  tube  by  ram- 
ming it  with  the  end  of  an  iron  bar.  "When  a  simple  leak  exists,  the 
plug  should  be  driven  into  the  tube  so  as  to  cover  the  fractured  part, 
where  the  action  of  the  steam  will  swell  the  plug,  causing  it  to  fit  tight 
juid  correct  the  trouble.  The  timber  used  should  be  well  seasoned,  and 
the  plugs  formed  a  trifle  too  small  for  the  tube  ;  the  expansion  due  to 
the  moisture  will  do  the  rest.  With  bursted  tubes  the  wooden  plugs 
should  be  followed  up  by  tapering  iron  plugs  driven  tight  into  the  flues. 
To  do  this  comfortably  it  will  be  necessary  to  repress  the  heat  in  the 
lamace  by  covering  the  fire  with  fresh  fuel  from  the  tender. 

2.  Thr'oicing  off  a  Driving  WJieel. — When  the  break  occurs,  as  is  fre- 
quently the  case, "just  out«ide  the  driving-axle  box,  remove  the  driving- 
box  and  substitute  in  its  place  a  substantial  piece  of  timber  fitted  to  use 
as  a  journal  bearing  for  the  axle.  Adjust  this  timber  on  the  pedestal  cap 
BO  as  to  sustain  the  axle  in  the  centre  of  the  pedestal.  By  cautions 
management,  disconnecting  the  valve  gearing,  securing  the  piston,  and 
opening  the  cylinder  cocks  as  before,  the  engine  may  be  run  slowly  to- 
wards its  destination. 

3.  Where  a  mieel  Tire  is  Thrown  OfT,  the  best  way  is  to  elevate  the 
dismantled  wheel  from  the  track  by  fitting  a  block  of  timber  into  the 
oil  cistern  of  the  driving-box;  when  this  is  done  connect  with  another 
engine  and  tow  the  disabled  machine  to  the  repair  shop  without  allow- 
ing the  tireless  wheel  to  touch  the  rails. 

4.  Heated  Axk-Boxcs. — This  trouble  is  frequently  detected  by  the 
odor  of  burning  oil.  In  this  case  the  speed  should,  if  possible,  be  re- 
duced, and  the  box  freely  lubricated ;  but  if  this  proves  of  no  avail,  a 
brisk  jet  of  cold  water  from  the  tank  should  be  directed  on  the  hot  box 
by  means  of  a  small  rubber  hose,  which  should  always  be  kept  on  hand 
for  such  emergencies.  To  avert  all  danger  from  tlie  fused  lining  metal 
of  the  brasses  becoming  brazed  to  the  journal  of  the  axle  the  engine 
should  be  kept  moving  very  slowly,  and  not  allowed  to  come  to  a  full 
etop  until  tlie  trouble  is  past. 

5.  Mlien  the  Piston-Bod  becomes  Heated,  the  remedy  is  to  loosen  the 
gland  sufQciently  to  permit  the  free  emission  of  steam  from  the  engine  cyl- 
inder through  the  packing.  Lubricate  freely  and  apply  water  with  the 
hose  as  above  noted,  while  nmiiing  slowly. 

6.  Broken  Crank  Piti. — Where  oulv  one  crank-pin  is  broken  remove 
the  parallel  or  coupling  rods  on  both  sides  of  the  engine,  and  if  the 
broken  crank-pin  belongs  to  the  driving-wheels,  remove  the  connecting 
rod  at  the  game  time,  open  the  cylinder  waste-water  cocks,  and  se- 
curely block  the  cross-head.  If  the  parallel  rods  on  both  sides  of  the 
engine  are  not  removed,  there  is  imminent  danger,  while  ruxmiog,  ot 
breaking  th^  remaining  crank-pins  on  the  opposite  side. 


tf28        MACHINISTS    A>*D   E^rGETEEES'  DEPARTMEin*. 

7.  Driving  out  the  Front  OyUnder-hcad. — Remove  th^connecting-rod 
on  the  disabled  side  of  the  eiigine,  and  detach  the  valve  motion,  either 
by  taking  down  the  eccentric  rod  straps  or  at  the  roclr-shaf t  ann.  Next, 
eet  the  valve  in  the  centre  of  its  travel.  ?o  as  to.  overlap  and  cover  both 
of  the  cylinder  eteam  ports,  bnt  -with  the  exhanst  port  open.  Then 
6rowd  the  back  towards  the  tender  as  far  as  it  will  go  and  proceed  with 
the  sound  cylinder. 

8.  Breaking  of  the  Piston-rcd. — ^The  provisional  remedy  for  this, 
where  the  cylinder-head  is  not  driven  out,  is  to  proceed  as  directed  in  tl:9 
last  noted  emergency.  Open  the  waste-water  cochs  of  the  disabled  cyl- 
inder to  check  any  leakage  of  rteam  past  the  slide  valve  from  graining 
idmissiou  to  the  cylinder  and  forcing  the  pistcn  against  the  cylinder- 
head  and  driving  it  ont.  Block  the  piston  securely  by  nieans  of  pieces 
of  timber  fitted  between  the  guide-bars,  so  as  to  extend  between  the 
gnide-yoke  and  cross-head. 

9.  BroTcen  Spring  or  Spring-Hanger. — Apply  the  jacks  and  raise  the 
engine  nntil  the  axle-box  of  the  driving-whcelii;  nearly  in  the  centre  of 
the  pedestal,  then  place  a  suitable  piece  of  iron  crosswise  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  driving-ar-le  box,  but  between  it  and  the  engine  frame,  so 
as  to  rest  the  weight  of  the  engine  on  the  frame  and  relieve  the  spring. 
To  prevent  the  movement  of  the  equalising  bar,  and  t<i  jiermit  the  opera- 
tion of  the  spring  at  the  other  end  of  the  said  bar  without  moving  it,  a 
piece  of  iron  should  be  placed  between  the  bar  and  the  top  of  the  engine 
inure. 

10.  Breaking  cf  Piston-Bod  from  ihe  Cross-Head. — ^In  this  case  the 
piston  may  be  removed  from  the  cylir.'.ler,  or  immovably  bi^iced  against 
the  front  cylinder-head,  as  may  be  most  convenient  It  matters  not  if  it 
does  leak  a  little  steam. 

11.  Breaking  a  Lifting  Link  or  the  Saddle  Pin  Connecting  the  RC' 
"^Kr^e  Shaft  to  the  Slot-Lbik. — The  temporary  remedy  for  this  accident  is 

to  fit  a  piece  of  wood  and  fasten  it  with  stcitt  twine  on  the  top  of  the  die 
or  link-block.  It  should  be  of  suScicnt  length  to  keep  t!;e  link  in  proper 
position  for  duty  in  running  the  train.  Xext,  secnre  another  piece  of 
«rood  (by  the  same  means  as  the  last  noted)  in  the  link-flot  below  the 
die  or  sflding-block,  to  fasten  that  block  in  the  right  jx^ition  to  alloi^ 
the  engine  to  rim.  As  th.e  engine  cannot  be  reversed  on  the  disabled 
side,  the  driver  must  exercise  double  caution  in  stopping. 

12.  Sli'i-pirig  of  the  Eccentrics. — The  provi;::onal  remedy  for  this  ac- 
cident is  as  follows :  Place  the  reverse  lever  in  the  end  notch  of  the  sector 
forward  and  place  the  driving  crank-pin  or  engine-crank  as  nearly  on  a 
dead  centre  as  iwssible,  opening  the  waste-water  cocks  at  both  ends  of 
the  cylinder.  Xow  detach  the  rocker-arm  from  tl;e  slide-valve  spindle,  and 
movi  the  latter  until  the  opening  of  the  cylinder  rteam-port.  ccrre.=ponding 
to  the  end  of  the  cylinder  at  which  the  pi.-ton  Ftiin(!3,'wnl  be  shown  by 
the  emission  of  steam  through  the  waste-water  cock  at  that  end  of  the 
cylinder  ;  the  throttle-valve  being  slightly  of  enc^i  to  admit  a  small  qtian- 
tit}-  of  steam  to  the  cylinder  and  steam-chest,  for  if  a  large  sur^ply  en- 
tered it  would  be  liable  to  pass  through  leaks  in  the  piston  and  theur-e 
through  both  of  the  waste-water  cylinder-cocks.  Tl:e  position  of  th.9 
valre  being  now  ascertained,  the  eccentric  is  next  moved  upon  tha 
driviug-axle,  and  adjusted  so  tliat  the  v.ilve-s*  indie  will  connect  with,  tha 
rocker-arm  without  being  moved,  or  moving  the  valve  at  alL  Siiil  r.n- 
other  temporary  remedy  is  t'.:is  :  Set  the  reverse  lever  in  th.e  forward 
notch,  place  thecrank  on  its  forward  dead  centre,  and  slacken  the  sct- 
acrew  of  the  eccentric  which  connects  to  th.e  npper  end  of  the 
link  :  the  forward  eccentric.  This  ecceutricmust  now  be  moved  round 
tipon  the  axle  until  the  slide-valve  causes  the  ster.ra-port  at  the  front  end 
of  the  cylinder  to  open  suffid""*''"  *'*  *■" — i  the  re<jQired  amonnt  of 


VACniKISTS    AND    EXGIXEEKS'    EEPAETMENT.  429 

*^]f&  ■'ead.  To  accomplish  tlie  desired  results,  the  eccentric  must  be 
moved  as  it  operates  when  the  eugine  is  going  ahead.  The  ecceutiic 
being  thus  properly  adjusted  iu  position,  it  should  be  firmly  secured  by 
means  of  its  set-screw.  If  the  rear  eccentric  becomes  loose,  place  the  re» 
verse  lever  in  the  backward  Qotch,  and  elevate  the  link  so  that  the  eo- 
centric  connected  to  tiic  lower  end  of  tiie  link  may  be  pT0[ierly  adjusted, 
moving  it  around  on  the  axle  as  it  operates  when  the  engine  is  running 
backwards,  until  the  rear  cylinder-cock  is  open  to  the  required  amount 
of  valve  lead,  -when  it  must  be  secured  as  above  noted. 

How  TO  Shapf,  a  Sailing  Vessel  or  STEAaiEK. — The  model  of  a  vessel 
is  iu  every  case  determined  by  the  nature  of  the  traffic  for  -which  she  is  des- 
tined, the  motive  pov.er  by  which  she  will  be  im^ielled,  and  tlie  character  of 
the  waters  she  is  intended  to  navigate.  For  shallow  ports  and  rivers,  bL© 
mtist  be  fiat-bottomed  and  of  light  drnuglit.  If  slie  is  to  navigate  northern 
seas,  she  must  be  constructed  to  encounter  and  outride  the  fearful  gales  and 
tremendous  storms  of  frequent  occurrence.  Ic  sho  is  to  visit  tropical  climates 
and  follow  the  great  marine  highways  of  commerce  in  deep  water  from 
ocean  to  ocean,  she  must  be  equally  ada;.>ted  for  conflict  with  the  tropical 
hun-icane  and  the  freezing  gales  of  the  noith.  It  is  a  fact  that  the  first-class 
iron  steamers  which  ply  between  New  York  and  the  v.arious  Eiropcan  ports 
have  proved  themselves  abundantly  capable,  where  no  serious  derangement 
is  sustiiined  by  the  machinery,  of  coming  safely  into  port  throngh  the  worst 
possible  kind  of  weather.  Even  contrary  wmds  have  the  beneficial  effect  ci 
quickening  the  draught  of  the  furnaces,  and  tlius  increasing  the  speed  of  the 
vessel.  This  wonderful  endurance  and  nice  adaptiition  to  duty  is  no  chamo 
work  ;  it  is  the  result  of  design— the  careful  adjustmci(t  of  forces,  and  tha 
closest  calculation  on  the  i)art  of  the  designer. 

It  a  vessel  is  to  be  impelled  by  the  wind,  she  v.iil  have  one  shape  ;  if  by 
steam,  and  with  paddles,  quite  another  ;  and  .still  another  if  a  propeller. 
There  is  a  vast  discrepancy  between  the  graceful  curves  and  swe'ling  lines 
of  a  first-class  excursion  steamer  and  the  unwieldy,  cumbrous  form  of  the 
collier,  yet  each  vessel  is  specially  designed  for  its  particular  vocation. 

The  character,  cost,  length,  width,  dei)tli,  and  capacity  of  the  vessel  being 
determined,  the  first  step  is  to  make  the  model.  To  do  this  a  number  &f 
pieces  of  well-sensoned,  select  pieces  of  wood,  of  a  uniform  thickness,  aie 
ch'isen.  The  size  may  be  from  4  to  7  ins.  wide,  and  from  18  ins.  to  3  ft.  in 
lengtJi.  An  equal  number  of  pieces  of  veneer,  of  a  corresponding  size,  are 
ne^'t  selected,  of  a  color  contra.sting  with  th;;t  of  the  boards  previously 
cho.^cii.  The  boards  aie  now  carefully  adjusted  over  eacli  other,  with  a 
veneer  between  each,  and  the  whole  are  glued  together,  and  submitted  to 
pressure,  so  as  to  make  a  solid,  compact  block  of  the  whole.  From  this  block 
the  de.-;igner  forms  the  model  of  one  side  of  the  hull  of  the  projected  vessel, 
for  as  both  sides  will  be  exactly  alike,  there  is  no  use  for  rejiresenting  more 
than  one-half  of  the  hull.  The  greatest  caie  and  the  nicest  calculation  must 
be  used  in  order  to  render  the  form  of  the  blocic  an  exact  counterpart  of  the 
liuU  of  the  future  .shin,  as  in  building  tlie  latter  every  part  must  be  e/^n- 
6t!' icted  to  conf<n-m,  in  the  minutest  particulars,  to  the  model.  It  will  be 
seen  from  this  that  every  thing  relating  to  the  ship's  cajiacity ,  speed,  draught, 
SHlety,  &c.,  depends  upon  tlie  ability,  forethought,  and  prescience  of  the  de- 
signs iu  calculating  every  possible  contingency  relating  to  the  displacement 
of  v/;;ter,  draught,  buoyancy,  the  force  of  tlie  wind  and  waves,  &c.  If  the 
f ut;no  vessel  be  intended  for  a  steamoT;  the  designer  mu?;t  be  ab^C  t/>  calcn- 
liite  the  proper  degree  of  immersion  for  the  paddles  or  snl^w^rsi-^i  for  tho 
projieller,  as  either  of  the  two  iO&f  be  used  for  piopuiwoiij  VltU  MjiJaeroua 
other  minor  detiiil&i 


430  MX0HIKI6TS  AKO    EKOIKEEBS*  DOFABTMElTIk 


JAMES  WATT. 

Anong  the  benefactors  of  humanity,  whose  labors  have  conduced  to  rendar 
the  latent  forceg  of  nature  subservient  to  the  uses  of  mankind,  the  nanie  ot 
James  Watt  holds  preeminent  rank.  The  following  epitaph  is  inscribed  on  th« 
pedestal  of  Chantry's  statue  of  Watt  in  Westminster  Abbey ; 

Not  to  perpetuatb  a  kame,  which  must  endure  while  the  peackfuXi 
abt8  flourish,  but  to  show  that  mankind  have  learnt  to  honor  th08h 
who  bk8t  debekvb  their  gratitude,  the  king,  his  mihistibs,  and 
makt  of  the  n0blk8  and  commoners  of  the  bkalm,  raised  this  monu- 
MENT TO  JAMES  WATT,  who  directing  the  force  of  an  orioinal  genius, 

ZABLT  KXEBCIBED  IN   PHILOSOPEaC   RESEARCH,  TO   THE  IMPROVEMENT  OF  THH 

BTEAM  ENGINE,  enlarged  the  resources  of  his  countbx,  imcrkabed 

THX  power  of  MAN,  AND  ROSE  TO  AN  EMINENT  PLACE  AMONG  THE  ILLUSTRIOUS 
rOLLOWERS  OF  8CIENCB   AND   THE   REAL  BENEFACTORS  OF  THE  WORLD.      BORS 

AT  Oresnook,  1736.    Died  at  Heathfield,  in  Staffordshire,  1819. 

In  1764,  Watt  constructed  the  first  steam  enpine  of  real  practical  value  eref 
made  in  England,  and  in  1786  he  patented  and  introduced  the  first  non-oondena- 
ing  engine.  This  improvement  consisted  in  his  discovery  of  the  power  of  cold 
water  to  condense  steam,  and  he  applied  this  means  in  a  separate  vess^J. 
Four  ounces  of  water  will,  in  a  eecond,  condense  800  feet  of  steam,  and  reduc* 
their  expansive  force  to  one-fifth. 

The  Watbrous  Engine  Wobkb  Co.'s  High  Pressttbb  Bngiots,  repre- 
Bented  in  the  cut,  is  in  very  extensive  use  in  Canada,  and  is  credited  with  fijst- 
class  performances.  The  improved  Govenwr  used  on  this  enprine  is  superior  t« 
fcioet  of  the  best  kinds  now  manufactured  in  its  controlling  and  regulating 
RCtion,  combined  with  easy  adjustment.  Outer  bearings  are  added  to  the  valve 
epmdles,  and  brass  glands  to  the  stuffing  boxps.  which  are  held  to  place  with  >» 
cap  screwed  on,  thiu  obvlatiiig  uny  liabiUty  to  get  y:.t  of  line.     The  pistoa 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPAETMENT.      433 


432      MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS'   DEPAETMENT. 


rods  and  crank-pins  are  of  steel,  and  all  valve  spindles  and  engiot 
bolts  are  made  of  Lowmoor  iron. 

The  above  noted  engine  most  not  be  confounded  with  the  20  and 
25-horse  power  direct  action  portable  engines  manufactured  by  the 
same  company,  so  well  known  and  so  extensively  used  in  driving  saw 
mills,  and  performing  work  connected  with  ship  buUding  in  the 
JIaratime  Pro\Tnces,  and  other  parts  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada^ 
These  engines  and  miUs  are  considered  by  many  who  use  them  as 
marvels  of  perfection,  several  parties  ha\-irig  sent  in  attestations  of 
having  performed  nearly  double  the  work  gxiaranteed  ty  the  com- 
pany. 


RICHAED'S  INDICATOR,  BT  ELLIOT  BROTHERS,  LONDQ}^. 

The  above  cut  represents  a  Richards  Steam  Engine  Indicfttor, 
eousisting  ol  a  cylinder  cunt;iiuing  an  accurately  adjusted  piston,  tha 
upper  side  of  which  is  always  exposed  to  the  do-svnward  pressure  of 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT.       433 

the  atmosphere,  and  fitted  with  a  stiff  spiral  spring  of  known  Btrength 
to  resist  the  upward  movement  of  the  steam  when  it  operates  from 
beneath.  The  indications  of  the  instrument  are  exhibited  by  means 
of  a  pencil  connected  with  the  piston  and  operated  by  the  fluctuating 
pressure  of  tlie  steam,  whereby  the  pencil  is  compelled  to  move  up  or 
down  in  a  vertical  direction,  aad  describe  a  line  on  a  piece  of  paper 
placed  on  the  card  barrel  or  drum  sho\vii  in  the  cut,  with  the  gradu- 
ated scale,  the  drum  in  the  meantime  bemg  compelled  to  move  hither 
and  thither  on  its  axis  by  means  of  a  cord  connecting  it  with  a  suit- 
able part  of  the  engine  operating  to  draw  it  one  way  against  the  ten- 
sion of  a  spring  during  the  forward  stroke  of  tlie  engine,  the  back- 
ward movement  of  the  drum  towards  its  original  position  being 
effected  by  the  operation  of  the  spring  while  the  cord  is  relaxed  dur- 
ing the  return  stroke  of  the  engine.  The  piston  to  which  the  pencil 
is  attached,  is  very  light,  has  very  little  friction,  smaU  momentum, 
and  very  limited  motion,  the  spring  on  the  upper  part  being  quite 
etiff  and  rigid,  and  so  graduated  in  strength  that  a  variation  in  the 

Eressure  of  1  lb.  to  the  square  inch  will  force  the  pencil  up  or  down  a, 
efinite  part  of  an  inch.  The  indicator  is  intended  to  exhibit  the 
pressure  of  steam  in  the  cylinder  at  every  part  of  the  piston's  travel, 
and  thus  show  the  actual  or  indicated  horse-power.  In  applying  the 
indicator  to  horizontal  <;ylinders,  tlie  proper  place  for  insertion  is  on 
the  upper  side,  near  the  ends,  but  averted  as  much  as  possible  from 
the  steam  ports,  as  the  rushing  steam  has  a  tendency  to  derange  tha 
indications.  Vertical  cylinders  should  be  tapped  at  the  upper  end, 
and  the  indicator  cock  screwed  in,  or  tl;e  aperture  in  which  the  oil 
cup  is  inserted  maybe  used  for  that  purpose;  for  the  lower  end,  drill 
through  the  side  of  the  cylinder,  and  insert  a  tube  with  the  end  bent 
upwards  for  the  reception  of  the  indicator  cock.  The  indicator  be- 
ing in  position,  a  cord  (fine  wire  is  preferable),  from  tlie  paper  barrel 
is  attached  to  a  "  reducing  wheel,"  which  is  secured  to  some  part  of 
the  en'nne  frame;  another  cord  connects  the  reducing  wheel  with  the 
piston  head  ;  the  inter\-ention  of  this  wheel  is  necessary  in  order  to 
diminish  or  reduce  the  long  movement  of  the  piston  to  a  suflScient 
extent  to  conform  to  the  small  size  of  the  instrument  used.  The 
connection  being  complete,  and  tlie  engine  m  motion,  the  paper  bar- 
rel will  commence  to  revolve  ^-ith  the  forward  movement  of  the 
piston,  in  antasonism  to  the  tension  of  the  coiled  spring  above  noted, 
when  ihe  cordis  relaxed  bv  the  return  stroke  of  the  piston,  the  paper 
barrel,  operated  bv  the  sprinc,  will  resume  its  original  position,  and 
this  motion  wiU  continue  as  long  as  may  be  desirable.  The  pencil, 
if  now  allowed  to  press  npon  the  moving  pnper,  will  descnbe  a 
Btraight  horizontal  line,  called  the  atmospheric  Ime.  On  the  admis- 
sion of  ste.im  bv  turaing  the  tap  of  the  indicator,  this  horizontal 
motion  will  snddenlv  change  into  an  upward  cr  downward  move- 
ment, just  as  the  piston  in  the  indicator  is  driven  upwards  by  tne 
steam  or  downwards  bv  the  atmosphere,  as  either  gains  the  ascend- 
ancy; and  the  pencil  will  describe,  on  the  moving  paper,  a  space  or 
oatiine,  compoimded  of  the  two  motions,  called  an  indicator  diagram, 
each  point  in  the  course  of  which  will  determine,  by  its  elevation  or 
depression  above  the  atmospheric  line,  the  exact  amount  of  pressure 
in  that  part  of  the  cvlinder  during  each  part  of  tlie  forward  and  re- 
turn stroke.  Many  prefer  to  trace  the  indicator  diagram  previovw  W 
tracing  the  atmoapheric  Uiie>. 


43-i    MACHnasTS  axd  esgineess'  depabtmemt. 

In  dJagram  E,  the  atmospheric  line  A  B,  described  by  the  pencft 
^thout  steam,  is  equivalent  to  the  stroke  of  the  piston,  which  may 
be  divided  into  a,«  many  aliquot  parts  as  there  are  inches  in  the  stroke 
of  the  piston.  Perpendiculars  raised  on  this  line  will  cut  the  diagram 
at  points  indicating  the  corresix>nding  pressure.  The  cnr\-ed  lina 
A  B,  traced  by  the  peucU,  exhibits  the  var\  uig  pre-ssure  of  the  steam 
daring  the  steam  stroke,  in  the  direction  A  B.  aud  during  the  return 
stroke  B  A;  the  continuation  B  C  A  represents  similarly  the  back 
pressure  due  to  incomplete  exhaust.  The  curve  is  thus  arranged  to 
begin  and  end  in  itseK.  and  it  plainly  represents  the  pressure  of  the 
fteam  on  one  side  of  the  piston  during  a  double  stroke.  Divide  the 
base  line  into  inches  of  stroke,  say  20,  and  at  each  division  draw 
vertical  lines ;  similarly  draw  lines  "parallel  to  the  atmospheric  lina 
«t  equal  distances,  of  say  10  lbs.  pressure  by  the  indicator  scale  ;  th* 
force  of  steam  at  all  rKjiuts  of  the  stroke  will  be  obvious. 


TlxparisiOft  -< «t  Starting 

Corner  ^t earn  Stroke       Comer 


j    j     ^  1    1^ 

_u"±:  "  :::^:3| 

4-       t       7       _  7 

2           J 

JJ-L-^^                     / 

/T       '                                              J( 

^             -                     '            ^-^\    1 

.Eduction  H^oAm 

^  Cvrner-  'Vd.cu-u-m'I/ine       Corner 


Metum  Stroke. 


To  Compvte  the,  Poxrer  of  the  Diar/ram—Set  down  the  length  ol 
the  spaces  formed  by  the  vertical  lines  from  the  base,  in  measure- 
ments of  a  scale  accompanying  the  indicator,  and  on  whiih  a  10th  of 
an  inch  usually  represents  a  pound  of  pi-essiire;  add  np  the  total 
length  of  all  the  spaces,  and  divide  bv  the  number  of  spaces,  which 
will  give  the  mean  length,  or  the  mean  pre.-snre  uix)n  the  pi.*ton  in 
pounds  per  square  inch;  multiply  the  area  of  the  piston  in  square 
mches  by  the  pressure  in  pounds  i>er  square  inch,  and  by  the  ei>eed 
of  the  piston,  in  feet,  per  minute,  and  divide  bv  33.000,  wbicb  gJTe« 
the  actiml  number  of  horses' yower. 


MACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEERS*    DEPARTMENT.      435 


At  such  times  a  register  should  be  used  to  count  the  number  of 
revolutions  per  minute.  Note  the  size  of  the  poits,  the  form  and 
kind  of  engme,  the  lap  and  lead  of  the  valve,  the  exhaust  lead,  the 
pressure  of  steam  in  the  boiler,  diameter  of  cylinder,  number  of 
strokes  per  minute,  the  diameter  and  length  of  steam  pipe,  the  point 
of  cut-off,  the  heiglit  of  the  barometer  and  temperature  of  the  engine 
room;  and  the  vacuum  by  gauge,  the  temperature  of  the  hot-well, 
and  that  of  the  injection  water,  if  the  operation  has  been  performed 
on  a  condensing  engine.  To  take  a  diagram  with  absolute  truth  it 
is  necessary  to  operate  at  each  end  of  tlie  cylinder. 

Power  Reqtjibed  for  Various  Purposes. — 

To  drive  a  20  to  30  inch  circular  saw,  4  to  6  horse  power- 
"  32  to  40  "  "  10!        "        u 


32  to  40 
48  to  50 
50toG2 


12 
15 
25 


POWER  XECKSSARY  TO  GRiyP  GRAHi  WITH  PORTABLE  MILLS 


Horse 

Revolutions 

Bushels  Corn 

Bushels  of 

Power, 

per 

Ground 

Wheat  Ground 

Minute. 

per  Hour. 

per  Hour. 

2to  4 

12-inch. 

800  to  900 

Ito   4 

1  to   3 

4  to   6 

20    " 

650  to  700 

5  to   8 

4to    H 

6to   S 

30    " 

550  to  600 

10  to  15 

7  to  10 

8tol2 

36    " 

450  to  500 

18  to  25 

12  to  15 

12tol5 

48    " 

350  to  400 

25  to  So 

15  to  18 

S.\w  Machixe  for  SToyES.—Soft  Sand  Stone :  Breadth  of  «;aw- 
cut,  i  inch;  time  required  to  saw  10  square  feet, 5 minutes  25  seconds- 
nower  expended,  4.54  horses,  Hard  Sand  Stone:  breadth  of  cut' 
i  inch;  tmie  employed  to  cut  10  square  feet,  1  hour  37  mmutes;  pow! 
er  required.  2  horses.  In  sawing  stone  the  labor  on  calcareous  stones 
is  as  45  to  50;  on  granite,  as  500  to  700;  on  porphyry  1,200.  A  mar. 
ble  saw  requires  half  a  horse  power. 

W\T^R  WonKH. —(Molesworth.)—!  gal.  of  water  -  0  Ifi  cubic  ft.  ap 
proximately :  1  cubic  foot  of  water  =  &l  gallons  a^proximateYv 

manufacturing  towns;  20  gallons  per  lav  in  m'^nnfaotnrh"  town  "  T^ 
mam  should  be  large  enough  for  double  the  nnial  nnanti™  °  Sounding 
EnXnT  Se^"'4"  f  "'!*  '?  ^'^'^  ^"^'''>'  in  thl  \^'ss  ^ainy  dfsS  h! 
St  6-IOth.f  ^  fh^t-^'r,?-^  '"'"^'''''  ^  ^■'^^■*''  ^"PP^:^-    <^"  *he  average, 

i^TS^oit'Sird^tfc-'l'T!!-., s,p„c„.. 

u  „  inspring 3a  "  « 

„  m  summer 2  "  " 

4— ,-«-.«    «^  in  autumn 4s  «'  « 

Arerage  of  fhe  year ^  «  « 

flRllonri^^r^J^J^J^^':^^''--^  VqiiareWd'oif' filter' for  evory  70» 
E^Tid  fi^t.^f^T.'  ^?''T^  ""f  2  f*  6  '""•  of  fi"e  Band,  6  in.  of  com- 
mon  sand,  6  ins.  of  sheila.  2  ft.  6  ins.  of  gravel. 

Perf()rated  pipes  to  be  laid  in  the  lowest  stratum. 
^fiirJlT'^-^-  ^ATER   Pn>Ks._An  excellent  material  for  nnitin* 
1  ™Ji!^y^  ■"  '^  P'i^PJ^^d  by  combining  4  parfc*  of  Portland  cement  and 
1^  Of  unslacked  lime,  mixed  together  in  small  portions  in  a  stout 
wonar,  adding  enough  water  to  permit  it  to  te  reduced  to  a  eoft  paet^. 


436      MACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT. 


THE  ALLEN  HIGH  PRESSURE  CUT-OFF  ENGINE. 

The  engine  represented  above  is  constructed  in  the  best  manner,  and 
valuable  impro-vements  have  been  introduced  with  a  view  to  attain  a 
very  high  speed  and  thus  ensure  immense  power  in  a  limited  spsice. 
The  travel  of  the  piston  is  from  600  to  800  ft.  per  minute,  and  tha 
engine  is  constructed  of  the  best  material,  and  is  of  excellent  design 
throughout. 

Hampsox  and  Whitehill's  Hioh  Pressure  Enoine. — This 
massive  and  powerful  engine  (see  cut)  is  in  quite  extensive  use,  and 
is  noted  for  its  substantial  construction,  its  excellent  valve  arrange- 
ment, powerful  governor,  economical  expansion  gear,  and  many  other 
valuable  points. 

The  following  Tablb  shows  the  Dimension's,  Power,  Wbioht, 
&o.,  of  different  kinds  op  Portable  Steam  Engines  ANa 
Boilers.— ffaswell. 


Power. 

Cylinder. 

Driving  or  Fly 
Wheels. 

Weight  of 
Engine  and 

Nom- 

Act- 

a      M 

a 

ReYolu- 

Boiler. 

inal. 

ual.* 

1       ^ 

S        g 

tions. 

«       ^ 

S      ^ 

ins. 

lbs. 

4 

4.7 

4  X  10 

2y2X    6 

175 

2,800 

5 

7.3 

5  X  10 

3X7 

175 

3,200 

7 

10.5 

6  X  10 

S'/aX    7 

175 

4,200 

8 

14.3 

7  X  10 

3%X    8 

175 

4,900 

12 

19.2 

8  X12 

4X8 

150 

6,100 

15 

24.3 

9X  12 

6X9 

150 

6,900 

20 

30.9 

10  X  16 

6     X  10 

116 

11,200 

25 

36.3 

11X18 

6     X  10 

100 

12,.';0« 

30 

43.2 

12X18 

6     X  12 

100 

13,800 

40 

58.8 

14X18 

7    X  14 

100 

16,700 

*  Computed  at  60  lbs.  pressure.  All  the  Portable  Engines  kave  tw»  If 
wtjeele,  or  Driving  pulleys. 


MACHUJISTS    AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPABTH*««,       437 


4S8      MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS*  DEPARTMENT, 


The  Baxter  Poetable  Steam  Engine,  as  mantifactured  b^ 
the  Colt  Arms  Co.  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  is  made  of  five  sizes,  embracing 
two,  four,  six,  eight,  and  ten-horse  power,  respectively,  is  certainly 
one  of  the  most  complete,  unique,  smiple,  ana  economical  portable 
engines  ever  constructed.  It  is  too  weli  known  to  require  a  detaUed 
descri  on;  but  two  illustrations  are  presented  herewith,  the  first 
ahowi  g  a  front  ^iew  of  the  exterior  part,  and  the  other  exhibiting  a 
•ectiooai  Tiew  of  the  plain  boiler  Xor  Uie  two-hoibe  power  engiue. 


The  larpept  size  hns  a  bursting  strength  corresponding'  to  600  lbs. 
to  the  square  inch,  whei-e^is  the  working  pressure  is  about  70  lbs. ;  the 
Bmallert  size  a  burstin?  strength  of  1000  lbs.,  and  a  worlcing  pressure 
of  about  90  lbs.  All  the  heating  surfaces  are  below  the  water  line, 
•which  ensures  safety  to  tlie  boiler.  The  circulation  of  the  vrater  withia 
the  boiler  is  perfect,  thus  holding  the  sediment  in  suspension,  so  that 
it  may  be  expelled  by  blowing  out  The  cylinder  aud  its  pai-ts  are 
kept  hot  by  immersion  in  the  steam,  so  that  no  caloric  is  lost,  and  th« 
^toA  has  a  vertical  movement,  ^o  that  th«t«  is  but  Uttle  wear  and 


MACHINISTS    A.ND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT,      439 

tear  resulting  froin  friction.  It  is  hardly  possible  to  explode  the 
boiler  in  any  contingency,  and  100  lbs.  of  coel  will  nm  a  four-horse 
engine  for  10  hours.  The  whole  machine  is  composed  of  about  130 
component  parts,  all  interchangeable,  so  that  each  article  can  be  fur- 
nished by  the  manufacturer,  as  it  may  be  required  to  effect  repairs 
rendered  necessary  by  wear  or  breakage.  The  engine  has  a  piston 
speed  of  about  200  feet  per  minute,  the  diameter  of  the  piston  is  about 
the  same  as  the  length  of  the  stroke,  Jind  the  valve  arrangement  is 
most  complete. 

Gkiffith  and  Wedge's  Vertical  Portable  Enqiite. — ^The 
engine  represented  below  presents  a  combination  of  many  valuabl* 
features,  among  others,  the  mini- 
mum of  friction,  owing  to  the 
vertical  position  of  the  cylinder, 
an  improvement  wliich  is  quite  a 
novelty  on  engines  of  this  de- 
scription, and  effectually  pre- 
vents the  unequal  wear  of  the 
cylinder  and  piston  to  which  all 
horizontal  engines  are  liable. 
The  whole  mechanical  arrange- 
ments are  most  complete,  and  so 
efficient  that  it  can  be  driven  from 
875  revolutions,  the  proper  speed 


GRIFFITH  AND  WEDGE'S  VERTICAL  PORTABLE  ENGINE. 


for  saw  milla,  to  460  revolutions  per  minute,  without  overtaskiog  th« 
boiler. 


440       ICACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEEBS'    DEFARTMBNT. 


ROBEfiT  FULTOX, 


THE  PIOiraEK  OF   STEAM  NAVIGATION  IN  AM£BICA> 

While  Robert  Fnlton  was  in  Encland,  convertina;  a  p^JHMilation  into 
s  realitv.  he  was  on  friendly  intercourse  with  Sir  R.  Pliillips.  to  whom 
lie  wrote  a  triumphant  letter  on  the  evenin?  of  his  first  voyage  on  the 
Hudson.  This  letter  was  shown  to  Earl  Sfcinhone  and  four  or  five 
eminent  engineers,  but  treated  with  scorn  as  descrintive  of  an  impos 
sibility.  Sir  R.  Phillips  then  advertit^ed  for  a  company  to  repeat  on 
the  Thame.«  what  had  been  done  on  the  Hudson,  but  ho  obtained 
only  two  ten-pound  conditional  subscribers,  after  expending  soma 
pounds  in  advertising!  He  then  printed,  with  coir.mendation.  Ftn> 
ton's  letter  in  the  Monthly  Maciazine  and  his  credulity  was  general- 
ly reprobated.  Then,  for  several  years,  the  American  accounts  were 
treated  as  falsehoods,  till  a  man  nuned  himsell  by  launching  a  vesfMl 


MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS*   DEPARTMENT.      441 

en  the  Clvde.  Three  Scotchmen  afterwards  made  exi>eriments.  !V 
was  however,  a  mere  speculation  until  taken  up  by  Fulton  in  1806-7, 
and'introduced  on  the  American  rivers.  Thence  Bell  introduced  it  to 
the  Clyde.  At  first  every  one  derided  the  iflventor  as  well  as  the  in- 
vention, being  afraid  to  trust  themselves  on  the  boat  The  ignoble 
treatment  accorded  bv  America  to  the  memory  of  her  noble  son.  the 
generous  Fulton,  is  a  blot  most  foul  uixjn  her  banner.  Hundreds  of 
Siousands  now  avail  themselves  of  the  great  invention  which  his 
genius  brought  to  light,  on  the  waters  and  wharves  where  70  years 
ago,  during  his  life  time,  the  name  of  the  poor  unrequited  inventor 
•was  a  laughing  stock  and  a  bye-word.  It  is  but  a  few  days  ago  that 
a  relation  appeared  in  the  X^eio  York  Svn,  giving  an  account  of  the 
accidental  discovery  of  his  bones  m  a  vault,  where,  as  we  now  learn, 
they  had  beeu  granted  a  temporary  resting  place  by  the  favor  of  the 
owner,  and  finally  forgotten. 

Sugar  Mill  for  C.xkes.— A  S-cylinder  mill,  "with  rollers  5^  ft. 
Ion"-,  30  ms.  diam.,  and  making  2^  turns  per  minute,  driven  by  an 
cn<nne  of  2o  to  30  horse  power,  will  express  the  juice  out  of  100  tons 
of  "canes  in  12  to  15  hours.  An  acre  of  land  produces  from  10  to  20 
tons  of  canes,  according  to  the  age  and  locality  of  the  canes.  The 
juice  stands  from  8  to  12  of  the  sacchrometer,  accordmg  to  the  locality. 
The  product  in  sugar  vaiies  from  6  to  10  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of 
the  canes,  according  to  the  locality  and  mode  of  manufacture.  Well 
constructed  mills  give  in  juice  from  00  to  TO  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of 
the  canes,  and  one  main  condition  of  efficiency  is,  that  the  rollers 
shall  travel  slowly,  as  with  too  great  a  speed  the  juice  has  not  time 
to  separate  itself  from  the  woodv  refuse  of  the  cane,  and  much  of  it 
is  reabsorbed.  To  defecate  S30  gnls.  of  juice.  6  boilmg  pans  or  caul- 
drons are  required,  4  scum  presses,  and  10  filters,  and  to  granulate 
the  sugar,  2  vacuum  pans,  6h  feet  diam.,  are  reqiured,  with  two  con- 
densers, and  it  is  better  also'to  have  two  air  pumps  The  steam  for 
boUing  the  liquor  in  the  vacuum  pans  is  generated  m  3  cylindrical 
boilerl,  each  6  ft.  in  diam.  To  whiten  the  sugar,  there  are  10  centri- 
fugal machines,  driven  by  a  12  h.  p.  engine,  which  also  drives  a  pair 
of  cnishing  ToWem.—Bmirne.  .  .  ^„ 

On,  MiLL.-Weight  of  edge  runners.  6.000  lbs. ;  number  of  turns 
of  the  vertical  spindle  per  minute,  6:  weight  of  seed  lutroduced  every 
?0  mfnutes.  55  lbs. :  wiight  of  seed  crushed  daJy  3  300  lbs, ;  product 
in  oil  in  12  hours,  1.320  lbs. :  power  expended,  2<2  horses 

Hydrostatic  Press.— 30  hales  of  cotton  per  hovr  Enpne  (high 
pressure  ci,Under),  10 ins.  diam.;  stroke  of  piston,  3  ^t;  ^'-cswe  o/ 
Bteam,  50  lbs.  per  square  inch ;  full  stroke ;  ^Ji'^roWti^s  45  to  60  per 
minute;  Presses.  2,  with  12-inch  rams;  stroke,  4o  ft.,  I'umps,  Z, 
diam..  2  ins. ;  stroke,  6  ins.— /ItTsirp?^  „    ,    ..t,        v 

Fulling   MiLL.-In  fulling  the  cloth    called    ''Beauchamps 
each  piece  being  220  yds.  long  and  .66  wide,  and  weighmg  from  121  to 
127  lbs  ,  the  fuller  makes  100  to  120  strokes  per  minute;  each  piece 
requires  2  hours  to  full  it,  and  the  expenditure  of  2  horse  power 
during  that  time.— Boi/rae.  .  nr^^o     tt„_ 

Indelible  Red  Ink  for  Cotton  and  Woollen  Mills.— Lse 
«anal  parts  of  copiieras  and  cinnabar,  both  in  fine  powder,  sift,  and  rub 
S  Witt,  lin^eel  oil  with  a  muller;  then  squeeze  through  clotty 
Used  for  writing  or  stamping  on  cotton  or  woollen  goods,  it  cannot  b« 
bleached  out. 


442      MACHINISTS    AND   EXGINEEKS'   DEPABTMENT. 

"WnvD  Mills. — ^The  length  of  an  arm  (whip)  is  divided  into  seven 
parts,  the  sails  extending  over  six  parts.  The  force  of  wind  at  10  miles 
an  hour,  is  half  a  pound  per  square  foot  ;  at  14  miles  is  a  pound  ;  at 
20  miles  2  Ibc. ;  at  25  miles  3  lbs. ;  at  So  mUes  6  lbs. ;  at  45  miles  10 
lbs. ;  at  60  miles  ITg  lbs. ;  and  at  100  miles  is  nearly  50  lbs.  The  driv- 
ing shaft  of  a  wind  mill  should  be  set  at  an  elevated  angle  ■with  the 
horizon  when  set  in  low  localities,  and  at  a  depressed  angle  when  set 
on  elevations.  These  angles  may  range  from  3°  to  35°.  To  give  the 
fullest  effect  to  the  force  of  the  wind,  the  sails  are  inclined  to  the  axis 
from  72°  to  75°.  The  tips  of  the  sails  often  move  30  mUes  per  hour, 
or  44  feet  per  second.  From  tip  to  tip  is  about  70  feet,  and  wlie 
breadth  from  5  to  6  feet  The  performance  of  such  a  mUl  is  equiva- 
lent to  the  power  of  34  men. 

Experiments  prove,  1st,  That  in  a  vertical  wind  mill  employed  to 
grind  corn,  the  mill  st<;ne  usually  makes  5  revolutions  to  1  of  tlie  saiL 
2nd,  ^^Tien  the  wind  is  19  feet  per  second,  the  sails  will  make  from  11 
to  12  revolutions  per  minute,  and  the  mill  will  grind  88)  to  9{30  ?>^  in 
an  hour,  or  about  22.000  lbs.  in  24  bonis.  3d,  With  the  wind  at  oO 
feet  per  second,  a  mill  vrHl  carry  all  sail,  and  make  22  revolutions  per 
minute,  grinding  1984  lbs.  of  flour  in  an  hour,  or  47,69;)  lbs.  in  24  hours. 

From  the  experiments  of  Smeaton.  it  appeals  that  the  following 
positions  are  the  best  Suppose  the  radius  to  be  divided  into  6  equal 
parts,  and  call  the  first  part,  beginning  with  the  centre,  1,  the  second 
2,  and  so  on,  the  extreme  part  being  6: — 


ANGLE  -WITH  THE 

NO. 

ANGLE  -WITH 

AXIS 

PLANE 

;  OF  MOTION, 

1 

72  deg. 

18  deg. 

2 

71    " 

19    " 

3 

72    " 

18    " 

4 

74    " 

16    " 

6 

77i" 

12^  " 

6 

83    " 

7    " 

French  Floub  Mill. — Diameter  of  millstones,  70  inches;  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute,  70;  quantity  of  com  ground  and  sifted 
per  hour,  260.7  lbs.;  power  consumed,  3.34  horses,  as  tested  by  the 
dynamometer. 

English  Flottr  Mill. — Diameter  of  millstones51.18  inches;  rev- 
olutions per  minute,  110;  com  ground  per  hour  by  each  revolving 
millstone,  220  lbs. ;  power  required  for  two  revolving  stones,  5.64 
horses.  Power  consumed  by  one  winnowing  machine  and  two  bolt- 
ing machines,  with  brushes  sifting  1,650  lbs.  of  flour  per  hour  was  6i 
horses.  In  another  mill  the  number  of  turns  of  the  rnill.stone  was  486 
per  minute,  the  quantity  of  corn  ground  by  each  horse  power  was  120 
lbs.,  of  which  72.7  per  cent  was  flour,  7.8  per  cent,  was  meal,  and 
19.5  per  c«nt.  was  bran.  In  a  portable  flour  mill,  with  machinery  for 
cleaning  and  sifting,  the  total  weight  was  1000  lbs. — Bourne. 

English  Flour  Mill  n-ear  Metz. — Diameter  of  stones,  61.18 
inches;  number  of  revolutions  per  minute,  110  ;  weight  of  millstone, 
1  ton ;  com  ground  per  hour  by  each  pair,  220  lbs.  with  two  pairs  of 
millstones  acting,  1  bolting  and  1  winnowing  machine;  the  jKJwer  con- 
sumed was  8^  horse  power. — Bourne.  5  bushels  of  Northern,  and  4i 
bushels  of  Southern  wheat,  are  required  to  make  1  barrel  of  floar;  2 
lbs.  of  wheat  make  about  3  lbs  of  bread. 


MACHINISTS    AND    ENGIKEERS'    DEPABTMENT,       i4S 


Thb  Leftel  IjrpROVED  Double  Tuebine  Wateb  Wheel.— 
This  celebrated  wheel  (see  cut),  manufactured  by  Jas,  Leffel  &  Co., 
cf  Spring:field,  Ohio,  and  New  Haven,  Conn.,  of  which  there  are  now 
about  8,000  in  use,  combines  two  independent  sets  and  kinds  of  buck- 
ets, one  a  vertical,  and  the  other  a  central  discharge,  differing  entirely 
from  each  other  in  the  principle  of  action  upon  the  water.  The  two 
sets  of  buckets  are  so  combined  as  to  make  really  but  one  wheel,  and 
by  their  arrangement  admit  the  greatejit  possible  quantity  of  water 
consistent  with  economical  use  to  any  given  wheel  of  whatever  gire» 
and  at  the  same  time  the  greatest  area  for  the  escape  of  the  water  is 
secured.  Thus,  the  surface  of  the  wheel  is  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
as  compared  with  the  quantity  of  water  used,  and  a  very  great  loM 
of  power  by  friction  is  avoided.  In  connection  with  these  wheels  th« 
Globe  cast-iron  ca,«ing  is  coming  to  be  almost  universally  used,  espe- 
cially for  the  smaller  wheels.  Many  of  them  are  placed  under  headtf 
of  water,  varying  from  80  to  240  feet,  and  the  tremendous  presenr* 
is  withstood  in  the  most  admirable  manner.  The  severest  test,  that 
of  taking  the  place  of  an  over-shot  wheel  under  a  very  high  fall,  and 
with  an  extremely  limited  supply  of  water,  is  repeatedly  applied,  and 
ia  every  instance  with  the  moft  complete  success.    For  ever  12  jaan 


444      MACHINISTS    AND    EXGnTEEBS'    DEPABTMEHT. 


this  wheel  h&s  stood  tue  severest  practical  tests,  deTeloping  the  n> 
most  power  from  a  given  quantity  of  water,  in  all  places  and  imdei 
all  circumstances,  from  the  magnificent  cotton  Tniii  down  to  th» 
humble  frontier  saw  and  grist  mill, 

Iable  of  Spoctixg  YELocrrr  a>t>   Dischabge   of  "Water  fob 

Gate  Obificzs. 
BIE|F|!BIE     I     F^BI     E     1     F        B|     E|F 


1 

IT.&i 

0-62 

11 

5S.51 

2.V6 

il 

^'  .■*-4 

i.^l 

31        !*.:J2    3.41 

2 

24.95 

0.^6 

12 

61.11 

2.12 

:._' 

.  _  7  - 

i-        C'..bO,  3.46 

3 

30.55 

1.16 

13 

63-61 

2.21 

:  34i  3.5J 

4 

35^ 

1.22 

14 

66.01 

2.23 

-.f>7!  3.57 

5 

39.45 

1.37 

15 

68.33 

2.37 

^37!  3.63 

6 

43.21 

1.50  i 

16 

70.57 

2.45 

r>5   3.67 

7 

46.68 

1.62  1 

17 

72.74 

2.53 

7  311  3.72 

8 

49.90 

1.73  : 

18 

74.85 

2.60 

-     *  -.73   3.77 

9 

52.92 

1.84 

19 

76.90 

2.67  ,, 
2.75  II 

iS 

1  •^.(■ii 

&^  < 

3&    ,110.17    3.82 

10 

55.79 

l.»*i 

20 

1630 

30 

I&6.e3 

3.i5  j 

1  40    ;111.58!  3J!7 

The  above  table  gives  depth  in  inches  from  1  to  4Ci,  a.s  noted  under 
oolamns  B.  Columns  E  represent  tlie  veltxity  p^r  second,  in  inches 
and  decimals  of  an  inch.  Columns  F  rei  resent  the  number  of  cabi6 
feet  per  minute  for  each  square  inch  of  orifice. 

Illcstkatiox. — Suppose  the  opening  under  a  forebay  gate,  r&- 
quired  to  pass  the  water  of  a  stream,  is  48  inches  \<ide  and  3  inches 
deep,  \vitj  a  head  of  water  (B)  in  forebay  of  28  ins. ;  to  find  the  water 
discharged,  run  down  the  columns  marked  B  until  yon  ccn.e  to  28  ins. 
(head  given  in  tliis  example);  then  run  across  to  column  F,  and  yon 
win  find  3.24,  tlie  number  of  cubi;  feet  of  water  discharged  by  an 
orifice  1  in.  square,  under  28  ins.  head.  The  area  of  the  opening 
given,  48  iu.s.  by  3  ins.  is  144  square  inches,  tins  multiplied  by  3.24 
gives  4ti6.56  cubic  feet  that  the  above  o:  ening  will  discharge  i^r  min- 
ute.   This  table  gives  the  a<:<ual  and  not  the  tlieoretical  discharge. 

In  the  measurement  of  Lirge  open  streams.  fii5t  ascertain  the  mean 
velocity  in  feet  yter  minute,  and  aL«o  the  area  of  cross  section  of  the 
stream'  in  sqnare  feet,  when  the  product  of  these  two  quantines  vriU 
give  the  required  quantity  of  water  afiorded  by  tt.e  stream.  Tha 
velocity  of  sucli  stream  can  be  estimated  by  throwing  floating  bodies 
on  the  surface  of  near  the  specific  gravity  of  tl  e  water,  and  rating  the 
time  accurately  required  in  passing  a  given  distance.  It  is  generally 
b^t  to  ascertain  the  velocity  at  the  centre,  and  fiom  this  ascertain 
the  mean  velo<:itY,  which  has  been  found  by  accun^te  and  reliable  ex- 
periments to  be  83  per  cent,  9r  about  four-filths  of  the  velocity  of  the 
surface  of  the  stream.  The  cross  section  may  be  estimated  by  measur- 
ing the  deprth  of  the  .stream  at  a  number  of  points,  at  eqnal  distances 
apart  (these  points  being  in  a  line  across  the  stoeam),  adding  the 
depths  togetlier.  and  multiplying  their  sum  by  the  distance  apiart  in 
feet  of  any  two  poiute.  This  will  give  the  result  required  in  square 
feet  of  cross  section,  when  the  product  of  mean  velocity  in  feet  per 
minute  and  croes  se^-tion  in  sqnare  feet,  obtains  the  quantity  of  water 
that  the  stream  affords  in  cubic  feet  i>er  minute.  LeffeiFt  Wtuei 
Book. 

Saw  AST)  Gkist  MilXu — A  Waterous  40-horse-power  aigine  will 
drive  a  60  inch  circular  saw.  capable  of  cutting  20.000  feet  of  ship 
plank  in  12  hours,  edger,  trimmer,  sliingle  macnines,  lath  machine 
•od  bolter,  and  2  ran  of  stones  iu  grist  milL 


MACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEERS'    DEPARTMENT.      ^4$ 


Pitch   of  Wheels,  being  a   Table   of  Radu  of  "Wheels  m 

JlfCHES,  HATIXG  FBOM  7  TO  22C  TEETH,  THE  PITCH  BEING  2  rKCHEB, 
SHOWING  HOW  TO  COMPUTE  THE  PITCH  FOR  A  DESIGNATED  DiAlH 
ETER,  OB  THE  DiAMETEE  FOB  A  DESIGNATED  PITCH. 

Badioa 

58.25 
5«.57 
58.89 
59  21 
59.53 
59.84 
60.16 
60.48 
60.80 
61.1.3 
61.44 
61.76 
62.07 
62.39 
62.71 
63.03 
63.34 
63.66 
63-98 
64.30 
64.62 
64.94 
65.26 
65.57 
65.89 
66.21 
66.53 
66.85 
67.17 
67.48 
67.80 
68.12 
68.44 
68.76 
69.07 
69.39 
69.71 
70.03 
70.35 
70.67 
70.68 
71.30 
71.66 
71.94 


Tseth. 

Radius. 

Teeth. 

Radius. 

Teeth. 

Radius. 

Teeth. 

Radius. 

Teeth.  | 

7 

2.29 

51 

16.24 

95 

30.24 

139 

44.25 

183 

8 

2.61 

52 

16.56 

96 

30.56 

140 

44.57 

184 

9 

2.93 

63 

16.88 

97 

30.88 

141 

44.88 

185 

10 

3.24 

54 

17.20 

98 

31.20 

142 

45.20 

186 

11 

3.55 

55 

17.52 

99 

31.52 

143 

45.52 

187 

12 

3.86 

56 

17.83 

lOO 

31.64 

144 

45.84 

188 

13 

4.18 

57 

18.15 

101 

£2.15 

145 

46.16 

189 

14 

4.49 

58 

18.47 

102 

32.47 

146 

46.4S 

190 

15 

4.81 

59 

18.79 

103 

3:;.  79 

147 

46.79 

191 

16 

5.12 

60 

19.11 

104 

S3. 11 

148 

47.11 

192 

17 

5.44 

61 

19.42 

105 

33.43 

149 

47.43 

193.- 

18 

5.76 

62 

19.74 

106 

33.74 

150 

47.75 

194 

19 

6.39 

63 

20.06 

107 

34.06 

151 

48.07 

irs 

20 

6.71 

64 

20.38 

108 

34.38 

152 

48.39 

1P6 

21 

7.71 

65 

20.70 

109 

34.70 

153 

48.70 

197 

22 

7.03 

66 

21.02 

JIO 

35.02 

154 

49.02 

198 

23 

7.31 

67 

21.33 

111 

35.31 

155 

49.34 

199 

24 

7.66 

68 

21.65 

112 

35.65 

156 

49.66 

200 

25 

7.9S 

69 

21.97 

113 

So.  r7 

157 

49.98 

201 

26 

8.30 

70 

22.29 

114 

36.29 

158 

£0.30 

202 

27 

8.61 

71 

22.61 

115 

36.61 

159 

50.61 

203 

28 

8.93 

72 

22.92 

116 

36.93 

160 

50.93 

204 

29 

9.25 

73 

23.24 

117 

37.25 

161 

51.25 

205 

SO 

9.57 

74 

23.56 

118 

37.56 

162 

51.57 

206 

SI 

9.88 

75 

23.88 

119 

37.88 

163 

51.89 

207 

32 

10.20 

76 

24.20 

120 

38.20 

164 

52.21 

208 

33 

10.52 

77 

24.62 

121 

38.52 

lf5 

52.52 

209 

31 

10  84 

78 

24.83 

122 

38.84 

166 

52.84 

210 

35 

n.iG 

79 

25.15 

123 

39.16 

167 

53.16 

211 

36 

11.47 

SO 

25.47 

1'j4 

39.47 

16S 

53.48 

212 

37 

11.79 

81 

25.79 

125 

39.79 

109 

53.80 

213 

38 

12.11 

82 

26.11 

126 

40.11 

170 

54.12 

214 

38 

12.43 

S3 

26.43 

127 

40.43 

171 

54.43 

215 

40 

12.74 

84 

26.74 

128 

40.75 

172 

54.75 

216 

41 

13.06 

85 

27.06 

1^9 

41.07 

173 

55.07 

217 

42 

13.38 

86 

27.38 

130 

41.38 

174 

55.39 

218 

43 

13.70 

87 

27.70 

131 

41.70 

175 

55.71 

219 

44 

14.02 

88 

28.02 

132 

42.02 

176 

56.02 

220 

45 

14.. ?3 

89 

28.34 

133 

42.34 

177 

f.6  31 

221 

46 

14.65 

90 

28.65 

134 

42.66 

178 

66.66 

222 

47 

14.97 

91 

28.97 

135 

42.08 

179 

56.G8 

223 

48 

15.29 

92 

29.30 

1.36 

43.29 

180 

57.23 

224 

49 

15.61 

93 

29.61 

137 

43  61 

181 

67.62 

225 

60 

15.93 

94 

29  a? 

138 

43.93 

182 

5S.93 

226 

To  find  the  Kadius  for  any  given  Pitch  other  than  two  inches,  the  ml« 
is,  as  two  inches  is  to  the  given  pitch,  6o  is  the  radins  of  theTable  to 
the  r8<1ius  required,  or,  to  determine  the  riumher  of  Teeth  in  a  wheel  for 
a  desiffnated  pitch  and  diameter,  divide  the  diameter  ly  the  pitch,  and 
oppoeite  to  the  quotient,  in  the  Table  will  be  found  the  proper  number 
of  teeth. 

Wheel  Gearing,  Construction  of  Teeth. — The  cut  represents 
a  sectiou  of  a  pair  of  gears  whose  teeth  act  on  each  other  on  the  same 
plane;  they  are  known  as  spur  gear.    The  largest  is  a  qpxi'  mortiot 


^46       MACHINISTS    AXD    EKGIXEEKS'    DEPABTMENT. 


voh^d,  fitted  with  woodeu  cogs.  A  shows  the  square  wooden  cog^ 
generally  driven  into  uiortice  wheels  previous  to  being  laid  off  with 
the  dividers  and  dressed  down  to  the  exact  pitch  and  outline,  as  shown 


in  the  s^iaded  part  represenims  the  finished  tooth.  The  teeth  of  th« 
small  wheel  (called  the  driven,  the  laree  one  with  the  cogs  heins  known 
as  the  driver)  are  irou,  being  cast  with  the  wheel,  and  are  snfflciently 
ationg  if  but  half  the  size  of  cogs. 

"Die  pitch  lint  (aee  dotted  lines  extending  from  6  to  C,  and  from  D 


MACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.       447 

to  E)  is  a  circle  of  sufficient  dimensions  to  permit  the  requisite  num- 
ber of  teeth  and  spaces  to  be  laid  out  on  it. 

The  length  of  a  tooth  should  be  .7  of  the  pitch,  .4  of  it  being  below 
the  pitch  line,  and  .3  above,  as  shown  in  cut.  As  a  general  thing,  the 
greater  the  breadth  of  a  tooth  across  the  surface  the  longer  it  will  wear. 

By  the  pitch  is  understood  the  space  between  the  middle  or  centres 
of  two  adjoining  teeth,  as  shown  by  the  arrows  at  F  F,  or  the  breadth 
of  a  tooth  and  a  space,  as  shown  by  the  arrows  at  G  G.  The  semi- 
diameter  running  to  the  pitch  line  is  called  the  pitch  radius. 

The  true  or  chordial  pitch  is  a  straight  line  drawn  between  the 
centres  of  two  adjoining  teeth,  and  is  tliat  by  which  the  dimensions 
of  the  teeth  and  speed  of  wheel  are  computed. 

The  radius  is  the  space  between  the  centre  Oi  the  wheel  and  the 
periphery  of  a  tooth,  or  half  the  diameter  of  the  wheel. 

ilie  line  of  centres,  shown  at  H,  passes  through  tlie  centres  of  two 
■wheels,  and  on  this  line  the  pitch  circles  of  the  wheels  should  merge 
jnto  each  other  (as  shown  iu  cut)  when  they  are  properly  regulated 
for  operation. 

Pkopoetiox  of  Teeth  of  WnEELS— . 

From  pitch  line  to  top  of  tooth  =  Pitch  x  0'33 
Total  depth  of  tooth  =  Pitch  x  0-7t> 

Thickness  of  tooth  on  pitch  line  r=  Pitch  x  0-45 
Space  between  teeth  on  pitch  line  =  Pitch  x  0"55 
Thickness  of  rim  of , wheel  =  Pitch  x  0*45 

Thickness  of  arms  in  flat  =  Pitch  x  2-50 

Tliickness  round  centre  =  Pitch  x  1'30 

Mortice  wheels  to  be  wider  than  iron  wheels  by  twice  the  thickness  oH 
the  rim ;  rim  to  be  double  the  thickness  of  iron  wheels. 

PiTCHns  OF  Equivalent  Strength  for  the  Teeth  of  "Wheels  in 
Different  ^Materials — 

Pitch  for  cast  iron  =  i-oo 

"  brass  =:  l-oo 

"  hardwood  :=  1-20 

"  "  according  to  other  authorities  =  1-26 

The  number  of  arms  in  wheels  should  be  as  follows  : — 

1-5   to  0.26  feet  iu  diameter,  4  8.5  to  16  feet  in  diameter,  8 

3-25  to  5  "  "  5  16     to  24    "  "         10 

5      to  8.5       "  "  6 

Fly  Wheels.— Weight  of  rim  should  be  85  to  95  lbs.  per  horss 
power,  momentum  of  wheel  being  4^  times  that  of  the  piston;  dia-^ 
meter  3  to  4  times  that  of  the  stroke  of  the  engine.  Single-acting 
engines,  fly-wheel  to  be  5  times  heavier  than  in  double  acting  engines. 

Tu  Compute  Weight  of  Rim — Multii^ly  the  mean  effective  pressure 
upon  the  piston,  in  pounds,  by  its  stroke,  in  feet,  and  divide  the  pro- 
duct by  the  product  of  the  square  of  the  number  of  revolutions,  the 
diameter  of  the  wheel,  and  00023.  For  a  light  wheel  multiply  by 
•0003;  for  a  heavy  one  by  -OOOIG. 

To  Compute  Dimensions  of  i?mi— Multiply  the  weight,  in  pounds, 
by  '1,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  mean  diameter  of  the  rim,  in. 
feet  ;  the  quotient  will  give  the  sectional  area  of  the  rim  in  square 
inches  of  cast  iron. 

Ginniufj  Cotton — 4  horse  jK)wer  will  drive  a  gin  of  from  40  to  60 
saws,  and  for  every  additional  20  saws  add  1  horse  power. 

Threshing  Grain — 4  horse  power  shoiUd  thresh  50  bushels  per 
hour  ;  6  to  8  horse  power  will  drive  the  ordinary  10  to  12  borM 
thresher  and  separator. 


448      MACHINISTS   AND   ENGINEERS'    DfiPARTifflW, 


BORING  MACHINE  FOR  SUBMARINE  TUNNELS. 
The  above  ensTraving  represents  a  back  view  of  the  tiuineUinjr  or 
boring  machine  intended  tobensed  in  perforating  thej  jposed  tunnel 
tinder  the  English  Channel,  between  France  and  England.  Opera- 
tions have  already  been  commenced  on  the  French  coast,  and  fer- 
vent hopes  are  entertained  that  no  insurmountable  obstacles  •  ^.11  be 
encountered  The  chalk  formation  through  which  it  is  proi)Osed  to 
drive  the  timnel,  is  400  feet  thick  on  the  English  coast  arid  300  feet 
on  the  French  ;  and,  as  the  Straits  ol  Dover  are  in  no  part  deeper  than 
186  feet,  it  is  confidently  anticipated  that  the  proposed  enterprise  will 


MACHINISTS    AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.       449 

be  successful.  It  is  intended  that  the  machine  will  at  once  bore  out 
the  tunnel  to  the  proper  size,  16  or  18  feet  in  diameter  ;  and,  as  the 
eoil  to  be  penetrated  consists  only  of  soft  chalk  beds,  it  is  thought 
that  all  the  operations  can  be  conducted  without  resorting  to  the  use 
of  steel  drills  or  blasting  operations,  as  simple  boring  tools  will  b« 
all  that  will  be  requisite.  The  power  will  be  transmitted  from  ft 
steam  engine  placed  at  the  mouth^of  the  shaft  or  entrance  to  the  tun- 
nel, by  means  of  a  wire  rope  connecting  with  the  first  wheel  or 
pulley,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  which  then,  by  means  of  intermediate 
gearing,  &c.,  communicates  motion  to  a  series  of  cutters  and  borers  in 
m>nt  of  tlie  macliiue.  Should  this  arrangement  prove  too  compli- 
cated, it  is  most  probable  that  compressed  air  will  be  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  steam  power.  The  machine,  as  represented  above,  is  im- 
movably braced  by  means  of  two  uprights,  fitted  with  stout  rollers, 
extended  against  the  arch  above,  and  four  projecting  wheels  with 
triple  flanges,  fitted  into  temporary  rails  below,  the  whole  being 
further  secured  by  two  heavy  jack-screws,  one  above  the  machine 
and  another  below,  pressing  on  projier  bearings  aeranst  the  contri- 
vance from  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  tunnel.  It  "is  estimated  that 
the  tunnel,  if  driven  through  the  lower  chalk  formation,  will  be  aboui, 
23  miles  long  ;  but  in  the  event  of  serious  obstacles  arising  from  over- 
whelming quantities  of  water  breaking  in,  it  is  not  improbable  that 
tlie  advice  of  Professor  Prestwick  may  be  followed  :  to  drive  a  tun- 
nel througli  the  Paleozoic  rocks  (the  lowest  fossililerous  strata),  which 
are  supposed  to  be  about  (iOO  feet  below  the  surface  at  Dover,  in 
which  event  the  length  would  somewhat  exceed  the  above  estimate. 
The  only  question  in  connection  with  the  prosecution  of  this  enormous 
enterprise,  is  merely  one  of  money,  as  the  scientific  appliances  of 
the  present  day  put  the  practicability  of  the  work  beyond  a  doubt. 
That  a  vast  amount  of  money  will  be  required,  niav  be'manifest  from 
the  following  table,  compiled  by  Major  I\icClel]aii,'U.  S.  A.,  showing 
the  cost  of  tunnels  in  various  localities  prior  to  1855  : — 


Location.  Per  Cubic 

Yard. 


Location.  Per  Cubie 

Yard. 


Black  Rock,  U.S.,  grey 

wacke  slate $6  60 

Blaisley,  France,  lined  3  18 

Blisworth,   Eng.,  blue 

clav,  lined 1  55 


England,  freestone,  mar- 
ble, clay,  &c.,  lined..  $3  46 

Lehigh,  U.S.,  hard  gran- 
ite   436 

Schuyikilii  U.S.,  slate.'.  2  00 


Blue  Ridge,  U.  S 4  OOiUnion.  U.  S..  slate 2  08 

Railway  TrxNELs  in  soft  snncfstonr,  in  the  United  States,  cost, 
*rithont  lining,  per  lineal  yard,  ^8.  In  loose  ground,  thick  lining, 
per  lineal  yard.  87.10.  Ordinarv  brick  lining,  including  centering,  per 
cubic  yard,  ?8.50. 

Shafts. — Blahley  Tvnnel,  clav,  chalk,  and  loose  earth,  cost,  per 
yard  in  depth,  $139.11.  Deepest,  646  ft.  Black  Rod;  7  ft.  in  diam. 
and  139  in  depth,  hard  slate,  cost,  per  vard  in  de)>th,  S79.50,  or  per 
cubic  yard,  J18.72.  The  time  required  'to  drive  the  heading  of  th» 
Black  Rock  Tunnel  for  1782-?  feet,  was  23. 387  turns  of  12  hours  each 

The  Ingersoll  Rock  Drill,  represented  in  the  cuts,  is  a  most 
powerful  and  effective  mechanical  appliance  in  the  varied  r©quir»» 

28 


450      XIACHCaSTS    A>-D    EKGnrEERS'    DEPAHTXEirr. 


xaents  of  tonitelling 


mining,  submarine  blasting,  S:c.  It  works  am 
the  percussion 
principle,  and  is 
operated  either  by 
steam  power,  aa  il- 
lustrated in  the 
cut,  or  by  com- 
pressed air,  acting 
on  a  piston  within. 
a  cylinder,  secured 
by  clamps  to  a  ver- 
tical or  horizontal 
column  or  tripod. 
It  can  be  adjusted 
to  perforate  the 
rock  at  any  desired 
angle,  and.  on  open 
quarry  work,  the 
terge  drill  (they 
are  made  of  differ- 
ent sizes),  is  an 
equivalent  to  the 
■work  of  25  men, 
and  has  often  doae 
tiie  work  of  -10  men 
for  successive  dnvs. 

TLEVr  OF  THE  DRn.1.   ATTACHED  TO  COUTSSS,  AS  j      ^^^.j^^  tuuncls 

E!£^.  YF.^_5P.'?7^^'-'"*    "^   ""^   ^'^^'  and  other  subter- 

ranean  places  pre- 
senting   impedi- 
Eients    to     active 
rk,  of  course  the 
•gress  is  consid- 
..■bly   less.      The 
.  e  f  a  g  e    boring 
ae  in  hard  rock, 
r    day,    of    ten 
irs,  is  from  70 
r.  SO  feet    In  un- 
derground    work, 
where  foul  air  ex- 
ists,   tlie    employ- 
ment of  compresa- 
e^i  air  becomes  a 
-oessity,  as  it  not 
.y  dissijiates  all 
danger  from  eiplo- 
pive     gases,     but 
drives     the     drill 
equal     to     steam 
power,    cools    the 
atmosphere,      and 
OF  DRILL  ATTACHED  TO  coLUMX,  AS  AS-  dispenses  f resh  air 


WHEX  PRACTICABLE. 


SASGSD  rOS  US£  III  SHAJTS. 


to  the  workmen. 
Considered  in  all 
its  bearings,  it  is  a 
most  wondeiiat 
,  marhino. 


ASSAYING   AND    SMELTING   METALS.  451 

Gold  Assay  by  Smelting  Process.— Take  600  grains  of  tht 
fold-bearing  quartz,  finely  pulverized,  and  free  from  sulphurete-  mix 
with  600  grs.  litharge  and  7  grs.  of  charcoal:  melt  all  in  a  crucible  of 
ample  size,  and  set  off  to  cool.  Break  the  crucible  when  cold 
and  the  gold  wili  be  found  in  a  small  button  under  the  refuse  matter 
at  the  bottom.  To  aacertain  the  amowU  of  (/old  in  a  metallic  itib- 
staiKe,  select  a  small  sample,  weigh  it,  and  melt  in  a  small  cupeL 
composed  of  calcined  bone  ashes.  This  absorbs  the  common  metal 
leaving  the  gold  and  silver  exposed  to  view.  The  resultant  button  is 
melttd  once  more  in  the  proiwrtion  of  gold,  1  part,  silver,  3  parts 
and  then  rolled  uito  a  thin  band  and  boiled  lq  nitric  acid,  whicJi  dial 
solves  out  the  silver,  and  leaves  the  gold  pure  at  the  bottom.  Tha 
fold  can  be  removed,  and  the  silver  subsequently  predpiuted  with 

Gold  Ass.\y  with  a  Horn  Spoon.— Take  an  ox  horn  and  re- 
move half  of  it,  so  as  to  leave  an  open  part  7  or  8  ins.  long  and  about 
Sins,  wide;  pulverize  the  rock  to  be  tested  very  tine,  and  usiuc  it 
instead  of  a  i^an,  wash  out  a  few  ounces,  and  if  some  particles  of  ^Id 
are  detected,  or  a  "  color  "  perceived,  as  a  rule  it  will  pay  to  worK  it 

In  the  Assay  of  Rock  Containing  Pyrites,  it  must  be 
roasted  until  it  ceases  to  evolve  sulphurous  fumes,  then  mix  600  "ts 
of  tlie  powder  with  300  gi-s.  carbonate  of  soda,  300  grs.  charcoal,  "sOO 
grs.  litharge,  300  grs.  dried  borax,  and  15  grs.  charcoal:  melt  all  in 
a  crucible,  and  treat  as  directed  above. 

Silver  Assay  by  Smelting.— H  no  lead  is  present,  mix  600 
grs.  of  the  pulverized  ore  with  300  grs.  carbonate  of  soda,  600  grs  of 
litharge,  and  12  grs.  of  charcoal  in  a  crucible,  add  a  slight  coat  of 
borax  over  all,  put  on  the  furnace,  melt,  take  off,  give  it  a  few  taps 
to  settle  the  ractil,  let  it  cool,  and  remove  the  button. 
,r-  '^n^^^*-^'''  ->R«E>"TrFERors  G.\LENA,  oT  lead  bearing  silver  ore  — 
Mlx  oOO  p.  of  the  piUyerized  ore  with  900  grs.  carbonate  of  soda  and 
30  grs  charcoal;  meltm  a  cmcible  on  a  furnace,  and  treat  as  de- 
scribed above,  and  remelt  the  button  in  a  porous  cupel  made  of  bone 
dust,  which  absorbs  the  lead,  leaving  the  silver  pure 

Test  for  Ikon  or  Copper  Pyrites.- Place  a  sample  of  the 
mmeral  rock  on  an  anvil;  if  it  becomes  flat  under  a  blow  of  tha 
hammer  u  is  gold  hut  if  it  scatters  into  frasrments  it  ispvrites:  or 
place  some  of  the  doubtful  material,  pulverized,  in  a  cup  with  nitric 
acid  over  a  flame  until  it  evolves  dark  red  vapors:  the  acid  will  be- 
come  stuned  or  tiuged  if  pvrites  are  present 

Silver  Assay  with  Testing  TrcE.-PLice  in  tlie  tube  enough 
of  the  powdered  mineral  to  fiU  one  inch  of  space,  and  om  this  voui 
nitric  acid  m  quantity  to  occupy  2  ins.  more,  and  hold  the  mLxtura 
over  a  flame  until  the  acidlwils.  Tlie  acid  will  dissolve  what- 
ever silver  may  be  present,  and  must  be  passed  through  filter- 
vag  paiwr  to  remove  extraneous  matter,  and  returned  to  the  tube, 
l^ext  add  a  few  drops  of  water  saturated  wiili  salt;  anv  silver  or  lead 
that  mav  be  present  wUl  be  precipitated  in  a  cloudy  forni  to  the  bottom. 
Drain  off  the  acid,  place  the  precipitate  in  the  sunlight,  and  in  a  few 
minuter,  if  it  coutams  sUver.  it  will  turn  to  a  purple  color,  and  may 
be  again  liquified  by  the  addition  of  spirits  of  ammonia.  Tlie  testing 
tobe  IS  formed  of  thin  glass,  about  5  ins.  Ion;:,  and  less  than  1  in. 
diam. ;  bottom  and  sides  of  equal  thickness.  Where  the  tube  i^  lacb 
fog,  a  cap  may  be  used  instead. 


452  PROSPECTING   FOR   GOLD. 

PROSPECTtNG  FOB  QuAKTz. — The  first  step  to  be  taken  is  to  asc«» 
tain  the  direction  of  the  strata  of  the  bed-rock  and  quartz  veins  im- 
bedded therein.  Then  take  a  common  rick,  shovel,  and  good  iron 
pan,  and  prospect  the  surface  dirt  along,  and  just  under  the  break  of 
the  veins  every  few  yards,  then  following  the  vein  as  far  as  it  shows 
itself,  either  by  its  outcrop  or  loose  fragments  ;  and  if  gold  is  found 
in  the  surface  along  the  vein,  it  is  a  good  presumptive  evidence  that  the 
vein  is  gold  bearing.  Then  ascertain  the  point  on  the  vein  that  gives 
the  best "  prospect,"  and  make  a  cut  across  it  deep  enough  to  show 
the  vein  as  it  is  inclosed  in  the  bed  or  wail  rock ;  then  make  a  careful 
examination  of  every  part  of  the  vein,  so  as  to  determine  what  part  of 
it  is  gold  bearing.  The  casing  of  the  vein  where  it  joins  the  wall  rock 
sbould  be  carefully  tested  also  ;  it  frequentiv  occurs  that  the  casing 
ia  richer  than  the  vein  itself.  The  best  mode'  of  testing  the  rock  is  to 
pound  it  up  finely  in  a  hand  mortar,  and  wash  it  out  m  a  pan  or  horn 
apoon.  If  a  satisfactory  result  is  obtained,  then  sink  a  shaft  go  as  to 
cut  the  vein  at  the  pomt  where  the  prospect  is  obtuned,  and  follow  it 
down,  say  40  or  50  feet.  The  character  of  the  "  wall  rock  "  should  be 
closely  observed,  to  ascertain  the  "  line  of  its  texture."  The  smooth 
feces  that  separate  the  vein  from  the  wall  rock  should  be  carefully 
examined  ;  the  smooth  faces  have  numerous  small  ridges  upon  them, 
thatsliow  "the  line  of  its  projertion,"  ur  the  direction  from  which 
the  vein  was  forced  up  between  the  walls  enclosing  it  The  ridges 
and  fine  grooves  on  tlie  faces  of  the  veins  will,  in  most  cases,  be  found 
to  have  the  same  direction  of  the  texture  of  the  wall  rock;  and  the 
rich  section  of  the  vein  will  most  generally  contmue  rich  in  the  "  line 
of  its  projection."  It  is  frequently  the  casf  that  a  vein  will  have  a 
section  of  a  few  feet  that  will  be  rich,  and  all  tlie  balance  of  it  be 
poor  ;  therefore,  it  is  very  important  to  leam  the  "  luie  of  its  projec- 
tion," for  the  rich  sections  always  follow  the  course  indicated  by  the 
"  line  of  projection,"  and  the  "  line  of  texture  "  of  the  wall  rocli — J. 
E.  Clayton. 

To  Prospect  a  Riter  Bar. — ^The  prospector  should,  during  the 
season  of  low  water,  select  the  bend  ri  a  stream  below  where  it 
emerges  from  a  deep  gorge,and,noting  the  spot  where  the  eddy  usually 
exists  during  high  water  on  the  inward  bend  of  the  stream,  he  will 
proceed  to  dig  to  a  depth  of  2  or  3  ft,  as  near  the  water's  edge  as  pos- 
sible, but  distant  enough  to  keep  the  hole  dry  on  reaching  the  rock. 
Now  fill  the  pan  nearly  full  -with  the  bottom  dirt  from  the  rock,  take 
it  to  the  stream,  immerse  it  in  the  water  and  agitate  the  mass,  break- 
ing up  the  lumps  of  clav.  &:c.,  if  any  exist.  Keep  the  pan  underwater, 
•with  the  side  next  the  operator  slightly  elevated;  shake  from  side  to 
side;  the  muddy  water  will  flow  out,  as  the  clear  water  flows  in,  car- 
rying away  the'dirt;  the  pan  is  now  raised  from  tlie  water,  and  the 
shaking  continued,  with  the  lower  side  still  more  depressed  in  order 
to  allow  the  light  sand  to  pass  over  the  further  edge;  the  stones  are 
removed  byliand,  and  the  operation  cortinued  until  but  a  few  dregs 
are  left;  the  particles  of  gold,  if  any  existed  in  the  sample,  will  be 
found  in  the  pan,  and  a  search  for  tiiem  will  decide  the  question  of 
value. 

To  Prospect  t>-  a  Gnxr. — Select  a  spot  soon  after  a  rain,  when 
\Tater  is  abundant,  and  if  possible  let  it  be  a  level  place  over  a  \  eiu  of 
slate  with  vertical,  or  nearly  vertical  strata,  presenting  its  ragged 
edges  towards  the  adjacent  acclivities  in  such  position  as  to  intercept 


PROSPECTING,   PLACEB   MINING.  453 

ttie  gold  in  its  downward  progress.    Fill  the  pan  with  dirt  from  th« 
slaty  bed,  make  a  dam  across  the  stream  and  pan  out  in  standiujf 

In  Prospecting  Flats,  examine  the  surface  for  the  indications 
of  old  channels,  and  the  beds  of  ancient  streams  or  brooks,  and  ex- 
plore the  most  promising  spots  by  digginj:  down  to  the  bed  rock,  and 
tAst  by  panning  out  a  portion  of  the  diit.  In  minmg  districts,  the 
high  elevations  coutainmg  gravel  and  clay  should  be  well  tested  by 
the  panning  oat  of  numerous  samples,  as  they  frequently  coutam  vast 
stores  of  golden  wealth. 

To  Prospect  with  a  Knife.— Select  a  suitable  spot  in  a  ravm« 
in  an  auriferous  district,  remove  the  earth  to  the  vicinity  of  the  rock, 
making  a  hole  large  enough  to  afford  room  to  admit  the  prospector  to 
overhaul  the  dirt  with  the  point  of  a  knife.  Tiie  particles  of  gold  are 
carefully  picked  as  they  are  discovered,  and  the  rest  is  rejected;  the 
seams  and  crevices  in  the  rock  should  be  thoroughly  scraped  out  and 
the  contents  closely  examined,  as  these  places  often  contain  the  most 
precious  dejwsits.  ,    ,   • 

Placer  Mining,  Board  Sluice  Process.— The  board  sluice  is  a 
trough  from  50,  to  1400  or  1500  ft.  long  (composed  of  1^  m.  boards, 
length  of  boards  from  12  to  14  feet,)  constructed  in  sections  or  boxes 
of  the  same  length  as  the  boards.  The  sections  composing  the  trough 
are  made  to  fit  into  each  other,  and  usually  rest  on  trestles  elevated 
from  the  ground,  but  with  an  inclination  of  from  12  to  18  ins.  in  every 
12  feet  of  length.  The  box  may  be  from  12  to  50  ins.  wide,  and  half 
as  deep  as  it  is  broad,  more  or  less  as  desired.  By  placing-  division 
boards  edgeways  along  the  centre  it  may  be  divided  into  two  parts, 
thus  adopting  it  for  the  use  of  two  parties,  or  for  keeping  up  constant 
work  in  the  washing  department  on  the  one  side,  while  cleaning  is  go- 
ing on  in  the  other.  The  bottom  of  the  sluice  is  fitted  with  longitudinal 
riffle  bars  from  3  to  7  ins.  high,  aijd  from  2  to  4  ins.  wide,  well  se- 
cured from  1  inch  to  1^  ins.  apart,  by  means  of  wedges,  two  sets  of  riffle 
tars  being  fitted  into  each  box. 

The  labor  of  from  5  to  18  or  20  men  is  required  to  fill  the  dirt  into 
the  sluice,  and  a  stream  of  water,  say  from  15  to  40  inches  or  more,  in 
admitted  at  the  upper  end  and  emerges  at  the  lower,  carrjnng  along 
the  mud,  gravel,  stones,  &c.,  in  its  course.  A  vessel  containing 
quicksilver  is  placed  at  the  head  of  the  sluice,  and,  about  2  hours  af- 
ter the  washing  commences,  the  liquid  particles  are  allowed  to  trickle 
through  an  aperture  iu  the  side  of  the  vessel  into  the  stream,  which 
hurries  them  onwards  and  downwards  through  the  sluice,  where  they 
mingle  with  the  gold  particles  and  lodge  together  against  the  riffle 
■bars.  Tlie  precious  metals  being  heavy,  alway  trend  towards  the 
bottom,  and  lodge  against  these  interposed  obstacles,  the  riffle  bars. 
The  same  effects  may  be  seen  on  our  sti-eets  and  roads  any  day  after 
a  shower,  the  dirt  is  washed  away,  and  the  heavy  articles,  as  nails, 
buttons,  horseshoes,  &c.,  remain.  This  furious  torrent  "  or  run  "  of 
water,  gravel,  st<ines,  mud,  &c.,  is  continued  through  the  sluice  for  6 
or  8  days,  by  which  time  the  riffle  bars  are  usually  worn  out,  and  the 
cleaning  up  process  is  commenced  by  raising  6  or  7  sets  of  the  riffle 
l)ars  towards  the  head  of  the  sluice,  and  the  auriferous  matter  found 
lodged  agai-ist  them  is  removed  with  scoop  and  pan.  Another  lot  of. 
riffle  bars  is  then  raised  and  the  same  operation  is  repeated  until  they 
•re  aU  cleaned  out.    An  amalgam  plate,  inserted  in  the  last  box  m 


454  HTDRArXIC   JJISING,    LONG   TOM. 

the  sluice,  is  very  effective  in  arresting  the  fine  gold  on  its  downward 
course.  To  prepare  the  plate,  place  a  sheet  of  copper,  say  3  leet  or 
more,  in  length,  and  the  same  width  as  the  box,  very  even  and  flat  on 
the  bottom  Make  a  tight,  close  fit  on  the  upper  edge,  and  secure 
each  side  bv  nailing  down  narrow  strips  of  board,  isext,  take  nitric 
acid.  1  lb.,  add  to  this,  water,  1  lb.,  and  apply  the  mixture  to  the  cop- 
per plate  with  a  rag  on  the  end  of  a  stick:  drop  on  some  quicksilver, 
and  wipe  it  all  over  the  plate  until  it  is  comiiletely  silvered.  This  i» 
the  amali^ara  plate.  Now  get  a  sheet  of  stouc  plate  iron,  equal  in  di- 
meu<ious"to  the  copper  plate,  and  perforate  with  numerous  slits  ^ 
inch  long  and  1-16  inch  wide,  crosswise  of  the  pkite,  not  in  regular 
lows,  but  as  it  were  with  broken  joiuts,  like  bricks  in  a  waU,  ranged 
with  their  euds  out  of  hne  on  every  half  inch,  in  order  to  permit  the 
easy  eu trance  of  riuid  material  at  all  points.  The  perforated  iron 
plate,  being  now  ready,  is  laid  in  the  box  immediately  over  the  amal- 
gamated plate,  and  resting  on  the  narrow  boards,  which  hold  the  lat-* 
ter  in  place,  and  is  firmly  secured  in  this  position,  but  so  as  to  bo 
easily  detached  when  required.  The  sluice  box  is  now  adjusted  or 
placed  at  the  same  grade  as  the  others,  but  so  that  the  iron  plate  will 
be  on  a  level  with  the  bottom  of  the  box  above.  It  will  be  found  that 
while  the  gravel,  stones,  and  gross  material  wiU  easily  pass  over  the 
iron  plate,  i^art  of  the  fluid  portion,  with  the  fine  atoms  of  gold,  will 
fall  through  the  crevices  on  the  amalgamated  plate  below,  when  the 
latter  will  be  arrested  at  once.  Each  day,  for  the  first  week  or  less, 
the  iron  plate  should  be  removed,  the  copper  cleaned  from  a  green 
substance  which  adheres,  and  more  quicksilver  added.  A  riffle  bar 
should  be  placed  below  the  plate  to  secure  the  surplus  quicksilver. 
*rhe  sold  mav  be  removed  at  proper  intervals  as  it  accumtilates.  The 
Talne  of  the  catch  will  be  enhanced  by  admitting  a  small  quantity  of 
water  into  the  sluice  jtist  above  the  plate. 

The  water  used  bv  miners  is  generally  sold  hy  water  compamesat 
a  certain  rate  per  inch;  it  is  delivered  from  an  orifice  in  the  side  of  a 
flume,  which  in  manv  cases  conveys  the  watpr  from  distant  motmtiins 
over  hiUs,  ravines,  plains,  and  along  excavations  on  the  sides  of  pre- 
dpiton<  mountains,  &c.  An  inch  of  water  is  estimated  to  be  the 
qnantitv  emitted  throuch  an  aperture  an  inch  square  under  a  head  of 
€  or  7  inches,  and  the  price  per  inch  varies  from  12  cents  np  to  40 
cents  per  dav,  according  to  the  locality,  demand.  &c.  _ 

HTTEArLic  MI^^^'G. — The  operative  power  in  hydraulic  mimng 
is  derived  from  a  reservoir  of  water  placed  rt  a  hich  elevation  above 
the  point  of  action,  from  whence  the  water  is  conveyed  through  a 
hose,  and  projected  with  terrific  force  under  a  pressure  of  from  SO  to  ^ 
200  feet.  asain.=t;  the  dirt  above  the  bed  r^ck.  The  effect  is  equal  to 
the  combined  blx>r  of  several  hundred  men:  the  force  exerted  bemg 
literallv  equivalent  to  the  removal  of  nmnntahi?.  as  the  snperincnmv 
bert  masses  of  earth  and  rock  frequently  c<?raes  tiimbling  down  m 
quantities  of  hundreds  of  tons  at  a  time."  The  dirt  tiius  loosened  is 
conveved  into  and  washed  down  the  sluice.  To  fortify  the  hose  to 
withstand  the  fearful  pressure  of  the  water,  it  should  be  stoutiy  band- 
ed with  strop ?  galvanized  iron  rines  alx^ut  2  ins.  broad,  secured 
aroimd  the  hose  at  intervals  of  about  2  ins.  apart.  The  quantity  of 
water  required  bv  a  hydraulic  claim  varies  from  .50  to  300  ins. 

The  f .oxg  Tom,  at  one  time  in  quite  extensive  use  by  miners  in 
California,  ia  a  trough  ranging  from  8  to  14  ft  in  length,  generally  IS 


QUARTZ    CRUSHING,   MINING   MACHINEKT.         455 

ins.  wide  at  the  upper  end  where  the  dirt  is  deposited,  30  ins.  wide  at 
the  lower  extremity,  and  about  8  ins.  deep.  Tiie  bottom,  at  the  wide 
end  is  comixised  oi  a  sieve  or  riddle  of  perforated  sheet  iron,  with  a 
small  rirtie  uox,  or  trough  with  riffle  bars  placed  vmdemeath.  Th© 
■water  euteriug  in  at  the  upper  end,  flows  through  the  entire  len<^h  of 
the  torn,  washuig  the  dirt  in  its  passage,  but  is  prevented  from  forcing 
it  over  the  lower  end  by  an  upward  erection  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
riddle.  The  gravel,  sand,  and  small  stones  escape  through  the  perfo- 
rated iron,  while  the  large  stones  are  tossed  out  with  the  shovel,  and 
the  gold  is  caught  in  the  riffle  box  below,  quicksilver  being  used  oc- 
casionally to  assist  in  securing  the  finer  particles. 

Quartz  Crushing  by  Sta3ips.— The  rotary  stamp  is  very  highly 
commended  as  the  most  efficient  stamp  in  use  for  the  crushing  of 
quartz  rock.  The  square  stamp  is  vertical,  with  the  main  part  or 
shaft  about  8  ft.  long,  and  from  5  to  Suis.  square,  shod  with  massive 
iron  weighing  from  100  to  1000  lbs.  They  are  elevated  by  cams  pro- 
jecting from  a  horizontal  shaft,  which  effect  a  lift  of  from  6  to  18  ins. 
at  each  revolution,  when  the  stamp  falls  with  all  its  force  into  the 
battery  or  the  quartz  below.  The  quartz,  previously  broken  to  pieces 
the  size  of  a  hen's  egg  or  less,  may  be  crushed  in  a  dry  state,  or  in  a 
wet  condition,  with  a  small  stream  of  water  constantly  flowing  through 
the  battery,  which  is  enclosed  by  a  wire  clotli  or  perforated  plate  of 
sheet  of  iron,  to  permit  the  egress  of  the  quartz  when  sufficiently  trit- 
urated. The  separation  of  the  gold  from  the  quartz  is  effected  by  wash- 
ing, etc.,  as  in  placer  mining;  much  of  it  is  caught  by  the  use  of 
coarse  blankets  laid  in  troughs,  through  which  the  quartz  is  washed 
as  in  a  sluice,  and  many  use  the  amalgam  plate,  made  as  described 
above,  to  secure  the  gold. 

In  amalgamating  in  the  battery.  2  ozs.  of  quicksilver  to  1  oz.  of  gold 
is  the  best  proportion  for  use,  and  produces  the  most  effective  result* 
in  securing  the  gold. 

MrsTSTr  ^^AC^r^^:I;Y  (Molzswoeth). 

Speed  of  crushing  rolls  at  periphery CO  ft.  per  minute. 

Diameter  of     "  '•  "  " 2i  to  30  ins. 

Breadthof       "  "  "  12  to  15  ins. 

Eollereli.ift 6  ins.  square- 
Tumbling  shaft 41;        " 

Sifting  screen  shaft 1^4  ins.  diameter. 

Kolls  crushed  together  with  a  force  of 60  tons. 

Weifht  of  stamjier  heads,  from 1 1/2  to  5  cwt. 

Lift  of  ditto 9  to  12  ins. 

Kumber  of  lifts  per  minute 45  to  60.  i 

Exposed  area  of  cast  gratings  about 9  X  10  ins.  1 

Number  of  holes  to  the  inch  for  tin 140. 

Area  of  stamper  bottom,  generally e  x  10  Lns. 

Pumps  for  deep  mines,  usually S  to  10  ft.  stroke. 

Each  lift  from  130  to  200  fW 

Boise  power  of  pumping  engines  : — 

Q  =  quantity  of  water  raised  per  minute,  cubic  feet. 

H  =  height  in  feet. 

Actual  horse  power  =  -0021  H  Q. 

In  Smeltixc.  Sil\-er,  fifty  per  cent,  of  lead  is  added  to  silTer  or^ 
or  lei  J  ore  containing  that  proportion  of  lead,  will  do  as  well.  Add 
10  p3' cent,  of  iron,  and  melt  all  together;  the  silver  is  then  permit- 
t«i  U  «scape  through  an  orifice  in  the  lower  part  of  the  fumade.     Th« 


456 


8ILTEB   SMELTING,    STUBS'   GAUGE,   AC. 


sQrer  is  once  biore  put  iu  a  f  oniace  and  boiled  nntil  all  imptiritiee  sa% 
driven  off. 

In  the  S-axt  Solution  Pkocess,  five  per  cent,  of  salt  is  added  to 
the  silver  ore,  and  the  mixture  is  roasted  until  the  salt  ia  converted 
I  into  a  chloride.  When  in  tliis  state,  and  still  red  hot,  it  Ls  thrown  into 
a  very  strong  solution  of  boiling  brine,  to  dissolve  the  chloride  of 
silver.  The  brine  is  filtered  at  a  temperature  of  212"  and  the  silver 
is  precipitated  by  adding  small  pieces  of  copper,  together  with  a  small 
qoantitj  of  manatlc  acid. 


BoOnNCUJOl  WiRB.GaUCB    Co.MP.\RKD  tVITK  TkcmKi. 


»'W.  O.  <=  In*. 

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18      .049 

27      .016 

36      -«»• 

fHo.  iW.G. 

=  ...   ,5;  in. 

No.  iiW.  C 

4     " 

.^    i  in. 

16      " 

..f^in 

32       " 

. .  a^  jn- 

Abtiticiai,  Meerschattm  is  made  with  very  fine  sifted  plaster  of 
Paris,  baked  for  a  few  hours  and  thrown  while  warm  into  melted  wax 
or  linseed  oil :  the  resemblance  may  be  increased  by  a  coloring  solo* 
tioa  of  gamboge  and  dragon's  blood. 


MACHINISTS,   ENGIJTEERS',   AC,  RECEIPTS.         457 

N.B.— In  addition  to  tlie  following  inestimable  Receipts  and  pro 
cesses,  the  blacksmith  ^vill  find  Iron  Tables,  and  Tables  of  Circum- 
ferences, Areas  and  Diameters  of  Circles,  for  measurement  of  hoops, 
tinge,  &c.,  at  the  end  of  the  mechanical  department. 


Tempering  Liquids.— 1.  Water,  3  gals;  soda,  2  ozs. ;  saltpetre,  3 
czs. ;  prussic  acid,  1  oz.,  or  oil  of  vitrol,  2  ozs^  2.  Water,  6  gals.; 
isaltpetre,  sal-ammoniac  and  alum,  of  each  4  ozs.,  and  draw  no  tem- 
per. 3.  Water,  4  gals. ;  saltpetre  and  alum,  of  each,  4  ozs. ;  sal-am- 
moniac, pulverized,  1  oz. ;  salt,  3  lbs.  Heat  to  a  cherry  red  and 
plmige  in,  drawing  no  temper.  4.  Water,  4  gals. ;  saltpetre,  1  oz. ; 
pulverized  borax,  1  oz. ;  pulverized  sal-ammoniac,  1  oz. ;  white  vitriol, 
2  ozs. ;  salt,  3  pts.  Do  not  hammer  too  cold,  nor  heat  too  high.  5. 
Water,  4  gals. ;  salt,  2  teacupfals;  salti^etre,  2  ozs. ;  pulverized  alum, 
4  teaspoonf  uls ;  never  heat  over  a  cherry  red,  nor  draw  any  temper. 

6.  Water,  2  gals. ;  add  corrosive  sublimate,  1^  oz. ;  common  salt,  3 
handf uls ;  when  dissolved  it  is  ready  for  use.  The  first  gives  tough- 
ness to  the  steel,  while  the  latter  gives  the  hardness,  causing  the  water 
to  adhere  to  the  steel,  which  otherwise  would  be  repelled  by  the  heat. 

7.  Tempering  Liquid  for  Mill  Picks. — Water,  3  gals. ;  spts.  of  nitre,  3 
ozs.;  hartshorn,  3  ozs;  white  vitriol,  3ozs. ;  alum,  3  ozs.;  sal-ammo- 
niac, 3  ozs. ;  salt,  6  ozs.,  with  2  handfuls  of  the  parings  of  horses' 
hoof.  The  steel  is  to  be  heated  to  a  cherry  red.  A  large  jug  of  this 
preparation  should  be  kept  corked  tight,  in  order  to  retain  its  strength. 
Use  soft  water  in  all  these  temperhig  liquids. 

Tempkring  Mill  Picks. — Get  double  refined  cast  steel  made  ex- 
pressly for  mill  picks.  In  drawing  out  the  pick,  use  an  anvil  and 
hammer  with  smooth  faces,  and  be  careful  not  to  heat  the  steel  higher 
than  a  dark  cherry  red.  Do  not  strilce  the  pick  on  the  edge  when 
finishing  it,  but  hammer  it  on  the  flat  side,  striking  light  and  often,, 
nntil  the  steel  is  quite  dark,  letting  the  blows  fall  so  as  to  close  the 
pores  of  tlie  steel.  When  a  dozen  jiicks  are  ready  to  temper,  get  3 
gals,  of  rain  water  from  which  the  chill  should  be  taken,  if  in  winter, 
by  dipping  a  hot  iron  into  it;  add  2  lbs.  salt,  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 
Heat  your  pick  gradually  from  the  centre ;  let  the  heat  run  to  the 
point,  and  when  it  is  a  dark  cherry  red,  dip  the  point  vertically  into 
the  bath  and  hold  it  still.  When  the  heat  has  left  the  part  immersed, 
take  it  out,  and  cool  the  balance  of  the  pick  in  ordinary  water.  Be 
8ure  to  heat  and  hammer  well. 

To  Temper  a  Drill  very  Hard. — Heat  your  drill  to  a  cherijt 
zed  and  queudi  it  iu  mercury.    This  will  drill  hardened  steeL 


158         KACHTN'ISTS,    EKGrSTlEES.   AC,   r.ECETPTS. 

Composition  fob  Tempeei>-g.— Hosin,  7^  parts;  whale  oil,  1| 
parts ;  pulverized  charcoal,  ^  part ;  tallow,  ^  part.  Directions. — Very 
small  tools  should  be  dipped  in  this  mirture  the  same  as  in  water, 
then  polish  and  draw  tlie  temper  as  usual.  Large  tools  should  be 
dipped,  then  heated  up  again  and  temper  as  usuaL  This  composition 
■will  also  restore  burnt  steel  as  good  as  new.  If  small  tools,  dip  once. 
11  large,  dip  two  or  three  times;  no  hammering  is  required. 

To  Make  Lbox  take  a  Bkight  Polish  like  Steel. — Pulverize 
and  dissolve  the  following  articles  in  Iqt.  hot  water;  blue  vitriol,  1  oz. ; 
■faorax,  1  oz. ;  prussiate  of  potash,  1  oz. ;  charcoal,  1  oz. :  salt,  \  pt ;  then 
add  1  gal.  linseed  oU,  mix  weU,  bring  your  iron  or  steel  to  the  proper 
heat  and  cool  in  the  solution.  It  is  said  the  manufacturers  of  the  Judson 
governor  paid  SlOO  for  tliis  receipt,  the  object  being  to  case  hardea 
iron  so  that  it  would  tiike  a  bright  polish  like  steeL 

DippixG  Tools  wbxx  H-iEDE>n>'G. — To  harden  a  pen-loiife  blade, 
lancet,  razor,  chisel,  gouge-bit.  plane,  spoke-shave,  iron  shaving 
knife,  three  or  four  square  fi'.es,  and  round  and  flr.t  files,  dip 
them  endwise  or  perpendicularly.  This  kcejs  them  straight, 
which  would  not  be  the  case  were  they  dipped  ia  the  water  ob- 
liquely. 

SrESTixuTE  FOB  BoK.vs. — ^Vlum,  2  ozs. ;  dilute  with  wntcr  and  mix 
with  2  ozs.  potash,  boil  in  a  pot  half  an  hour  over  a  gentle  fire,  take  it 
out  of  the  water,  add  2  ozs.  gem  salt  in  powder,  as  much  of  alka- 
line salt,  3  lbs.  honey,  and  one  of  cow's  milk,  mix  all  together,  set  it 
in  the  sun  for  3  days  and  the  boras  is  ready  for  use.  This  wid  go 
twice  as  far  in  a  blacksmith's  shop  as  common  borax, 

Weldlno  Cast  Steel. — Silver  sand  2  lbs.,  plcrter  of  Paris,  1  lb. ; 
mix  thoroughly.  Heat  your  article  and  dust  it  with  the  above,  place 
it  m  the  fire  again  untilVou  get  a  red  heat  and  it  will  weld. 

Respirator. — -Vn  excellent  respirator  mry  be  made  of  a  thick 
sheet  of  carded  cotton  wool  placed  between"  two  pieces  of  muslin. 
Unequalled  for  arresting  dust,  steel  particles,  &c. 

An'kealixg  Steel. — For  small  pieces  of  steel,  take  a  piece  of  gas 
pipe  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter,  and  put  the  pieces  in  it,  first  heat- 
ing one  end  of  the  pipe,  and  drawtng  it  together,  leaving  the  other 
€nd  open  to  look  into.  "When  the  pieces  are  of  a  cherry  red,  cover 
the  fire  with  saw  dust,  use  a  charcoal  fire,  and  leave  tlie  steel  in  over 
night. 

To  DRILL  Hardexed  Steel. — Covcr  your  steel  with  melted  beeswax, 
when  coated  and  cold,  make  a  hole  in  the  wax  with  a  fine  pointed  nee- 
dle or  other  article  the  size  of  hole  you  require,  put  a  drop  of  strong" 
nitric  acid  upon  it,  after  an  hour  rinse  oIT,  and  apply  again,  it  will 
gradually  eat  through. 

To  Harden  Metals. — Iron,  60  parts;  chrome,  40  parts;  form  a 
composition  as  hard  as  the  diamond.  A  high  deCTee  of  hardness 
may  also  be  imjiarted  to  iron  or  steel  by  adding^  part  of  silver. 
Copper  may  be  externally  hardened  by  the  fumes  of  zinc  and  tin.. 
The  specula  of  Lord  Ross's  telescope  is  1  part  tin  and  1  part 
copper,  this  is  as  hard  as  steel,  and  takes  a  very  high  polish  ;  if 
more  than  this  be  added  it  will  scarcely  cohere. 

Welding  Cast  Steel. — Rock  saltpetre,  J  lb. ;  dissolve  in  i  lb.  oil 
Titriol ;  and  add  it  to  1  gaL  water.  After  scarfing  the  Bteeh  get  it 
kot;  and  queoch  La  the  preparation.     Then  weld  the  same  as  • 


MACHINTSTS,    ENGDTEEES',    &C.,    KECEIPTS.  459 

piece  of  iron,  hammer  it  very  qmck  with  light  blows.  It  answers  the 
purpose  much  better  than  borax ;  cork  it  iu  a  bottle,  and  it  will  keep 
for  years.  Anotlier. — Borax,  15  parts;  sal-ammoiuao,  2  parts;  cyan- 
ide of  potippiuiii,  2  parts;  dissolve  all  in  water,  aud  evaporate  the 
water  at  a  low  temperature. 

Geiol^x  Weldixg  Powdek. — ^Iron  turnings,  4  jxirts;  borax,  S 
parts,  borate  of  iron,  2parts;  water,  1  part. 

Tempering  Swokds  a>i>  Cutlasses. — X.  B.  Ames,  hite  of  Clii- 
eopce,  Mass.,  after  many  costly  exiieriments,  found  that  the  best 
means  of  tempering  swords  and  cutlasses  tliat  would  stand  the  U. 
S.  Govermueut  test,  was  by  heatinsj  in  a  charcoal  fire,  hardening 
in  pnre  sprin?  water,  and  drawing  the  temper  iu  charcoal  flame. 

Belgl\x  \VELDixa  PowDEK. — ^Iron  filings,  1000  parts;  borax,  500 
parts;  balsam  of  copaiba,  or  otlicr  resinous  oil,  50  parts;  sal-ammo- 
niac, 75  i)arts.  Mix  all  well  together,  heat,  and  pulverize  completely. 
The  surfaces  to  be  welded  are  powdered  with  the  composition,  and 
then  brouglit  to  a  cherry  red  heat,  at  which  the  powder  melts,  when 
the  portions  to  be  luiited  are  taken  from  the  fire  and  joined.  If  the 
pieces  to  be  welded  are  too  large  to  be  both  introduced  into  the  forge, 
one  can  be  first  heated  with  the  welding  powder  to  a  cherry  red  heat, 
and  the  other  afterwards  to  a  whiteheat,  after  which  the  welding 
may  be  effected. 

CoitPOsiTiox  Used  ix  "Weldesg  Cast  Steel. — ^Borax,  10  parts; 
Bal-ammoniac,  Ijxirt;  grind  or  pound  them  roughly  togetlier;  then 
fuse  them  in  a  metal  pot  over  a  clear  fire,  taking  care  to  continue  the 
heat  imtil  all  spume  has  disappeared  from  the  surface.  "When  the 
liquid  appears  clear,  the  com]X)sition  is  ready  to  be  poured  out  to 
cool  and  concrete ;  aiterwards  being  ground  to  a  fine  jwwder.  it  is 
ready  for  use.  To  use  this  composition,  the  steel  to  be  welded  i« 
laiseii  to  a  heat  wliich  may  be  expressed  by  "  bright  yellow;"  it  is 
then  dipped  among  the  welding  powder,  and  again  placed  in  the  fire 
nntil  it  attains  the  same  degree  of  heat  as  before:  it  is  then  ready  to 
be  placed  under  the  hammer. 

To  Restore  Bi"kx"t  Steel  a>T)  Lsipeove  Poor  Steel. — ^Borax, 
3  ozs. ;  sal-ammoniac,  8  ozs. ;  pmssiate  of  jxitash,  3  oz.s, ;  blue  clav,  2 
ozs. ;  resin,  |  lb. ;  water,  1  giU:  alcohol,  1  gUl.  Put  all  on  the  fire, 
and  simmer  till  it  dries  to  a  powder.  The  steel  is  to  be  heated,  dip- 
ped iu  this  powder,  and  afterwards  hammered. 

To  Restore  Burnt  Cast  Steel. — Borax  1^  lbs. ;  sal-ammoniac 
\  lb. ;  pmssiate  of  potash  ^  lb. ;  rosin,  1  oz.  Pound  the  above  fine, 
add  a  gill  each  of  water  and  alcohol,  and  boU  all  to  a  stiff  paste  in  an 
iron  kettle.  Do  not  boil  too  long,  or  it  wiQ  become  hard  when  cooL 
The  burnt  steel  is  dipped  while  quite  hot  in  the  composition  aud 
aUghtly  hammered. 

Restoring  Blrxt  Steel. — It  is  not  generally  known  th.it  burnt 
steel  may  be  almost  instantaneously  restored  by  plunging  it  while  hot 
in  cold  water,  and  hammering  it  with  light  strokes  ou  tlie  anvil,  turn- 
ing it  so  as  to  hammer  all  over  it,  again  dipping  in  the  cold  water,  and 
repeating  tlie  hammering  process  as  before  Try  it ;  if  you  don't suo 
ceed  the  first  time,  you  will  soon  do  so. 

CoMPOsiTiox  to'Restork  Bckxt  Steel. — ^Two  parL<?  horn  fil- 
ings; 10  parts  tallow;  Ipart  sal-ammoniac,  1  part  pulverized  charcoal: 
1  part  Boda;   polvexize  the  hard  ingredients  separately,  mix  all 


460        MACHINTSTS;   ENGETEEBS*,   AC,   KECEIPTS,' 

6ioTonjrhly  vrith  the  tallow.  Bring  your  burnt  steel  to  a  cherry  re4 
and  dip  it  in  the  mixture;  when  it  gets  cold  it  may  be  hardened  ia 
the  nsiial  manner. 

CoMPOsiTiox  TO  TocGiTEjT  Steel. — Resin,  2  lbs. ;  tallow,  2  lbs. ; 
black  pitch,  1  lb. ;  melt  toijetlier,  and  dip  in  the  steel  wlien  hot. 

Bltjolar  axd  Dr.iLL-pKOOF  Diamond  Chixj^ — ^Take  1  gaL  mine, 
and  add  to  it  1  oz.  boir.x  and  1  oz.  salt. 

To  Re-sharpen  Old  Files. — ^Removethe  grea.«e  and  dirt  from  your 
files  by  wa.'^liing  them  in  warm  pota.sh  water,  then  wa5h  them  in 
■warm  water,  and  diy  with  artificial  heat;  next,  place  1  pt  warm 
water  in  a  wcRxleu  vessel,  and  put  in  your  files,  add  2  ozs.  of  blue 
Titriol,  finely  pulverized,  2  ozs.  borax,  well  mbced,  fcilcing  care  to  turn 
the  files  over,  so  that  each  one  may  come  in  contictwith  tlie  mixture. 
Kow  add  7  ozs.  suljihuric  acid  and  ^  oz.  cider  vinegar  to  the  abova 
mixture.  Remove  the  files  after  a  short  time,  dry,  s^wnge  them  with 
oUve  oil,  wrap  them  up  in  jwrous  pa;-ver,  and  put  aside  for  use  Coarse 
files  require  to  be  immersed  longer  than  fine. 

StTiSTiTLTK  FOR  BoKAx.— C'oppera.s,  2  ozs. ;  saltpetre,  1  oz. ;  com- 
mon salt,  6ozs. ;  black  oxide  of  manganese,  1  oz;  prussL".teof  pot- 
ash, 1  oz. ;  all  pulverized  and  mixed  with  3  lbs.  nice  welding  sand, 
and  use  tlie  same  a^  you  would  sand.  Iligh-tempercd  steel  can  be 
welded  with  this  at  a  lower  heat  thr.n  is  required  for  borax. 

To  Soften  Iron  or  Steel. — Either  of  the  following  methods 
will  make  iron  or  steel  very  soft: — L  .iVnoiat  it  all  over  vrith  tallow, 
temper  it  in  a  gentle  charcoal  fire,  and  let  it  cool  of  itself.  2.  Take  a 
little  clay,  cover  your  iron  with  it,  temper  in  a  charcoal  fire.  ^5. 
"When  the  iron  or  steel  is  red  hot,  strew  hellebore  on  it  4.  Quench 
the  iron  or  steel  in  the  iuice  or  water  of  common  beans. 

TEMrERixG  Steel  Spbln'os. — The  steel  used  should  be  that  called 
"spring"  for  the  large  woik;  for  small  work,  "double  shear"- 
After  hardening  in  the  usual  way,  in  water,  or,  as  some  prefer,  in  oil,, 
dry  the  spriug  over  the  firo  to  go*"  rid  of  its  moisture,  then  smear  it 
over  with  tallow  or  oO,  hold  it  over  tlie  fiame  of  the  smith's  forge, 

£a.ssing  it  to  and  fro,  so  that  the  whole  of  it  will  be  equally  heated, 
oldiug  it  there  until  the  oil  or  tallow  takes  fire.  Take  tlie  article 
out  of  the  fire  and  let  it  bum  a  short  time,  then  blov,- it  out  The 
process  may  be  repeated  two  or  three  times  if  the  operator  fancies 
that  any  portion  of  the  spring  has  not  been  reduced  to  the  proper 
temperature,  or  rather  raided  to  it 

Tempering  Saws. — A  late  improvement  consists  in  tempering 
and  straightening  the  saws  at  one  operr.tion.  This  is  done  by  heat- 
ing the  saws  to  the  proper  de;Tree,  ar.d  then  pressing  them  with  a 
sudden  and  iK)werful  stroke  between  two  s'/irfaces  of  cold  iron.  A 
drop  press  is  employed  for  the  purpose.  TI.e  mechanism  is  quite 
simple  and  inexpensive.  Its  use  effects  an  important  economy  in  the 
manufacture  of  nearly  all  kinds  of  siws,  and  also  improves  their 
quality. 

Tempering  Spiral  Spitrycs. — ^Place  a  piece  of  round  iron  insids 
the  spriug,  large  enough  to  fill  it;  tlien  make  the  spring  and  iron  red 
hot,  and,  when  hot  place  them  quickly  into  cold  water,  and  stirtheim 
about  till  cold;  afterwards  rub  them  with  oil  or  grease,  and  move 
them  about  in  a  flame  till  the  grease  takes  fire;  the  spting  will  thea 
be  reduced  to  its  proper  temper. 


MACnmiSTS,   ENGINEEES',   AC,   KBCEIPTS.  461 

To  TKStPER  Small  Spkixgs, — In  Largs  Quantities. — First,  harden 
fiiem  in  the  usual  manner  of  hardening  steel ;  then  place  as  many  as 
«onvenient  in  a  vessel  containing  oiL  Heat  the  oil  containing  th© 
springs  until  it  takes  fire  from  the  top,  then  set  off  the  vessel  and  let 
It  cool.  The  springs  will  then  be  found  to  ixjssess  the  required 
temper. 

Tempering. — The  article  after  being  completed,  is  hardened  bj 
being  heated  gradually  to  a  brii^rht  red,  and  then  plunged  into  cold 
■water:  it  is  then  tempered  by  being  warmed  gradually  and  equably, 
either  over  a  fire,  or  on  a  piece  of  heated  metal,  till  of  the  color  cor- 
responding to  the  purjwse  fOi.  which  it  is  required,  as  per  table  be- 
low, when  it  is  again  plunged  into  water. 

Corresponding  Temperature, 

A  very  pale  straw    .  430    Lancets  | 

Straw 4jO    Riizors   ) 

Darker  Straw    .     .     .  470    Penknives  |  All   kinds    of    wood    tools. 

Yellow 400    Scissors      )  Screw  taps. 

Brown  yellow  .    .    .  500  J  Hatchets,  Chipping  Chisels, 
Slightly  tinged  purple  5D0  >     Saws. 

Purple 530 )  All  kinds  of  percussive  tools. 

Dark  purple.     .     .     .  550  |  c ; , 

Wue    .    ....    .STOJ^P^SS. 

Dark  blue    ....  600    Soft  for  saws. 

TEsrpKKi>-G  Razors,  Cctlert,  Saws,  &c. — Razors  and  pen- 
knives are  too  frequently  hardened  without  the  removal  of  tl'.e  scale 
arising  from  the  foregoing  :  this  practice,  rchich  is  never  done  loith 
the  best  icoi-ks,  cannot  be  too  much  deprecated.  The  blades  are  heated 
in  a  coke  or  cliarcoal  fire,  and  dipped  in  the  water  obIiq".ely.  In 
tempering  razors,  they  are  laid  ou  their  backs  upon  a  clean  fire,  about 
half-a  dozen  together,  and  they  are  removed  one  at  a  time,  when  the 
edges,  wliich  are  as  yet  thick,  come  down  to  a  pale  straw  color. 
Should  the  backs  accidentally  get  heated  beyond  the  straw-color,  the 
blades  are  cooled  in  water,  but  not  otherwise.  Pen-blades  are  tem- 
pered a  dozen  or  two  at  a  time,  on  a  plate  of  iron  or  copper,  about  12 
inches  long,  3  or  4  inches  wide,  and  about  ^  of  an  inch  thick.  The 
blades  are  arranged  close  together  on  their  back  and  lean  at  au 
angle  against  each  other.  As  they  come  down  to  the  temper,  they 
are  picked  out  with  small  pliers  and  thrown  into  water  if  necessary ; 
other  blades  are  then  thrust  forward  from  the  cooler  parts  of  the 
plate  to  take  their  phice.  Axes,  adzes,  cold  chisels,  and  other  edge 
tools,  in  which  the  total  bulk  is  considerable  compared  with  the  part 
to  be  hardened,  are  only  partially  dipped ;  they  are  afterwards  let 
down  by  the  heat  of  the  remainder  of  the  tool;  and,  when  the  color 
indicative  of  the  temper  is  attained,  they  are  entirely  quenched. 
With  the  view  of  removing  the  loose  scales,  or  the  oxidation  acquired 
in  the  fire,  some  workmen  rub  the  objects  hastily  in  dry  salt  before 

E lunging  them  in  the  water,  in  order  to  give  them  a  cleaner  and 
righter  face. 

Oil,  or  resinous  mixtures  of  oil,  tallow,  wax,  and  resin,  are  used  for 
many  thin  and  elastic  articles,  such  as  needles,  fish  hooks,  steel  pens 
and  eprings,  which  require  a  milder  degree  of  hardness  than  is  give^ 


462        HACHCaSTS,    ENGrsnEEBS,    <tC.,   RECEIPTS. 

by  "water.  Gnn  lock-springs  are  eametimes  fried  fn  oiZ  for  a  cob» 
siderable  tirae  over  a  fire,  in  an  iron  tray;  the  thick  parts  are  then 
sure  to  be  pufflciently  reduced,  and  the  thin  parts  do  not  become  the 
more  eofteued  from  "the  continnance  of  the  blazing  heat  Saws  and 
eprings  are  generally  hardened  in  various  composition3  of  oil,  snet, 
■wax,  &C.  Tlie  saws  are  heated  in  long  furnaces,  and  tlien  immersed 
horizontally  and  edgeways  into  a  l^ng  trongh  containin?  the  com- 
position. Part  of  tlie  composition  is  wi^jed  off  the  saws  with  a  piece 
of  leather,  when  they  are  removed  from  tie  trouph.  and  heatea  one 
by  one,  nntU  the  grease  inflames.  This  is  called  ''  blazing  off."  The 
composition  used  by  a  large  saw  manufacturer  is  2  lbs.  euet  and  J  lb. 
of  beeswax,  to  eveiy  gallon  of  whale  oil;  tl.e  scare  boiled  together, 
and  will  serve  for  tliin  works  and  most  kinds  of  steeL  The  addition 
of  black  resin,  about  1  lb.  to  each  g^on,  makes  it  serve  for  thicker 
pieces,  andfortliose  it  refused  to  harden  before;  but  resin  should 
be  added  with  judgment,  or  the  works  "will  become  too  hard  and. 
brittle. 

To  IsiPECvE  PooB  Ieox. — ^Black  oxiCa  of  manganese,  1  part;  cop- 
peras and  common  salt,  4  parts  each ;  discolve  in  soft  water,  and  boil 
till  dry  ^when  cool,  pulverize,  and  mix  quite  freely  with  nice  welding 
sand.  When  you  have  poor  iron  wliiih  you  cannot  afford  to  throw 
away,  heat  it,  *and  roll  it  in  this  mixture;  workin?  for  a  time,  reheat- 
ing, '&c. ,  will  soon  free  it  from  ell  impurities,  which  is  the  cause  of  its 
rottenness.  By  this  process  you  can  make  good  horse  nails  out  of 
common  iron.  ' 

Case-Hakde>tn-g  foe  Ikox. — Cast  iron  may  be  case-hardened  by 
heating  to  a  red  heat,  and  then  rolling  it  in  a  composition  composed 
of  equal  parts  of  prussiate  of  potash,  sal-ammoniac,  and  saltpetre,  all 
pulverized  and  thoroughly  mixed.  This  must  be  got  to  every  part  of 
the  surface ;  then  plunged,  while  yet  hot,  into  a  bath  containing  2  ozs. 
prussi&te  of  potash,  ancl  i  ozs.  sal-ammoniac  to  each  gallon  of  cold 
"water. 

Moxo>-*s  Casz-IIaedzntxg  Peocess. — Cow's  horns  or  hoofs  are 
to  be  b:ied,  dried  and  pulverized  in  order  that  more  may  be  pot  into 
the  box  "with  the  articles,  or  bone  dust  answers  very  well  To  this 
add  an  oqtial  quantity  of  bay  salt;  mix  them  with  stale  chamber 
ley,  or  white  "wine  vinegar;  cover  the  iron  -with  this  mixture,  and  bed 
it'  in  the  same  in  loam,  or  enclose  it  in  an  iron  box,  kiy  it  on  the 
hearth  of  the  forge  to  dry  and  harden;  then  put  it  into  tlie  fire,  and 
blow  till  the  lump  has  a  "blood  red  heat,  and  no  higher,  lest  the  iron 
mixture  he  burnt  too  much  Take  the  iron  out  and  throw  it  into  cold 
"water. 

Foe  MATT.T-ATtTTt  Ibox. — Put  the  articles  in  on  iron  box,  and  gtrat> 
ify  them  among  animal  carbon,  that  is,  pieces  of  horns,  hoofs,  skins, 
or  leather,  just  sufficiently  burned  to  be  reduced  to  powder.  Lnt» 
the  box  with  equal  parts  of  sand  and  clay;  then  place  it  in  the  fire, 
and  keep  at  a  light  red  heat  for  a  length  of  time  proportioned  to  the 
depth  of  steel  required,  when  the  contents  of  the  box  are  emptied 
Into  water. 

AyoTHEB  roE  Weought  Iboit. — ^Take  pmssiate  of  potash,  finely 
pulverized,  and  roll  the  article  in  it,  if  its  shape  admits  of  it;  if  not, 
■prinkle  the  powder  upon  it  freely,  while  the  iron  is  hot. 

To  Te3cp£e  Speotos.— For  tempering  cast-steel  trap  springi,  aS 


KACHIMSTS,    engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS.         46S 

that  U  necessary  is  to  heat  them  in  the  dark,  jnst  so  that  von  can  see 
that  they  are  red ;  then  cool  them  in  hike-warm  \rater.  Yon  can  ob- 
serve a  much  lower  degree  of  heat  in  the  dark  than  by  daylight,  and 
the  low  heat  and  warm  water  give  the  desired  temper. 

CASB-IlAiiDEiaxQ  CoMPOUXD.— Prussiate  of  potash,  3  lbs. ;  sal-am- 
moniac, 2  lbs. ;  bone  dust,  2  lbs. 

CoMPOsiTiox  FOB  Weldixq  Cast  Stzel. — Pulverized  borax  any  i 
quantity,  and  slightly  color  it  with  dragon's  blood.    Heat  the  steel  red 
not,  shako  the  borax  over  it;  place  it  again  in  the  fire  till  the  borax 
emokei  on  the  steel,  wliich  will  be  much  below  the  ordinary  ■welding 
heat,  and  then  hammer  it 

To  Weld  Cast  Iron.— The  best  way  of  weldmg  cast  iron  is  to 
take  it  at  a  very  intense  heat,  closely  approaching  tlie  melting  point. 
In  tliis  state  it  will  be  foimd  sufficiently  malleable  to  stand  welding  by 
the  liamraer.  There  are  other  methods,  but  most  of  them  are  attend- 
ed by  almost  insurmountable  difficulties. 

To  TEJirER  TjVTS  or  KsAiiERs  without  springing,  select  your 
steel  for  the  job,  and  forge  the  tap  with  a  little  more  than  the  usual 
allowance,  being  careful  not  to  neat  too  hot  nor  hammer  too  cold ; 
after  tlie  tap  or  reamer  is  forged,  heat  it  and  hold  it  on  one  end  ou 
the  anvil.  If  a  large  one,  hit  it  with  the  sledge ;  if  a  small  one,  the 
hammer  will  do.  This  will  cause  the  tap  to  bend  slightly.  Do  not 
straighten  it  with  the  hammer,  but  on  finishing  ana  hardening  th a 
tap,  it  will  become  straight  of  its  own  accord. 

To  Harden  A>a>  Temper  Cast  Steel.— For  saws  and  springs 
hi  general  tlie  following  is  an  excellent  liquid;  Spermaceti  oil,  20 
gals. ;  beef  suet  rendered,  20  lbs. ;  reat's-foot  oil,  1  gal. ;  pitch,  1  lb. ; 
black  resin,  3  lbs.  The  last  two  articles  must  be  previously  melted 
together,  and  then  added  to  the  other  ingredient,  when  the  whol& 
must  be  heiited  in  a  proper  iron  vessel,  with  a  close  cover  fitted  to  it, 
until  all  moisture  is  evaporated,  and  the  composition  will  take  fire  on 
a  flaming  body  being  presented  to  its  surface. 

Water  Axnealixg. — ^Ueat  the  steel  to  a  red  heat,  and  let  it  lie  a 
few  minutes,  until  nearly  black  hot;  then  throw  it  into  soap-suds; 
steel  in  this  way  may  be  annealed  softer  than  by  putting  it  into  th» 
ashes  of  the  forge. 

To  Soften  Malleable  Iron. — When  your  furnace  is  charged 
with  fuel  and  metal,  get  thft  fire  up  to  a  duU  red  heai.,  then 
pour  fluoric  acid  all  over  the  coke;  use  ^  pt.  to  1  pt  or  even  1 
qt.  adding  a  handful  of  fluor  spar;  it  wUl  make  the  metal  much 
softer. 

WoRKijro  Steel  fob  Tools.— In  working  steel  for  tools,  great 
care  should  be  taken  to  hammer  all  sides  alike,  for  if  one  side  is 
hammered  more  than  another  it  will  cause  it  to  spring  in  harden- 
ing. Again,  steel,  when  being  hammered,  should  be  heated  as  hot 
as  it  will  stand,  until  finishing,  and  should  then  be  hammered  until 
almost  black  hot,  for  the  reason  that  it  sets  tlie  grain   finer,  and 

fives  the  tool  a  better  edge.  The  reason  for  heating  the  steel  so 
ot  while  hammering  is  simply  because  it  makes  the  steel  tougher 
when  hardened,  and  softer  when  annealed,  while  if  it  wer» 
worked  at  a  low  red  heat,  the  contuaued  percussive  shocks  of  th» 
hammer  would  so  harden  it  as  to  make  it  almost  Impossible  ti 
anneal  it,  and  at  the  Bame  time  tender  it  brittle  when  liardened. 


464  MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

To  Make,  Hakden,  autd  Tempek  Tools.— Exi)erience  has  proved 
that  all  steel  cutting  tools  should  be  hardened  at  a  low  red  heat,  or 
the  lowest  degree  of  heat  compatible  to  yield  efficient  results,  not 
forgetting  that  large  tools  require  more  heat  than  small  ones,  for  the 
reason  that  they  retain  the  heat  much  longer  in  the  cooling  process. 
Very  small  tools  such  as  some  surgical,  and  dental  instruments,  all 
springs,  centre  drills,  needles,  etc.,  should  be  hardened  iu  oil,  as  cold 
water  is  apt,  by  cooling  them  too  rapidly,  to  render  them  brittle  and 
worthless.  Too  much  heat  impaits  a  coarse  grain  like  ca^^t  iron,  to 
tlie  steel,  and  makes  it  liable  to  break  when  in  use.  A  heat  sufficient 
to  raise  scales  should  never  be  tiiken  unless  with  an  implement  too 
large  to  temper  wthout  it,  for  it  is  siue  to  result  in  injury  to  the  steel, 
even  though  the  temper  is  drawn  to  a  straw  color.  Tools  such  as 
cutters  and  reamers  which  require  to  be  haidened  without  springing, 
should  be  accurately  turned  to  \vithLU  ^  inch  oi  their  fiuished  size,  and 
then  annealed  previous  to  finishing.  In  ann<i(Uln;i  steel,  it  should  be 
heated  very  slowly  to  a  red  heat,  being  careful  to  keep  it  imder  the 
scaling  degree,  then  allow  it  two  days  or  more  to  cool  in.  In  making 
taps,  you  should  have  immediately  under  tlie  square  head,  a  place 
accurate  size  of  the  outside  of  the  thread,  so  that  you  will  have  no 
ti-ouble  in  getting  dimensions  of  the  thread  wherever  an  odd  number 
of  flutes  exist  Every  tap  should  be  the  accuiate  size  of  the  bottom  of 
the  thread  to  withia  about  ^  an  inch  of  the  square  head,  shaping  it 
this  way,  when  a  strain  comes  in  the  work  it  wUl  twist  instead  of 
breaking.  The  threads  on  V  taps  ought  to  be  cut  with  a  tool  exactly 
three  square,  (unless  the  thread  is  rounded  on  the  top),  and  then 
fiuished  with  a  sharp  tool  without  polishing,  as  this  produces  a  glaze 
on  the  metal  while  being  tapped.  In  making  a  tap  for  common  ma- 
chine screws  or  for  bolts,  measure  with  callipers,  the  lower  part  of 
the  thread  of  one  of  the  screws,  and  proceed  to  cut  your  tap  at  the 
l)Ottom  of  the  thread  the  exact  size  of  the  measurement.  Strong  taps 
for  sqriare  thread  screics  ought  to  be  cut  ^  the  depth  of  their  pitch, 
so  if  the  thread  is  five  to  the  inch,  cut  one-tenth  of  an  inch  deep. 
The  threads  bemg  5  to  the  inch,  leaves  a  space  between  the  threads  of 
one  tenth  of  an  inch,  and  the  thread  beiug  one  tenth  iu  depth  and 
one-teuth  wi''^,  would  make  the  thread  square.  In  sqiuire  threads 
required  +or  wear,  the  cut  should  be  |  the  depth  of  their  pitch. 

In  hardeniiifj  a  tap,  use  a  clear,  bright  fire;  a  fire  of  charcoal  is  the 
best;  heat  to  a  cherry  red,  and  holding  it  by  the  upper  end  immerse 
the  entire  tliread-part  first,  keeping  it  stationary  until  the  smooth 
part  attains  a  dark  red  color;  then  gradually  dip  the  whole  tool,  hold- 
ing it  stationary  until  cold  Brighten  the  fluted  parts  and  proceed  to 
temper  the  tool  by  heating  a  piece  of  an  iron  pipe  to  a  bright  red;  re- 
move it  from  the  fire,  place  it  in  a  vertical  position,  and  insert  the 
tap  in  the  centre  of  the  tube  (but  not  touching  any  part  of  it)  with 
the  threaded  part  outside.  The  interior  of  the  tube  should  be  twice  the 
diameter  of  the  tool,  and  the  length  bnt  half.  Revolve  the  tap  in 
the  hot  pipe  until  the  smooth  part  is  warm  enough  to  slightly  pain 
the  hand,  keeping  it  m  motion  endways,  back  and  forth  through  the 
pipe  and  turning  it  until  the  thread  is  tinted  to  a  deep  brown,  and  the 
rest  of  the  tool  to  a  brown  purpls,  modify  any  irregularity  in  the  col<« 
\>Y  holding  the  light  colored  parts  longer  in  tne  tube,  or  if  any  parts 
color  too  deep,  cool  oft"  with  a  little  oil.  The  squares  of  taps  should b« 
tempered  to  a  deep  blue  color. 


MACHINISTS    TOOLf. 


465 


Tig.  1.  Tool  for  catting  square  thread  serews,  &o. 
Fig.  2.  Lathe  tool  for  boring. 
Fig.  3.  Tool  for  cutting  Interior  screws. 
Fig.  4.  Left  hand  side  tool,  top  view. 
Fig.  5.  Tool  for  cutting  V  thread  screwa. 
rig.  6-  Diamond-point  tool,  to  turn  small  shafting, . 
Itg.  T.  Eoond-ended  tool,  to  torn  beavy  thafting,  4 
«0 


466  MACHINISTS,   ENGEfEEBS'    AC,   RECEIPTS. 

To  Da*  OB   Tempeb  HAU-Bor>T)   Felzs    ob    Rzamebs. — 0« 

accoant  of  the  unequal  surface  presented  to  the  water  by  half  round 
tools,  it  is  necess;iry,  in  order  to  keep  them  straight,  or  nearly  so. 
while  tempering,  that  they  should  be  inserted  with  the  scmt-circidar 
side  20'  leaning  towards  the  icater.  To  dip  a  fluted  reamer,  insert  it  ^ 
an  inch  beyond  the  duting,  dipping  and  withdrawing  it  several  times 
in  succession.  This  ensures  a  reliable  temper  in  the  tool  and  will 
assist  greatlv  in  preventing  fracture,  and  breakage. 

To  SsT  A  Lathe  to  Tcrx  Tapering. — Calculate  a  certain 
amount  of  taper  to  the  foot  or  the  extension  of  the  piece  to  be  turned, 
lor  instance  with  a  shaft  one  foot  long  with  a  thickness  of  1  inch  at 
one  end  larger  than  the  other,  set  the  puppet-head  over  ^  inch,  and 
you  wdl  obtain  the  desired  taper  of  1  inch  per  foot  ^^  ith  a  shaft  29 
ins.  long,  yoa  will  obtain  a  taper  of  2  ins,  over  its  whole  length,  by 
settmg  vour  lathe  over  1  inch. 

To  Set  a  Lathe  to  Tcrn  Shaftin-g.  —Find  out  if  your  centres 
are  true,  and  adjust  them  correctly  if  they  are  not,  using  a  square 
end  tool,  keeping  them  true  to  a  three-square  gauge,  otherwise  you 
will  be  apt  to  ruin  voar  work.  Now  set  your  puppet-heiid  so  that  it 
will  turn  the  shaft  "true  and  straight,  and  if  without  a  straight  mark 
upon  it,  turn  one  end  of  the  shaft  for  about  an  inch,  next,  without 
stirring  your  tools,  take  the  shaft  from  the  lathe,  run  the  carriage 
down  to  the  main  head,  and  if  the  tool  comes  in  contact  with  the  spot 
you  have  turned,  the  machine  is  straight,  if  not,  screw  over  the 
puppet  head,  and  keep  adjusting  it  until  the  tool  touches  the  place 
turned  at  both  ends  of  the  lathe. 

Ox  Keys,  Plaxixg  BLet  Wats,  &c.— To  ensure  an  easy  entrance, 
apply  oil  to  the  key  way  and  enter  the  key,  marking  where  it  binds, 
avoiding  extreme  tightness  at  the  sides,  and  securing  the  lock  by  a 
proper  taper  at  the  rate  of  about  J  of  an  inch  to  the  foot  of  length. 
To  ease  hardened  kaj  waits  ani  slots,  xise  a  strip  of  copper  as  a  file  on 
the  surface  of  the  metal,  together  with  emery  and  oil.  To  plane  a  key 
way  in  a  shaft,  drill  a  hole  the  size  of  the  wav  the  de-ith  you  wish  to 
plane;  then  plane  the  key  way  slightly  narrower  than  the  intended 
size  ;  this  is  done  with  a  square  point  tool,  afterwards  finL-h  with  a 
tool  of  the  desired  size  ;  this  method  ensures  a  much  neater  finish, 
than  the  use  of  one  tool  only.  To  ensure  true  cutting  in  adjusting  a 
tool  for  cutting  a  key  way,  test  each  side  of  it  by  a  square  set  on  th« 
planer  bed,  to  see  that  it  Ls  perpendicular.  To  plane  a  T  shaped  slot 
or  xoay,  plane  to  the  desired  denth  with  a  snnare  nointtool,  then  plane 
the  upper  part  of  the  way  to  the  proper  width.  Now  plane  the  bottom 
part  of  the  way  with  two  tools,  each  being  bent  to  a  different  angle, 
one  to  the  right  and  the  other  to  the  left  ShaUmo  trays  may  be'cut 
out,  the  upper  width  and  proner  depth,  then  finished  with  one  tool 
ghaped  the  desired  form  of  the  way.  Powerful  tools  should  be  used  in 
plani^ug  large  wavs  in  order  to  avoid  breaking,  and  shonld  cut  easily 
on  each  of  the  three  sides.  Use  a  sheet  iron  gause  and  plane  the  way 
to  conform  to  it.  To  plane  a  gibe  rest  or  slide,  plane  it  aU  over, 
omitting  the  slide,  on  both  side^;  then  set  the  planer  head  at  an  ande 
of  30°.  and  finish  the  slide  with  a  taper  point  tooL  In  planing  thiJi 
east  iron  s'lrfivs,  the  ont«ide  being  harder  than  the  inpide,  it  is 
B^oessary  in  order  to  prtjvent  sprincing  owing  to  the  exr>ansi<^n  of  th« 
•ohIs,  to  plane  over  a  cut  on  each  side  preyious  to  finiishing  eithec. 


machinists'  tools. 


467 


Fig.   8.  Side  view  of  right-hand  side  tool- 
Fig.   9.  Tool  for  cutting  V  tlireada,  side  Tlew. 
Fig.  iO.  Tool  for  planing  a  key-way. 
Fig.  11.  End  view  of  a  fluted  tap  or  reamec 
Fig.  12.  Side  tool  for  squaring  the  ends  of  wrought  iron  work. 
Fig.  13.  Tool  for  parting  or  cutting  brass  apart. 

Fig.  14.  Side  tool  for  cast  iron,  wrought  Iron  or  Bteel,  left  hand  foc^ 
tig.  15.  Parting  tool  for  iron  or  eteel  work. 


468        HAcmsiSTS,  iwcnrrERs'  &c.,  beceipts. 

CxKB  OF  Lathes,  Puoteks,  Dktlls,  &c. — ^In  order  to  atillzs  joat 
lathes,  fee,  for  nice  line  work,  and  keep  your  ways,  aibors,  and 
centres  in  order,  it  is  necessary  to  keep  tiiem  cle.TJi  by  brushing  away 
the  rubbish  from  the  wrvys,'  feed  gears,  and  other  working  i-arte; 
clean  well  by  frequent  rubbing  with  cotton  wa^te,  and  keep  them  in 
easv  working  order  by  regular  oiling. 

Tools  fobTvkxin'G. — 1.  Tot  turning  balance  u>heels,  or  squaring 
vp  large  sur/acxs,  use  a  round  end  tool  constructed  well  tapering  to 
cut  from  tlie  side.  2.  The  bes-t  tool  for  turniwj  s  }:all  thrtling  is  a 
diamond  point  tool;  for  heavy  shalti'jg  use  a  round  end  tool,  shaped 
to  stand  nigh  like  a  diamond  point  and  to  cut  fail  and  free  from 
the  side.  3.  For  cutting  off  a  shcjt,  use  a  tool  shaped  thin  and 
having  the  ta.ering  down  the  reverse  of  turning  tools.  4.  For 
catting  a  T  tliread  screw  use  a  Y  thread  tool,  with  the  points 
ground  to  lean  down  when  finished,  so  as  to  prevent  running  and  de- 
etroying  both  the  tool  and  the  work.  5.  Tot  cutting  a  square  thread 
tcnlc,  the  best  way  is  to  use  a  squiire  point  tool  about  f  of  the  thick- 
ness of  the  thread  you  intend  to  cut,  and  tin  i^h  with  another  the  exact 
size  of  the  thread.  In  cutting  a  thread  within  a  hole  apply  thesam© 
method.  6.  Tor  boring  out  a  hole  u*e  a  lathe  boring  tool  with  the  end 
tamed  on  a  ri::bt  angle  to  the  left  and  the  point  turned  up  hooking. 

The  side  tool  shown  in  Fig.  12,  should,  for  liglit  work,  be  hardened 
right  out-  temper  to  a  straw  color  for  heavy  work.  For  heavy  work 
on  a  slottino-  machine,  temper  to  a  brownL^h  purple,  and  gnnd  so  that 
the  cuttin<' ed -'e  first  strikes  the  cut  near  the  bc>dy  of  the  tool,  and 
not  at  the  point  ends :  use  at  a  speed  of  about  10  feet  per  minute. 

The  parting  tool  for  brass.  Fig.  13.  should  be  made  to  conform  to 
the  shape  as  renresented  and  hardened  right  out  ,   ^     i  j 

The  sidfi  tool  fyr  ijr>n.  Fig.  14,  cannot  be  made  too  hard :  and  snould 
be  used  at  a  sneed  ranging  from  20  to  30  feet  per  minute,  with  feed 
from  20  to  30  revolutions  for  each  inch  cut  varying  as  the  duuensions 
of  the  work  ranses  from  1  inch  up  to  12  inches  in  diameter,  the  speed 
decreasing  as  the  size  of  the  work  increases. 

The  mrting  tool  for  iron.  Fig.  15.  should  be  tempered  m  accordance 
with  the  size  of  the  tool  and  the  nature  ci  the  fork  to  be  done;  it 
may  be  hardened  right  out,  or  hardened  to  a  dark  straw,  or,  for  a 
weak  tooL  to  a  purple  color.  .„.      ,^      v  j  ^„  !„,.«. 

The  rouQhinr}  tool  for  irrorr^W  iron.  Fig.  16,  when  used  on  large 
work,  should  be  tempered  to  a  li-ht  straw,  but  for  work  of  o  mch 
diameter  or  les.*.  itshAuld  be  made  ns  hard  as  possible  and  not  tem- 
nered  at  aU  The  cutting  speed  varies  from  15  to  oo  feet  per  minnta 
u  the  size  of  the  work  varies  from  1  inch  to  20  mches  or  more  m 
diameter :  feed  &c,  ranging  about  as  follows :  —  r«d  „.  inch 

1  or  less.  f5  g 

2  5  »  2 
5-10                                            »                                            JJ 

20  and  upwards  iJ  .  ^  j  v-xstt  it 

In  hardening  and  temperiBg  the  boring  tocds  rei^esented  d7*^S^ 3 

19.  20.  21.  22  and  26  proceed,  according  to  the  directions  given  else. 

where-.makingthem  very  hard.  , , ,     .    -j     ^       >,  oa  tnm 

The  tide,  toi^/ar  brasi,  Fig.  IS,  should  be  hardened  as  much  aa  6X9 


KACHmiSTS'    TOOLS. 


469 


Pig,  16.  Tool  for  rougMng  out  wrought  iron  work. 

Fig-  17.  Boring  tool  for  heavy  work  on  wrought  iron. 

Fig.  IS.  Side  tool  for  Drass  work. 

rig.  19.  Boring  tool  for  heavy  cutting  on  wrought  iron 

Fig.  20.  For  boring  on  cast  iron  where  tool  is  liable  to  Tflsratu  or  trciBM« 

Tig.  21.  Stout  finishing  tool  on  cast  iron.    Tho  ba<k  part  of  the  tool  tl 

fonped  for  scraping  only,  the  front  comer  doing  the  cutlln^. 
Hlg.  22.  Tool  to  cut  out  a  straight  comer  at  the  bottom  of  a  hole  1^ 

VTOUght  irou.     Fi£.  23t  Boring  tool  for  wrought  iroa  oc  BtKtL 


470  MACHINISTS,    engineers'    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

fcnd  water  will  permit,  and  may  be  used  at  a  cutting  speed  of  from  15i 
to  350  feet  per  minute  on  work  ranging  from  1  inch  up  to  20  inclies  in 
diameter,  with  a  feed  of  30  and  25  revolutions  to  each  inch  turned. 

The  boring  tool  for  wrought  iron,  etc. ,  Fig.  23,  should,  if  slight,  be 
tempered  to  a  light  straw  color;  otherwise,  harden  it  right  out,  and 
when  in  use  lubricate  well  with  a  mixture  of  soft  soap  1  lb;  boiling 
water,  1  gaL 

The  finishing  tool  for  cast  iron,  Fig.  24,  should  be  hardened 
right  oiit;  the  cutting  speed  on  the  lathe  is  about  25  to  30  feet  per 
minute  on  small  work,  and  18  feet  on  large  work,  with  a  coarse  feed 
of  say,8  revolutions  of  the  lathe  per  inch  of  traveL 

To  make  a  counter  boring  tool,  (Fig.  25),  adjust  the  handle  to  a 
proper  collet  and  tarn  the  governor,  whiih  ought  not  to  be  over  a  ^  of 
inch  in  length;  next  turn  a  spot  for  the  lips  about  3  of  an  inch,  on 
email  tools  and  about  g  inch  on  large  ouos.  Above  tliis  spot,  turn  it 
about  ^  larger  than  the  governor  and  straight  up  to  the  handle,  by 
leaving  the  place  for  the  lips  short,  thus  saving  fiUng.  Next  file  i 
spiral  lips  in  them,  resembling  a  drill;  afterwards  dress  off  the  back 
back  side  of  the  lips  ou  the  ead  to  an  edge  with  a  file,  and  harden. 

Milling  tools  or  cutters,  (Fig.  27. )  ought  to  be  chucked  to  fit  loosely 
on  the  arbor,  so  that  they  may  not  pro-\e  to  be  too  small  after  harden- 
ing. Xow  tarn  them  to  within  a  32nd.  of  an  inch  of  the  required 
thickness,  and  again  heat  previous  to  finishhig.  This  second  heating 
renders  them  less  apt  to  spring  when  heated  for  the  final  hardening. 

The  front  tool  for  brass,  Fig.  29,  should  be  hardened  right  out, 
and  thespeed  and  feed  should  be  about  the  following  : — 

Diameter  of  Work  Cutting  Speed  ft.  Amount  of  Feed 

in  Inches.  per  minute. 

1  or  lessi  345  25 

2  to  5,  245  25 
5  to  10,  195  25 
10  to  20,  150  30 

The  tool  for  cutting  square  threads.  Fig.  30,  should  be  made  quite 
hard,  and  formed  as  shown  in  cut.  The  same  remark  applied  t-j  the 
tool  for  hdxrd  metal,  shown  at  Fig.  31. 

The  boring  tool  for  brass.  Fig.  32,  should  be  made  as  h.ard  as  fire 
and  water  wUl  make  it,  and  used  with  a  quick  speed  and  lightfeed. 

The  finishing  tool  for  wrought  ii-nn,  di-..  Fig.  33.  should  be  hard- 
ened right  out,  aud  used  at  a  cutting  sppel  (>f  from  18  to  38  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  as  the  size  of  the  work  vnrias  from  18  inchea,  or 
more,  down  to  1  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  feed  from  14  to  30  revolu- 
tions for  each  inch  cut,  as  follows  : — 

Diameter  of  Work  Cuttins  Pijecrl  ft  Amount  of  Feed 

in  Inches.  per  minute. 

1  or  less,  38  30 

1  to  2,  29  24 

2  to  4,  24  19 
4  to  10,  22  19 
10  to  18,  19  16 
18  and  no  wards.  18  14 

In  addition  t-o  these  fn:-triict'ons,  ea'h  tool  requires  to  be  ground 
In  such  a  way  as  will  best  ada;>t  it  for  tlie  performance  of  the  various 
kinds  of  work  that  iumv  h"  in  hani. 

SpiRAij  DaiLL3.  Fi'j;.  35.  .should  be  annealed  and  turned  to  l-50th 
«<  an  inch  la^vger  tliau  th@  fiuiahed  suce  -,  tUen  he^^t^d  a^iu,  &ad  Mt* 


machinists'  tools. 


m 


Fig  24  nnisMng  tool  for  cast  Iron. 

Fig.  25.  Counter  boring  tool,  end  \\evr. 

Fig.  26.  To  be  used  on  wrought  Iron  •when  the  tool  U  1i»blft  to  rpr^g  9^ 

account  of  distance  from  the  tool  poet, 
Hg.  27.  Fl3te4  »|lU«ig  tPO}  v>r  CBtt«f « 


472         MACHINISTS,    engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

Healed  in  a  vertical  position,  among  lime,  ashes,  or  soap-ends  ;  the 
shank  is  then  turned  to  fit  a  proper  collet  gocket,  and  afterwards  the 
point  may  be  turned  to  the  desired  dimensions  and  shaped.  Kext 
measure  ftrom  the  point  and  finish  the  turning,  by  making  it  tapering 
to  the  extent  of  100th  of  an  inch  smaller  for  every  2  inches  of  the 
length  of  the  drill ,  Tlie  spiral  grooves  are  cut  on  a  machine  con- 
Btructed  for  the  purpose,  containing  a  spindle,  -which  imparts  tlie 
double  movement  of  sliding  and  revolving  slowly  while  the  spirala 
are  being  cut.  The  spindle  coutaius  a  screw,  on  which  a  chuck  to 
hold  the  drill  is  adjusted.  Tlie  drill  being  ^u^crted  in  the  chuck,  pro- 
ceed to  elevate  the  sliding  block  bciualh  the  drill,  so  tl:ct  it  will 
touch  it,  adjusting  it  so  as  not  to  rai^e  it  too  high  ;  thtn  im^ert  a  cut- 
ter, which  siiould  be  one-half  the  diameter  of  driU,  and  groove  yor.r 
drills,  which  should,  for  a  drill  1  iuch  in  diameter,  be  cut  1  tc>  the 
inch,  and  down  to  within  a  o2nd  cf  the  centre  ;  for  ^-inch  drills,  cut 
the  grooves  1^  to  the  iuch,  down  to  within  a  C4th  of  the  centre  ;  for 
^-inch  drills,  cut  the  grooves  2  to  the  inch,  do-wn  to  within  lOOtli  of 
the  centre,  coraputiug  as  you  would  in  cutting  a  screw  m  a  Lithe,  the 
index  plate  giving  joxi  the  two  starting  points  at  which  to  commence 
the  work. 

Fluted  Reameks,  Fig.  SG,  ghould  be  carefully  turned  to  a  32nd 
of  an  inch  of  the  finished  si^e,  then  heated  and  allowed  to  cool  in  a 
perpendicular  position,  previous  to  finishing.  The  treatment  re- 
moves the  strains  and  the  occasional  hardness  made  by  the  hammer- 
ing, so  that  they  wiU  not  spring  in  the  operation  of  heating  for  tam- 
pering. The  lips  of  a  reamer  should  be  made  uneven  ;  otherwise, 
when  it  chatters,  it  leajis  from  cue  lip  to  the  ether.  In  reamers  from 
1  inch  to  1^  inches  iu  diameter,  the  flutes  or  channels  shoidd  be  9  in 
number,  and  11  in  reamers  of  from  IJ  to  li  inches  in  diameter. 
Reamers  from  J  to  §  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  should  have  5  fiutes,  and 
reamers  from  |  to  1  inch  should  have  7.  After  cooling,  as  above 
noted.tum  the  part  intended  for  the  lips  ICCth  of  an  inch  larger  than 
the  finished  size  ;  afterwards  turn  a  spot  in  the  middle  of  it  f  long, 
and  l-12th  of  the  size  of  the  reamer  smaller  than  the  reamer.  After 
liardening,  this  is  the  place  to  pene  it  straight.  When  the  turning  of 
all  but  the  upper  part  is  fiuished,  put  it  on  the  centres,  and  mei'are 
to  flute  it,  deferring  the  turning  of  the  upper  part  until  after  harden- 
ing and  straightemng.  Place  it  on  the  centres  ;  if  on  a  planer,  flute 
■with  a  round  end  tool,  1-lOth  of  an  inch  thick,  and  plane  down  to 
the  face  of  each  lip,  to  the  bottom  of  the  si  ot  intended  for  the  pen- 
ing,  and  plane  them  so  that  the  space  between  every  otlicr  of  the  two 
lips  wiU  be  shorter  tlian  that  of  the  two  just  before  them.  The 
next  step  is  to  plane  off  the  back  side  of  the  lips  with  a  square  end 
tool  to  within  a  32nd  of  an  iuch  from  the  face.  The  faces  of  the  lips 
phould  be  planed  even  with  the  centre,  the  lips  dressed  smooth  with 
the  file,  hardened  again,  and  then  pened  straight.  Finish  by  turning 
the  upper  part  to  the  desired  size,  and  polish  it  off  ;  grind  the  lips  to 
a  sharp  edge  and  to  the  proper  size,  and  it  is  all  right. 

To  flute  taps,  Fig.  38,  adjust  tlie  work  on  the  cejitre.*,  and  plan* 
the  faces  of  all  the  teeth  with  a  cutter  or  jOaning  tool,  made  circular 
at  the  end,  the  thickness  at  the  end  '^eing  ^  the  diameter  of  the  tap. 
Taps  should  be  fluted  with  the  teeth  slightly  hooking  on  the  face. 
Press  the  faces  of  all  the  teeth  with  the  pinner  one-half  the  dej.th  of 
ke  Uiread  deeper  than  the  bottom  of  the  thread  ;  thifi  done,  plane 


1LA.CHINIST3*   TOOLS. 


47t 


Fig.  29.  Front  tool  for  brass  work. 

Fig.  30.  Tool  for  cutting  sqnAre  threads. 

Fig.  31.  Tool  for  cutting  hard  metal. 

Tig.  32.  Boring  tool  for  brass. 

Fig.  33.  Tool  for  fiuishing  cast  iron,  wrought  iron  »nd  >tML 

Fig  3i  Die  for  Bcrew-cutting,  fftM  Tiew, 

yi(.  So.  Spiral  drili 


474         MACHINISTS,  engineers',  AC,  KECEIPTS, 

off  the  back  parts  of  the  teeth,  giving  them  1|  the  breadtli  of  thei» 
pitcli,  leavir^  them,  if  the  pitch  is  10,  a  lOth  and  a  20th,  wuich  le;ivea 
them  quite  strong  enough  lor  efficient  sendee  and  e;isy  worii.  Triiu 
the  back  parts  of  the  teeth  with  a  plauhig  tool  "^ual  In  tliicknes  to 
the  size  of  the  tap.  Two  taps  ehomd  oe  used  for  each  tlueaJ:  \Mtii 
hie  first,  remove  two-thirds  of  the  thread,  and  finish  oil"  with  t,ie 
otiier.  Ko  taer  is  pre<juired  on  taps  for  5  threads  ;  if  they  are  fabri- 
cated by  this  plan,  they  are  not  liable  to  break,  and  work  easy. 
Extra  large  mongrel-thread  taps  should  iuvaiiabiy  be  of  two  or  luure 
gizes,  owing  to  tJie  coarse  thread  and  the  mass  of  nietai  to  be  re- 
moved by  them,  which  otherwise  would  be  crushed  and  torn. 

Cold  Chisels  should  be  shaped  thin  at  the  cutting  end,  and  with 
the  edge  shghtly  rounded  outwaius,  instead  of  beiug  square  across 
or  hoUowed  inwards,  as  is  fi-equeutly  the  case.  This  shape  imparts 
more  endurance  to  the  tool,  and  makes  it  cut  easier  than  when  it  is 
even  across  or  rounded  inwards,  as  we  see  it  in  many  cases.  In  hard- 
ening, heat  the  tool  to  a  dark  red  heat  to  a  depth  equivalent  to  its 
width,  and  dip  it  half  that  lengtli  into  the  tempering  liquid,  holding 
it  stationary  about  4  seconds  ;  tlien  plunge  it  a  little  deeper  and  with- 
draw ;  brighten  one  side  by  rubbing  on  an  emery  or  sand  board,  re- 
move the  bad  color  with  a  piece  of  wa^te  or  rag,  and  bring  out  a 
clear  blue  color  by  immersion  in  the  water.  In  many  cases  it  is 
rather  difficult  to  temper  a  piece  of  steel  uniformly,  and  molten 
metallic  mixtures  are  used,  being  chiefly  made  up  of  tai  and  lead  ; 
the  bright  hardened  steel  is  kept  in  these  molten  mixtures  until  it  haa 
assum^  the  temperature  of  the  bath.  Tlie  following  tabulated  form 
exhibits  the  composition  of  the  metallic  bnths  which  exjierience  hai 
proved  to  be  the  best  for  tlie  maaufacturin;j  of  cutlery  : — 

Composition  of  irp'ting          Temperature. 

Metallic  ilixtara.  Point. 
Lead.        Tin- 

lAnceta...- 7            4  220°       Hardly  pale  yellow. 

Eazor, 8            4  2^o         j  Pale  yellow  to  straw 

Pen-knives. 8^^         4  232°       Straw  yellow. 

Pairs  of  Scissors 14  4  254'>       Brown. 

Clasp-knives,  Join-) 

ers"  and  Carpen-  J    19  4  265^       Purplish  Colored. 

ters'  Tools ) 

Swords,    Cutlasses, ) 

and     Watch[48  4  2SS°       Bright  bine. 

Springs ) 

Stilettos.  Boring) 

Tools,   and   Fine  J   50  2  2C2<'        Dee;>blu«. 

Saws ) 

Ordinary  saws j  ^  se^Jd  ou!'''' i  '^*^       Blackish  olne. 

Such  tools  as  tire  required  to  work  iron  and  other  metals,  and 
hard  stones,  are  heated  to  a  bright  yellow  :  razo.'Ts  c-oiniug  dies,  en- 
gravers' tools,  and  wire-drawjng  i)]ates  follow  next  to  sts-aw  yellow  ; 
carpenters'  tools  t<i  purfilish  red,  while  .«iKh  tools  and  objects  r.s  are 
required  to  be  elastic  are  heated  to  the  violet  or  deep  blue  tint.  Tha 
IfeflB  steel  id  heated  the  harder  It  iem.vin.s  but  also  the  more  brittle. 


machinists'  tools. 


471 


ti^i 


^iM      TXfiA, 


III 

V 

Fig.  36.  Fluted  reamer,  side  yiew. 

Tig.  37.  Single  lipped  drill,  to  drill  very  tra*. 

Kg.  38.  Square  thread  tap,  side  view. 

rig.  39.  Single  lipped  reamer. 

Jlf.  40.  Counter  boring  tool,  side  ricwt 


176  MACHINISTS)   EICGINEERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

Single-lipped  Reamers,  Fig.  39,  should  be  fabricated  from  a 
piece  of  steel,  with  the  head  forged  sqaare  to  adept  it  to  a  proper 
wrench ;  tiirn  it  tapering  and  exactly  roimd,  and,  after  placing  it  on 
the  centres,  plane  a  groove  through  its  entire  length,  one  side  of 
which  groove  will  form  the  lit«  of  the  reamer.  From  thi.«  groove 
drc.«8  off  the  64th  of  nn  inch  lialf  the  distance  roimd.  Finish  by 
filing  np  the  face  of  the  ii;>s  on  a  line  through  the  middle  on  the  end: 
next  harden  and  temper.  R^se  hatmrs  should  be  made  with  squai-a 
ends,  with  the  comei-s  removed,  lips  cut  about  9  to  the  inch  on  the 
end,  and  a  little  hoolcing,  with  a  temper  like  other  roamers. 

To  Chuck  Pclley!?. — This  means  to  adjust  or  secure  the  work 
in  such  iwsition  as  to  ensiu-e  truthful  diilliug  or  planing  ;  tlie  tenu 
cliucl;  is  also  used  to  denote  the  iustrument  employed  to  secure  the 
work,  being  merely  a  circular  ciece  of  iron  with  an"  ai)erture  on  one 
side  «if  it,  litted  A\ith  a  screw  arrangement  used  to  secure  it  to  the 
snindle  of  a  latlie.  The  other  side  contains  a  number  of  jaws,  gener- 
ally three  or  toui-,  wnicn  screw  t<igether  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
the  work  while  it  is  being  drilled  or  otherwise  operated  upon.  To 
chuck  a  pulley,  first  secure  it  by  screwing  it  in  the  jaws  of  the  chuck 
as  near  the  right  jxtsition  a,s  possible,  next  screw  a  tool  into  the  post, 
with  one  end  of  it  ne;ir  the  face  of  the  pulley;  then  turn  and  true  the 
pulley  by  means  of  the  screws,  so  that  the  tool  touches  it  all  around, 
and  true  the  edges  the  ?ame  way  ;  repeat,  trying  the  face  again  to 
see  if  it  has  moved.  Pulleys  should  be  chucked  either  on  a  mandril 
or  else  chucked  by  the  arms,  since  chucking  them  by  the  lims  springs 
tliesn  out  of  true. ' 

To  Si-T  THE  Chuck  Rest.— To  set  the  rest,  place  it  into  the  tool 
jK)st  with  the  centres  of  the  slats  through  which  tlie  drills  passes 
just  as  liigh,  and  no  more,  as  the  centres  of  the  lathe,  (otherwise  it 
will  fail  to  bore  true)  and  drill  your  wheel,  using  two  drills,  to  ensure 
true  work,  or  three,  if  the  holes  are  cored  badly  to  one  side  ;  the  last 
tool  should  remove  no  more  than  the  ^§  of  an  inch,  which  will  leave 
Uie  liole  e.xactly  right 

To  Sprape"  Cast-Irox  Smooth.— Place  a  rest  close  to  the  sur- 
face to  be  operatal  on,  and,  usiug  a  thin  wide  scraixr,  rest  it  on  one 
edge  and  scrape,  t^\i.«tuig  it,  and  upholding  it  while  cutting,  in  vonr 
hand.  Dont  bear  on  very  hard,  but  remove  as  thin  a  chip  as'iws- 
6ible,  and  you  will  e.osily  succeed. 

Work  should  be  fitted  as  exact  and  true  as  possible  before  being 
scraped  witli  the  flat  scraper,  which  should  be  used  on  flat  surfaces 
cnly.  The  half  roimd  scraper  is  tlie  best  form  for  curves,  hollow 
work,  etc.,  the  three-cornered  scraper  being  the  least  useful.  Old 
files  which  have  never  lieen  re-cut  make  verv  good  scrapers. 

To  Make  Drill,  Sockets  ok  Collets. — Tlie  best  collets  for 
correct  work  on  drill  lat;ies  are  those  iormed  to  screw  on  to  the  spin- 
dle, and  consti-ncted  with  a  tapering  hole  for  the  retention  of  the 
drill,  and  a  key-way  to  secure  the  end  of  the  drill  from  turning. 
Sockets  for  ordinary  job  form,  should  be  shaped  with  a  set-screw  to 
retain  the  drills,  and  the  aperture  for  the  drills  should  be  drilled 
circular,  adapted  for  the  reception  of  round  drill  steel  about  re  of  an 
in.  in  diameter.  For  collets  to  screw  on  the  drill  lathe,  bore  out  the 
end  and  shape  the  sere  v  to  conform  well  to  the  spindle,  and  attach  it 
by  screwing  it  onto  the  lathe  where  it  is  required  for  use.    Nex^ 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',  AC,  RECEIPTS.         477 

k)re  a  hole  for  the  drill  shank  1^  ins.  deep,  exactly  straight  and 
true,  ream  it  tivperiug,  and  cut  a  key-\vay  tiirougli  tlie  metal,  below 
the  lower  jiart  of.  and  rtinniii;^:  into  tiie  -iiiert  ue  bored  for  the  shank. 
This  key-way  is  intended  to  secure  the  drill  and  ought  to  be  ^  an 
inch  \ou'^  and  ^  wide.  A  collet  for  ui)ri.!.dit  drills  sliould  be  made  by 
drillin<j  the  centres  and  turning  uj)  the  ends  to  be  drilled  for  tlie 
ehank  so  as  to  ada^it  it  for  running  in  a  bark  rest;  then  insert  the  end 
to  be  drilled  into  the  back  rest  and  the  other  end  on  the  lathe  cei-tre 
and  proceed  to  drill  out  the  hole  for  the  shank;  then  remove  it  front 
the  back  rc^t,  and,  making  use  of  the  hole  for  f  centre,  turn  it  to  lit 
the  drill,  insert  a  set  screw  in  it,  and  all  is  finished. 

Screw  Threads. — The  English  Pkoportioxs,  the 

WHITWOnTU    TllliEAD. 

Diam.  in  inches ^  ^  ^  |  ^.  i  |    |-  i  1  H  H  If  1^ 

Threads  per  inch 2120  16  1011121110  9  8   7    7     6    6 

Diara.  iu  inches 1|  If  l|T2i  -•-  -i  '^  ^^  ofTTTiJ 

Threads  per  Inch. ...  ,5    5  4-^-  4|  -i    4'  3^  3^- a|-  3|-  3  3    2|  2^- 

t)iam.  in  inches 4|   6  6\o^  5|  6 

Threads  per  inch .  . . . 2f  2|  2|  2f  2^  2^ 

Angle  of  threads  =  55°.  Depth  of  threads  =  pitch  of  screws. 
One-Cth  of  the  depth  is  rounded  off  at  top  and  bottom.  Number  of 
tlireads  to  the  inch  in  square  threads  =  ^  number  of  those  in  angular 
threads. 

Screw  Threads. — Standard  Americax  tROPORXioxs. 
Diam.ininches....^    ^    |      t     ^    |    s    |    i    ix    jx    i| 

No.  of  thi-eads 20   18  16   14  13  11  10  9    8    7      7      6 

Diam.  in  inches... U    If    If    li~2    2+    2*   24    3     31-   3| 

No.  of  threads 6       6      5     5    4|  4|    4     4     3^    ^  3\ 

Biam.  in  inches. .  ..3|  4  4^  4^  4f  5  5^  5-|  5|  6 
tTo.  of  threads 3       3     2|     2f      2|      \    2^     2|     3|  2-^ 

Angle  of  threads  =  (\(P.  Fiat  surface  r\t  tnp  and  bott(->ra  =  |  of 
the  pitch.  For  rough  bolts,  the  distance  between  the  parallel  .^;Vle.s  of 
bolt^head  and  nut  =f  1^  diameters  of  bolt  -]-  J  of  J'n  inch.  Thickneisa 
of  head  =  h  distance  of  between  jiarnllcl  sides.  Thiclvness  of  nut  = 
diam.  of  bolt.  In  finished  holts,  tliiclaioss  of  hend  erjuals  thic'-ne?3 
of  nut.  Distance  between  parallel  sides  of  a  bolt-head  and  nut  and 
thickness  of  nnt  is  ^^  of  an  inch  less  for  finished  work  thnn  for  ro''rrh. 

Speed  of  Emery  AVheei.s.— A  12-:ncli  whe.el  should  make  1,2()0 
revolutions  per  minute;  an  8-inch,  18,00;  and  a  6-inch,  2,400. 

To  True  Coruxdim  Wheei,.«.— Adjust  the  wheel  in  the  l.fthe 
and  start  it  at  a  high  sneed,  holding:  a  piece  of  conmdum  stone  against 
the  uneven  surface.  Tl-.e  stone  will  soon  melt  and  unite  itself  to  the 
defective  places  in  the  wheel. 

To  Cle.^x  Greast  Cotton  Wa.ste.— Boil  it  in  a  .'rtroug  solution 
9f  common  soda  in  water,  and  uae  the  resultant  emulsion  as  a  lubri* 
tant  for  drills,  reamers, ««. 


478        MACHTinSTS,    ENGINEEB8,*   AC,   EECEIPTS. 

Tkkpebixo  Tools. — Dra-wing  the  temper  of  tools  is  usually  dona 
In  a  charcoal  flame,  and  to  draAvthe  temper  of  a  tool  properly  it 
ihould  be  held  in  the  thickest  part,  or  the  part  not  reqiiirtng  any 
temper,  towards  the  fire,  and  in  the  meantime,  should  be  often 
■wiped  with  a  piece  of  waste  or  rag,  dipped  in  oiL  The  oil  keeps 
the  temper  even,  and  prevents  it  drawing  more  to  one  place  than 
another.  And  in  drawing  the  temper  of  any  tool  it  should  be 
diawn  very  slowly,  otherwise  it  •will  run  too  far  ere  you  are  aware 
of  it  Lancet  btides  and  razors  should  be  drawn  to  a  straw 
color.  Knife  blades  and  chisels  should  be  drawn  to  a  copper  or 
almost  red  color.  Plane  irons,  sharing  knives  and  shoemakers 
knives  the  same  temper ;  cold  chisels  and  etone  drills,  should  be 
drawn  to  a  dark  blue.  Fluted  reamers  should  only  be  drawn  to  a 
Btraw  color,  on  the  end,  as  they  never  break  elsewhere,  and  keep 
their  size  longer  by  leaving  the  lips  hard.  Half  round  or  tapering 
reamers,  also  taps,  dies,  and  drills,  should  be  drawn  to  a  straw 
color.  Jijucs  and  gauges,  also  common  latlie  tools,  need  no  drawing, 
being  tempered  enough  when  merely  hardened. 

FfARDEyiyG  Assv  FrLLTKG  FOB  FrRB-PEOOF  Safes. — ^Experience  has 
ehown  that  the  fire  and  burglar-proof  diamond  chill  for  iron  or  steel, 
described  in  another  part  of  this  work,  has  no  euperior  as  a  harden- 
ing for  sectirity  in  the  construction  of  safes ;  and.  as  a  non-conductor 
of  neat,  we  would  recommend  a  filling  of  plaster  of  Paris  or  alum.  It  is 
claimed  by  some  that  a  mixture  of  both  of  these  articles  forms  the  best 
known  filling  for  safes,  as  an  external  application  of  intense  heat  is 
certain  to  liberate  a  large  quantity  of  water,  which  is  transformed  into 
Bteam,  thus  ensuring  entire  safety  to  the  contents  of  the  safe.  Other 
manufacturers  employa  concrete  filling  for  safes,  and  ex  tol  it  very  high- 
ly. Mr.  Moffat,  gas  and  Ft?amfitter,  Boston,  has  informed  me  that  he 
has  applied  for  protectioninthe  matter  of  a  discovery  by  which  he  cLoima 
that  he  can  fully  protect  a  safe  against  a  double  blast  furnace  heat,  by 
means  of  an  outside  lining  of  bricks  composed  of  asbestos  and  kaolin, 
a  very  small  portion  of  the  latter  material  being  used.  From  the  well 
known  incombustible  nature  of  these  materials,  there  can  bo  no 
reasonable  doubt  but  that  the  claim  in  question  is  a  just  one. 

MzTALuc  Bath  fob  Tzmpebixg. — Use  a  black  lead  or  cast  iroa 
crucible  (of  the  requisite  depth),  and  place  the  same,  filled  with  lead, 
on  a  fire  made  of  coal  or  charcoal,  and  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  a 
metallic  or  brick  wall,  level,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  top  of  the  crucible; 
but  at  a  sufficient  distance  (say  5  or  6  inches)  from  it,  to  receive  tiia 
fuel  necessary  to  maintain  the  fire,  in  order  to  keep  the  lead  in  » 
melted  state.  Let  the  crucible  rest  on  iron  bars,  and  leave  apertures  to 
admit  air  to  the  fire.  The  articles,  s'ightly  greased  to  prevent  the 
adherence  of  oxide,  are  immersed  in  the  melted  lead  (which  is  kept 
at  a  red  heat)  bv  means  of  tongs,  two  or  three  pairs  being  generally 
nsed,  in  order  that  one  or  two  pieces  may  be  heated  while  the  other 
is  undergoing  manipulation  by  the  hardening  process.  Keep  the  lead 
covered  with  charcoal  dust  or  cinders.  This  plan  is  used  by  many 
cutiers  and  file  manufacturers  for  giving  the  proper  degree  of  heat  in 
the  tempering  of  their  wares.  The  process  is  highly  valued  by  those 
who  use  it    See  file  manufacture. 

CoNCEBNDfG  Saws,  RAILWAY  Spkixg?,  &c. — ^Whcn  the  saws  ara 
«SQt«d  to  be  rather  hard,  bat  little  of  the  oil  tempering  compceitioa 


MACHINISTS,.  ENGINEEIIS',   AC,   RECEIPTS  471 

li  bnmed  off;  -when  milder,  a  larc:©  portion;  and  for  a  ppring  temper 
the  whiole  is  allowed  to  bum  away.  Saws  as  well  as  springs  appear  to 
lose  their  elasticity,  after  hardeninii  and  temperin":,  from  the  redaction 
they  \mdergo  in  grinding  and  i)olishing.  Towards  the  conclusion  of 
tlie  manufacture,  the  elasticity  of  tlie  saw  is  restored  principally  by 
hammering,  and  pailly  over  a  clear  coke  fire  to  a  straw  color;  th3 
tint  is  removed  by  very  diluted  muriatic  acid,  after  which  the  saws 
are  well  wa*;hed  in  plain  water  and  dried.  Spring  manufacture  in- 
cludes the  heaviest  specimens  of  hardened  steel  works  uncombincd 
Yvith  iron ;  for  example,  bow-sprini^s  for  all  kinds  of  vehicles,  soma 
intended  for  railway  use,  measure  3i  feet  long,  and  weigh  BO  lbs.  each 
piece;  two  of  these  are  used  in  combination;  other  single  springs  are 
6  feet  long,  and  weigh  70  lbs.  Tlie  principle  of  these  bow-springs  will 
be  immediately  seen  by  conceiving  the  common  archery  bow  fixed 
horizontally  with  its  cord  upwards;  the  body  of  the  carriage  being 
attached  to  the  cord  swavs  both  peqiendicularly  and  sideways  with. 
perfect  freedom.  In  hardening  them  they  are  heated  by  bemg  drawn 
backwards  and  forwards  through  an  ordinary  fiio  built  hoUow,  and 
they  are  immersed  in  a  trough  of  plain  water.  In  tempering  them 
they  are  heated  imtil  the  black  red  is  just  visible  at  nignt ;  by 
daylight  the  heat  is  denoted  by  its  making  a  piece  of  wood  sparkle 
•when  rubbed  on  the  spring,  wnich  is  then  allowed  to  cool  in  the  air. 
The  metal  is  nine-sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick,  and  some  consider  fivo- 
eighths  the  limits  to  which  steel  will  hard  enproperly,  that  is  sufficiently 
alike  to  serve  as  a  spring.  Their  elasticity  is  tested  far  beyond  their 
intended  range. 

Temperlng  Locomottte  Ttres. — This  is  qiut«  jionderons  work,  as 
the  tires  of  the  eight  foot  wheels  weigh  about  10  cwt.  and  con?i;:t  of 
about  one-third  steeL  The  materials  for  the  tires  are  first  swaged  se- 
parately, and  then  welded  together  under  the  heavy  hammer  at  tho 
steel  works,  after  which  they  are  bent  to  tlie  circle,  welded,  and 
turned  to  certain  gauges.  The  tire  id  now  heated  to  redness  in  a  cir- 
cular furnace  ;  during  the  time  it  is  getting  hot,  the  iron  wheel,  pre- 
viously turned  to  the  right  diameter,  is  bolted  down  upon  a  facc- 
Slate,  the  tire  expands  with  the  hejit,  and  when  at  a  cherry  red,  it  13 
ropped  over  the  wheel,  for  which  it  was  previously  too  small,  and  is 
also  hastily  bolted  down  to  the  surface  plate.  The  whole  load  is 
quickly  immersed  by  a  B';^^nc?  crane  into  a  tank  of  water  about  five 
feet  deep,  and  hauled  up  and  down  until  nearly  cold  ;  the  steel  tires 
are  not  afterwards  tempered.  The  sixjkes  are  forged  out  of  fhit-bars 
with  T  fonned  heads,  these  are  arranged  radially  in  the  founder's 
mould  whilst  the  cnst-iron  centre  is  poured  around  them,  the  ends  of 
the  T  heads  are  then  welded  together  to  constitute  the  periphery  of 
the  wheel  or  inner  tire,  and  little  wedge-form  pieces  are  inserted 
where  there  is  anv  deficiency  of  iron.  The  wheel  is  then  chuclced  on 
a  lathe,  bored  smd  turned  on  tlio  edge,  not  cylindricaUy,  but  like 
the  meeting  of  two  cones,  and  about  one  quarter  of  an  inch  higher  in 
the  middle  than  the  two  edges.  The  compoimd  tire  is  turned  to  the 
corresponding  form,  and  consequently,  larger  within  or  under  cut  so 
that  the  shrinking  secures  the  tire  without  the  pos-sibility  of  obliquity 
or  derangement,  and  no  rivets  are  required.  It  sometimes  happens,' 
that  the  tire  breaks  in  shrinking,  when  by  mismanagement  the  aiai4« 
etM  of  the  whocl  i»  iu  excessi 


4S0        MA-CHINISTS,    ENGINEERS'.   AC,    RECEIPTS. 

Maktno  Anchoks.— The  anchor  emith's  forge  consists  of  a  hearfli 
of  brickwork,  raised  about  9  inches  above  tlie  ground,  and  generally 
about  7  feet  square.  lu  the  centre  of  this  is  a  cavity  containing  the 
fire.  A  vertical  brick  wall  is  built  on  one  side  of  the  hearth,  which 
eupporte  the  dome,  and  a  low  chimney  to  carry  off  the  Bmoke. 
Behind  this  wall  are  placed  the  bellows,  with  which  tlie  fire  is  urged ; 
the  bellows  being  so  placed  that  they  blow  to  the  centre  of  the  fire. 
The  anvil  and  the  crane  by  which  the  hi;avy  masses,  of  metal  are 
moved  from  and  to  the  fire  are  adjusted  near  the  heailh.  The 
Eei'cules,  a  kind  of  stamping  machine,  or  the  steam  hammer,  need 
not  be  described  in  tliis  place.  To  make  the  anchor,  bars  pf  good 
iron  are  brought  togetlier  to  be  fagoted  ;  the  number  varying  with  the 
eize  of  the  anchor.  The  fagot  is  kcjit  to.:Tetlier  by  hoops  of  iron, 
and  the  whole  is  placed  uj :r>n  the  properly  arranged  heartli,  and 
covered  up  by  small  coals,  which  are  thrown  upon  a  kind  of  oven 
made  of  cinders.  Great  care  and  good  management  are  required  to 
keep  this  temporaiy  oven  sound  during  the  combustion  ;  a  smith 
strictly  attends  to  this.  "When  aU  is  air:iug_ed,  the  bellows  are  sot  to 
work,  and  a  blast  urged  on  the  fire  ;  this  is  continued  for  about  an 
hour,  when  a  good  welding  heat  is  obtained.  The  mass  is  now 
brought  from  the  fire  to  tl  e  anvil,  and  the  iron  welded  by  the 
hammers.  One  portion  ha^  i-  g  been  welded,  the  iron  is  _retmi)e(J  to 
to  the  fire,  and  the  operation  is  repeated  uutil  the  whole  is  welded  in 
one  mass.  The  dlHerent  parts  of  t]ie  anchor  being  made,  the  aiTns  are 
united  to  the  end  of  the  shaik.  This  must  be  done  with  great  care, 
as  the  goodness  of  the  anchor  depends  entirely  upon  this  proce?« 
being  effectively  performed.  The  arms  being  welded  on,  tlie  ring  has 
to  be  formed  and  welded.  The  ring  coiLsicts  of  sevend  bars  welded 
together,  drawn  out  into  a  roimd  rod  pas.-cd  through  a  hole  in  the 
ehank,  bent  into  a  circle,  and  the  ends  welded  together.  YThen  all 
the  parts  are  adjusted,  the  whole  anchor  is  brought  to  a  red  heat, 
and  hammered  with  lighter  hammers  than  those  used  for  welding, 
the  object  being  to  give  a  finish  and  evenness  to  tlie  surface.  The 
toughest  iron  that  can  be  procured  should  be  uf  ed  in  anchors.  Good 
"Welsh  mine  iron"  is  suitable;  also  "scrap  iron."  An  anchor  of 
the  ordinarv  or  Admiralty  pattern,  the  Trotman,  or  Porter's  im- 
proved (pivot  fluke),  thelloniball,  Porter's,  Aylin's,  Rodger's,  JJitche- 
gon's  and  Lennox's,  each  weighing,  inclusive  of  stock,  27006  lbs., 
withstood  without  injury  a  proof  strain  of  4o000  lbs.  In  diij  ground, 
Rodger's  dragged  the  Admiralty  anchor  at  both  long  and  short  stay  ; 
at  short  stay,  Rodger's  and  Aylin's  gave  equal  resistance;  Mitche- 
eon's  dragged  Aylin's  at  both  long  and  short  stay ;  and  Aylin'B 
dragged  the  Admii-nlty  at  short  stay,  they  giving  equal  resistance  at 
long  stay.  In  c/ronnd  nnder  water,  Trotman's  dragged  Aylin's, 
Honiball's,  Mitcheson's,  and  Lennox's  :  Aylin's  dragged  Rodger's  ; 
llitcheson's  dragged  Rodger's,  and  Lennc  x's  dragged  the  Admiralty's, 
The  breakingweights  between  a  Porter  and  Admiralty  anchor,  as 
tested  at  the  WoohVich  Doclryard,  were  as  43  to  15. 

MA2reFACTUEiKG  AND  Rj^PAiKiKG  Anvii^s. — The  common  anvil  is 
nsually  made  of  seven  pieces  :  1,  the  core,  or  body  ;  2,  3,  4,  5,  the 
four  comer  pieces,  which  serve  to  enlarge  its  base  ;  6,  the  projecting 
end,  which  has  a  square  hole  for  the  reception  of  the  taU  or  shank  of 
m  elilsel  on  which  iron  bars  may  be  cut  through,  and  7,  the  beak,  or 


KACHTKISTa,   ESGETEEES      AC,   RECEIPTS  i%X 

hanzontsl  cone  round  which  rods  or  sUm  of  metal  may  be  tumod  ib 
•  circTilar  form,  as  in  tnalring  rings.  Tlieee  fix  piecas  are  weMe4 
Separately  to  the  first  or  core,  and  then  hammered  into  a  nniform  bodr. 
In  manaiacturing  large  anvils  two  hearths  are  needed,  in  order  lo 
tring  each  of  the  two  pieces  to  be  welded  to  a  proper  heat  by  itself, 
«nd  geveral  men  are  employed  in  working  them  to;:ether  briskly  in 
the  welding  state,  by  heavy  rwmg  hammers.  The  steel  fcicing  is"  ap- 
plied by  welding  in  the  same  manner,  powdered  borai  with  sal-am- 
mcniac  (1  part  to  10  parts  of  borax)  being  used  as  a  flnx.  The  anvil 
is  ihen  heated  to  a  cnerry  red,  and  plnngM  into  c^M  wat^r.  a  run- 
ning stream  being  better  than  a  poof  or  > '  " '  '  .f.'ioif 
of  steam  at  the  sraes  of  the  metal  preve:  f  the 
wr.ter  for  the  removal  of  the  heat  with  tl  In 
•ome  cases  a  stream  of  •water  is  contrived  to  de&ceud  from  a  cistern 
above  on  the  part  to  be  chilled,  which  is  sure  to  render  it  very  hard. 
The  facing  should  not  be  too  thick  a  plate,  for  when  such,  it  is  apt  to 
crack  in  the  hardening.  It  is  somewhat  dangero;is  to  stand  near 
ench  wcTks  r.t  the  time,  as  when  the  anvil  face  is  not  perfectly  weld- 
ed, it  sometimes,  in  part,  flies  off  with  great  violence  and  a  loud  re- 
port In  the  case  of  broken  anvils  the  repairs  will  have  to  be  made 
in  accordance  with  the  above  description.  In  fi^-UhiTig  o3  the  face,  it 
is  smoothed  upon  a  grindstone,  and,  for  fine  work,  polished  with  em- 
ery and  croc'is. 

-T  :  ■  ;  .  ;  >■"}  Chatks. — Tot  t'.is  purpose  the  iron  is  cut  off 
:  :t,  as  frcm  the  annular  form  of  the  Irnlrs  their  ex- 
t  -::f  :  :  -.lie  asunder  when  gtruck.  Every  succeeding  link 
is  Lont,  introduvtd,  and  finally  welded.  In  some  of  these  welded 
ctrJns  the  links  are  not  more  than  ^  an  inch  long,  and  the  iron  wire 
J  inch  diameter.  These  are  made  with  great  dexterity  by  a  man  and 
a  b»y,  at  a  small  fire.  The  curbed  chains  are  welded' in 'the  or  Unary 
way'  and  twisted  afterwards,  a  few  links  being  n:;ide  red-h'"t  at  fi 
time  for  the  purpose.  The  massive  caLIe  chains  are  made  much  iM 
the  same  maimer,  although  partly  by  aid  of  ina*;iii:ery.  The  bar  of 
iron,  now  one,  one  and  a  half,  or  even  two  inches  in  diameter,  is  I:eatt4 
and  the  scarf  is  made  as  a  plain  chamfer,  by  a  cutting  machine  ;  the 
link  is  then  formed  by  inserting  the  edge  oj  the  heated  bar  within  a 
loop  in  the  edge  of  an'oval  disc,  which  may  be  comj-ared  to  a  chueS 
fixed  on  the  end  of  a  lathe  mandril  The  disc  is  put  in  gear  by  the 
Etcam  engine  :  it  makes  exactly  one  revolutioa  and  throws  itself  oaj 
of  motion.  This  bends  the  heated  extremity  of  the  iron  into  an  oval 
figure.  Afterwards  it  is  detached  from  the  'rod  with  a  chamfered  cut 
tv  the  cutting  machine,  which,  at  one  stroke,  makes  the  second  scarf 
ci  the  detached  link,  and  the  first  of  that  next  to  be  curled  np.  Th(> 
litik  is  n'^TT  threaded  to  the  extreruitv  rf  the  chr.in.  clo?cd  t~~eth5^ 
i:  '.        ■    : -d  to  the  f :      "     :  "  :  ;  •> 

t:  :.  the  link  i-  ; 

T I        .  ires^iedoff  t  :  .  ...._.     ._ a. 

iLe  cast  iron  transverse  stay  Ls  iusentd,  and  ll.e  Jjik  having  beta 
closed  upon  the  stiy,  the  rouMne  is  recommenced.  The  work  oo-n- 
r:"-'- -"  •■-^3  thr^  men,  andthe  s(arf  is  placed  at  the  ii'leof  tha 
c  i  flit  way  through  the  same.    In  similar  chains  mads 

ly  -  pcxliap^  more  codtomaiytOTrUd  the  link  at  the  CTvu^ 

eiritauui  cad. 


482        MACmXISTB,   ElJGnfEEBS',   &C.,   EECIIPTS. 

VuLOjanm  Emkry  WHEKLg.—Use  a  compound  of  Indm  Tnbb«i 
and  Wellington  mills  emery,  a»  little  of  the  former  aa  19111  euffic* 
to  hold  the  particles  of  emery  together.  The  mi^terials  must  be  thor- 
oughly incorporated  together,  then  rolled  into  eheefc',  cut  into  wheela 
of  the  desired  size  and  pattern,  pressed  into  the  iron  moulds,  and  vul- 
canized or  cured  by  being  subjected  to  a  high  degree  of  steam  heat 
_  Jor  several  hours,  making  it  almost  as  hard  as  cast  iron. 

To  BsAZB  A  BA>-r)  Saw. — Whitney' s  method, — The  tools  required 
are  a  small  portable  forge,  brazin»  clamps,  &c.  and  a  straight  edge, 
8  or  4  feet  long,  also  some  brass  wire  and  jwwdered  bonuc  Take  ths 
saw  and  cut  it  to  the  proper  length,  scarf  the  ends  from  one-half  to 
three-fourths  of  an  inch,  then  put  tlie  saw  in  tlie  cbjnps.  I  would 
«ay  that  I  use  a  very  smsdl  and  simple  clamp  in  the  shape  of  a  double 
vise.  Keep  the  back  of  the  saw  out  of  tlie  jaws  of  the  vise,  or  clamps, 
and  apply  the  straight  edge  to  the  back,  as  it  is  very  necessary  to 
■fcraze  it  straight ;  make  the  fire  in  as  small  a  compass  as  possible  ; 
place  the  clamps  directly  over  the  centre  of  the  fire,  and  then  put  on 
three  pieces  of  brass  wire,  bent  in  the  form  of  the  letter  U,  so  that 
they  win  pinch  the  lajps  together  ;  put  as  much  borax  as  will  Me  on  the 
eaw,  cover  the  whole  with  a  piece  of  charcoal  :  melt  the  brasa  so 
that  it  will  flow  over  the  saw  before  taking  it  off  the  fire,  and  cool 
Tery  slow  so  as  not  to  make  the  braze  brittle.  File  off  what  remains 
on  the  saw  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

To  Remove  Rust. — If  you  immerse  the  articles  in  kerosene  oil  and 
let  them  remain  for  some  time,  the  rust  will  become  so  much  loos- 
ened as  to  come  off  very  easy. 

DAMAScrg  Steel. — ^It  is  said  that  this  steel  consists  of  a  highly 
carburetted  metal  which,  by  undergoing  careful  cooling  and  annealing, 
eeparates  into  two  compounds  of  iron  and  carbon,  giving  it  the  peculiar 
appearance  known  aa  Damasceening."  The  wonderful  strength  of 
this  steel  is  no  doubt  owing  to  careful  manipulation. 

Geabixg  A  Lathk  fob  Screw  Cctti>-g. — Every  screw-cntting 
lathe  contains  a  long  screw  called  the  lead  screw,  which  feeds  the 
carriage  of  the  lathe,  whUe  cutting  screws ;  upon  tlie  end  of  this  screw 
is  placed  a  gear  to  wliich  is  transmitted  motion  from  another  gear 
placed  on  the  end  of  the  spindle,  these  gears  each  contain  a  dilTerent 
number  of  teeth,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  diilerent  threads,  and  the 
threads  are  cut  a  certiin  number  to  the  inch  varying  from  1  to  50. 
Therefore  to  find  the  proper  gears  to  cut  a  certain  number  of  threads 
to  the  inch,  yon  will  first: — multiply  tlie  number  of  threads  yon  de- 
tire  to  cut  to"  the  inch,  by  any  email  number,  four  for  instance,  and 
this  will  give  you  the  proper  gear  to  put  on  the  lead  screw  Then 
■with  the  same  number,  four,  multiply  the  number  of  threads  to  the 
Inch  in  the  lead  screw,  and  this  will  give  you  the  proper  gear  to  put 
on  the  spindle.  For  example,  if  you  want  to  cut  12  to  the  inch,  mul- 
tiply 12  by  4,  and  it  wiU  give  you  43.  Put  this  gear  on  the  lead 
Bcrew,  then  with  the  same  number,  4,  multiply  the  number  of  threadi 
to  the  inch  in  the  lead  screw.  If  it  is  five,  for  instance,  it  will  give  you 
twenty,  put  this  on  the  spindle  and  your  lathe  is  geared.  If  the  lead 
icrew  is  4,  5,  6,  7,  or  8,  the  same  rule  holds  good.  Always  multiply 
the  number  of  threads  to  be  cut,  first  Some,  indeed  most  small 
latiiee,  are  now  made  with  a  stud  geared  into  the  spindle,  which  rtnd 
«Dl7  runs  half  as  fast  as  the  spindle,  and  in  finding  the  gears  for  theev 


JLiCHlKISTS,  KNQIHEERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS.'        4^ 

fcithee,  yon  •will  first  multiply  thennmber  of  threads  to  be  cnt,  tt  b*< 
lore,  and  then  multiply  the  number  of  threads  on  the  lead  screw,  as 
double  the  number  it  i's.  For  instance,  if  rou  waiit  to  cut  10  to  th« 
inch,  multiply  by  4,  and  you  pet  40.  put  thii  on  the  lead  screw,  then 
if  yourleiia  screw  is  five  to  the  inch,  you  call  it  10;  and  multiply  by 
4  and  it  will  pive  you  40.  Again  put  this  on  your  stud  and  your  lathe 
is  geared  ready  to'  commence  cutting. 

CuTTiKQ  A  Screw  is  ax  Engi>"B  Lathe. — In  cutting  V  thread- 
Bcrews,  it  ia  only  necessary  for  you  to  prr.ct:oe  operating  the  shipper 
and  slide-screw  handle  of  your  lathe,  bsfoie  cutting.  After  having 
done  this,  until  you  get  the  motions,  you  may  set  the  point  of  the  tool 
as  high  as  the  centre,  end  if  you  keepthe  tool  sharp,  you  will  find  no 
difficulty  in  cutting  screws.  Tou  must,  however,  cut  very  light 
chii>s,  mere  scrapings  in  finishing  and  must  take  it  out  of  the  lathe 
often,  and  look  at  it  from  both  sides,  very  carefully,  to  see  that  the 
threads,  do  not  lean  like  fish  scales.  After  cutting,  polish  with  an 
emery  stick,  and  some  emery. 

CuTTrNQ  Squakb  TnKEAD-ScREwg. — In  cutting  square  thread- 
screws,  it  is  always  necessary  to  get  the  depth  required,  with  a  tool 
eomewhat  thinner  than  one-half  the  pitch  of  the  thread.  After  doine 
this,  make  another  tool  exactly  one-half  the  pitch  of  the  thread,  and 
use  it  to  finish  with,  cutting  a  slight  chip  on  each  side  of  the  groove. 
After  doing  this,  poUsh  with  a  pine  stick,  and  gome  emery.  Square 
threads  for  stren^  should  be  cut  one-half  the  depth  of  their  pitch, 
■while  square  threads,  for  wear,  may,  and  should  be  cut  three-fourtha 
the  depth  of  their  pitch. 

Mongrel,  Threads. — ^Mongrel,  or  half  Y,  half-square  threads  are 
usually  made  for  great  wear,  and  should  be  cut  the  depth  of  their 
pitch  and  for  extraordinary  wear  they  may  even  be  cut  1^  the  depth 
of  the  pitch.  The  point  and  tlie  bottom  of  the  grooves  should  be  in 
"Width  J  the  depth  of  their  pitch.  Whr-t  is  meant  here  by  the  point  of 
the  thread,  id  the  outside  surface.  And  the  Ix  ttom  of  the  groove  ij 
the  groove  between  the  threads.  In  cutting  these  threads  it  is  n»c«8- 
»ary  to  u^e  a  tool  about  the  shape  of  tlie  thread,  and  in  thicknesa 
about  one-fifth  less  than  the  thread  is  when  fiiiished.  As  it  is  im- 
|)ossible  to  cut  the  whole  surface  at  once,  you  will  cnt  it  in  depth 
»bout  one-sixteenth  at  a  time,  then  a  chip  off  the  sides  of  the  thread 
and  continue  in  this  way  alternately  till  you  have  arrived  at  the 
idepth  required.  Make  a  gauge  of  the  size  required  between  the 
threads  and  finish  by  scraping  with  water.  It  is  usually  beet  to  leave 
■uch  screws  as  these  a  little  large  until  after  they  are  cut,  and 
then  turn  off  a  light  chip,  to  size  them,  this  leaves  them  true  and 
nice. 

PuLXTHQ  Metals. — The  first  operation  about  planing,  is  to  oil 
your  planer  and  find  out  if  the  bed  is  smooth.  If  it  is  not,  file  off 
the  rough  places  ;  then  change  the  dogs  to  see  if  tiiey  will  work 
well,  and  find  out  the  movements  of  the  planer.  After  doing  this, 
bolt  your  work  on  the  bed,  and  if  it  is  a  long,  thin  piece,  plan© 
off  &  chip,  tben  turn  it  over  and  finish  the  other  side,  taking  two 
chips,  the  last  of  which  should  be  very  light  Great  care  should 
be  taken,  in  bolting  it  to  the  bed,  not  to  spring  it  After  finish- 
ing this  side  turp>  it  to  the  other  side,  and  taka  off  a  light  cut  I9 
fiuish  it 


484         MACmXlSTfj   ENGUreEES',  &C.,  BECEIFT8. 

pLAxrsG  PERPEyDicruLRLT. — ^In  planing  perpendicularly,  ft  if 
necessary  to  swivel  the  bottom  of  the  ?mallnead  around,  k>  it  win 
Bt'iud  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  inside  of  pqTiare,  towards  the 
piece  you  are  to  plane.  This  prevents  breaking  the  tool  when  th« 
bed  runs  back. 

Geab  CrrTrs'G. — In  cutting  gears,  they  are  reckoned  a  certain 
number  of  teeth  to  the  inch,  measuring  across  the  diameter  to  a  cer« 
tain  line  vrLich  is  marked  on  the  face  or  sides  of  the  gear  -with  a  tool. 
This  line  is  one-half  the  depth  of  the  teeth  from  the  outer  diameter. 
That  is,  if  the  teeth  of  the  gear  are  two-tenths  of  an  inch  deep,  this 
line  would  be  one-tenth  of  an  inch  from  the  edge  and  is  called  the 
pitch  line. 

Depth  of  Teeth. — Every  gear  cut  with  a  diilerent  number  of 
teeth  to  the  inch,  should  be  cut  of  a  depth  to  the  pitch  line,  to  corres- 
pond with  tlie  number  of  teeth  to  the  iiich.  This  is  called  pro;xirt:ou. 
Therefore,  if  you  cut  a  gear  eight  to  the  inch,  the  depth  to  the  pitch 
line  should  be  one-eight  of  an  luch,  and  the  whole  depth  of  the  tooth 
would  be  two-ei_'hths.  Again,  if  you  cu^  a  gear  twelve  to  the  inch,  the 
depth  to  pitch  line  should  be  one-twelfth  of  an  inch,  and  the  whole 
depth  of  tooth  two-twelfths.  Aud  again,  if  you  cut  a  gear  twenty  to 
the  inch,  the  depth  to  pitci  line  should  be  one-twenMeth  of  an  inch, 
■while  the  whole  depth  should  be  two-twentieths,  and  so  on  wi  in* 
fnitum. 

MEAsrKTN-o  TO  FCTD  TH3  NrsrEES  c?  TEETH. — ^To  find  the  sixe 
a  cert.'.iu  gear  should  be,  for  a  certain  number  of  teeth,  is  an  easy 
matter,  if  you  study  carefully  these  rules.  If  you  want  a  gear  with 
thirty-t-.vo  teeth  and  eight  to  the  inch ,  it  slioul  J  Le  f  our  inch  es  measur- 
ing across  the  diameter  to  the  pifc.h  line,  and  the  two-eighths  outside 
of  the  pitch  line  would  make  it  four  inches  and  two-eiglihts.  Again. 
if  you  want  a  gear  with  forty  teeth,  and  ton  to  the  inch,  it  should 
measure  across  ti.e  diameter  to  pitch  line  four  inches,  and  the  two- 
tenths  outside  the  pitch  hue  would  make  the  whole  diameter  four 
inches  and  two-tentiis.  Aiid  again,  if  you  want  a  gear  with  eighty 
teeth,  and  twenty  to  the  inch,  it  should  measare  to  the  pitch  line, 
across  the  diameter,  four  inches,  and  the  two-twentieths,  outside 
the  pitch  line,  would  make  it  four  inches  and  t-.vo-twentieths,  and 
these  examples  will  form  a  rule  for  the  measurement  of  all  except 
bevel  gears. 

BE^^:L  Ge-vbs. — These  are  turned  a  certain  bevel  to  correspond 
with  each  other,  according  to  the  angle  UT><Dn  which  the  shafts  driven 
by  them  are  set.  For  instance,  if  two  shafts  are  set  upon  an  angle  of 
iiinety  degrees,  the  surfaces  of  the  faces  of  these  gears  will  stand  at 
an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees.  To  get  the  surface  of  these  gears,  in. 
tmning  tliem,  jiut  a  stiaisiht  edge  across  the  face.  Then  set  your 
level  ou  an  angle  of  fort;.-five  deg:  ees,  aud  try  the  face  of  theteeth  by 
placing  the  level  ou  the  "straight  edge.  After'taming  the  face  of  th» 
teeth,  square  the  outer  diameter  by  the  face  of  the  teeth;  and  to  get 
the  sire  to  which  you  wlsn  to  cut,  mea.<:ure  from  the  centre  of  the 
face  of  the  teeth.  "  Tlins.  if  a  bevel  gear  is  sis  inches  in  diameter,  and 
the  face  of  the  teeth  is  one  inch,  you  will  mea,-ure  from  the  centre  of 
the  face,  and  find  it  is  five  inches.  On  this  lii.e  you  calculate  the 
number  of  te<»th  to  the  inch,  and  if  you  want  a  gear  with  twenty 
iMth,  and  ten  to  tL»  'adh,  it  should  nxeadois  two  iucket  »£tom  tl)( 


MACHTN-ISTS,    ENGINEERS*,    AC,  RECEIPTS.  485 

face  to  tlie  centre  of  tho  pnrface  of  the  tceVa ;  and  if  tlio  face  of  tha 
teeth  were  cue  inch  in  Jcugth,  tho  dininctcr  of  the  gear ■  would  ba 
three  inches,  and  tlie  hiside  of  the  teeth  -would  measute  only  on© 
inch.  Again,  if  you  want  to  cut  a  gear  with  forty  teetli,  and  ten  to 
tlie  inch,  it  wv  uld  uicaHure  loTir  inches  to  the  centre  of  tlie  teeth  on 
the  surface.  And  if  the  5«urface  of  the  teeth  were  one  inch  long,  tiia 
diameter  of  the  gear  woHld  l>e  five  inches,  while  it  would  only 
measure  three  inches  inside  the  teeth.  These  examples  will  form  » 
rule  for  all  bevel  gears.  '       '  >  .       .     i 

Dkaw-filino  axd  FiisisHixG.— To  draw-file  a  piece  of  work 
Fmoothly  and  quickly,  it  i.s  best  to  first  draw-file  it  with  a  medium 
fine  file,  and  finish  with  a  superfine  file.  After  doing  this,  poUsh 
the  work  with  dry  emery  paper  and  tlien  with  emerv  paper  and  oil. 

LnaNO  BoxKS  with  BAnniiT  Metai..— To  line  boxes  properly,  so 
as  to  insure  tlieir  filling  every  time,  it  is  neceg^arr  to  he;it  the  box 
nearly  red  hot,  or  at  least  hot  euoagh  to  melt  the  metal.  Then  smoko 
the  shaft  where  tlie  meUil  is  to  be  poured  iipou  it.  This  insures  its 
coming  out  of  the  box  easily,  after  it  is  cold.  After  smokuag  the 
shr.ft,  put  it  into  the  box  or  boxes,  and  draw  some  in'.tty  around  the 
ends  of  them,  for  the  purpose  of  stoppmg  them,  talcing  rare 
not  to  press  u])on  it,  for  if  you  do  it  will  go  into  tlio  tox  and  fill  a 
place  that  ought  to  be  filled  with  metal;  and,  in  the  meantime,  your 
mefcil  ought  to  bo  heated,  and  after  you  have  poured  it,  kt 
the  box  stand  till  it  is  nearly  cold  ;  drive  out  your  shaft,  anditia 
done. 

TcKKiNO  AND  BoRixG. — For  tuiTiinj,  the  proper  speed  for  the  cir- 
cumference is  about  fifteen  feet  per  minute.  The  best  speed  for  bor, 
ing  cast  iron  is  about  7^  feet  per  minute.  For  drillinq,  about  10  o 
1 1  feet  per  minute  is  a  good  speed  for  tlie  circumference  of  the  toof 
For  a  1  inch  drill,  40  revolutions  =  11  feet  per  minute,  other  sizes  tr 
proportion. 

How  TO  FIT  Keys  into  Locks.— "WTacn  it  is  not  convenient  to 
take  locks  apart  in  the  event  of  keys  being  lost,  gtolen,  or  missing, 
^7hen  you  wish  to  fit  a  new  key,  fcike  a  lighted  match  or  candle  and 
smoke  the  new  key  in  the  flame,  introduce  it  carefully  into  the  key- 
hole, press  it  firmly  against  the  opposing  wards  of  the  lock,  witlidraw 
it;  and  the  indentations  in  the  smoked  part  of  the  key  will  show  you 
exactly  where  to  tile. 

Pi-TTiNT,  Machixes  ToGETHEE. — In  putting  machines  together  na 
part  should  be  finished  except  where  it  is  necessary  to  nlake  a  fit,  as 
it  is  sometimes  the  ca.«e  that  machinery  is  miscalculated,  and  by 
finishing  it  would  be  spoiled,  while  if  it  were  not,  it  might  be  saved 
by  slight  alterations  in  design.  And  again,  in  finishing  certain  parts 
before  you  get  a  machine  together,  you  are  imknowingly  finishing 
parts  not  necessary  to  he  finished,  and  making  tnein  of  a  gliape  anj-- 
thlng  but  desirable.  This  rule,  however,  is  not  intended  to  apply  to 
maclunery  being  made  to  detail  drawing.s. 

To  Drill  a  Hols  where  you  have  no  Reamer.— It  is  some- 
times necessary  to  drill  a  hole  of  an  exact  size  to  fit  a  certain  shaft, 
and  at  tlie  same  time  have  it  smooth  without  reaming  it.  This  may 
be  done,  by  fir.<t  drilling  a  hole,  one-hundreth  of  an  inch  smaller  tliah 
the  size  desired,  and  then  makiag  a  drill  the  exact  size  and  nmning  it 
tliroagh  to  finish  with.    This  laat  drill  should  have  the  comers  ol  Ml 


486        MACHUnSTS,   ENGDTEEBS',   AC,   EECEIPTIU 

Bpe  ronnded,  like  a  reamer,  and  the  hole  should  be  finished  iriihoTil 
holding  the  diiU  with  a  rest. 

Squakeng,  OB  Factsg  rp  Cast  Ieox  Scbfaces.— A  roond-end 
tool  Is  t>est  for  this.  A  rough  chip  should  first  be  taken  off,  over  the 
entire  surface  to  be  faced.  Then  speed  your  lathe  up  and  taking  a 
light  chip,  merely  enough  to  take  out  the  first  tool  mark,  run  over 
the  entire  surface  again.  In  turning  up  surfaces  it  is  always  best  to 
begin  at  the  centre  and  feed  out,  as  the  tool  cuts  freer  and  will  wear 
twice  as  long. 

BoBiKG  A  HoLB  WITH  A  BoEixQ  TooL.— In  boring  a  hole  with  a 
Iwring  tool,  it  is  usually  necessary  to  drill  the  hole  first,  and  too 
much  care  cannot  be  taken  in  finishing.  An  iron  gauge  should  be 
made  first;  it  \s  usually  made  of  a  piece  of  sheet  iron  or  wire.  The 
hole  should  then  be  drilled  smaller  than  the  size  desired,  and  then 
Iwred  to  the  required  size,  and  it  is  impossible  to  bore  a  hole  perfect 
•without  taking  two  or  three  light  chips,  mere  scrapings  with  which 
to  finish.  Holes,  in  this  way,  may  be  bored  &s  nicely  as  thev  can  b<9 
reamed. 

BoRENG  Holes  with  Borenq  Aebob. — A  boring  arbor  is  a  shaft 
■with  a  set  tn  it,  for  the  purpose  of  boring  holes  of  great  length,  and  is 
designed  to  be  used  in  a  lathe.  In  doing  this  properly,  yon  must  first 
cee  if  your  lathe  is  set  straight;  if  not,  adjust  it.  Having  done  this, 
put  the  piece  of  work  to  be  bored  in  the  carriage  of  your  lathe,  pass 
your  arbor  through  the  hole  to  be  bored,  and  put  it  on  the  centres  of 
TOUT  lathe.  Having  done  this,  adjust  vour  work  true  to  the  position 
oesired  by  measuring  from  the  point  o/  the  tool,  continually  turning 
round  the  arbor  from  side  to  side  of  the  piece  to  be  bored,  while  yoa 
are  bolting  it  to  the  carriage,  and  measure  until  it  is  perfectly  true. 
Having  done  this,  bore  the  hole,  and  take  for  tiie  last  chip  only  a 
hundredth  of  an  inch.  This  makes  a  true  and  smooth  hole.  It  is 
Impossible  to  make  a  hole  true  with  any  kind  of  a  tool  when  yon  are 
cutting  a  large  chip,  for  the  tool  springs  so  that  no  dependence  can  be 
placea  upon  it 

To  Makb  a  BoEEjro  Asbob  a^td  Tool  that  wtll  kot  Chat- 
ter.— ^Boring  tools,  when  used  in  small  arbors,  are  always  liable  to 
chatter  and  make  a  rou^h  hole.  To  prevent  this,  the  tool  should  be 
turned  in  a  lathe,  while  in  its  position  in  the  arbor,  upon  the  circle  of 
the  size  of  the  hole  to  be  bored,  and  the  bearing  lengthwise  of  the 
arbor,  should  be  only  as  wide  as  the  feed  of  the  lathe;  for  if  the  bear- 
ing of  a  tool  is  on  the  face,  the  more  it  will  chatter. 

To  STRATGHTEy  Shaftixg. — This  should  be  done  by  centreing, 
then  put  it  into  a  lathe,  and  square  the  ends  up  with  what  is  called 
ji  side  tool  After  doing  this,  take  a  piece  of  chalk  and  try  it  in 
several  placee,  to  find  out  where  the  worst  crooks  are  :  then,  if 
you  have  not  a  machine  for  springing  shafting,  spring  it  with  a 
lever  where  the  most  crook  is,  and  continue  this  operation  till  the 
shaft  is  straight 

TuR>'T>"G  SHAFTDfG. — To  do  this  properly,  two  chips  should 
always  be  run  over  the  shaft,  for  the  reason  that  it  saves  filing,  and 
leaves  the  shaft  truer  and  more  round,  and  on  shafts  thus  turned, 
the  time  saved  in  filing  more  than  compensates  for  the  time  lost  in 
turning.  Before  you  commence  von  will  put  your  feed  belts  oi 
|8ax  oc  «  coaxM  feed  ;    tots  ad  ooe  a  &ixty-fourth  of  an  iM^ 


MACHINISTS,   EN0INEEE8*     ACEECErPTS         487 

hutger  than  the  size  required  ;  having  tumea  off  this  chip,  oom 
nience  the  finishing  chip,  and  turn  it  small  enough  to  have  the 
pully  -wring  on  about  an  inch  without  filing.  TMs.  vrill  leave  it 
large  enough  to  iile  and  finish.  If  there  are  couplings  to  go  on  a 
ehiSt,  with  holes  smaller  than  the  holes  in  the  pulleys,  the  ends  of 
the  shaft,  ■wTiere  they  fit  on,  should  be  turned  down  to  a  sisty-fourth 
of  an  inch  of  the  size  required  before  any  part  of  the  shaft  i» 
finished  ;  that  is,  every  part  of  a  shaft  should  be  turned  to  within 
a  sixty-fourth  of  an  inch  of  the  size  required  before  any  jwirt 
if  it  has  the  finish-chip  taken  off.  The  reason  for  tliat  is  that  it 
Icsavea  every  part  of  the  shaft  perfectly  true,  which  would  not 
be  the  case  were  it  done  otherwise.  Having  done  this,  you  will 
file  the  shaft  so  that  the  pulleys  will  slide  on,  and  the  couplings  so 
that  the  J'  will  drive  on  ;  polish  the  shaft  with  a  pair  of  polishing- 
damps  and  some  emery  and  it  is  done. 

To  Forge  a  Twist  Dktll. — It  is  necessary  to  forge  a  flat  blade 
similar  to  a  flat  diill,  and  then  twLst  this  blade  into  the  resem- 
blance required,  then,  with  a  light  hammer,  and  careful  blows,  ham- 
mer the  twisted  edges  so  that  they  will  be  thicker  than  the  central 
line  of  the  tool,  "fhis  wiU  give  greater  strength  and  a  better  drill, 
and,  to  cut  well,  the  central  line  or  cutting  point  must  be  made 
quite  tiiin.  Be  careful  to  get  the  same  twist  at  the  point  of  the  drill 
as  upon  the  body  of  the  drill.  The  inexperienced  often  leave  the 
point  straight  like  a  flat  drill. 

To  COMPUTE  THE  NUMBER  OF  TEETH  KEQUIRED  IX  A  TEAIX  OF 

■WHEELS  TO  PRODUCE  A  GIVEN  VELOCiTr.  Eule. — Multiply  the 
number  of  teeth  in  the  driver  by  its  number  of  revolutions,  and  divide 
the  product  by  the  number  of  revolutions  of  each  pinion,  for  each 
driver  and  pinion.    For  speed  of  Wheel,  Pulleys,  &c.,  seepage  98. 

Example. — K  a  driver  in  a  train  of  three  wheels  has  90  teeth,  and 
makes  2  revolutions,  and  the  velocities  required  are  2,  10,  and  18, 
•what  are  the  number  of  teeth  in  each  of  the  other  two. 
10 :  90 :  :  2 :  \^=teeth  in  2nd  wheel. 
18:  90:  :  2: 10=teeth  in  3rd  wheel. 
To  COMPUTE  THE  DIAMETER  OF  A  WHEEL.  Rule. — Multiply  the 
number  of  teeth  by  the  pitch,  and  divide  the  product  by  3,  1416. 

ETMTTiple.— The  number  of  teeth  in  the  wheel  is  75,  and  the  pitch 
1,  675  ins:  what  is  the  diameter  of  it? 

75X1.6755 
=10  in*. 

ai4i6 

To  COMPUTE  THE  TKUE  OB  CHORDiAJ^  PITCH.  Rule. — ^Divide  180 
by  the  number  of  teeth,  ascertain  the  sine  of  the  quotient,  and  multi- 
ply it  by  the  diameter  of  tlio  wheel. 

Example. — The  number  of  teeth  is  75,  and  the  diameter  40  inches; 
what  is  the  true  pitch? 
180 

=2«>24,  and  tin.  of  2°2A,=  04188,  which  X  40=1.6762  ins. 

75 

Paper  Friction  Pullets. — These  superior  mechanical  contri* 
▼ances  are  made  by  cutting  pieces  of  pasteboard  into  a  circular  form, 
and  of  the  desired  diameter  of  the  pulley,  and  placing  them  in  layers 
one  on  the  tup  of  another,  cemeutii^  properly  with  a  good  coat  of  gloa 


468         MACHINISTS,    EN'GINEEKS',   iC,   KECEIPTS. 

between  each  lavcr,  pounding  or  pressing  them  tojrcther  as  cloee  M 
possible,  and  lea  ring  a  perforation  iu  t!ie  centre  of  e:aii,  fcrthe  sbalt 
When  jou  have  got  enough  of  these  layers  to;;ether  to  give  you  tha 
properbreadth  of  piiiiey,  alloV  tlie  glue  to  harden,  then  tmn'it  off  to 
a  smooth  fini^  in  a  lathe.  Secure  each  side  of  the  pulley  Tvith  a  good 
etoat  iron  flange  large  enough  to  cover  tlie  entire  diameter,  or  nearly 
so,  and  vrlth  proper  n&age  it  -vrilllast  a  long  ti.ne. 

Ox  BELTTxa  A>T>  pKiCTiorT. — Leather  belts  vrUl  last  double  tha 
usual  time  if  treated  with  castor  oil,  tl;cy  will  be  rat  proof,  they  will 
always  remain  flexible  and  will  not  crack.  A  belt  4  inches  wide  will 
be  equal  to  one  6  ihchea  wide  without  it;  It  rcn-.-.ires  about  24  hotii3 
to  penetrate  the  leatlier,  if  used  sooner  the  grea'sLness  will  cause  it  ti 
slip.  A  leather  bo'.t'should  have  a  ppeed  of  1^00  ft.  per  minute,  and 
not  more  than  1800  tt  or  it  will  not  la:t  long.  Leather  belts,  with 
grain  ride  to  puliey  will  drive  C5  per  cent,  more  than  thfc  flesh  side, 
because  it  is  less  porous,  thus  admitting  less  air  between  tlie  surfaces. 
Pulleys  covered  with  leather  with  evolve  full  50  per  cent,  more  power 
than  "the  naked  puUey.  To  increase  the  power  of  rubber  belting, 
use  red  lead,  French  ycllowrad  litharge,  equal  parts;  miswth boiled 
linseed  oiland  jaiKmsuillcient  to  maieit  dry  quick.  This  will  producs 
a  highly  poHshed  surface.  Experiments  without  lubricants  resulted 
in  showing  the  following  co-efficients.  Cakunon  oak,  €2;  wrought 
iron  on  oak,  43  to  G2;  cait  iron  on  onk,  C3;  wrou  :ht  iron  on  cast,  10; 
cast  iron  on  ca.-t,  IG;  cast  iron  axles  on  1; ;nani-vitsi  bearings,  18; 
copper  on  oak,  G2;  iron  on  el;n,  23;  pear  trie  on  cast  iron,  44;  iron 
ades  on  lignumvitrs  bearings  (with  oil),  11;  Iron  axles  with  brass 
beanngs  (vr:th  oil),  .07.  A  belt  5  in.  wi^e,  velocity  1C03  ft  per  min- 
ute, on  leather  covered  pullc;"?,  will  yield  5-horse  power;  double  the 
fpced  and  it  will  evolve  douLle  the  power.        , 

Methtlated  Spikit. — Methylated  spirit,  so  very  useful  in  tha 
nrts,  is  an  iaferior  kind  of  alcohol,  mixed  with  one-ninth  of  its  toI- 
ume  of  pyroxylic  sphit,  or  wood  nnphtha. 

ExGEN-EEEs'  Bell  Sigtt.axs  'Cf  VyE  ox  STEATEcn:^. — Go  ahead,  1 
stroke.  Back,  2  strokes,  Stop,  1  stroke,  Slou-Iy,  2  short  strokes,  Full 
fpccd,  3  short  strokes,  G)  ah'ad  SloxdVy  1  long  and  2  short  strokes, 
Back  Sloicly,  2  long  and  2  short  strokes,  Go  ahead  Full  Speed.  1  long 
and  3  short  strokes,  Back  Fast,  2  long  and  3  short  strokes,  Hurry,  S 
short  strokes  repeated. 

To  DvE  Metals. — Metals  can  be  dyed  any  color  by  dissolving  any 
of  the  aniline  dyes  in  methylated  spirit  and  adding  shellac.  This 
Folution  must  be  painted  on  until  Hie  desired  shade  is  obtained.  H 
the  iron  has  been  previously  painted  white  so  much  the  better. 

^EVr  SriLF-LuBRicATixT  Aim-FRrcTioN'  ro"R  Beaetkos. — ^Tako 
equal  parts  of  asbestos  and  plumbago,  mix  them  thoroughly  and 
caref  ally  together,  then  add  suffirient  liquid  silicate  of  soda  or  potash 
to  reduce  the  whole  to  a  half  drv  paste.  This  paste  must  then  b© 
Eubmitted  to  the  action  of  a  hydraulic  or  other  press,  till  it  is  con- 
verted  into  a  solid  mass,  which  is  afterwards  dried,  either  in  a  fur- 
nace or  bV  exjKisnre  to  the  air,  until  all  moisture  has  diiappeared. 
The  be-aruigs  may  either  be  turned  out  of  the  block  or  moulded  from 
the  com;-)osit!on  while  in  the  moi«t  state.  "When  the  bearing  is  finish- 
ed it  is  steeped  in  hot  melted  parafSne  or  other  mineral  oU,  until  all 
the  pores  of  the  composition  are  filled  up. 


MACniNISTS,   engineers',  AC,   BECEIPTS.        489 

Bhrglah  At. akji.— During  tli«  present  time,  when  tramps,  sneafc 
thieves,  audacious  bur^iliirs  aud  desperadoes  are  prowling  around 
and  infestiii?  society,  It  may  not  be  amis3  to  quote  tlie  following 
description  of  a  homo  made  burglar  alarm  by  a  correspondent  of  the 
Engliih  Mechanio  :— "  Just  inside  my  shop  door,  and  directly  oppo- 
site to  it,  I  have  cut  a  trap  in  the  floor,  oft.  by  2ft.,  and  made  it  to 
■work  upon  hLa"-c3,  at  the  kick  or  door  side  (same  as  a  box-lid). 
I  have  placed  imder  tlie  front  edge  of  the  trap  two  coaunon  spiral 
bed  spring's,  blocked  up  from  the  ground  sulBcently  to  throv,'  front 
ed-^e  of  frap,  which  rests  upon  them,  about  1  in.  above  the  level 
of  the  flooring.  Tho  springs  of  course,  are  placed  about  6  m.  frora 
each  front  comer,  along  front  edge,  so  as  to  equalize  the  strain  as 
much  as  possible.  The  foUowing  is  easy.  In  the  place  where  New 
Subscriber"  would  fix  his  electric  bell,  lethim  fix  or  have  fixed  an  or- 
dinary bell  or  gong,  with  the  wire  carried  from  it,  in  the  way  best 
suited  to  tho  house,  under  flooring  of  liassageto  thetrap  beneath  tha 
front  or  raised  edge  of  which  there  mui^t  be  a  crank  that  the  spnug- 
ing  of  the  trap  shall  work  and  ring  the  bell,  which,  if  well  hung  at  a 
good  Tin<rm"-  pifch,  will  awaken  tho  »oundest  sleeper  m  tae  event  of 
a  thief  or  any  intruder  entering  the  house  at  improper  times,  or  for 
improper  purposes,  to  avoid  annoyance  in  the  day  time,  a  button 
at  each  end  of  trap  would  fix  it  down  firmly,  and  at  night,  upon 
gom<^  to  bed  or  when  locking  up,  it  could  be  released.  T.ie  door-mat 
woufd  cover  the  entire  thing,  and  no  one  but  those  concerned  need 
ever  know  of  its  existence.  I  do  not  hesitata  to  say  that  not  one  in 
fifty  people,  or  even  a  hundred,  that  enter  my  shop  know  of  any- 
thing or  notice  anythmg  different  to  any  other  place  they  may  go  in- 
to, yet  it  has  been  in  use  for  seven  years.  I  fitted  it  myself,  thougli 
not  a  beU-hanger,  and  it  has  never  once  pot  out  of  condition,  but  the 
bell  will  often  give  fifteen  and  twenty  beats  with  one  person  trcadmg 

on  the  mat."  .     ,    ,^        <  „     ,        vi    i. 

Black  Varntsh  for  Ikok  Work.— A-sphaltum,  1  lb. ;  lampblack, 
i  ib. ;  resm,  ^Ib. ;  spirits  turpentine,  1  quart;  linseed  oil,  jrxt  sufficient 
to  rub  up  the  lampblack  with  before  mixing  it  with  the  others.  Ap- 
ply with  a  camel's  hair  brush.  ,  , 

To  File  a  Hole  Square.— To  file  a  hole  gquart\  it  is  necessaiy 
to  reverse  the  work  very  often;  a  square  file  should  first  be  used, 
and  the  holes  finished  with  either  a  diamond-shaped  file  or  a 
lialf  round.  This  leaves  the  corners  square,  as  they  properly  should 
te. 

To  Turn  Chilled  Iron.— At  Lister's  Works,  Darlington,  Eng- 
land, some  articles  required  turaing  in  the  latlie,  and  cast  steel  could 
not  be  made  hard  enough  t<5  cut  tliem.  One  man  proposed  cast  metal 
tools.  He  was  laughed  «it,  of  course,  but  his  plan  had  to  be  tried. 
Well,  cast  metal  tools  were  tried,  with  pomts  chilled,  and  they  cut 
when  cast  steel  tools  were  of  no  use.  The  article  was  turned  up  with 
metal  tools.  , 

DRiLLmo  Holes  in  Cast  Iron.— By  means  of  carbolic  acid  a 
hole  |,of  an  inch  in  diameter  has  been  drilled  through  ^  inch  thickness 
of  cast  iroH,  with  a  common  carpenter's  brace;  judge,  then,  what  can 
be  done  by  using  the  acid  and  pressure  drill. 

H-VRDENiNO  wood  FOR  PuLLEYS.— After  &  woodcn  pulley  is  turn- 
ed and  rubbed  smooth,  boil  it  for  about  eight  minutes  in  olive  oil; 
then  allow  it  to  dry,  and  it  will  become  almost  as  bard  as  copper. 

To  Solder  Ferrules  for  Tool  Handles.— Take  your  ferrule, 
lap  round  the  jointiDS  a  BOtaU  piece  ol  brass  -vme,  theu  just  wet  tb« 


490       MACHunsTS,  engineebs^  ac,  receipts? 

f  ermle,  scatter  on  the  joining  ground  borax,  put  it  on  the  end  Oi  ft 
•wire,  and  hold  it  in  the  fire  fil  the  brass  f  oses.  It  will  fill  up  khs 
joining,  and  form  a  perfect  solder.  It  may  afterwards  be  turned  in 
the  lathe. 

Makikg  Dies  fob  ScBEW-Cti'iTijfG. — In  making  dies  for  screw* 
cutting,  they  should,  whenerer  practicable,  be  lapped  witi  a  taper 
tap,  as  they  cut  more  easily  and  wear  longer  than  those  which  ara 
cut  straight,  and  then  taj^ered  oS  to  make  Sie  screw  "  take." 

Very  fine  threaded  screws,  however,  cut  well  with  straight  dies. 
Small  dies,  or  dies  below  one-fourth  of  im  inch  in  size,  should  only^ 
have  three  lips  in  them.  Dies  from  one-fourth  to  one-half  shouldj 
have  four  lips  in  them.  Dies  from  three-fourths  to  one  inch  should 
have  six  lips  in  them ;  and  dies  from  one  inch  to  one-and-a-half 
Bhould  have  seven  lips  in  them.  The  cuts  through  dies  should  bo 
only  twice  the  depth  of  the  thread,  which  is  sufficient  to  make  them 
free  themselves  from  chips,  for  when  cut  too  deep  they  are  liable  to 
break  on  the  face,    narden  and  draw  to  a  straw  color. 

To  Dip  a  Flcted  Rea2o:b  Pboperlt. — Dip  it  perpendicnlarly 
to  a  short  distance  beyond  the  fluting — ^that  is  fe>  say,  alx)ut  half  aa 
inch  and  withdraw  anci  return  it  several  times.  Thi^  hardens  all  the 
ips,  and  prevents  it  cracking  off  at  the  water's  edge,  which  is  tha 
case  when  a  piece  of  steel  is  <Epped  in  to  a  certain  depth,  and  allowed 
to  cool  without  moving. 

A>Ti-FiucTiON  Metat- — Copper,  4  lbs.  ;  regulns  of  antimony,  8 
lbs. ;  Banca  tin,  96  lbs.  2.  Grain  zinc,  7^  lbs.  ;  purified  zinc,  7^  lbs.  ; 
antimony,  1  lb.  3.  Zinc,  17  parts;  copper,  1  part;  antimony,  IJ parts. 
This  possesses  nnsurpassible  anti-friction  quahties,  and  does  not  re- 
quire the  protection  of  outer  casings  of  a  harder  metiL  4.  Block  tin, 
o  lbs.  ;  antimony,  2  lbs.  ;  copper,  1  lb.  If  the  metal  be  too  hard,  it 
may  be  softened  by  adding  some  lead.  5.  The  best  alloy  for  journal 
boxes  is  composed  of  copper,  24  lbs.  ;  tin,  24  lbs.  ;  and  antimony,  8 
lbs.  Melt  the  copper  first,  then  add  the  tin,  and  lastly  the  antiitony. 
It  should  be  first  run  into  insots,  then  melted,  and  cast  in  the  form 
required  for  the  boxes.  6.  Melt  in  a  crucible  Ij  lbs.  of  copper,  and, 
while  the  copper  is  melting,  melt  in  a  ladle  25  lbs.  of  tin  and  3  of  anti- 
mony, nearly  red  hot,  pour  the  two  together,  and  stir  until  nearly 
cool.'  This  makes  the  finest  kind  of  Iming  metal  7.  Ve?^  cheap. 
Lead,  100  lbs.  ;•  antimony,  15  lbs.  Tliis  co.-ts  about  10  cents  per  lb. 
8.  For  Bearings  to  sustain  great  tceK/A's.— Copper,  1  lb.  ;  zinc,  |  oz. : 
tin,  2^  oz.  9.  Sard  Bearirigs  for  machinery.— Covn^CT,  1  lb.  ;  tin,  2 
ozs.  10.  Very  Hard  dVtto.— Copper,  1  lb.  ;  tin,  2^  ozs.  IL  Lininj 
Metal  /or  Boies  of  Bailvcay  Cars. — Mix  tin.  24  lbs.;  copper  4  lbs.  ; 
»ntimonv,  8  lbs.  ;  (for  a  hardening)  tlien  add  tin  72  lbs.  12.  Lining 
Metal  for  Locomotive^- Axle  frc«.— Copper,  86.03.;  tin,  13.97.13. 
Another,  French. — Copper,  82  parts,  tin,  10  parts,  zinc,  8  parts.  14. 
Another,  (Stephensem' i). — Copper,  79iiarts;  tin,  8  parts,  zinc,  5,part{i, 
lead  8  parts.  15.  Another  {.Belgian).— Co^^^^  89.02.  parts,  tin,  2.44 
parts,  zinc,  7. 70  parts  iron,  0.78. 1').  Another  [English). — Copper,  73. 
S6  parts,  tin,  9.49  iiarta,  zinc,  9.03  parts,  lead,  7.09  parts^  iron,  0.43 
parts.  17.  Another. — Copper,  90.('iG  parts,  tin,  3.5G parts,  zinc.  6.38.  of 
Is^iclcel  Anti-friction  Mi'ol. — AL"t«  improvement  in  the  manufactura 
of  anti-friction  metal  is  the  introduction  of  a  small  percentage  of 
sickel  iato  either  of  the  &bove,  cr  any  cilicr  anti-friction  compoftitioiv 


KACHUnSTS,  engineers',   AC,  RECEIPTS.  ,      4^ 

OoMPOsmox  FOB  Crtcibles. — 1.  Stourbridge  crncible  clay  4  parte, 
plumbago  3  parte,  bard  coke  2  parts,  cement,  consisting  of  old  pota 
fronnd  and  sifted.  1  part.  If  old  pots  are  not  to  be  had,  the  forego- 
bg  must  be  burnt  hard,  ground  and  sifted.  The  carbon  chippings 
from  the  interior  of  gas  retorts  are  superior  to  the  best  ordinary  coke. 
Pulverize  the  whole  aud  sift  through  a  ^  inch  mesh  sieve,  temi^er  and 
mix  with  plenty  of  clean  cold  water,  tread  with  tlie  bare  foot  to  tho 
consistency  of  stiff  dough,  allow  it  to  stand  for  three  or  four  days 
covered  with  a  damp  cloth  to  i^ermit  sweatmg  and  thorough  mattmty, 
then  block  by  a  machine  or  by  hand.  When  completely  dry.  place  in 
the  kiln  and  anneal,  but  do  not  bum  hard.  2.  Avother. — "fhe  Birm- 
ingham soft,  tough  pot  consists  of  2  parts  of  the  best  Stourbridge  cru- 
cible clay,  3  parts  plumbago,  and  1  i^rt  cement  consisting  of  old  cru- 
cibles pulverized  and  sifted,  &c.,  as  above  described.  3,  Another. — 
Stourbridge  crucible  clay  2  parts,  cement  3  parts,  sift  through  a  |  inch 
mesh  sieve,  temper  as  above,  and  when  dry  place  in  the  kiln  and 
bum  hard.  4.  Another. — Stourbridge  best  crucible  clay,  3  paits  by 
measure;  cement,  composed  of  old  worn  out  fire  brick,  2  parts;  hard 
coke.  1  part:  sift,  temper  and  manipulate  as  above. 

Cast  Lrox  Patteexs  should  be  made  very  smooth,  then  slightly 
warmed,  and  waxed  all  over  with  the  best  beeswax. 

Facixgs.  S-otds,  &c.,  for  Castings. — As  a  facing  for  loam  cast- 
ings use  fire  sand  3  parts,  Whitehead  sand  1  part;  mix.  For  pipes 
and  small  cylinders  use  Xo.  1,  or  fine  sand,  facing  with  plumbago. 
Albany  or  Waterford  sand  is  exceDent  for  fine  castings,  or  use  1  part 
of  sea" coal  to  S  or  10  of  Albany  sand :  1  part  to  5  will  do  for  heavy- 
castings.  To  ensure  very  stnooth  castings,  mix  with  the  green  foun- 
dry sand  about  1-20  part  of  tar. 

To  PRE^■E^"T  Holes  ix  CASTtscs. — In  casting  iron  on  iron  or 
steel  spindles,  the  moulds  are  cast  endwise;  let  the  cast  metal  spindle 
be  an  inch  lonser  on  the  uppermost  side  than  is  necessary  when  the 
job  is  finished:  thus  the  air  holes,  if  any,  will  form  in  the"  extra  inch 
of  length,  and  may  be  cut  off  in  the  lathe. 

To  Cast  Chilled  Irox  Tools  fok  Crrrixa  Chilled  Ibok. — 
After  making  a  tool  of  the  required  form  out  of  wrought  iron,  cast 
the  chilled  part,  using  charcoal  iron  Xo.  5. 

Dysiot. — The  new  alloy,  called  dysiot,  brought  into  the  market  by 
Rompel  &  Co.,  of  Hombmgh.  has  been  analyzed  by  Von  Uhlenhuth, 
and  found  to  consist  of  copper.  62.S0  parts":  lead."  17.75;  tin,  10.42; 
rinc,  9.20.  with  tracf  s  of  iron.  It  can  be  pre  ared  by  melting  together 
62  parts  of  copper,  18  of  lead.  10  of  rin.  and  10  of  zinc. 

EiCELLEXT  A>-ti-Frictiox.— Tin  50  parts,  antimony  5,  eopj^r  L 

CHE.4P  Br.a.«s.— Copper  1  lb.,  zinc  12  ozs. 

Brazixg  Metal.— Copper  1  lb.,  spelter  8  ozs.,  with  a  little  load, 

TorcH  TvPE  Metal.— Lead  100  lbs.,  antimony  40,  tin  20. 

Plattnttsi  Bronze,  .Rjwf-Proo/.— Xickel  100  narfe  tin  10,  platt- 
tum  1.  '■       ' 

MALLE.4BLE  OR  ALrMrsTM  Broxze.— Copper  PO,  tin  10. 

ALrMTXTM   SIL^'ER,  OF  FjXE   LCSTER    AXD    POLl'sH.— Copper    7fl 

part*,  nickel  23,  alummum  7. 

^  I^K^T  ^^^  ^°^  S^^*^  EN<aKBS.-Add  4i  to  9  OM.  «in9t» 
•aca  lb.  of  copper. 


492         MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

Good  Brass  for  MACHnrERT.-— 1.  Copx)er,  2  lbs.,  tin  2^023.,  zini 
I  oz.  2.  Touqh  Brass. — Copper,  10  ozs.,  tin,  1^  ozs.,  zinc  Ij  oza. 
5.  Wheels  and  Valves. — Copper,  90  lbs.,  tin,  10  lbs.  4.  Brass,  very 
tenacious. — Copper,  S8.9  parts,  tin,  8.3  parts,  zinc,  2.8  parts.  5. 
Lathe  Bushes.— Copper,  80  parts,  tin  20  parts.  6.  Machinery  Bearings. 
— (Jopper,  88  parts,  tin,  12  parts.  7.  Boxes  for  Engines  Running 
at  High  .Speed.— Copper,  7  lbs.,  tin,  1  lb.  ;  add  spelter  1  lb.  to  every 
40  lbs.  of  the  mixture.  Use  steel  piston  rods  for  high  speed  and 
lignum  vitxe  or  apple-tree  wood  for  shoes  or  gibhs  on  the  cross-head.';. 
Iron  for  cylinders  and  guides,  if  made  from  pig  iron  should  be  melted 
at  least  8  or  9  times  previous  to  use. 

Bronze.— 1.  Copper,  S3  parts;  zinc,  11  parts;  tin,  4  parts:  lead,  2 
parts;  mix.  2.  Copper,  14  parts;  melt  and  add  zinc,  6  parts;  tin,  4 
parts;  mix.  3.  Ancient  Bronze.— Copper,  100  parts;  lead  and  tin,  of 
each  7  parts;  mix.  4.  Alloy  for  Bronze  Ornaments.— Copper,  82 
parts;  zinc,  18  parts;  tin,  3  parts;  lead,  3  parts;  mix.  5.  statuary 
Bronze.— Copper,  88  parts;  tin,  9  parts ;  zinc,  2  parts:  lead,  1  part,  6. 
Anotfier. — Copper,  82^  parts;  tin,  6  parts;  zinc,  10^  parts;  lead,  2 
parts.  7.  AivAher. — Copper,  iO  parts;  tin,  9  parts;  lead,  1  part.  8. 
bronze  for  Medals.— Copper,  89  parts;  tin  8  parts;  zinc,  3  parts.  9. 
bronze.— Copper,  71bs. ;  zinc.  31bs. ;  tin,  2  lbs.  10.  Another.— Cop^ 
per,  1  lb. ;  zinc,  12  Ibe. ;  tin,  8  lbs. 

ScPEEioR  Bell,  Metal.— 1.  Copper,  100  lbs. ;  tin,  23  lbs.  2.  Cop. 
per,  25  parts;  tin,  5  parts.  3.  Copper,  79  parts;  tin,  2(3  parts;  mix. 
4.  Copper,  78  p.arts ; tin,  22  parts ;  mix.  5.  Pansian  Bell  Metal. — Cop- 
per, 72  parts;  tin,  26^  parts;  iron,  li  part?.  Used  for  the  bells  ol 
f mall  ornamental  clocks.  6.  Chck  Bell  M^tal. — Copper,  75.19  parts; 
tin,  24.81  parts.  7.  Bell  Metal  for  Larqe  Belts.— Copper,  100  lbs. ;  tin, 
from  20  to  25  lbs.  8.  Bell  Metal  for  Small  Bells.— Copper,  3  lbs. ;  tin, 
1  lb.  9.  White  Metal  for  Tabic  Bells.— Copper,  2.06  parts;  tin,  97.31 
parts;  bismuth,  0.63  parts. 

Yellow  Brass  (J'or  casting). — 1.  Copper,  61.6  parts;  zinc,  .X^Z 
parts;  lead,  2.9  parts;  tin,  0.2 parts.  2.  Brass  of  Jcmappes. — Copper, 
61.6  parts  ;  zinc,  33.7  parts  ;  lead,  1.4  parts,  tin,  0.2  parts.  3.  Ulieet 
of  Stolberg,  near  Aix  la  CJia.pelle.— Copper,  64.8  parts;  zinc,  32.8  parts; 
lead,  2.0  part* ;  tin,  0.4  parts.  4.  J)  'Areets  Brass  for  Gilding.— Cop- 
per, 63.70  parts;  zinc,  33.55  parts;  lead,  0.25  paits;  tin,  2.50  parts. 
h.  Another. — Copper,  64.45  parts;  zruc,  32.44  parts;  lead,  2.S6  parts; 
tin,  0.25  parts.  6.  Sheet  Brass  of  Romilly. — Copper,  70.1  parts;  zinc, 
29.9  parts.  7.  English  Bi-ass  F'iVe.— Copper,  70.29 parts;  zir.c  29.26 
parts;  lead,  0.28  parts;  tin,  0.17  parts.  8.  Angshurg  Brass  Wire. — 
Copper,  71.89  parts; zinc,  27.63  parts;  tin.  0.85  parts. 

Red  BrjVss,  for  Gllt  Articles. — 1.  Copper,  82.0  parts  ;  zinc,  18.0 
parts;  lead,  1.5  jiarts;  tin,  3.0  parts.  2.  Another. — Copper,  82  parts  ; 
zinc,  18  parts;  lead,  3  parts;  tin,  1  part  3  Another.  Copper,  82.3 
parts;  zinc,  17.5  parts;  tin,  0.2  parts.  4.  Fr-eru-h  Tombac  for  Sword 
Jlandles. — Copper,  80  parts;  zinc,  17  parts  ;  tin,  3  ports.  5  For 
Parisian  Ornaments. — Coiii>er,  85  parts  ;  zinc,  15  parts  ;  tin,  a  trace 

6.  Used  for  German  Ornaments.— Copper,  So  3  prrts  ;  zinc,  14.7  parts. 

7.  Chrysorhnlk. — Copper,  90.0  parts;  zinc,  7.9paits;  lead,  l.G  parts. 

8.  Red  Tombac  from  Paris. — Coiiper,  92  parts  ;  zinc,  8  parts. 
Brass. — 1.   Telloio  Brass  for  Turning,  (common  article.)— Copper, 

90  lbs.  ziiM^  10  Iba.  lead,  4  ozs.    2.  Another  Brass  for  Turning.— Co^ 


MACHINISTS,    ENGINEKRS*,    AC,    RECEIPTS.  i93 

per,  321b<J.  zinc,  10 lbs.  lead,  1  lb.  S.  7?  ti  Brass  free,  for  Turning.^ 
Copi^er,  ItJO  lbs.  zinc,  50  lbs.  lead,  10  lbs.  a:itim<>nv,  44  ora.  4.  Bi*, 
Red  Brass  f>r  fine  Castinr/fi. — Copper,  24  lbs.  zinc,  5  lbs.  bL^mnth,  1 
oz:.  5.  Red  Tombac. — Copper,  1011)3.  zinc,  1  lb.  6.  7bm5<ic.— Copper, 
1(5  lbs.  tin,  1  lb.  ziuc,  1  lb.  7.  Brass  for  Ilivy  Castings.— Copi^er.  6 
to  7  larta ;  tin.  1  part ;  zinc,  1  jvirt  8.  'Mnll-ahie  Bains.— Copper,  70.10 
parts;  zinc,  29.y0  parts.  9.  Superior  Malleable  i^z-a.?*.— Ckipper,  60 
parts;  zinc,  40 parts.  10.  .Sroks";.— Conner,  73 parts;  zinc,  27 pails.  11. 
Copper,  63  parts;  zinc,  35  part^  '12.  Copper,  70  T)art3;  zinc,  30 
part*.  i:i  German  Bi-ass. — Copper,  1  lb.  zinc,  1  lb.  14.  Watch' 
niaJirrs'  Bms". — Copix^r,  1  part;  ziuc,  2  parts.  15.  Brass  for  Wire.— 
Copper,  31  parts;  calamine.  5!)  jwi-ts.  16.  Bra.<^^,for  Tubes. — CoDDcr, 
2  parts;  ziuc,  1  part  17.  Brass  for  E~anj  iruj-A-.— Copi)er,  100p:uta: 
tin,  15 partem;  ziuc,  15 parts.  13.  ^n-^?^-:?-.— Copper,  112" parts;  tm.  13 
paits;  ziuc,  1  part  VJ.  TomStrc  or  ^:dL',-*Ts«.— Copper,  8  paits;  zinc, 
1  part  20.  Brass. — Copper,  3  part^;  melt,  then  add  ziuc,  1  pai-t 
21.  Biit(on)7\akcr$'  Fins  Brass,  lliass,  8  parts;  ziuc,  5  parts.  22. 
Bvitonmalers'  Comtnoii  Brass. — I3'.;tton  brass,  6  parts;  tin,  1  part; 
lead,  1  part;  mix.  23.  ifall  t's  Brass.— Corti-iCT,  25.1;  zinc,  74.6;  used 
to  preserve  iron  from  oxydizing.  24.  Bcrl  Brass  for  Clocks.— RotQ 
copper,  85  parts;  zinc,  14  parts:  le:td,  1  part. 

To  Cast  Br.\S3  solid.— Tiie  metil  should  not  bo  nm  anv  hotter 
than  is  uecesstirj-  to  iiisiuxj  sharp  ca^tin^.  The  most  probable  eauso 
of  the  honey  combings  of  castings  is  t!iat  the  air  cannot  get  out 
of  the  way  ;  and  there  onrrht  to  be  proper  vents  made  for  it  from 
the  highest  parts  of  the  mould  ;  the  mctil  sho.dd  be  run  in  near 
or  at  the  bottom  of  the  mold.  If  aboct  1  lb.  of  lead  be  added  to  eve- 
ry 16  lbs.  of  old  brass,  when  just  at  the  melting  point,  solid  good  bras- 
6es  -will  be  the  result  In  melting  old  brass. "the  zinc,  or  lead,  con- 
tained in  it  (when  tiuid)  oxydizes  freely,  consequently  the  propor- 
tions of  the  metal  are  altered,  and  require  an  addition  similar  t) 
the  ab<>ve.  K  the  brass  luis  not  been  re-cast  a  little  less  lead  -will 
do,  bit  if  re-cast  several  times  it  mav  ta!ce  the  fall  quantity. 

New  AXD  BEAt-TiFVL  Allots.-^oi per,  60.8  parts;  nickel,  19.8 
parts ;  zinc,  0.5  parts ;  cadmiuum,  4.7  parte;  used  for  spoons,  forlis.  &:c. 
.4?io<^er.— Copper,  89.3  parts;  aluminum.  10.5  paits.  Oreide  rtscm- 
Uiiig  Gnld.  Copi^er,  70.7  parts;  zmc,  83.05  parts;  nickel,  6.0D  parts, 
with  a  trace  of  iion  and  tin. 

Good  BKitaxxia  Mktal.— 1.  Tin,  im  lbs. ;  copper  3  lbs. ;  antunony, 
lOlba.  2.  Britannia.  2d  QraUfy.-Tin,  140 lbs.;  Copper,  3 lbs.;  anti- 
mony 9  lbs.  3.  Britannia Mttal.  for  Castvif/.-Tm,  210  lb?.;  copT)er.  4 
lbs:;  anUiuony,  12  lbs.  4.  Britannia  Afthil  for  spinninff.-lin,  100 
lbs.;  Bnwnuia  hardenhig,  4  lbs.;  antimony,  4  lbs.  5.  Britannia 
Mttalfor  R:;/i.^fFrs.—Tia,  140 lbs.;  hardening  8  lbs.;  antimony  8  lbs. 
6.  Beit  Britannia  for  spouts.— Tva  140  lbs.;  copper.  3  lbs.';  anti- 
mony, 6  lbs.  7.  Z?  Jit  jB/7a;.>t>«a  ;brsp»7?s.— Tin,  IvX)  lbs.;  hanleuing 
61b3.;antiiUony,  lOlbs.S;  Brrst  Britannia  for  nand^:s.—Tm,  140  Ihi.; 
ci': :  rr  •-  Ids.  ;  av.tim.my  5  lbs.  9.  Best  Britannia  for  I.nnvps,  PiUars, 
(t  .i  >''j'Us.—'l'm.  3C<01b9. ;  copper,  41bs. ;  antimony  13  lbs.  10.  For 
Co^'  >,;.— Tin,  100  lbs. ;  hardening  5  lbs.;  antimony.  5  ibs.  11.  Tin, 
62  parts;  le'.l.  18  parts;  brassomrts;  antimonv.'S  parts;  mix.  12. 
AnotJier  Bitannia.— Tin,  20  parts;  antimony,  4  parts;  bress,  1  part-, 
Mix.    13  hardening  ftyr Britannia,— Brass, 4  parts;  tin,  4 parts;  when 


494        MACHINISTS,  EIWUNEERS',  AC,  EE0EIPT8. 

ft»B©d,  add  bismuth,  4,  and  antimony,  4  parts.  Another  Hardentnd 
•^Antimony,  tin,  bismuth,  and  plate  brass  of  each  equal  parts.  Ad4 
this  mixture  to  melted  tin  until  it  acquires  the  proper  color  and  hard- 
ness. 15.  Britannia.— Tm,  89.70  parts,  antimony  9.70  parts,  copper  0. 
30  parts,  zinc,  0.30  parts,  16.  Tm,  81.64  parts,  antimony,  16.51  parts, 
copper,  1.85  parts.  17.  Tin,  89.97  parts,  antimony  9. 12  parts,  copper, 
«.91  parts.  18.  Tin,  90.00  parts,  antimony,  10  parts.  19.  Tin  89.30 
^rts,  antimony,  7.14  parts,  copper,  1.78  parts,  bismuth,  1.78  parts. 

German  Silver,  Fikst  qualitx-  fob  Casting.— 1.  Copper  60  lbs. 
line,  25  lbs.  nickel,  25  lbs.  2.  Second  Quality,  for  Casting. — Cop- 
per, 60  lbs.  zinc,  20  lbs.  best  pulverized  nickel,  10  lbs.  3.  Oerman 
Silver  for  Rolling.— CopTper,  60  lbs.  zinc,  20  lbs.  nickel,  25  Iba.  4. 
German  Silver  for  Bells,  and  other  Castings.— Copj^er  60  lh<i.  zinc, 
20  lbs.  nickel,  20  lbs.  lead,  3  lbs.  iron,  that  of  tin  plate  is  the  best, 
2  lbs.  5.  German  Silver  for  Castings.— Lead,  3  parts,  nickel,  20 
parts,  zinc,  20  parts,  copper  60  parts,  mix.  6.  German  Silver  for 
Jiolling. — Nickel,  5  parts,  zinc,  4  parts,  copper  12  parts,  mix.  7.  Cop- 
per, 40.  62  parts,  zinc,  4iJ.  76  parts,  nickel,  15. 62  parts.  8.  Copper  41.47 
parts,  zinc  26. 08  parts,  nickel,  32.  35  parts.  9.  Copper  53. 53  parts, 
zinc,  5.  55  parts,  nickel  33.  90  parts.  10.  Copper,  53.  40  parts,  zinc 
29.  10  parts,  nickel  17.  50  parts.  11.  ^//ent'ie.— Contain  a  trace  of 
Iron,  copper,  59.  60  parts,  zine,  30.  30  parts,  nickel,  10.  10  parts.  12. 
Fine  Silver  Colored  Mital—Tin  100  lbs.  antimony,  8  lbs.  copper,  4 
lbs.  bismuth,  1  lb.  13.  Fine  ^Vhite  Germxin  Silver.— lion  1  part : 
nickel,  10  parts,  zinc,  10  parts,  copper,  20  parts  :  melt.  14.  Genuine 
German  Silver. — Iron  2^  parts,  nickel  31  i  parts,  zinc  25^  parts,  cop- 
per, 40i  parts  :  melt.  15.  jBicfer?/.— Copper,  48.48  parts ;  tin,  6.00 
parts,  zinc,  33.80  parts,  lead,  12.12  parts. 

SuNDR?  Compositions. — 1.  Organ  Pipe  Metal  consists  of  lead  al- 
loyed with  about  half  its  quantity  of  tin  to  harden  it.  Lead,  100;  tin, 
33  parts;  and  lead,  100  ;  tin,  20  parts,  answer  very  welL  The  mot- 
tled or  crystalline  appearance  so  much  admired  shows  an  abundance 
of  tin.  2.  Cannon  Metal.— Tm,  10  parts  ;  copper,  90  parts  ;  melt 
3.  Alloy  for  Cymbals.— Copijev,  80  parts  ;  tm,  20  pans.  4.  Chinese 
Gong  Metal.— Copper,  78  parts  ;  tm,  22  parts.  C.  Cock  Metal.— 
Copper,  20  lbs.  ;  lead,  8  lbs.  ;  lithar.,'e,  1  oz.  ;  antimony,  3  ozs.  6. 
Metal  for  taking  Impressions. — Lead,  3  lbs.  ;  tiii,  2  lbs.  ;  bismuth,  5 
lbs.  7.  Alloy  for  Gun  Mountings.— Copper,  »0  parts  ;  tin,  3  parts, 
sine,  17  parts.  8.  Pinchbeck. — Copper,  5  lb**.  ;  zinc,  1  lb.  9.  Span- 
ish Tutania. — ^Iron  or  steel,  8  ozs.  ;  antimopy,  16  ozs.  ;  nitre,  S  ozs. 
Melt  and  harden  8  ozs.  of  tin  with  1  oz.  of  the  above  compound.  IOl 
Mivet  Metal. — Copper,  32  ozs.  ;  tin,  2  ozs.  ;  zinc.  1  oz.  11.  Chinese 
White  Copper.— Copper,  40.4  ;  nickel,  31.6  ;  zinc,  25.4  ;  and  iron,  2.8 
parts.  12.  Bath  Metal.— Brass,  32  parts;  zinc,  9  parts.  13.  Specu- 
lum Metal. — Copper,  6- tin,  2;  arsenic,  1  part.  Or  copper,  7;  zinc,  3; 
and  tin,  4  parts.  14.  Electrum. — Copper,  8,  nickel,  4,  zinc,  3^  parts. 
This  compound  is  unsurpassed  for  ease  of  workmanship  and  beauty 
of  appearance.  15.  Common  Pewter. — Tin,  4;  lead,  1  part  XG, 
Best  Pewter. — Tin,  100,  antimony,  17  parts.  17  Queen' s  Metal. — Tin, 
9;  antimony,  1;  bismuth,  1;  lead,  1  part  18.  Chantry's  Hard  Alloy.— 
CSjpper,  1  lb.  ;  zinc,  2^  ozs. ;  tin,  2^  ozs.  Razors  as  hard  as  tempered 
eteel  have  been  made  from  this  alloy.  19.  Allo^i  for  Mechanical 
//KtarwweTUg.— Copper,  1  lb. ;  tia,  I  e&    20.  Bivet  Metoi  for  Eoat,^ 


KACHINISTS,   ENGINEEKS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.        49? 

1111,  46  Ibf.  ;  copper,  1  lb.  21.  Hard  White  Metal— Sheet  brass,  32 
ozs.  ;  lead,  2  ozs.  ;  tin,  2  ozs.  ;  zinc,  1  oz.  22.  Fusible  Alloy,  melts 
in  Boiling  water. — Bismuth,  8  ozs.  ;  tin  3  ozs.  ;  lead,  5  ozs.  23. 
Frisible  Alloy  for  Silvering  Glass. — Tin,  6  ozs.  ;  lead,  10  ozs.;  bis- 
muth, 21  ozs.  ;  mercury,  a  small  quantity.  2i.  Hard  White  Metal, 
ifor  Buttons. — Brass,  1  lb.  ;  zinc,  2  ozs.  ;  tin,  1  oz.  25.  Button  Mak- 
kr's  Metal. — Copper,  43  parts;  zinc,  G7  parts.  26.  Another. — Copper, 
62.22  parts,  tin.  2.78  parts,  zinc,  35  parts.  27.  Another. — Copper,  58. 
94  parts;  tin,  5.28  parts;  zinc,  35.78  parts.  28.  3fetal  that  expands  in 
cooling. — Lead,  9;  antimony,  2;  bismuth,  1  part  This  metal  is  very 
useful  in  filling  small  defects  in  iron  castings,  &c.  29.  Albata  Metal. 
— Nickel,  3  to  4  parts;  copper,  20  parts;  zinc,  16  parts.  Used  for 
plated  goods.  30.  Birmingham  Platin. — Copper,  8  parts,  tine,  5 
•parts.  31.  Imitation  Platinum. — Melt  together,  8  parts  brass,  5  parts 
,of  zinc.  This  alloy  closely  resembles  platinum.  32.  CJdncse  Silver. 
I— SUver,  2.5;  copper,  65.24;  zinc  19.52;  cobalt  or  iron,  0.12;  nickel,  13. 
33.  Tutenag.—Co])]^T,  8;  zinc,  5;  nickel,  8  parts.  34.  Prince's  Metal. 
!— Copper,  3  parts ;  zinc,  1  part.  35.  Anothh: — Brass,  8  parts,  zinc,  1 
part.  36.  Another. — Zinc  and  copper  equal  parts.  Mix.  37.  Queen' i 
Metal. — Lead,  1  part;  bismuth  1  part;  antimony,  1  part;  tin,  9  parts. — 
Mix.  38.  Another. — ^Tin,  9  parts;  bismuth  1  part;  lead,  2  parts;  anti- 
mony 1  part;  mix.  39.  Imitation  Gold. — Platina,  8  parts;  silver,  4 
parts;  copper,  12 parts,  melt  40.  Imitation Silver.-Blocktin,  100 parts; 
antimony,  8  parts ;  bismuth,  1  part;  copper,  4  parts;  melt.  41.  Spur- 
ious Silver  Lea/.—Tm,  90.09  ;  zinc,  9.91  parts  ;  melt  42.  Mirrors  of 
Reflecting  Telescope.  —Copper  ICO,  tin,  50  parts.  43.  White  Argentan 
— Copper,  8  parts ;  nickel,  3  parts,  zinc,  35  parts.  Tliis  beautiful  com- 
position is  in  imitation  of  silver.  44.  Yellow  Dipping  Metal. — Cop- 
per, any  desired  quantity  and  6  or  7  ozs.  of  zinc  to  every  lb.  of  coj)i)er. 
45.  Shot  Metal. — Lead,  97.0o  parts;  arsenic,  2.94 parts.  Anotlier.—l^^, 
99.60  parts ;  arsenic,  0.40  parts.  46.  'Wliite  Metal.— Vaxts  by  weight ;  tin, 
82;  lead,  18;  antimony,  5;  zinc,  1;  copper,  5.  47.  Hard  Pewter. — 
Melt  together,  12  lbs  of  tin;  regulus  of  antimony,  1  lb.  ;  copper,  4 
ozs.  48.  Com.mon  Pewter. — Melt  in  a  crucible,  tin,  7  lbs.  ;  when 
fused  throw  in  lead,  1  lb.  ;  copper,  6  ozs.  ;  zinc,  2  ozs.  49.  British 
Plate. — Nickel,  5  to  6  parts ;  copper,  20  parts ;  zinc,  8  to  10  parts.  Used 
for  plated  goods.  50.  Compositionfor  Strong  Pumps,  d-c. — Copper,  1 
lb. ;  zinc,  ^,  and  tin,  1^  ozs.    51.  Composition  for  Toothed  Wheels. — Cop- 

Eer,  1  lb.  ;  brass,  2  ozs.  ;  tin,  2  ozs.  52.  Another. — Copper,  1  lb.  ; 
rass,  2  ozs. ;  tin  1|  ozs.  53.  For  Turning  Work. — Copper,  1  lb. ;  bris» 
2  ozs.  ;  tin,  2  ozs.  54.  For  Nuts  of  coarse  Threads  and  Bearings. — 
Copper,  1  lb.  ;  brass,  IJ  ozs.  ;  tin,  2^  ozs.  55.  Pewterers  Temper.— 
Copper,  1  lb.  ;  tin,  2  lbs.  Used  to  r.dd  in  Fmall  quantities  to  tm.  5G. 
Alloy  for  Cylinders  of  Locomotias. — Co;  per,  8i>.63  parts;  tin,  2.38 
parts;  zinc,  6.99  parts.  67.  Metal  for  Slid:  ng  Ln-crs  of  Locomotives. 
— Copper,  85.25  parts;  tin,  12.75  parts;  ziric,  2.C0  parts.  58.  Another 
(i'V/Uou* j.^Copper,  5.50  tm,  14.J-0;  zinc,  60  parts.  59.  Baron  Wet" 
terstedt's  Patent  Sheathing  for  Ships. — C"onsii;ts  of  lead  with  from 
2  to  8  pet  cent  of  antimonv,  about  6  i>€t  cent  is  the  usual  quantity. 
The  alloy  is  robed  into  sheets.  60.  Muntz  Metal  for  Ships.  -Best 
selected  copper,  60  parts;  best  zinc,  40  parts.  Melt  togetlier  in  ths 
usual  mauueraud  roll  into  sheets  of  suitable  thickness.  This  com- 
bosiiioa  resists  oxidation  from  exposure  to  eea  -n  ater,  and  proventa 


496  MACHINISTS,    ENOrNEERS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

the  adhesion  of  barnacles.  61.  Metal  for  Anatomical  /nfecitorvs.— Tin. 
16.41  "parts;  lead,  9.27  parts;  bismuth,  27.81  parts;  mercury,  41.41 
parts.  62.  Fusible  Metal  for  casts. — Bismuth,  8  parts;  lead,  5  parts; 
tin,  3  parts.  It  will  melt  at  200O  or  tinder  boiling  water.  For  mala 
casts  itse  tin  onlv.  63.  Pot  Metal. — Copper,  40  Ibe.  ;  lead,  16  lbs.  ; 
tin,  1\  lbs.  64.  Metal  for  Modelg.—Tea,  lead,  6  lbs.  ;  tin,  ^  lb.  ;  anti<. 
mony,  f  lb.  65.  Imitation  of  Silver. — Copper,  1  lb.  ;  tin,  3  oz3.  66. 
Von  Bibra's  Alloy  for  Medds. — Bismuth,  27.27  parts;  lead,  59.09 
parts  ;  tin,  13..46  psirts.  If  the  cast  objects  be  bitten  with  diluted  ni- 
tric acid,  washed  with  wat°r,  and  rubbed  with  a  woolen  rag,  the  ele- 
vated spots  become  bright,  while  the  simken  portions  are  dull 
and  the  castings  a'^qnire  a  dark  gray  appearance  with  an  antique  lus- 
tre. Without  biting  the  color  is  liuht  giny.  67.  Kcv:  Sheathing  Metal. 
-This  alloy  is  made  by  melting  2V  parts  of  copper  in  one  crucible, 
in  another,  9  parts  of  zinc,  87  of  lead,  1  part  of  mercury,  and  ^  part 
of  bismuth,  then  mix  the  contents  of  both  crucibles,  covering  t!ie  sur- 
face with  charcoal  dust,  and  stirring  well  tiU  all  are  incorporated. 
The  mercury  in  this  alloy  protects  both  the  zinc  and  copper  fP3:n  the 
action  of  sea  water.  The  contents  of  the  crucible  are  run  into  ingc  ta 
and  rolled  into  sheets.  68.  %>€lter. — Natural  impure  zinc,  wliich  con- 
tains a  portion  of  lead,  iron,  copper  and  a  little  manganese  and  plum- 
bago. 

iROS  MANTTFACTtJKE. — ChaTcoal  138  bushels,  limestone  4.T2  lbs., 
and  ore  2612  lbs.,  will  produce  1  ton  of  pig  iron.  In  England  temper- 
ature of  hot  bla^t  is  6<XP,  density  of  blast  and  of  refining  furnace  2^ 
to  3  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Revolutions  of  puddling  roll3  CO  per 
minute  ;  rail  rolls,  100  :  rail  saw,  800. 

Horse  power  (isdicated)  requtshd  fob  DrFFEREur  pbocesses. 


Bla.<;t  lumac-e 

Refining    "      

Puddling  Rolls  with  squeezers 
and  shears 

GO 
26 

SO 

Rail-nTiT  rollinj  train 

Small  tar  train 

Double  rail  saw  

...  250 
...    GO 
...     13 

Straisrhteninir 

...      7 

One  i)ound  of  Anthracite  coal  in  a  cupola  furnace  will  melt  from  5  to 
10  lbs  of  ctet  iron  ;  8  bu-shels  of  bituminous  coal  will  melt  1  ton  of 
ca.st  iron.  Small  c-oal  produces  about  |  of  the  e'Ject  of  large  coal  of 
tlie  same  kind. 

To  Reduce  Oxides. — The  more  powerful  deoxidizing  agent  is  tm- 
doubtedly  coal  in  it<»  several  varieties,  and  tlie  gases  derivin)^  thero- 
from  during  combastiuu  in  the  furnace.  The  oxides  of  lead,  bismuth, 
antimony,  nickel,  cobalt,  cop!)er,  and  iron  require  a  strong  red  heat  in 
the  furnace,  wlulst  the  oxi.Ies  of  manganese,  chromium,  tin,  and  rinc, 
do  not  los^e  their  oxyceu  until  heated  to  whiteness.  On  a  small  scale, 
the  reduction  of  oxides  is  generally  eilected  by  mixing  charcoal,  to- 
gether with  the  oxide  to  be  reducdl  in  a  refra' tory  clay  crudtle,  the 
charcoal  f  umiahing  the  carbon  necessary  to  tlie  proper  performance 
of  this  work.  Some  u.se  a  crucible  thickly  lined  with  charcoal,  put- 
ting in  the  oxide  on  the  top  of  the  charcoaL  It  is  necessary,  however, 
when  using  the  crucible  and  charcoal,  to  use  a  flux,  say  a  little  borax 
ID  powder,  strewed  on  the  mixture  to  accelerate  the  reduction  of  the 
oxidBi    The  bor&x  id  generally  th«  first  to  fose,  and,  as  the  metal  19 


MACHDflSTS,    WTGHfEEHS*,    &C.,   KECEIPTS.         49t 


•Hminated.  geem?  to  pnrifv  and  cleanse  it,  af:  it  gathers  into  a  bnttoa 
mt  the  lxltt*^In  of  the  crucible.  It  is  all  the  better  if  you  give  the  cruci- 
1>le  a  few  sharp  taps  when  you  take  it  ofif  the  lire. 

Effects  op  heat  ox  vakious  soDrES. 


Jfine  Gold  mellfi 2590* 

'•    SUve-r    "     1250 

Copper  melts 25»8 

"Wrought  Iron  melts 3C'S0 

0»*t  "  "   3479 

Bright  red  "  in  the  dark 752 

Kedhot      "in  twilight. «4 

Glass  melts 2377 

(ommon  fire 790 

Bra:^s  melts 1900 

Airfiirnaoe 3300 

Antimony  melt^ 951 

Bismuth'      "    476 

Cadmium 600 

SteeL 2500 

J>ead 604 

Tin 421 


Heat,  chem- red 1500^ 

'•      bright"  1860 

"      red  viBible  by  day 1077 

"      white 2900 

Mercnrj- boils 662 

"       volatilizes 680 

Platinum  melts 30S0 

Zinc  melts 740 

Highest  natural  temp«rature 

(Egypt) IIT 

Greatest  natural  oold  (below 

zero) 56 

"      artificial       "       " 106 

Heat  of  human  blood 98 

Snow  and  Salt,  equal  parts ...        0 

Ice  melts 32 

Water  in  rocuo  boils 98 

Furnace  tinder  steam  boiler. .  1100 


Sheixkage  of  castecgs. 


Iron,  small  cyUud'«=l-ieth  iu.  pt?r  ft 

"    Pipes.." =  i         "      "ft. 

*'    Girders,  beams, 

©ct =  ^in.  in  15  ius. 

•'    Large  cylind- 
ers,    the "   con- 
traction  of  di- 
ameter at  top.  =  l-16th  per  foot. 
Ditto  at  bottom.  .=  l-12th  per  foot. 


Ditto,  in  length...  I   in    16  ins. 

Brass,  thin =  J  in  9  " 

Brass,  thick =1;  in  10  " 

Zinc =5-l6th5  in  a  foot 

Lead =  5-16ths  "    " 

Copper =  3-16th3  "    •' 

Bismuth =  5-32nda  "    " 


Green  sand  iron  castings  are  6  per  cent,  stronger  than  dry.  an<i 
SO  per  cent,  stronger  than  chilled,  but  when  the  castings  are  chilled 
and  annealed,  a  gain  of  115  per  cent  is  attained  over  ^ose  made  in 
freen  sand.  Chilling  the  under  side  of  cast  iron  very  materially  in- 
creases its  strength. 

To  Repatr  Cracked  Bells. — The  discordant  tones  of  a  cracted 
"bell  being  dufc  to  the  jarring  of  the  rugged  uneven  edges  of  the  crack 
against  each  other,  the  best  remedy  that  can  be  applied  is  to  cut  a 
thin  slit  with  a  tootliless  saw  driven  at  a  very  high  velocity,  say  3  or 
4000  revolutions  per  minute,  in  such  .a  manner'as  to  cut  away  the 
©pposing  edges  of  the  fracture  whereever  they  come  in  contact.  'This 
■will  restore  the  orisrinal  tone  of  the  belL 

To  Galvaxize  (iREY  Irox  Castixos. — Cleanse  the  .articles  in  an 
©rdinary  chaffing  mill,  which  consists  of  a  barrel  revolving  on  its  aris. 
containing  sand  ;  when  the  sand  is  all  removed,  take  tliem  out  and 
lie;it  one  by  one,  plunging,  while  hot.  iu  a  liquid  composed  as  follows: 
10  lbs.  hydrochloric  acid  and  sufficient  sheet  zinc  to  make  a  saturated 
Bolution.  In  making  this  solution,  when  the  evolution  of  gas  has 
ceased,  add  muriate,  or  preferably  sulphate  of  ammonia  lib.,  and 
let  it  stand  till  dissolved.  The  castings  should  be  so  hot  that  when 
dipped  in  this  solutioO)  and  instantly  removed,  tbcy  will  immediately 


498         HACHnaSTS,   ENGINEEES',   &C.j    EECEIPT3. 

tlrr,  leaving  the  enrface  crystallized  like  frcst  rrork  oa  a  ^rindow 
pane.  Ne^  plunge  them  TFhile  hot,  but  perfectly  dry,  in  a  bath  of 
melted  zinc,  previonslv  skimming  the  oxide  on  the  suiiace  arrav.  end 
throwing  thereon  a  small  amount  of  powdered  sal  ammoniac.  K  tha 
articles  are  very  small,  inclose  them  in  a  wroufrht  iron  basket  en  a 
pole,  .ind  lower  them  into  the  metaL  When  this  is  done,  sliake  cfF 
the  superfluous  metrJ,  and  cn^t  them  into  a  vessel  of  water  to  prevent 
them  adhering  when  the  zinc  sohdifies. 

To  FtyiJ  THE  Speed  of  a  Cootek-Shatt. — li  the  revolutions  of 
the  main  shaft  and  size  of  pullevs  are  given:  Multiply  the  revo- 
lutions of  the  main  shaft  by  the  diameter  in  inches  of  the  pulley,  and 
divide  by  the  diameter  in  inches  of  the  pulley  on  the  cotmtei«halt, 
the  quotient  will  be  the  nnmber  of  revolutions. 

Example. — ^What  will  be  the  speed  of  a  counter-shaft  with  a  12  in. 
pnllev  driven  bv  a  £0  in.  pulley  ISO  revolutions  per  nJnute:  1S04- 
50^12=450. 

To  Ftxd  the  Size  of  a  Prtxrr  Ei:QniEEi>,  if  the  nnmber  of  revo- 
lutions and  size  of  pulley  on  tlie  main  shait  are  given:  Multiply  the 
diameter  in  inches  of  diiving  puUcy  by  the  rerolutions  of  the  main 
Bhaft,  and  divide  by  the  speed  required;  the  quotient  will  be  the  di* 
ameter  in  inches  of  "the  pulley. 

Example — Wiir.t  will  be  Miq  diameter  of  a  pulley  to  make  a  cotm- 
ter-sV.aft  ttim  450  revoluticns  per  n::nute  diivcn  bv  a  SO  inch  pul- 
ley 130  revoluticns  per  minute  :    lS0+C0-f-150=12  in.  pulley. 

10  PlND    THE   Sl.-.S    OF    A    PUXLEY  FOR  A    MaTS    ShAFT.   if  the 

ppeed  of  shafts  ani  diameter  of  pulley  on  the  cotmter-shaft  are 
given:  Multiply  the  diameter  in  inches  of  ptiUcy  by  speed  of  the 
counter-shaft,  and  divide  by  the  revolutions  of  tlie  main  shait;  the 
quotient  will  be  the  diameter  of  the  pulley. 

Exampl''. — ^What  will  be  the  diameter  of  a  pulley  on  a  main  shaft, 
maldng  18*3  revolutions  per  minute,  to  drive  a  12  in.  450  revolutiona 
per  minute:    450X1^-1-1^0=3;)  inch  puHcy. 

To  YTeld  Steel  Axles. — To  in^n^e  a  good  weld,  prepare  the  cr«m- 
position  described  on  page  270  for  welding  cart  steeL  Use  a  strong 
fire,  and  when  the  axle  is  brought  to  what  may  be  termed  a  bright 
red  heat,  apnly  a  suSciencv  of  the  com'>csit;f  n  and  return  it  to  the 
fire  nntil  the  heat  is  recrained  once  more,  then  ]>lace  it  under  tha 
hammer.  Be  careful  not  to  pa*,  on  t'vj  niu-  h  of  the  composition, 
otherwise  it  might  waste  in  the  fire,  and  bv  its  affinity  for  metal  ob- 
struct the  tire  iron,  therebv  preventing  the  fire  from  rccrivirz  tha 
fnU  enerry  of  the  blast  and  thns  reterdimi  if  not  sroUins  the  job. 

Mildew  ox  Salls  can  be  prevented  by  F.'>apinz  the  mildewed  pnita 
and  then  rubbing  in  powdered  chalk.  The  growth  of  the  mildew 
fuoTus  can  be  prevented  by  steeping  the  canvas  in  an  aqueous  solu- 
tion of  corrosive  sublimate.'  Another  irav  Slacked  lime  2  bushels, 
draw  off  the  lime  water,  and  mix  it  with  120  gals,  water,  and  -with 
bine  vitrinl  ^  lb.  . 

To  >£  VKE  Gr>-  CoTTOX.— Take  dry  saltpetre.  ^  oz. ;  strong  oil  vit-/ 
riol.  I  oz.  Tilix  in  a  tumbler,  add  20  ets.  of  dry  cotton  wool,  stir  with 
a  £r1?s.<»Tod  5  min-ites,  remove  the  cotton  and  wash  from  all  traces  of 
the  acid  in  4  or  5  vaters:  tben  carefolly  dry  ixcder  V^fP,  TW»  if 
gua  cottoa. 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEKS',  AC,  RECEIPTS.      499 

To  Keht  "Wagon  TmES  on  the  Wheei»-~A  practical  mechanic 
suggests  a  method  of  so  patting  tires  on  wagons  that  they  will  not 
get  loose  and  require  resetting.  He  says  he  ironed  a  wagon  some 
years  ago  for  his  own  use,  and,  before  putting  on  the  tires,  he  Oed 
the  felloes  with  linseed  oil,  and  the  tires  have  worn  out  and  wer» 
never  loose.  This  method  is  as  follows :  He  used  a  long  cast  troa 
heater  made  for  the  purpose;  the  oU  is  brought  to  a  boiling  heat,  th» 
■wheel  is  placed  on  a  stick,  so  as  to  hang  in  the  oil,  each  felloe  an 
hour.  The  timber  should  be  dry,  as  green  timber  will  not  take  oil. 
Care  should  be  t;iken  that  the  oil  is  not  made  hotter  than  a  boUinf»- 
heat,  or  the  timber  wiU  be  burned.  Timber  filled  with  oil  is  not  su^' 
ceptible  of  injury  by  water,  and  is  rendered  much  more  durable  by 
tiiis  process. 

To  Chijll  Cast  Iron  vert  Hard.— Use  a  liquid  made  as  foUowsr 
Soft  water,  10  gallons;  salt,  Ipeck  ;  oil  vitriol,  *  pt.;  saltpetre  i  lb  • 
prussiate  of  potash,  i  lb. ;  cyanide  of  potash,  Jib.  Heat  the  iron  a 
cherry  red  and  dip  as  usual,  and  if  wanted  harder  repeat  the  process 
Another  to  Harden  Cast  Lkox.— Salt,  2  lbs. ;  sal^etre  A  lb  ; 
roche  alum,  J  lb. ;  ammonia,  4  ozs.;  salts  of  tartar,  4  ozs. ;  pulverize 
all  together  and  incorporate  thoroughlv,  use  ty  powdering  all  over 
the  iron  while  it  is  hot,  then  plimgicg  itm  cold  water. 

Flux  for  Reducing  Le,u)  Ore.— Red  argol,  6  parts:  nitre,  4 parts: 
fluor  spar,  1  part;  grind  well  and  mix  thoroughly. 

Varxish  for  smooth  moulding  Patterns.— ^Vlcohol,  1  gal  • 
ehellac  1  lb. ;  lamp  or  ivory  black,  sufficient  to  color  it. 

Iron  Lustre  is  obtained  by  dissolving  a  piece  of  zinc  with  muriatic 
acid,  and  mixing  the  solution  with  spirit  of  tar,  and  applying  it  to  the 
^rface  of  the  iron.  i  i-  j    o 

Black  having  a  Polish  for  Iron.— Pulverized  gum  asphaltura, 
2  lbs. ;  gum  benzom,  i  lb. ;  spirits  of  turpentine,  1  gal. ;  to  make  quic'c, 
keep  in  a  warm  place,  and  shake  often;  shade  to  suit  with  finely 
ground  ivory  black.  Apply  with  a  bra-h.  And  it  ou-ht  to  be  used 
en  iron  exposed  to  the  weather  as  well  as  on  inside  work  desiring  a 
nice  appearance  or  polish. 

Varnish  For  Iron.— Asphaltum,  8  lbs.:  melt  in  an  iron  kettle, 
elowly  adding  boiled  linseed  oil,  5  gal.s. ;  litharge,  1  lb. ;  and  sulphat» 
of  zinc,  4  lb.  ;  coutinuing  to  boil  for  3  hours  ;  then  add  dark  guia 
amber,  1^  lbs. ;  and  continue  to  boil  2  hours  longer.  When  cool,  re- 
duce to  a  j)roper  consistence  to  apply  with  a  brush,  with  spirits  of 
turpentme 

To  Soften  Cast  Iron  For  Tur^hng.— .^teep  it  m  1  part  of  aqna- 
lortis  to  4  of  water,  and  let  it  remain  in  24  hours. 

Cast  Iron  Ornaments  are  rendered  susceptible  of  beinr  finished 
•mth  a  scraper,  where  they  cannot  lie  reached  with  files,  alter  havin-' 
the  following  liq  uid  applied  to  them : 

^R^^^^,^  ^-^^^  Iron.— Vitriol,  1  part;  water,  2  parts;  mix  and  Iry 
on  the  diluted  vitriol  with  a  cloth  in  the  form  of  a  brush,  enough  to 
wet  the  surface  well;  after  8  or  10  hours,  wash  off  with  water,  wbea 
the  hard,  scaly  surface  will  be  completely  removed. 

To  Bre.vk  Up  Old  Cannon.— Old  ciinnon  and  massive  castin.'^ 
may  be  cut  in  two  by  a  continuous  stream  of  hot  molten  iron, 
•which  wears  away  the  iron  as  a  stre;im  of  hot  water  would  eat 
ioto  ft  na»  of  ice.  Or  the  gua  may  he  roUe4  ou  a  ix&ta»  w  ttie  nouth 


500        iTXCHUnSTS,    EXGDCEEBS',    AC,   RECEIPTS. 

cf  a  fniuace,  and  the  muzzle  end  shoved  in  as  far  as  possible  amon^ 
other  iron,  the  opening  filled  up  and  luted  around  the  gnn,  the  end 
of  which  is  melted  orf.  At  the  next  charge  shove  it  in  another  length, 
and  BO  on  until  the  breech  is  disposed  oL 

Large  ma^es  of  cast  iron  may  be  broken  up  by  drilling  a  hole  in  tht 
the  most  solid  i^rt,  filling  it  up  vrith  -R-ater,  "fitting  a  steel  plug  very 
•ccnraWy  into  the  hole,  and  letting  the  drop  of  a  pile  driver  descend 
on  the  plug. 

AsiAiOAM  FOB  MrBKOBi — ^L  Tin,  70iiarts;  mercury,  30  parts;  2. 
(For  curred  mirrors)  Tin,  80  parts ;  mercury,  20  parts  ;  3.  Tin,  8.33 
partB  ;  l^ad,  8.3i  parts  ;  bismuth,  8.33  parts  ;  meircnry,  75  parts.  4. 
(For  sph  Tical  Mirrors)  Bismuth,  80  parts  ;  mercury,  26  parts. 

Refle  rroR  Met  ax. — 1.  (Dinypler's)  Zinc.  20  parts;  silver,  SO  parts; 

5.  Copper,  66.22  parts;  tin,  £3.11  parts;  arsenic,  0.67  parts.  3.  (Coop- 
er s.)Gofp€ii,  57.86  tpaits  ;  tin,  27.28  parts  ;  zinc,  3.30  parts  ;  arsenic, 
1.65  par's  ;  platinum,  9.91  parts  ;  4.  Copper,  64  parts ;  tin,  32.00 
parts  ;  arsenic,  4.00  parts.  5.  Copper,  82.18  parts  ;  lead,  a22  parts  ; 
tntimony,  8.60  piarts,  6.  (Litt:e's)  Copper,  60.01  parts ;  tin,  3a82 
parts  ;  zinc,  2.44  parts  ;  arsenic,  1.83  parts. 

Metax  for  Gilt  "Wares. — 1.  Copper,  73.47  parts;  tin,  2.87 parts; 
rinc,  17.23  parts  ;  lead,  1.43  parts.  2.  Copper,  64.43  parts  ;  tin,  0.25 
I^arts  ;  zinc,  32.44  parts  ;  lead,  2.S6  parts.  3.  Copper,  72.43  parts  ; 
tin,  1.87  parts  ;  zinc,  22.75  parts  ;  lead,  2.96  parts.  4.  Copper,  70.90 
parts  ;  tin,  2.00  parts  ;  zinc,  24.Co  parts  ;  lead,  3.05. 

Amaegam  fob  Eeecteicai.  Maches-es. — 1.  Tin,  25  parts  ;  zinc, 
2n  j«rts  ;  mercury,  50  parts.  2.  Tin,  11.11  parts  ;  zinc,  22.22  parts  ; 
mercury,  66.67  parts. 

Type  Metae. — 1.  For  smcUest  and  most  briftie  types. — Lead,  3 
parts  ;  antimony,  1  part  2.  For  small,  hard,  brittle  types. — Lead,  4 
pr.rts  ;  antimony,  1  part.  3.  For  tirpcs  of  medium  size. — ^Lead,  5 
parts  ;  antimony,  1  part.  4.  For  large  tvpes. — Lead,  7  parts  ;  anti- 
mony, 1  part  5.  For  largest  and  sf^ftest  types. — Lead,  7  parts  ;  anti- 
mony, 1  part  La  addition  to  lead  and  antimony,  type  metal  also  con- 
tain.? 4  to  8  per  cent  of  tin,  and  sometimes  1  to  2  per  cent,  of  copper. 

6.  Stereotype  plates  are  made  of  Icr.d,  20  parts  ;  antimony,  4  parts  ; 
tin,  1  part  7.  Another  do. — Lead,  25  parts  ;  antimony,  4  parts  ;  tin, 
1  part  8.  Typemxtal. — Lead,  4  parts ;  antimony,  2  parts.  9.  Tough 
tirr-e  metal. — ^Lead,  100  parts  ;  antimor.y,  32  parts  ;  tin.  S  parts. 

"  Doweais  Irok  Works,  (Fngland.)  Furnaces. — Eight,  diameter  16 
to  18  feet,  1300  Tons  Fortje  Iron  per  week  ;  discharging  44.000  cubiq 
feet  of  air  per  minute.  Engine,  (noncondensing,)  Cylinder,  55  ins.  in 
diam.  by  13  feet  stroke  of  piston.  Pressure  of  steam,  60  lbs  per  square 
inch,  cut  off  at  |  the  gtrtke  of  the  piston.  Valves,  120  ins.  in  area. 
Boilers.  Eight,  (Cylindrical  flue,  mtemal  furnace,)  7  feet  in  diam. 
tnd  42  feet,  in  length ;  one  flue,  4  ft  in  dir.m.  Grates,  288  square  feet, 
J7y  ichccl.  Diam.  22  feet,  weight  25  tens.  Blowing  Cylinder,  144 
hjs.  diam.  by  12  ft  stroke  of  "piston.  Pll  volutions.  20  per  minute. 
lilast  3J  lbs.  j)er  square  inch.  Discharge  pipe.  diam.  5  ft.  and  420  feet 
in  length.     Valves,  Exhaust,  56  square  feet,  delivery,  16  square  feet. 

To  Examel  Cast  Irox  axd  Hollott  Ware.— 1.  Cilcined  fliats, 
6  parts  ;  Comiah  stone  or  composition,  two  parts  ;  litharge,  9  parts  ; 
borax,  6  parts  ;  argillaceous  earth,  1  part ;  nitre,  1  part  ;  calx  of  tim 
•  part*  ;  purified  potash,  1  part    2.  Calcined  fiintS;^  8  ^laits  i  req 


MACHINI3T3,    ENGINEERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.        501 

leaxl.  8  parte  ;  borax,  t  parts  ;  calx  of  tin,  5  pnrtg  ;  nitre,  1  part.    3 
Potters'    composition,   12   part-*  ;    boi-ax,   8   i>&ns  ;   wLite  lead,   10 

r.rts;  nitre,  2  parts;  white  marble,  c-alcined  1  lait',  purified  potaeh. 
part.«  ;  calx  of  tin,  6  parts.  4.  Calciued  flints,  4  parts  ;  potters 
composition,  1  pait ;  ui-'re,  2  i>art-<  ;  borr.x,  8  jjarts  ;  wUite  marble, 
calciued,  1  jiart ;  argillaceous  eartli,  ^  part ;  calx  of  tin,  2  parts. 
Wliichever  of  the  above  cuiMj'Oi^itions  is  taken  must  be  finely  pow- 
dered, mixed,  and  fused.  Tr.e  vitreous  nja.-s  is  to  be  ground  when 
cold,  sifted,  and  levigated  with  water  ;  it  i.-»  then  made  into  a  pap 
with  water,  or  gum  water.  The  pap  is  pnicared  or  bru.-hed  over  the 
interior  of  the  vessel,  dried,  and  fused  with  a  proper  heat  in  a  muffle. 
Clean  tlie  Teseels  perfectlv  belure  applying. 

Russia  Sheet  Ieox.— Rnspia  sheet  iion  i?.  in  the  fir?t  instance, 
aTery  pure  article,  rendered  exceedinj;ly  tuv.gh  and  flexible  by 
refimng  and  annealing.  Its  bright,  glos.<v  suiface  is  pailiaUjr  a 
silicate,  and  partially  an  oxide  of  iron,  and  is  produced  by  passing 
the  hot  sheet,  moistened  with  a  solution  of  wood-aehes,  tiirotigli 
•polished  st«el  rollers. 

Liquid  Black  Lead  I*oij.sh. — Black  lead  pulverized  1  lb.  ;  tnr- 
l^entine,  1  gill ;  water,  1  gill ;  sugar  1  oz. 

CorPEKAS  Dip  for  Cast  Ieon. — Disi^olve  3  lbs.  of  sulphate  of 
copper  and  add  2  fluid  ozs.  sulphuric  acid. 

Enamelled  Cast  Iron. — Cle.iu  and  brighten  the  iron  befor© 
applying.  The  enamel  consists  of  two  coats — the  body  and  the  glaze. 
The  "body  is  made  by  fuKtng  100  lbs.  ground  flints,  75  lbs.  of  forax, 
and  grinding  40  lbs.  of  t'  lis  frit  with  5  lbs.  of  potters'  clay,  in  water, 
till  it  is  brought  to  the  consi.etence  of  a  pap.  A  coat  of  this  being 
nppUed  and  dried,  but  n  't  hard,  tlie  glaze-iwwder  is  sifted  over  it. 
This  consists  of  100  lbs.  Cornish  stone  in  fine  powder,  117  lbs.  of 
borax,  35  lbs.  of  soda  ash,  So  lbs.  of  nitre,  35  lbs.  of  sifted  slacked 
lime,  13  lbs.  of  white  sand,  and  50  pounds  of  pounded  white  glass. 
These  are  all  fu?ed  togetlier  ;  tl-.e  frit  obtained  is  pulverized,  01 
tills  powder.  45  lbs.  are  mixed  with  1  lb.  sod.a  af^h,  in  hot  water,  and 
the  mixture  being  dried  in  a  stove,  is  the  glaze  powder.  Alter  silting 
this  over  the  body-coat,  tiie  cast-iron  aiticle  is  put  into  a  stove,  kept 
at  a  temperature  of  about  212  °,  to  dry  it  hard,  afterwhidi  it  is  set  in 
a  muflle-kiln.  to  fu.*^  it  into  a  glaze.  The  in.side  of  pipes  is  enamelled 
(after  beiug  cleaned)  by  pouring  the  above  body  composition  through 
them  while  the  pipe  is  being  turned  around  to  impure  an  equr.l  coat- 
ing ;  alter  the  body  has  become  set,  the  glaze  pap  is  poured  in  in  liko 
luamjer.    The  pipe  L?  finally  fired  in  tlie  kiln. 

To  En-vjiel  Copper  a>'d  Other  vessels. — ^Flint  glass,  6  parts  . 
borax,  3  ];arts  ;  red  lead,  1  part ;  oxide  of  tin,  1  part.  Mix  all  to- 
gether, frit,  grinc  mto  powder,  mfike  into  a  thin  paste  witli  water,  ap- 
ply with  a  bru.^l  to  the  surf.ice  of  tiie  vessels,  alter  scaling  by  neat 
and  cleaning  the  n,  repeat  with  a  second  or  even  a  third  coat,  after- 
wards dry,  and  lastly  f  u.=e  on  b^-  heat  of  an  enamelled  kiln. 

Emery"  Whee;.'  FUR  Polishing. — Coarse  emery  ix)wder  is  mixed 
■<rith  about  half  its  weight  of  pulverized  Stourbridge  loam,  and  a  littlo 
■water  or  otlier  liquid  to  make  a  thick  paste  ;  this  is  pressed  into  a 
metallic  moidd  by  means  of  a  screw -press,  and,  after  bemg  thoroughly 
dried,  is  baked  or  burned  in  a  muffle  at  a  temperature  above  a  red, 
and  below  a  white  heat.    Tlai  forms  an  artificial  emery  etone,  whicb 


603         SIACHENISTS,   EKGINBERS*,   AC,   EECEiPTa. 

eats  very  greedily,  with  very  little  wear  to  itself.    Uneqnalled  tot 
grinding  and  polishing  glass,  metals,  enamels,  stones,  &c. 

Moulding  S  axd  fok  Casting  Brass  or  Iron. — The  various  kinda 
of  good  moulding  sand  employed  in  foundries  for  casting  iron  or  brass, 
have  been  found  to  be  almost  uniform  chemical  composition,  varying 
in  grain,  or  the  aggregate  form  only.  It  contains  between  93  and  95 
parts  silex,  or  grains  of  sand,  and  from  4  to  6  parts  clay,  and  a  littl» 
oxide  of  iron,  in  each  100  parts.  Moulding  sand  which  contains  lime, 
magnesia,  manganese  and  other  oxides  of  metal,  is  not  applicable, 
particular  for  the  casting  of  iron  or  brass.  Such  sand  is  either  too 
close,  will  not  stand  or  retain  its  form^  or  it  will  acuse  the  metal  to 
boil  through  its  closeness. 

Reftning  Fluxes,  fob  Metals. — ^Deflagrate,  and  afterwards  pul- 
Terize,  2  parts  of  nitre  and  1  part  of  tartar.  The  following  fluxes 
answer  very  weU,  provided  the  ores  be  deprived  of  their  sulphur,  or 
if  they  contam  much  earthy  matter,  because,  in  the  latter  case,  they 
unite  with  them,  and  convert  them  into  a  thin  glass,  but  if  any 
C[uantity  of  sulphur  remains,  their  fluxes  unite  with  it,  and  form  a 
liver  of  sulphur,  which  has  the  power  of  destroying  a  portion  of  all 
the  metals,  consequently  tlie  assay  must  be,  imder  such  circumstances, 
very  inaccurate.  Limestone,  fieldspar,  fluorspar,  quartz,  sand-shite, 
and  slags,  are  all  used  as  fluxes.  Iron  ores,  on  account  of  the  argiUa- 
ceons  earth  they  contain,  require  calcareous  additions;  and  the  copper 
ores,  rather  slags,  or  nitrescent  stones,  than  calcareous  earth. 

Bxtbning  Iron  Castings  together. — The  usual  mode  is  by  imbed- 
ding the  castings  in  the  sand,  having  a  little  space  left  vacant  round 
about  the  joint  where  it  is  to  be  burned.  Two  gates  must  then  be 
provided,  one  lying  on  a  level  with  the  lower  side  of  this  space,  and 
the  other  raised  so  that  the  metal,  which  must  be  very  hot,  is  poured 
in  at  the  higher  one ;  it  passes  round,  fills  up  the  space,  and  rims  off 
at  the  lower  gate.  A  constant  supply  of  metal  is  thus  kept  up,  tiU  the 
parts  of  the  casting  are  supposed  to  be  on  the  eve  of  melting.  The 
lower  gate  is  then  closed,  and  the  supply  stopped.  When  cool,  and 
the  superfluous  metal  chipped  off,  it  .forms  as  strong  a  joint  as  if  it 
had  been  original. 

'Cornish  Reducing  Flux. — Tartar  lOozs.,  nitre  3ozs.  and  6  drg. 
borax,  3  oz.  and  1  dr.  3Iix  together. 

Crucibles. — The  best  crucibles  are  made  from  pure  fire-clay,  mixed 
jwith  finely-ground  cement  of  old  crucibles,  and  a  portion  of  black-lead 
or  graphite ;  some  pounded  coke  may  be  mixed  with  the  plumbago. 
)The  clay  should  be  prepared  in  a  similar  way  as  for  making  pottery- 
(Ware ;  the  vessels,  after  being  formed  must  be  slowly  dried,  and  thea 
iProperlv  baiced  in  the  kiln. 

Black-lead  crucibles  are  made  of  2  parts  graphite,  and  1  of  fir5» 
'day,  mixed  with  water  into  a  paste,  pressed  in  moulds,  and  well  dried, 
ibut  not  baked  hard  in  the  kiln.  This  compound  forms  exceUenJ 
.small  or  portable  furnaces. 

Malleable  Cast  Iron. — ^Tfie  great  secret  of  this  sort  of  work  is 
the  annealing,  which  if  not  done  properly  the  castings  are  of  no  use 
at  all.  The  best  mode  is  to  take  an  iron  pan,  say  one  foot  square; 
pat  in  a  layer  of  charcoal,  then  some  of  tne  castings,  then  another 
layer.  When  the  pan  is  fuU  cover  it  over  with  some  sand,  to  keep  the 
j5lj*rcoal  from  burutog^w^iy.    Put  oa  sw  Qld  piece  of  irojj  for  »  Ud  to 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEKS*,   &C.,   RECEIPTS.         503 

toret  all,  pnt  it  in  the  anncalin<3r  furnace,  r.nd  get  tlie  heat  up  qni*0 
Blow  and  graduaUy,  taking  care  not  to  get  the  heat  up  too  quick. 
After  you  have  got  it  to  the  proper  hciit,  which  is  this,  the  castings 
must  be  red  hot  through ;  keep  it  at  thi:,  heat  for  5  or  6  hours,  then  let 
your  fire  die  gradually  out,  or,  ii'  you  v  ant  to  take  some  out  and  put 
Diore  m,  take  them  to  a  comer  and  bury  them,  pan  and  all,— let  them 
lie  there  till  propeily  cooled.  Ee-ardmg  the  meltmg,  procure  not 
less  than  two  good  ports  of  No.  2  i^ig  iron,  which  you  may  mix  with 
some  good  scrap  if  you  choose ;  the  castmg,  melting,  and  mouldmg  are 
conduKted  in  the  s:iine  manner  as  common  cast-iron,  only  the  metal 
Demg  hard,  when  casting,  yon  have  to  make  properly  constructed 
runners  and  risers,  or  flow  gates,  if  the  article  is  likely  to  smk  for 
you  cannot  ]nnnp  it  well. 

Japani«>'q  C.\STI^-c.s.— Oean  thein  well  from  the  sand,  then  dip 
them  m  or  pamt  tliera  over  with  good  boiled  linseed  oil ;  whca 
moderately  dry,  heat  them  in  an  oven  to  giich  a  temnerature  as  will 
turn  the  oil  black,  without  burning.  The  stove  should  not  be  too  hot 
at  first,  and  tlie  heat  should  be  gi-adual!y  raised  to  avoid  blisterui''-  • 
the  slower  the  change  in  the  oil  is  eHeoted  t];e  bcUer  wUl  be  t£» 
result.  The  castings,  if  smooth  at  first,  will  rcceivo  a  fine  black  and 
polished  surface  by  this  method. 

Hakdeni>-g  Axletrees  and  Boxes.— Tlie  method  now  used  m 
the  manufacture  of  Muri^hy's  axlctrees  is  to  use  wrought  iron  and 
weld  two  pieces  of  steel  into  the  lower  side,  where  they  rest  upon  the 
^heels  and  sustain  the  load.    The  work  is  her.ted  in  an  onen  for^^ 

Sfire,  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  wlien  it  is  removed,  a  mi-:ttire,  prnc'- 
lly  prussiate  of  potash,  is  laid  upon  the  steel ;  tlie  axlctrea  is  then 
mediately  immersed  m  water,  and  additional  wr.tcr  is  allowed  to 
lall  upon  it  from  a  cistern.  The  steel  is  considered  to  be  very  ma- 
tenally  hardened  by  the  treatment,  and  the  iron  around  the  same  is 
also  partially  hardened.  One  very  good  wav  to  chill  axlctrre  boxes  la 
to  mould,  from  wooden  patterns  on  sand,  and  cast  tliem  -jpon  an  iron 
core  which  has  tlie  effect  of  makmg  them  very  hard.  To  form  the 
annular  recess  for  oil,  a  ring  of  sand,  mn.le  in  an  appropriate  core- 
box,  is  slipped  upon  the  iron  mandrill,  and  is  left  behind  when  the 
atter  is  driven  out  of  the  casting. 

CoBiPosiTK  iRox  Ratlings.— The  process  by  which  this  light,  ele-' 
gant  and  cheap  fabric  is  manufactured,  is  as  follows  :— Rods  and  bars 
of  wronght-iron  are  cut  to  tlie  leui^tbs  desired  for  the  pattern,  and 
Bubjected  to  a  process  called  crimping,  by  which  they  are  bent  to  the 
desired  shape.  These  rods  are  then  laid  in  the  form  of  the  design, 
and  cast-iron  moulds  are  affixed  at  those  points  where  a  connection  is 
desu-ed  ;  the  moulds  are  then  filled  wif,h  melted  metal,  and  immedi- 
ately you  have  a  complete  rniling  of  beautiful  deKi:,-n.  Castmo-  in 
u:on  moulds  has  this  great  advar.tnge  over  the  old  sand  mouldrn"  it 
does  not  require  any  time  for  cooling,  as  the  metol  is  no  sooner  run 
than  the  moulds  may  be  removed  and  used  again  immediately  oa 
another  section  of  the  work  ;  and  besides,  it  is  so  much  more  easily  I 
effected.  By  the  corabmation  of  wrought  and  cast-iron  in  this  pro- 
cess,  the  most  curious  and  complex  designs  may  be  produced  with 
great  rapidity  and  cheapness. 

To  Galvanize  Cast  Iron  TnROTTGH.-,To  50  lbs.  melted  iron  add  I 
U).  posrenzedpwe  zmc.    Scatter  the  zm  powdot  weU  otw  tbQ  )a4i\ 


604        ilACHINISTS,   ENGCfEEKS*,    AC,   EECEIPTS. 

then  catch  the  melted  iron,  eHr  it  up  vrith  an  iron  rod  and  poof  al 
once. 

To  OBTAi:^  CoJEttERCiAL  AMTrMO>-T.— Fuse  together  ICO  parts  std- 
fhuret  of  antimony,  40  parts  met;iLlIc  in m,  and  10  parts  dry  crude 
eulj^hate  of  soda.  This  produces  from  tiO  to  Co  parts  of  antimony, 
tesides  the  scorire  or  ash  which  is  also  valuable.  31  lallic  Antimomj. 
Mix  16  parts  sulphiiret  of  antimony  and  6  parts  cream  of  tartar^  Loth 
In  powder ;  put  the  mixture,  in  sinaU  quantities  at  a  time,  into  a 
Tessel  heated  to  redness  ;  when  reaction  cc^ises,  fuse  tlie  mass  and 
after  15  minutes,  pour  it  out  and  eeparate  the  metal  from  tLe  gl.j. 
The  product  is  nearly  pure. 

Holes  in  Mii.lsto>i:3  are  filled  M-ith  melted  alum,  mixing  burr 
Band  with  it.  K  the  hole  is  lar^e,  put  come  pieces  of  burr  mill  stones 
in  it  first,  and  pour  in  melted  alum.  These  pieces  of  block  ghould  ba 
cut  exactly  to  fit.  There  should  be  small  joints,  and  fastened  with 
plaster  of  Paris.  These  holes  should  be  cut  at  least  4  inches  deep  ; 
there  is  then  no  danger  of  their  getting  loose. 

Fitting  a  Xew  Back  ok  an  Old  Millstoxt:. — Block  your 
etone  up  with  a  block  of  wood,  having  its  face  down  until  it  lies  even, 
solid,  and  perfectly  level ;  then  pick  and  scrape  o5  all  the  old  pkister 
down  to  the  face  blocks,  bo  that  none  remains  but  what  is  in  the  joints 
of  the  face  blocks  ;  then  wash  these  blocks,  and  keep  them  soalced 
with  water.  Keep  a  number  of  pieces  of  bi'.rr  blocks,  at  the  same 
time,  soaked  with  water.  Take  a  pail  ha'.f  filled  with  clean  water, 
and  mixed  with  2  tnblcspoonf  uls  of  glue  water,  boiled  and  dissolved  ; 
mix  in  with  your  hand  plaster  of  I'aris  until  it  be  thick  enough  that 
it  will  not  nm  ;  and,  breaking  all  tlie  lumps,  pour  this  on  the  stone, 
rubbing  it  with  your  hand  ;  the  etone  being  at  the  same  time  damped  ; 
r.nd  place  small  yjicces  of  Ftoue  all  over  tlie  joints  of  the  face  blocks  ; 
you  then,  with  more  pla^^ter,  mixed  in  the  game  way  but  more  stifL 
with  this  and  pieces  cf  biur  gt.-nes,  build  walls  round  the  eye  and 
Tcrge  4  or  5  inches  high,  leaving  tlie  surface  uneven  and  the  eya 
larger,  as  it  ■w'ill  be  brought  to  its  proper  size  by  the  last  operation. 
It  is  better  to  build  up  the  wall  of  the  nmniu^  stone  round  the  verge 
for  3  mches  without  any  spalls,  so  that  the  holes  maybe  cut  in  to 
balance  it.  If  vou  wish  to  Uiake  your  gt<ine  heavier,  yoa  will  take 
fmall  pieces  of  non,  perfectly  clean  and  free  from  grease,  and  hiy 
them  evemy  aU  around  the  stone  m  the  hoUow  place  between  tlia 
t-ivo  walls  just  built ;  and,  with  ijlaster  mixed  a  little  thicker  th.an 
milk,  pour  in  under  and  through  all  the  crevices  in  the  iron  until  tlia 
surface  is  nearly  level  with  tlie  tvo  walls.  If  the  stones  do  not  re- 
oulre  additional  weight  added,  instead  of  iron,  use  pieces  of  stona 
■flie  sam3  way,  leaving  the  surface  rough  and  uneven.  Again,  aa 
tpelore,  tuild  walls  roimd  the  verge  of  the  stone,  and  round  the  eye  oif 
Ihc  stone,  until  they  are  within  2  inches  of  the  thickness  you  w;ijit 
Tour  stcmes  to  be,  the  wall  roimd  the  eye  '^eing  2  inches  higher  th..:a 
that  round  the  verge,  and  filling  the  space  between  the  walls  with 
stones  ;  and  pouring  in  plaster  again,  make  it  nearh'  level  v.ith  th.e 
walls,  but  leaving  the  surface  rough  and  jagged,  to  malce  the  next 
plaster  adhere  well  to  it  Let  it  stand  nntU  the  back  is  dry  r.nd 
perfectly  set,  when  you  raise  tlie  stnue  upon  its  ed.,'3,  and,  with  a 
tr<jwcl,  plaster  roimd  the  edge  of  the  stone  neatly,  giving  jt  a  taj>er  of 
iBLlf  an  'inch  from  the  face  to  the  biuik  o£  the'  iitc^ue:    Whoa  Uiat4 


MACUINISTS.   engineers',   &C..  RECEIPTS.        505*^ 

'T-'und'  in  tliia  way,  lay  the  stone  down  on  the  cock-head  ;  it  being  iji' 
'.:.o  balance  rync,  but  the  driver  off,  then  raise  the  spindle,  andl 
L-..'.lancc  the  atona  as  already  directed  berore  putting  on  the  remainder 
if  tli3  !)ack.  Til  en  liave  a  tin  made  the  size  of  the  eye,  and  to  reach. 
i.c.-.H  t':e  b;U.iac3  r;.-ne  to  tlie  thickness  you  want  the  stone  to  bo  at  the' 
?  73.  Thij  t'u  s'l'jrJJ  be  c::actly  fitted  to  ltd  place,  and  made  fast ;  then  fitj 
iCi'.oop  of  vrocid  or  iron  round  the  verge,  having  the  upper  edge  of  th»| 
t";i(  !:ii2.'isfro-.ntlio  face  you  want  the  stone  to  be  at  the  verge,  and  equal 
ell  ro'ind.  This  hoop  should  be  greased;  and,  all  the  cracks  round  it,  ' 
end  the  tin  in  tlio  eye,  beinp  stopped,  you  pour  thin  plaster  (w)th|! 
r-ioroglue  water  than  in  previoiis  o;)erations,  to  prevent  it  from  setting  ' 
60  quickly,  and  t;)  give  time  to  finish  off  the  back  correctly)  until  it  be' 
level  with  the  lioop  round  the  verge,  and  with  a  straight  edge,  one 
end  resting  on  the  hoop,  and  the  other  end  resting  on  the  tin  at  the 
eye ;  then,  by  moving  it  round,  and  working  the  plaster  with 
a  ti'O'wel,  malio  the  surface  of  the  back  even  and  smooth  between 
these  two  points.  The  hoop  is  then  taken  off,  and  the  back  and  edges 
planed  smooth  ;  then  lower  the  "f  plndle  imtil  your  runner  lies  solid, 
and  put  your  band  or  hoop  on,  it  being  first  made  nearly  red  hot,  and 
tilvhig  care  that  it  is  of  suiflcient  size  not  to  require  too  much  driving  ; 
If  fittmg  too  tigh.l'y,  it  may  loosen  the  back  in  driving  it  to  its  proper 
place ;  it  may  be  cooled  gently  by  pouring  water  on  it;  and,  when 
cool,  it  should  fit  t;.:ht. 

BAJL.\NCI^"G  A  M:llsto>t!:. — First,  take  off  the  driver,  that  the 
etone  may  have  full  play  on  the  cock-head  ;  then  raise  the  spindle  so 
that  there  raaj^  be  room  between  the  stone  to  see  the  balance.  Find  th» 
heaviest  parts,  and  near  the  verge  lay  on  suflicient  weight  to  balance 
it  Cut  a  hole  in  the  back  of  the  stone,  as  deep  as  you  can  make  it 
and  as  near  the  verge  as  possible  that  the  binding  iron  hoop  of  the 
ftone  may  keep  the  lead  in  its  place.  This  hole  should  be  wider  at 
the  bottom  than  the  top  in  order  to  retain  the  lead  when  the  stone  is 
in  motion,  and  into  this  the  melted  lead  should  be  poured  until  it' 
brings  the  stone  completely  into  balance.  WJien  the  lead  is  cold, 
cover  over  with  mixed  plaster,  even  with  the  back  of  the  stone. 

CoMPOsiTiox  TO  Keep  Millstones  Cleai*. — Hot  water,  1  gal ; 
borax,  2  o^  ;  washing  soda,  J  lb.  and  3  balls  of  the  size  of  a  hazel 
nut  each,  of  sal  priiuel.  Mix  and  apply  it  to  the  burrs  with  a 
pcrabbii:g  brush.  When  grindmg  garlic  wheat  it  is  not  necessary  to 
t.ike  up  the  burrs  at  all.  It  is  sufficient  to  drop  throagli  the  eye  of 
the  buir  twice  per  day  one  of  the  above  described  balls  of  sal  prunel. 
and  that  will  keep  the  burrs  sharp  and  clean,  enabling  the  miller  at 
all  sea.sons  to  use  the  No.  13  bolt,  to  make  finer  fiour  and  in  gi-Ciiter 
qnautity  than  usual. 

Mill  Dams. — When  buildmg  a  dam,  you  should  select  the  most 
suitable  place.  If  you  can,  place  it  across  the  stream  neair  a  rocky 
l)luff  80  tliat  the  end  of  the  dam  may  run  into  the  bluff.  This 
will  prevent  the  water  running  by  at  the  ends  of  the  dam.  Build 
your  dam  very  strong  ;  if  this  is  not  done,  they  are  breaking  up 
oiten,  causuig  ruinous  expense  jn  money  and  loss  of  time. 

Flour  Mill  MAcnixERy.— For  each  pair  of  4  feet  stones,  with  aa 
the  necessary  diessing  machinery,  etc.,  tlvere  is  required  15  horses' 
powei.  Stones,  4  ft.  diam.,  120  to  140  revolutions  per  minute. 
Pressing  MaoMneSt  21  ins.  diam.,  150  to  500  levolutioua  per  miaotoij 


506        KACHrN'ISTS,    ENOmEEBS',    AC,    RECEIPTS. 

tHevator,  18  ins.  diam.,  40  revolutioiis  per  minnte.  Creepers,  SJ  iuaJ 
pitch,  75  ravolutiona  per  minute.  ScfSin,  16  iii.s.  diam.,  300  to  350 
rerolutions  per  minute.  7S8  cubic  feet  of  Trr.ter,  discharged  at  3 
velocity  of  1  foot  per  second,  are  necessary  to  grind  and  dress  a  bushel 
of  wheat  per  hotir^l.40  horses'  power  i^er  busheL  2000  feet  pes 
minute  for  the  velocity  of  a  stone  4  feet  in  diam.  may  be  coniiderea  a 
maximum  speed. 

Rock  Dams  are  incomparably  tlie  best  in  use,  if  there  is  plenty  of 
material  at  hand  for  building,  and  a  rock  bottom  to  the  stream;  if 
there  Is  not  a  rock  bottom  you  should  diyc  a  trench  in  the  bottom,  deep 
enough,  so  that  the  water  Ciinnct  uudormiue  it.  Tiiis  should  be  tha 
Kime'as  if  you  were  building'  the  foimdation  of  a  Large  building.  Tho 
wall  to  be  iomlt  should  be  of  a  small  circu]ar  form,  so  that  the  back  of 
the  circle  should  be  next  to  the  body  of  water,  which  may  by  its 
pressure  tighten  it  To  secure  the  water  from  leaking  through  at  the 
ends  of  the  dam,  dig  a  ditch  deeper  than  the  bottom  of  the  river  ;  then 
fill  this  with  small  pieces  of  rock,  and  pr.ur  in  cement.  This  cement 
is  made  of  iiydraalic  cement,  and  is  made  of  one  part  of  cement  t« 
five  parts  of  "pure  sand.  It  will  effectually  stop  aU  crevices.  A  rock 
dam  if  well  buHt  will  be  perfectly  tight  Use  as  yon  conveniently  can 
move  ;  building  this  wall  4  to  6  feet  thick,  according  to  the  length  of 
the  dam,  with  jam  or  buttTesse,«3  every  place  where  they  are  needed 
to  strengthen  it ;  make  true  joints  to  these  rocks,  especially  on  the  ends 
BO  that  5iey  may  join  close  together.  When  y.-.a  have  the'outaide  walls 
laid  in  cement  for  every  layer  fill  the  midiLe  up  with  pieces  of  small 
rock,  pouring  in  your  grout!  so  that  there  may  not  be  a  crevice  but 
what  is  tilled  If  there  is  any  crevice  or  hole  left  open,  the  water  will 
■breakthrough,  wearing  it  hirger  and  larger.  If  the  stream  is  wide  and 
lai^e,  it  is  necessary  to  build  the  da^m  in  two  sections,  which  should 
te  di\^ded  by  a  waste  way,  necessary  for  the  waste,  or  gnrplus  water, 
to  run  over,  to  keep  the  head  in  its  prober  place  or  height  Let  each 
section,  next  to  where  the  water  is  to  he  run  over,  be  ahutmente,  built 
to  strengthen  the  dam.  The  last  Ir.yerof  rock,  on  the  top  where  the 
waste  wa^er  runs  over,  should  project  5  or  6  inches  over  the  back  of 
the  dam  bo  that  the  water  may  not  undermine  it  This  last  Layer 
should  hi  of  large  roclis  and  jointed  true  ;  then  laid  in  hydraulic 
c«ment,  in  proportion  of  1  of  cement  to  3  of  sand.  When  the  dam  is 
guilt  the  front  should  be  filled  up  with  coarse  gravel  or  clay  ;  this  is 
best  done  with  teams,  for  the  more  it  is  trampai  the  more  durable  it 
becomes. 

Fbame-Dams. — ^In  building  a  frame  dam,  commence  with  &  good 
foundation,  laying  the  first  sills  in  the  bottom,  of  suSciect  depth- 
They  should  be  large  square  timbers  that  will  la=t  in  the  water  with- 
out rotiing.  ^Tiere  there  is  a  soft  foundation,  the  bottom  should  first 
be  made  level ;  then  dig  trenches  for  the  mudsills,  about  7  or  8  feet 
apart,  lengthways  of  the  stream,  and  10  or  12  feet  long.  Into  these 
first  sflla  other  sill^  mtxst  be  framed,  and  pat  crosswise  of  the  stream, 
C  or  8  feet  apart,  to  reach  as  far  across  the  stream  as  necessary.  Then 
two  outside  sills  should  be  piled  down  with  2-inch  plank  driven  down 
to  a  depth  of  4  or  5  feet  If  tliis  can  be  done  conveniently,  they  are  to 
be  jointed  as  closely  as  possible.  It  weuld  be  better  to  line  with  some 
stuff  1  inch  thick  ;  then  with  posts  their  proT»er  leucrth,  abort  12  or  14 
Inobee  sqoaie,  which  should  be  iiamed  into  the  oppemioet  eUl,  in  bott^ 


HACniXISTS,   EXGINEEES*,   AC.,   RECEIPTS.         607 

iMes,  and  all  the  wayacrosfl  the  dam,  from  bank  to  bank,  at  a  distanca 
ef  6  feet  apart.  Then,  with  bracea  to  each  post,  to  extend  two-thirda 
of  the  length  of  the  post,  where  they  should  be  joined  together  with  a 
Jock,  mstead  of  a  mortise  and  tenon,  vrith  an  iron  bolt  1  or  ij  inches 
ki  diameter,  going  through  both,  and  tightened  with  a  screw  and  nut. 
When  mortises  and  tenons  are  used,  thev  often  become  rotten  and 
useless  in  a  few  years.  These  braces  should  be  set  at  an  angle  of  50 
or  60^  with  the  other  end  mortised  into  the  mud  siU.  These  braces  re- 
quire to  be  about  0  to  8  inche?,  and  as  long  as  you  find  necessary  ;  be- 
ing covered  with  dirt  it  will  not  decay  for  a  long  time,  as  the'  air  is 
excluded.  These  posts  should  be  capjied  from  one  to  the  other,  plato 
fashion.  The  posts  should  be  lined  with  '2  or  2^  inch  plank  on  the  in- 
eide,  pinned  to  the  plank,  and  should,  m  the  middle,  be  filled  in  with 
dirt. 

If  the  stream  is  large  and  wide,  the  dam  should  be  btult  in  two  sec- 
tions, which  should  be  di\ided  by  a  waste-way  for  the  surplus  water, 
which  should  be  in  the  centre  of  the  dam,  and  sufficient  for  all  tha 
■waste-water  to  run  over.  Let  each  section  of  the  dam  form  an  abut- 
ment next  to  the  waste-way,  placing  cells  or  sills  4  feet  apart  the 
length  of  the  waste-way  ;  in  each  of  these  sills,  posts  should  be  framed 
with  a  brace  for  the  sides.  These  rows  of  posts,  standing  ""joss  the 
dam,  will  form  the  sectional  abutments  ;  the  middle  one  mavbe  con- 
etmcted  by  being  lengthways  of  the  stream,  with  short  bracra,  so  that 
they  will  not  be  in  the  way  of  drift-wood  passingdown  the  stream  ; 
It  being  necessary  for  strong  pieces  for  a  bridge.  Then  cover  the  sills 
with  an  apron  of  2-inch  plank  joined  perfectly  straight,  to  extend  30 
or  40  feet  below  the  dam.  to  prevent  undermining  of  the  dam.  The 
plan^  wnich  are  used  for  the  purpose  of  lining  the  posts  which 
lorm  the  abutments  of  each  section  of  the  dam,  and  the  ends  of  the 
waste-way,  should  be  truly  pointed,  so  as  to  prevent  any  leakage. 
The  dam  being  bmlt,  the  dirt  should  be  filled  in  with  teams,  as  the 
more  it  is  tramped  the  better.  Qay  or  coarse  gravel  is  the  best 
Then  place  your  gates  on  the  upper  side  of  the  wast©-wav,  the  size 
that  is  necessary  to  a  level  with  low-water  mark  ;  whici  gates  are  not 
to  be  raised  except  in  times  of  high  water,  as  the  proper  height  of  the 
mill-pond  should  be  regulated  by  boards  placed  over  the  gate  for  the 
desired  head,  as  the  water  should  be  allowed  p^ss  at  all  times  freely 
over  them.  To  strengthen  the  dam,  if  yon  think  necessarv,  2-inch 
plank  may  be  used  in  lining  the  front  side  of  the  dam,  long  enough  to 
reach  from  the  bottom  of  the  stream  (on  an  inclined  plane,  and  next 
to  the  body  of  water  to  the  top  of  the  dam,  and  filled  up  nearly  to 
the  top  of  the  dam  with  day  or  gravel  well  trampled  down. 

Bkitsh  OB  Log  Dams  are  very  often  used  in  small,  muddy  streams 
When  the  bottom  of  the  stream  is  of  a  soft  nature,  take  a  flat  boat 
where  you  want  to  fix  your  dam,  and  drive  piles  the  whole  length  of  the 
stream,  about  3  or  4  feet  apart,  as  deep  as  you  f^n,  Take  young  oak 
saplings  pointed  at  the  end,  for  the  purpose.  If  you  can,  construct  a 
regular  pile-driver,  similar  to  those  in  use  for  making  trsstle-work  on 
tte  railways.  This  weight  may  be  pulled  up  by  horses  instead  of  an 
engine,  when  yon  have  finished  drivin?  piles,  make  some  boxes  or 
troughs  of  2  or  3  inch  plank,  about  3  feet  wide  and  as  long  as  the 
plank  is.  Sink  these  in  the  water  the  length  of  the  dam,  close  to  th« 
pQes,  by  loading  them  witli  tock,  nntil  they  are  at  the  Itatiom  oi  tb« 


508         MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEBS',   AC,   EECEIPT8. 

Btream,  filling  in  the  front  part  of  the  dam  -with  dirt  and  brash,  nearly 
to  the  height  you  want  it    This  kind  of  a  dam  will  lost  a  long  time. 

Whenever  there  is  a  small  break  in  the  dam  or  race,  cut  np  soma 
willows  and  brush,  put  them  in  tiie  break  along  'with  some  straw  and 
dirt,  and  ram  them  down  with  clay. 

lu  regard  to  the  flume,  the  greatest  care  must  be  taken  to  inanre 
strength  and  durability  combined  with  tightness.  Every  step  taken 
in  its  construction  must  be  of  such  a  nature  as  to  unite  these  qualities 
in  the  highest  possible  degree,  otherwise  the  whole  is,  in  a  manner, 
labor  lost. 

BROxzrN-Q  Compositions,  32  Kinds. —1.  Silver  white  Bronzing  Poio-' 
der. — Melt  together  1  oz.  each,  bismutli  and  tin,  then  add  1  oz.  quick- 
silver, cool  and  poTvder.  2.  Gold  colored  Bronze  Potrckr. — Verdigris, 
8  0Z3. ;  tutty  powder,  i  ozs. ;  borax  and  nitre,  of  each  2  ozs. ;  bichloride 
of  mercury,  ^  oz. ;  make  into  a  paste  with  oil  and  fuse  them  together. 
Used  in  japanning  as  a  gold  color.  3.  Beautiful  Red  Bronze  Powder. 
— Sulphate  of  copper,  100  parts ;  carbonate  of  soda,  60  parts ;  apply 
heat  until  they  unite  into  a  ni.u«s.  4.  Acid  Bronze.— CobaXt,  4  lbs.; 
pulverize;  siittlirough  a  fine  sieve;  put  in  a  stone  pot;  add  ^  gaL 
nitric  acid,  a  Uttle  at  a  time,  stirring  frequently  for  24  hours ;  then"  add 
«bout,  5  gals,  muriatic  acid,  or  until  the  work  comes  out  a  dark  bro>vn. 
6.  Alkali  Bronze. — Dissolve  5  lbs.  nitrate  of  copper  in  3  gals,  of  water; 
and  5  lbs.  pearlash;  add  1  or  2  pts.  potash  water;  then  add  from  2  to  3 
lbs.  sal  ammoniac  or  mitU  the  work  comes  out  the  required  color.  & 
Coating  Dip. — Sulphate  of  zinc,  8  lbs. ;  oU  of  vitriol,  5  gals. :  aquafor- 
tis,fgal  To  use,  warm  up  scalding  hot.  1.  Quick  Bright  Biitping  Acid, 
forBra£S2chichhas  been  Ormolued. — Sulphuric  acid,  Igal. ;  nitric  ai^id, 
Igal.  8.  Lipping  Acid. — Sulphuric  acid,  12  lbs. ;  nitric  acid,  1  pt. ;  nitre, 
41t«. ;  8ot)t,  2  handfuls;  brimstone,  2  ozs.;  pulverize  the  briuLstona 
and  soak  it  in  water  1  hour,  add  the  nit:  ic  acid  last,  9.  Good  Dip- 
ping Acid  for  cast  Brass. — Sulphuric  acid,  1  qt. ;  nitre,  1  qt. ;  a  litfia 
miu-iatic  acid  may  be  added  or  omitted.  10.  Ormolu  Dipping  Acid 
for  Sliect  Brass. — Sulphuric  acid,  2  gals. ;  nitric  acid,  1  pt. ;  muriatic 
acid,  1  pt;  nitre,  12  lbs. ;  put  in  the  miiriatic  acid  last,  a  Uttle  at  a  time, 
and  stirring  the  mixture  with  a  stick.  11.  Dipping  Acid. — Sulphuric 
acid,  4  gald. ;  nitric  acid,  2  gals. ;  saturated  solution  of  sulphate  of  iron 
1  pt. ;  solution  of  sulphate  of  cop;ier,  1  qt.  12.  Ormolu  Dipping  Acid 
for  cast  Brass. — Sulphuric  acid,  Ig.il.;  sal  ammoniac,  1  oz. ;  sulphur  (ia 
flour)  1  oz. ;  blue  viti'iol,  1  oz. ;  saturated  solution  of  zinc  in  nitria 
acid,  1  gal. ;  mixed  with  an  equal  quiintity  of  sulphuric  acid.  13. 
Vinegar  Bronze  for  Brass. — Vinegar,  10  g^Js. ;  blue  vitriol,  3  lbs.; 
muriatic  acid  3  lbs. ;  corrosive  sublimate,  4  o^^s. ;  sal  ammoniac,  2  lbs. ; 
alum,  8  ozs.  14.  Antique  Bronze  Paint. — Sal  ammoniac,  1  oz. ;  cream 
of  tartar,  3  ozs. ;  common  salt,  6  ozs. ;  dissolve  iu  1  pt.  hot  water;  then 
add  nitrate  of  copper,  2  oz*.;  dis-solve  in  \  pt  water;  mis  well  ani 
apply  it  to  the  article  in  a  damp  place  with  a  brush.  13.  Blue  Bronze 
on  Copper. — Clean  and  pohsh  well,  then  cover  the  surface  with  a  fluid 
obtained  by  dissolving  vermillion  in  a  warm  solution  of  sodium,  to 
which  some  caustic  potash  has  been  added.  16.  Bro)i2e  Dip. — Sal 
ammoniac  1  oz. ;  salt  of  sorrel,  (binoxolate  of  potash)  i  oz. ;  dissolvetl 
in  vinegar.  17.  Parisian  Bronze  Dip. — Sal  ammoniac,^  oz. ;  commoa 
salt,  h  oz. ;  spirits  of  hartshorn,  1  oz. ;  dissolved  in  an  English  qt  of 
fiae^^r,  a  good  result  will  be  obtained  by  addiug  ^  oz.  sal  amnwHiia^ 


.MACHINISTS,   engineers',    AC,   BECEIPTS.  80& 

instead  of  spts.  of  hartshcm;  the  piece  of  metal  being  well  cleai«d 
is  to  be  rubbed  with  oue  of  these  solutions,  then  dried  by  friction  with 
a  fresh  brush.  18.  Green  Dip. — Wine  vinegar,  2  qts. ;  verditer  green, 
2  ozs.;  sal  ammoniac  1  oz. ;  salt,  2  ozs. ;  alum,  \  oz.  -.French  berries, 
*  ozs. ;  boil  the  ingredients  together.  19.  Aquafortis  Dip. — Nitric  acid, 
8  ozs. ;  muriatic  acid,  1  qt. ;  s;il  ammoniac,  2  ozs. ;  alum,  1  oz. ;  salt, 
2  ozs.  20.  Olive  Bronze  Dip  for  Brass. — Xitric  acid,  3  ozs. ;  muriatic 
acid,  2  ozs. ;  add  titanium  or  palladium,  -when  the  metal  is  dissolved 
add  2  gals,  pure  soft  vrater  to  each  pt.  of  the  solution.  21.  Broicn 
Bronze  Paint  for  Copper  Vessels. — Tiuct.  of  steel,  4oz3. ;  spts.  of  nitre 

4  ozs. ;  blue  vitriol,  1  oz. ;  vrater,  h  pt. ;  mLx  in  a  bottle,  apply  it  with 
a  fiue  brush,  the  vessel  being  full  of  boiling  'wntcr.  Varnish  after  the 
application  of  the  bronze.  22.  Bronze  for  all  l-:nds  of  Metal. — Muriate 
01  ammonia,  (sal  ammoniac)  4  drs.;  oxalic  acid,  1  dr.;  vinegar,  1  pt; 
dis.solve  the  oxalic  acid  first;  let  the  work  be  clean,  put  on  the  bronra 
with  a  brush,  rci^eating  the  operation  as  many  times  as  may  be 
necest:ary.  23.  Green  Bronze. — DLssolve  2  ozs.  nitrate  of  iron,  and  2 
ozs.  hj,-posulphate  of  soda  in  1  pt  of  water;  immerse  the  article  until 
the  reiiuired  shade  is  obtained,  as  almost  any  shade  from  brovni  to 
red  can  be  obtained  according  to  tlie  time  of  immersion,  then  well 
wash  with  water,  dry  and  brush.  2-i.  Pale  Deep  Olive  Green 
Bronze. — Perchloride  of  iron,  1  part ;  water,  2  parts.  Mix  and  immerse 
the  brass.  25.  Dark  Green.— Saturate  nitric  arid  with  copper  and  im- 
merse the  brass.  26.  Dead  Black  fo^  Brass  Work. — Rub  the  surface 
first  with  tripoli,  then  wash  it  with  a  solution  of  1  part,  neutral  nitrate 
of  tin,  with  2  parts,  chloride  of  gold,  alter  10  minutes  wine  it  off  with 
a  wet  cloth.  27.  Be$t,^ronze  for  Brass. — ^Take  1  lb.  of  nitric  acid,  and 
^  lb.  of  white  arsenic^  put  them  into  an  earthen  vessel  and  then  proceed 
in  tlie  usual  manner.  28.  Another  Bronze  for  Brass. — 1  oz.  muriate 
of  ammonia,  ^  oz.  alnm,  i  oz.  arsenic,  dissolve  together  in  1  pt.  of 
strong  vinegar.  29.  Black  Dip  for  Brass. — ^Hydrochloric  acid  (com- 
monly called  smoking  salts,)  12  lbs. ;  sulphate  of  iron,  1  lb. ;  and  pure 
white  arsenic  1  lb.  This  dip  is  used  in  all  the  large  factories  in 
Birmingham,  but  the  dip  used  in  the  London  trade  is  2  ozs.  corrosive 
Bublimate,  in  1  pt.  of  the  be.-t  vinegar,  cork  both  air  tight  in  a  bottle, 
let  it  stand  24  hours ;  then  it  is  fit  lor  nse.  SO.  Quick  Bright  Dip  for 
Brass. — Use  strong  nitric  acid  in  suflicient  quantity,  dip  your  brass  in 
the  liquid  for  an  instant,  withdraw,  and  immcdir.tely  immerse  it  first 
in  cold  water,  then  in  boiling  water,  for  a  short  time  only  in  each 
bath,  then  allow  it  to  dry,  repeat  the  process  if  necessary.  31.  Ap- 
plication  of  Bronze  Powder. — The  proper  way  is  to  varnish  the  article 
and  tlien  dust  the  bronze  powder  over  it  after  the  varnish  is  partly 
dry.  32.  Black  color  for  Brass  Trort.— Make  a  strong  solution  of 
nitrate  of  silver,  in  one  dish  and  nitrate  of  copper,  in  another.  Mix 
the  two  together  and  plunge  in  the  brass.  Now  heat  the  brass  evenly 
tin  the  required  degree  of  blackness  is  acquired.  Unrivalled  as  a 
beautiful  color  on  optical  insraments. 

Graham's  Quick  Bronzixg  LiQtjros. — For  immediate  action  on 
Copper,  Brass,  or  Zinc. — 1.  Brown  or  Dark  Bronze  for  Copper, 
Brass,  or  Zinc. — Dissolve  6  drachms  nitrate  of  iron  in  1  pt.  water;  or, 

5  drs.  perchloride  of  iron  in  1  pt.  water.  A  black  may  al§o  be  ob- 
tained from  10  ozs.  muriate  of  arsenic  in  2  pts.  permuriate  of  iron, 
■ad  1  pt  water.    2.  Brovon  or  Red  Bronzing  for  iroas.— Dissolve  16 


810         KACHUnSTS,    ENGEKEEBS',   AC,   EECEIPTS. 

in.  tiiteite  of  iron,  and  16  dra.  hyposnlphate  of  soda,  in  1  pt.  water, 
or,  1  dr.  nitric  acid  may  be  substitated  for  the  nitrate  of  iron.  3. 
Hed  Brawn  Bronzing  for  Brass. — Dissolve  1  oz.  nitrate  of  copper,  and 
1  oz.  oxalic  acid  in  1  pt.  water,  brought  to  the  boil  and  then  cooled. 
4.  Bark  Brown  Bronzing  for  Brass. — Mix  1  oz.  cyanide  of  potassium, 
and  4  drs.  nitric  acid,  with  1  pt  water.  6.  Red  Bronzing  for  Brass. 
Mix  SOgrs.  tersulphate  of  arsenic,  6  dra.  solution  of  pearlash,  and  1 
pt  water.  6.  Orange  Bronzing  on  Brass. — Mix  1  dr.  potash  bo1u« 
tionof  sulphur  with  1  pt  water.  7.  Olive  Green  Bronze  for  Brass. — 
Dissolve  1  pt  permuriate  of  iron  in  2  pta.  water.  8.  Slate-colored 
Bronzing  for  Brass. — Dissolve  2  drs.  sulphocyauide  of  potassium,  and 
6  drs.  perchloride  of  iron,  in  1  pt.  water.  9.  titcel  Grey  Bronzixigfor 
Urass. — Mix  1  oz.  muriate  of  arsenic  with  1  pt.  water,  and  use  at  a 
heat  not  less  than  180°  Fahr.  10.  Bright  Red  Bronzing  for  Copper, 
Mix  2  drs.  sulphide  of  antimony,  and  1  oz.  pearlash  in  1  pt  water. 
11.  Dark  Bed  Bronze  for  Copper. — Dissolve  1  dr.  sulphur  and  1  oz. 
pearlash  in  1  pt  water.  12.  Copper  Colored  Bronzing  for  Zinc.  Agi- 
tate the  articles  in  a  solution  of  8  drs.  sulphate  of  copper,  and  8  dra. 
hyposulphate  of  soda  in  1  pt.  water. 

Copper  Plates  or  JSods  may  be  covered  with  a  superficial  coat- 
ing of  brass  by  exposing  to  the  fumes  given  off  by  melted  zinc  at  a 
light  temperature.  The  coated  plates  or  rods  can  then  be  roUed  into 
thin  sheets,  or  drawn  into  wire. 

SoLUTioif  OF  Copper  or  Zinc. — Dissolve  8  ozs.  (Troy)  cyanide  of 
potassium,  and  3  ozs.  cyanide  of  copper  or  zinc,  in  1  gaL  of  rain 
water.  To  be  used  at  about  160°  F.,  with  a  compound  battery  of  3 
to  12  cells. 

Brass  Solution. — Dissolve  1  lb.  (Troy)  cyanide  of  potassium,  2 
czs.  cyanide  of  copper,  and  1  oz.  cyanide  of  zinc,  in  1  gaL  of  rain- 
water ;  then  add  2  ozs.  of  muriate  of  ammonia.  To  be  used  at  160<* 
F.,  for  smooth  work,  with  a  compound  battery  of  from  3  to  12 
ceUa. 

BRAssi>-a  Iron. — Iron  ornaments  are  covered  with  copper  or  brass, 
by  properly  preparing  the  surface  so  as  to  remove  all  organic  matter 
which  would  prevent  adhesion,  and  then  plunging  them  into  melted 
brass.  A  thin  coating  is  thus  spread  over  the  "irwi,  and  it  admits  ot 
being  polished  or  buxnished- 

Okmolu  Coloring,  Lacquers,  &c. — 18  KXi;i)3. — Ormolu  Color'- 
ing. — 1.  Alum,  30  parts ;  nitrate  of  potassa,  SO  parts ;  red  ochre,  30 
paurts;  sulphate  of  zinc,  8  parts;  common  snlt,  1  part;  sulphate  of  iron, 
1  part  It  is  applied  with  a  soft  brush.  The  articles  are  placed  over 
a  clear  charcoal  fire  imtil  the  salts,  melted  and  dried,  assume  a 
brown  aspect  They  are  then  suddenly  cooled  in  nitric  acid  water, 
containing  3  per  cent  of  hydrochloric  acid,  afterwards,  washed  in 
abundance  of  water  and  dried  in  sawdust.  2.  To  Prepare  Brass 
Work  for  Ormolu  Dipping. — ^If  the  work  is  oily,  boU  itinley,  andif  itifl 
finished  work,  filed  or  turned,  dip  it  in  old  acid,  and  it  is  then  ready 
to  be  ormolued,  but  if  it  is  unfinished  and  free  from  oU,  pickle  it  in 
strong  sulphuric  acid,  dip  in  pure  nitric  acid,  and  then  in  the  old  acid, 
after  which  it  wiU  be  ready  for  ormoluing.  3.  To  Repair  Old  Nitric 
Acid  Ormolu  Dips. — If  the  work  after  dipping  appears  coarse  and 
•potted,  add  vitriol  till  it  answers  the  purpose :  if  the  work  after  dip- 
ping appears  too  uuooth,  add  moiiatic  acid  and  mu&  till  i'i  gives  th« 


HACHINISTg,   ENGINEEES',  AC,  KECEIPT3.         511 

right  appearance.    The  other  ormola  dips  should  be  repaired  accord- 
ing to  the  receipts,  putting  in  the  proper  ingredients  to  strengtlien 
them.    Tliey  should  not  be  aUowed  to  settle,  but  should  be  stirred. 
often  while  usmg.    4.  Directions  for  making  Lacquer.— mx  the  in- 
gr«lient8,  and  let  the  vessel  coutaiuins  them  stand  in  the  son,  or  in 
•  place  ^ghtly  warmed,  3  or  4  days,  shaking  it  frequently  till  gum  is 
dissolved,  after  which  let  itsettle  from  2-4  to  48  hours,  -frhen  the  clear 
liquor  may  be  pouied  off  for  use.    Pulverized  glass  is  sometimes  used 
inrnakiiig  lacquer  to  carry  dovrn  the  impurities.    5.  Lacquer  for  Dip^ 
ped  £rcws.— Alcohol,  (95  per  cent. )  2  gals. ;  seed  lac,  1  lb. ;  gum  copaL 
1 02. :  ijiglish  saffron,  1  oz. ;  aunatto,  1  oz.    6.  Lacquer  for  Brorizei 
Jirass.— To  1  pt.  of  the  above  lacquer  add  gamboge,  1  oz.,  and  after 
mmng  it,  add  an  equal  quantity  of  the  first  lacquer.    7.  Deep  Gold 
Colored  Lacquer.— Best  alcohol,  4  ozs. ;  Spanish  anuatto,  8  ozs. ;  tur- 
meric, 2  drs. ;  shellac,  ^  oz. ;  red  eanders,  12  grs. ;  when  dissolved,  add 
«pts.  of  turpentine,  30  drops.    8.  Deep  Gold  Colored  Lacquer  for  Brass 
not  Dipped.— Alcohol,  4  gals. ;  turmeric,  3  lbs. ;  gamboge,  3  ozs  ;  gum 
sandarac,  7  lbs.;  sheUac,  IJ  lbs.;  turpentine  varnish,  1  pt.    9.  6ol<£ 
Colored  Lacquer,  for  Dipped  .B^-ass.— Alcohol.  36  ozs. :  seed  lac,  6  ozs  r 
?{"  j^i^  °^^- '  S^™  S^^'  2  ozs. ;  red  sandal  Wood,  24  grs. :  dragon's 
blood,60  grs. ;  oriental  saffron,  3G  grs. ;  pulverized  glass,  4  ozs     10 
(jold  Lacquer,  for  Brass.— Seed  lac,  6  ozs. :  amber  or  copaL  2  ozs  '•  be<st 
aJcohol  4  pis. ;  pulverized  glass  4  ozs.;  dragon's  blood,  40  grs.;  ex- 
faact  of  red  sandal  wood  obtained  by  water,  30  grs.    11.  Lacouer  for 
Dipped  Brass.-Alcohol,  12  gals. ;  seed  lac,  8  lbs. ;  turmeric,  1  lb.  to  a 
i   ■  f^  ^e  above  mixture;  Spanish  saffron,  4  ozs.    The  saffron  is  to 
be  added  for  bronzed  work.    12.  Good  Lacquer.— Alcohol,  8  ozs  : 
gamboge,  1  oz.;  eheUac,  3  ozs. ;  annatto,  1  oz. ;  solution  of  3  ozs.  ol 
seed  lac  m  1  pt.  alcohol    When  dissolved,  add  i  oz.  Venice  turpen- 
tine, i  oz.  dragon  s  blood,  will  make  it  dark.    Keep  it  in  a  wana 
place  4  or  5  days.    13.  Bale  Lacquer,  for  Tin  Plate.— Best  alcohol,  8 
ozs. ;  turmenc,  4  drs. ;  hay  saffron,  2  scrs. ;  dragon's  blood,  4  sera  ;  red 
Sanders,  1  scr. ;  shellac,  1  oz. ;  gum  sandarac,  2  drs. ;  gum  mastic.  3 
drs     Canada  balsam  2  drs.;  when  dissolved,  add  spts.  turpentiiie, 
iV^?'P?-,v-^^-c^'^.-^5"e''/or  jBrase-.— .Ucohol,  8  gals.;  dragon's 
blood,  4  lbs.;  Spa_nish  annatto.  12  lbs.:  gum  sandarac,  13  lbs.;  tur- 
pentme,  1  g-al.    lo.  Pale  Lacquer,  for  £;-ass.— Alcohol,  2  gals. ;  capo 
aloes,  cut  smaU,  3  ozs. ;  pale  shellac,  1  lb. ;  gamboge,  1  ozf  16.  Best 
Lacquer,  for  Brass.— Alcohol,  4  gals. ;  shellac,  2  lbs. ;  amber  gmn,  1 
lb.  ;  copal,  20  ozs.;  seed  Lac,  3  lbs.;  saffron  to  color ;  pulverized 
glass,  8   ozs      17,  Color  for    Lacquer.— Alcohol,  1   qt. ;  Innatto,  4 
ozs.    18.  Gilders  Pickle.— Alma  and  common  salt,  eadi,  1  oz. ;  nitre 
2  oz. ;  dissolved  in  water,  ^  pt    Used  to  impart  a  rich  yellow  color  to 
gold  surfaces.    It  is  best  largely  diluted  with  water 
nfT^^r^-m  n  ^'"^'"^  kJ  .^pc-T'^lie  oxido  may  be  put  in  qusotities 
of  oOO  or  600  lbs.  weight  into  a  large  pot  over  the  fire;  pour  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  muriatic  acid  over  the  top,  to  act  as  a  flux,  and  th» 
action  of  the  fire  will  melt  the  dross,  when  the  pure  metal  will  b« 
fouud  at  the  bottom  of  the  pot. 
To  Separ.\tk  Tin  fkom  Lead.-K  the  lead  and  tin  are  hisoln- 
u  '  ^^'?'*^*®  ^^®  former  by  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  latter  with  sul- 
phuretted hydrogen  gas.    In  an  alloy  the  lead  wiU  dissolv©  in  nitria 
maOf  leaving  the  tia  aa  an  oxidft,  *-«*"-* 


512       MACHi>'isTS,  engineers',  &c.,  keceipts. 

To  Frost  a^tp  Cloud  Small  BnASP-woRK.— Scour  the  braaa 
"Bioroughiy  with,  strong  ley,  aud  hold  tne  work  against  a  circular 
6v;ratch-brubh  of  fine  brass  wire,  secured  in  a  lathe  aud  driven  at  a 
high  speed,  as  in  Irostiug  watch  plates,  sec  page  o'^^;  lor  clouding 
brass  work,  see  page  515.  ,      ,  . 

Cembnt  for  Bkass  and  Wood.— The  best  cement  for  this  pur- 
pose is  a  glue  composed  of  best  gehitine,  1  part;  gjaoial  aeeti':  acid,  1 
part.  Soak  the  gelatine  in  cold  water  imtil  it  luis  swoUen  up  aud  be- 
come quite  soft.  Throw  away  the  v\  ater  and  dissolve  the  gelatine  ia 
the  acetic  acid,  applying  geutle  heat  ii  uecessary. 

YiiLLow  AMD  Liuux  Ki£D  liiiio:^;zB.— 1.  Copper  bronze  powder,  1 
oz. ;  mix  thoroughly  with  japaioier's  gold  si^o,  adding  tarxjcutiiie 
diuing  its  use  suiiiciL-ut  to  keep  it  at  tlio  consistency  of  crcaia.  K^ 
■with  a  pallet  kuiie  on  glass  or  poixcluin ;  if  niado  too  thin  it  is  liable 
to  be  removed  by  the  brush  as  fast  tis  put  on.  Apply  with  a  soft 
brash.  2.  A  gold  bronze  color  is  obtained  by  using  ^  gold  bronze 
and  ^  copper  bronze  powder,  or  ether  beautiful  colors  may  be  obtained 
by  varying  the  mixtures.  3.  A  Lurk  Brown  Bronze  is  pi-oduced  by 
the  addition  of  burnt  umber  to  the  above  named  higredients.  4.  A 
Bark  Green  Bronze  is  obtained  by  mixing  green  bronze  and  terra  vert© 
V.  ith  geld  size,  adding  as  much  ivory  black  as  may  be  reqrJred  to  im- 
jait  the  dei  th  of  tint  required.  Finish  with  a  coat  of  fine  shellac  var- 
nish. 4.  For  a  Fc7'tZeJtHfj(7!(eshadej  apply  the  bronze  coat  as  above, 
vaniishwith  shellac,  allow  it  to  get  firm  and  hard;  then  coat  the 
depressed  parts  with  gold  size  thinned  with  turpentine,  l^evious  to 
drying,  dust  the  article  with  diy  paint,  of  lid:t  yellow  or  blue  color, 
and  gently  remove  all  tliat  can  be  easily  mbbed'ciT  with  a  rag  moir-t- 
encd  with  turpentine.  6.  Brown  Bronze  for  Ilarch'nrc.—lluTicLiio 
acid,  2  lbs.;  iron  scales,  2  lbs.;  arf^enic,  2  oz.;  zinc  (a  eolid  mr.fato 
lie  kept  in  only  when  the  solution  is  in  T:r-e),  1  lb.  4  oz.  Previous 
t'l  immer.=-i(m  iii  the  bath,  cler.npe  tl.e  articles  thorourhly  in  acid 
]ic!-.'.e.  7.  Green  Bronze  on  Hardin-rc. — A'-iply  a  varnish  compo?cd 
of  ground  tin  or  bronze  po-n-der  mi"ed  up  with'  honey  in  gum  w.nter, 
then  wash  with  a  solution  cf  vineTar,  1  vt;  spts.  hart?hom,  1  oz. ;  sal 
ammoniac,  ^  oz. ;  salt,  i  oz.  Place  the  aiticlcs  in  the  eim  for  a  dp.y  or 
two ;  then  frfve  them  anctl'  er  coat,  8.  Black  Stain  on  Braa^. — ^Vrater, 
80p.aits;  hydrochloric  acid,  4  part'-;  pnlphrnc  acid,  1  part  9.  Ati- 
vthn: — nydrochloric  acid,  12  parte;  arsenic  by  weight,  4  parts;  apply 
brighten.'dry,  and  lacquer. 

Macic  Polish  fok  Bp.ap?. — Add  to  sulphuric  acid  hrlf  its  bulk  of 
J>nlverized  bichromate  of  pofctsh-;  dilute  with  an  erur.l  welTlit  of 
water,  and  apply  well  to  tlie  bmsa,  Fwill  it  well  immediately  in  water, 
wijie  dry,  and' polish  with  pulverized  rotten  ftone. 

To  iSRONZE  Polished  Steel. — ^lethylnted  spirits,  1  pt. ;  gum 
phellac,  4  oz. :  gum  benzoin,  h  oz.  Set  the  bottle  m  a  warm  place, 
with  occasional  agitation.  "Uiien  dist^olved,  dconnt  the  clear  part  for 
fine  work,  .and  stram  the  drears  throu^'h  muslin.  Xow  tnke  4  oz. 
powdei-ed  bronze  green,  vars'ing  the  color  with  yellow  ochre,  red 
ochre,  and  lampblack,  as  may  be  desired.  Mix  the  bronze  powder 
with  the  above  varnish  m  quantities  to  snit,  and  a'lply  to  the  work 
sfter  previously  cleansing  and  ■warming  the  articles,  givinsi  them  a 
eecond  coat  and  toucmngoff  ■nith  gold  powder  if  required,  previous  to 
varnishing. 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,   EECBriPT3.         5lS 

Dead  Black  fob  the  Brass  Work  of  Lenses.— The  brasa 
work  must  be  made  quite  clean  and  the  following  preparation  applied 
with  a  earner s-hair  pencil:  bichlorid  of  platuium,  4  drauis:  nitrate  of 
bilver,  1  grain ;  water,  6  oz.  When  you  get  the  right  d€f)th,  waah 
with  clean  ^\  ater,  dry,  and  tinisli  with  plumbago. 

To  ISoLDKK  German  Silver. — Dissolve  granulated  zinc  in  spirits 
of  salts  in  an  earthen  vQgsel.  Cleanse  the  part  to  be  soldered,  and 
apply  the  spirits  of  salts.-  Next  put  a  piece  of  pewter  solder  on  the 
joint  and  apply  the  blow-i)ipe  to  it.  ftlelt  German  silver,  1  part,  and 
zinc  in  thm  sheets,  4  parts,  then  powder  it  for  solder. 

Silvery  Ai'rEARA:NCis  ox  Iro^'  Wire.— Suspend  a  piece  of  zinc 
in  hydiocliloric  acid,  and  immerse  the  wue  in  it.  Next,  place  it  iu 
contact  Avith  a  strip  of  zinc,  in  a  hr.th  of  2  parts  of  tartaric  acid  dis- 
solved in  100  parts  of  Avater,  to  which  is  added  3  parts  cf  tin  salts  and 
3  paits  of  soda.  Let  it  remain  two  hours  in  the  bath;  then  brighten 
by  polishuig  or  drawing  through  a  drawing  iron. 

Permanent  Brassing  on  Ii;on  Wire.— Place  the  wire,  thor- 
oughly cleaned,  in  a  solution  of  suljl-.ate  of  copper,  when  it  immedi- 
ately becomes  covered  with  a  thin  film  of  coj  jicr;  now  cover  with  a 
paste  of  pure  oxide  of  tin,  and  heat  hot  cnou.di  to  fuse  the  coi^per. 

To  Clean  Sjiooth  Tarnished  Bra.'^s.— U.'-e  a  saturated  solutioa 
of  oxalic  acid  in  water;  apply  with  a  still  roll  of  clean  flannel  briskly 
used;  then  rinse  tlie  object  in  plenty  of  water  to  remove  the  acid. 
After  drymg  Avith  a  w:irm  cloth,  polish  up  with  chamois-skin  and 
prepared' chalk  or  the  finest  wliitiug. 

To  Clean  Emeos.sed  ok  L'NDERcrT  Brass. — Boil  the  objects  in. 
a  strong  solutitm  of  caustic  soda  or  ley,  and  immerse  them  in  a  mix- 
ture of  hydrochloric  acid,  6  parts;  water,  2  parts;  and  nitric  acid,  1 
part,  until  they  become  covered  with  a  dark  deposit.  Take  them 
from  the  mixture  and  remove  the  black  matter  witli  a  fine  scratch- 
brush  :  when  thus  cleansed,  swill  in  hot  water  and  dry  in  hot  saw 
dust.  A  fine  orango-yellow  tinpe  may  be  given  to  the  brass  by  sub- 
etitnting  an  equivalent  weight  of  powdered  alum  for  the  nitric  acid 
in  the  solution. 

De.\d  ArPE.VRANCB  ON  Brass. — Immerse  the  objects  in  a  mix- 
ture of  nitric  acid,  200  parts;  suljjhnric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1.845,  100  parts; 
common  salt,  1  part;  Biilphate  of  zinc.  2  parts.  Einse  thoroughly; 
t'.iis  jmpai-ts  the  dead  appearance  stAled  7nat,  by  the  French.  For 
kirge  work  use  nitric  acid,  3  parts;  sub :huric  acid,  1  part;  water,  1 
part;  sulphate  of  zinc,  i  part.  Repeat  dipping  and  rinsing  the  objects 
till  the  proper  color  is  brought  out. 

To  Lacquer  Brass.  -Fov  fiat  work,  cleanse  thoroughly  by  boil- 
ing the  article.-;  in  strong  potash  water;  if  you  wis- h  to  heighten  tha 
color  of  the  brass,  dip  it  In  hydrochloric  acid,  rinse  well  in  cold  and 
hut  Avateralteniatelv,  nsing  a  fine  brush  to  remove  any  blackness, 
and  dry  in  hot  s.iwdust,  burnishing  afterward."?  !f  desired.  Place  th» 
T,  ork  on  an  iron  plate,  kept  at  a  Ioav  heat,  and  pass  the  lacquer  regu- 
larly and  rapidly  over  the  surface  with  a  good  s'zed  fine  citmel's-halp 
bru.sh,  keeping  the  iron  plate  warm  until  the  worlc  is  dry  Small 
cirada:  work,  after  being  well  cleansed,  and  burnished  if  need  be, 
and  slightly  heated  in  a  stove  or  over  a  charcoal  fire,  should  have  tha 
lacquer  thinly  and  evenly  applied  while  in  motion  in  the  lathe,  hold- 
ing a  charcoal  brazier  imder  the  work  for  a  short  time,  to  avoid  cooU 
ing  too  soon. 


514         MJLCHEnSTS,   EXGTNEES5',   &C.,   RECEIPTS. 

C05TRA5T  Colors  for  PAnrrrxG  Machin-eet. — 1.  Deep  blae  aad 
golden  brown;  2.  Black  and  warm  brown;  3,  Chocolate  and  light 
Une;  4.  Violet  and  light  rose  color:  5,  Tiolet  and  pale  green ;  6.  Deep 
red  and  gray:  7.  Caret  and  buff;  8,  Maroon  and  warm  green;  9, 
chocolate  and  peagreen :  10,  Deep  blue  and  pink;  11,  Black  and  warm 
green :  13.  Maroon  and  deep  blue. 

Vakxuh  fob  Loom  HLikN-E*s. — Linseed  oiU  2  gals. :  gum  shellAC, 
Si  lbs. :  red  lead,  1  lb. ;  umber,  1^  lbs. :  litliarge,  2  lbs. :  sugar  of  lead, 
li  lbs.     >fiY  and  thoroughly  incorporate  together. 

WATEK-PK<x)Frs"G  FOB  Nets  .\xd  Fi5hi>"Q  Li>"es. — Soak  the  nets 
or  lines  in  a  mixture  of  2  parts  boiled  linseed  oil  and  1  part  gold  size; 
expose  to  the  air.  and  dry. 

WixTEB  FisHtsG  ox  THE  Westerx  Lakes. — A  small  portable 
liou5t  is  erected  on  large  runners,  like  those  of  a  sled,  with  a  hole  cut 
in  the  centre  of  the  rioor  Tlus  house  is  moved  to  any  desired  spot ;  a 
liole  is  cut  in  the  ice,  so  as  to  be  directly  under  the  aperture  in  the 
floor:  the  lines  are  droppe<l  through  the" hole,  and  the  tish  are  drawn 
in  while  the  fishermen  are  seated  by  a  warm  stove. 

Paest  for  Metals,  Proof  aoalnst  Hot  Water.— Prepare  the 
metal  by  cleaning  it  with  turpentine,  ley.  or  t^nziue :  then  apply  two 
thin  coats  of  a  niixture  of  white  leod^  spts.  turpentine  and  carriage 
Tarnish,  and  foUow  at  once  with  a  thick  coat  of  carriage  varnish  and 
Trhite  lead. 

Draughtmex's  Colors  for  Mechaxic.vl  Dbawtn-g. — The  fol- 
lowing are  the  names  of  different  materials,  together  with  the  pig- 
ments used  to  represent  them:  1,  B-dbrirk.  Indian  red:  2,  Telloto 
bricJc.  Indian  yellow  or  cad  mi  nm.  tinged  with  white:  3,  Wnught  iron, 
Prussian  blue  or  cobalt:  4,  Cast  i/^jn^Piune's  gray  and  a  little  India 
ink,  or  Prussian  blue  and  India  ink :  5,  SteeL  a  purple  color  by  the  ad- 
mixture of  crimson  lake  and  Prussian  blue ;  6,  Gun  metal  or  brass, 
gamboge  or  yellow  aidmium:  7,  Coio-cr.  Indian  red  mixed  with  a  little 
lake;  8,  TTotHf.  burnt  umber;  9.  Wadr,  broken,  irregular  straight 
lines,  with  liquid  copperas ;  10,  Stone  coior,  Chinese  white  and  India 
ink,  tinted  with  yellow. 

Tracixg  Paper,  to  Stasd  Washts-g. — Saturate  writing  paper  witfa 
benzine,  and  f oUow  at  once  with  a  slight  coat  of  the  following  ramish : 
Boiled  bleached  linseed  oU,  20  oz.,-  oxide  of  rinc  5  ozs. ;  lead  shav- 
ings, 1  oz. ;  Venice  turpentine,  ^  oz.  Boil  all  for  8  hours,  cool,  and 
add  gum-copal  5  ozs.,  gum  sandarac  h  part 

Tracexg  Paper.— Dissolve  castor  oil  in  strong  alcohol  and  apply 
the  mixture  to  the  paper  with  a  sponge.  The  alcohol  will  volatilize, 
leaving  the  paper  dnr.  Proceed  to  finish  your  tracing,  and  then  you 
may,  if  you  wish  to  do  so,  restore  the  paper  to  its  original  state,' by 
jnmersion  in  strong  alcohol,  thereby  absorbing  the  castor  oil  from 
the  paper. 

To  Solder  w  ithottt  Heat. — Brass  filings,  2  oz.:  rteel  filing?.  2 
oz. ;  fluoric  acid,  J  oz.  Put  the  filings  in  the  acid,  and  apply  the 
solution  to  the  parts  to  be  soldered,  after  thoroucrhly  cleaning  the 
parts  in  contact:  then  dress  together.  Do  not  keep  me  fluoric  acid  in 
glass  bottles,  but  in  lead  or  earthen  vessels. 

East  Soldering  of  Brass. — Cut  a  piece  of  tin  foil  the  size  ol 
.  the  surface  to  be  soldered :  then  pass  over  the  surface  a  solution  of 
6&1  ammoniac  for  a  flux,  place  the  tin  foil  between  the  pieces^  and  ap> 
ply  ft  hot  iroa  until  the  foil  is  melted. 


MACHINISTS,   EXGINEEKS*,   AC,   RBCEIPTS."        515 

To  Tin  Coppkb  A^^>  Brass.— Boil  6  lbs.  cream  of  tartar  and  4 
gals,  of  water  and  8  lljs.  of  grain  tin  or  tin  shavings.  After  the  mate- 
rial  has  boiled  a  sufficient  time,  the  articles  to  be  tinned  are  put 
therein  and  tlie  boiling  continued,  when  the  tin  is  p»ecipitated  on  tiie 
goods  in  metallic  form. 

Mixture  for  Six,verino.— Dissolve  2  ozs.  of  silver  with  3  grs.  of 
corrosive  sublimate;  add  tai-taric acid,  4  lbs. ;  salt,  8  qts. 

To  Separate  Silver  from  Coi'per. — Mix  sulphuric  acid,  1 
part;  nitric  acid,  1  part ;  water,  1  part;  boil  the  metal  in  the  mix- 
ture till  it  is  dissolved,  throw  in  a  little  salt  to  cause  the  silver  to  sub- 
side. 

To  "Writb  IX  Silver.— Mix  1  oz.  of  the  finest  pewter  or  block  tin, 
und  2  ozs.  of  quicksilver  together  till  both  become  fluid,  then  grind  it 
V.  ith  gum  water,  and  write  with  it.  The  writing  will  then  look  as  if 
dune  with  silver. 

TiNNiKa  Acid,  for  Brass  or  Zinc. — Muriatic  acid,  1  qt. ;  zinc, 
6  ozs.  To  a  solution  of  this,  add  water,  1  qt.  ;  sal-ammoniac,  2 
ozs. 

To  Cleax  and  PoLisn  Brass. — ^Wash  with  alum  boiled  in  strong 
lye,  in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  to  a  pint;  afterwards  rub  with 
strong  tripoli.    Kot  to  be  used  on  gilt  or  lacquered  work. 

Bronze  Paikt,  foe  Iron  or  Brass. — Chrome  green,  2  lbs.; 
ivory  black,  1  oz. ;  chrome  yellow,  1  oz. ;  good  japan,  1  gill ;  grind  all 
together,  and  r.ux  with  linseed  oil. 

To  Bronze  Ikon  Castinos. — Cleansethoroughly,  and  afterwards 
immerse  in  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  when  the  castings  will 
acquire  a  coat  of  the  latter  metal.  They  must  be  then  washed  in 
water. 

Removing  Zinc  and  Iron  From  Plumbers'  Solder. — Digest 
the  metal  in  graius  in  diluted  sulphuric  acid.  The  acid  will  dissolve 
the  zinc  first,  the  iron  next,  and  all  traces  of  these  metals  by  subse- 
quent washing. 

Tinning  Cast  Iron. — ^Pickle  your  castings  in  oil  of  vitriol;  then 
cover  or  immerse  them  in  muriate  of  zinc  (made  by  putting  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  zinc  in  some  spirit  of  salt) :  after  which  dip  it  in  a 
melted  bath  of  tin  or  solder. 

Silvering  by  Heat. — Dissolve  1  oz.  silver  in  nitric  acid ;  add  a 
email  quantity  of  salt;  then  wash  it  and  add  sal-ammoniac,  or  6  ozs. 
of  salt  and  white  vitriol ;  also  J  oz.  corrosive  sublimate ;  rub  them 
together  till  they  form  a  paste ;  rub  the  piece  which  is  to  be  silvered 
with  the  paste;  neat  it  till  the  silver  runs,  after  which  dip  it  in  a 
■weak  vitriol  pickle  to  clean  it. 

Zincing. — Copper  and  brass  vessels  may  be  covered  with  a  firmly 
adherent  layer  of  pure  zinc  by  boiling  them  in  contact  with  a  solution 
of  chloride  of  zinc,  pure  zinc  turnings  being  at  the  same  time  present 
in  considerable  excess. 

To  Cloud  Metal  "Work.— Metal  work  may  be  clouded  by  put- 
ting a  piece  of  fine  emery  paper  mider  tlie  thumb  or  finger  and  work- 
ing it  over  a  surface  of  the  metal  with  a  spiral  motion. 

Silvering  Powder. — Nitrite  of  silver  and  common  salt,  of  each 
80  grs. ;  cream  tartar,  3^  drs. ;  pulverize  finely  and  bottle  for  use 
Unequalled  for  polishing  copper  and  plated  goods. 

To  Clean  and  Polish  Brass.— Oil  of  vitriol,  1  oz. ;  sweet  oil,  \ 


516         MACHCflSTS,    EXGEfEEES',   <tC.,    EECFIPTS. 

gQl;  palTerized  rotten  stone,  1  gill;  mia  -wr.ter,  1^  pts. ;  mix  aQ 
and  Plialre  as  n.<fd.  Apply  with  a  rag  and  polish  with  baokskin  or 
til  woolen.  Rotten  stone,  followed  by  Paris  white  and  rouge  is  very 
good  also. 

Paste  for  Ci-ejlsts-g  Metaxs.— T?.ke  oxalic  acid,  1  part;  rotten 
rtoue,  6  parts ;  mix  with  equal  parts  of  train  oil  and  spts.  turpentin* 
to  a  paste. 

To  Pretext  lEoy  os  Steti,  from  RrsTrs-o.— Warm  yoturiron 
OT  steel  till  you  cannot  bear  your  hands  on  it  without  biuTung  your- 
self, then  nib  it  with  new  and  clean  wliite  wax  Put  it  again  to  the 
fire  till  it  has  soaked  in  the  wax.  When  done  rub  it  over  with  a 
piece  of  serge.    ThL"  prevents  the  metal  from  rr.sting  afterwards. 

Broxzisg  LiQriBs  for  Tin  C.astlxgp. — Wa^h  them  over,  after 
being  well  cleansed  and  wiped,  with  a  solurlon  of  1  part  of  salphata 
of  iron,  and  1  of  sulphate  of  copper,  in  20  parts  of  water;  after- 
wards, with  a  polation  of  i  parts  verdigris  in  11  of  distilled  vinegar; 
leave  for  an  hour  to  dry  and  then  polish  with  a  sort  brush  and 
colcothar. 

Fancy  CoixiRa  ox  Metals.—''.  Dissolve  4  oz3.  hypo-anlphite  of 
Foda,  1\  pts.  of  water,  and  then  add  a  solution  of  1  oz.'  acetate  of  lead 
in  1  oz.  water.  Articles  to  he  colored  are  pl.'iced  in  the  mixture, 
which  L<?  then  gradually  heated  to  the  boiling  jxjint.  This  will  giva 
iron  the  color  of  blue  steel,  zinc  becomes  brcnze,  and  copper  or  bras3 
becomes,  snccessrvely,  yellowish,  red,  scarlet,  deep  blue,  light  blue, 
bluish  white,  and  finally  white,  with  a  ti!i:;e  of  rose.  2.  By  replac- 
ing the  acetate  of  lead  in  the  solution  by  sulphate  of  copjier,  bn'.?3 
b«^mes,  firjt,  of  a  fine  rosy  tint  then  green,  and  lastly,  of  an  irri- 
dcscent  brown  color. 

CoATrsG  Iron  Casten-gs  with  Gold  or  Silver. —The  articles 
to  be  gilded  are  weU  cleaned  and  boiled  in  a  porcelain  vessel,  to- 
gether with  12  parts  of  mercury,  1  cf  zmc,  2  of  iron  vitriol,  1^  of  mu- 
riatic acid  of  1.2  specific  gravity,  and  12  parts  of  water;  in  a  short 
time  a  layer  of  mercury  wiU  deposit  nm  n  the  iron,  and  upon  this  tiia 

fild  amalgam  may  be  uniformly  distributed.  Iron  to  be  silvered  is 
rst  provided  with  a  coating  of  copp-er,  nion  vrhich  the  silver  is  sq^ 
phed  either  by  means  of  amalgam  or  silver  leaf. 

Bkuxswick  Black  fob  Gk.A.TEs,  &:c.— A.-pha!tiun,  5  lbs. ;  melt, 
and  add  boiled  oil,  2  lbs. ;  spuits  of  turr  ent:::e,  1  gal.    Mix. 

BR'DN"ze  Palst  fob  Irox. — Ivory  black.  1  oz  ;  chrome  yellow,  1 
oz. ;  chrome  green.  2  lbs. ;  mix  with  raw  lin.:eed  oil,  adding  a  little 
japan  to  dry  it,  and  yon  have  a  very  nice  bronze  green.  If  desired^ 
gold  bronze  may  be  "put  on  the  prominent  part^,  as  on  the  tips  or 
edges  of  an  iron  railing  where  the  p^iint  is  not  quite  dry,  using  a  piece 
of  velvet  or  plush  to  rnb  on  the  bronze. 

TixxrxG  iRox.— Cleanse  the  meul  to  he  tinned,  and  rab  with  a 
coarse  cloth,  previously  di]\ped  in  hydrochloric  acid  (muriatic  acid,) 
and  then  rub  on  French  putty  with  tiie  same  cloth.  French  puttj-  is 
made  by  mixing  tin  filings  with  mercury. 

TixxbfG. — 1.  Plates  or  vessels  of  brvss  or  copper  boiled  with  a 
golution  of  Ftannate  of  potassa,  mixed  with  turnings  of  tin.  become, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  minutes,  covered  with  a  fimtly  attached  layer 
of  pure  tin.  2.  A  similar  e:>ect  is  produced  by  boiltog  the  articles 
vtth  tin-filings  and  caustic  allsali,  or  cream  of  tartar.    In  tiie  aboT9 


MACniXlSTS,    engineers',   &C.,   EfiCEIPTS.         5l7 

ivay,  chemical  vessels  made  of  copper  or  brass  may  be  easily  and 
perfectly  tinned. 

New  Ti>'Mxa  Peocess. — Articles  to  be  tiimed  ai"e  first  covered 
■with  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  and,  when  quite  clean,  areplacewl  in  ■wana 
water,  then  dipped  in  a  eolution  of  muriatic  acid,  copper,  and  zinc, 
and  then  plunjred  into  a  tin  bath  to  which  a  small  quantity  of  sine 
has  been  added.  When  the  tinning  is  fiiiishcd,  the  articles  are  taken 
out,  and  pUuii^ed  into  boiling  water.  The  ojieir.tion  is  completed  by 
placing  tnem  in  a  very  warm  sand-bath.  Tiiis  last  process  softens  tho 
iron. 

To  Recover  the  Tin-  from  Old  BRrr.A.>-N-iA.— Melt  the  metal,  and 
while  hot  sprinkle  sulphur  over  it  ;  and  stir  it  up  for  a  short  time, 
this  bums  the  other  metals  out  of  the  tin,  which  may  then  be  used 
for  any  purpose  de.-ired. 

KrsTiTiEx's  JlETAi.  FOB  Ti>->Tsr,.— Malleo.ble  iron,  1  lb.,  heat 
to  whiteness  ;  add  6  ozs.  regulus  of  antimony,  and   Molucca  tin, 

G-sxvAxizixo  lKO>r. — ^The  iron  plates  are  fir.'^t  immersed  in  a 
cleansing  bath  of  equal  pai-ts  of  siiliiliuric  or  muriatic  acid  and  water 
used  warm;  they  aret'.iea  scrubbed  with  emery  or  sand,  to  clean 
t-'iemthorouglily  and  detach  all  scales  if  any  are  left;  after  whicU 
they  are  immersed  in  a  "  preparing  bath  "  of  equal  pai-te  of  saturated 
solutions  of  chloride  of  zinc  aud  cliloride  of  ammonium,  from  whicli 
bath  they  are  directly  transferred  to  the  fluid  "metallic  bath,"  cou- 
rLsting,  by  weight  of  GIG  lbs.  zinc  to  lOG  lbs.  of  mercury,  to  which  are 
added  from  5  to  6  ozg.  of  sodium.  As  soon  as  the  iron  has  attained 
the  temperature  of  tliis  hot  fluid  bath,  which  Ls  050°  Fahr.,  it  may  be  re- 
moved, aud  will  then  be  found  thoroughly  coated  with  zinc.  A  littlfi 
tillow  on  the  surface  of  the  metallic  bath  will  prevent  oxidation. 

Preventls-q  or  Rest. — C'a.st  iron  is  best  preserved  by  rubbing  it 
irith  blacklead.  For  polL'^hed  work,  varnish  with  w;ix  dissolved  in 
jenzine,  or  add  a  little  olive  oil  to  copal  varnL^h  and  thin  with  spts. 
turpentine.  To  remove  deep-seated  rust,  use  benzine,  and  polish  off 
with  fine  emery,  or  use  ti-ii>oli,  2  parts ;  powdered  sulphur,  1  part 
Apply  with  soft  leather.    Emery  and  oil  is  also  very  good. 

To  PcRiFY.  Zlxc. — Pnre  zinc  may  be  obtained  by  precipitating  its 
sulphate  by  an  alkali,  mixing  the  oxide  thus  produced  •with  clKxrooal 
powdered,  aud  exposing  the  mixtirre  to  a  bright  red  heat  in  a  covered 
crucible  in  wliich  the  pure  metal  will  be  found  as  a  button  at  the 
bottom  when  cold. 

Tra>-sparf.xt  Bleb  for  Iron  or  Steel.— Demar  varnish,  igal.; 
fine  ground  rr;i5sian  blue,  i  oz. ;  mix  tlioroughly.  Makes  a  Sijfcndii 
appearance.    Excellent  for  bluing  watch-hands. 

Lead  Shot  are  uist  by  letting  the  metal  run  through  a  narrow 
slit  into  a  species  of  colander  at  tlie  top  of  a  lofty  tower;  the  metal 
escapes  in  dro^is,  which,  for  the  most  part,  assume  the  spherical  form 
tefore  they  reach  the  tank  of  water  into  which  they  fall  at  the  foot 
of  the  tower,  and  tliis  prevents  their  being  bruised.  They  are  af- 
terwards riddled  or  silted  for  size,  aud  afterwards  churned  in  a  bar- 
rel with  black  lead. 

Black  Bronze  on  Iron  or  Steel. — The  following  mixtures  ar» 
employed:  liquid  No.  1.  A  mixture  of  bichloride  of  mercury  and  sal-am- 
Biouiac.   No,  2,  A  uu:Uure  oi  pecchloiide  of  ixon,  sulphate  oi  copysi^ 


518         MACHINISTS,   ENGnnEERS'     &C.,   EECEIPX3, 

iiitric  acid,  alcohol  and  water.  No.  3.  Perchloride  and  protocblorida 
of  mercujT  mixed  "with  nitric  add,  alcohol  and  water.  No.  4.  A  iceak 
eolation  of  sulphide  of  potassium.  Clean  your  metal  well  and  apply 
a  slight  coat  of  No.  1  with  a  6ix)nge ;  when  quite  dry,  apply  another 
coat  Remove  the  resulting  crust  of  oxide  with  a  wire  bmsn,  rubtho 
metal  with  a  clean  rag,  and  repeat  this  operation  after  each  applica- 
tion of  these  liquids.  Now  apply  several  coats  of  No.  2.  and  also  of 
No.  3,  with  a  full  sponge ;  then,  after  drying  for  ten  minutes,  throw  the 
pieces  of  metal  into  water  heated  neartheboiling  point;  let  them  re- 
main in  the  water  from  5  to  10  minutes,  according  to  their  size.  After 
Leing  cleaned,  cover  again  with  several  coatings  of  No.  3,  afterwards 
with  a  strong  coating  of  No.  4;  then  again  immerse  in  the  bath  of 
hot  water.  Remove  from  the  bath  dry,  and  wipe  the  pieces  with 
carded  cotton  dipped  in  liquid  No.  3,  diluted  each  time  with  an  in- 
creased quantity  of  water;  then  rub  and  wipe  them  with  a  little  oliva 
oil ;  again  immerse  in  a  water  bath  heated  to  14(P  Fahr. ,  remove  them. 
Tub  briskly  witii  a  woolen  rag,  and  lastly,  with  oiL  Unequalled  for 
producing  a  beautiful  glossy  black  on  gun-barrels,  steel,  irbn,  &c. 

Patkt  for  Shiiet  Lbox  Sm^okz  PLpe. — Good  varnish,  ^  gallon; 
■boUed  linseed  oU  ^  gallon;  add  red  lead  sulScient  to  bring  to  the  con- 
eistencv  of  common  paint  Apply  with  a  brush.  Applicable  to  any 
Idnd  of  iron  work  exposed  to  the  weather. 

To  COPPEE  THE  SCEFACE  OF  LkOX,  StEIX,  OK  IrOX  "WiEE.— 

Bave  the  article  perfectiy  clean,  then  wash  with  the  following  solu- 
tion, and  it  presents  at  once  a  coppered  surface.  Bain  water,  3  lbs. ; 
sulphate  of  copper,  1  lb.  

To  JOEN'  Broken  Lead  Pipes  dcrdcg  Pke-^stcre  of  "Watek. — 
It  frequently  happens  that  lead  pipes  get  cut  or  damaged  when  the 
water  is  running  at  a  high  pressure,  causing  much  trouble  to  make 
repairs,  especially  if  the  water  cannot  be  easily  turned  off.  In  this 
case  plug  both  ends  of  the  pipe  at  the  break,  place  a  small  pile  of  bro- 
ken ice  and  salt  around  them.  In  a  few  minutes  the  water  in  the 
pipe  wiU  freeze  ;  next,  withdraw  the  plugs  and  insert  a  new  piece  of 
pipe ;  solder  perfectly,  thaw  the  ice,  and  it  will  be  all  right 

To  Bepaik  sjiAxf.  Leaks  ix  Lead  Pipes. — ^Place  the  point  of  a 
doll  naU  over  the  leak,  give  it  a  gentle  tap  with  a  hammer  and  the 
flow  wiU  cease. 

To  Preve>t  Cobrosiox  rs  Le-\i>  PrPE3. — ^Pass  a  strong  so- 
lution of  sulphide  of  potassium  and  sodium  through  the  inside  of  the 
pipe  at  a  temperature  of  212°,  .ind  allow  it  to  remain  about  10  or  15 
minutes.  It  converts  the  inside  of  the  pipe  into  an  insoluble  sulphide 
©f  lead  and  prevents  corrosion. 

To  Bekd  Copper  or  Brass  Tubes. — Run  melted  lead  or  resin 
into  your  pipe  till  full,  and  you  may  then  bend  it  gradually  into  any 
desired  shape  ;  the  pipe  may  then' be  heated  and  the  lead  or  resin 
melted  and  run  out. 

To  Jors  Lead  Plates. — ^Tlie  joints  of  lead  plates  for  some  pni- 
poses  are  made  as  follows  :  The  edges  are  brought  together,  ham- 
mered down  into  a  sort  of  channel  cut  of  wood  and  secured  with  a 
few  tacks.  The  hollow  is  then  scraped  clean  with  a  scraper,  rubbed 
over  with  candle  grease,  and  a  stream  of  hot  lead  is  poured  into  it,  the 
iorface  being  afterwards  smoothed  with  a  red  hot  plumber's  iroiL 

To  Jotx  \-Pi-n  Pipes. — Widen  out  the  end  of  one  pipe  with  a  t*- 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   &C.,   feECEIPTS.  519 

por  wood  rift,  and  scrape  it  clean  inside  ;  scrape  the  ena  of  the  othei 

Iiipe  outside  a  little  tapered,  and  insert  it  in  the  former  :  then  solder 
t  with  common  lead  solder  aa  before  described  ;  or,  if  it  requires 
to  be  strong,  rub  a  little  tallow  over,  and  cm-cr  the  joint  with  a 
ball  of  melted  lead,  holding  a  cloth  (2  or  3  i)lies  of  greased  bedtick) 
en  the  under  side  ;  and  smoothing  over  with  it  and  the  plumber  s 
Iron. 

TrfTNiya  LsTERioR  OF  Lkad  Pipes. — Tliis  ijivention  consists  in 
applying  a  flirx  of  grease  or  muriate  of  zinc  or  any  other  flux  that  will 
protect  the  lead  from  oxidation,  and  insure  a  perfect  coating  of  tin, 
when  the  tin  is  poured  tlirough  the  pipe  or  the  pipe  dipped  into  the 
iKith  of  tin  ;  after  the  lead  pipe  has  been  made,  place  the  same  in  a 
Tcrtical  or  nearly  vertical  position,  and  pass  down  through  the  same  a 
strong  cord,  to  which  a  weight  is  attached  to  draw  the  cord  through 
the  pipe ;  and  at  or  near  tlie  other  end  of  the  cord ,  a  sponge  or  piece  of 
•other  porous  or  ela>^tic  material,  is  attached  of  a  size  to  fill  the  pipe, 
and  of  any  desired  length,  say  6  inches  more  or  less.  The  sponge  or 
l>orous  wad  being  saturated  with  tlie  flux,  is  drawn  through  the  pipe, 
and  by  its  length  ensures  the  covering  of  the  entire  inside  surface  of 
the  inside  of  the  pipes  with  the  flux,  so  that  the  melted  tin,  sub- 
sequently applied,  will  adhere  to  aU  parts  with  uniformity  and  firm- 
ness. 

To  Prevent  Lead  Exploding. — Many  mechanics  have  bad  their 
patience  sorely  tried  when  pouring  melted  lead  around  a  damp  or  wet 
joint  to  find  it  explode,  blow  out,  or  scatter  from  the  effects  of  steam 
generated  by  the  heat  of  the  lead.  The  whole  trouble  may  be  stopped 
by  putting  a  piece  of  resin  the  size  of  the  end  of  a  man's  thumb  into 
the  ladle  and  allowing  it  to  melt  before  pouring.  Simple  as  the  secret 
is,  many  have  paid  $20  for  the  privilege  of  knowing  it 

Tabular  View  of  the  Processes  of  Soldkeinq. — Hard  soWer* 
ing.  The  hard  solders  most  commonly  used  are  the  spelter  solders, 
and  silver  solders.  The  general  flux  is  borax,  marked  A  on  tha 
table,  and  the  modes  of  heating  are  the  naked  fire,  the  furnace  or 
muffle,  and  the  blow  pipe,  marked  a,  b,  g,  applicable  to  nearly  all 
metals  less  fur-ible  tha.n  the  solders  ;  the  modos  of  treatment  are 
nearly  similar  throughout.  Kote. — The  examples  conmience  with 
the  solders  (the  least  fusible  first)  followed  by  the  metals  for 
which  they  are  commonly  employed.  Fine  gold,  laminated  and 
cut  into  shreds,  is  used  as  the  solder  for  joining  chemical  vessels 
made  of  platinum.  Silver  is  by  many  considered  as  much  the  best 
solder  for  German  silver,  for  silver  polders,  see  Jewellers'  alloy* 
Copper  cut  in  shreds,  is  sometimes  similarly  used  for  iron.  Gold 
folders  laminated  are  used  for  gold  alloys,  see  333  and  338. 
Spelter  solders,  granulated  whilst  hot,  are  used  for  iron,  copper, 
l)rass,  gim  metals,  German  silver,  &c.,  see  below.  Silver  solders 
laminated,  are  employed  for  all  silver  works  and  for  common  gold 
work,  also  for  German  silver,  gilding  metals,  iron,  steel,  brass,  gun 
metal,  &c. ,  when  greater  neatness  is  required  than  is  obtained  from 
epelter  solder. 

White  or  button  solders,  granulated,  are  employed  for  the  white 
alloys  called  button  metals;  they  were  introduced  as  cheap  substi- 
tute's for  silver  solder.  Hard  Soldering. — Ajiplicable  to  nearly  all 
ihe  metak;  the  modes  of  treatment  are  very  different.    The  soft  sol< 


520         MACHINISTS,    ENGINEEBS',   &C.,   RECEIPTS. 

der  mostly  used  is  two  parts  tin  and  one  of  lend ;  sometimes,  bom 
motives  of  economv,  mnoh  more  lead  is  employed,  and  1^  tin  to  1  lead 
is  the  most  fusible'of  tlie  group,  unless  bismuth  is  used.  The  fluxes 
B  to  G,  and  the  modea  of  heating,  a  to  a,  are  all  used  with  the  soft 
fcolders. 

2rote. — ^The  examples  commence  vrlth  the  metals  to  be  Foldered. 
Thus  in  the  litt.  zinc,  8,  c.f,  implies,  that  zinc  is  soldered  with  No.  8 
alloy,  by  the  aid  of  the  muriate  or  chloride  of  zinc  ,  and  the  copper 
bit  Lead,  4  to  8,  F,  d,  e,  impUes  that  lead  is  soldered  -with  alloys 
Taping  from  No.  4  to  8,  and  that  it  L"  fluxed  with  tallow,  the  heat 
teing  applied  by  pouring  on  meited  solder,  and  the  subsequent  use 
of  the  lie;'.ted  iron,  nottiimed:  but  in  general  one  only  of  the  modea 
of  1  eating  is  selected,  according  to  ciicimistances.  "iron,  ca«t-iron 
and  steel,  8,  B,  D,  if  tliick,  heated  by  a,  b,  or  e,  and  also  by  .7.  Tinned 
iron  8,  G,  D,/.  GciId  and  silTCr  are  soldered  with  pure  tin,  or  else 
with  8.  E,  a,  g,  or  h.  Copper  and  many  of  its  alloys,  namely  brass, 
gilding  metiil,  gim  metil,  &c.,  8,  B,  C,  I);  "when  thick,  heated  by  a, 
h,  c,  f.  oTft.  when  tliin.  by  /,  or  7.  Sj-eculnm  metal,  8.  B.  C.  D,  the 
heat  should  be  cautiously  applied;  the  sand  bath  Ls  perhaps  the  bci^t 
laode.  Zinc.  8,  0,/.  Lead  and  lead  pii>cs,  or  ordinary  plumber's 
■work,  4  to  8  F,  ^.or  e.  Lead  and  tin  pipes.  8,  D.  and  G,  mixed,  g,  and 
also/.  Britannia  metil,  C,  x,',  g.  Pe%vtcrs,  the  solders  must  vary  in 
fusibility  acconiing  to  the  fusibility  of  the  mefcil,  generally  G,  and  L, 
arc  used,  sometimes,  also  G,  and  g  or/.  Lead  is  united  ^fithout  sol- 
d!"r  by  ]  n-iring  on  red  hot  lead,  and  emjiloying  a  red  hot  iron,  d.  e. 
Iron  and  l)rass  are  sometimes  burned,  or  uuitsd  by  partial  fusion,  by 
pjuring  very  hot  metal  over  or  aroimd  them. 

ALix)Y3  a:.-!!  thetk  MKLxrso  Heats.  rnJXEa. 

Kg.  1         1  Tm  25  Lead  258  F.ihr.    A.  Bnrax. 

B.  Sal-nuL  or  mur.  of  anim. 

C.  iluriate  or  chlor.  of  ziuc. 

D.  Common  resin. 

E.  Tcnioe  turpentine. 

F.  Tallow. 

G.  Giulijwli  oH,   or  common 
[sweet  oiL 

iloDEs  OP  Appi>yi>g  Heat. 
a.  Nuked  fire. 
I.  Ho'.'ow  furnace  or  muffle, 
c.  Immersion  in  melted  solder, 
fahr.   d.  Melted  solder  or  metal 
poured  on. 
"       e.  Heated  iron,  not  tin'd. 
"      /.  Heated    copper    tool, 

tinned. 
"      .7.  Blow  Pipe  flame. 
"      h.  Fiame  alone,  generally 
alchohoL 

18      3     " .   5    "   2        "        202     "       i.  Stream  of  heated  air. 

CiTP.AP  MosQtrrTO  Bar. — Drop  a  small  quantity  of  petroleum  or 

kero?8ne  oil  on  a  piece  of  cott-.n.  squeeze  out  the  excess  as  much  aa 

p^^^sitle,  t'len  rub  the  cott  'U  over  the  face,  hxina.-s,  &c.,  and  these x«»* 

tifeioub  indeOd  ^Till  not  ali^'ht  where  tLe  scei^t  has  been  left 


2 

1 

"    10 

'• 

541 

" 

3 

1 

"     5 

511 

cc 

4 

1 

"     3 

482 

l( 

5 

1 

"     2 

441 

I< 

6 

1 

"     1 

S70 

(< 

7 

li 

3.S4 

it 

8 

340 

IC 

9 

3 

"     1 

356 

(( 

10 

4 

3li5 

(t 

11 

5 

378 

(( 

12 

fi 

"     1 

381 

II 

13 

4  Lead  4  Tin  1  Bismuth 

320 

14 

3     " 

3    " 

1 

■« 

rio 

15 

2     " 

2    " 

1 

" 

Oip-) 

16 

1     " 

1    " 

1 

« 

254 

17 

2     " 

1    " 

2 

" 

2:36 

lIACniXISTS,    EXGIXEEBS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.  6ill 

Solders  Z2  kixds.— 1.  Phtmberg'  solder.— Lead,  2  parts;  tm,  1 
part  2.  Tinmen's  solder.— Lead,  1  part;  tin,  1  part.  Zinc  solder. 
—Tin,  1  part  ;  lead,  1  to  2  parts.  4.  Peirtcr  solder.— Le&d,  1  part ; 
bismrrta,  1  to  2  paita.  5  Spdier  solder.— Ecvaal  jKirta  copper  and  zinc 
6.  Pewierera'  eojt  sold^. — Bismuth,  2  ;  lead,  4  ;  tin,  3  parts.  7.  An- 
©t^T.— Lismuth,  1 ;  lead,  1 ;  tin,  2  parts.  8.  Another  pewter  solder. 
—Tin,  2  parts  ;  lead,  1  part.  9.  Glazier's  Solder— Lin,  3  part»  ;  lead, 
1  part.  10.  Solder  for  Copper.— -Co]>i)OT,  10  i^arts  ;  zinc,  9  parts.  11. 
Icii'jw  Solder  for  Btv^sor  Copper.— Co-pver,  32  lbs.  ;  zinc,  29  lb?.; 
tin,  1  lb.  12.  Brass  Solder.— Copper,  6ir25  paits  ;  zinc  38.75  part.^. 
13.  Brass  Solder  TcUoio  and  easily  fusible.— Copper,  46;  zinc,  55 
p?.rt3.  14.  Prass  solder,  Tlliite. — Copper,  57.41  part^;  tin,  14.60part3; 
sine,  27.99  parta.  15.  Another  SvlJer  for  C"ppir.—Tin.  2  parte ; 
load,  1  part  "S\lien the  copier  is  thick,  heat  it  by  a  naked  fire  ;  it 
thin,  use  a  tinned  conper  tooL  Use  muriate  or  chloride  of  zinc,  as  a 
tius.  The  same  soluor  mil  do  for  iron,  cast  iron,  or  steel;  if  the 
pieces  are  thick,  heat  by  a  nailed  fire,  or  immerse  in  the  solder.  15. 
Plack  y.'l  ?;r.— Coi'per,  2  ;  zinc,  3  ;  tin,  2  parts.  17.  Another.— Sheet 
trasa,  20  lb.?.  ;  tin,  6  lbs.  ;  zinc,  1  lb.  iS.  Cold  Brazing  icithout  Fire 
or  lamp. — Fluoric  acid,  1  oz. ;  oxr  muriatic  acid,  1  oz. :  mix  in  a  lead 
"bottle.  Put  a  chalk  mark  each  side  wlicre  voa  want  to  braze.  This 
mixture  Trill  keep  about  6  montlis  in  one  bc'ttle.  19.  Co'd  Soldering 
tcithout  Fire  or  iamp.— Bismuth,  J  oz.  ;  quicksOver,  |  oz.  :  block  tin 
filings,  1  oz.  ;  spiiits  salts,  1  oz.  ;  all  mired  togetiier.  20.  To  Solder 
livn  to  St'':l  or  either  to  Brass.— Tin,  3  parts  ;  copper,  39^  parts ; 
zinc,  7i ir.rts.  "Wl:en  applied  iu  a  molten  state  it  will  firmlv  unite 
metals  first  named  to  each  other.  21.  Phanbers'  Solder.— 'Bismuth,  1; 
lead,  5 ;  tin,  3  parta ;  is  a  first  class  composition.  22.  Wnite  Solder  for 
raised  Britannia  Hare.— Tin,  lOO  Ibs^ :  hardening,  8  lbs.;  antimony, 
Slbs.  23.  Hardening  for  Britannia.— {To  be  mixed  separately  from  the 
other  Ineredient*).  Copper,  2  ll>s.  ;  tin.  1  lb.  24.  Best  xoft  so'der  for 
cast  Britannia  TTore.— Tin,  8  lbs.  ;  lead.  5  n>s'.    25.  Bismuth  solder 

Tin,  1  ;  lead,  3  ;  bismuth,  3  parts.  28.  Solder  for  Brass  that  viU 
f*and  IIamm:ring.—BTF.ss.  78.26  parts  ;  zinc.  17.41  parts  ;  sUver,  4. 
33  parts  ;  add  a  little  chloride  of  potassium  to  your  borax  for  a  flux. 
27  Solder  for  Steel  Joints.— SUver,  19  parts  ;  copper,  1  part  ;  brass, 
2  parts.  Melt  all  together.  28.  Hard  Solder.— Copper.  2  parts :  zinc,  1 
part.  Melt  together.  29.  Solder  for  Brass.— CoppeT.  8  parts  ;  zinc 
1  part  ;  with  borax.  30.  Solder  for  Copper.— Bizss,  6  parts  ;  zinc,  1 
TOrt  ;  tin,  1  i>art  ;  melt  all  together  well,  and  pour  out  to  cool.  31. 
Solder  for  Plaiiixa.— Gold  with  borax.  32.  Solder  for  Iron.— Th» 
best  solder  for  iron  ig  good  tough  brass  with  a  little  borax. 

N.  B.  In  soldering,  the  surfaces  to  be  joined  are  made  perfectly 
dean  and  smooth,  and  then  covered  with  sal  ammoniac,  resin  or  other  * 
flux,  the  solder  is  then  applied,  Lemg  melted  on  and  smoothed  over 
by  a  tinned  soldering  iron. 

Soldering  Fluid.— Take  2  oz.  muriatic  acid;  add  zinc  tillbnbblea 
cease  to  rise ;  add  ^  teaspoonful  of  sal-ammoniac. 

Black  Varxish  For  Co-a.l  Buckets.— Asphaltum,  1  lb. ;  lamp- 
black, i  lb. ;  resin,  i  lb. ;  spirits  of  turpentine,  1  qt.  Dissolve  the 
».=r'li^ltam  and  resin  La  the  turjientine,  then  mb  up  the  lamp-black 
with  linseed  oil,  only  sufficient  to  form  a  paste,  and  miy  -with  tha 
«thser.    Apply  mth  a  bnuh. 


522  MACHIXIST3,    engineers',    AC,   RECEIPTS, 

SIZES  OF  TIX-WARE  OF  DIFFERENT  KINDS. 
{For  Diameters,  dc.  of  Circles  see  Tables. ) 


Diam.  i^^.^t 


I>nTEB3.      -      - 

Coffee  Pots. 
Pans.     -    -    - 


Pee  Pa>-s   ------ 

Large  \V.\5h  Bowl    -    - 
Small  Wa<h  Bowl    -    - 

IIiLK    STII.UXEE        -     -     - 

Pails  a>i>  Du?h  KEXTija 


COLAN'DEB. 


MiASUKES  for  Druggists,  Beer,  &c. 


MzAfiCKES  of  other  forms. 


1     pt. 

1  giil. 
3  qts. 

20  qts. 

16  qts. 

U  qts. 

10  qt*. 

6  qts.j 

2  qts. 

3  pts. 
1     pt 


14  qts 

10  qts. 

6  qts. 

2  qts. 

2  gaL 
1   gal. 

igal. 
1  qt. 
1     pt. 

h  Pt- 
1    gal. 

4gaL 
1  qt. 
1  pt 
^     pt. 


inches 
4 
3| 
7 
6 
13 


inches  inchea 
&i    :    4 


Tix  C.\xs. — Size  of  Shef.t.  for  from  1  to  100  G.\llo>'s. 


lor  1   gallon,    7  by  20  inches. 


3% 

10  by  28 

6 

12  bv  40 

6 

14  by  40 

10 

20  bv  42 

15 

30  bv  42 

For  25  gallons,  30  by  56  incbea. 


40 
50 


100 


36  by  63 
40  by  70 
40  by  84 
40  by  98 


Tliisiacludes  all  the  laps,  seams,  &c.,  which  will  be  found  sufficiently 
correct  for  all  practical  purposes. 

Patent  Lubkicatixg  Oil. — Water,  1^1.;  clean  tallow,  3  Ibe.; 
palm  oil.  10  lbs.;  common  soda,  ^  lb.  Heat  the  mixture  to  about 
210<'  Fahx. ;  stir  well  until  it  cools  down  to  70=  Fahi.,  when  it  ia  fit 
for  0^. 


HACmNISTS,   EKOIKKERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS;         528 
Explanation  of  Diagrams  for  Sheet  Metal  Workers,  &C. 


R-^^-.  : 

Era 

N-    ■■■    ■'■- 

-r  ! 

L     -i,    ■■- 

/3 

^B^^^^^H^^^^^S^ 

Right- Akgled  Elbow.— J'jg.  1. — Strike  out  the  length  and  deptb 
of  the  (Ihovr  as  shown  in  the  above  diajrram,  drawing  semicircles  at 
the  end  as  exhibited  above.  Then  draw  seven  horizontal  lines  as 
shown  extending  along  the  small  figures.  Divide  the  circumference  or 
length  into  16  equal  parts  by  drawing  15  vertical  lines  as  in  diagram. 
Kow  driiW  a  line  from  h  to  k  and  d ;  directly  opposite  draw  another 
line  alor>g  the  letters  v  r  p ;  for  the  top  sweep  set  the  compasses  on 
the  fouaili  line  from  tlie  bottom,  and  sweep  two  of  the  spaces;  and 
do  the  same  at  the  comer.  On  space  for  the  two  remaining  sweeps 
set  the  compasses  so  as  to  intersect  in  the  three  corners  of  the  spaces 
designated  by  the  small  cross  marks.  The  drawing  does  not  includo 
seams  or  laps,  these  must  be  added. 

Elbows  for  Gcttees  for  Eaa-es  of  Roofs. — ^Lave  troughs  pos- 
sess a  form  resembling  the  undivided  half  of  a  pipe  divided  length- 
ways, therefore  by  describing  one  half  of  one  tid  of  the  elbow  of  a 
pipe  whose  size  is  equal  to  the  size  of  the  gutter  at  the  top,  you  havo 
the  requisite  pattern;  extra  allowance  to  be  made  for  bead. 

BKOxziyo  Gas  Fittings. — Boil  the  work  in  a  strong  ley,  and 
Bcour  it  free  from  all  grease  or  old  lacquer.  Pickle  it  in  dilute  nitric 
scid  imtil  quite  clean,  and  then  dip  it  into  strong  nitric  acid  to  make 
it  bright,  swilling  it  in  the  water  immediately  after.  Sometimes  thia 
latter  dipping  in  strong  acid  requires  to  be  repeated  two  or  three  times, 
bat  tlie  work  must  always  be  rinsed  immediately  after  dipping. 
Eind  it  very  loosely  round  with  iron  wire,  and  let  it  stind  for  a  few- 
minutes  in  the  water  you  have  used  for  swilling.  This  will  de- 
posit a  layer  of  copper  on  the  work.  Again  wash  well,  dry  in  box- 
wood dust,  and  brush  over  with  equal  parts  of  blacklead  and  Bag- 
neli's  red  bronze. 

To  Separate  Gold  Fko?i  Sil-str — The  alloy  is  to  be  melted  and 
pjoured  from  a  height  into  a  vessel  of  cold  water!  to  which  rotary  mo- 
tion is  communicated.  By  this  meiins  the  alloy  is  reduced  to  a  finclT 
granulated  condition.  The  metallic  substance  is  then  treated  ■witK 
nitric  acid  and  gently  heated.  Nitrate  of  silver  is  produced,  which 
can  be  reduced  by  any  of  the  ordinary  methods;  while  metallic  gold 
remains  as  a  black  mud,  which  must  be  washed  and  melted. — Scieri' 
tijlc  American. 
'To  Ti:s  Coerjx,  Stbtt  Dishes,  &c.— Wash  tha  surface  of  the  arti- 


524         MA.CHINISTS,   EKGINEERS*,   AC,   RECEIPTS. 

cle  to  be  tinned  vrith.  sulphuric  acioi,  find  iTiO  tli«  surface  well,  so  us 
to  have  it  smootli  and  Ireoof  blackness  craised  by  the  acid;  then 
sprinlile  calcined  and  finely  pulverized  s.-il-r.mnioniac  uix>ii  the  sur- 
face, holding  it  over  a  fire,  -when  it  ^vill  1/6  PiilBciently  hot  to  melt  a 
bar  of  solder  Avhich  is  to  be  rubbed  over  the  surface.  Any  copper 
dish  or  TCfsel  may  be  tinned  in  this  way. 

P.^t.ker's  Copper  IIahdexixg  proce:3  conpists  in  introducing  an 
admixture  of  a  minute  quantity  of  phosphorus  into  the  metaL 


To  Strike  out Ci  '-i.-; ■  : .  x  ...■.;-> .  -■,  ■■  i  ^srL?,  Co>-i:s,  &c. — Fi<j.  2.— 
Form  a  light  au'^lcd  paralellogrem  H  K  D  V,  II  K  equal  to  tlic  cir- 
cur.iferenco  of  tlie  -wide  end  of  the  diagram,  and  N  P  equal  to  its  clr- 
cumicrcnce  at  the  indicated  point^s.  K  D  bein^  the  elevation;  dra^ 
the  ri'rht  iines  H  iN'  R  and  K  P  fi ;  from  R  as  a  basis  lay  out  errs  from 
H  to  K  and  Is  P,  calculating  proper  allowance  for  backs.  To  Stk:i:e 
OvT  A  Co>*E. — Form  a  paralello£^m  as  in  the  dingrram;  the  s'lace 
from  II  to  K  equivalent  to  the  diameter  of  the  cone ;  K  to  D  eqniva- 
}ent  to^tho_  devation;  next  draw  lines  from  H  and  K  to  the  ccntee 


o?  t:-.^  i:.ic  D  T,  rncl  from  tliis  as  a  base  or  ecntre  describe  a  se-Tnent 
<.t  a  Circle  from  H  to  K. 

I'lxx  Fou  WcLUDio  CoppKR.— Boracic  acid,  2  parts  ;  phosiihr.tj 
of  foda,  1  }:;rt;  mix.  This  weldiiic:  p.nvder  should  be  strewn  over  f.j 
fizr.ace  of  copper  at  a  red  heat;  tlie  piecea  should  then  be  heat*..l  i; » 
to  a  fUl  oheny  red,  or  yeUow  heat,  and  brought  immediatelv  nudcr 
tae  J-^mmir.  Heat  the  copper  at  a  flame,  or  gas  jet,  where  it  will 
not  touch,  charcoal  or  solid  carbon. 


To  Strike  orr  A  CmctTLAR  Elbow.— /'jiys.  3  and  4.— Lay  out  tw9 


:tmct  the  paralcUograra,  Fi.,'.  4,  the  leuqth  eqiiivaleiit  to  the  diame- 
tor  of  tlie  pipe  yoa  are  ina'ciii:,  ^he  widtli  equal  to  C  B  in  Fig.  3;  lay 
(u  a  segment  of  a  circle  equivalent  in  rlininetcr  to  the  pipe,  touching 
the  point  11;  divide  the  so  riiicr.t  into  any  der-ircd  number  of  equal. 
t;i\"isions ;  draw  lines  across  the  dots  parallel  to  Y  V ;  open  the  com- 
rasses  1^  times  the  diameter  of  the  pipe,  and  describe  the  line  from' 
V  to  the  intersection  of  the  lines  P  P  and  R  E,  draw  curvilinear  linca 
CO  the  crossings  of  tlic  other  lines  to  the  point  H,  this  will  fomiBh 
one  side  of  a  section. 


526  MACHIKISTS,   ENGINEERS*,   AC,   EECEIPTS. 

To  Strike  oxtt  Ot.vls,  Oval  Flakcs'g  Tessix?,  &c. — Fig.  5.— «• 
Construct  the  ijaralellograru  H  K  D  V ;  H  K  equivalent  to  the  long 
and  K  D  to  correspond  to  the  shoit  diameter:  divide  it  into  four  equid 
parts  by  drawing  the  lines  P  R  and  N  X ;  mark  the  point  L  one-thiid 
the  dbitance  from  X  to  U ;  then  describe  the  arcs  I  S  I,  I  S  I,  and  from 
the  line  N  N  describe  the  segment  INI.  To  describe  an  egg-shaped 
oval  with  ends  of  unequal  magnitude,  construct  the  frustruni  of  a 
con«  that  will  embrace  the  ovaJ  and  proceed  as  in  Fiy.  5.     To  Strike 


out  an  oral  Flaring  Vess'fl  in  four  eubdivipions,  find  the  circtimf  erenc* 
of  the  arcs  I  S  I  and  I  X  I  for  the  bottom  of  the  pieces ;  foi-m  a  paral- 
fcllogram  the  Ien;::th  of  which  shall  be  equal  to  the  circumference  of 
the  top  of  either  di\Tsion,  and  operate  as  in  Fig.  2.  The  same  allow- 
ance must  be  accorded  for  flare  on  the  eide  parts  as  on  the  ends, 
allowing  for  burrs  and  loclcs. 

Gold  Lacquek  for  Trx — Teaxspakent,  All  Colors. — Alcohol 
in  a  flask,  1  pt ;  add  .cnjn-?hellac,  2  ozs. :  turmeric,  1  cz. ;  red  gand- 
ers, li  ozs.  Set  tlie  ihisk  in  a  warm  place,  shake  frequentlv  for  12 
Lours  or  more,  then  strain  oil  the  liquor,  rinse  the  bottle,  and"  return 
it,  corking  tightly  for  use.  When  tliis  varnish  is  used,  it  must  be  ap- 
plied to  the  work  freely  and  flov.ing,  and  the  articles  should  bs  hot 
when  applied-  One  or  more  coats  inay  be  laid  on,  as  the  color  is  re- 
qtiired  more  or  less  light  cr  deep.  If  "anv  of  it  should  become  thick 
iTOQi  evaporation,  at  any  time,  thin  it  with  alcohol.  And  by  the  fol- 
lowmg  modifications,  all  the  various  colors  are  obtained :  1.  BoseCoIor. 
Proceed  ac  above,  substituting  1  oz.  of  finely  ground  best  lake  in  pkico 
of  the  turmeric.  2.  Bhie.  The  blue  is  made  by  substituting  pulverized 
Prussian  blue,  1  oz.,  in  place  of  the  turmeric."  3.  Purple.  Add  a  little 
of  the  blue  to  the  first.    4.  Green.  Add  a  little  of  the  rose  to  the  first. 

Ceacked  STO^•E3.— Equal  parts  of  wood  asbea  and  salt ;  tpjx 
to  a  pwtd  vrltk  -water ;  witlithia  fill  the  cxacka. 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,   RECEIPTS.  527 

To  Desckebb  a  BEART.—Fig.  6.— Draw  the  straight  line  H  D  K 

equal  to  the  breadth  of  th« 
heart;  layoff  the  segments 
H  D  and  D  K,  then  with  the 
dividers  extended  from  H 
to  K,  describe  the  arcs  H  K 
and  K  V. 

To  find  the  circumference 
of  a  circle,  the  diameter  be- 
ing known,  multiply  the  di- 
ameter by  o.l41ti,  and  to 
find  the  diameter  of  a  circle, 
the  circumference  being 
known,  divide  the  circum- 
ference by  3.141G. 

To  Strike  out  Ovai. 
Wash  Boiler  Covers. — 
Fig.  7.— Describe  the  line 
V  R  equal  in  extension  to 
half  the  length  of  the  boiler ; 
from  the  central  point  D  lay 
off  the  circle  M  R  N,  equiva- 
lent in  diameter  to  the 
■breadth  of  the  boiler  outside  the  wire  around  the  rim;  describe  the 
line  H  K  so  as  to  cross  the  line  V  R  in  the  manner  shown  in  diagram ; 
make  V  S  three-eighths  of  an  inch  high  more  or  less  as  you  desire  it 
for  the  pitch  of  the  cover;  place  the  comer  of  the  measuring  square 
on  the  line  H  K,  laying  the  flat  part  touching  the  point  S;  then  de- 
scribe the  Imes  H  N,  H  S,  S  K  and  K  M,  which,  with  the  proper  al- 
lowance for  locks  and  edges,  completes  the  cover. 

Japanners'  Gold  Size. — Gum  ammoniac,  1  lb. ;  boiled  oU,  8  ozs. ; 
spirits  turpentine,  12  ozs.  Melt  the  gum,  then  add  the  oil,  and  lastly 
spirits  turpentine. 

Japannlng.— Xearly  30  formula  for  varnishes  will  be  found  on 
page  283,  among  them  Japanners  Copal  Varnish,  and  this,  together 
with  oil,  alcohol,  shellac,  or  any  other  transparent  vaiTiish,  admits  of 
lemg  mixed  with  coloring  matter  to  produce  different  shades.  1. 
For  Scarlet.  Gromid  vermilion  may  be  used,  but  being  so  glaring  it 
is  not  beautifid  unless  covered  over  with  rose-pink,  or  lake,  wliich 
Lave  a  good  effect  when  thus  used.  2.  Bright  Crimson.  Use  saff- 
flower  or  Indian  lake  dissolved  in  alcohol;  in  place  of  this  lake  car- 
mine may  be  used,  as  it  is  more  common.  3.  Yellow.  Turmeric  dis- 
solved in  spirits  of  wine,  strained  through  a  cloth,  and  mixed  with 
pure  seedlac  varnish,  makes  a  good  yellow  jajjan ;  saffron  will  answ- 
er applied  in  the  same  way.  and  chrome  yellow  is  excellent.  Dutch 
pink  forms  a  cheap  yellow  "japan  ground.  If  dragon's  blood  be  added 
to  til*  yellow  japan,  a  most  beautiful  and  rich  saimnn-colored  vamiph 
is  the  result,  varied  according  to  the  quantity  of  tlie  ingredient  used. 
4.  Orange.  Use  yeUow  mixed  witli  vennilion  or  carniine,  just  as  a 
bright  or  inferior  color  is  desired.  5.  Purple.  Add  to  the  varnish  a 
mixture  of  lake  and  Prussian  blue,  or  carmine,  or  for  an  inferior 
color,  vermilion.  6.  Blve.  I^se  brisrht  Prussinn  blue  ;  it  may  b« 
;ltus6d  iritli  liUeiJao  vanuali  aod  brought  to  a  poUsIiing  st^te  by  6  or  8 


528  MACHINISTS,    engineers'',    AC,    EECEIPTS. 

coats  of  varnish  of  seecllac ;  mix  with  the  purest'  Varnish  wheu  a  li:iht 
Ll.ie  is  desired.  7.  Black.  Prussian  blue  1  oz.,  asphaltum  2  ozs., 
epiiita  turi-entine  1  pint;  melt  the  aeplialtum  in  the  turpentine,  rub 
v.p  the  blue  with  a  little  of  it;  mis  a  d  strain,  then  add  the  whola 
to  li  pints  of  the  varnish.  8-  Gncn.  Mix  equal  parts  of  tlie  bine  and 
yellow  together,  then  mix  with  the  varnish  until  the  color  siuts  the 
fr.ncy.  0.  I'ink.  Jlix  a  little  of  the  blue  to  more  in  quantity  of  the 
red  £r.d  then  add  to  the  varnith  till  it  suits.  10.  'Wlilte.  One  Avhite 
gror.nd  is  made  by  the  following  composition:  white  flake  or  lead 
washed  over  and  ground  up  with  a  sixth  of  its  weight  of  starch,  then 
di'ied  and  mi::edv,ith  tbe  finest  gum,  grouud  up  in  parts  of  1  oz. 
piim  to  i  oz.  of  rectiiied  tunienture  mixed  and  ground  well  together. 
Tins  i3  to  be  finely  laid  on  the  article  to  be  japanned,  di-ied  and  then 
varnished  with  5  or  6  coats  of  the  following:  2  ozs.  of  the  white,  t 
eeed-lac  to  3  ozs.  of  gum-anime  reduced  to  a  fine  powder  and  dis- 
solved in  1  ejt.  alcohol.  For  a  softer  varuish  than  this,  a  little  turpen- 
tine  should  Le  added  and  less  of  the  gum. 


To  Strik?:  oiT  Ca>-  Top.s  and  Bevi^l  Covers  forTessels.— 


HACHINlStS,   ENGrSEERS',    AC,  EECEIPT3.  529 

ditiJers  from  R  to  K  and  divide  the  curvilinear  line  T  W  into  six 
equal  divi.-iori.;;  cut  out  t'lie  i,itH(s  H  H  11,  D  D  D  loavLng  edges  for 
locks  parallel  to  II V.  For  tiip  oj.cKing  in  the  can  head  or  top,  describe 
the  curvilinear  lineH  H  HomaJ  in  i-i!ig'iitu<Ie  to  tiiecinuTnfereui.9 
of  the  o'.eninjj.  To  Jiave  your  can  t-'S  oi»third  pitch,  sproi  f.e  di- 
viders two-tliinls  oi  the  diameter  of  tlie  can:  lay  out  a  circle  and  u^a 


ttvp-thirds  of  it.  For  one-quarter  pitr.h.  sv-an  the  dividers  three- 
fourths  of  the  (Mamtter  «:^f  the  can,  lay  out  a  circle  and  use  tlucf- 
quartx^rs  of  it  For  oile-half  pitch,  lay  off  the  circle  tv.ice  tl>^  diniuc- 
ter  of  the  can  and  use  half  of  it  Remember  to  graut  full  allo^vanco 
lijr  locks  only. 

Different  STn^rsoFFiLiXG. — To  file  a  surface  ti-ne.  it  isnece,"- 
Fr.ry  on  comraencrti^,  to  Ecmeer.e  the  f:le  t^-rhtly  betwet  n  the  tiii id  and 
fiuith  fiu;;eni  nild  rclm  or  your  h::nd  until  you  become  used  to  it. 
Your  f>OFiti*>n  in  filing  rlionld  b'>  h-Jf  l^rt  f^L-eto  your -work,  wlUi 
the  middle  of  your  ri-;'it  foot  Jiiteen  in-'ies  behlud  your  left  heel ; 
and  to  file  yonr  rrork  true  or  square,  it  i=5  necessary  to  reverse  your 
Viork  often,  as  by  this  mcrtns  rvyu  are  enabled  to  see  the  whole  surfaca 
Tou  are  filiiij^.and  pes  uLi'.e  filing xrVtl-.er  you  are  filiniz  true  or  not. 
Nvben,  however,  vncr-wnrk  is  so  hou -%' tlrt  you  cannot  revci>3  it 
you  had  better  file  firrt  t>  t'-o  ri^litavl  th  u  tithe  b^:t,  ?•<  by  thi.» 
means  you  can  plainly  sea  the  lila  uuuizs,  aiii  tlu3  again  asdsts  yea 
inliiinitrue. 

To  Crystaluzb  Tt-n-.— Ptd^hnri''.  acid.  4  ors.;  ^*t  water,  2  to  3 
07.S.,  according  to  etren  :th  of  t'.e  acid;  pnlt  IJ  or^  JIlx.  Hc-at  t^:8 
tiu  hot  over  a  stove,  then  vith  a  s^onTe  an;ly  th'i  irixtur>,  th-^a 
T.a.-h  off  dirr^ctly  with  clean  "natcr.  'Dij  tlic  tin,  and  varulsh  with 
deinar  vanii.sh 

Co>n>i;::-<siov  ov  Av  lNT>iA-RrEKEK  Brrrrator  T'lnvri  iNciTta 
SrijoKic— 1  ton,  1.3  i:ichfs.  1\  tnu?.  I'l  Liches.  2  tjns,  2  inchea, 
3  tuiLJ,  2|  inches.    5  touij,  2^  inches.    10  toa*,  3  iadiea. 


530  MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEES',   &C.,  RECEIPTS. 

To  Strike  a  Set  of  Patteess  fob  the  E:^fT^,oPE  of  a  Cone= — 
Tig.  9. — Lay  off  the  lines  H  N  and  KN ;  the  space  from H  to  K  corres- 

pondiug  to  the  circumference 
of  the  coue  at  the  largest  end; 
II  N  equal  to  the  sloping 
height;  from  X  as  a  basis  de- 
scribe the  Be:;'n;cnt3  H  K,  D  D,' 
V  V,  R  E,  aiid  P  P;  each  of  the 
paits  between  these  segments 
•will  compose  a  section  of  the 
coveriug  if  allowance  be  made 
for  the  laps.  To  lay  off  tho 
frustriim  of  a  cone,  see  Firj.  2. 
2o  find  the  Area  of  a  Circle,^ 
multiply  the  circumference  by 
one-fouith  the  diameter.  To 
find  the  Area  of  a  Section  of  a 
Circle,  multiply  the  length  of 
the  arc  by  half  the  length  of 
the  radius. 

To  Strike  oxtt  Strainer 
Bucket  and  Coffee  Por 
Lrps  {Eeistern  Style).— Fig.  10.— Describe  the  triaHgle  H  K  D,  H  K 
equivalent  to  the"  sLmtiug  height;  fiom  D  lay  out  the  section  H  K; 

describe  sections  of  circles 
from  K  to  D  and  H  to  D  ac- 
cording to  the  dimensions  of 
the  vessel.  In  coffee  pots, 
the  section  extending  from 
H  to  K  should  be  regidated 
according  to  the  style  ia 
which  it  is  to  be  constructed. 
In  describing  Tea-kettx.b 
AXD  Tea-pot  Srorrs,  pro- 
ceed as  in  Figs.  1  and  4,  mak- 
ing the  breadth  of  the  paral- 
ellogram  commensurate  or 
equal  to  the  angle  you  desir© 
to  cut.  and  the  length  equiv- 
alent to  the  circumference  of 
the  spout 

To  Strike  ottt  Lips  For 
MEAsruEs,  &r. — Lay  out  a 
circle  the  dimensions  of  tbo 
top  of  the  vessel;  describe  a 
i'ue  tai-ough  the  centre  of  the  circle  and  divide  it  into  four  equal  sec- 
tions; span  the  compasses  on  the  line  one  quarter  the  distance  from 
the  end,  and  descrj-ae  a  semi-circle  touching  the  opposite  end  of  tho 
line;  pass  the  compasses  the  breadth  of  the  lip  desired,  and  lay  out 
an  arc  until  it  approaches  the  semi-circle,  which  ^viU  allow  tho  do- 
siFod  lip.  The  annexed  Sector  ia  appead@d  to  eoabld  mechaoics  te 
<>btaia  aagles  wkeu  le^oixed; 


HACHIXISTS,    EXGDfEEES',    AC,    RECEIPTS.         531 


Adjtsttn'g  LocoMOTTTE  Valves. — A  corre?pondent  of  the  5cien-i 
tific  American  gives  the  following  method  of  setting  glide  valves  of. 
locomotives  : — Slake  a  steel  tram,  about  5k  in.  long,  with  two  points 
at  the  right  angles  with  the  straight  bar,  one  point  to  be  2|  in.  ia 
length,  and  til e  other  1^  in.  Both  "points  are  to  be  sharp.  Take  a 
centre  pimch,  rnd  make  a  cer-tre-mark  on  the  top  of  tlie  steam-chest 
]iacking-box ;  then  fcike  a  strip  of  tin  and  put  it  in  the  steam-port. 
Diawtiie  valves  slowly  back'nntil  you  can  just  move  the  tin  be- 
tween the  edge  of  the  valves  and  tl:e'edge  of  the  steam-port  (which 
is  now  closed  excejjt  as  to  tjie  tl:ickae<3  of  the  strips  of  tin.) 
Take  the  tram,  place  the  short  point  iu  tl:e  centre-mark  on  the 
packing-box  ;  then  make  a  scrat'^h  on  the  valve  stem,  and  go 
through  with  the  same  process  v.  ith  the  opposite  steam-port.  Xow 
Tou  have  marks  on  the  valve-stem  just  where  the  valve  b?^jis  too.  en. 
^e  valve-st°m  must  nert  be  got  into  radius  (as  we  form  it),  which. 
Is  to  show  the  proper  length  for  the  valve-stem.  It  is  done  thus  : 
Cover  the  steam-ports  equally  with  the  valve,  pet  the  centre  of  tho 
rock  shaft  and  the  rocker  pin  at  a  right  angle  with  the  bore  of  the 
cylinder:  and  when  the  valve-stem  is  adjusted  to  this,  it  is  of  tho 
proper  length  and  should  not  be  altered.  To  adjust  the  valves  in  for- 
ward motion,  hook  the  reverse  lever  in  the  forwrjrJ  notch,  take  the 
dead  points  for  centres,  and  alter  the  eccentric  rods  until  the 
STiace^  are  equal  on  the  valve-stem,  which  is  dctermiucd  by  the  use 
of  the  tram.  Take  the  forward  centres  and  give  1-lCth.  leadto  the 
valve,  for  either  passenger  or  freight  engines.  By  adopting  this  pLin 
the  engine  will  reverse  her  action  "promptly.  Hook  the  reverse  lexer 
in  the"  back  motion,  and  repeat  as  above.  If  the  job  is  to  be  done 
quickly  and  the  eccentrics  are  in  the  proper  position,  it  can  be  dona 
■by  the"  travel,  in  this  way  :  Move  the  engine  slowly  forward  with 
steam,  take  the  tram,  and  trace  the  movement  of  the  valve  on  the 
valve-ftem  until  the  stem  stops:  then  trace  the  return  movement 
until  that  stops.  Take  a  pair  of  dividers  and  measure  each  distance 
from  the  valve  mark  on  the  stem  to  the  extreme  of  the  travel  IJ^e 
(or  where  tlie  valve  stopped).  Alter  eccentric  rods  until  the  spaces 
are  equal.  By  these  meaos  you  dQ  not  require  to  take  tbetteais 
chwt  covexs  off, 


532    FACTS    FOR    GAS    COMPANIES    AXD    COXSUMEKS. 

FAcra  FOB  Gas  CompajvTes  a>t)  «''  ---"-"--=.— The  follo-mng 
different  volumes  of  gv.s  have  been  o>  varioas  kinds  of 

coal.     Cannel  coal,  15. (HX)  cubic  ft;  \A  .  15,4J'r,  Boghead 

cannel,  13,334;  Cape  Breton  "  Cow  Bav  ';  Pictoa  and  Sid- 

ney, 8000;  EngUsh,  mean,  11,000;  NeV  .  f<,5iX)  to  lO.C^^O, 

Pittsburg,  9,530,  Sv.-otch,  from  10,300  to  !•■        .  isend  1    "-"^  ^  r- 

ginia.  8.960;  Western,  I'.oOO.     Pine  wkxI  \v;il  evolve  11. <- 
per  ton.    Rosin  lo.iXK).     Oil  andgrea^e  2;'..fX'a  cubic  ft.  : 

should  produce  alxvut  GOO  cubic  ft  of  2a,>  in  5  liours,  with  a  rtuu-./  .if 
li  cvrt.  of  coal,  or  1>S0<J  cubic  feet  iu  ::i  I.ours.  One  ton  of  coal  should 
produce  about  9000  cubic  ft.  of  ga.'i,  1  chaldro:i  '  f  l  jke  and  about  11 
gals,  of  tar,  and  0  of  anuHoniajal  liquor.     :  5  reqiure  1 

bush,  of  lime  to  10.<X)0  cubic  ft  of  ga.-?,  aud  >  an  admix- 

ture of  water,  43  bosheh!,  and  lime,  1  bushel  :  "30  cubic  it. 

of  gas.     One  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid  in  gas  -  its  illumin- 

ating power  one-tenth.     Defective  burners  f  -  ;uged  with- 

out delay,  as  all  smoking,  roaring,  irregular,  ragged,  and  prt'Dged 
flames  cafused  a  great  waste  of  gaa  with  deficient  light ;  a  smoky 
flame  indicates  loss  of  ga.s  as  well  a^  loss  of  light  One  good  gas 
light  is  better  economy  than  a  number  of  small  ones.  T?ie  stamiard 
o/f7TS  burning  is  a  1.5  hole  Argand  lamp,  interior  diameter  '44  ins., 
chiumey  7  in.*,  high,  consuming  5  cubic  ft  per  hour,  evolvuig  a  light 
from  common  coal  gas  of  from  10  to  12  sperm  candles  of  6  to  the 
pound,  with  cannel  coal  from  20  to  24  candles,  and  with  Pennsjl- 
vania  coal  from  14  to  16  candles  The  advantage  gained  by  employ- 
ing a  :iO-hole  argand  instead  of  the  stimdard  is  a  greater  pi-oduttion 
of  light,  the  increase  being  from  20  to  -V)  jier  cent.,  for  if  the  standard 
cousumes  5  ft.  per  ho  ir,  and  evolves  the  light  of  12  candles,  the  oO- 
hole  burner,  consuming  7  ft.  per  hour,  will  give  the  light  of  22  c;ui- 
dles.  An  Argrxnd  burner  with  two  chinmeys,  one  within  the  other, 
with  air  soace  between  in  wiiich  the  air  l>ecomes  heated  during  its 

f'    '  -novemeut  towards  the  flame,  for  nn  equal  amount  of 

-  a  saving  of  g:is  equal  to  33  per  cent ,  und  for  an  equal 
•-  1  of  ga.-;.  the  gain  iu  li,''.t  5-  e  ;  i:;l  at  02  per  cent 

B^ira^is  are  made  so  as  to  i)r>  >  "  ilaine,  and  are  of 

diflereut  jnaterials-l^va,  iron,  ,st'  tite.  bra.ss,  plati- 

num liue-f,  etc.    The  bore  from  v.„.    .  l..     .......t  of  the  gas  issues 

should  be  arrancced,  as  regards  itj  Milih,  lor  the  quality  of  the  gas 
con^wrt'^i.  f-nnne!  conl  gn?  for  inft:'7vc.  1  -iuc:  provided  ^vith  narrower 
*.  VTe  have  single  jet  bum- 

?  ,  cockspur.  and  other 

>.      :^    , .  _. ;  s,  bored  with  (J  to  CO  or 

4<>  holes,  or  as  in  the  Dumas  burner,  a  siit  instead  of  a  hole.  The 
best  gas  burners  are  made  of  lava,  and  the  hind  known  as  fi.'^htai] 
burners  consume   from  4  to  5  ft  of  common  coal  gas  \yer  '  '     7^ 

burners  require  from  6  to  10  cubic  ft.  per  hour,  in  proi>o! 
sheltered  lights  ctmsumo  about  4  cuVic  ft  per  hour,  oiu  j 

about  5  cubic  ft. ;  street  lumps  in  cities  mnsume  frnm  3  to  5  Oi  . :. 
per  hour,  according  to  size  of  burner  u-ed.  .\  13  candle-gas  fy.\- 
ffumed  in  an  Argand  burner,  evolves  an  illuminating  power  of  l^)  cait- 
dles  ;  if  burnt  in  a  batwing  or  fish-tail  burnftr  the  same  gas  will  pro- 
duce only  the  illiuninating  power  of  9  candles.'  Tlie  deflciency  ol 
ligit  is  caused  by  so  adnxixtore  of  atmospheric  air  minglyag  larger 
irith  ihtk  thia  jtti  of  gasjincreiisiiii;  the  hMt,  but  diaeipating  the  li^hf^ 


FACTS  FOR  GAS   COMPANIES  AND   CONSUMERS.   533 

•nd  imparting  a  blue  tinge  to  the  flame.  Bat-wing  burners  are  the 
best  adapted  for  all  ont-dbor  lights.  Whenever  economy  in  ji;a^  ^iid 
good  light  are  main  objects,  the  larger  kind  of  bat-wing  burners  are 
preferable  ;  a  bat-wiug  burner  consuming  3^  ft.  of  gas  per  hour 
yields  only  the  light  of  6  candles,  whereas  a  burner  consuming  6  it. 

{er  hour  evolves  a  light  equal  to  15i  candles,  the  pressure  being  4- 
Oths  of  an  inch  at  the  point  of  ignition.  Nearly  the  same  residts  are 
obtained  by  the  use  of  the  fishtail  burner.  The  careel  burner,  with 
a  l)erforated  di.?o  at  the  lower  part,  and  tvro  orifices  at  the  upper, 
where  tlie  flames  unite  and  spread  into  one.  each  side  of  this  unittyi 
flame  being  supported  by  tv,  o  curved  levers  or  arms,  is  paid  to  be 
equal  if  not  superior  to  the  Argand  or  fishtail  buruers  in  tha  power 
ot  cvolvhig  a  soft,  steady,  mellow  light. 

Loss  TO  THE  Diffusion  of  Gas  Light  ev  Glass  Globes. — 
Clear  glass,  12  per  cent. ;  glass  globe  engraved  with  ornaments,  24  per 
cc!:t, ;  half  ground  globe,  oo  per  cent. ;  globe  obscured  all  over,  iOjier 
cent ;  oi^al  globe,  GO  per  cent ;  painted  opal  globe,  (>!  per  cent.  No 
glasses  of  any  kind  are  ever  used  with  the  bat-wing  burner  owing  to 
tlie  widely  extended  flame,  but  for  fish-tail  burners  they  are  in  com- 
mon use.  Globes  »%  usually  made,  are  of  faulty  construction  and 
cause  needless  obscurity  and  a  gi-eat  loss  of  light.  The  Trudeau 
globe,  hivcuted  and  patented  by  Mr.  Trudeau,  of  Ottawa,  Canada,  is 
constructed  on  correct  scientific  principles,  with  spacious  and  roomy 
apertures,  which  tend  to  promote  a  low  temperature  in  the  glass, 
tlius  preventing  fracture  from  the  heat,  and  the  accumulation  of 
smoke  and  dust.  Thebumerbemgproperly  adjusted,  theheightof  the 
globe  being  low,  and  the  openings  wide,  the  gas  is  easily  ignited,  and 
bums  at  an  exi-eedingly  low  pressure,  with  a  clear,  steady  tiame,  with- 
out lUckerin?,  and  diffuses  a  flood  of  soft,  briUiont  light,  which  for  quan- 
tity and  quaUty  is  really  surprlshig  to  one  accustomed  to  the  old  fusliioa- 
ed  globes.  If  1  jcr  cent,  of  air  is  mixed  with  gas,  the  illimiiuating  power 
is  diminished  alxjutS  per  cent;  if  one-fifth  of  air  be  niLsed  with,  four- 
fiitlis  of  gas,  no  servicable  light  can  be  derived  from  tlie  mirture. 
The  greatest  light  and  least  heat  is  produced  when  the  gas  is  not  ex- 
posed to  too  great  a  current  of  outside  air,  and  the  most  heat  and 
least  light  is  evolved  by  permeating  the  gas  Lirgely  with  external  air; 
in  eveiy  oase  an  iusuiBciency  of  air  supply  will  cause  smoke  and  ob- 
eourity  o!  light  with  any  kind  of  burner.  Large  burners  under  a  low 
pressure  produce  ?.  greater  amoimt  of  light  than  small  burners  under 
a  high  pressure,  each  kind  consuming  equal  quantities  of  gas  in  a 

fiven  tirr.e,  and  a  greater  volume  of  light  is  emitted  from  a  large 
umer  t^ian  from  two  small  ones  consuming  the  same  quantity  of  gas 
as  the  one  hirge.  All  burners,  no  matter  what  the  size  maybe,  re« 
qnire  a  certain  qaantitA'  of  gas  to  produce  the  lirge.st  amount  of  hght, 
which  is  as  much  lost  through  the  use  of  too  litcle  gas  as  by  the  use  of 
a  surplus. 

Explosion'  or  G  a'=. — Seven  parts  of  air  and  one  of  gas  is  considered 
to  be  the  most  rtaneerous  compound,  but  much  depends  on  the  purity, 
&c..  of  the  gas.  Comi>oands  of  less  than  [5  of  air  to  1  of  gas,  or  abovo 
11  of  air  to  1  of  gas,  will  not  explode.  G:is  unmiscd  v,  ith  oxygen  or 
atmoeplieric  air,  extinguishes  flame,  and  while  iu  this  state  cannot  ex- 
plode. The  terrific  gas  explosion  durins  the  summer  of  1.S70  in  Cin- 
cinuati,  was  caused  by  a  lighted  pipe  bslongiug  to  a  laborer  employed 
en  th9  top  ef  th«  gas  Lolder ;    the  heat  geaeratcd  bj  tha   fio^h 


584  PACTS   FOE   GAS   COMPANIES    AND    CONSUMERS. 

■was  nearly  2,500°,  or  about  the  temperature  of  melted  steel ;  out 
party  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile  from  the  explosion  compared 
his  experience  to  the  inhaJation  of  a  stream  of  hot  air  from  a  furnace; 
the  time  occuxjied  by  the  explosion  was  about  the  3rd  part  of  a  second. 
An  exijlosive  mixture  of  gas,  lohlle  viider  pressure,  will  only  ignite  at 
the  exterior  orifice  of  the  pipe  or  holder ;  but  if  the  pressure  is  removed, 
the  flame  i^enetrates  to  the  interior,  and  explosion  ensues.  On  per- 
ceiving the  odor  of  escapiug  gas,  instant  action  shoiUd  be  taken  to  de- 
tect and  stop  the  leak,  but  there  is  great  temerity  in  appljing  a  light 
in  such  cases ;  the  best  way  is  to  turn  oif  the  gas  for  3  or  4  hours,  and 
allow  it  full  time  to  dissipate  uito  the  open  air  through  the  doors,  Avin- 
dows,  &C.,  before  using  flame  in  any  form.  If  a  light  is  required  at 
the  open  end  of  a  pipe  while  making  a  new  connection,  gas-fitters 
should  in  every  case  turn  the  oxitlet  tap  off,  or  disconnect  the  outlet 
union  of  the  meter,  in  order  to  avoid  the  hazard  of  exploding  the  me- 
ter. 

Pressure. — According  to  Jlr.  Haswell,  "  The  pressure  with  which 
gas  is  forced  through  pipes  should  seldom  exeeed  2i  inches  at  the 
works,  or  the  leakage,  wUl  exceed  the  advantages  to  be  obtained  from 
increased  pressure.  When  pipes  are  laid  at  an  inclination  either 
above  or  below  the  horizon,  a  correction  will  have  to  be  made  in  esti- 
mating the  supply,  by  adding  or  deducting  1-100  of  an  inch  from  the 
initial  pressurefo'r  every  foot  of  rise  or  fall  in  the  length  of  the  pipe. 
By  experiment  30,000  cubic  feet  of  gas,  sp.  gr.  "42  were  discharged 
in  an  hour  through  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  22.5  feet  in  lenjjth, 
and  852  cubic  feet,  specific  gravity  'o^jS  were  discharged  under  a  head 
of  3  ins.  of  water,  througn  a  main  4  ins.  in  diam.  and  6  miles  in 
length.  Loss  of  volume  of  discharge  by  friction,  in  a  pipe  6  ins, 
diam.  and  1  mile  in  length,  is  >  stimatcd  at  95  per  cent.  In  distilling 
56  lbs.  of  coal  the  volume  of  gas  produced  in  cubic  feet  when  tlio 
distillation  was  eliected  in  3  hours  was  41.3,  in  7  hours  37.5,  in  20  hours 
33.5,  and  in  25  hours  31.7."  Tire  expiraticji  of  the  breath  from  the 
lungs  in  the  gentlest  manner,  is  about  equal  to  tlie  proj^er  pressure  for 
the  most  favorable  consumption  of  gas,  while  a  slight  blowing  force 
is  equal  to  the  highest  pressure  in  the  mams  of  gas  companies;  the 
first  example  is  about  equ'', alent  to  tv.o  or  three-tenths  pressure, and 
the  second  to  from  3  to  5  ins.  pressure. 

The  orifices  of  gas  burners  should  be  well  proportioned,  not  too 
email,  to  require  increased  pressure  to  exiiel  tlio  gas,  thus  serioutly 
curtailing  the  light,  as  sho-rni  by  the  folloAviii':;  errperiments  with  4 
Argands,  all  of  one  size,  each  having  15  holes,  but  the  orifice  of  each 
gr^uated  so  that  only  5  cubic  feet  of  gas  per  hour  could  pass  under 
the  respective  pressures  here  intimated : — 

Gas  is-snivrj  icj'h  Pressure  in  tciiths  of  inches. 
1-lOth  yielded  the  ligiit  of  12  cam'lcs. 
5-lOths        "  "         6 

10-lOths        "  "         2\      " 

40-10th3        "  '•        1-6      " 

On  the  other  hand^  if  the  orifice  of  au  Arg.ond  burner  is  too  large 
the  flame  will  gmoi;corienLivelyaud  Vanr-  c;itail  waste  and  loss.  Grade 
the  size  of  the  orifice  by  the  quality  of  t'le  gas  to  be  consumed ;  for 
poor  gas  the  holes  mavbe  larTC;  for  gnod  gas,  emaller  holes  may  be 
used.  In  every  case  be  careful  to  efiect  a  correct  adjustment  m  ordet 
to  obtftiu  tha  l^eet  resalt», 


tjlcts  for  gas  companies  and  consumers.  535 

ToLPMER   OF   Gas    BiscnARaEn    r^n    nom  Under  a   Pressubb 
OF  Half  \y  Inch  of  Water— SrECiFic  Gravity  of  Gas  •42. 


T>iam.  of  [Diam.of  Diam.of 

©pening.  Volume,  op'ning.  Volume,  op'ning.  Volume. 


Ins- 


Cubic  ft 
80 
321     I      1 


Ins. 


Cubic  ft. 

723 

1287 


Ins. 
IV4 


Cubic  ft, 
1625 
2010 


Diam.of 
op'ning.  Volume. 


Ins. 


Cubic  ft. 

288.-1 

46,150 


Diam?:ter  axd  Lexoth  of  Ga.s  Pipes  to  Transmit  Given  Volumb 
OF  Gas  to  Bkaxcu  Pipks.— X»r.  Ure. 


Volume 

Diam- 

Volume 

Diam- 

Volume 

Diam- 

p. hoar. 

eter. 

Length. 

p. hour. 

eter. 

Length. 

p.  hour. 

eter. 

Length 

Cub.  ft. 

Ins. 

Feet. 

Cub.  ft. 

Ins. 

Feet. 

Cub.  ft. 

Ins. 

Feet. 

50 

**•       \ 

100 

i,noo 

3.16 

1,000 

2,000 

7. 

6,000 

250 

1.       ' 

200 

1,500 

3.87 

1,000 

6,000 

7.75 

1,000 

600 

1.97 

COO 

2,000 

5.32 

2,000 

6,000 

9.21 

2,000 

700 

2.65 

lO'JO 

2,000 

6.1)3 

4,000 

8,000 

8.95 

1,000 

To  Determine  the  Size  of  Gas  Pipe  Reqcieed— London  R0i,b — 
For  200  light.?,  2  inch  lube;  120  lights,  IVj  inch;  70  lights,  I14  inch;  50 
lights,  1  inch;  25  light*,  %  inch-;  13  lights,  1^  inch;  6  lights,  %  iuch;  2 
lights,  Vi  inch. 

Diameter  and  Extreme  Length  of  Titrino  and  Number  of  Burit- 
EKs  Allowed— American  Standard. 


Diam. 

Feet 

No.  of  Capac- 

No.  of 

Diam. 

of 

in 

burn-     itv  of 

burn- 

of tub- 

tube. 

length 

ers.    met'rs. 

ers. 

ing. 

'i 

6 

1 

Slights. 

6 

1 

20 

3 

5     " 

10 

114 

% 

30 

6 

10    " 

20 

i 

40 

12 

20    " 

40 

2 

60 

20 

30    " 

60 

L'ngth 

No.  of 

Capac- 

No. Of 

in 

burn- 

ity of 

burn- 

feet. 

ers. 

met'rs 

ers. 

70 

35 

45  b'ts. 

90 

100 

60 

60    '• 

120 

150 

100 

100    " 

200 

200 

200 

Diameter  and  Length  of  Pipe  from  the  Main,  together  wits 

THE  Number  of  Lights  allowed  in  the  Gas  Service 

for  Lamps. 


Ko.  of 
lamps. 


Dis-    [ 
tance     Diam- 


from 

main  in 

feet. 


40 
40 
60 


eter  of 
pipe. 


No.  of 
lamps. 


10 
15 

20 


Dis- 
tance 
from 
main  In 
feet. 


100 
1,30 
150 


Diam- 
eter of 
pipe. 


No.  of 
lamps. 


Dis- 
tance 
from 

main 
in  ft. 


180 
200 


Diam- 
eter of 
pijie. 


1% 


1% 

NJllna^if^^^K^  conducted  by  Mr.  Pattinson,  analvtical  chemist, 
^h^r^-fv.'l'r  ^""'"  ^®  ^^^^  «^^«  "ght  equivalent  to  ITf  caudles; 
Tf^i  '  7i^  a  *i"^,®  qu^mtity  of  gas,  some  burners  gave  only  3f 
otaers  ,5.i.  6,  8,  and  9i  candle  light.  fe  "'i  ^. 

_  A.^to  the  quality  of  ilbmhmtimi  gas,  the  English  law  enacts  that 
such  gas  shall,  with  respect  to  its  puritv,  be  so  far  free  from  am- 
monia and  sulpnuretted  hydrogen  that  it  shall  not  discolor  either 
turmeric  paper,  or  paper  imbued  witij  acetate  or  carbonate  of  lead, 
when  these  tests  are  exposed  to  &  current  of  gas,  issuing  for  oae  mJ^ 


636   FACT8   FOR   GAS    COMPANIES   AND    CONSi/MEHS. 

nte  under  a  pressure  of  five-tenths  of  an  rnch  of  ■water,  and  gball  not 
contain  more  than  20  grains  of  sulphur  in  any  form  in  100  cubic  ft.  of 
gas."  The  following  enumeration  shows  the  illuminating  power  of 
the  common  gas  used  in  Tar.ons  cities  and  towns  in  Great  Britain,  as 
determined  hy  Prof.  Frankland,  in  accordance  with  the  Goveinmeij* 
standard:  London,  12  caudles,  Liverpool,  22,  Manchester,  22,  Car- 
lisle, 16,  Birmingham,  15,  Ediuburiih,  2S,  Glasgow,  28,  Hawick,  30. 
Aberdeen,  35,  Inverness,  25,  Greenock,  i'S.o,  Paisley,  S0.3.  In  Berlin, 
it  is  15.5,  Palis,  12.3,  Vienna,  9;  and  in  the  United  States  it  varies 
from  12  to  18  candles,  computing  by  the  English  standard.  Gas 
manufactured  from  cannel  coal  emits  a  light  tlie  standard  of  which  is 
equal  to  20  candles.  This  gas,  in  London,  is  usually  supplied  to  tlie 
piiblic  buildings  and  the  residences  of  the  wealthy.  London  has  now 
(1876)  5,000  miles  of  gas  mains,  54.000  street  lamps,  which  bum 
3,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  each  night ;  on  the  lighting  of  the  lamps 
and  other  lights  the  deoxydation  of  the  atmosphere  caused  thereby  ia 
equivalent  to  the  addition  of  500,000  inhabitants  to  the  population. 

The  illuminating  value  of  gas  is  enonnously  enhanced  by  causing 
it,  after  it  haa  parsed  through  the  meter,  to  enter  a  Carhonizer  or 
Carbureter,  containing  gasoline,  or  other  light  oil,  where  it  becomes 
saturated  and  enriched  by  tlie  absorption  of  the  carbonaceous  fumes 
and  vapors  generated  fro'm  the  oil  previous  to  emission  into  the  ser- 
vice pipes  of  the  building.  The  apparatus  ought  to  be  of  sufficient 
size,  and  should,  in  its  construction  and  location,  combmc  every 
available  appliance  to  ensure  safety,  strength,  simplicity,  and  ease  of 
management,  while  presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  for  the 
proper  evaporation  of  its  contents.  The  economy  of  this  carbureted 
gas  is  such  th.at  a  two-foot  burner  emits  the  light  of  five  feet  of  com- 
mon gas,  while  the  direct  saving  effected  on  the  consumption  of  the 
latter,  varies,  according  to  the  quality  of  the  gas  used,  from  33  to  43 

Eer  cent.  Hvdrogen,  an  essential  component  of  coal  g^s,  is  the 
ghtest  substance  in  nature,  being  15  times  lighter  than  air,  and  12,000 
times  lighter  than  water,  and  requires  for  perfect  combustion,  8 
tones  its  weight,  or  half  its  volume  of  oxygen  ;  in  its  passage  through 
the  carbiireter  above  described,  it  is  simply  the  medium  or  vehicle  to 
transmit  the  particles  of  vapomed  carbon  from  the  generator  to  the 
burner,  where  on  ignition  it  attracts  to  itself  a  sufficient  portion  of 
the  surroundins  oxvgen,  etc.,  to  effect  illumination.  When  12  lights 
with  5  foot  bumei^  are  required  to  furnish  the  desired  light  from 
common  gas,  6  lights,  with  3  foot  liurneis  and  carbureted  gas,  is 
found  to  be  all  sufficient  for  the  same  purpose.  ■      ,  ■     ^ 

Gasoline  1>eing  almost  a  pure  cai]K>n,  may  be  transmitted  m  the 
vaporized  form  in  combination  with  the  coal  gas,  direct  from  the  gas 
works  t/>  the  consumer.  The  Superintendent  of  the  AA  est  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  Gas  Works,  reports  a  product  of  603.600  cubic  feet  of  20  candle 
gas  from  TObbis.  benzine,  72  gravitv,  costing  $1.75  per  bbl.,  being  a 
result  of  8,622  feet  per  bbl..  at  a  cost,  including  material,  labor,  futl, 
etc.,  of  about  32  cents  per  lOOO  cubic  feet.  Crude  petroleum  and 
heaw  oil  from  the  refineries,  including  gasoline,  benzine,  etc..  were 
all  tested  and  used  -vrith  the  greatest  ea^e.  the  vaporizing  or  carbon- 
izing process  being  produced  by  nie;u»s  of  supevheatcd  or  other  ster:ra 
fassjne  through  a  coil  of  pipe  inside  a  tank  oi-  still  couUiining  the  oil. 
topoftk^na  used  were:  14  candle  gas.  50  per  rent,  oil  gas.  80  per  cent 
»ir,  15  i-^t  ceat    It  is  -worthy  ol  note  tiiM  tiiO  unusually  large  per 


FACTS    FOR   GAS    COMPANIES   AND    CONSUITEKS.    537 

rentage  of  air  did  not  perceptibly  diminish  the  illuminatine  power  of 
the  compound,  used  with  common  coal  gas,  15  per  cent  of  aar  would 
have  produced  great  obscurity  in  the  resultant  light 

Owiug  to  the  cheapness  of  petroleum  and  its  products,  several 
towus  have  commenced  its  exclusive  use  for  the  production  of  illu- 
miuatiug  gas,  and  rind  it  much  clieai)er  and  better  every  way  than 
the  gas  produced  from  coal.  In  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  elsewhere,  sev- 
eral enterprising  firms  have  taken  a  notable  step  in  utilizing  natural 
gas,  which  is  conveyed  in  some  instances  many  miles  through  pipes 
from  the  wells,  and'is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  for  illumina- 
tion, the  generation  of  steam  power,  etc.  The  gas,  manufactured  in 
natiue's  alembic,  is  most  probably  generated  by  the  action  of  subter- 
ranean heat  operating  on  an  ocean  of  volatile  carbonaceous  matter  at 
a  great  depth  in  the  earth,  from  which  it  frequently  issues  with  ter- 
rific noise  and  irresistable  force  on  the  penetration  of  the  crust  by 
drilling  or  otherwise. 

Gas  machmes  for  generating  gas  from  gasoline  are  now  in  exten- 
sive use  for  Ughting  factories,  dwclluigs,  oflfices,  etc.  A  good  illus- 
tration of  a  moi?t  meritorious  invention  of  this  class  can  be  seen  on  the 
next  page.  The  gjis  made  by  this  machine,  known  as  carburettcd  air 
gas,  is  obtained  by  the  impulsion  of  common  air,  by  means  of  an  air- 
pump,  into  a  carbureter  containing  gpsoline.  In  this  receptacle  the 
air  becomes  satumted  and  impregnated  with  the  carbonaceous  vapors 
from  the  gasoline,  and,  impelled  by  the  action  of  the  air-pump,  it 
transmits  its  burden  to  the  bimiers  tlirough  the  service  pipes  of  the 
building,  yielding  a  beautiful,  rich,  bright  flame,  conceded  to  be  fully 
equal  to  that  evolved  by  the  best  coal  gas,  b(7ing  free  from  sulj^hur- 
ous  compounds  and  other  imjiu.ities.  Nearly  one  thousand  of  these 
machines  are  now  in  successful  op'eration  in  the  United  States,  Can- 
ada, etc.,  and  the  saving  eiTeotcd  by  them  is  almost  incredible.  Tlie 
proprietors  of  the  National  Drover's  Hotel,  cor.  100th  Street  and 
3d  Avenno,  New  York,  certify  that  their  gas  bill  for  one  year,  with  a 
200  Ught  Gas  JIachine,  was  only  $550,  the  light  obtained  being  every 
way  more  desirable,  and  far  superior  to  that  formerly  supplied  by 
the  "  citj'  gas  "  at  an  annual  cost  of  nearly  .?1,400. 

blAMETEU    AlfD    EXTREME  LENGTH     OF     PlPR     AND     NUMBER     OF 
BlTRNKRS   ALLOWED  FOR  CaRBUKETTED   GA9,  SeRVEI)  BY  GaS 

Machine.    (Gilbert  &  Barker). 

Greateet  namber  of  boaMa 
to  be  luppUed. 

2 
4 

15 
25 
40 
70 
.       140 
225 
.       300 
500 
As  to  the  qvalityot  carVniretted  air  gas  it  possesses  an  illuminnting 
power  of  from  1(5  to  20  candles,  being  nearly  equal  to  cannel  ga*,  and 
la  characterized  by  perfect  combustion,  ease  of  lighting,  large  volume 
vt  flame,  and  perfect  coiubinAtion. 


Greatest  number  of  feet 

Size  of 

lobe 

run. 

20  feet  . 

3 

SO 

i 

60 

'«     ^ 

•    1 

70 

1 

100 

*'     ,           , 

.     li 

150 

15 

200 

"     , 

2 

300 

'    .     ■    2i 

400 

"     ,            ^ 

.     3 

600 

4 

H6 


eJLS  MACHINB. 


ON  GAS   METEUS,  AC. 


659 


CiiAsaiFiCATTON  OF  Hydrocakbons.— The  grade  usually  ac- 
cepted by  distillers  stands  as  follows  :  All  above  88"  of  Baume'a 
hydrometer  is  styled  chimogene,  from  88°  to  70°  gasoline,  from  70<' 
to  60°  naphtlia,  from  60°  to  50°  benzine,  from  50°  to  35°  kerosene, 
from  35°  to  28°  lubricating  oil. 

On  Gas  Meters— In  distinguisliing  between  dry  and  wet  meters,  the 
construction  of  tlie  former  is  briefly  as  follows :  In  a  gas-light  me- 
tallic box  are  placed  2  or  3  bellows  U'ke  vessels,  which  instead  of  being 
inflated  by  air,  are  inflated  by  the  gas  entering  from  the  service  pipes. 
When  inflated  to  some  extent  an  arrangement  of  sjjriugs  and  levers 
forces  the  gas  out  of  the  bellows  a;;aiu  into  the  exit-pipe  leading  to 
the  burners.  The  cubic  capacity  of  the  chambers  (as  the  bellows  like  ar- 
rangements are  called),  luiving  been  accurately  adjusted,  the  move- 
ments of  their  walls  is  communicated  to  wheel-work,  wliich  b«ing 
connected  with  dials,  indicate  in  tens,  hundreds  and  thousands,  th« 
coQsumption  of  gas  in  cubic  feet. 


Fig.  1.  Fio.  1. 

D^  meters  are  preferred  on  account  as  well  of  not  being  liable  to 
te  affected  by  frost  as  of  not  causing  the  sudden  extinguishing  of  the 
gas-light  for  want  of  water  as  may  occur  with  wet  meters.  Wet 
meters  are  constructed  upon  a  plan  devised  in  1817,  by  Clegg.  and  im- 
proved by  Crossley,  and  others.  Figs.  1,  2,  3  and  4,  are  drawings  of 
this  kind  of  meter,  which  con.xists  in  the  first  place  of  an  outer  cylin- 
drical box  of  cast  iron,  closed  on  all  sides.  In  this  box  is  placed  a 
drum  of  pure  block-tin,  divided  into  4  compartments,  bearing  upon  a 
bell-metal  axis,  and  immersed  for  rathex  more  than  half  its  circum- 
ference in  water.  By  the  pressure  of  the  ga.<.  and  the  ensuing  de- 
Eression  of  the  water,  the  drunr  revolves,  ench  of  its  compartments 
ecoming  alternately  filled  with  and  emi>tied  of  gas.  On  the  axis  of 
the  drum  is  an  endless  screw,  whicli  by  mechanical  means  is  connected 
with  the  wheel-work  of  the  dials.  The  ilrum  is  very  accurately  adjusted, 
so  that  at  every  complete  revolution  a  certiin  cubic  quantity  of  gaa 
pasees  through  aad  is  registered,    i'ig.  1  exhibits  the  apparatus  with 


540 


ox    GAS   3I£X£BS,   &C. 


the  front  plate  removed;  Fig.  2  shovrs  the  side  of  the  meter;  Fig.  3  ii 
tectiouol  plan:  and  Fig.  4  is  a  section  through  the  box;  a  is  the  box 
.  ■  taO  drum,  b  its  axis,  c  the  errf!c?  j  ^ : retv ;  bearing  in  the  wheel  d,  and 
ca.rrinsby  means  oi  ether..  the  drum  on  to  the  wheel-work 

of  the  dLois :  /'  </  is  the  inlet  ^s,  wiiich  flows  into  the  valva 

Uix,  A  and  passing  by  the  v_-  . .  .  ..  j.:open  as  long  as  the  meter 
contains  snfiicient  water  for  action),  do ws  through  |he  bent  tub**,  I 
into  the  bulged  cover  of  the  dnun,  or  teehnically  antechamber  m. 


and  t^ 

valv 
rth 

mn 
wit; 
by  i: 
pas 
b«  . 
thev 


Fig.  3  Fig.  4. 

•i''e  hd^  tie  sp-erol  comy.artm'-nLS  of  tr.e^  r!rr.m.    Hence  th« 

'^,  o  J  is  the 
1  with  water; 

:-:d 

-i 

f 

:_..    .__.     •   .   .-:.d 


leveL 

ifartnre  of  water  mg  e^w^ntiaHv  consists 

uf 


ti^.-  oi  ui.ir.-li-§iis.  i 
oxide  and  hvdri^sen. 
soita^"-  •  -  ^'■--=- 
1.  P 
com:: 


:i:« 


which,  bv  be* 
-  and  GlllarcPg 
plan.  S.  Hj  L^-iiie^zi^zi-iz^tL-  ^- s  v  ::j  v:i;'.rs  ci  tjilro-carbons,  as 
above  described,  the  original  idea  being  dae  to  Jobard  (1S32),  of 
Brussels. 

G.^  WELLS.— Althonih  these  remarkable  wells  are  qnitentnneTotia 
in  Permsvlvania,  they  are  bv  no  means  confined  to  that  locality.  la 
the  neighborhood  of  Fr^rdonia,  NewYork.  a  native  permajient  ?oarc« 
«X  gas  «xi^  wbich  having  beta  accideixtall/  discoreKii  bj  tiL% 


GAS   LIGHTING,    GAS    EXGINES,    AC.  541 

{mlling  down  of  a  mill  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Canadaway, 
bBi  been,  by  boring  the  bituminous  liinestone,  enlarged,  and  a  gas 
holder  couitructed.  Tiie  native  ga^  now  ten  e^  the  purpose  of  illumi- 
nating the  locality.  In  the  Szlatiua  salt  mine,  in  Hangars-,  iiliuninat- 
ing  gas  is  constantly  evolved,  at  a  de.-th  of  vO  metre*,  m  great  quan- 
tities, and  subser^■es  the  purpose  of  if^lit  ji^;  uj)  the  mine.  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Imbert,  ^ho,  as  a  missiouarj".  h,.?  t,,.\  eiied  tl;rc'ii:rh  China,  stat^ 
that  in  the  province  of  SzuTohhouau,  where  ic:.:  -      fsforK-ck 

salt  have  been  made  to  the  depth  of  al>o>.t  1  eet,  gns  is 

permanently  emitted  and  conveyed  in  bamboo  t...  ._  ^ -lies  where 
it  is  used  for  lighting  and  heating  purposes,  more  especially  the  heat- 
ing of  salt-pans  in  which  the  brine  is  evaporated.  In  Central  Asia, 
and  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  there  are,  at  several  localities,  so-called 
infernal  fires,  which  aie  due  to  the  coustint  evclr.tion  of  gas  from 
the  soil.  Similar  phenomena  exist  at  Arbela,  in  Central  Asia,  at 
Chitta-Gong,  in  Bengal,  and  other  placet. 

About  1786,  Earl  DimdoniUd  made  experiment?  on  gas  licrhtiug  at 
Cnlross  Abbey;  but  it  should  beobser\edi-e<a',Tdingtlif  se  experiments 
that  they  were  made  with  the  view  of  obtaining  tar.  the  pas  evolved 
by  the  distillation  of  the  coals  being  regarded  as  a  curiosity.  The 
real  inventor  of  practical  mslighti'ig  i5"Y>'uiiam  IMuidock.  who.  in 
1792,  lit  his  shops  at  Redruth,  Cornwall,  with  gas  oltiiined  from  coals. 
The  first  more  extensive  gns-work  was  estc  Liished  in  1S02.  by  Mur- 
dock.  at  the  Soho  Foundrj-,  ne:  r  Birmingham,  the  property'of  the 
celebrated  Boulton  it  Watt.  In  ISOo  he  iiluniinated  two* cotton  mills 
in  Manchester  the  same  way. 

Gas  Exgixes. — In  Lenoir's  gas  engine,  now  much  employed  in 
France,  the  source  of  power  is  the  exjiansion  arising  from  theelplo- 
sion  of  gas.  Air  and  gas  are  admitted  to  a  cylinder  in  the  proj  ortion 
of  11  to  1:  a  sj^rk  from  a  galvanic  batten,-  is  sent  through  it:  the 
spark  explodes  the  mixture,  and  the  exi>an.«ion  consequent  on  this 
explosion  drives  3  piston  to  the  other  end  of  the  cylinder.  Mechanism 
does  all  the  rest:  opens  a  slide  valve  to  permit  exit  to  the  exploded 
mixture,  drives  the  piston  back  by  the  momentum  of  a  fly-wlseel,  opens 
tubes  for  the  admission  of  new  air  and  gas.  e^tablisl'e.s  connection 
again  with  the  battery,  and  prepares  for  a  renewal  of  the  action,  and 
so  on  continuously.  These  engines  are  cortly  in  the  fir<t  instance, 
and  many  precautions  are  necessarv  to  prevent  them  being  overheated ; 
but  they  require  no  fireman,  and  are  rather  cheaper  to  work  than 
steam-engines ;  consequently  they  are  much  employed  for  2  to  4  horse- 
power purposes- 

PRODrCTS    OF   A  CORD    OF    PlTCH    PlNE    OBTAINED    BT    DlSTIL- 

UiTJO^.— Charcoal,  50  bushels:  Ilhnninatinf/  Ga^,  about  1000  cubic 
feet:  lUnminatinq  Oil  and  Tar.  SOgaR:  Eoshi  Ih  bbls. ;  Pvnjli'f/ieous 
Acid,  100  gals. ;  Spirits  TarpeiUine,20gals. ;  Tar'l  bbl. ;  Hoodi^lr.t, 
&  gals. — IlasictU. 

To  Mkxd  Iron- Rbtokts.— Fire  clay  15  lbs..  1  lb.,  witli 

water  sutlicient  to  make  a  thick  paste.  "   Apply  :  -u  jKiit  of 

the  rett>rt  while  at  a  good  working  heat,  then  ....  ..     ._li  fine  coaJ 

dust,  and  charge  the  retort  for  working. 

To  Stop  Le.4.ks  in  Cl.\y  Rktorts  When  at  Worktnq  Heat:— 
Five  part«  fire  clay,  2  parts  white  sand,  1  part  of  borax  pressed  and 
gioasd.     Mix  the  whole  together  wiih  as  much  water  as  may  be  n&< 


542         MACHUrtSTS,   ENGDfEEES',    AC,    RECEIPT3.' 


•SBary  to  bring  it  to  the  consistence  of  putty.  Roll  it  in  the  hands  to 
a  proper  length  and  apply  it  over  the  ciaclc,  pressing  it  Trith  a  long 
epatnla  into  the  crack. 

To  Remove  Deposit  of  Cakbox  from  Clat  Retokts. — Leave 
the  retort  uncharged  for  48  hours,  or  as  long  as  can  be  gi:)ared.  Put 
the  lid  on  the  mouth-piece  so  as  to  be  closed  at  top,  and  open  two  or 
three  inches  at  the  bottom.  Take  out  the  stopper  from  stand  pipe, 
eo  as  to  allow  a  current  of  air  to  pass  through  the  retorl  and  oiydize 
the  carbon  ;  use  no  bar.  Put  in  a  charge  of  coal  after  the  retort  haa 
Liin  idle  the  number  of  hours  required,  and  when  it  is  withdrawn  tha 
carbon  comes  with  it. 

To  Preve>-t  Gas  Meters  From  pKrEzixG. — Half  a  pint  of  good 
glycerine  is  said  to  prevent  the  freezing  of  1  gid.  water,  though  at 
least  double  the  proportion  is  preferaLle  in  the  country,  whatever 
the  temperature  in  the  winter  may  happen  to  be. 


^^^:;s^^o  ^^'^s^>'o  <^'S^^4f 

7 


LO.OOO 


10  D  EACH. 


HoTT  To  Rr:.4J3  Tnz  G.vs  Meter.  Tlie  figures  on  the  index  at  the 
right  hand  denote  even  hundreds.  "VMien  the  hand  completes .  the 
entire  circle  it  denotes  ten  hundred,  and  is  registered  by  the  hand  in 
the  centre  circle,  pointing  to  one — each  figure  in  the  centre  circle 
being  a  thousand,  this  entire  circle  being  ten  thousand  ;  and  is  re- 
gistered on  the  index  of  the  left  hand  circle  by  the  hand,  there  de- 
noting by  each  figure,  ten  thousand. 

The  quantity  of  gas  which  passes  through  the  meter,  is  ascertained 
by  reading  from  the  index  at  the  time  the  amount  is  required  to  b« 
mown,  and  deducting  therefrom  the  quantity  shown  by  the  index  at 
a  presious  observation. 

If  the  whole  is  registered  bv  the  hands  on  the  three  circles  above, 
it  indicates \ 49.900 

Amount  at  previous  observation,  as  shown  bv  the  dotted 
lines ". 42.5(X) 

Shows  amount  which  passed  through  since  last  taken  off 7.403 

The  register  at  all  times  shows  the  quantity  that  has  passed  through 
gince  the  meter  was  first  set,  by  deducting  from  which  the  amoimt 
that  has  been  paid  for  (without  any  regard  to  the  time  when,) 
ehows  that  the  difierence  remains  nnp-Hld. 

To  PuKrFT  Gas. — ^Tlie  purifier  is  to  be  filled  with  miBr  of  lime, 
made  by  mixing  1  part  of  slaked  lime  with  25  parts  of  water.  A  very 
rreat  improvement  in  the  purification  of  gas  has  been  effected  by 
Sir.  Statter,  of  England,  by  the  emplo.^^ne^t  of  hydrated  clay  along 
vith  the  lime  employed  for  this  purpose.    Hydrated  clay  uoites  wit& 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   AC,  BECEIPT3.         543 

the  ammonia  of  the  gas  .is  ■with  a  base,  and,  at  tho  same  time  with  its 
enlphuret  of  carbon  as  an  acid,  and  tlius  removes  both  of  these  nox- 
ious  impurities  from  the  gas  exix)sed  to  its  iufluenca  It  assists  also, 
in  conjunction  with  the  lime,  in  removing  tarry  vapor  and  other 
impurities  from  the  gas.  The  illuminating  power  of  tlie  gas  is  posi- 
tively increased  by  the  clay  purification  from  22  to  33^  per  cent. 
Latterly,  use  is  made  of  hydra  ted  sesquiuxide  of  iron  for  purifying  gas. 

To  Avoid  Waste  of  Gas. — Turn  tlie  gas  partly  off  at  the  meter  ; 
much  pas  is  burned  to  waste  by  tt>o  great  pvessui  e  in  certain  localities. 
In  buildings  of  any  size  a  good  regulator  will  soon  pav  for  itself.  To 
stop  the  leakage  of  gas.  Tuin  oil  the  gas  back  of  the  meter  ;  then 
take  out  (a  screw  driver  is  all  the  tool  required)  the  plug.  Next  light 
a  wax,  sperm,  or  paraffine  candle,  and  drop  the  melted  wax,  sperm, 
or  parafHne  upon  the  surface  of  the  plug,  till  it  is  covered  with  a  thin 
layer.  Next,  screw  in  tlie  tap,  and  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  the  leak 
will  be  stopped,  and  remain  etopiied. 

To  Remedy  Scattering  Siior  Gtnvs. — The  only  remedy  known 
to  gunsmiths-is  by  choke-boring,  that  is,  boring  from  the  breech  of 
the  gun,  so  as  to  have  a  gradual  toper  towards  the  muzzle.  Thia 
method  of  boring  greatly  improves  the  shooting  qualities  of  the  gun, 
as  the  charge  concentrates  at  the  muz;:le.  Large  shot  are  more  ajit  to 
scatter  than  fine,  but  this  depends  on  the  bore  of  the  gun.  A  large 
Ijored  gun  does  not  shoot  fiue  shot  so  well  as  medium.  A  small 
tored  gun  throws  fine  sliot  with  greater  force  than  a  large  bored 
one.  As  a  general  thing,  a  small  bored  gim  is  not  adapted  to  large 
ehot,  as  it  does  not  chamber  them  well.  The  length  of  gun  also  de- 
pends on  the  size  of  bore — 28  or  30  inches  for  a  gun  of  from  10  to  14 
gange ;  30  to  34,  of  guns  from  8  to  10  ;  2G  to  28,  of  jjuus  of  15  to 
18  gauge. 

Bkoxzinq  Fluid  for  Grxs. — Nitric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1 .2  part's ;  nitric 
ether,  alcohol,  muriate  of  iron,  each  1  part;  mix,  then  add  sulphato 
of  copper,  2  parts,  dissolved  in  water,  10  parts. 

Bluing  on  Revolveks  and  Gun  B.vrrel3  is  performed  by 
Bimply  heating  the  piece  to  be  blued  in  powdered  charcoal  over  a  firs 
until  the  desired  color  is  obtiined. 

Fine  Blue  Finish  for  Gun  Barrels. — Apply  nitric  acid  and  let 
it  eat  into  tho  iron  a  little  ;  then  the  latter  will  be  covered  witli  a 
thin  film  of  oxide.  Clean  the  barrel,  oil  and  bumi.sh.  A  very  fiuo 
appearance  is  given  to  gr.n  barrels  by  tre;iting  them  with  dilute 
nitric  acid  and  vinegar,  to  which  has  been  added  suljjhate  of 
copper.  The  metallic  copper  is  deposited  irregularly  over  the  iron 
surface  ;  wash,  oil  and  rub  with  a  hard  brush. 

Browning  for  Gun  Barrels. — Spirits  of  nitre,  lib.;  alcohol,  J 
lb. ;  corrosive  sublimate.  1  oz. ;  mix  in  a  bottle,  and  cork  for  nse. 
Directions:  polish  the  barrel  perfect;  t^icn  rub  it  with  quick  lima 
with  a  cloth,  which  removes  grease  and  dirt;  now  apply  tlie  brown- 
ing fluid  with  a  clean  white  cloth,  apply  one  coat,  and  set  it  in  a  warm 
dark  place  for  from  10  to  20  hours,  until  a  red  rust  forms  on  it;  then 
card  it  down  with  a  gunmaker's  card,  and  rub  off  with  a  clean  cloth. 
Repeat  the  process  if  vou  wi.<h  a  dark  shade. 

Browning  for  Twist  Barrels.— Spirits  of  nitre,  f  oz. ;  tincture 
of  steel,  5  oz. ;  or  use  t*ie  nnraedio.Tted  tincture  of  iron  if  the  tincture 
©J»teei  cajrnot  be  vuuUicdj  l.)ias!]*  t>riiaj»to»e,  4  oz. ;  bin©  vitriolj  | 


f>44         MACHINISTS,    EXGIXEEKS',    AC,  EECEIPTS. 

oz. ;  corrosive  sublimate,  J oz. ;  nilric  acid,  Idram;  copperas,  Jos,; 
mix  with  1^  pints  rain  -n-ater,  and  bottle  lor  use.  Tins  is  to  be  ap- 
plied the  same  as  the  first ;  it  causes  the  twist  of  the  barrel 
to  be  visible  after  application,  a  quality  which  the  other  liquid  does 
not  possess. 

Bbowutn-g  Composition  fob  Grx  Barhels. — 1.  Blue  •vitriol,  4 
oz. ;  tincture  of  muriate  of  iron.  2  oz. ;  vrater,  1  qt ;  dissolve,  and  add 
aquafortis  and  sweet  spirits  of  nitre,  of  each,  1  oz.  2.  Blue  vitiiol 
and  sweet  eiiirits  of  nitre,  of  eacli  1  oz. ;  aquafortis,  i  oz. ;  water,  1 
pint.  To  be  used  in  the  same  manner  as  previously  described  in  this 
■work. 

Vak>tsh  A>rD  PousH  FOB  Gcx  Stocks. — Gum  shellac,  10  oza. ; 
gam  sandarac,  1  oz. ;  Venice  turiientine,  1  dr. ;  93  per  cent  alcohol, 
1  gaL ;  shake  the  jug  occasionally  for  a  day  or  two,  and  it  is  ready 
for  use.  Apply  a  few  coats  of  this  to  your  gun  stocks,  polish  by  rub- 
bing smooth,  n'ud  your  work  is  complete. 

Boring  Gcn  Barrels. — Take  a  piece  Ox  rod,  cast  steel,  J  inch 
cmaller  than  the  interior  of  the  barrel,  and  a  few  inches  longer,  beat 
one  end  up  something  larger  than  the  size  of  the  bore,  then  turn  or 
file  it  in  the  shape  of  an  egg,  leaving  tlio  swell,  or  centreing  ixiit 
l-20th  of  an  inch  larger  than  the  bore.  AVith  a  Baw  file,  cut  longi- 
tudinal cuts,  I  inch  ajiart,  laying  them  tha  same  angle  as  a  rose  bit 
countersink,  taking  care  not  to  injure  the  periphery  of  the  tool; 
tarden  and  temper  to  straw  color. 

D.AMASccs  Twist  a>'i>  Stcb-Twist  Gc^-B.arrel.^. — Tlie  twisted 
barrels  are  made  out  of  long  ribbands  of  iron,  woimd  spirally  around 
a  mandril,  and  welded  on  their  edges  by  jumping  them  on  the  ground, 
or  ratlier  on  an  anvil  embedded  therein.  The  plain  stub  barrels  are 
made  iuthis  manner,  from  iron  manufactured  from  a  bundle  of  stub- 
nails,  welded  together,  and  drawn  out  into  ribbands,  to  in.^iire  the 
possession  of  a  tuaterial  most  thoroughly  and  Intimately  worked. 
The  Damascus  "jarrels  are  made  from  a  mLxture  of  stub-nails  and 
clippings  of  Bte^i  in  given  propoitious,  puddled  together,  made  into  a 
bloom,  and  sibssqnently  passed  through  ajl  the  stages  of  the  manu- 
facture of  iron,  in  order  to  obtain  an  iron  that  shall  be  of  an  unequal 
quality  and  hardness,  and  therefore  di.«play  different  colors  and 
markings  when  oxidized  or  browned.  Other  twisted  barrels  are 
made  in  the  like  manner,  except  that  the  bars  to  form  the  ribbands 
aretvHsted  whilst  red  hot,  like  ropes,  some  to  the  right,  others  to  the 
left,  and  which  are  sometimes  laminated  together  for  greater  divers^ 
ity.  They  are  subsequently  ai;iin  drawn  into  the  ribbands  and 
■wound  upon  the  in;mdril,  and  frequently  two  or  three  differently  pre- 
jjared  pieces  are  placed  side  by  side  to  form  the  complex  and  orna- 
mental figures  for  the  barrels  of  fowling-pieces,  described  as  stub- 
twist,  wire-twist,  JJamasciis-t^rist,  &c.  "Sometimes  Damascus  gun- 
barrels  are  formed  by  arranging  twenty-five  thin  bars  of  iron  and 
mild  steel  in  alternate  layers,  welding  t]ie  whole  together,  drawing 
it  down  small,  twisting  it  like  a  rope,  and  aeaiu  welding  three  such 
ropes,  for  the  formation  of  tlie  ribband,  which  is  then  spirally  twisted 
to  form  a  barrel,  that  exhibits,  when  finished  and  acted  upon  by 
acids,  a  diversified,  laminated  appearance,  resembling,  when  prop- 
erly managed,  an  ostrich  feather. 

t>A2i^JiK£Ksisa. — ^This  is  the  art,  now  in  a  great  measoie  lost,  oi 


KACnunSTS,  engineers*,  AC,  EECE1PT3.        5i5 

|»roducing  a  watered  or  Travy  appearance  on  the  gtecl  sword-bladea, 
armoiir,  &:c.,  or  of  mlaying  and  eucrnstuig  steel  ^rith  gold  and  silver, 
originally  practised  at  Damascus.  Various  methods  of  damaskeen- 
faig  were  practised,  but  the  most  common  seem  to  bava  been  those  of 
welding  two  different  kinds  of  steel,  or  steel  and  iron,  together,  or  of 
cutting  lines  on  the  eurface  of  the  steel  and  filling  them  with  gold  or 
Bilver,  which  was  either  forced  into  the  incised  lines  and  brought  to  a 
level  with  the  surface  of  tlie  steel,  or  remained  in  relief  above  it. 
■yVhen  the  former  method  was  used,  a  light  pattern,  generally  in  many 
lines,  was  produced  on  a  dark  ground,  or  vice  versa,  and  the  junction 
of  the  metals  caused  the  pattern  to  run  through  the  entire  thick- 
nees  of  the  blade,  so  that  it  could  not  be  obliterated  even  by  grind- 
ing. 

On  Wood  Ccts  a>i)  New  Wood  Ttpes. — ^Wood  cuts  should  never 
be  washed  with  lye  or  water,  benzine  or  caniphene  only  shoiild  be 
nsed.  Large  woo<i  letters  when  new  should  be  soaked  in  a  mixture 
of  turpentine  and  thin  boiled  linseed  oil  over  night,  and  taken  out  of 
the  bath  in  the  morning,  and  then  wiped  clean.  Let  them  stand 
awhile  to  absorb  what  oU,  etc.,  may  not  have  been  removed  by 
wiping,  then  ink  them  welL  After  they  stand  a  few  hours  wash  them 
"Sfith  benzine. 

Petsteks'  Roixeks. — Xo.  1.  Black  Composition,  very  durable  and 
elastic  Genuine  Irish  or  Buffalo  glue  lOJ  lbs.,  black  sugar  cane,  or 
best  maple  molasses,  1  gal.,  purified  Lidia  rubber  shavings,  1  lb., 
Carolina  tar,  2  ozs.,  glycerine,  L2  ozs.,  strong  vinegar.  4ozs.  Soak 
the  glue  over  night  and  drain  in  the  morning  by  means  of  a  covered 
colander.  Boil  molasses  and  skim  for  20  minutes.  Add  the  rubber 
•havings  and  stir  until  it  combines  with  tlio  molasses,  add  the  glue 
and  boU  6  or  7  minutes,  and  pour.  If  purified  rubber  cannot  be  pro- 
cured add  1^  lbs.  more  glue  and  4  ozs.  more  glycertue.  No.  1  glue,  2 
lbs.  ;  Baeder's  glue  2  lbs.  ;  best  sugar  house  molasses,  1  gal.  ;  gly- 
cerine, ^  pt.  For  WirUer  use,  reduce  each  glue  J  to  f  of  a  lb.  Soak 
the  glues  wrapped  up  separately  in  woolen  cloths  about  three  hours. 
Boil  the  molasses  45  or  50  minutes,  skimming  thoroughly.  Then  add 
the  glues  drained  of  superfluous  water.  Boil  tlie  whole  for  15  or  20 
minutes,  add  the  glvcerine,  boU  and  stir  3  to  5  minutes  then  pour  off. 
Xo.  3.  Strong  Middle  Weather  Rollers.  Temp.  60^  to  TO^  FaJir. 
Co<ipers  best  glue,  8^  lbs. ;  extra  syrup,  2  gals.  ;  glycerine,  1  pt.  ; 
Venice  turpentine,  2  ozs.  Steep  the  glue  in  rain  water  nntU  pliant, 
tnd  drain  it  weU.  Then  melt  it  over  a  moderate  fire,  but  do  not 
"  cook  it."  This  will  take  from  15  to  25  minutes.  Next  pat  in  the 
pyrup,  and  boil  J  of  an  hour,  stirring  it  occasionally  and  skimming  off 
luipurities  arising  to  the  surface.  Add  the  glycerine  and  turpentine 
•  lew  minutes  before  removing  from  the  fire,  and  pour  slowly. 
Slightly  reduce  or  increase  the  glue  as  the  weather  becomes  colder  or 
warmer. 

SiLVERixQ  SoLmoN  FOR  Electbottpe  Plates. — Nitrate  of 
eilver  2  drs.  ;  distilled  water,  37  drs.  Dissolve,  and  add  sal  ammott- 
iac,  1  dr.  ;  hydrophosphiie  of  soda,  4  drs.  ,•  precipitated  chalk.  4  drs. 
Agitate  the  preparation  occasionally  for  12  hours,  whdn  it  will  be 
seadf  for  use.     Apply  with  a  fine  sponge. 

PjRrvrixG  OS  Glass. — A  Frenchm.an,  named  Wilbaux,  has  taken  out 
ft  patent  to  use  an  ela^tip  type  for  printing  on  glass,  with  fioorspar 
^  36 


546         MJLCHIKIST3,    ZXGDfEEBS*,    AC,    KECEIPTS. 

rendered  aohesive  bv  sose  endi  material  as  mucDag*  or  printer^ 
ink  ;  sulpimric  acid  of  suitable  temperature  is  tliea  allowed  to  act  on 
that  portion  of  the  glass.  The  hydroflooric  acid  generated  in  thia 
■way  would  etch  the  gL-^s  on  the  places  printed  on.  "When  comfdeted, 
the  whole  is  washed  oH  -wizh  warm  water  and  lye. 

Liquid  fob  Bf.:g3te>-i>-g  Coamox  QrAi-'irrEs  or  Black  ob 
Colored  Ikss. — Demar  Tarnish,  1  02.  ;  balsam  lir,  ^  oz.  ;  oil  ber- 
gamot,  25  drops  ;  bakam  of  copaiba,  '65  drops  ;  creosote,  10  drops : 
oopfd  varnish,  50  drops.  Use  in  gmall  ({uantiitiea.  The  whites  01 
Iresh  eggs  are  also  brighteners  of  colored  mks,  but  they  must  be  ap- 
plied a  little  at  a  time,  as  they  dry  very  hard,  and  are  apt  to  tako 
away  the  suction  of  rollers  if  used  for  aay  extended  period. 

Good  Eedcctsg  DBrnR. — Brovm's  (genuine)  Japan.  Use  in  email 
quantities.  Hardening  Gloss  For  Ink?. — Gum  Arabic  dissolved  in 
alconol  or  a  weak  dilution  of  oxalic  acid.  Use  in  small  quaaiitiest 
and  mix  with  the  ink  as  the  latttr  is  consumed. 

To  GiTE  Dark  LyKS  a  Broxze  ob  Qujc^q-eulSjjz  Hite. — Dissolve 
1^  lbs.  gum  shellac  in  1  gaL  ^  per  cent  alcchol  or  cologne  sjiixita  for 
24  hours.  Then  add  14  02a.  aniline  red.  Let  it  stand  &  few  honiB 
longer,  when  it  will  be  ready  for  use.  Add  tjus  to  good  blue,  black, 
or  other  dark  ink,  as  needed  in  quantities  to  suit,  when  if  carefully 
done  they  wiH  be  found  to  have  a  rich  bronze  or  changeable  hue. 

Quick' Drtzb  fob  Lxks  used  ox  Bookectdebs'  Cases. — ^Bees- 
wax, 1  oz.,  gum  arable  (dissolved  in  sufficient  acetic  add  to  make  a 
tnin  mucilage),  i  or..  Brown  Japan,  ^  oz.  Incorporate  with  1  lb.  of 
good  Cut  ink.  To  Benev:  a  Hard  Roller. — ^Wash  the  roller  cr-refunj- 
with  lye  cover  the  surface  with  a  thin  layer  of  molasses  arid  lay  it 
aside  till  the  next  morning,  then  wash  it  with  water,  and  let  it  bang 
till  dry  enough  for  using. 

Savage's  ""Prtstesg  Lkk. — Pure  balsam  of  copaiba,  9  ozs, ;  lamp- 
black, 3  ozs. ;  indigo  and  Prussian  blue,  each  5  drams;  Indian  red,  J 
oz. ;  yellow  soap,  3  ozs.     llix.  and  grind  to  the  utmost  smoothnessu 

PsbrrLKG  tvK. — ^Set  on  a  fire  in  a  large  iron  pot  12  gals,  of  dear 
linseed  oil,  boih  and  stir  until  it  smokes,  tLen  i^;nitc  it,  remove  it  from 
the  fire  and  let  it  bum  imtil  a  sample  will  draw  into  strings  between 
the  fingers.  Put  the  lead  on  to  extii^uL^h  the  flame,  then  add  1  lb. 
of  resin  to  each  qt  of  oQ;  dissolve,  and  add  gradoally  in  slic^a  1|  TtA. 
of  Boap;  heat  the  pot  until  the  soVjti«?n  is  complete,  when  tLe  varnish 
is  ready.  Two  sorts  axe  kept,  or^e  thick,  and  the  other  thin,  so  as  to 
mix  wfien  required :  the  diiierence  is  caused  in  the  boiling  and  firing 
being  kept  up  for  different  periods.  For  large  printing  ^pe  a  thin  it 
required,  as  thick  ink  woul3  only  print  in  patches ;  for  small  type  very 
•tile  ink  is  used,  to  prevent  it  running  ol.  For  making  black  ink, 
mix  together  miner^  laiKpbla<±,  8  lbs. :  vegetable  black,  7  lbs. ;  in- 
digo and  Prussian  blue  of  each  5  ozs.  Indian  red,  2  oxs. ;  grind  tbJB 
with  sufficiest  varnish,  gradnallj  adding  as  the  grinding  goes  00, 
For  colored  ink  use  colored  pigments,  according  to  the  required  shade. 

Gum  fob  Backlkg  Labels. — Mix  pure  dextrine  with  boilins 
water  until  it  assumes  the  consistencv  of  ordinary  mudlage.  Apply 
with  a  full  bodied,  evenly  made  camel  g  hair  brash.  The  paper  sbmila 
Dot  t-e  too  thin  or  imsized.  It  will  dry  quickly  and  adnere  wbsm 
«li;htlv  wet 
,   fsor.   Bottgsb's  Postabls  Lxk.— Make  the  Btroogest  posaiblt 


MACHCaSTS,    engineers',    AC,   RECEIPTS.         547 

eolation  of  aniline  black  in  water  or  alcohol,  and  soak  thick  onsized 
paper  thoroughly  to  imbibe  mirtiire,  and  then  dry  Put  in  a  botttle 
and  add  -water  as  required. 

CoLORi>'G  A>*D  Sizing  of  Papek. — Paper  is  adulterated  with  plas- 
ter of  Paris,  sometimes  to  the  extent  of  30  per  cent.,  to  increase  tho 
■weight.  Brown  paper  is  mixed  with  ochre  and  clay,  the  manufac- 
turers say,  to  give  it  a  nice  brown  color,  but  doubtless,"  the  true  reasoa 
is,  to  make  it  heavier.  White  soap,  glue,  starch,  and  dissolved  resin 
with  a  few  pounds  of  almn,  form  a  good  size  for  printing  paper  to  mix 
withftie  pulp.  Four  or  five  pounds  oxide  of  cobalt  (smalts),  give  a 
"beautiful  blue  tinge  to  fine  writing  paper,  when  added  to  100  lbs.  of 
the  rags.  Writing  paper  is  sized  by  being  dipped  5  or  6  sheets  at  a 
time  into  a  composition  made  from  skins  and  other  aTiimal  substances, 
a  Large  pile  of  it  being  afterwards  pressed  to  force  out  the  superfluity, 
although  machines  now  exist  making  fine  writing  paper,  sized  with 
gelatine,  dried,  and  cut  mto  sheets,  at  the  rate  of  GO  feet  a  minute  in 
length,  and  70  inches  wide.  Almost  any  desired  shade  may  be  im- 
parted to  paper  by  the  tise  of  several  of  the  coloring  pigments  mention- 
ed on  pa^e  lo2.  It  requires  great  skill  and  judgment  to  rightiy  pro- 
portion the  various  ingredients  for  coloring  the  pulp. 

To  PcLP  Straw  fob  Paper  Making. — The  straw  is  placed  in  a 
boiler,  with  a  large  quantity  of  strong  alkali,  and  with  a  pressure  of 
steam  equal  to  from  120  to  loO  pounds  per  square  inch,  the  extreme 
hciit  being  attained  in  saperheating  the  steam  after  it  leaves  th& 
boiler,  bv  passing  it  through  a  coiled  pipe  over  a  fire,  and  thus  the 
silica  is  destroyed,  and  the  straw  soften^  to  pulp,  which,  after  being 
freed  from  the  alkali  by  working  it  in  cold  water,  is  subsequentiy 
bleached  and  beaten  in  the  ordinary  rag  machine. 

To  Transfer  Pictures  from  Paper  to  Wood  fob  Re-ek- 
CRAVDfG.— Soak  the  print  in  a  saturated  solution  of  alcohol  and  white 
caustic  potash  to  soften  the  ink,  then  transfer  to  the  block  under  rol- 
ler pressure. 

To  Transfer  Prdtts,  &c. — Take  of  gum  sandarac,  4  ozs. ;  mastic, 
1  oz. ;  Yenice  turpentine,  1  oz. ;  alcohol,  15  ozs.  Digest  in  a  bottie, 
trequentiy  shaking,  and  it  is  ready  for  use.  Directions :  use,  if  pos- 
sible, good  plate  glass  of  the  size  of  the  picture  to  be  transferred,  go 
over  it  with  the  above  varnish,  beginning  at  one  side,  press  down  the 
picture  firmly  and  evenly  as  you  proceed,  so  that  no  air  can  possibly 
lodge  between ;  put  aside,  and  let  dry  perfectiy,  then  moisten  the 
paper  cautiously  with  water,  and  remove  it  piecemeal  by  rubbin» 
•arefully  with  the  fingers;  if  managed  nicely,  a  complete  transfer 
of  the  picture  to  the  glass  will  be  effected. 

Paper  for  Dr.^ughts3ien,  &c. — Powdered  tragacanth,  1  part; 
water,  10  parts ;  dissolve  and  strain  through  clean  gauze ;  then  lav  it 
smootiily  upon  the  paper  previously  stretched  upon  a  board.  This 
paper  will  take  either  oil  or  water  colors. 

To  Apply  Decalcomin-e  Pictures. — ^Yamish  the  pictures  care- 
fully with  the  prepared  varnish  (which  can  be  obtained  with  the  pic- 
tures), with  an  ornamenting  pencil,  being  careful  not  to  get  the  vaiu 
nish  on  the  white  paper.  In  a  few  minutes  the  picture  wiU  be  ready 
to  lay  on  the  panel,  and  the  paper  can  be  removed  by  wetting  it,  and 
when  thoroughly  dry,  it  should  be  varnished  like  an  oil  paiutlng.  Ba 
particoLu:  to  purcbaM  only  these  transfer  pictozes  wbicn  are  coTeiie4 


548        MACHINISTS,   ENGDTEEES',   AC,  RECfiHTS. 

with  a  gold  leaf  on  the  ba<^k,  for  they  ^\-ill  show  plainly  on  any 
colored  surface,  while  the  plain  pictures  are  used  only  on  whit©  or 
light  ground. 

E^•GRA^^Na  ok  "Wood. — ^In  order  to  mnl?e  this  subject  rightly  nn« 
derstood  we  will  state  that  the  log  of  box  is  cut  into  transverse  ^ices, 
linch  in  depth,  in  order  that  the  face  of  the  cut  may  be  on  a 
level  with  the  surface  of  the  printers'  tyy>e,  and  receive  the  sam* 
•mount  of  pressure;  the  block  is  then  allowed  to  dry,  the  longer  th« 
better,  as  it  prevents  accidents  by  warping  and  splitting,  which  some* 
times  happens  after  the  cut  is  executed,  if  t<j0  green.  The  slice  is  ul- 
ftimately  trimmed  into  a  square  block,  and  if  the  cut  is  large,  it  is  made 
in  various  pieces  and  strongly  clamped  and  secured  t<jgether.  Tho 
\ipper  surface  of  the  wood  Is  carefully  prejiared,  go  that  no  inequal- 
ities may  appear  upon  it,  and  it  is  then  con.-;igued  to  the  draughts- 
man to  receive  the  drawing.  He  covers  the  surface  with  a  light  coat 
of  Uake  white  mixed  with  weak  gum  water,  and  the  thinner  the  coat 
the  better  for  tlie  engraver.  The  French  draushtsraen  use  an  abiui- 
dance  of  flake  wliite,  but  this  is  liable  to  make  the  drawing  rub  out  uu' 
der  the  engraver's  handa,  or  deceive  him  as  to  the  depth  of  line  he  is 
cutting  in  the  wood.  The  old  drawings  of  the  era  of  Durer  seem  to 
hsve  been  carefully  dra'wn  with  pen  and  ink  on  the  wood;  but  thP 
modem  drawing  being  very  finely  drawn  with  the  pencd  or  silver 
point  is  obliterated  easily,  and  there  is  no  mode  of  "setting"  oi' 
securing  it  To  obviate  this  danger  tho  wood  engraver  covers  tha 
block  wi*h  paper,  and  tears  out  a  small  piece  to  work  through,  oo 
casionallf  removing  the  paper  to  study  the  general  effect.  It  is  no'vr 
his  businese  to  produce  in  relief  the  whole  of  tho  drawing  ;  with  tk 
great  variet5  of  ^oolshe  cuts  away  the  spaces,  however  minute,  be* 
tween  each  of  'he  pencil  lines,  and  shonld  there  be  tints  wanted  oil 
the  drawing  to  rej-resent  sky  and  water,  he  cuts  such  parts  of  th^ 
block  into  a  scriet  of  close  lines,  which  wLU,  as  near  as  he  can  judge, 
print  the  same  gradation  of  tint;  should  ho.  find  he  has  not  done  bc 
completely,  he  can  re-enter  each  line  with  a  broader  tool,  cutting 
away  a  small  shaving,  »hu3  reducing  their  width  and  consequentlj 
their  color.  Should  he  iii-ak:»  some  fatal  error  that  cannot  otherwisa 
be  rectified,  he  can  cut  out  the  part  ia  the  wood,  and  wedge  a  plug  ot 
fresh  wood  in  the  place,  when  ^lat  part  of  the  block  can  be  re-en* 
graved.  An  error  of  this  kmd  i^.  a  wood-cut  is  a  very  troublesome 
thing;  in  copi)er  engraving  it  ia  scarcely  any  trouble,  a  blow  with  S 
hammer  on  the  back  will  obliterate  ti-eerroi  on  the  face,  and  product 
a  new  surface,  but  in  wood  the  surface  is  cut  euJ'rely  away  escep4 
where  the  lines  occur,  and  it  is  necessary  to  ci't  ii;  deep  enough  not  td 
touch  the  paper,  as  it  is  squeezed  through  tne  pr'iss  niwn  the  lines  H 
printing.  To  aid  the  general  effect  of  a  cut,  ifc  is  eometimes  usual  t9 
lower  the  surface  of  the  block  before  tho  engra\ing  is  executed,  in  such 
parts  as  should  appear  light  and  delicate;  they  thus  receive  a  raerk 
touch  of  the  paper  in  the  press,  the  darker  paits  receiviag  the  whola 
pressure  and  coming  out  with  double  brillia  ncy.  When  careful  print* 
mg  is  bestowed  on  cuts  it  is  sometimes  usual  to  insure  this  good  effect 
ty  laying  thin  pieces  of  card  or  paiier  on  the  t^nnpan,  of  the  shaptf 
needed,  to  secure  j>ressure  on  the  dark  parts  only. 

Die  SintvING. — When  a  die  is  required  for  a  coin  or  medala.  tbf 
eBgraver  takes  a  piece  of  soft  steel  of  suitable  dimeosioos,  geaerallg 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEERS^,   &0.,    REC^PTg.         5./^ 

8or4  inches  in  length  and  about  an  inch  greater  in  diameter  than 
the  coin  or  other  article  required,  on  this  he  tollows  out  the  exact 
torra  of  the  desired  impressiou  by  cutting  away  the  steel  by  deffrtps. 
with  small   well-tempered  case-hardened  tools.     As  soon  as  this  woi-^ 
IS  thoroughly  accomplished  the  steel  is  hardened  by  being  heated  red 
hot  m  a  crucible  with  charcoal  and  oil  or  bone-dust,  and  then  plungedl 
into  cold  water,     ^yhen  a  great  number  of  coins  of  one  sort  are  re- 
qnired  the  orjgmal  die  is  termed  the  matrix,  and  copies  are  mada 
trom  It  by  talcing  impressions  from  it  in  soft  steel,  which  is  in  reUef 
and  IS  called  the  puncheon,  and  from  which,  when  it  has  been  hard' 
ened,  other   dies  are  produced   by  pressure,  exactly  sunilar  to  tho 
matnx,  and  in  mtarjUo,  which  are  case-hardened  in  their  ttirn  befor* 
they  are  fit  to  transmit  an  impression  to  any  metal  used  for  money, 
Iho  metal  used  for  our  coin.ise,  whether  gold,    silver    copper    or 
bronze,  is  stamped  in  a  cold  and  solid  state ;  but  medals  and  casts' can 
also  be  produced  by  a  method  called  casting  ca  cliche,  in  which  tha 
metal  is  used  m  a  soft  stata     For  this  purpose  an  alloy  is  used,  con- 
Bisting  ot  X  lead   1^  tin,  and  J^  bismuth,  which  fuses  readily  at  tha 
boding  point  212^  J?ah.     When  the  metal  is  soft,  resembling  paste  in 
consibtenoy,  the  die  is  placed  upon  it,  and  the  impression  produced  by 
a  smart  blow  from  a  mallet :  the  surface  of  the  metal  sots  instantly 
from  coming  into  contact  With  the  cold  die,  and  thus  readily  retains 
tae  form  that  has  bsen  given  to  it.     Copies  of  medals  may  be  readily 
made  m  this  way,  but  each  face  will  be  obtained  iu  a  separate  piece 
and  these  must  be  joined  to  give  representations  of  the  coin  in  a  com- 
pleue  form.     Ornamontal  work  is  produced  in  thin  metal  for  "-as  fit- 
ting, cornices   parts  of  cruet-stands,  trays,  Ac,  by  means  of  a  pair  of 
dies,  on  one  of  which  the  pattern  is  formed  in  relief,  and  on  the  other 
m  ititagho  the  met  d  being  placed  between  them,  and  brought  into 
the  desired  shape  by  pressure.     Dies  are  also  made  in  metal  for  form- 
ing articles  in  gutta-percha  and  leather,    and  producing  embossed 
figures   on   the   cloth   covers   of  books,  as  weU  as  od  cardboard, 
paper,  >ec.  ^ 

Steelplate  Engraving. -As  regards  steelplate  engraving,  it  has 
proved  immensely  superior  to  the  old  copper  plate  system.  A  soft 
Bteel  plate  is  first  en-raved  with  the  requii'ed  subject  in  the  most  fin- 
ished style  of  art  either  by  hand  or  mechanically,  or  the  two  com- 
t>moa,  andthe  plate  is  then  hardened;  a  Softened  steel  cylinder  la 
then  rolled  over  the  hardened  plate,  with  great  pressm-e  by  powerful 
machinery  untd  the  e;igraved  impression  appears  in  reUef, --the  hol- 
low lines  ot  the  original  becoming  ridges  upon  the  cylinder,  the  roller 
IS  re-c, n verged  to  tho  condition  of  ordinary  steel,  and  hardened  after 
wuich  it  serves  for  returning  the  impression  to  any  number  of  ^ecar- 
.-.oiuzed  plates,  every  one  of  which  becomes  absolutely  a  counterpart 
ot  the  original  and  every  plate,  when  hardened,  would  yield  the 
eijormous  number  of  150,006  impressions,  without  any  perceptible 
diflerence  betwenn  the  first  and  the  last.  In  one  instance,  from  onff 
engraving  of  the  Queen's  head  on  the  postage  stamp,  over  6,000  platca 
were  produced  from  the  original,  and  plates  for  bank-note  printing 
are  multiplied  m  the  same  way.  Great  caution  must  be  used  in  the 
various  processes  of  annealing  and  hardening,  as  only  slight  care, 
iessness  would  result  in  ruining  the  most  costly  plates.  The  method 
UJ  use  in  the  Bank  of  Enj^land  is  as  follows :  the  work  to  b«  hai'deaej 


550      MACHnrrsTs,  engineeks',  &c.,  eeceipts. 

ia  enclosed  in  a  wronght-iron  box  with  a  loose  cover,  a  false  bottota, 
and  with  three  ears  projecting  from  its  surface  about  midway ;  tha 
steel  is  surrounded  on  all  sides  with  carbon  from  leather,  driven  in 
hard,  and  the  cover  and  bottom  are  carefully  luted  with  moiat  clay  ; 
thus  prepared,  the  case  is  placed  in  the  vertical  position,  in  a  bridge 
fixed  across  a  great  tub,  which  is  then  filled  with  water  almost  to 
touch  the  flat  bottom  of  the  case  ;  the  latter  is  now  heated  in  the 
furnace  as  quickly  as  will  allow  the  uniform  penetration  of  the  heat. 
When  sufficiently  hot,  it  is  removed  to  its  place  in  the  hardening  tub, 
the  cover  of  the  iron  box  is  removed,  and  the  neck  or  gudgeon  of 
the  cyUnder  is  grasped  beneath  the  surface  of  the  carbon,  with  a  long 
pair  of  tongs,  upon  which  a  couplet  is  dropped  to  secure  the  grasp. 
It  only  remains  for  the  individual  to  hold  the  tongs  with  a  glove 
■whilst  a  smart  tap  of  the  hammer  is  given  to  their  extremity  ;  this 
knocks  out  the  false  bottom  of  the  case  and  the  cylinder,  and  the 
tongs  prevent  the  cylinder  from  falling  on  its  side,  and  thus  injuring 
its  delicate  but  stiU  hot  surface.  For  square  plates,  a  suitable  frame 
is  attached  by  four  slight  claws,  and  it  is  the  frame  which  is  seized 
by  the  tongs ;  the  latter  are  sometimes  held  by  a  chain  which  re- 
moves the  risk  of  accident  to  the  individual.  The  steel  comes  out  of 
the  water  as  smooth  to  the  touch  aa  at  first,  and  mottled  with  all  the 
tints  of  case-hardened  gunlocks. 

Writing  Inscriptions  ok  Metals. — Take  i  lb.  of  nitric  acid  and 
1  oz.  of  muriatic  acid  Mix,  shake  well  together,  and  it  is  ready  for 
nse.  Cover  the  place  you  wish  to  mark  with  melted  beeswax  ;  when 
cold,  write  your  inscription  plainly  in  the  wax  clear  to  the  metal  with 
a  sharp  instrument ;  then  apply  the  mixed  acids  with  a  feather,  care- 
fully filling  each  letter.  Let  it  remain  from  1  to  10  minutes,  accord- 
ing to  appearance  desired ;  then  throw  on  water,  which  stopa  the 
process,  and  remove  the  wax. 

Etching  Fluids. — For  copper. — Aquafortis,  2  ozs. ;  water,  5  ozs. 
For  steel. — Iodine,  1  oz. ;  iron  filings,  J-a  dr. ;  water,  4  ozs.  Digest  tiU 
the  iron  is  dissolved.  For  fine  touches. — Dissolve  4  parts  each  of  ver- 
digris, sea  salt,  and  sal-ammoniac,  in  8  parts  vinegar,  add  16  parts 
■water  ;  boil  for  a  minute,  and  let  it  cooL 

Engravers'  Border  Wax. — Beeswax,  1  part;  pitch,  2  parts; 
tallow,  1  part.  Mix.  Enffravers'  cement. — ^Bosin,  1  part ;  brick  dost, 
1  part     Mix  with  heat. 

Moulds  and  Dies. — Copper,  zinc,  and  silver  in  equal  proportions; 
melt  together  under  a  coat  of  powdered  charcoal,  and  mould  into  the 
form  you  desire.  Bring  them  to  nearly  a  white  heat,  and  lay  on  the 
thing  you  would  take  the  impression  of,  press  -with  sufficient  force, 
and  you  will  get  a  perfect  and  beautiful  impression. 

Cast  En  gratings. — Take  the  engraved  plate  you  ■wish  to  copy 
and  arrange  a  support  of  suitable  materials  round  it,  then  pour  on 
it  the  following  alloy  in  a  state  of  perfect  fusion :  tin,  1  part ;  lead,  64 
parts;  antimony,  12  parts.  These  "cast  plates  "  may  be  worked  off 
on  a  common  printing  press,  and  offer  a  ready  mode  of  procuring 
cheap  copies  of  the  works  of  our  celebrated  artists. 

Black  Stencil  Ink. — Triturate  tog»ther,  1  pt.  pine  soot  and  2  pta. 
Prussian  blue  with  a  little  glycerine,  then  add  3  pts.  gum  arable  and 
sufficient  glycerine  to  form  a  thin  paste. 

JLnvaLiSLS  Stsncix.  IiiKS.    1,  V&miah,  such  w  ia  used  for  ordji* 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',   4C.,   RECEIPTS-  551 

nary  printing  ink,  1  lb. ;  black  sulphnret  of  mercury,  1  lb. ;  nitrate  of 
Bi-lyer,  1  oz. ;  sulphate  of  iron,  1  oz. ;  lampblack,  2  tablespoonfuls. 
Grmd  all  weU  together;  thin  vrtth  spts.  turpentine  as  desired.  2. 
Sulphate  of  manganese,  2  parts;  lampblack,  1  part;  sugar,  4  parts; all 
in  ane  powder  and  triturated  to  a  paste  in  a  little  watel.  Permanent 
Red. — ^Vermilion,  4  parts;  sulphate  of  iron,  1  part;  drying  oil  to  mix. 
Any  other  color  will  answer  besides  red. 

Blub  Ruling  In^k. — Good  vitriol,  4  ozs. ;  indigo,  1  oz. ;  pulveriza 
the  indigo,  add  it  to  the  vitriol,  let  it  stand  exposed  to  the  air  lor  6 
days  or  until  dissolved;  then  fill  the  pots  with  chalk,  add  fresh  gall, 
4  gill,  boiling  it  before  use. 

Black  Rui-inq  Ink.— Take  good  black  ink,  and  add  gall  as  for 
blue;  do  not  cork  it,  as  it  prevents  it  from  turning  black.  See  16 
different  inks  on  page  215. 

To  Prist  a  ricrcKE  from  the  Print  Itself.— The  page  or 
picture  is  soaked  in  a  solution,  first  of  potassa,  and  then  of  tartaric 
acid.  This  produces  a  perfect  diffusion  of  crystals  of  bitartarate  of 
potassa  through  the  texture  of  the  imprinted  part  of  the  paper.  As 
this  salt  resists  oil,  the  ink  roUer  may  now  be  passed  over  the  sur- 
iace,  without  transferring  any  part  of  its  contents  except  to  the 
printed  part. 

_  To  Clean  Old  Oil-Paintings.— Dissolve  a  small  quantity  of  salt 
in  stale  urine;  dip  a  woollen  doth  in  the  mixture,  and  rub  the  paint- 
ings over  with  it  till  they  are  clean;  then  wash  them  with  a  sponge 
and  clean  water;  dry  them  gradually,  and  rub  them  over  with  a  clean 
cloth.  Should  the  dirt  not  be  easily  removed  by  the  above  prepara 
tion,  add  a  small  quantity  of  soft  soap.  Be  very  careful  not  to  mb 
the  paintings  too  hard. 

To  Renew  Old  OrL-PAnrriNGS.— The  blackened  lights  of  old  pic- 
tures may  be  instantly  restored  to  their  original  hue  by  touching  them 
■with  dentoxide  of  hydrogen  diluted  with  six  or  eight  times  its  weight 
of  water.  The  part  must  be  afterwards  washed  with  a  clean  sponge 
and  water. 

Magic  Paper.— Take  lard  oil,  or  sweet  oil,  mixed  to  the  consist- 
ence of  cream,  with  either  of  the  following  paints,  the  color  of  which 
is  desired :  Prussian  blue,  lampblack,  Venetian  red,  or  chrome  green, 
either  of  which  should  be  rubbed  with  a  knife  on  a  plate  or  stone  un- 
til smooth.  Use  rather  thin  but  firm  paper;  put  on  with  a  sponge, 
and  wipe  off  as  dry  as  convenient;  then  lay  them  between  uncolored 
paper,  or  between  newspapers,  and  press  by  laying  books  or  some 
other  flat  substance  upon  them  until  the  surplus  od  is  absorbed,  when 
(it  IS  ready  for  use. 

Rubber  Hand  Stamps.— Set  up  the  desired  name  and  address  in 
common  type,  oil  the  type  and  place  a  guard  about  i  inch  high  aroimd 
the  form  ;  now  mix  plaster  of  Paris  to  the  proper  consistence,  pour  in 
and  allow  it  to  set.  Have  your  vulcanized  rubber  all  ready,  as  made 
in  long  strips  3  inches  wide  and  J  of  an  inch  thick,  cut  off  the 
size  of  the  mtended  stamp,  remove  the  plaster  cast  from  the  type,  and 
place  both  the  cast  and  the  rubber  in  a  screw  press,  applying  sufacient 
heat  to  thoroughly  soften  the  mbber,  then  turn  down  the  screw  hard 
and  let  it  remain  imtil  the  rubber  receives  tne  exact  impression  of  the 
cast  and  becomes  cold,  when  it  is  removed,  neatly  trimmed  with  a 
Bharp  knife,  and  cemented  to  the  handle  ready  for  use 


552      au-CHiKisTS,  engineers',  &c,j  beceipts. 

To  Make  Dook  Plates.— Cut  yonr  glass  the  right  size,  and  maka 
it  perfectly  clean  vrith  alcohol  or  soap ;  tut-u  cut  a  strip  of  tiu-foil  suf- 
ficiently long  and  "vride  for  the  name,  and  -with  a  piece  of  ivory  or 
other  burnisher  rub  it  lengthwise  to  make  it  smooth;  nowAvettlie 
gl.iss  with  the  tongue  (as  saliva  is  the  best  sticking  substance),  or  if 
the  glass  is  very  large,  use  a  weak  solution  of  gum  arable,  or  the 
white  of  ?Ji  egg  ii  half  a  pint  of  water,  and  lay  on  the  foil,  rubbing 
It  do\ra  to  the  glass  with  a  bit  of  cloth,  then  also  with  the  burnisher; 
the  more  it  is  burnished  the  better  it  will  look ;  now  mark  the  width 
on  the  foil  which  is  to  be  theheiglitof  the  letter,  and  put  on  a  straight 
ed^e,  and  hold  it  firmly  to  the  foil,  a:id  with  a  eharp  knife  cut  tiie 
foil,  and  take  olf  the  superfluous  ed^zcs;  then  either  lay  out  the  let- 
ters on  the  back  of  the  foil  (so  they  ^lall  read  correctly  on  the  trout) 
by  your  own  judgment,  or  by  raeans  of  pattern  letters,  which  can  Le 
purchase  for  that  purpose;  cut  with  the  knife,  carefully  holding 
down  the  pattern  or  straight  edge,  whichever  you  use ;  then  rub 
down  tlie  edge  of  all  the  letters  wiih  the  back  of  the  kniie,  or  edge  of 
the  burnisher,  which  prevents  the  black  psintor  japan,  which  you 
next  put  over  the  back  of  the  plate  from  getting  under  the  foil;  har- 
ing  put  a  line  above  and  one  below  the  name,  or  a  border  around  the 
jiliite  or  net,  as  yoa  br.rgaia  for  the  job.  The  japan  is  made  by  dis- 
solving asphaltum  in  jii^t  enough  tur]>entine  to  cut  it;  apply  with  a 
brush,  as  other  paint,  over  tlie  back  of  the  letters,  and  over  the  glass 
forming  a  backgroimd.  This  is  u.sed  on  the  iron  pkite  of  the  frame 
al.^o,  putting  it  on  when  tlie  plate  is  a  little  i.ot,  and  rs  soon  as  it  cools, 
it  is  dry.  A  little  Lampblack  may  be  rubbed  into  it  if  you  desire  it 
any  blacker  than  it  is  without  it 

Reliable  FoRiitxjs  for  PnoTOGKAPHERS. — No.  L  Silver  Bath  for 
Albumen  Pafcr,  for  Summer  use. — Crystal  nitrate  of  silver,  40 grains  : 
nitrate  of  ammonia,  35  grains  ;  filtered  rain  water,  1  oz.  ;  paturatea 
Bolution  bicarbonate  of  sodaj^  about  8  or  10  drops,  or  enough  to  make 
the  bath  slighMy  alkaline.  2so.  2.  For  winter  %ise.  Nitrate  of  silver 
2^  ozs.  ;  nitrate  of  soda  2o^s.  ^  glycerine  3  ozs.  ;  pitre  water  40  ozs. 
Make  it  a  little  alkaline  with  aujnas  ammonia.  No.  3.  Another  Silver 
Baih,  Silver,  from  40  to  45  grs.  ^according  to  temjveratnre  ;)  nitrata 
of  ammonia,  20  gra.  :  diitiUea  or  ice  water,  1  oz.  Float  45  seconds  to 
1  minute.  No.  4.  Sal  Soda  Toning  Bath.  DistUled  or  melted  ice 
water  64  ozs.  ;  acid  solution  chloride  of  gold,  (4grs.  to  the  oz.)  1  oz.  ; 
siiturated  solution  of  sal  soda,  4  oz.  Make  it  a  fuU  half  hour  befort 
you  wish  to  u^e  it,  and  during  the  cold  weather  use  the  water  shghtly 
■a-arm.  No.  5.  Chloride  of  Lime  Bath.  "Water,  40  ozs.  ;  chloride  of 
lime,  5  grains  ;  chloride  of  gold,  4  grs.  No.  6.  Bicarbonate  of  Soda 
Bath.  Chloride  of  gold  solution  (1  gr.  to  the  oz.  of  water. )  1  oz. ;  luke 
warm  water,  1(J  ozs.  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  (saturated  solution,)  10 
minims.  Make  up  fresJi  every  time  you  j^repare  to  tone.  Make  half 
£u  hour  be/ore  ruling.  Precipitate  th"e  gold  I'l  the  old  solutions  witli 
prctosulphateof  iron.  Xo.  7  Fixing  Bath.  Hyposulphite  of  soda, 
1  i«trt  to  8  of  water,  and  if  the  paper  blisters  in  the  wasxung,  soap  the 
pruita  for  5  minutes  in  a  solution  of  common  salt  No.  8.  Bath  for 
Salting  the  I'apcr.  Pure  rainwater,  60ozs.  ;  chlorideof  ammoniuo'., 
3fi0  grs.  ;  gelatiue,  120  grs. 

Photoorath  PAi>Ti>"ar5f  OtL  Cot.ohs. — ^Trxrs  for  th*  Iir."! 
PAixiLNO.->-ii.ESH.— Tf7«i«oiui  Liyht&ed. — ^\\lut«,  Naples  yeikwrj 


MACHINISTS,   engineers',    &0.,    REOEEPTa,         553 

and  vermilion.      Wliite,  vermilion,  and  light  red.      Gray,   Pearly 
and  Half  Tints.— \Ta:\X&,  vermilion,  and  black.     White  and  terra 
verde.     White,  black,  Indian  red,  and  raw  umber.     Deep  Shades  — 
Ljglit  red  and  raw  umber.— Indian  red,  lake  and  black.      Gamationa. 
r->Vhite  and  Indian  red  (powerful  color).      White  and  rose  madder 
White  and  lake.     llAm.—Lif/ht  77a/?-.— White  and  yellow  ochre 
White  and  Roman  oclire.    White  and  Vandvlve  bro\vn  for  the  dark 
parts.     W  hite  and  raw  umber  for  the  dark  parts.     Dark  Bi  awn  Hair 
--Raw  and  burnt  umber.    Wliite  and  raw  umbor.    White  and  Van- 
dyke brown.    TixTs  for  the  Second  and  Tiurd  P.unting.     Hinh 
Zif/hts.    "UTiite  and  Naples  yellow.     Carnations.     Rose  madder  and 
white.    Indum  red,  rose,  madder,  and  white.      Green  Tints.— White, 
and  ultramarine,  with  any  of  the  yellows.      Wliite  and  terre  verte 
Tith  the  addition  of  a  little  raw  umber.    The  above  green  tints  m.ay 
1)6  converted  mto  green  grny.s.     Graij  rmf,s\— Ultramarme,  light  red. 
and  white.    Indian  red,  lake,  black  and  white.    White,  ultramarme 
Indian  red,  and  raw  umber.    Piiuple  Tints.— Any  of  the  lakes  or  red 
madden;,  with  ultramarine  and  white.    Powerful  Shadow  Tints.    In- 
dian red,  purple  lake,  and  black.    Indian  red,  raw  umber,  and  black. 
^trong  Glazing  Co.'ors.— Light  red  and  lalce.     Brown  madder.    Van- 
dyke brown,  Indian  red,  and  lake  asphaUam.      Dr.\peries.— B  vck 
Ground  Colors.— Pearry.—White,  vennili.m,  and  blue.      White 
vermilion,  and  blaclr.    White  and  blade.      Gm;/.— White,  Veuptian 
red  and  black.     Yellow.    Yellow  odlire  and  white.      OKt-e.— Yellow- 
ochre,  terra  verte,  and  umber.     Stone.— Ra.\r  umber  and  yellow 
lilack,  white,  and  raw  umber.  Shj.— Trench,  blue  and  white.   French 
Une  vennihon,  and  white.     Edges  of  Clotcds.—Ye]lovr  ochre  and 
wmte.  CYou^is.— Indian  red,  lake,  and  white.    Brown  madder,  French 
tine,  and  white. 

PiiOTOGR.vpn  Water  Colobs.— Flesh  Tints.  No.  1.  Fair  Com. 
pierton.— Light  red,  a  little  carmine  or  vermilion,  and  Indian  yellow, 
i-o  careful  m  using  the  Litter,  and.  in  the  flesh  tints  of  very  fair  chU- 
aren,  allow  the  vermilion  to  predominate  ;  carnations,  rose  madder, 
and,  if  t;ie  face  be  full  of  color,  add  a  little  vermilion  to  it.  2.  Mid^ 
aiing  Complexton.—mtrh  the  same  as  No.  1,  saving  that  the  light  red 
m:ist  be  m  excess  over  the  other  colors— carnations,  rose  madder,  and 
A^  J  T>  *  Complexion.— Light  red  and  Indian  yeUow,  or  light 
red  and  Roman  ochre,  and,  if  the  complexion  be  generally  ruddv,  you 
may  add  a  little  Indian  red,  but  it  must  be  sparinglv  used,  as  it  m  a 
powcrliu  color,  and  likely  to  impart  a  purple  tone  to  the  flesh.  Car- 
nations chiefly  lake,  but  if  the  complexion  bo  warm,  lake  and  a  little 
yellow.  The  carnations  for  children's  portraits  are  rose  madder  and 
vornulion,  mchning  more  to  the  latter  tint.  Aged  persons  have  rose 
madder,  and  a  little  cobalt  to  give  a  cold  appearance  to  the  color  in 
tlicir  cheeks  and  lips.  These  tints,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  are  indispensable 
a:i  general  washes,  for  the  purpose  of  recei\-iug  the  other  colors, 
winch  are  to  be  worked  over  them  to  bring  up  the  complexion  to  the 
ii.e._  Lncolorod  photographic  portraits  vary  so  much  in  tone,  thatthe 
bcgmner  will  perhaps,  find  some  difficulty  m  mixing  up  the  tmts  for 
the  washes  He  must  note  that  the  wa-m-toned  ones  do  not  require 
•o  much  Indian  yeUow  as  tlie  cold  ones  do 

KER0F-.ENE  OR  Carbon  Oil  MANTTFACTURE.-Petroleum,  or  rock 
«J.  is  a  ha  uid  substance,  of  a  dark  color,  exuding  from  the  wth  aa4 


554        MACHENISTS,   ENGINEERS',  ^&C.,   KECEIPTSJ 

containing  certain  liquid  and  solid  hydrocarbons  ench  as  benzole,  o» 
l>enzine,  kerosene,  parafflne,  asphaltum,  &c.,  in  a  fetate  of  solntion, 
in  different  proportions.  It  differs  greatly  in  composition,  some  sam- 
ples containing  solid  paraflSne  and  benzole  in  large  quantities,  while 
others  do  not.  Petroleum  is  separated  from  its  different  products  by 
careful  distillation  at  different  temperatures.  The  crude  material  ia 
first  heated  in  a  retort  to  a  temperature  of  about  100°  Fah.  Thia 
causes  a  light  oU  of  a  strong  odor  to  pass  over  into  the  condenser. 
The  residue  is  then  distilled  at  about  120°  to  160°,  the  result  being 
bumhig  oiL  "When  this  is  distilled  off,  steam  is  forced  into  the  retort 
and  a  heavy  oil,  fit  for  lubricating  purposes,  comes  over,  a  black, 
tarry  mass  being  left  behind.  The  light  oil  is  now  used  for  mineral, 
turpentine,  and  as  a  grease  solvent.  It  is  often  of  a  dark  color,  which, 
is  easily  removed  by  agitation,  first  with  siUphuric  acid  and  afterwards, 
with  soda-ley  and  water.  In  many  instances  this  Mght  oil  (benzine) 
is  sold  for  iUurainating  purposes  under  the  name  of  Sunlight  Oil, 
Combination  Burning  Fluid,  Lightning  oil,  &c.  I  knew  a  gentle-- 
man  in  Philadelphia  who  paid  one  man  over  S3000  for  the  receipt  for 
making,  together  with  the  sole  right  to  manufacture,  vend  and  sell, 
a  compound  of  this  kind  in  that  city.  The  curious,  or  those  interest- 
ed, wOl  find  the  receipt  under  the  name  of  the  "  Northern  Light "  un- 
der the  Grocer's  Department  in  this  work.  Truth  requires  me  to 
gtate  that  this  article  requires  to  be  handled  with  great  caution  wheu 
used  for  Ughting  purposes — many  lamentable  accidents  having  re- 
Bulted  from  a  careless  use  of  it.  The  heavy  lubricating  oil,  when 
cooled  down  to  30°  Fah.,  often  yields  parafllne  in  large  quantities, 
which  is  separated  by  straining  and  pressure.  The  asphaltum  may  ba 
used  for  pavements,  or  mixed  with  grease  as  a  lubricant  for  heavy 
machinery.  The  most  important  product  is,  however,  the  burning 
oil,  which  is  now  used  as  a  cheap  and  efficient  illuminating  agent 
in  nearly  every  household  in  this  country.  An  average  sample  of  pe- 
troleum contains,  according  to  W.  B.  Tegetmeier,  20  per  cent,  of  ben- 
zine or  mineral  turps,  55  per  cent  of  burning  oil,  22  per  cent  o£ 
lubricating  oU,  and  8  per  cent,  of  carbonaceous  and  tarry  matter. 

To  Deodokizk  BE>'zrN"E. — Shake  repeatedly  with  plumbate  of  soda 
(oxide  of  lead  dissolved  in,  caustic  soda),  and  rectify.  The  following 
plan  is  said  to  be  better.  Sliake  repeatedly  with  fresh  portions  of 
metallic  quicksUver  ;  let  it  stand  for  2  days,  and  rectify. 

To  Purity  PETKOLEr?.i  or  Kekosese  Oil. — ^The  distillate  or 
crude  burning  oU  is  converted  into  ordinary  burning  oU  by  being 
placed  into  a  tank  when  it  is  violently  agitated  by  forcing  air  through 
it,  and  while  thus  agitated,  1 J  to  2  per  cent  sulphuric  acid  is  add^, 
after  wliich  the  agitation  is  continued  15  or  30  minutes.  The  oU  is 
then  aUowed  to  settle,  when  the  acid  and  impurities  are  removed, 
andany  acid  remaining  in  the  oil  i.s  neutralized.  It  is  then  taken  to 
shallow  bleaching  tanks,  where  it  is  exposed  to  light  and  air,  and  al- 
lowed to  settle.  It  is  next  heated  by  ineans  of  a  coU  of  steam  pips 
running  through  it,  to  expel  all  gaseous  vapors  which  wUl  ignite  at 
a  temperature  IJelow  110'^  Fahr.  'i'lie  oil  is  now  called  afire  test  oU, 
and  is  ready  to  be  h»aneled  and  sent  to  market.  Kerosene  oil  is  de- 
colorized,  by  stirring  it  im  with  1  or  2  per  cent,  of  oU  of  vitriol,  which 
will  carbonize  the  colloring  matter,  then  with  some  rnilk  of  Um9  o? 
some  other  c*ustiQ  alliaU,  eetUiii^',  a»d  re-distiUing, 


KACBmnSTS,   EKGDfEERS',   AC.,   RECEIPTS.         5oS 

To  BiJiACH  Fixed  Oils. — Shake  strongly  for  some  minutes,  30(1 
partB  oftiieoilwith40  parts  water  containing  1  part  permangate  of  potaa- 
ea;  allow  the  mixtare  to  stand  in  a  warm  place  for  some  hours,  and  then 
filter.  This  renders  the  oQ  colorless.  To  purify  oil.  Into  1000  parts 
by  weight  of  oil.  pat  a  mixture  of  6  parts  solution  of  ammonia  and  5 
parts  water,  agitate  the  barrel  well  until  the  alkali  is  perfectly  mixed, 
which  may  be  done  in  15  minatee.  The  barrel  is  then  sealed'henmet- 
icallv,  and  after  3  days'  repose,  the  oil  is  decanted  and  filtered.  The 
residue  is  used  for  tl:e  manufacture  of  soap.  To  Clarify  Coal  Oil. 
—Place  in  a  close  vessel  100  ll«.  crude  coal  oil.  25  qts."  water,  1  lb. 
chloride  of  lime,  1  lb.  soda,  and  i  lb.  oxide  of  manganese.  The  mix- 
ture is  violently  agitated,  and  aT'owed  to  rest  for  24  hours  when  tho 
dear  oil  is  decanted  and  distilled.  The  100  lbs.  coal  oil  are  to  be 
mixed  with  25  lbs.  resin  oil ;  this  is  one  of  the  principal  points  in  tho 
manipulation;  it  removes  the  gummy  parts  from  the  oil.  and  renders 
them  inodorons.  The  distillation  spoken  of  may  terminate  the  pro- 
cess, or  the  oils  may  be  distilled  before  they  are'  defecated  and  preci- 
pitated. 

On.  FOR  Fi>-E  SIechasism. — Oil  for  fine  mechanism  can  be  pre- 
pared by  putting  zinc  and  lead  shaving,  in  equal  parts,  into  good 
Florence  olive  oil,  and  placing  in  a  cool  place  until  the  oil  becomes 
colorless.    Unequalled  for  sewing  machiiies,  &c. 

To  Make  Linseed  a>-d  Cotton  Seed  Oils.— In  making  linseed 
oil  quite  a  variety  of  machinery  is  used,  more  or  less  expensive  ac- 
cording to  tiie  enterprise  and  capital  of  the  manufacturer.  The  seed 
ie  first  passed  through  iron  roUers,  to  be  crushed  or  ground,  one  of 
the  roUeis  is  made  to  revolve  more  rapidly  than  the  other,  which  sub-t 
jecte  each  seed  to  a  pulling,  as  well  as  to  a  crushing  process.  The 
meal  is  taken  from  the  mill  to  the  "chasers."  when  it  is  subjected  to 
another  crushing  process,  more  severe  than  the  first  The  diasers 
are  two  large  circuLu:  stones  about  5  feet  diameter,  and  18  inches 
thick,  rolling  upon  a  third  stone  in  the  manner  of  an  old-fashioned 
bark  or  dder  miU.  These  heavy  stones  start  the  oil  from  the  seed, 
ind  to  keep  it  from  adhering  to  the  chasers  it  is  moistened  with  water. 
The  meal  is  next  put  into  an  iron  cylinder,  which  is  kept  revolving 
Dyer  a  fire  until  tlie  water  is  evaporated.  Much  of  the  skill  of  making 
oil  depends  upon  this  heating  process.  It  must  not  be  scorched,  ana 
yet  it  must  be  broupht  up  to  a  high  temperature,  so  that  it  will  readi- 
ly give  out  its  oiL  The  presses  are  of  various  structure,  some  of 
tnem  are  patented,  and  others  not  open  to  public  inspection.  In  one, 
the  vats  or  hoops  holding  about  2  bushels  each,  were  placed  opposite 
each  other  agraust  two  immen'^e  beams  or  uprights,  made  fast  in  tie 
foundations  of  the  building.  The  followers  were  forced  down  upon 
the  meal  by  2  kirge  levers  worked  by  hydraulic  power.  The  meal  is 
kept  under  pressure  about  an  hour.' and  the  two  presses  work  up 
about  92  bushels  of  seed  every  24  hours,  the  mill  being  kept  running 
night  and  day.  The  product'is  not  far  from  2  gals^  of  oil  from  a 
bushel  of  seed,  a  littie  more  or  less,  acoordiu:;  to  vie  aualitv  of  th» 
seed  and  tiie  skill  in  pressing.  The  cakes,  as  taken  from  the  press, 
are  generally  sold  by  the  ton  without  griuding,  and  are  geneially  ex- 
ported in  this  form,  but  when  there  is  a  m.arket  in  the  vicinity  of  tha 
mill,  the  cakes  are  put  under  the  chasers,  ground  into  meal,"  ba^ed 
aod  gent  to  the  feed  store*.    The  price  of  the  cake  i$  from  S30  tolw 


^556         MACHINISTS,    ENQIWEEKS',   <tC.,   EECEIPTS. 

per  ton ;  groimd  into  meal  it  retails  at  about  SC  per  IGO  lbs.  The  pio» 
cess  of  making  tlie  cotton  seed  oil  and  cake  is  uea,ily  tlie  same.  The 
seed  of  the  upland  cotton  is  surroimded  with  a  liusk,  to  which  the  cot« 
ton  adheres.  It  is  surrounded  with  a  soft  down  aiter  it  leaves  the 
gin,  and  in  this  conditi6n  it  is  purchased  from  the  planter.  The  seed 
makes  better  oil  and  better  meal  when  it  is  deprived  of  this  bull  and 
down-  The  yield  of  oil  is  about  90  gallons  per  100  bushels  of  the  Sea 
Iriand,  or  2  gals,  to  5S  lbs.  of  the  hulled  cotton  seed. 

To  Make  CoAii  Oil. — Break  the  coal  or  shale  into  email  pieces 
and  put  from  10  to  16  cvrt.  in  an  iron  retort,  heated  to  a  dull  red  color 
Lute  the  retort  door  and  keep  up  the  retort  lor  24  hours.  By  thii 
process  a  vapor  is  thrown  off  which  passes  through  ranges  of  cLtenrJ 
nntil  it  condon.?e3,  when  it  is  run  into  cisterns.  This  crude  oil,  when 
refined  and  purified,  is  sold  as  paraffine  oil,  and  soKd  paraCinc  foi." 
making  candles  is  made  from  it. 

Neat's  Foot  Oil. — ^Alter  the  hair  and  hoofs  have  been  removed 
irom  the  feet  of  oxen,  they  yield,  when  boiled  with  water,  a  peculiar 
fatty  matter,  which  is  known  as  Nea^t's  Foot  Oil ;  alter  stxnding,  it 
deposits  some  solid  fat,  which  is  separated  by  filtration;  tlie  oil  then 
does  not  congeal  at  o'l°,  and  is  not  liable  to  become  rancid.  It  is  often 
mixed  with"  other  oils.  This  oil  is  used  for  various  purposes, 
buch  as  harness  dressing,  oUiug  tower  clocks,  &c.  Tallow  Oil. — ^Tha 
oil  is  obtained  from  fciUow  by  pressure.  The  ttiUov7  is  melted,  and 
■when  separated  from  the  ordinary  impurities  by  subsidence,  is  poured 
into  vessels  and  allowed  to  cool  slowly  to  about  80°,  when  the  stearine 
separates  in  granules,  which  may  be  separated  from  the  liquid  part  by 
straining  through  flannel,  and  is  then  pressed,  when  it  yields  a  fresh 
portion  of  liquid  oil.  It  is  used  in  soap  manufacture,  &c.  Lard  oil  is 
obtained  from  hog's  lard  by  pressure,  when  the  liquid  part  separates, 
■while  the  lard  itself  becomes  much  harder.  According  to  Braconet, 
lard  yields  0.62  of  its  weight  of  this  oil,  which  is  nearly  colorless.  It 
is  employed  for  greasing  wool,  and  other  purposes. 

Economic  Lubbicatoes. — 1.  India  rubber,  4  lbs.;  dissolved  in 
spts.  turpentine;  common  soda,  10 lbs. ;  glue,  1  lb.;  water,  10  gab.; 
oil,  10  gals.  Dissolve  the  soda  and  glue  iu  the  water  by  heat,  then 
add  the  oil,  and  lastly  the  dissolved  rubber.  2.  To  Lessen  Friction  in 
Machiiienf. — Grind  together  black  lead  with  4  times  its  weight  of 
lard  or  tallow.  Camphor  is  sometimes  added,  7  lbs.  to  the  hundred 
weight.  3.  Anti-Friction  Grease. — ^TaUow,  100  lbs. ;  palm  oU,  70  lbs. ; 
boil  together,  when  cooled  to  SO'^,  strain  through  a  sieve,  and  mix 
with  2^i  lbs.  soda,  and  1^  gals,  water.  For  winter  take  25  lbs.  more 
oil  in  place  of  the  tallow,  i.  Booth's  E'ilioay  Axle  Grease. — Water, 
1  gal. ;  clean  tallow,  3  lbs. ;  palm  oil,  6  lbs. ;  common  soda,  ^  lb. ;  or 
tallow  2  lbs. ;  palm  oil,  10  lbs.  Heat  to  about  212°,  and  stir  well  until 
it  cools  to  70°.  5.  Drill  Luhricator.-~^ov  wrought  iron,  use  1  lb. 
6oft  soap  mixed  vrith  1  gal.  of  boiling  vrater.  It  insures  good  work 
and  clean  cutting. 

To  Remedy  Slip  of  DRiVTNa  Belts.— Dab  on  a  little  of  the 
«ticky  oil  which  oozes  away  from  the  bearings  of  machinery, 

Blastixg  Powdeks. — lii&Anceseparatehj  to  powder,  2  parts  chlorate 
of  potassa  and  1  part  red  sulphuret  of  arsenic  ;  mix  veiy  lightly  to- 
gether, or  powder  separately,  6  parts  chlorate  of  potassa ;  2  paits 
jod  snlphoiet  of  arsenic,  and  1  part  ferrocyanide  of  potaflaiiux: 


1LA.CHIKISTS,   EVGINEERS',    AC,   EECEIPTS.        557 

(prassiate  ot  potassa) ;  mix  caiefullr,  or,  mi:?  careiullT  as  before, 
Bfter  lia\iris  separately  reduced  to  powder  e()u:il  purts  clilorate  of  po« 
tissa  aiid  ferrooyaiiide  potassium.  TiieiC  injisees  ei„'..t  tidies  tlie  ei- 
rlosave  force  of  guapowder  and  mnet  be  UacJ  \Nith  the  greatest  cau- 
tion. 

Blasting  Rocks,  &c. — ^In  small  blasts,  1 1').  of  po-n-dct  trill  looseit 
about  4i  tons.  In  large  blasts,  1  lb.  of  powder  M-ill  loosen  about  2^ 
tons ;  50  or  60  lbs.  of  powder,  endosca  iji  a  rcsi-stiiig  bag  hung  or 
propped  up  ajrainst  a  gate  or  kirrier,  wiil  demolish  any  ordinary  con- 
ftruction.  Cue  man  can  bore,  ■v?ith  a  bit  1  inch  in  diameter,  from 
60  to  00  inches  \>er  day  of  10  hours  in  gi-anite,  or  300  to  400  ins.  per 
day  in  limestone,  Two  strikers  and  a  holder  can  bore  with  a  bit  2 
ins.  in  diameter  10  feet  per  day  in  rock  of  medium  harilnesa. 

To  .MAK-E  IhjALix. — Di.alln  is  made  fiom  jwiper  Etov.k,  saturate  J 
with  nitrate  of  poUissium  and  drie>l  in  a  furnace.  Tlioii  ;,'round  an  J 
mixed  with  nitro-glycerine.  Coirqontnt  jxirts  of  nUro-f/'uccrim, 
To  4J  U)s.  concentrated  snlphuric-acid  and  2^  lbs.  of  concentrated 
citric  acid,  add  1  lb.  of  glycerina 

Lauou  ox  E.MEAXK.\tE>T^. — f^lnrjls  horse  and  cart  A  horse 
with  a  loaded  dirt  cart  employed  in  el^ioavation  and  embanknient,  will 
make  100  lineal  feet,  or  200  feet  in  tue  distance  per  minute,  wLila 
mo\Tng.  TLe  time  lost  in  lou^diac;,  diunpir.g,  awaiting,  etc,=4  min- 
utes per  lo;id.  A  medium  ]ab<irer  will  load  wiili  a  cart  in  10  hours, 
of  the  following  eartLs ;  measured  in  the  bank  :  G rarely  earth  10. 
Loam  12,  and  i<:<ndy  eanAll  cubic  yards;  curts  arelo.idcd  as  follow.*: 
Descending  haii'iinrj,  J  of  a  cubic 'y^^'J  ia  b.onk;  Lcvd  kaulincf  3-7 
of  a  cubic  yard  in  bank ;  Ascending  ha  ■ding,  ^  of  a  cubic  yard  in  tiuik. 
Loosening,  dc.  Inloim^aL  three-horse  plow  will  lutrsen  from  250  to 
800  cubic  yards  per  day  of  10  hours.  Thecsi  of  loo.-^euing  earth  to 
be  loaded  will  be  from  1  to  8  cenw  per  cubic  yard,  when  wages  are 
105  cents  per  day.  The  cost  of  t;  imiuingand  bossing  is  about  2  cents 
per  cubic  yard.  '  Sco^pinj.  A  scoop  load  will  measure  1-10  of  a  cu- 
bic yard,  measured  in  e::cavation.  The  time  lost  in  loading,  unload- 
ing and  t:i;r.:ain^,  per  load,  is  1^  min'.itcs.  TI;e  time  lost  for  every  70 
feet  of  d;.<t;mi,-c,  from  eicaration  to  biink,  and  returning:  is  1  minute. 
In  Dcmble  >SoKjpi)v;,  tlie  tiuie  lost  in  loa'ling,  tumiiig,  &c.,  will  be  1 
minute ;  and  in  i?ing!e  J^coopini;,  it  wi'J  be  1^  nunuteS.  (AV.'icocd 
Morris. 

HArLrsG  SroxTi — A  cart  drawn  by  horses  orrer  an  ordiiuiy  road 
will  travel  1.1  miles  per  hour  of  t-iii.  A4-horse  team  will  haul  from 
25  ta o6  cubic  fi-ct  of  lime  stone  at  each  lo.'id.  The  time  expeudetl  ia 
I'joding,  unloading,  ^c,  including  delays,  averages  35  minuter  per  trip. 
The  co6t  of  I'xidiiiii  and  uiiloiiding  a  cart,  using  a  horse  cram  at  the 
qnarry,  and  unli^iauing  by  hand,  when  lalwris  Sl.25  jierday,  and  a  horso 
75 cents,  is  25  cor.ts  per  percli=24.75  cubic  feet  Tlie  w'ork  done  by 
an  aninial  i<  greatest  when  the  velocity  with  vhich  he  moves  is  |  of  the 
prcatest  with  wliich  be  can  move  wlien  not  impeded,  and  the  force 
then  exerted  .4'  of  tlie  utmost  force  the  animal  can  exert  at  a  de-id  nn!L 

IIay. — 270  cubic  feet  of  new  meadow  hay,  and  21'j  and  243  from 
laj^e  or  old  eUcki,  will  wei^h  .a  ton,  297  to  o24  cubic  feet  of  dry 
clover  weigh  a  ton. 

ICF- — To  compute  t2io  nmnlier  of  tons  an  ice-house  will  contain,  cAl- 
eolate  uic  number:  of  cubic  feet  in  an  ice-hou;>o,  and  divide  by  S2 ; 


558        MACHINISTS,    ENGINEEB8  ,   AC,   HECEIPT87 

this  givea  the  ntunbefof  toiis"the  Ice-h6n6e"will"contaln  it  if  is  closely 
packed 

Eakth  Digging. — Number  of  cubic  feet  of  earth  in  a  ton.  Loosa 
earth  24  ;  coarse  sand  18.6.  Clay  18.6.  Earth  with  gravel  17.a  Claj 
"with  gravel,  14-4.  Common  soil  15.6.  The  volume  of  earth  and  sand 
in  bank  exceeds  that  in  embankment  in  the  following  proi)ortions  ; 
Band  1-7,  clay  1-9,  gravel  1-11,  and  the  volume  of  rock  in  embank- 
ments quarried  in  large  fragments  exceeds  that  in  bank  fully  one 
half. 

Weight  of  Earth,  Eogk,  &c. — A  cubic  yard  of  sand  or  ground 
■weighs  about  30  cwt ;  mud,  25  cwt  ;  marl,  26  cwt  ;  clay,  31  cwt ; 
chalk,  36  cwt  ;  sandstone,  39  cvrt.  ;  shale,  40  cwt  ;  quartz,  41  cwt  ; 
granite,  42  cwt  ;  trap,  42  cwt ;  slate,  43  cwt 

To  Deteemixe  TN'eight  of  Live  Cattle. — Measure  in  inches  the 
girth  around  the  breast,  just  behind  the  shoulder  blade,  and  the 
length  of  the  back  from  the  tail  to  the  fore  part  of  the  shoulder  blade. 
Mmtiply  the  girth  by  the  length,  and  divide  by  144.  K  the  girth  is 
less  than  3  feet,  multiply  the  quotient  by  11.  If  between  3  and  5  feet, 
multiply  by  16.  If  between  5  and  7  feet,  multiply  by  23.  If  between 
'i  and  9  feet,  multiply  by  31.  If  the  animal  is  Icaji,  deduct  1-20  from 
the  resiilt,  or  take  the  girth  and  length  in  feet,  multiply  the  square  of 
the  girth  by  the  length,  and  multiply  the  product  by  3.36.  The  result- 
will  be  the  answer  iu  pounds.  The  Uve  weight  multiplied  by  6.05,  gives 
a  near  approximation  to  the  net  weight 

Gauging  Stkea^is. — MrJtiply  the  square  root  of  the  cube  of  the 
height  in  inches  of  the  water  on  the  si]i  of  the  weir  or  gauge  by  the 
constant  17.13,  which  will  give  the  number  of  gallons  per  minute. 
If  the  water  has  any  initial  velocity  it  must  be  determined  by  experi- 
ment, and  in  that  case  multiply  the  square  of  the  height  by  the  square 
of  the  velocity,  and  by  0.8 ;  to  the  product  add  the  cube  of  the 
height,  extract  the  square  root  of  the  sum,  and  multiply  by  17.13  as 
before. 

Stowage  of  Coaxs. — The  following  information  will  be  valuable 
to  many  coal  dealers  and  consumers  who  may  be  in  doubt  as  to  the 
capacity  of  their  coal  bins.  A  box  4  feet  long,  3  ft.,  5  in.,  wide,  and 
2  ft,  8  in.,  deep,  has  a  capacity  of  30^  cubic  feet,  and  wiU  contain 
2000  lbs.,  or  one  ton  of  Beaver  Meadow  or  Lehigh  (American)  coaL 
The  spaces  occupied  by  one  ton  of  the  undermentioned  English  coals, 
economic  weight  are: — Haswell's  Wallsend,  45'25  cubic  feet  North 
Percy,  Hartley  (Newcastle)  46'96  cubic  feet.  -  Balcarras  Arley  (Lan- 
cashire) 44"35  cubic  feet  Cannel  (Wigan,  Lancashire)  46'37  cubic 
feet  DufErvn  (Welsh)  42-09  cubic  feet  Pontypool  (Welsh)  40-22 
cubic  feet  Hence,  a  shed  16  feet  high,  20  feet  broad,  and  30  feet  long, 
■friU  hold  over  212  tons  of  Haswell's  Wallsend  (Newcastle)  coals, 
about  207  tons  of  Cannel,  and  228  of  Dufiryn.  The  average  space 
occupied  by  one  ton  of  Newcastle  coal,  economic  weight,  is  44  cubic 
leet,  that  of  one  ton  of  Lancashire  coal,  44^  ci^bic  feet,  and  that  of  1 
ton  of  Welsh  coal,  41  cubic  feet.  Therefore  a  shed  of  the  above 
dimensions,  would,  on  the  average,  hold  217  tons  of  Newcastle  coal, 
216  of  Lancashire,  and  23*  of  Welsh.  From  the  above  data,  any  in- 
tending purchaser  can  eaaUy  calculate  the  capacity  of  his  coal  bins, 
eheds,  tc,  and  in  many  cases  secure  a  good  bargain  by  laying  ia  "i 
ia^e  Btock  when  coals  are  cheap. 


MACHINISTS   AND    ENGINEERS'   DEPARTMENT.      559 

CtoMPOsmox  Tacks  fob  Mcktz  Metaju  on  Ships.— Copper S7 
parts,  zinc  4  p;irt3,  tin  9  parts. 

aSSUI-TS  OF  J.   H.    CHEEVER-S'    EXPEKIMEXTS    WITH   VULCANIZED 
BCBBEB  BELTING  AND  LEATHER,   DITTO. 

Rubber.  Leather. 


Lbs. 

Belt  slipped  on  Iron  pulley  at   48 

"  "        Leather    '•         G4 

"        Rubber    "       1U8 


Lbs. 

Belt  slipped  on  Iron  pulley  at    90 

Leather    "        128 

"  "        Rubber     "        ISo 

Deductions  from  the  above :  Rubber  belt^  for  equivalent  resistances 
with  leather  belts,  may  be  reduced  respectively  4(j,  50  aud  30  per  cent 

Vulcanized  Rubber  belting  has  greater  endurance  thau  leather,  ita 
resistance  to  slipping  being  from  50  to  8i  per  cent  greater 

MxLL  FOR  Spinning  AVool  and  Weaving  Merinos. — Nineteen 
machines  to  prepare  the  combed  wool,  having  together  350  rollers;  16 
mules  with  3,400  spindles ;  one  winding  machine  of  60  rollers  to  pre- 
pare the  warp ;  2  warping  machines ;  2  self-acting  feeders ;  100-power 
looms;  2  lathes  for  wood  and  iron,  and  one  pump  require  in  all  30 
horse  power.  Produce :  13,600  cops  of  woolen  thread,  of  45  cops  to 
the  pound,  each  measuring  32  yards.  The  looms  make  115  revolu- 
tions i)er  minute,  and  produce  daily  4  pieces  of  double  width  merino 
of  68  yards  each,  and  4  pieces  of  simple  merino  of  1.2  to  1.4  yard 
broad,  and  each  88  yards  long. 

Cotton  Factory. — Coitdensinr/  Engine,  CiiUnder,  37  in.  diam. 
Stroke  o/piston,  1  ft.  Volume  o/ijiston  sjyace,  53.6  cubic  ft  Average 
pressure  of  steam',  16.73  lbs.  per  square  inch.  Revolutions,  17  per 
minute.  Fnction  of  Engine  and  Shafting,  (indicated)  4.75  lbs.  per 
eq.  inch  of  piston.  Indicated  Horses'  power,  125.  Total  power=l. 
Available,  deducting  friction=717. 

(The  foregobig  has  reference  to  an  English  mill,  for  driving  22.0G0  Hand 
mule  spiiidtes.  with  preparation,  and  260^  looms,  with  common  sizinp.i 

Remarks. — Rich  additional  horse's  power  will  drive  305  iuuid- 
mnle  spindles,  irith  pi'eparation, 
or  230  self-acting  ''^ 

or  104  throstle  " 

©r  10.5  looms  with  common  sizing. 

Including  preparation : 

1  throstle  spindle=3  hand-mule,  or  2.25  sell-actiug  spindles. 
1  self-acting  spindle=1.2  hand-mule  spindles. 
Exclusive  of  preparation,  taking  only  the  spindle : 

1  throstle  spindle=3.5  hand-mule,  or  2.56  self-acting  spindles. 
1  self-acting  spindle=1.375  hand-mule  si^indles. 

The  throstles  are  tlie  common,  spinning  34  twist  for  power  loom 
weaving ;  the  spindles  revolve  4,000  times  per  minute.  The  self- 
acting  mules  are. one  half  spinning  36' s  weft,  spindles  revohing  4,800; 
the  other  half  spinning  36's  twist,  spindles  revolving  5.200.  The 
hand-mules  spinning  about  equal  quantities  of  36's  weft  and  twist. 
Weft  spindies  4,700,  and  twist  spindles  5,0(X)  rev.  per  minute.  Aver- 
age breadth  of  looms  37  ins.  (weaving  37  ins.  cloth),  making  123 
pick.s  per  minute.  All  common  calicoes  about  CO  reed.  Stockport 
count,  and  68  picks  to  the  inch.  No  jwwer  epi:  ■  led  by  the  sizing. 
yfiieD.  the  ^-am  ia  dressed  imtead  of  sized,  one  Horse's  power  caoaot 


660         MACHINISTS,   EHQIMEEES",    AC,   BECEIPTS. 

drive  so  many  loom*,  as  the  dressing  machine  vdll  absorb  from  17  ts 
.14  of  the  povrer. 

Size  for  Duessis-g  Cottox  Tak^«  oe  Wakps. — Flour  280  lbs  ;  tal- 
low 1  lb.  ;  add  ^  to  2  per  cent  of  the  amount  of  floor  employed  f/f 
parafilne.  The  paiaffine  may  be  made  to  replace  tte  whole,,  of  apart 
of  the  tallow  employed. 

BEArriFn,  SizrsG  fob  Lixex. — Crystallized  carbonate  of  soda,  1 
part  ;  white  wax,  4  to  6  farU  ;  stearine  4  to  (i  parts  ;  pure  white  soap, 
4  *o  6  ports  ;  fine  Paris  white  or  carbonate  of  magnesia  20  parts  ;  fo- 
tato  starch.  40  parts  ;  fine  wheat  starch,  IGO  parts  ;  Ik.iI  with  sufid'^nt 
water  to  form  IG'X)  parts  altogether,  addhig,  if  desired,  some  nllra- 
marineto  counteract  tiie  yellow  tint  of  the  linen.  The  linen  is  starched 
with  this  prei^arauon,  afterwards  steamed  and  dried,  then  sprinkled 
wiih  soap- water  and  placed  in  the  stamping  mill,  afterwards  gteamed 
and  calendered- 

The  Marj>-ek'3  Compass. — The  needle  or  maenet  is  said  to  point 
always  to  the  north,  and  as  a  Tiattor  of  conr^e  the  other  points,  as 
eagt,  wc^  &c>,  are  easily  found  bv  the  needle  point:?!?  north  aiMl 
60u^.  In  certain  parts  of  tlie  world,  however,  the  necVJe  does  not 
point  to  the  north,  but  is  drawn  con.sideral)]y  to  the  rij;ht  or  left  of 
true  north.  This  is  called  tl;e  varir-tion  of  the  comT^a?^.  and  mrwt 
be  known  accarately  by  the  navigator  in  order  to  etc  "        -r 

the  right  course.    For  instance   in  crossing  the  At  :u 

the  variation  of  the  compass  amoriuts  in  sailing  ve?.-':  ,_        '~i 

Tjoints  westerly,  and  the  course  steered  mu5t  be  corrected  &ixC>i\Iing- 
ly.  Say  that  you  wish  to  make  a  due  eist  course,  you  must  Ftect 
2  J  or  2f  ix)iats  south  of  that  or  to  the  right  hn-ni\  in  order  to  make  a 
direct  course. 

05  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean,  stranjo 
enough,  the  variation  of  the  compass  in  shijxs  bound  to  India  or  Aiis- 
tralia  is  2|  points  easterly,  and  in  order  to  make  it  due  ea^t  c-ourse  itia 
necessary  to  steer  2^  to  the  north  or  le:t  of  her  course,  while  again  to- 
wards the  equator  or  centre  of  the  globe  there  is  hardly  any  perce^jt- 
ible  variation  of  the  compass  at  all.  The  way  of  fin'lir?  oit  ho\r 
much  the  compass  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  worM  '  '  er- 
vations  of  thesun  taken  with  the  comiwss,  and  the  .  o- 

tweenthe  true  and  magnetic  or  corapass  bearin?is  i  3» 

which  mtist  be  applied  as  a  correction  to  the  course  st-^ied.  W« 
have,  howerer,  in  iron  ships  or  steamers  what  is  called  the  deviatioa 
of  the  compass  to  attend  to  besides  the  rariation.  This  is  the  local 
attraction  capsed  by  the  iron,  and  must  be  careftilly  uEde>:tiX)d  be- 
fore steamers  or  iron  ships  attempt  to  go  to  sea.  As  in  steamers  of 
the  Allan  crCunard  line,' each  vessel  lofore  proceeding  on  her  first 
voyage  must  be  carefully  swung,  and  rcagnets  fixed  to  the  deck,  be-j 
sides  small  chains  plaoed  on  each  side  ci  the  compasses  in  box^  in] 
order  to  counteract  the  attraction  of  the  iron.  Thus  the  compass6& 
are  so  nicely  balanced  with  the  E-ignets  and  iron,  that  it  is  rare  In^ 
deed -it  this  day  that :'       .  ler  on  a  trans-Atlantic  passage. 

The  conseouences  to  sailing  ghip  whose  co.mpassea 

are  astrsy  would  be  i.  ^rLite.  even  if  it  were  btrt  oneJ 

half  poirt,  on  dark  w;ri:<:T  nigato  a;..!  rOadiing  the  land.  These  difll«^ 
enlties  are  now  happilv  obviated  by  the  discoveries  of  modem Bcientm 
and  th£iz  application  in  corre>tiug'tIie  compass  at  sea- 


ItACHIKlgTS,    BWG1NSER$',   kC,    ftECRttTS..        561 


Heat  of  Waieb  ik  Steam  Boilebs.  "VTABimrGOF  Bt-nLDmos,&c 
—The  following  table  shovm  the  temj-trature  of  water  by  Fahrenheit's 
and  Centigrade  scales  of  meMurements,  alicwing  14.6Jll».  per  square  inch  to 
a:moephere  ;— 


Pressure  of  i 
Steam  in      Tempera- 
Atmospheres       tiire. 


1 
1.5 

2 
2.5 

3 

3.6 

4 

4.6 

5 

6.5 

6 

6.5 

T 

7.5 

8 

9 
10 
11 
12 


tore. 


F.  I   C.        I  F.  I  C. 

_L>-'100.°  13,381°  155.^ 

230  112.2  14  387    157.7 

251  12l.2'l5  393   '200 

2&4  12*. g  16  398    203 

275  125.   1 17  404   .206  _ 

285  14').5  1S409   |209.4 

2&t  14.-).5  19  414    212.2, 

300  14s. 8  20  418    214.4. 

30$  1.5.3.121423    217.2' 

314  156.2  22  427    219.4 

320  160.    23  431    221.2 

326  163.1  24  4.36    224.4 

332  166.2  25  439    226.1 


15 


(2    S 


13.1    5-|.=  ^3        _g-^ 


169.4  30  457 
172.2  35  473 
177.2  40  4^7 
181.2,45  491 
186.1  50,5U 
190. 


236.1 
245.1 
;252.7 
,255.  , 
266.11 


ill!! 


.5  "5  a 

5-5 


9  S  S  *3  I 


1   t  ill 


^    ;    ?  I   O 

-.=    -   "^   - 


5  =  =  .a  3"  I 

5i3s55i 

6  0  D  8  a 


^ 


ft40    3  H  '« 

iiii 


TALrE  OF  FcEL.— The  evaporative  power  of  Coi-^  in  the  fumacQ 
©f  a  steam  boiler,  and  under  pressure.  Ls  from  U  to  9  lb«  of  fresh 
Jirater  per  lb.  of  coke  ;  that  of  charcoal  o\  Yb$.  of  fresh  water  vet  lb 
The  evaporative  power  of  1  cubic  f.x)t  of  pine  wood  is  equal  to  that  oj 
1  cubic  foot  of  fresh  water  ;  or,  ia  (^\ 
the  furnace  of  a  steam  boiler,  and 
Jmder  pressure,  it  is  If  Ibi  fresh 
water  for  1  lb.  of  wood.  One  cord  ^ 
of  hardwood  aud  1  cord  of  soft  ^ 
frood,such  as  the  general  average  f 
in  Canada,  is  equal  in  evaporative  ''  -^ 
eflfects  to  2000  lbs.  of  anthraci1/>| 
coaL  One  cord  of  the  kind  of 
"irood  used  by  Americ-an  river 
steamers  in  the  West,  is  equal  to 

E.f"^q'JfJ^J^^  o;  Pirt^bnrg  .^..^-,  ,,,,,  ^^,^^^ 
•oai  ,  ycon^  cotton,  asa  and  cypress  wood  are  equal  to  7  cords  veUow 
pine.  Ihe  densest  woods  give  the  greatest  heat,  as  charcoal' gene 
^tes  more  heat  than  flams.  The  evarorative  power  of  mat  in  tlia 
Jumare  of  a  steam  boiler,  and  nnder  pressure,  is  S^  t.-  .5  lbs  of  fresh 
J^r  for  every  lb.  of  fuel.  Bi'':m 'yr<i>,  < •„,;  i,  13  per  rpnf  more  ef- 
fective than  cokf.  for  equ.'^l  weieht^.  and  in  England  th^  eff<=H:l3  ar» 
alike  for  equal  co^ts.  In  an  exT^erimeDt  under  a  pressure  of  30  ]bs  t 
B>.  pine  wood  evarwrated  3.5  to  4.7.5  lbs.  water.  1  lb.  Lehif^h  coaj,' 
y  J5  to  &.7&  Ibe.    Hid  least  oonsumptioo  of  coal  yet  attiiiiied  5  U  Iv 


Rettkx  Ft-rr:  B01T.ER. 


562       MACHnnsTs,  exgiseeks',  &c.,  receipts. 

r!r  mdicate<i  horse-power.  It  nsuallv  varies  ia  different  engifles  from 
to  8  lbs..  Eailway  experiments  demonstrate  1  ton  of  Cumberland 
coal,  (2'2401b5.'>tobe  equal  in  evaporating  eilect  t<5  1.25  tonstif  an- 
thracite co?J,  and  1  ton  of  anthracite  to  "be  equal  to  1.75  cords  pine 
■wood ;,  also  that  2000  lbs.  Lackawanna  coal  are  equal  to  4500  lbs.  best 
pine  wood.  Much  depends  on  the  kind  of  b>oiler  used.  The  .ff  ^titT-n. 
Flue  Boiler  gives  very  good  results  in  econonuzing  heat.  See  diagram 
above. 

SPEcmc  Gkamtv. — Is  the  densitr  of  ^Iie  matter  of  which  any 
body  is  composed,  comiiarcd  with  tlie  den? :ty  of  another  body  as- 
Fomed  as  the  standard,  or  1000.  This  standard  is  pure  distilled  water 
for  liquids  and  solids,  and  atmospheric  air  for  gaseous  bodies  and- 
vapors.  Thus  as  gold  is  10,  and  silver  10  times  heavier  than  water, 
those  numbers  19,  and  10  are  siiid  to  represent  the  speciac  gravity  of 
gold  and  silrer.  The  heavic-st  kno-s\Ti  sr.bstnnceis  iridium,  used  for 
pointing  gold  pens ;  its  speciilc  gravity  is  2.3.  The  lightest  of  all  liquids 
has  a  specific  gravity  of  0.6,  it  is  called  chimogene.  and  is  made  from 
petroleum,  it  Is  exceedingly  voLitile  and  combustible,  heing  in  fact 
a  liquefied  gas.  Carb---.nic  acid  gas  or  choke  damp  is  500  times  lighter 
than  water,  common  air  SCO,  street  gas  about  2>X)0.  and  pare  hydro- 
gen the  lightest  of  all  echstances,  12,0(.O  times.  The  heaviest  substance 
has  thus  23+12,000,  or  more  thr.n  a  qu:::tcr  of  a  million  times  more 
weight  than  an  equal  bulk  of  t!ie  lijhtestjand  the  substance  of  which 
comets  consLst,  has  by  astrouomei's  been  proved  to  be  even  .several 
thoiL^and  times  lighter  than  hydrogen  gas. 

ArpROVED  Fkictiox  Matches. — Abor.t  the  best  known  prepara- 
tion for  friction  matches  consi.~t3  of  gam  arable,  16  paits  by  weight; 
phosphorus,  9  parts  ;  nitre,  14  parts ;  peroxyde  of  manganese,  in 
powder,  16  parts.  The  gum  is  first  made  iuto'a  mucilage  vrith  water, 
then  the  manganese,  then  the  phosphorus,  and  the  whole  is  heated 
to  about  ISQOFah.  When  the  phosphorus  is  melted  the  nitre  is  ad- 
ded, and  the  whole  is  thoroughly  stirred  unMl  the  mass  is  a  uniform 
paste.  The  wooden  matches  prepared  first  with  sulphur,  are  then 
dipped  in  this  and  afterward  dried  in  the  air.  Friction  papers,  for 
carrying  in  the  pocket,  may  be  made  in  the  same  manner,  and  by 
addiiig  some  guia  benzoin  to  the  mucilage  they  will  have  an  agree- 
able order  when  ignited. 

liiPKOVED  Ojlokzd  Fires. — White. — Saltpetre,  2  parts;  sulphur, 
2  parts;  antira«ny,  2  parts.  Red.  Nitrate  of  stroutia,  20  parts; 
chlorate  of  potash,' 5  parts;  snlphirr,  6\  parts ;  charcoal.  1  i>art  Blue. 
Chlorate  of  potash,  9  parts;  sulphar  S' parts;  carbonate  of  copi^er,  3 
parts.  YeUi^nr. — Xitrate  of  soda.  2i  parts;  rntimony,  8  parts,  sul- 
phur, 6  parts;  charcoal,  1  lart.  Green. — Nitrate  of  baryt.'i,  26  ]>arts: 
chlorate  of  potash,  18  parts ;  sulphur,  10  i^.rt*.  Violet. — Niti-atc  oi 
gtnmtia,  4parts;c)ilorate  of  potash,  9  parts;  sulphur,  5  parts;  car- 
bonate of  copper,  1  part;  calomel,  1  ]Virt. 

To  KE-covrJi  HAiDiEES  IX  PiA>"os. — Get  felt  of  graduated  thick- 
re- s,  cut  it  in  strips  the  exact  ^vidth,  touch  only  the  two  ends  with 
glue,  not  tiie  p.art  striking  the  strings.  Hold  in  place  with  springs  of 
narrow  hoci>.iron. 

W-VTirE. — Fresh  Water. — ^The  component  parts  by  weight  and 
measure  is,  Orygtu,  88.9  by  weight,  and  1  by  measure.  Hydrogen,^ 
ILl  by  weight,*  and  2  by  measure.  One  cubic  inch  of  distilled  watM* 
»t  it«  Bcaiidum  denaitr  of  39°,  83,  the  barometer  at  SO  jp.f^es,  weigh* 


KACniNISTS,    ENGIKEEES',    &C.,    RECEIPTS.  568 

252.6937  grs.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  62.5  Ihs.  Rated  bj  the  British 
Imperial  standard,  a  cubic  ft.  of  Trater  at  62"  weighs  fCS.Cii  ozs., 
S5.8i  cable  ft.  of  water  weich  1  ton,  39.14  cubic  ft.  of  ice  weLTb. 
Iton.  Sea- Water.  1  cubic'ft.  weighs  64.3126  lbs.;  St.84  cubic  ft. 
weigh  1  t<>n  and  contains  from  4  to  5|  ozs.  of  salt  per  gal.  varying  in 
different  parts  of  the  globe ;  carbonic  arid,  62  parts  in  everj"  iOOO  of 
water.  The  saline  matter  in  the  Dead  Sea  is  21.722  parts  in  every 
100;  Dr.  Scoresby's  observations  of  the  height  of  waves  in  tho 
North  Atlantic  Ocean  record  24  ft,  30  ft.,  the  highest  43  ft,  and  tha 
mean  18  ft  in  western  gr.los.  French  observers  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
Etite  a  height  of  wave  of  36  ft. ;  Captain  Wilkes  writes  of  36  ft  intha 
racific  and  Sir  J.  Ross  of  22  ft  in  the  South  Atlantic.  Heights  of 
waves  in  northwest  gales  off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  have  been  com- 

Euted  at  K)  ft,  those  off  Cape  Horn  at  32  ft,  in  the  Mcditerraneaa 
ea  at  15  ft.,  and  in  the  German  Ocean  at  14  ft,  but  in  the  British 
waters  they  are  only  found  to  average  8  to  9  ft.  The  velocity  of 
ocean  storm  waves  was  observed  by  Dr.  Scoresby  in  the  North 
Atlantic  to  be  about  32  miles  per  hour  ;  Capt.  Wilkes  records  it  at 
2G]i  miles  in  the  Pacific,  and  French  mariners  in  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay at  GO  miles  an  hour.  Dr.  Scoresbj'  has  estimated  the  dirtanca 
between  or  breadth  of  his  Atlantic  storm  waves  i4  about  r.OO  feet 
from  crest  to  crest  which  is  only  about  half  of  that  ft,  ted  by  soma 
others,  and  Dr.  S.  states  tliat  the  waves  of  30  ft  height  move  at 
the  rate  of  32  mUes  per  hour.  The  mean  force  of  the  Atlantic 
waves  for  the  summer  months  is  over  600  lbs.  per  sq.  ft.,  during 
winter  2083  lbs.  During  a  severe  gale  6383  lbs.  per  square  ft.  has 
been  noted.  Corrosive  ejfrcts  of  Sea-Water  on  Metals,  per  sqiiara 
Joof.  Steel  39  grs.,  iron"38,  copper  9,  zinc  8,  galvanized  iron  1.6, 
tin  2. 
Brazts-g  Cast  Ieon". — ^There  are  two  ways  of  joining  cast  iron. 

1.  Fit  the  broken  pieces  exactly  together  in  moulding  sand  and  potir 
melted  iron  over  the  parts  to  be  joined.  "VSTien  cold  chip  off  tlia 
superfluous  metal  and  you  will  have  a  joint  scarcely  to  be  detected. 

2.  Well  tin  the  parts  to' be  joined,  fit  together  in  sand  as  above,  and 
pour  melted  brass  over  them. 

Maci>'tosh  Cloth. — ^The  material  is  merely  two  layers  of  cotton 
cemented  with  liquid  India  rubber;  but  the  junction  is  so  well  effect- 
ed th.at  the  three  become,  to  all  intents  a.i:.d  purposes,  one.  The  stout 
and  well-woven  cloth  is  coiled  u'^on  a  horizontal  beam  lite  the  yard 
beam  of  a  loom  ;  and  from  this  it  i.s  stretched  out  in  a  tight  state  and 
a  nearly  horizontal  direction  ;  a  layer  of  liquid  or  rather  paste-like 
solution  Ls  apphed  with  a  spatula,  to  a  considerable  thickness,  and 
the  cloth  is  drawn  tmder  a  knife  edge  which  scrapes  the  solution  and 
dififuses  it  equally  over  every  part  of  the  cloth,  whici  may  bo 
30  or  40  yards  long.  The  cloth  i.<<  then  extended  out  on  a  horizontal 
framework  to  dry ;  and  when  dried  a  second  coating  is  applied  ui  the 
fame  way,  and  a  third  or  fourth  coat  if  necessary  Two  pieces,  thus 
coated,  are  next  placed  face  to  face  with  great  care  to  prevent  creasing 
or  distortion  ;  and  being  placed  between  two  wooden  rollers,  they  are 
«o  thoroughly  pressed  as  to  unite  durably  and  permanently.  Cloth, 
tluu  cemeutod  and  doubled  and  dried,  may  be  cut  and  iuade  intoi 


864        MACHIKIST3,    ENGIS*EEBS',    AC,   EECEIPT8. 

ramenta  which  will  bear  many  a  rough  trial,  and  many  a  ddngiTtg, 
Before  rain  or  water  can  penetrate. 

To  Petrift  Wood— Gam  salt,  rock  alnm,  white  rinegar,  chalk 
and  pebbles  powder,  of  each  an  equal  quantity.  Mix  well  tojretlier. 
If,  after  the  ebullition  is  over,  you  throw  into  this  liquid  any  wool  or 
porous  substance,  it  will  petrify  it. 

To  CoxsTKCcT  A>'  .SoLiA>'  Harp. — Mate  a  box  with  the  top,  bot- 
tom, and  sides  of  thin  wood,  and  the  ends  1^  inch  beech,  form  it 
the  same  length  as  the  width  of  the  window  in  which  it  Ib  t>  Lo 
placed.  The  box  should  be  3  or  4  inches  deep,  and  6  or  7  inches 
wide.  In  the  top  of  the  box,  which  acts  as  a  sounding  bcsrd, 
make  3  circular  holes  about  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  an  eqnrA 
distance  apart.  Glue  across  the  sounding  board,  al>out  2V  inches 
from  each  end,  2  pieces  of  hard  wood  ^  inch  thi^k,  and  ^  inch 
high,  to  serve  as  bridges.  You  must  now  procure  f  i -m  nny  muii- 
cal  instrument  maker  twelve  steel  pegs  similar  to  thor  e  of  a  pLino- 
forte,  and  12  small  brass  pins.  Insert  them  in  the  following  man- 
ner into  the  beech  :  first  commence  with  a  brass  pin,  then  insert  a 
steel  peg,  and  so  on,  placing  them  alternately  i  in.  apart  to  tho 
number  of  twelve.  Now  for  the  other  end,  which  you  mast  com- 
mence with  a  steel  peg,  exactly  opiwsite  the  brass  i^in  at  the  other 
end,  then  a  brass  pin,  and  so  on.'alttTnately,  to  the  number  of  12 ;  by 
this  arrangement  you  have  a  steel  peg  and  a  brass  pin  always  oppo- 
site each  other,  which  is  done  so  that  the  pressure  of  the  strincrs  on 
the  instrument  shall  be  uniform.  Now  string  the  instrument  with  13 
first  violin  strings,  making  a  loop  at  one  end  of  each  string,  which 
put  over  the  brass  pins,  and  whid  the  other  ends  round  the  oppo- 
site steel  pegs.  Tnne  them  in  uuisnn,  but  do  not  d:-aw  them  ti^hL 
To  increase  the  cuiTcnt  of  air,  a  thin  board  mny  be  placed  a'.>jut 
2  iniies  above  the  strings,  sujiwrted  at  each  end  by  2  pieces  of 
wood.  Place  the  instrument  in  a  partly  opened  window,  and  to 
increase  the  draft,  open  the  opix)site  door. 

To  CoKSTECCT  A  METROTOME. — Take  a  clieap  clock  morenient 
and  substitute  for  the  pendulum  a  wire  with  a  sliding  weight,  mark- 
ing tlie  wire  with  a  file  at  the  dlJerent  poiots  of  graduation.  Used  to 
indicate  the  projier  time  in  music 

To  Bexd  Glass  Tubes. — Hold  the  tube  in  the  npiier  part  of  the 
flame  of  a  spirit-lamp,  revolving  it  slowly  between  the  fingers  :  when 
red  hot  it  may  be  easily  bent  into  any  desired  shape.  To  soften  larje 
tubes  a  lampVith  a  double  current  of  air  should  be  used,  as  it  gives 
a  much  stronger  heat  than  the  simple  lamp. 

Black  Lead  Pescil!*. — The  best  pftucila  are  made  by  grinding 
the  black  lead  into  a  fine  irnxjaljiable  ]x)wder,  then  forming  it  into 
blocks  by  compression  without  any  cementing  substance,  and  finally 
sawing  it  up  into  the  square  pri.«ra8,  whii  h.  when  placed  in  grooves  in 
wood,  form  the  black  lead  pencils  of  commerce.  The  color  can  be 
graduated  to  any  desired  tinge  by  the  intermixture  of  very  finely 
ground  chiv.  By  the  proce,^s  of  Prof.  Brodie.  the  most  intractable 
graphite  may  bereducel  to  the  finest  jwwder  with  great  ease.  The 
mineral  is  coarsely  powdered  and  mixed  with  l-loth  of  chlorate  of 
pota^,  to  which  mixture  is  added  twice  its  weight  of  sulphuric  acid. 
Chl<  ic  acid  is  disensaged,  and.  after  the  mass  has  cooled,  it  is  well 
wae  Hi,  dried,  aad  heated  to  redness.    During  the  latter  ciieratkta^ 


MACmXISTS,   lafGDfEEKS',    AC,   RECEIPTS.  5^B 

Vie  black  lead  pwcHs  and  becomes  reduced  to  so  fine  a  powder  t^*^ 
Ifvrill  rvrim  uiwn  water,  a  little  flaoriJe  of  eodium  ia  nsed  to  dissoJvd 
the  Eilicions  imparities.  The  finest  quality  is  found  near  Bunxjwdaie 
in  Cnmberbind,  pjisland.  It  is  nearly  pure  carbon,  and  perfectly- 
free  from  prit  It  id  tised  principally  in  the  manufacture  of  lead  pen- 
cils, the  coars-r  quality  bemg  u^ed,  -when  pronnd,  for  polthing  iron 
■work,  plazing  guujowder,  as  a  lubricator  fur  machinerv,  compoundetj 
•mth  four  times  iti  weight  of  lard  or  tallow,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
«nclbles  for  melting  metals,  as  it  is  very  intractable  in  an  intente 
heat 

rniixip^s  FmE  A>-nthilator.— Consists  of  a  case  containing 
■water,  ■within  •which  is  a  gmaller  case  containing  chlorate  of  po^S 
and  Bugur.  Dipjied  in  the  latter  is  a  smaU  tube  wmtaining  sulphuric 
aad ;  when  this  tube  is  broken  the  chlorate  of  potash  and"  su^  be- 
come igmtcd,  throwing  ofiE  large  quantities  of  mixed  gases  which  are 
non-supporters  of  combustion ;  the  action  is  maintained  bv  the  -water 
m  the  outer  case  becoming  heated.  The  gases  are  conveyed  to  the- 
fere  by  means  of  a  flexible  tube  fitted  ■with  a  proper  norzle'and  stoo- 
cock.  I  have  seen  still  another  kind  constructed  of  copp^  in  qurto 
an  e.egant  etvle,  fitted  with  shoulder  gtraps,  &c,  for  easv  transporta- 
tion, m  wmch  the  gases  were  generated  by  mean5  of  chemicals  on  the 
nrmciple  of  what  may  be  seen  every  dav  in  the  euervescence  of  car- 
bonic acid  gas  from  the  intermixture  of  seiJIitz  ix)wders  in  ■watec 
The  chemicals  being  introduced  from  white  and  blue  paper  packagjw 
into  the  water  omtained  in  the  copper  case  ^ 

M.^M-FAC-rt-KE  OF  CoRX  Stasot.— TCaii's  Patrnt.— The  com  v 
steei^ed  m  water,  nmg-.ng  in  temperature  from  IQo  to  140°  Fah. 
lor  about  a  week,  changing  the  water  at  least  once  in  24  hours.  A 
certain  amount  of  add  fermentation  is  thus  produced,  can^iu"  th& 
Efcxrch  and  refrse  of  the  com  to  be  easily  separated  aftenrarda 
Ihe  swollen  c-im  is  ground  in  a  oirrent  of  dear  soft  water  and 
ine  pulp  passed  through  Fievcs,  ■nith  the  water  irto  vats  In  'thesa 
■J>3  starch  gradually  settles  to  the  bottom,  the  dear  ■water  is  then 
run  off  by  a  tap,  and  the  gtarch  gathered  and  dried  in  a  prop«- 
apartment  for  the  purpose. 

RfTUMXG  OF  gcGAB.— Both  cane  and  beet-root  sugar  are  refined 
on  the  same  prcidple,  by  mixture  with  limewater,  boilino-  witb 
■mraal  chiircoal,  and  filtration  throuch  twilled  cotton.  In  eomo 
ertabashmeuta  bullock's  blood  is  used  to  aid  in  the  clarifying 
ne  albumen  of  the  serum  becomes  coagulated  cu  the  applititSt 
of  heat,  forumig  a  network,  which  rises  to  the  top  of  the  Dtraw 
carrying  with  it  a  great  part  of  the  impurities.  The  reddish  ijraa 
ohtamed  cj  the  Hist  filtration  is  next  passed  through  filters  iaS 
laijge  vate,  twelve  or  fourteen  feet  deep,  npcn  which  are  laid  cokx9» 
ticking,  ci^rsely  ground  animal  charcoal,  and  a  second  laver  tt 
ticking.  The  syrup  is  i^owed  to  flow  over  the  surface  of  the  filter., 
and  runs  slowly  through  the  charcoal,  coming  out  perfetW 
colorless.  The  concentrated  gvrnp  is  then  boiled  in  vacuo,  tvyHnaai 
of  which  two  important  re*Tilts  are  arrived  at  The  visdd  Eflta* 
wonld  bnil  m  air  at  230©  Fah.,  at  which  temi^ratnrea  quaatitrot 
BDcrj-rtallixaWe  sugar  wonld  be  lormed.  By  i>erforming  th»  •n»> 
ation  in  a  vacnum-pan  the  boiling  point  is  brought  down  to  150» 
or  iOP.  no  fezmatiaa  of  onczystallizable  sugox  takes  ylact^  aad 


566         MACHIKISTS,    engineers',    AC,   BECEIPTS, 

a  great  saving  in  fuel  i3  effected.  VTten  tlie  concentration  reachM 
a  certain  point,  the  symp  is  transferred  to  a  vessel  heated  by  steam 
to  170°,  and  forcibly  agitated  with  -wooden  be?ters,  nntil  it  forms 
thick  and  granular.  From  the  heatiag-vat3  it  id  transferred  into 
inverted  conical  moulds  of  the  •well-known  shape,  at  the  bottom  of 
each  of  •which  is  a  movable  plug.  The  syrup  is  •well  stirred  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  air-bubbles,  and  then  left  at  rest  for  several 
iours,  at  the  end  of  •which  time  the  plug  is  removed,  and  the 
tmcrystallized  syrup  runs  out.  The  loaves  are  further  freed  from 
ell  colored  matter  by  a  portion  of  perfectly  colorless  syrup  beinff 
run  through  them.  They  are  then  dried  in  a  stove  arid  finished 
for  market  by  being  turned  in  a  lathe.  Cncshcd  or  granulated  su^ar 
is  made  by  causing  the  granular  syrup  to  revolve  in  a  perforated 
drum,  by  •which  means  the  unciystalLizable  portion  is  separatea 
from  the  crystals  by  centrifugal  force. 

BcTTOx  Jl^^sTFACxcKE. — ilctal  buttons  are  formed  of  an  inferior 
Idnd  of  brass,  pe^cer,  or  other  metallic  compositions.  For  button 
metal,  see  a  -variety  of  alloys  on  pages  291  and  2'j2.  Buttoas  •with 
shanks  are  usually  made  of  these  compositions,  •which  is  supplied 
to  the  manufacturers  ia  sheets  of  tiie  required  thickness.  By  meana 
of  fly  presses  and  punches,  circular  disks  called  blanks,  are  cut  out 
of  these  sheets.  This  is  mostly  performed  by  females,  •who  can 
•furnish  about  30  blanks  per  minute,  or  12  gross  per  hour.  Hand 
punching  is  the  general  mode  of  cutting  out  blanks,  but  mora 
complicated  machines,  •which  cut  out  8  or  10  bLinks  at  a  time,  aro 
in  use.  After  betug  punched,  the  edges  of  tlie  blanks  are  very 
sharp,  and  require  to  be  smoothed  and  rounded.  Their  surfaces 
are  then  planished  on  the  face  by  placing  them  separately  in  a  die 
imder  a  small  stamp,  and  allo^wing  them  to  receive  a  small  blow 
from  a  polished  steel  hammer.  In  this  state  they  are  ready  to 
receive  the  shanks  or  small  metal  loops  by  •which  they  are  attached 
to  the  dress.  They  are  made  by  a  machme  iu  •wliich  a  coil  of  wire 
is  gradually  advanced  to-warda  a  pair  of  shears  •which  cuts  oif  short 
pieces.  A  'metal  finger  then  presses  against  the  middle  of  each 
piece,  first  bending  it  and  then  pressing  it  into  a  -vice,  •when  it  is 
compressed  so  as  to  form  a  loop  ;  a  hammer  then  striljes  the  two 
ends,  spreading  them  into  a  fl;it  surface,  and  the  shank  is  pushed 
out  of  the  machine  ready  for  use.  The  shanks  are  attached  to  tha 
"blanks  by  •women,  ■with  iron  "wire,  solder  and  rosin.  They  are  then 
put  into  an  oven,  and  •when  firmly  united,  form  plain  buttons.  If 
a  crest  or  inscription  is  -wanted,  it  is  placed  in  a  die  and  stamped. 
Buttons  are  gilded  by  gold  amalgam,  by  beiug  put  into  an  earthen 
pan  •with  the  proper  quantity  of  gold  to  cover  them,  amalgamated 
Xrith  mercury  in  the  following  mauner  :  the  gold  is  put  into  an 
lion  ladle  in  thm  strips,  and  a  small  quantity  of  mercury,  say  1 
part  of  mercury  to  8  of  gold,  added  to  it,  the  ladle  is  Held  over 
the  fire  till  tlie  gold  and  mercury  are  perfectly  united.  This  amal- 
jram  being  put  into  tlie  i«u  with  the  buttons,  as  much  aquafortis, 
dilated  with  water,  as  will  wet  them  all  over,  is  thrown  in,  and 
th«y  are  stirred  up  •with  a  brush  till  the  acid,  by  its  affinity  to  tha 
copper  in  the  buttons,  carries  the  amalgam  to  every  part  of  their 
surface,  giving  it  tlie  appearance  of  silver  ;  this  done,  the  acid  is 
-vifihed  away  with  clean -water.     This  id  called  the  guicking  pro* 


ttACHUriSTS,   ENGINEEB3*,   AC.,   BECEIPTa.         567 

S5!iir^  *^-/''»fi'  of,  the  pan  of  buttons  ia  heated  bv  a  charcoal  fir« 
expelling  tlie  mercury  in  the  form  of  a  vapor,  whidTlmder  Sla 
^.P<r  ,  ^^^"^  ^  conducted  into  on  oblong  bon  flue'  o^Ser^ 
gentlv  sloped  downwards,  having  at  its  end  a  small  verti(^hi6a 
Sipped  into  a  water  cistern,  for  condensing  the  mer^ufy^d  a 
large  vertical  pipe  for  promoting  thedrauglit  of  Se  SuS  of 
tte  combustion.  The  gold  thus 'deposited  In  an  ^ceeSv  thS 
^y.^^""^  '^/  buttons,  nrcsents  a  diu  yeUow  (^or^d  mJt  ^ 
be  burnished  ;  this  is  effected  by  a  niece  of  hematite^,  or  bloodFtonr 
&.ed  on  a  handle  and  applied  to  &e  button,  as  it  revolvS^Si^ 

To  BEXDEB    Wood   lsDT3TRraimi^.—2iobbim'  Process     Tha 

^lfK»  ^.k"*  "^^'^^  '■^^"^'  ^^"^'"^  *^r,  or  other  olea-inons  substancS^ 
lif^^^fn^^  'T?*5\'''^  l^^^l'^  ^  ^^'^^^  to  subject^them  t^  thThS 
Fire  bemg  applied  beneath  the  retort  containing  the  coal  toj  tc 
oleagmous  vapor  commences  to  rise,  and  passe3°out  thXjh  a  ojul 
nectmg  pipe  mto  a  la^e  iron  tank 'or  ch^er  (whk^^n  ^ba 
bmlt  of  any  size),  contiining  tbe  timber,  &c..  to  be  operated  upon^a 

^^'  which  °^!nXM'  7^^'  ?"f^-  ^«  ^-^P  tofl'^w  fX'evS^ 
li?I^'^o  K  '  ^iPf.in  the  form  of  steam,  condenses  on  tlie  bodvof 
the  chamber,  and  discharges  through  an  escape  pipe  in  the lowSpi^ 
In  this  process  a  temperature  of  212o  to  230o  Vkhr  is  sXieut  to 
remove  the  surface  moisture  from  the  wood;  but  after  tiSthetem 
peratuje  should  be  raised  to  SOOo  or  more  L  order  toloSnlS; 
eaturate  and  perme^ite  the  body  of  the  wood  Aritli  Sie  :^tSeS?a,Sra 
and  heavier  products  of  the  dL^tillition.  The  hot  vapor  caaiubit^^l^ 
albumen  of  the  wood,  and  opens  the  pores,  «>  ST^^e'Si^n  of 
£.Vi-lP'*'r"'*  °^  "^^f^^«  ^  admitted;'  the  contortSaSuni 
from  the  coolmg  process  hermetically  seals  them  and  decay  seem,  t? 
be  almost  imj^ssible.  There  is  a  man-hole  ik  the  S  ^^d  t^ 
^ange  or  clean  out  the  contents;  and  the  wood  chaml^rTf umThod 

te  wSfn  y^l  P"^"^!  ^'^^^    The  whole  operaTiS  i^coiSeted 
in  le«3  than  cue  hour,  rendering  the  wood  proof  a-ainst  rS  mT?«itP« 
and  the  attacks  of  tlie  Teredo  vari:i<t  nV^^-.i-n^^^n'  parasites, 

V^^J'^T''''''^>f'°  ^""^J  ^^  ^^  J'-^t  carefnUv;  applv^^[h  a  bS 

;^^^i!  w  dragged  by  the  chain  of  a  draw-bench.  afterthe  man 
ner  of  wire,  though  a  pair  of  ton-,  with  two  bell-slmned  iaw^^  Jh^  « 

pressure  of  water,  steam,  or  gas  to  which  they  have  beSTsubiwted  a^ 
they  admit  of  bein^  bent  b<,th  in  the  heated  and  cold  rtatrS^u^ 
wut  impunity.    Sometimes  the  tubes  are  made  one  u^athe^U 


5G8      jiACHisnsTS,  exgineees',  ac,  receipts. 

wheu  great  thicloiess  is  reauiied ;  bat  those  stoat  pipes,  and  those  larger 
than  3  inches,  are  but  selaom  required.  The  wrought  iron  tubes  of 
hydrostatic  presses  which  measure  about  ^  an  inch  intem;iUy,  and  |  to 
§"of  an  inch  thick  in  the  metal,  are  frequently  subjected  to  "a  pressure 
of /our  tons  on  each  square  inch. 

Brass  Tuees. — Bkuss  or  other  tabes  are  formed  of  rolled  metal 
•which  is  cut  to  the  desired  width  by  means  of  revolving  discs:  in  th« 
large  sizes  of  tubes,  the  metal  is  partially  carved  in  its  length  bj 
means  of  a  pair  of  rolls,  when  in  this  condition  it  is  passed  through  a 
eteel  hole  or  a  die,  a  plug  bein^  held  in  such  a  position  as  allows  th» 
metal  to  pass  between  it  and  toe  interior  of  tlie  hole.  Oil  is  used  to 
lubricate  the  metal,  the  motion  is  communicated  by  power,  the  draw- 
ing apparatus  being  a  pair  of  hujre  nippers,  which  nolds  the  brass, 
and  is  attached  to  a  chain  and  revolves  round  a  windlass  or  cylinder. 
The  tube  in  its  tm5oldered  state  is  annealed,  bound  round  at  intervals 
of  a  few  inches  with  iron  wire,  and  solder  and  borax  applied  along  tho 
Beam,  The  operation  of  solderui^  is  completed  by  passing  the  tubes 
throufrh  anair stove,  heated  with  cokes  "  Dr  "  breezes"  which  melts 
the  solder,  and  unites  tlie  two  eyes  of  the  metal,  and  forms  a  perfect 
tube;  it  is  then  immersed  in  a  solution  of  sulphuric  acid,  to  remove 
scaly  deixjsitt.  on  its  surface,  the  wire  and  extra  solder *having  been 
previously  removed  ;  it  is  then  drawn  throu>:h  a  "  finishing  hole 
plate"  when  tlie  tube  is  completed.  Mandril  drawn  tubes  are  drawn 
upon  a  very  accurately  turned  steel  mandril,  by  tliis  means  the  in^ 
temal  dianieter  is  rendered  smooth.  The  tubes  drawn  by  this  pro- 
cess are  well  adapted  for  telescopes,  syringes,  small  pump  cylinders, 
&c  The  brass  tubes  for  tlie  boilers  of  locomotive  enghies  are  now 
made  by  casting  and  drawing  without  being  soldered,  and  some  of 
them  are  drawa  t£;-er  in  their  thickness.  Tubes  from  1-10  inch  in- 
ternal diameter  and  8  or  ten  incies  long,  np  to  those  of  two  or  three 
tnches  diameter  and  4  or  3  feet  long,  axe  drawn  vertically  by  means 
of  %  strong  chain  wound  on  a  barrel  by  wheels  and  pinions,  as  in. 
a  crane,  m  Donkin's  tube  drawing  machine,  which  is  applicable  to 
making  tubes,  or  rather  cylinders,  for  paper-making  and  other  ma- 
chinery, as  large  as  2Ci  inches  diameter,  and  6^  feet  long,  a  vertical 
screw  'is  used,  the  nut  of  w  hich  is  turned  round  by  toothed  wheels 
driven  bv  six  men  at  a  windlass.  The  fluted  tubes  of  pencil  cases  are 
drawn  through  oramental  plates,  with  elevations  and  depressions 
corres]X)nding  to  the  impressions  left  on  the  tube. 

Lead  Ptpb,  is  made  by  forcing  lead,  while  heated  to  a  pLastic  state, 
over  aa  annular  mandril  or  die  to  lorm  tiie  core,  by  means  of  hy- 
draulic pressure. 

CtTTLEBY  MA^jTFACTUHa. — ^There  are  three  kinds  of  steel  employed 
in  manufacture  of  different  firticles  of  cutlery,  common  steel,  shear 
steel,  and  cast  steel.  All  edge  tools  which  require  to  be  tenacious 
without  being  very  hard,  are  made  of  shear  steel.  The  best  scissors, 
razors,  penknives,  &c.,  are  made  from  cast  steei,  which  is  able  to 
take  a  very  fine  polish,  common  steel  is  only  nsed  ir  making  cheap 
articles  of  cutlery.  In  making  good  table-knives,  shear  steel  and 
cast  steel  are  generally  preferred.  In  the  ordinary  method  of  mak- 
ing knives,  the  blades  are  cut  out  of  a  sheet  of  steel,  and  the  backs, 
ghoulders  and  tangs  of  wrought  iron,  are  attached  to  the  steel 
liiades  by  welding  at  the  forge.    The  knife  is  thea  gtoosd  tc  th* 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEBS,*   AC,   RECEIPTS.  569 

proper  shape,  and  the  bladia  polished  and  hardened.  The  fork 
manufacture  is  a  distinct  branch  of  industry,  and  the  mamifacturem 
of  table  knives  generally  buy  their  forks  from  the  fork  maker* 
ready  to  be  put  into  their  handles.  In  makin»  table  knives,  two 
t  men  are  generally  employed  ;  one  is  called  the  foreman,  or  maker, 
and  tlie  other  the  striker.  Pen  knives  are  usually  forged  by  a  smgle 
hand,  with  hammer  and  anvil  simply  ;  they  are  hardened  by  heatmg 
tlie  blades  red-hot,  and  dippmg  them  into  water  np  to  the  shoulder. 
Bazors  are  also  hardened  in  the  same  manner.  Tlie  grinding  and 
polishing  of  cutlery  are  generallj;  performed  by  macliinery,  the  busi- 
ness of  the  grinders  is  divided  into  grinding,  glazing  and  polishing. 
Grinding  is  performed  upon  stones  of  various  dimensions.  Those  ar- 
ticles wiiich  require  temper  bemg  ground  on  wet  stones.  Glazing  is 
a  process  by  which  lustre  is  given  to  cutlery  ;  it  is  performed  with  % 
glazier,  consisting  of  a  circular  piece  of  wood,  sometimes  covered 
•with  leather,  or  an  alloy  of  lead  and  tin  ;  it  is  fixed  on  an  axis  like  & 
grindstone.  The  polishing  process  is  the  last,  and  is  performed  on  & 
eimilar  piece  of  wood  covered  with  buff  leather.  Only  articles  of 
ca.st  steel  which  have  been  hardened  and  tempered  are  subjected 
to  this  operation.  ^ 

Ox  Needle  MAXTTFAcrrKE,  TE^rPEiirN-G,  &c.— This  small  but  im- 
portant implement  has  to  go  through  the  hands  of  about  120  work- 
men during  the  process  of  manufacture.  The  steel  wire,  being  drawn 
to  the  proper  size,  is  submitted  to  various  test3  to  ascertain  its  qual- 
ity, and  is  then  cut  into  proper  lengths  by  shears,  which,  by  striking 
21  blows  in  a  mmute,  cut  in  10  hours  fully  400,000  ends  of  steel  wire, 
which  produce  about  800,000  needles.  These  are  passed  on  for  fur- 
ther manipulation  to  other  workmen,  who  straighten  and  point  tho 
pieces  of  wire.  After  pointing  they  are  cut  in  two,  so  as  to  form  two 
separate  needles  of  equal  Icrgth  and  quality.  For  each  different  size 
a  small  copper  plate  is  employed.  It  is  nearly  square,  and  has  a 
tumed-npVdge  on  two  of  its  sides,  the  one  is  intended  to  receive  alb 
the  points,  while  the  other  resists  the  pressure  of  the  shears.  On 
this  plate  a  certain  number  of  wires  are  put  with  their  poiats  in  con- 
tact with  the  border,  and  they  are  cut  together  flush  with  the  plate, 
"by  means  of  a  small  pair  of  shears  moved  by  the  knee  of  the  work- 
man. These  even  vrires  are  now  taken  to  the  hcad-flattener.  This 
■workman,  seated  over  a  table  with  a  block  of  steel  before  him  about 
S  inches  cube,  takes  up  from  20  to  25  needles  between  his  finger  and 
thumb,  spreading  them  out  like  a  fan,  with  the  points  under  th» 
thumb,  he  lays  the  heads  on  the  steel  block,  and,  with  a  small  flat- 
faced  hammer  strikes  a  few  successive  blows  upon  them  so  as  to 
flatten  them  in  an  instant.  The  heads,  having  become  hardened  by 
hammering,  are  now  annealed  by  heating  and  slow  coomig,  and  are 
handed  to  the  picrceT,  generally  a  child,  who  forms  the  eye  in  a 
eecond  by  laying  the  head  uixm  a  block  of  steel,  and  by  driving  a 
small  punch  through  one  side  with  a  smart  tap  of  the  hammer,  and 
then  exactly  opiwsite  on  the  other.  The  eyes  are  then  trimmed  by 
dri\-ing  the  punch  through  them  again  on  a  lump  of  lead  and,  after 
laying  the  needle  with  the  punch  sticking  through  it,  upon  the  block 
of  steel,  hammering  the  head  on  the  sides,  which  causes  it  to  take 
Ihe  form  of  the  punch.  Tue  next  operator  malces  the  groove  at  tho 
^e  and  rounds  the  head,  which  he  does  with  a  small  file.    Thv 


570  XACHDaSTS,    EXGUTEEES*;    &C^   EECEIPTS 

needles,  being  thns  prejiared,  are  thro'^m  by  the  workmen  peD-ntell 
into  a  sort  of  drum  or  box,  in  ■whidi  thev  are  made  to  arrange  them- 
selves in  parallel  lines  by  means  of  a  few  dexterous  shakes  of  the 
workman's  arm.  They  are  now  ready  to  be  tempered,  for  which 
purpose  they  are  ranged  on  sheet-iron  plates,  about  30  lbs.  weight  at 
a  time,  containing  from  250,000  to  500. OuO  needles,  and  are  placed  in  a 
proper  furnace,  where  they  are  heated  to  a  bright  redness  for  the 
lai^r  needles,  and  to  a  less  intense  degree  for  tSh  smaller  ;  they  aro 
then  removed,  and  inverted  suddenly  over  a  bath  of  cold  water  in 
ench  a  way  that  all  the  needles  may  "be  immersed  at  the  same  time, 
yet  separate  from  each  other.  This  has  the  effect  of  making  them 
very  hard  and  brittle.  The  water  being  run  ofr,  the  needles  are  re- 
moved for  further  operations.  Some  manufacturers  heat  the  needles 
by  means  of  inmiersion  in  melted  lead,  others  throw  them  into  a  pan 
along  with  a  quantity  of  grease,  which,  being  placed  on  the  fire,  the 
oUy  matter  soon  ignites,  and  after  it  bums  out,  the  needles  are  found 
to  be  in  the  proper  temper  ;  those  which  are  twisted  in  the  tempering 
being  afterwards  straightened  by  the  hammer  on  the  anviL 

Po'.uhing  is  the  next  and  most  expensive  and  prolonged  operation. 
This  is  eHected  on  bundles  containing  500,000  neeidles  intermixed  with 
quartzoze  sand,  and  a  little  rape-seed  oiL  Thirty  of  those  bundles 
are  exposed  to  the  vibratory  pressure  of  wooden  tables,  which  make 
about  20  horizontal  double  movements  per  minute,  canning  tho 
bundles  to  rtm  over  2  feet  each  time,  or  800  feet  per  hour.  This 
agitation  is  kept  up  about  18  or  20  hours,  causing  such  a  move- 
ment and  attrition  as  to  polish  the  needles  in  the  bags  or  bundles. 
They  are  then  removed  from  the  packets  into  wooden  bowls  and 
mixed  with  sawdust  to  remove  the  grease  and  other  impurities, 
placed  in  a  cask,  which  is  turned  by  a  winch  ;  more  sawdust  is 
mtroduced  as  required,  and  the  turning  is  continued  until  the 
needles  become  clean  and  bright.  They  are  then  winnowed  by  a 
Ian  to  clean  them  from  the  sawdu5t  and  refuse  matter,  and  are 
subsequently  arranged  in  regular  order  on  a  small,  somewhat  con- 
cave, iron  tray.  The  operation  of  making  np  the  rolls  or  bags, 
polishing,  winnowing  and  arranging  them,  have  to  be  repeated  ten 
times  on  the  best  needles.  It  is  found  that  emery  powder  mixed 
■with  quartz  and  mica  or  pounded  granite  is  preferable  to  anything 
else  for  polishing  needles  by  friction  in  the  l»g3  at  the  first,  emery 
mixed  with  olive  oil,  from  the  second  to  the  seventh  operation, 
putty,  or  oxide  of  tin  for  the  eighth  and  ninth,  putty  with  very  little 
©U  for  the  tenth,  and  lastly  bran  to  give  a  finish  In  this  mode  of 
operating,  the  needles  are  scoured  in  a  copper  cask  studded  in  the 
interior  with  raised  points  to  increase  the  friction  and  a  quantitvof 
hot  soap  suds  is  introduced  occasionally  to  keep  them  clean.  The 
cask  must  be  slowly  turned  upon  its  axis  for  fear  of  injuring  the 
mass  of  needles  it  contains.  They  are  linally  dried  in  the  wooden 
ca^ik  by  attrition  with  saw  dust,' then  wipe^  with  a  hnen  rag  or 
eoft  leather — the  damaged  ones  being  thrown  aside.  The  sorting 
is  performed  in  dry  apartments,  where  all  the  points  are  first  laid 
the  same  way,  and  the  needles  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  polish 
with  great  rapidity.  The  workman  places  2000  or  3000  needles 
in  an  iron  ring  two  inches  in  diameter,  and  sets  all  their  heada  in. 
one  plane,  then,  on  looking  caxefoUy  at  theii  pointB,  he  easily  r^ 


MACHINISTS,    EKGINEERS',   AC,   RECEIPTS.        571 

eogni£te  the  broken  odcs  and  removea  them  ^rith  an  instroment 
adapted  for  the  purpose.  These  defective  needles  pass  into  the 
hands  of  the  pointer  m  order  to  be  ground  again,  when  they  form 
articles  of  inferior  value.  Those  needles  bent  in  the  polishing  must 
now  be  straightened,  and  the  whole  are  finally  arranged  by  the 
tact  of  the  fijuger  and  thumb  of  the  sorter,  and  weighed  out  into 
quantities  for  packing  into  blue  papers.  The  bhter  puts  the  final 
touch  to  them  by  taking  25  needles  at  a  time  between  his  fore-finger 
and  thumb,  and  pressing  their  points  against  a  small  hone-stone 
of  compact  micaceous  schist,  quadrangular  in  form,  mounted  in  a 
email  lathe,  turning  them  briskly  roxmd,  giving  the  points  a  bluiah 
cast,  while  he  ixjlishes  and  improves  them. 

On  File  Manttfactcre Files  are  made  of  bars  of  steel,  rendered 

doubly  hard  by  a  process  called  double  conversion,  drawn  the  re- 
quired size  at  the  tilt  hammer,  and  then  shaped,  the  square  and  flat 
ones  by  the  hammer  and  common  anvil  only,  but  those  of  round, 
half-round,  and  three-angled  forms,  by  means  of  bosses  and  dies  mado 
In  the  above  shapes,  which  fit  into  a  groove  left  for  them  in  the  anviL 
The  steel  blanks  having  been  thus  formed,  are  next  annealed,  or 
Rofteued,  to  render  them  callable  of  being  cut,  by  placing  a  number 
of  tliem  together  in  a  brick  oven,  rendered  air-tight  by  filling  up  all 
the  interstices  with  sand  (to  prevent  the  oxidation  of  the  steel,  to 
which  it  is  very  liable,  if  air  be  admitted,)  and  then  making  a  fire 
play  as  eqiuilly  as  possible  all  round  until  they  are  red  hot,  when  the 
heat  is  discontinued,  and  the  steel  allowed  to  cool  gradually  before  it  is 
uncovered.  The  surface  to  contain  the  teeth  is  now  rendered  as 
smooth  as  possible  by  grinding  or  filing;  the  teeth  are  then  cut  with  a 
carefullv  ground  chisel,  each  incision  being  made  separately.  The 
next  ani  last  process,  that  of  hardening,  is  performed  in  various  ways 
by  different  makers,  the  ordinary  method,  however,  is  to  cover  the 
files  with  a  kind  of  composition  or  protecting  varnish  to  prevent  oxi- 
dation and  scalding  of  the  steel  when  heated;  and,  lastly,  they  are 
plunged  in  cold,  fresh  water  to  cool  them  as  quickly  as  possible,  ^me 
file-makers  coat  their  files,  before  tempering,  with  a  composition  of 
cow-dimg,  or  pig-flour,  which  not  only  protects  the  sharp  angles  of 
the  cuttings  from  the  action  of  the  fire,  but  furnishes  a  highly  azotized 
substance,  which  conduces  greatly  to  still  further  harden  and  steelify 
the  finished  work,  I  know  several  file  manufacturers  who  make  use 
of  a  bath  of  melted  lead  for  tempering  purposes.  The  files  are  first 
coated  with  a  greasy  composition  to  prevent  any  oxide  adhering,  then, 
introduced  for  a  short  time  into  melted  lead,  or  the  "metallic  bath" 
as  it  is  called,  and  then  plunged  into  the  temi)ering  liquid.  Tlie  melt^ 
ed  lead  may  be  kept  covered  with  charcoal,  or  other  suitable  ingredi-i 
cnts,  to  prevent  oxidation.  In  some  manufactories  a  charcoal  fire  la 
kept  burning  on  the  surface  of  the  melted  lead. 

Pen  Making. — Pens  should  be  made  of  the  best  steel  that  can  b6 
got,  as  peculiar  elasticity  is  required  in  them,  which  could  not  be  ob- 
tained if  peer  steel  were  used.  The  steel  is  cut  into  slips  some  3  feet 
long  and  4  inches  broad;  these  slips  are  then  plunged  into  a  pickle  of 
diluted  sulphuric  acid  so  as  to  remove  the  scales  from  the  surface  ; 
next  it  is  passed  between  heavy  rollers  by  which  it  is  reduced  to  tha 
thickness  required,  and  made  fit  to  undergo  the  first  process  in  pen 
making.    Tola  ia  performed  by  a  girl,  who,  seated  at  a  atampui^ 


572        HACHINISTS     engineers',   AC.    RECEIPTS 

t)Tra8"proyided  with  a  bed  and  corresponding  punch.speedlly  cut3  out 
the  bhmli,  which  is  perfectly  flat  The  nest  step  is  to  perforate  th« 
liolB  which  terminates  the  slit,  and  to  remove  any  superfluous  steel 
Tvhich  might  interfere  with  the  elasticity  of  the  pen.  The  embryo 
pens  are  then  annealed  in  a  muffle,  and  the  maker's  name  stamped 
upon  them.  The  pens  are  next  transferred  to  another  class  of  work- 
xaen,  who,  by  means  of  a  press,  either  make  the  pens  concave,  if  they 
are  merely  to  be  nibs,  or,  if  they  are  to  be  barrel  pens,  they  roll  the 
l>aTrel  together.  The  next  process  is  termed  the  hardening,  and  con- 
sists in  placing  a  number  of  pens  in  an  iron  box  which  is  introduced 
into  a  muffle.  After  tliey  become  of  a  deep  red  heat  they  are  plung- 
ed into  a  tank  of  oil,  and,  when  they  get  cool,  the  adhering  oil  is  re- 
moved by  agitation  in  circular  tin  barrels ;  tempering  is  the  next  step, 
"by  heating  to  the  necessary  elasticity  iu  a  warm  bath  of  oU ;  and,  fin- 
•ally,  the  whole  number  of  pens  are  placed  in  a  revolving  cylinder 
along  with  sand,  ground  crucible,  and  other  cutting  substances,  which 
tends  to  brighten  them  up  to  the  natural  color  of  the  steel ;  next  the 
nib  is  ground  down  finely,  with  great  rapiditj-,  by  a  girl,  who  picks  it 
up  with  a  pair  of  pUers,  and,  with  a  single  touch  on  an  emery  wheel, 
7)erfeQts  it  at  once.  The  slit  is  now  made  by  means  of  a  press.  A 
chisel,  or  wedge,  with  a  flat  side,  is  afoxed  to  the  bed  of  the  press, 
and  the  descending  screw  has  a  corresponding  cliisel-cutter,  which 
passing  down  with  the  greatest  accuracy  on  the  pen,  which  had  been 
placed  on  the  chisel  afuxed  to  the  bed,  and  the  slit  is  made  and  the 
pen  complete.  They  are  next  colored  brown  or  blue,  by  placing  them 
in  a  revolving  metal  cylinder,  under  which  is  a  charcoal  ctove,  and, 
"bj  watching  narrowly  the  diCcerent  gradation  of  color,  tl.e  requidto 
tint  is  speedily  attained;  a  briUiant  polish  is  subsequently  imparted 
l)y  immersing  the  pens  in  lac  dissolved  in  naphtha;  they  are  then 
dried,  counted,  selected  and  placed  into  boxes  for  sale. 

Gold  Pens. — Gold  \)ens  are  made  much  in  the  same  manner  as 
steel,  with  this  im^wrtant  difTercnce,  that,  as  they  cannot  be  tempered 
in  the  same  way  that  steel  is,  the  necessary  elasticity  is  imparted  to 
them  by  hammering,  and  by  rubbing  them  with  a  small  hard  stone 
end  water,  instead  of  the  tempering,  »S:c.,  in  oil.  As  gold  is  too  soft 
cf  itself  to  mr.he  a  durabl3  pen,  it  is  found  necessary  to  r.ttach  a  min- 
ute portion  of  an  alloy  of  irrivlium  and  osmium,  by  Eoldering  to  the 
lips.    Tills  mahc3  an  extremely  hr.rd  and  durable  point 

Tisxt::^  S:iai,l  Ai:t:c::^i:3. — Dlssolre  as  much  zinc  scraps  in  mu- 
Tiatic  aci  1  as  it  v.ill  t::"-:3  up,  let  it  settle,  then  decant  the  clear,  and 
it  is  ready  for  u;o.  Loxt'^ prepare  a  E.utable  iron  vessel,  set  it  over 
the  fire,  pat  your  tla  therein,  and  melt  it,  and  pi'.t  as  mnch  mutton 
or  beef  tiUow  as  will  cover  tlie  tin  about  :|  inch  thick.  This  prevents 
the  oxidation  of  the  metal;  but  be  very  careful  that  the  tallow  does 
Ect  catch  fire.  The  iron,  or  any  other  metal  to  be  tinned,  must  be 
v::ll  cleaned,  either  with  scraping,  filing,  polishing  with  sand,  or  im- 
mersion in  diluted  vitriol.  Proceed  to  wet  the  articles  in  the  zinc  eo- 
lation, then  carefully  immerse  them  in  the  taUow  and  melted  tin ;  in  a 
Tcry  short  time  they  will  become  perfectly  tinned,  when  they  may  be 
taken  out. 

To  Tix  Iron  WrRE. — Clean  the  wire  thoroughly  in  a  pickle  made 
cf  sulphuric  acid  rnd  vrat^ r  (acid,  1  part,  water.  2  parts^  cover  it  witii 
a  aolotioa  ol  muriate  of  zinc,  aad  dip  in  melted  tin. 


MACHINISTS  AND  ENQINEEES'   DEPARTMENT.  57S 


MODERN  OCEAN  STBAlLSHIP. 

In  its  wonderful  design,  vast  power,  and  nice  adaptation  to  snccessfoUy 
encounter  the  most  tremendous  forces  in  nature,  the  modern  ocean  steam- 
ship is  justly  entitled  to  rank  as  the  proudest  achievement  of  man  in  tCe  lin® 
of  modem  eaginejring.     For  the   M>dfUinri  of   K'sxi^/.s.  see  page  429. 

Eagmeers  of  steannhips  have  found  that  the  best  lubricants  are  glycerioB 
for  the  cylinders  and  castor-oil  for  the  bearings.  When  castor-oU  is  used, 
the  main  beiringT  sjldom  become  heated.  Only  the  best  glycerine  can  be 
employed  with  a  Ivanta^o ;  bat  when  it  i3  of  a  hij^h  grade,  the  results  leave 
little  to  be  desired. 

CovtPAiivTivE  WEiGax  OF  luox  ANT>  "WoOD  HiTLLS.— An  iron  hu^ 
•weighs  nearly  45  pj-r  cent,  less  than  a  wood  bull.  The  weight  of  huU  of  a 
vessel  with  an  :ron  frame  and  oak  planking,  compared  vrith  a  hull  entirely 
of  wood,  is  as  S  to  15. 

LUBittCANr  FOR  ruRsrNS  Tools. — It  is  said  thit  eteel  annealed  to  a  straw  color  can 
be  eas.lv  turnol  by  u^iag  a  mixcare  oE  ptitroleain  aud  turpentine  as  a  lubricant.  AIloj» 
which  re^risced  ch^  ue:!t  temper  id  tools  have  been  turned  by  the  use  of  petroleum  alone. 

Planeh  To  )liS. — For  coinin'>n  pUminct,  xl^q  a  half  side  tool,  stont  and  short,  and 
with  the  point  tuvaed  u  >,  like  a  coiniuoi  diamond  point;  for  plamtig  mider,  aa, 
in  slide  rests.  Ac,  a->e  to  )ls  sharpened  up  to  a  point,  with  the  tharp  end  turned  up 
with  a  taper  from  i  le  point  to  the  thick  part  of  about  2  inches.  For  squaring  up,  use 
a  round  d  nnt  tool,  cuttius?  from  the  side. 

The  U.sited  Statss  G-ovensMEsr  TEMnrRiNci  Secret. — The  following  process 
and  mixtures,  patented  bv  Q-arJoan  and  Siegfried,  and  owned  by  the  Steel  Refining^ 
and  Temperiig  Co.,  of  Bosto:!,  Mass.,  cose  the  XJ.  S.  Government  §10.000  for  the- 
right  of  U31U3  in  the'.r  shop^  aud  is  said  to  iraptirt  extraordinary  hardness  and 
darability  to  the  pojrsst  kinds  of  steel.  Sie^ied's  sped ti cation  reads  as  follows; 
"  I  ftr-ic  h  -at  t*ie  steel  to  a  cherry  red  in  a  clean  smith's  fi '6,  and  then  cover  the  steel 
with  chloride  of  solium  I'commjn  salt).  punfyin!»  the  fire  also  by  throwing  m  ealfc. 
I  work  the  stnel  in  thii  f.ondition,  and  while  subjected  to  this  tn-atment,  until  it  is 
brought  into  neatly  its  flnistied  f  irm.  I  then  substitute  for  the  salt  a  coraponnd 
compc«ed  of  tiie  following  ingre  lient.s.  and  in  about  the  following  proportions :  One- 
part  by  wjigh:  of  each  of  the  foUo.vin?  subst'in'^"s  :  chloride  of  sodium  (-alt),  suh  hat« 
of  oopiier,  sal-ammoniaa  and  sal-s^da.  together  with  }^  part  by  weight  of  pur* 
Hitrate  of  potassa  (s  Jtoetre).  said  ingredients  bein?  pulverized  and  mixed  ;  I  "iter- 
natcly  iieat  the  steel  an  1  treii  it  by  covering  with  this  mixture  and  hammering  it 
untU  it  is  thorooghly  refined  and  brought  into  its  flni.shed  form.  I  then  return  it  to 
the  fire  and  heat  ic  sloijly  to  a  cherry  red.  and  then  plunee  it  into  a  bath  composed 
of  the  following  insredients,  in  siibstanttally  the  following  proportions  for  th« 
required  qnantit.- :  of  rain  water.  1  g-il..  alum,  sal-soda,  sulphate  of  copper,  of  each  \}i 
OZ3.;  of  nitrate  of  potassa  (saltpetre),  1  oz.,  and  of  chloride  of  sodium  (j^aJtJ, 
6  OZ8.  Thes<»  quantities  and  proportions  are  stated  as  being  what  I  r  gard  a-  practically 
the  best,  bat  it  is  manifest  that  they  may  be  alightly  changed  without  departing  tns^ 
Che  principles  of  my  invention.", 


674 


XACHIXISTS,    E:7QI^££BS',    AC,   SSCfilFXt, 


OLIVEB  EVANS',   the  Watt  of  AxzbioA. 
Inventor  of  the  High-Pressore  Steam  Engine. 

In  1793,  Olirer  Evans,  a  native  of  Kewport,  Delaware,  invented  the  H!gh> 
praRsore  Engine,  and  in  1S04  he  constmcted  an  engine  in  Philadelphia,  woridnff 
on  the  high-pressnre  system,  and  placed  it  on  a  large  scow  mounted  on  wheeU. 
ms  shown  in  the  following  cat.  Althongh  the  whole  weight  was  eqnal  to  2U0 
barrels  of  floor,  yet  hLs  small  engine  propeUe<i  it  up  Market  street  and  roond  the 
circuit  to  the  Water  Works,  where  it  was  launched  into  the  Schuylkill.  A  pcuidle- 
wheel  was  then  applied  to  its  stem,  and  it  thus  sailed  down  that  river  to  the 
Delaware,  a  distance  of  16  miieA,  in  the  presence  of  thousands  of  spectators. 

In  milling  appliances,  he  invented  the  erain  elevator,  the  conveyer,  the  driU, 
the  descender,  and  the  hopper-boi.  besides  ether  labor-saving  inventions  of  great 
utility  to  the  miller.  He  also  wrote  the  "  Yonng  Steam  Engineer's  Gnide,"'  and 
a  highly  valuable  work  entitled  '"The  Young  MiUwright's  Guide.''  Although 
eqnally  deserving  of  fame,  he  failed  to  reap  the  snbetantial  honors  accorded  t« 
Watt  in  England. 

PAPrEB  Machk,  is  nsed  for  fancy  articles,  such  as  the  covers  for  albnms,  ink- 
ftands,  blotting  boofc?,  paper  knives,  etc.,  as  well  as  for  the  cells  of  galvanic 
batMries.  It  is  obtained  from  old  paper  made  inso  a  pulp  with  a  solution  of  lime, 
and  gum  or  starch,  pressed  into  the  form  required,  coated  with  linseed  oil,  baked 
at  a  high  temperature,  and  finally  varnished.  The  pulp  is  sometimes  mi-  ed  with 
day,  sand,  chalk,  etc.,  and  other  kinds  are  made  of  a  paste  of  palp  and  UoM^ 
•oa  oaed  for  omaxneatiag  wood,  inlaying,  etc 


ZTAXS     LOCOMOTIVE,    SUXDET   ITEMS. 


575 


Primtxg  Powder  for  Percussio-  Caps. — Reduce  40  parts  of 
gunpowder  to  very  fine  dust;  mix  to  a  thin  paste  with  water,  next  add 
chlorate  of  potissa,  21  parts,  previonsly  reduced  to  a  very  fine  jx^wder: 
make  the  paste  rather  thin  and  deposit  a  small  drop  at  the  bottom 
of  the  cap.     The  mixture  is  liable  to  explode  if  incautionsly  hnndled. 

Balloox  Varxish. — Melt  ludia  nibber  in  small  pieces  with  its 
weight  of  linseed  oil,  and  thin  with  spirits  turpentine. 

Artificial  Cor.vl. — Yellow  resin,  4  parts;  vermilion,  1  part;  melt 
very  fine  for  ornamental  work,  &c. 

Gold  Beater's  Skix  is  preimred  by  extending  the  peritoneal 
membranes  of  citcum,  washing  them  first  "with  plaui  water,  then  with 
a  solution  of  alum  and  lastly  with  a  solution  of  isinglp.ss  and  spices. 

Home-made  Microscope'. — Remove  the  bottom  from  a  common 
pUl  box  and  insert  a  piece  of  window  glass,  paint  the  inside  black,  and 
make  a  small  eye  hole  in  the  Ud.  In  this  hole  insert  a  single  drop  of 
Canada  balsam  and  allow  it  ti  cool.     It  possesses  masTnifving  power. 

To  Remove  Tin  from  Copper  Vessels,  immerse  the  article  in 
a  solution  of  blue  vitriol  To  remove  tin  from  plates  without  acid, 
boil  the  scrap  tin  with  soda  ley  in  presence  of  litharge. 

SouxD.— In  dry  air  at  82°"sound  travels  1.142  ft.  per  second,  or 
about  775  miles  per  hour;  in  water,  4,900  ft.  per  second;  in  iron, 
17,500  ft. ;  in  copper,  10,378  ft. ;  and  in  wood  from  12  to  16.000  ft.  per 
second.  In  water,  a  bell  heard  at  45,000  ft.,  could  be  heard  in  the  air 
out  of  the  water  but  656  ft.  In  a  balloon  the  barking  of  dogs  can  b« 
heard  on  the  ground  at  an  elevation  of  4  miles.  Divers  on  the  wreck 
of  the  Hussar  frigate,  100  ft.  imder  water,  at  Hell  Gate,  near  New 
York,  heard  the  paddle  wheels  of  distant  steamers  hours  before  they 
hove  in  sight.  The  report  of  a  rifle  on  a  still  dav  may  be  heard  at 
6,300  yds. ;  a  military  band  at  5.200  yds.  The  fire  of  the  EnglL«h  on 
lauding  in  Egypt  was  distinctly  heari  130  miles.  Dr.  Jamieson  says 
he  heard,  during  calm  weather,  everv  word  of  a  sermon  at  a  distance 
of  2  miles.  The  bell  of  Notre  Dame,  Montreal.  Que.,  weighs  28,560 
lbs. ;  that  of  the  Citv  Hall,  N.  Y.,  22.300  lbs. ;  of  St.  Paul's,  London, 
11,470;  '-Big  Ben,"  Westminster,  30.350;  "Great  Tom."  of  Oxford, 
18,000;  St.  Peter's,  Rome,  18,607;  Rouen,  France,  40,000;  St  Ivan's, 
Moscow,  127.830;  one  unhung  at  Moscow,  440,000,  and  one  ia  China 
weighs  120,000  lbs. 


576 


50EEIGX   -vrKIGHTS   ASH  MEAStTBES. 


TABLE  OF  FOREIGN  WEIGHTS  ANi»  MEASURES 

PwEDUCED    TO    THE    STA^TDAED    OF   THB    irNTTED    STaTES. 
(The  two  right  band  figures  are  the  hundredth  parts  of  a  triiole  iiiuiil>ei.) 


Fkasce. 

Metre 3-28feet. 

Decimetre  (1-lOih  metre)    3-W  inches. 

Velt  200gall3. 

Hectolitre 26-42  galls. 

Decalitre 2*  64  galls. 

Litre 2-11  pints. 

Kilolitre 35-32  feet. 

Hectolitre 2-84  bush. 

Decalitre 9-08  quarts. 

ilillier 2-205  lbs. 

Quintal 220-54  lbs. 

Kilogramme 2  •21  lbs. 

AlISTEEDAJI. 

100  lbs.  1  centner 108-93  lbs. 

lA^t  of  grain S5-'2.i  bush. 

Ahm  of  wiue 41-00  galls. 

Amsterdam  foot 0-33  foot- 
Antwerp  foot 0-*4  foot. 

Bhineland  foot 1-03  feet. 

Atnstersdam  ell 2-26  feet. 

Ell  of  the  Hague 2-28  feet. 

EU  of  the  Brabant 230  feet, 

XETHZBLA^TDS. 

Ell 3-28feet. 

MuddeofZak 2-»4  bush. 

"V at  hectolitre 2642  galls. 

Kaa  hire 2-11  pints. 

Pond  kilogramme 2-21  lbs. 

HAMBITEG. 

I>ast  of  grain 89-64  bush. 

Ahm  of  wine 38-25  galls. 

Hamburgfoot 0-96  fi)ot. 

Ell l-92feet;. 

PRUSSIA. 

100   lbs.    of   2   Cologne 

marks  each 103-11  lbs. 

Quintal,  110  lbs 113-42  lbs- 

Sheffel  of  grain 1-56  bush. 

Eimar  of  wine 18-14  galls. 

Ellcfcloth 2-19feet. 

Foot 1-03  feet. 

DEyiLA_EK. 

180  lbs.  1  centner 110-28  lbs. 

Barrel  or  toende  of  com.     3-95  bush. 

Tiertel  of  wine 2-04  galls. 

Copenhagen     or   Rhine- 
land  foot 1-03  feet. 

SWEDES. 

100  lbs.  or  5  lisp  uuds 73-76  lbs- 

Kaui  of  com  7-42  bush. 

Last 7500  bush. 

Cann  of  wine 69-09  gails. 

EllofcloUi 1-95  feet. 

ECSSIA, 

100  lbs.  of  32  laths  each...  90-26  lbs. 

Chertwert  of  grain 5-95  bush. 

Vedroofwine 3.25  gaUs. 

Peter?bur2h  foot 1-18  feet. 

Moscovr  fix>t 1-lOfeet, 

Pood 36-0Oli>s. 


gpAur- 
Quintal,  or 4  arrobas......  ;Xll-44n)eu 

Arroba 25-:36  lbs. 

Arrobaofwine ....«    4-43galla' 

Fanega  of  grain 1-60  busii, 

POBTTTOAl* 

100  lbs 101-191beu 

22  lbs.  (I  arroba) 22r26TbB. 

4  arro: -as  oi  22  lbs.  (1  qain* 

tal) S9-'ioIb8. 

Alquiere 4-75  bush. 

Moj'>  of  grain 23-03  bush. 

1-ast  of  salt 70-00  bush. 

Almude  of  wine 4-^7  galls. 

SICILY. 

Cantar  ogroso 192-50  lbs. 

Caniaro  soitile 175-00  lbs. 

1'^  lbs 7000  lbs. 

Salma  grossa  of  grain 9-77  bush. 

Salma  generale 7-t5  bush. 

Salma  of  wine 23-06  galls. 

NAPLES. 

Cantaro  groso 19650  lbs. 

Cantaro  picolo 106-00  lbs. 

Carro  of  grain 52-24  bush. 

Carro  of  wine 264-00  gallj. 

BOHE. 

Rubbio  of  grain 8-36  bush* 

Barih  of  wine 15-31  galls. 

GENOA. 

100  lbs.  or  peso  groso 76-K7  lbs. 

100  ibs.  or  peso  sotdle 69-89  lbs. 

Mina of  grain 3-43  bush. 

ilezzarola  of  wine .   ■ 39"  i.'2  galls. 

FLOREXCE  AN'D  l£GHORS'. 

liTO  lbs.  or  1  cantaro 74-J6  lbs- 

Moggio  of  grain 16-59  bush- 

Bariie  of  wine 12-04  gaUa. 

VEXICE. 

100  lbs.  peso  groso 105-18  lbs. 

100  lbs.  peso  sottUe 64-04  lbs. 

Moggio  of  grain 9-08  bush. 

Aiufora  OI  wine 137 -00  galls. 

TRIESTE. 

100  lbs 123-60  Ibe. 

.Stajo  of  grain 2-34  bush. 

Orua  or  eimer  of  wine 14-f4  galls. 

EU  f or  woolens 2-22  feet. 

Ell  for  silk 210  feet 

MALTA. 

100  lbs.  1  cantar 174-50  Ibe. 

Salma  of  grain ^-j^  bush. 

foot 0-S5foot. 

100  lbs.  (1  quintal) ..129-48  lbs. 

Oke 2-83  lbs. 

Quillot  of  grain 1-46  bush, 

QuiUot  of  wine 13-50  gall* 

CHISA. 

Tail 1-33  oz. 

Id  tails  1  cattT 1-33  lbs. 

ICO  catties  1  picul 133*35  lb& 


PRINTERS  A2yD  PUBLISHERS  TABLE.  577 


PAPER  TABLE  FOR  PRINT- 
ERS' AND  PUBLISHERS' 
USE, 

Showing  th«  gnantity  of  paper  re- 
quired for  printing  looo  copies,  (in- 
cluding 56  extra  copies  to  allow  for 
■vrastage),  of  any  usual  sized  Book 
from  8vo.  down  to  32mo.  If  the 
quantity  required  is  not  found  in  the 
Table,  double  or  treble  some  suita- 
ble number  of  pages  or  quantity  of 
paper. 


•HI 

ii 

0  s 

2a, 

0  a 
B  ^ 

E  if 

1000 
Cop's. 

Rs.Qs 

«1  * 

12 

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33 

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3!  16 

2^ 

3: 

48 

64 

2       4 

3!  24 

36 

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72 

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3       6 

4!   32 

48 

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96 

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4      8 

5,    40 

60 

80 

120 

160 

5     10 

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72 

96 

144 

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7!    56 

84 

112 

168 

224 

7     14 

81    64 

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128 

192 

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144 

216 

288 

9     iS 

10      80 

120 

160 

240 

320I11 

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132 

176 

264 

352|l2         2 

12!     96 

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312 

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288 

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19     i5 

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13 

264 

396 

S28 

36      6 

»4 

272 

408 

S44 

37       8 

35 

280 

420 

Sbo 

38     10 

36 

288 

432 

57<> 

^9     12 

37 

296 

444 

S92 

40     14 

3» 

304 

4S6 

608 

41      i5 

39 

3«2 

468 

42     iS 

«>l 

}iO 

4io 

44 

NAMES    AND    DIMENSIONS   OT 
VARIOUS    SIZES  OF  PAPEK. 


PRINT. 

Medium 19  z 

Ro>-al,  (20  X  24) 20  X 

Super  Royal 22  x 

Imperial 22  x 

Medium  and  a  ha'f 24  x 

Small  Double  Medium 24  x 

Double  Medium 24  x 

Double  Ro\-al 26  x 

Double  Super  Royal 28  x 

Double  Super  Royal 29  x 

Broad  Twelves 23  x 

Double  Imperial 32  x 

FOLDED. 

BHIet  Note ...6    x 

Octavo  Note 7    x 

Commercial  Note 8    x 

Packet  Note 9    x 

Bath  Note SJ^x 

Letter 10    x 

Commercial  Letter 11    x 

Packet  Post iiMx 

Foolscap, i2j^x 

FLAT. 

L»c;al  Cap 13  x 

Fiat  Cap 14  X 

Crown 15  X 

Double  Flat  Letter 16  x 

Demy 16  x 

Folio  Post. 17  X 

Check  Folio 17  x 

Double  Cap 17  x 

Extra  Size  Folio ig  x 

•Medium 18  x 

*Ro%-al jg  X 

*Super  Royal 20  x 

•Imperial 22  x 

Double  Demy 21  x 

Elephant 22  fix 

Columbier 23  ^ 

Atlas 26  X 

Double  Elephant 26  x 


i5 

ir 

19 

29 
it 

22 
24. 
2S 
2S 
25 
24 

2S 
30 

'H 

3i5i 

33 

40 


N.  B. — The  weight  of  a  ream  of  paper 
and  the  price  per  pound  being  piven,  the 
cost  per  ream  or  quire  may  be  known  at 
once  by  coDSultiag  the  Rbm)Y  Rsckonbs 
Table. 


37 


578  PASTEBOARD,    PULP    COLORS,    &C. 

To  Remove  Printer's  Ink  form  Paper  Pcxp.— Potash  4IbB;di3« 
solve  in  as  little  boiling  water  as  possible,  and  add  S^  Ibe.  tallow,  boil 
for  3  hours,  and  add  while  cooling  and  stirring,  3  gaLs.  rain  water. 
Boil  the  paper  pulp,  keepmg  it  covered  with  water,  and  to  each  20  gals, 
pulp,  add  1  gal.  of  the  above  mixture;  beat  and  stir  thorouglily,  and 
the  black  printing  ink  will  rise  to  the  surface ;  skim  it  off  as  long  as  it 
continues  to  rise. 

Colored  Paper. — The  papers  made  from  colored  ragr  are  the 
brown  packing  paper  and  coarse  colored  paper,  such  as  sugar  and  pin 
papers.  According  to  Wagner,  colored  pin  paper  requires  to  every 
50  kilos  (see  the  French  measures  and  their  Enghsh  equivalents 
described  elsewhere)  of  dry  pulp  the  several  tmdef-mentioned  sub- 
stances:— 

,.„ii  „  (  2.05  Kilos  Acetate  of  Lead, 

^^"°^ )0.45      "     Bichromate  of  Potash^ 

.p,  J  2.05     "     Sulphate  of  Iron, 

**^^ "-Jl.Oo     "    Ferrocyjinide  of  Potash, 

r«w.r,  J  3.00     "    Blue, 

G^° \l.05     "    YeUow, 

Violet 1.05      "    Extract  of  Logwood, 

Eose 6.00     *'    Ex-tract  of  Brazil  Wood, 

Tj   _  (3.00     "    Oil  of  Vitriol. 

^'^••-  jo.OO    "    Chloride  of  Lime. 

TTltra  marine  and  aniline  blue  are  al-^o  used  in  coloring.  In  varie- 
gated paper  chemical,  mineral  and  vegetable  colorings  are  used  ac- 
cording to  the  desired  colors.  Body  colors  are  rendered  fluid  by  a 
solution  of  gum  arable  or  alum  in  the  size,  which  can  be  applied  by 
a  brush  or  sponge  when  only  one. side  is  to  he  colored.  Variegated 
and  tapestry  paper   are  an  important  part  of  the  manufacture. 

French  Compositiox  for  Printer's  Rollers. — For  a  24-inch 
roller,  take  Russian  isinglass,  ^  oz;  gelatine  J  oz:  when  the  usual  com- 
position, compounded  of  glue.  1  lb:  molasses  1  pt  is  ready  for  pouring 
add  the  above  to  it;  let  all  boil  15  minutes  longer,  then  cast  in  the 
nsual  way. 

Pasteboard  an-d  other  Papers. — Pasteboard  is  made  in  3  ways: 
1.  By  placing  the  pulp  in  a  form:  form-board.  2.  By  pressing  several 
damp  sheets  to  fo  ra  a  thick  card;  elastic  pasteboard.  3.  By  pasting 
together  the  finished  paper  sheets ;  sized  pasteboard.  1.  Form-board 
is  an  inferior  kind  employed  for  ordinary  purposes  of  packing,  book- 
binding, etc.  It  is  made,  from  waste  paper,  refuse  rags,  and  the 
coarse  parts  of  the  pulp.  Clay  or  chalk  is  sometimes  present  to  25 
per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  thi.s'  pasteboard.  It  is  made  in  a  coarse 
ribbed  form,  goes  through  the  same  process  of  knotting  as  the  paper 
eheet.  and  is  diied  and  dressed  under  a  roller. 

2.  Ehvstic  pasteboard  is  of  better  material,  and  presents  a  smoother 
surface:  6  to  12  sheets  of  paper  previously  dampened  are  placed  to- 
gether and  pressed  into  one  compact  sheet.  A  separate  and  harder 
kind  of  pasteboard  is  the  thick  elastic  board.  u.<ed  for  binding  books. 
The  inner  layer  is  made  of  coarse  stuff,  saw  dust,  etc.  3.  Size  paste^. 
board,  or  cardboard  is  made  of  2  to  15  sheets  of  sized  paper,  pressed 
and  sadned.  There  are  varieties  of  this  cardboard,  such  as  Bristol- 
board,  London-board,  the  former  being  extensively  used  for  water* 
color  diswiogS;  monnting-board,  ornamental-hoard,  etc 


KACHINISTS,  ENGEfEEES',   AC,  RECEIPTS.  579 

B«052E  PRnrnxG. — Take  &  small  portion  of  etrong  lithographic 
Vamish  and  grind  with  Tork  Brown,  when  Trell  ground,  thin  down 
■with  tMn  vamiah  and  gold  size  equal  parts.  This  will  do  ior  letter 
press  or  lithograph  printing,  for  paper,  cloth,  silk,  &c. 

Another  JVay. — Print  as  with  common  printers'  ink,  then  dust  on 
«r  rub  over  with  good  pale  or  other  colored  bronze  powder,  allow  it 
to  set,  then  shake  or  brush  off  the  superfluous  bronze  ■with  a  light 
soft  brush. 

Gold  PBrsn>-G.— Have  gold  leaf  cut  the  proper  form  to  suit  your 
Job,  and  use  gold  size  instead  of  ink  as  in  the  usual  way  on  the  type, 
^pply  the  gold  leaf  to  the  size  until  the  impression  is  covered,  using- 
a  gilders  tip,  or  by  a  dexterous  use  of  the  thumb,  and  forefinger  of 
the  right  hand  slightly  moistened,  raise  the  gold  leaf  -with  the  ac- 
companying paperand  apply  to  the  size.  When  aU  is  covered  dab  ifr 
down  gently  with  a  baU  or  soft  cushion  of  cotton  or  other  proper 
material,  and  remove  the  superfluous  gold  with  a  soft  brush,  and  if 
the  size  has  been  well  applied  it  -will  assume  a  splendid  appearance. 
XTse  a  good  firm  roUer  for  gold  and  bronze  printing. 

Colored  Inks  fob.  Printebs. — 21  Tints. — In  every  case  use  good 
Tarnish,  the  greatest  cleanliness,  a  good  marble  slab,  a  gocd  muller 
ior  grinding,  and  never  compound  a  surplus  quantity  over  and  above 
the  present  requirements.  Grind,  blend,  and  finely  pulverize  the 
ingredients,  in  each  and  every  instance.  Good  work  demands 
cmooth  good  ink,  free  from  gritty  particles.  For  a  good  Red.  grind 
in  English  vermilion,  -with  a  little  lake.  Deep  Red  use  Indian  red 
and  lake.  Bright  Red,  add  carmine  to  pale  vermilion.  Deep 
ScABLET,  add  a  little  portion  of  TermHion  to  carmine.  Blue, 
Prussian  blue.  Bright  Pale  Blue,  cobalt,  also  verditure  and  indigo 
for  other  shades  of  blue.  Greex,  to  pale  chrome  add  Chinese  blue; 
Tary  the  colors  by  varviog  the  proportions  of  the  different  pigments. 
IbtERALD  Green^,  grind  pale  blue  with  a  little  Chinese  blue,  then 
add  the  emerald  until  the  color  suits.  Deep  BRoyzE  Bute,  Chinese 
"blue.  Deep  Browx,  burnt  umber,  with  a  small  quantity  of  scarlet 
laka  Pale  Browx,  burnt  sienna  with  a  little  scarlet  lake.  Deep 
Xelac,  add  a  little  carmine  to  cobalt  blue:  for  a  pale  lilac,  reverse 
the  proportions  of  each.  Bright  Fisk,  crimson,  lake  or  carmine  as 
Tou  prefer.  Blue  and  black  inks  intermixed,  will  evolve  a  Deep 
Blue  Intc;  carmine  and  blue,  win  yield  a  Ptrple  I>-k;;  yellow  and 
"blue,  a  Greex  Ixk;  vellovr  and  carmine,  a  Tekmiliox  Ixk;  yellow 
and  black,  a  Broxze  Greex;  yellow,  blue,  and  bkick,  a  Deep 
Greex  Ink;  carmine,  yellow  and  black,  a  Browx  Ixu. 

Copper  Plate  PpJxter's  Ixk  is  made  by  adding  Frankfort 
black  in  proper  quantity  to  the  usual  linseed  oil  burnt  as  for  common 
printing  ink.  See  pa<re  545. 

Gold  Leaf.— According  to  the  color,  gold  leaf  is  demonmated 
deep,  medium,  fine,  red,  pale  red,  deep  orange,  lemon,  pale  tchite,  &C. 
Deep  gold  admits  very  little  allov,  the  quantity  being  usually  about 
2i  of  silver  and  2^  copper,  makiua:  5  in  all.  A  medium  kind  is  made  of 
42  parts  pure  gold.  12  silver  and  6  copper.  The  gold  is  first  made  in- 
to smaU  mJTots  lixf  in.  and  3-16  in.  thick.  The  ingot  is  passed 
repeatedly  betweei  2  polished  steel  rollers,  nntU  it  becomes  a  long 
ribbon  only  1-SOO  m.  thick.  The  ribbon  beuag  cut  into  inch  square 
pieces,  150  of  these  are  interleaved  with  thick  paper,  and  enclosed  in 
a  parchment  case  called  a  kutch.  The  kntch  is  subiected  to  a  long 
oontiaued  eeries  of  blows  adminiatered  with  a  16  lb.  nammer,  and  to 


580  MACHINISTS,    ENGINEEBS',   AC,   EECEEPTS. 

aU  parts  of  both  surfaces  equally.  When  each  piece  has  been  stretch- 
ed out  by  this  beating  to  4  in.  square,  the  kutch  15  opened,  the  pieces 
are  cut  into  4  of  2  in.  square  each,  and  these  are  interleaved  in  a 
iMMk  of  gold-beater's  skin  called  a  tf^toder,  the  150  pieces  being  now 
€00.  Another  beating  with  a  9  lb.  hammer  spreads  out  these  as  be- 
fore and  another  cutting  augments  the  number  from  600  to  2400. 
These  are  separated  into  3  packets  of  800  each,  and  each  of  theso 
packets  is  again  beaten  in  a  book  of  gold  beater"  s  skin  called  a  mould  ; 
■this  beating,  lasting  4  hours,  is  done  with  a  7  lb.  hammer.  The  leaves 
of  gold  now  reduc^  to  the  proper  thickness,  are  tut  into  2\  in.  squaro 
^»rluch  are  interleaved  in  books  and  made  up  in  packs.  Leaf  gold  la 
the  thinnest  substance  produced  in  the  mechanical  arts,  being  only 
■the  280.000  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  a  single  grain  covering  56  square 
ins.    Dentist's  gold  is  thicker  than  the  ordinary  leaf  gold, 

Abtificial  Whixi^g  Slate. — Sand  (fine),  82  parts;  lampblack, 
8  parts;  boiled  linseed  or  cotton  seed  oil,  10  parts;  boil  thoroughly 
"together,  then  add  spirits  turiientine  in  order  to  reduce  the  mixtore 
ior  easy  application  to  a  thin  piece  of  paste-board.  When  dry,  apply 
aiwther  coat,  dry  agr.in,  give  it  a  third  coat  and  fijiish  off  by  rubbing 
smooth  with  a  piece  of  cotton  waste  soaked  in  spirits  turpentine. 
2Iakes  most  superb  memorandum  books,  &c. ;  tise  a  slate  penciL 

The  DKCiLsio>-T>  Licirr  is  produced  by  directing  a  jet  of  mixed 
©lygen  and  hydrogen  ui)on  a  pencil  of  pure  lime,  the  gases  being 
conveyed  in  separate  tubes  or  pipes,  to  ■within  a  very  short  distance 
irom  the  aperture  at  vrhich  they  are  to  be  delivered,  and  the  flowing 
together  and  mixing  in  a  very  minute  quantity  before  combustion 
takes  place.  This  arrangement  is  adopted  to  "ensure  safety.  The 
gases  are  used  hi  tl:e  proportion  of  2  of  hydrogen  to  1  of  oxygen, 
■which  form  a  dreadfully  explosive  mixture. 

To  ExGEATE  ox  CoppER.  2szw  METHOD. — Coat  the  copper  with 
any  of  the  silvering  solutions  described  in  this  work,  cover  this  with 
colored  varnish,  then  draw  the  lines  with  a  sharp  point  in  the  manner 
of  using  a  diamond  for  stone  engraving,  and  etch  them  in  with  per- 
^iloride  of  iron- 
To  EyA^rri.  Copper  Tesszls. — Pulverize  finely  12  parts  of  fluor 
cpar,  12  parts  unground  gyi^sum,  and  1  part  borax",  and  fuse  together 
in  a  crucible;  when  cold,  mix  with  water  to  a  paste,  and  apply  to  the 
interior  with  a  paint  brush ;  when  dry  the  vessel  should  be  thoroughly 
liaked  in  a  muSie  or  furnace. 

Tempekixg  PorsTS  of  Tools. — After  being  tempered  the  Tolnme 
of  the  tool  is  slightly  increased,  and  consequently  its  specific  gravity 
'i«  decreased.  As  "the  expansion  or  increase,  of  volume  is  so  very 
jdight,  it  is  quite  immaterial  which  is  plunged  into  the  liquid  first ; 
liowever,  every  moment  the  edge  is  kept  out  it  is  cooling,  and  the 
tempering  may  be  rendered  defective  thereby.  Mercury  temx^eiB 
the  hardest,  then  water,  then  salt  water,  then  on  of  rarious  kinds — 
as  whale  oiL  As  oil  cools  the  metal  more  slowly,  it  is  not  tempered 
so  hard  but  the  tenacity  is  increased. 

TT*TtT>  Tixxrs'G  CoMPOtrsT). — An  aUoy  of  nickel,  iron  and  tin  has 
laeen  introduced  as  an  improvement  in  tinning  metals,  by  the  firm  of 
Blaise  &  Co.,  Paris.  In  an  experiment  to  show  the  tenacity  of  the 
sickel,  a  piece  of  cast  iron  tinned  withtlie  compoond  was  sabjec^e<i 


MACHINISTS,    engineers',    <fcC.,    RECEIPTS.  581 

for  a  few  minutes  to  a  •wliite  heat  under  the  blast,  and,  although  the 
tin  was  consumed,  the  nickel  remained  as  a  permanent  coating  upon 
the  iron.  The  proportions  of  nickel  and  iron  mixed  ■with  the  tin,  in 
order  to  produce  the  best  turning,  are  10  ozs.  of  the  best  nickel  and  7 
ozs.  of  sheet  iron,  to  10  lbs.  of  tin.  These  metals  are  mixed  in  a 
crucible  to  prevent  the  oiidr.tion  of  the  tin  by  the  high  temi>erature 
necessary  for  the  fusion  of  the  nickel ;  the  metals  are  covered  with  1 
cz.  of  borax  and  3  ozs.  pounded  glass.  The  fusion  is  complete  in  half 
an  hour,  when  the  composition  is  nm  oft  through  a  hole  made  in  tha 
flux.  In  tinning  metals  with  this  composition  the  workman  proceeda 
in  the  ordinary  manner. 

To  Keco^'er  Gold  fkom  Quaktz. — Pulverize  the  quartz  rock  as 
usual,  and  fuse  the  mass  with  lime  and  oxide  of  iron,  \\lien  fused, 
immerse  thin  plates  of  wrought  iron  in  the  mixture.  The  plates 
Boon  become  coated  with  a  thin  f.lm  of  gold,  and  are  then  with- 
drawn and  immersed  in  a  bath  of  melted  lead,  which  removes  the 
adhering  gold,  when  the  plates  can  at  once  be  returned  to  the  fused 
quartz  and  the  operation  repeated  as  frequently  as  the  case  may 
require.  Another  method,  when  the  metal  is  disseminated  througu 
quartz  pyrites  or  lead,  is  to  pulverize  the  ore  as  usual  and  wash  tha 
whole  with  a  stream  of  water,  which  carries  away  the  hghter 
portions  of  sand,  leaving  the  heavy  metals  behind.  It  is  further 
freed  from  impurities  bv  being  amalgamated  wit>  quick-silver, 
which  is  afterwards  distilled  off.  In  this  state  it  gc  ^erally  contains 
from  2  to  10  per  cent,  of  silver  or  tellurium.  It  L*  further  refined 
by  being  finely  granulated  and  boiled  with  concentrated  sulphuric 
acid  until  eve'rv  other  constituent  is  boiled  out.  Gold  by  being 
aUoyed,  loses  ranch  of  its  ductUity  and  malleability,  but  gains  i? 
Visibility  and  hardness.  Gold  alloys  are  assayed  in  two  ways, 
first,  bv  rubbing  the  article  on  a  touchstone  (which  is  a  velvety, 
tlack  flinty  variety  of  jaspar)  so  as  to  make  a  metallic  streak, 
•which  is  touched  with  aqita  rcjia,  and  thfl  effect  is  compared  with 
that  of  a  similar  streak  made  by  an  alloy  ci'  known  composition.  By 
this  means  an  experienced  operator  can  estimate  the  amount  of 
alloy  in  any  mixture  correctly  within  one  per  cent.  Full  informa- 
tion regarding  the  second  process  can  be  seen  under  the  article  on 
EEFrNTxr,  Gold  assd  Siltek. 

Gold  Mi>tn-g  es'  Colorado. — From  the  vems  of  Gilpin  County- 
alone  nearly  600  tons  of  ore  are  raised  daily,  or  160,000  tons  annually. 
Kearly  500  lodes  have  been  assayed  or  mapped  in  a  circle  of  three 
mUes  in  diameter  ;  fully  a  thousaijd  lodes  have  been  recorded,  and 
more  or  less  work  performed  on  each.  From  fifteen  to  twenty  miles 
of  reputable  lodes  are  known  to  exist,  upon  which  there  is  not  less 
than  8  miles  of  shafting,  the  deepest  being  800  feet  There  is  not  less 
than  20  miles  of  drifting  on  these  veins,  following  the  ore  deposit  in 
the  crevices,  and  the  oiQcial  assays  show  the  ore  to  be  worth  from 
$40  to  SlCO  per  ton.  The  tailings,  or  refuse  of  ore  put  through  the 
stamps,  are  found  to  be  worth  S20  per  ton,  notwithstanding  from  10 
to  20  per  cent  of  the  precious  metd  passes  down  the  stream.  The 
average  shipments  of  bullion  from  this  one  county  verges  on  S2,600,- 
000  annually.  Tlie  machinery  required  for  this  immense  production 
consists  of  83  stamp  mi'.ls,  Yo  enrhies  in  place,  43<37  horse  power, 
and  1597  stamps,  of  which  there  are  over  SOO  in  use,  requiring  1704 


682         MACHIKISTS,   EXGINEEES',   AC,   EECEIPT3. 

horse  po-wer.  There  are  30  eneinea  nsed  at  the  shafts  of  mines  fof 
raising  ore  from  the  veins  and  keeping  them  free  from  water.  These 
mills  contain  from  5  to  50  stamps,  mostly  driven  by  steam.  Th9 
ore,  broken  iuto  fragments,  is  fed  into  a  battery  in  which  the  stamps 
are  raised  and  allowed  to  fall,  crushing  the  ore  fine  enough  to  flow 
through  a  screen  placed  ta  front.  Mercury  is  fed  in  this  battery,  and 
the  pmverized  ore  mixed  with  suflScient  water  is  then  made  to  flow 
oxer  wide  plates  of  copper  amalgamated  with  quicksilver.  The  gold, 
or  part  of  it,  adheres,  forming  an  amalgam  with  the  mercnry,  which 
is  afterwards  scraped  off,  squeezed  hard,  and  the  lump  retort^  in 
a  close  retort  of  iron  for  the  purpose  of  vaporizing  the  mercury  and 
getting  tlie  gold  almost  pure  ;  the  retorts  being  subsequently  shipped 
to  the  East  for  minting.  Each  stamp  is  calculated  to  do  from  ^  to  ^ 
of  a  ton  in  24  hours,  requiring  about  one  horse  power  to  each  stamp 
iead.  Most  of  the  ore  is  reduced  in  leased  mills  abandoned  by  com- 
panies. These  null  men  charge  their  customers  between  $3  and  $i 
per  ton  for  doing  this  work  and  returning  the  retort  of  gold.  The 
tailings  are  partiallv  caught  ia  the  best  mUls  on  blankets,  and 
reworked  at  a  prodt ;  the  bulk,  however,  passes  outside,  a  portion 
Ftoppiug  to  be  shovelled  into  a  pile,  the  balance  going  on  to  the  stream- 
The  waste  is  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  the  gross  yield  in  bullion. 
The  most  profitable  branch  of  vein  mining  and  reduction  by  thS' 
smelting  process  was  undertaken  by  Prof.  Hfil  in  1S67,  in  connection 
■with  some  Boston  and  Providence  capitalists,  and  is  managed  with. 
much  ability,  energy  and  skilL,  compensated  by  enormous  profits,  of 
■which  the  outside  public  know  little  or  nothing,  from  the  vigUanco 
■with  which  all  such  information  is  suppressed.  From  the  road  side 
you  see  from  20  to  30  piles  of  ore  sending  forth  sulphurous  emanations 
into  the  air.  These  piles  are  first  started  on  a  layer  of  wood,  and 
are  run  up  in  a  pyramid  form  some  5  to  6  feet,  ■with  diameter  at  base 
of  from  1(3  to  20  feet,  and  then  fired,  the  sulphur  affording  the  only 
fuel,  after  the  exhaustion  of  the  wood,  to  keep  the  fire  going  from 
lour  to  six  weeks.  Tliis  ore  has  been  passed  through  the  sampling 
■works  and  been  paid  for,  the  amount  lying  thus  in  piles  at  one  time 
amounting  to,  perhaps,  SSO.OOO.  After  roasting  sufficiently  to  drive 
off  the  sulphur,  and  oxidize  a  portion  of  the  iron,  these  piles  are 
cooled  and  the  ore  carried  to  the  smelting  furnaces,  where  under  a 
heavy  heat,  more  sulphur  is  driven  o£f,  and  the  sfiica  or  gangue  mat- 
ter is  made  to  imite  with  the  oxide  of  iron  to  form  a  slag.  At  the  end 
of  the  smelting  some  8  or  10  tons  are  thus  reduced  to  one  called 
"matte,"  containing  from  §1.500  to  $2,000  in  the  precious  metals,  and 
from  40  to  GO  per  cent  of  copper.  This  product  is  then  shipped  in  bags 
to  Swansea,  England,  for  separation  into  the  several  metals  contain^. 
The  establishment  confciins  three  smelting  furnaces  and  three  calcin- 
ing furnaces,  capable  of  reducing  from  20  to  25  tons  of  or^  per  day. 
The  tailings  which  are  concentrated  along  the  streams,  and  are  also 
6o!d  to  this  establishment,  average  from  $?).5  to  §40  per  ton.  These 
ivorks  are  doubtless  the  most  profitable  of  the  kind  known  in  the 
•world.  In  working  tolerably  high  grade  sulphuretted  ores,  if  the 
facilities  do  not  admit  of  sending  them  to  England,  the  best  way  la  to 
erect  a  common  furnace,  having  the  fire  surfaces  of  good  soap  stone; 
then,  to  every  150  lbs,  of  ore,  put  in  one  bushel  of  charcoal  and  10 
yet  cent  of  ^t    The  ore  will  readily  melt  to  a  slag,  and  ■will  b* 


lLA.CUn?ISTS,    engineers',    AC,   RECEIPTS.  bSS 

pretty  well  desulphurized.    The  slag  can  he  drawn  off,  and  when 
cdd  can  be  broken  up,  and  worked  like  free  ^old  ore. 

Reooverixg  Silver  by  thb  Patio  Process. — ^Tlie  operation 
known  by  this  name  is  sometimes  conducted  on  an  inmense  scale. 
In  one  instauce  at  the  hacienda  of  Regla  near  Real  de  Monte,  there  is 
an  establishment  the  floor  of  which  id  1.^  acres  in  extent,  built  in  the 
most  substantial  manner,  slightly  sloped  to  facilitate  the  flow  of  water. 
The  flooring  consists  of  well  matched  pine  boards,  and  this  vast  re- 
ceptacle sometimes  contains  as  much  as  1000  tons  of  argentiferous 
shme,  30  tous  of  salt,  3  tons  sulphate  of  copper,  and  18,000  lbs.  of 
mercury  in  various  stages  of  tlie  amalgamating  process.  The  reason 
why  tills  takes  place  in  the  well  known  m^mner  is  because  there  is  an 
affinity  bet^vcen  the  diCferent  ingredients  employed  in  the  operation. 

Ox  CtoRREspoNDEXCES. — ^Th.e  aliinity  above  referred  to  as  existing 
between  different  materials,  arises  from  a  nature  inseminated  or  im- 
planted in  each  substance  by  the  Creator,  by  virtue  of  which  such 
a  mutual  affinity  exists  between  them  that  when  an  intermixture 
takes  place,  they,  as  it  were  attract  each  other,  and  rash  together  in 
mutual  embrace.  Closely  connected  with  these  affinities,  as  showing 
the  cause  of  their  existence  and  origin,  we  have  iu  the  science  of  cor- 
respondences a  most  wonderful  and  instructive  study,  entering  in 
its  varied  ramifications,  so  deeply  into  t!ie  inherent  nature  of  every 
created  thing,  tliat  there  is  notliing,  and  can  be  notliing  in  the  universe 
but  what  comes  within  its  consideration.  The  transcendent  import- 
ance of  the  subject  is  such  that  it  is  deserving  of  vastly  more  elaborate 
consideration  tl'.an  the  transient  notice  of  a  single  paragraph,  but  as  it 
would  be  a  vioLition  of  order  to  enter  into  an  extended  explanation  in 
this  place,  the  reader  is  referred  to  tlie  appendix  for  further  illustration. 

Mercury  or  Quicksilver. — The  ore  is  cinnabar  of  a  bright  ver- 
milion color.  Its  specific  gravity  is  8008.  It  is  produced  in  immense 
quantities  at  the  New  Almadcn  mine  iu  Santa  Clara  County,  12  miles 
from  the  town  of  San  Jose,  which  is  54  miles  from  San  Francisco,  CaL 
The  process  by  which  the  fluid  metal  is  extracted  is  one  of  great  sim- 
phcity.  There  are  6  furnaces,  near  which  the  ore  is  deposited  from 
the  mine,  and  separated  according  to  its  quality ;  the  larger  masses 
are  first  broken  up  and  then  all  is  piled  up  under  sheds  near  the 
furnace  doors.  Tlie  ore  is  next  heaped  on  the  furnaces,  and  a  steady 
though  not  a  strong  fire  is  a]iplied ;  as  the  ore  becomes  heated  the 
quicksUver  is  sublimed,  and  being  condensed  it  falls  by  its  own  weight, 
and  is  conducted  by  pipes,  which  lead  along  the  bottom  of  the  furnace 
to  sraaU  pots  or  reservoirs  imbedded  in  the  earth,  each  containing  from. 
1  to  2  gallons  of  the  metaL  The  furnaces  are  kept  going  night  and  i 
day,  while  large  drops  or  minute  streams  of  the  pure  metal  are  * 
constantly  trickling  down  into  the  receivers ;  from  there  it  is  car- 
tied  to  tlie  store  house  and  deposited  in  large  ca,':t  iron  tanks  or 
vats,  the  largest  of  which  is  capable  of  containing  20  tons  of 
quicksilver.  Seven  or  eight  days  are  required  to  fill  the  furnaces, 
extract  the  quicksilver  and  remove  the  residuum.  The  miners  and 
those  who  merely  handle  the  quicksUver  are  not  injured  thereby, 
but  those  who  work  about  the  furnaces  and  inhale  the  fumes  of 
the  metal  are  seriously  affected.  Salivation  is  conmion,  and  the 
attendants  on  the  furnaces  are  compelled  to  desist  from  their 
labour  every  three  or  four  weeks,  when  a  fresh  set  of  hands  is  put 


684        MACHEaSTS,    ENGIKEEBS',    &.C.,    BECEITTS. 

on.  The  horses  and  mules  are  also  saliTsted,  and  from  20  to  SO  of 
them  die  every  veai  from  the  effects  of  the  mercury. 

SiiELTrNG  OF  Copper. — After  the  ore  is  raided  from  the  mine,  it  is 
freed  from  its  matrix  and  sorted,  the  purest  portions  being  broken 
into  pieces  the  size  of  a  nut.  The  first  calculation  is  efieoted  in  a 
leverberatorv  furnace,  the  beat  not  being  raised  too  hi:rh.  At  the 
end  of  12  hours  the  ore  is  converted  into  a  black  powder,  contain- 
ing sulphide  of  copper,  oxide  and  sulphide  of  iron,  and  earthy 
impurities.  The  roasted  ore  is  next  fused  with  a  quantity  of  silicious 
Blag,  by  which  means  it  is  converted  into  a  fusible  slag,  consisting 
of  silicate  of  iron  and  sulphides  of  iron  and  copper,  which  sink 
throogh  the  slag,  forming  at  the  bottom  a  heavy  mass,  termed  a 
matt.  The  matt  thus  procured  is,  while  melte<f,  run  into  water, 
ty  which  it  is  granulated.  The  product  obtained  is  called  coarse 
metal.  It  is  roasted  once  more  for  twenty-four  hours,  by  which 
means  the  larger  proportion  of  tlie  sulphide  of  iron  is  converted 
into  oxide.  It  is  then  calcined  with  some  copper  ore  known  to 
contain  oxide  of  copper  and  silica.  The  oxide  of  copper  transforms 
any  remaining  sulpmde  of  iron  into  oxide,  which  is  taken  up  by  the 
Bihca  to  form  a  slag,  through  which  the  sulphide  of  copper  sinks. 
This  matt  contains  about  80  per  cent  of  copi)er,  and  is  known 
"by  the  name  of  fine  nw.tal.  It  is  cast  into  pigs,  the  lower  portions 
of  which  contain  most  of  the  impurities  ;  the  metal  extracted  from 
the  npjjer  portions  bein^  known  iu  the  market  as  best  selected 
copper.  The  fine  metal  nas  now  to  be  freed  entirely  from  sulphur 
"by  a  final  calcination,  at  a  heat  just  short  of  that  required  to  fuse 
it  During  the  process  the  metal  becomes  oxidized  at  the  surface. 
The  oxide  thus  formed  decomposes  the  rest  of  the  sulphide,  sul- 
phurous acid  escaping,  the  metallic  copper  remaining  behind.  The 
metal  obtained  is  nm  off  into  moulds, 'forming  ingots  full  of  bnb- 
"bles,  from  the  escape  of  the  sulphurous  add  gas.  These  ingots, 
■which  are  known  as  pimple,  or  blistered  copper,  from  their  peculiar 
appearance,  have  now  to  undergo  the  process  of  refining.  They 
are  placed  in  a  reverberatory  fimi.'ice,  and  kept  in  a  melted  state 
ior  upwards  of  20  hours,  to  oxidize  the  last  traces  of  foreign 
metals.  Slags  are  formed  on  the  surface  and  skimmed  off,  and  a 
great  deal  of  oxide  is  produced  which  is  absorbed  by  the  metnL  To 
leduce  this  oxide,  the  surfitce  of  the  melted  metal  is  covered  with  an- 
thracite or  charcoal,  and  towards  the  lost  a  young  tree  is  thrust  in. 
This  process,  which  is  cai'od  poling,  disengages  the  whole  of  the 
cxygpn  from  the  oxide  diifused  through  the  ma.^^  The  above  i«,  as 
nearly  as  possible,  the  method  of  copper-smelting,  as  employed  in 
EngUmd,  the  proces.=es  adopted  in  Saxony  and  North  America  being 
nearly  indentical  with  it,  the  difference  merely  being  modifications 
to  suit  the  various  impurities  contained  in  the  ore.  "UTien  the  ore  con- 
sists of  oxide  or  carbonate  of  copper  only,  it  is  reduced  to  the  metallic 
state  by  simple  f  osion  vrith  charcoal  and  sub ^eqaent  poling. 

Smzltixg  of  Le.\d. — The  ore  having  been  brought  to  the  surface. 
Is  first  sorted  by  hand,  the  purest  portions  being  set  aside  ready  for 
smelting.  The'rest  is  broken  by  hammers  into  lumps  as  large  as  a 
walnut,  and  again  sorted.  The  remainder  is  then  crushed  in  a  mill, 
and  sifted  through  coarse  sieves,  the  coarser  portions  being  set  asida 
lor  the  Btampers,  and  the  finer  being  subjected  to  the  process  otjij- 


MACHINISTS,    EXGIKEERS',    £C.,    KECEIPTS.         585 

gin  J.  Tliia  consusts  in  plnngia.cj  a  sieve  containing  the  ore  into  ■water, 
and  sbaiiin^  it  dexterously,  so  that  tlio  smallest  particles  pass  through 
leading  the  larger  pieces  in  the  sieve,  with  the  lightest  and  least  me- 
tallic poTtioua  upi^ermost  Lf  tlie  sorted  galena  be  tolerably  freo 
from  gangae,  about  1^  tons  of  the  ore  is  mixed  \vith  l-15th  to  l-40th 
its  weight  of  li:ue,  and  heated  to  dull  redness  in  a  reverberatory  fur- 
nace, mrough  -w'-iich  a  current  of  air  is  passing.  By  this  means  a 
lai^  portion  of  the  sulphur  is  burnt  ol  as  sulphurous  acid,  oxide  of 
lead  and  sulphate  of  lead  being  formed,  and  muth  of  cl-.e  ore  re- 
maining unJecomposcd.  When  the  roasting  hns  been  carried 
sulnciently  far,  the  furnace  doors  aie  shut  and  the  heat  is  raised. 
The  sulphate  and  oxiie  of  lead  re-act  on  the  tmdecomposed  sulphide, 
a  large  quantltv  of  salnhnroiis  ac :i  is  formed  whicli  passes  off,  leav- 
ing large  qur.ntitics  of  inetilLic  lead  behind.  Tho  fire  is  now  drmped, 
and  a  quantity  of  lime  thrown  in,  -w'/.ich  forms  a  veiy  infusible  slap;, 
allowing  the  metallic  ler.d  to  be  drr.wn  elf  into  moulds.  Tins  is 
smelted  with  an  additional  portion  cf  ore.  Lead  is  lefined  by  being 
melte  d  in  a  shallow  pan  in  a  reverberatory  furnace.  By  this  operation 
any  tin  or  antimony  it  may  contiLa  is  oxidized  ai:d  removed.  When 
a  ladle'ul  of  tlie  lead  under  this  operation  cools  with  a  peculiar  crys- 
talline surfa:e-,  the  process  is  discontinued,  and  ti.e  metal  is  run  off 
into  pigs.  For  some  purpose,  such  for  init:ince  as  the  making  of  red 
lead  for  the  mnnufactare  of  f-int  gla?s,  it  is  necessary  tl-^at  the  lead 
ehould  be  almo.-t  chemically  pure,  as  a  proportion  of  copper  for  in- 
stance.amountingonlytoafew  grains  pcrton,would  color  the  glass  and 
epoilthe  batch.  Silver  may  be  proCtably  extracted  from  lead,  even 
•when  it  contains  only  three  or  four  ounce's  to  the  ton,  by  Pattinson's 
process.  This  process  defends  upon  the  fact  that,  as  lead  solidifies, 
the  first  portions  that  crystallize  are  pure  lead.  The  opemtion  is, 
therefore,  performed  by  melting  the  metal  in  en  iron  pot  and  al- 
lowing it  to  cool  gradually  ;  as  it  cool^,  the  crystals  of  pure  lead  are 
removed  by  a  perforated  ladle,  and  the  process  continually  repeated 
with  fresh  "portions  of  lead  until  the  mass  contains  about  300  ounces 
to  the  ton.    It  is  then  submitted  to  cvpcUation. 

To  Cox-TP.rcT  A  B.^JtosTETEii. — Get  a  Strong  glasstnbe  34  inches 
long  and  of  a  smooth  even  bore.  Close  one  end  by  means  of  a  spirit 
lamp  and  blow  pipe,  or  Bunsen  burner,  and  fill  the  tube  with  pure, 
dean,  dry  mercury,  excluding  all  bubbles  of  air.  Now  place  vour 
finger  over  the  open  end  of  the  tube,  and  cautiously  insert  it  in  a 
small  cistern  or  vessel  partkilly  filled  with  mercury.  Do  not  remove 
your  finger  until  the  end  of  the  tube  which  it  covers  is  safely  below 
the  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the  vessel.  When  the  tube  is  thus  in- 
serted remove  your  finger  and  the  contents  will  fall  until  the  height 
of  the  mercury  is  nearly  30  ins.  above  the  level  of  the  mercury  in  the 
cistern  beneath.  In  the  b.arometer  the  mercury  never  rises  above 
31  inches  and  seldom  falls  below  27.  The  tube  may  be  fitted  into  a 
jrrooved  wooden  case,  the  scale  attached  in  the  proper  place,  and  tho 
final  adjustment  made  bv  comparison  with  a  correct  insti'ument. 

S.MELTiXG  OF  TIN. — ^To  extKKt  the  metil,  the  Ore  is  first  stomi^  or 
washed  to  get  rid  of  the  lighter  particles  of  sand  or  earth  adhering  to 
it  It  is  then  roa<!ted  to  free  it  from  arsenic  and  sulphur,  and  agam 
washed  to  carry  off  the  sulphate  of  copper  and  oxide  of  iron.  The  wash- 
ed ore  is  mixed  with  from  one-fifth  to  one-eighth  its  weight  of  powder- 
ed anthracite,  or  charcoal,  and  a  small  portion  of  lime  to  form  a  f  usibla 


i86  lIACHIKISTSj    ENGCfEEES',    AC,   KECETPTS. 

dag  -svith  any  of  the  remainin;?  trangue.  The  cliarge  is  placed  in  the 
hearth  of  a'loTV  cro-svned  reverberatory  furnace,  and  the  doors  are 
closed  np.  Heat  is  applied  very  gradually  for  five  or  sis  hours,  car© 
being  taken  to  raise  tJe  temperature  high'  enough  to  cause  the  carbon 
to  reduce  the  tin  -without  melting  the  sUicious  gangue,  which  would 
form  with  tlie  binoxide  an  enamel  too  troublesome  to  remove.  When' 
Dearlv  all  the  tin  is  reduced,  the  heat  Ls  raised  considerably,  the  slags 
being"  thus  rendered  fluid  and  capable  of  floating  on  the  surface  of  tho 
melted  metTL  The  tin  is  then  run  oH  into  cast  iron  pans  from  which 
it  is  ladled  off  into  moulds  to  form  ingots.  The  tin  thus  procured  is 
iar  from  being  pure,  it  is  therefore  submitted  to  the  process  of  lignation, 
which  consists  in  heating  the  ingots  to  incipient  fusion.  I3y  this 
means  the  purer  tin,  which  fuses  at  a  comparatively  low  heat,  separates, 
running  down  and  leaving  the  impure  portions  behind.  The  less  fusi- 
ble portion,  when  remelted,  forms  block  tin,  and  the  part  which  haa 
Tun  out  is  again  melted  and  ran  out  with  wet  stakes.  The  steam  tlius 
formed  bubbles  up  to  the  surface,  carrying  with  it  all  the  mechanical 
impurities  contained  in  the  tin.  The  mass  is  then  skimmed  and  allowed 
to  cool.  "When  just  about  to  set,  the  upper  half  is  ladled  out,  the  otlier 
metals  and  impurities  having  sunk  into  the  bottom  half,  from  the  ten- 
dency thatthis  metal  has  to  separate  from  its  alloys.  The  finest  quality 
of  tin  is  frequently  heated  to  a  temperature  j-ist  short  of  its  melting 
point.  At  mis  heat,  it  becomes  brittle,  and  is  broken  up  into  masses, 
showing  the  crystals  of  the  metal,  and  forming  what  is  known  as 
grain  tin.  The  formation  of  crystals  is  to  some  extent  a  guarantee 
of  its  purity,  since  impure  tin  does  not  become  brittle  in  this  way. 
English  tin  generally  contains  small  quantities  of  arsenic,  copper,  iron 
and  lead.  Tin  fuses  at  442°  Fahr. .  but  it  is  not  sensibly  volatilized  at 
that  or  any  higher  temparatuxe.  For  the  manufacture  of  tin  plate  tho 
best  soft  charcoal  iron  is  obliged  to  be  used.  After  it  has  been  rolled 
and  cut  to  the  requisite  size,  its  surface  is  made  chemically  clean  by 
immersion  for  a  few  minutes  in  dilute  sulphuric  acid.  The  sheets  are 
then  heated  to  a  red  heat  in  a  reverberatory  furnace,  withdrawn,  al- 
lowed to  cool,  hammered  flat,  passed  between  polished  rollers,  and 
are  now  washed  in  dilute  acid.  This  preparation  is  needed  to  free  the 
surface  of  the  iron  from  the  slightest  portion  of  oxide,  to  which  the 
tin  would  not  adhere.  In  order  to  tin  them  they  are  plunged  one  by- 
one  into  a  vessel  of  tallow,  from  which  they  are  transferred  to  a  bath 
of  tin.  From  this  they  are  taken,  after  a  certain  time,  allowed  to 
drain,  and  dipped  again.  The  superfluous  tin  at  the  edge  of  the  plate, 
is  removed  by  dipping  it  in  the  melted  tin  once  more,  and  detaching". 
it  by  giving  the  plate  a  sharp  blow. 

Royal  British  Washing  Pq-wdek. — Soda  ash,  10  lbs ;  carbonate 
of  soda  (ordinary  soda),  10  lbs. ;  crush  into  coarse  grains.  Have  a 
thin  solution  of  glue,  or  decoction  of  Unseed  oil  ready,  into  which  pour 
the  soda  until  quite  thick,  and  spread  out  on  boards',  in  a  warm  apart- 
ment, to  dry,  then  pack  up  into  nice  square  packages  for  sale,  label- 
ling neatlv.  Used  to  soften  hard  water ;  find^  a  ready  sale  at  s  good 
profit  Another  Way  to  soften  Hard  Water.  Stir  1  oz.  fresh  lime  in 
a  bucket  of  water,  pour  all  into  a  barrel  of  water,  rummage  well; 
•when  it  settles,  the  water  -will  be  soft,  pure,  and  fit  for  use.  Seltzer 
Aperient.  Calcined  magnesia,  1  lb. ;  tartaric  acid,  in  crystals,  H  1^3- » 
Idai  BMgar,  1^  lbs. ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  1  lb.    Powder  all  carefoUy. 


HACHEHSTS.   EXGDTEERS',    AC,   RECEIPTS.         587 

irj  Beparatelr,  tnir,  and  add  of  ess.  lemon  and  orange,  o^  each,  i  fl. 

dr.    Cork  tightly  in  •warm  dry  bottles,  after  passing  thxough  a  fine 

■iere.    1  tablespoonf  ul  to  a  tnmbler  of  water  acts  as  a  mild  cathartic. 

LiQnD  Bl.\ck  Le.u>  Polish.— A  good  and  reliable  substitute  for 

K-wdered  stove  polish,  can  be  thus  made:  black  lead,  pulverized,  2 
i. ;  spts.  turpentine,  2  gills;  -vrater,  2  giils;  sugar,  2  ozs. ;  Tni-r, 

USEFUL  ITEMS  TOR  DAILY  REMEMERAXCR 

Legal  Bkkvitles. — A  note  dated  on  Sunday  is  void.  A  note  op- 
tained  by  fraud,  or  from  one  intoxicated,  is  void.  If  a  note  be  lost 
or  stolen,  it  does  not  relea.se  the  mr.ker,  he  must  pnv  it.  An  endorser 
of  a  note  is  exempt  from  llatility,  if  not  served  -svith  notice  of  its  dis- 
honor -within  24  hours  of  its  non-pavment.  A  note  by  a  minor  is 
void.  Notes  bear  interest  only  when  so  stated.  Principals  are  re- 
sponsible for  their  agents.  Each  individual  in  partnership  is  respon- 
sible for  tlie  wholeamount  of  the  debts  of  the  firji.  Ignorance  of  the 
law  excuses  no  one.  It  is  a  fraud  to  conceal  a  fraud.  It  is  illegal  to 
compouud  a  felony.  The  Liw  compels  no  one  to  do  imt>ossibiiities. 
An  agreement  without  a  considemtion  is  vcid.  Sicnaturea  in  lead 
pencU  are  go*  d  in  law.  A  receipt  for  money  is  not  legallv  conclusive. 
The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  aU  the  others.  *  Contracts  made  on  Sun- 
day cannot  he  enforced.  A  contract  with  a  mtaor  is  void.  A  con- 
tract made  with  a  lonatic  is  void.  Written  contracts  concerning  lanl 
must  be  under  seal 

A  TABLE  OF  DAILT  SAVIXGS    AT  COMPOr^ND   ESTEBE5T 

Cents pei-  Day  Per  Year  In  Ten  Years  Fiftu  YeoTi 

'1% SlO S130 3  2,S00 

5| 20 260 5,800 

11- 40 620 11.600 

24 100 1,300 29.000 

,55 2C0 2,G00 68,0CO 

i-io ^f^:* 5.200 iie.wo 

1-37 6w0 6,500 145,000 

By  the  above  table  it  appears  that  if  a  mechanic,  or  clerk  saves  29 
cents  per  day  from  the  time  he  is  21  till  he  is  TO,  the  total  with  in- 
terest will  amount  to  S2.900.  and  a  daily  saving  of  27i  cents  reaches 
the  important  sum  of  S29.000.  Save  all  vou  can  in  a  prudent  man- 
ner for  a  time  of  possible  want,  but  act  jn.stly  by  paving  vour  debts, 
and  Uberally  by  assisting  those  in  need,  and  helping 'in  a  good 
cause.  * 

Ox  Profaxb  Sw-eakts-g.— Let  every  man  do  his  best  to  discotm- 
tenance  tliis  abominable  habit,  and  shun  it  as  an  accursed  sin  in  every 
possible  way.  Xo  respectable  person  will  allow  himself  to  be  guilty 
of  it  Business  men  who  make  a  practice  of  it  wUl  find  themselves 
avoided  by  the  best  class  of  customers,  for  I  know  that  some  persons 
can  suffer  no  mental  punishment  equal  to  that  inflicted  bv  bein"  com- 
pelled to  Usten  to  profane  languaee.  Besides,  every  man  known  as  a 
profane  swearer,  will  not  be  credited  by  those  whcee  good  opinion  is 
worth  having,  even  when  he  mav  be  speaking  the  truth. 

Act  Well  Tom  Part,  Dox't  be  Selfish.— Remember  that  it 
Jb  by  impartiiig  happiness  to  others,  and  "laiHrig  ourselves  useful, 


588        MACHIXISTS,    EXGUfEERS',    <fcC.,   EECEIPT3. 

fliat  we  receive  happiness.  Stand  by  this  truth,  live  it  out,  and  al« 
ways  keep  doing  something  useful  for  the  common  good,  doing  it  well, 
and  acting  sincerely.  Endeavour  to  keep  your  heart  iu  the  attitude  ol 
cherishing  good  •will  to  all,  thinking  and  speaking  evil  of  no  one,  and 
always  with  a  kind  word  for  every  body.  Selfishness  is  its  own  curse ; 
't  is  a  starving  Tice.  The  man  who  does  no  good  gets  none.  He  is 
like  the  heath  in  the  desert,  neither  yielding  fruit  nor  seeing  when 

food  cometh,  a  stimted  dwarfish,  miserable  shrub.  Let  all  your  in- 
uence  be  exerted  for  the  purpose  of  doing  all  you  can  for  the  com- 
moa  good  and  individual  welmre  of  every  one. 

iLvRRTED  Lite,  its  Jots  a>t>  Sorrows. — A  good  wife  is  the 
greatest  eartlily  blessing.  A  wiie  never  makes  a  greater  mistake 
than  when  she  endeavours  to  coerce  her  huband  with  other  weajxnis 
than  those  of  love  and  affection.  Thope  weajxjns  are  a  sure  pull  if 
hQ  has  any  thing  human  left  in  him. '  Forbear  mutual  upbraidings. 
In  writing  letters,  during  temporary  separation,  let  nothing  contrary 
to  love  and  sincere  aUection  be  expressed ;  such  letters  from  a^wif» 
have  a  most  powerful  emotional  eifect,  sometimes  little  understood 
by  those  who  write  them.  It  is  the  mother  who  moulds  the  character 
and  destiny  of  the  child  as  to  the  exteriors,  therefore  let  calmness, 
peace,  alxection,  and  firmness  rule  her  conduct  towards  her  children. 
Children  are  great  imitators,  whether  they  have  scolding  or  peaceful 
mothers,  they  are  generally  snre  to  leam  from  the  examples  set  before 
them,  and  thus  the  consequent  joy  or  sorrow  is  transferred  to  other 
families,  therefore  let  mothers  take  heed  to  their  conduct  It  is  not 
possible  to  exercise  judgment  and  prudence  too  much  before  entering 
on  the  married  life.  Be  sure  that  the  affections  on  both  sides  are  so 
perfectly  intertwined  around  each  other,  that  the  t  vo  as  it  were,  form 
one  mind  ;  this  requires  time,  and  a  thorough  mutual  Icnowledge  on 
both  sides.  Marry  in  your  ovrn  relic;:on,  and  into  a  difierent  blood 
and  temperament  from  your  own.  Bead  your  whole  powers  to  avoid 
depreciatory  remarks,  jibing  and  anjer  in  every  form,  aud  spec- 
ially avoid  everlastin:;ly  disliing  up  any  unsuccessful  past  action  that 
was  done  from  a  good  motive  and  with  the  best  intentions  at  the  time. 
Let  nothing  foreign  to  the  spirit  of  love  and  mutual  affection  interveno 
to  cause  distance  between  husband  and  wife  ;  to  tliis  end  let  self-de- 
nial rule  over  each,  and  reciprocal  tmselfishness.  Avoid  habitual 
fault-finding,  scolding,  &c.,  as  you  would  perdition  itself;  many  mca 
tremble  as  theycrosstheirthresholdintothepresenceof  scolding  wives. 
Let  husband  and  wife  cultivate  habits  of  sobriety,  and  specially  avoid 
drunkenness  in  every  form.  What  a  dreadful  spectacle  it  is  to  see  a 
husband  transformed  into  a  demon,  tottering  homeward  to  abroken- 
hearted  wife,  whose  noble  self-sacrificing  devotion  to  him  seems  to 
partake  more  off  the  nature  of  heaven  than  of  earth.  Never  part,  even 
lor  a  journey,  without  kind  and  endearing  words,  and  as  a  kiss  sym- 
bolizes union  from  interior  a"ection,  do  not  dispense  with  it  on 
such  occasions,  repeating  it  when  you  return.  In  one  word,  let 
love  rule  supreme. 

In  all  your  dealings  with  woman,  take  a  lesson  from  the  cooing dovei, 
speak  softly,  deal  gently,  kindly  and  considerately  with  her  in  every 
way.  Let  "every  husband  and  every  wife  cherish  for  each  other  tha 
heavenly  flame  of  affection,  and  let  no  rude,  harsh,  or  embittered  ex- 
pieesioD  on  either  side  chill  the  sacred  fire.    If  ever  adoration  of  the 


MACHINISTS,   ENGINEEES',   *C.,  BECEIPTS.         589 

ereatnre  may  hope  for  pardon,  surely  the  •vrorship  rendered  by  man 
to  a  kind,  pure,  affectionate  and  loving  wife,  heaven's  best  gift,  may 
Invoke  for?ivenes3.  ^Vhat  countless  millions  of  women  have  sac- 
rificed health,  strength  and  Lfe  in  attendance  on  sick  and  dying  hus- 
bands, children  and  strangers  ?  How  many  have  perished  bv  rush- 
ing through  fire  and  water  to  save  their  children,  and  starved  them- 
eelves  that  they  might  live  ?  In  how  many  hospitals  has  ehe  proved 
herself  an  an^el  of  mercy,  and  her  sweet  voice  uttered  words  of 
comfort  and  cheer  ?  Therefore  let  woman  have  her  full  rights,  even 
that  of  voting  if  shedesires  it,  for  a  good  woman's  influence  will  ever  be 
used  for  a  good  purpose  ;  but  let  woman  act  towards  man  as  indi- 
cated in  the  above  advice  for  man  to  act  towards  woman,  and  she  would 
be  all  but  omnipotent,  for  man  in  a  manner  would  move  heaven  and 
earth  to  serve  her,  and  would  do  unspeakably  more  for  her  than  can 
ever  be  done  by  all  the  fussy  croakers,  old  maids,  and  woman's  rights 
associations  and  lecturers  in  the  creation.  Love  in  the  family  is  tha 
one  thing  needful  to  regenerate  the  earth  and  cause  the  wilderness  to 
become  as  Eden,  and  the  desert  to  blossom  as  the  rose.  Reversed 
love  and  discord  have  broken  more  hearts,  and  caused  more  sorrow, 
estrangement,  and  downright  death,  tlicu.  war,  pestilence  and  all  other 
causes  combined.  It  palsies  energy  and  ambition,  engenders  gloom 
and  despair,  aud  transforms  manliood  uito  an  icicle.  Statistics  prove 
that  the  married  live  longer  on  the  average  by  several  years,  than 
the  unmarried,  a  most  satislactory  proof  that  the  married  state  is  pre- 
eminently the  life  designed  for  man,  therefore  let  all  interested  do 
their  utmost  to  make  it  the  happiest. 
In  reference  to  the  maintenance  of  h:aJth,  many  valuable  prescriptions 
and  much  good  advice  wiU  be  found  imcler  tlie  Medical  Department 
in  tills  work,  but  truth  reqiures  us  to  state  that  for  the  puri^ose  of 
.  mitigating  the  pains  and  labour  incident  to  woman  at  the  most  event- 
ful and  critical  periods  of  her  life,  nothing  within  the  whole  compass 
of  nature  will  compare  with  water,  in  its  varied  applications.  'This 
intimation  is  made  for  the  purpose  of  directing  enlightened  and  in- 
telligent action  on  the  subject  as  necessity  may  call  for  it.  Past  ex- 
perience sustains  us  when  we  say  that  aU  may  enjoy  the  great  bless- 
mg  of  good  health  in  the  free  use  of  the  bath,  the  temperate  use  of 
proper  diet,  plenty  of  exercise,  pure  air,  warm  clotlung  and  ab- 
stinence from  every  excess  inimical  to  health. 

Childkex  A^^>  Hojie  Conversation. — Children  himger  perpetu- 
ally for  new  ideas.  They  will  learn  with  pleasure  from  the  lips  of 
parents  what  they  deem  drudgery  to  learn  from  books,  and  even  if 
they  have  the  misfortune  to  be  deprived  of  many  educational  ad- 
vantages they  will  grow  up  intelligent  if  they  enjoy  in  childhood  the 
privilege  of  listening  to  the  conversation  of  intelligent  people.  Let 
them  have  many  opportunities  of  learning  in  this  way.  Be  kind  to 
them,  and  don't  think  it  beneath  you  to  answer  their  little  questions, 
for  they  proceed  from  an  implanted  faculty  which  every  true  man  and 
woman  should  talce  a  gi-eat  delight  in  gratifying. 

Home  after  Business  Holks. — ^Ilappy  is  the  man  who  can  find 
that  sokice  and  that  poetry  at  home.  Warm  gieetings  from  loving 
hearts,  fond  glances  from  bright  eyes,  and  welcome  siiouts  of  merry 
hearted  children,  tlie  many  thousand  little  arrangements  for  comfort 
and  enjoyment,  that  silently  teU  of  tlioughtful  and  expectant  lovs, 
these  ate  the  ministtations  that  reconcile  ua  to  the  prose  of  life. 


«90         ILA-CHHrrSTS,   EIIGnrEEESr,   <feC.,   RECEIPTS. 

Think  of  this  ye  ■wixea  and  daughters  of  bnsiness  men  !  Think  of  th« 
toils,  the  anxieties,  the  mortification  and  wear  that  fathers  undergo 
to  secure  for  you  comfortable  homes,  and  compensate  them  for  their 
toils  by  making  them  happy  by  their  own  fireside. 

Well  Worthy  of  Imit atiox. — A  worthy  Quaker  thus  wrote  :— 
*'  I  expect  to  pass  through  this  world  but  once.  If,  therefore,  therff 
"be  any  kindness  I  can  do  to  any  feUow  being,  let  me  do  it  now,  let 
me  not  defer  nor  neglect  it,  for  I  wiU  not  pa^s  this  way  again.  " 
Were  all  to  act  thus  how  many  would  be  made  happy  ! 

A>'OTHEK  Sensible  Quaker. — A  Quaker  lately  propounded  th» 
momentous  question  to  a  fair  Quakeress,  as  follows  :  "  Hum  !  yea 
and  verily;  Penelope,  the  spirit  urgeth  and  moveth  me  wonderfully 
to  beseech  thee  to  cleave  unto  me,  flesh  of  my  flesh,  and  bone  of  my" 
bone."  "Hum  !  truly,  Obadiah,  thou  hast'wisely  said.  Inasmuca. 
as  it  is  not  good  for  inan  to  be  alone,  lo,  I  wiU  sojourn  with  thee." 

Table  Co>~vEESATiox. — Instead  of  swallowing  your  foodinsullea 
Eilence,  or  brooding  over  your  business,  or  severely  talking  about 
others,  let  the  conversation  at  the  table  be  genial,  kind,  social  and 
cheering.  Don't  bring  any  disagreeable  subject  to  the  table  in  your 
conversation,  any  more  than  yon  would  in  your  dishes.  Avoid 
scandalizing  people,  and  never  cherish  a  jubilant  feeling  over  the 
infirmities  or  misfortunes  of  others.  The  more  good  company  you. 
have  at  your  table  the  better.  Hence  the  intelligence,  refinement  and 
appropriate  behaviour  of  a  family  given  to  hospitality.  Kever  feel  that 
intelligent  visitors  can  be  anything  but  a  blessing  to'you  and  yours. 

Keep  the  HorsE  Cle-\n  "a^"d  Well  Yextilated. — A  neat,  clean, 
fresh  aired,  sweet,  cheerfrd,  well  arranged  house,  exerts  a  moral  in- 
fluence over  its  inmates,  and  makes  the  members  of  a  family  peace- 
able and  considerate  of  each  other's  feelings ;  on  the  contrary,  a  filthy 
equahd,  nosdous  dwelling,  contributes  to  make  its  inhabitants  selfish, 
sensual,  and  regardless  of  the  feelings  of  others.  Never  sleep  iJi  a 
pmaU  close  bedroom,  either  during  summer  or  winter,  without  free 
ventilation  from  door  or  windows,  unless  otherwise  supplied  with, 
abundance  of  fresh  air.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  person's  house  usuidly 
corresponds  with  his  character. 

Safe  Bcslkess  Rules. — BrsrsEss  mex,  in  business  hours,  attend 
CXLT  to  busing  matters.  Social  calls  are  best  adapted  to  the 
BOCLAL  CTECLE.  Make  voui  business  known  in"  few  words,  without 
loss  of  time.  Let  your  dealings  with  a  stranger  be  most  carefullt 
considered,  and  tried  feie>t3?hip  duly  appreciated.  A  meax  act 
■will  soon  recoU,  and  a  sla.x  of  hoxour  will  be  esteemed.  Leave 
"  Tricks  of  trade"  to  those  whose  education  was  never  completed. 
Treat  all  with  respect,  coxfide  in  few,  wrong  no  man.  Be  never 
afraid  to  say  No,  and  always  Prompt  to  acknowledge  and  rectify  a 
wrong.  Leave  nothing  for  to-morrow  that  shouxd  be  done  to-day. 
Because  a  friend  is  poUte,  do  not  think  his  time  is  valueless.  Have 
a  place  for  everything,  and  evert  thing  in  its  place.  To  preserve 
LONG  friendship,  keep  a  short  credit,  the  way  to  get  credit  is  to 
be  punctual ;  the  way  to  preseetb  it  is  not  to  use  it  much. 
Settlb  often;  have  short  accounts.  Trust  no  man's  appearances, 
they  are  often  deceptive,  and  assumed  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
credit.  Rogues  generally  dress  weU,  The  rich  are  generallv  PLAUf 
HEN.  Be  WELL  satisfied  bcforc  yon  give  a  credit,  that  those  JO 
WBOic  TOV  Gxvs  JX  axe  bats  hsx  to  be  trusted. 


ITEM3    FOR   DAILY   EESTEICBRANCE.  591 

Habits  of  a  Max  of  BrsiXKss. — A  sacred  regard  to  the  prind. 
pies  of  justice  forms  the  basis  of  every  transaction,  and  regulates  the 
conduct  of  the  upright  man  of  business.  1.  He  is  strict  in  keeping  his 
engagements.  2.  I>3es  nothing  carelessly  or  in  a  hurry.  3.  Employs 
-nobody  to  do  what  he  can  easily  do  himself.  4.  Leaves  nothing  un- 
done that  ought  to  be  done,  and  which  ciroamstances  permit  him  to 
do.  5.  Keeps  his  designs  and  business  from  the  views  of  others,  yet  i 
he  is  candid  with  alL  6.  Is  prompt  and  decisive  with  his  customers, 
and  does  not  overtrade  his  capital  7.  Prefers  short  credit  to  long 
ones:  and  cash  to  credit  at  all  times,  either  in  buying  or  selling;  and 
small  profits  in  credit  cases  with  little  risk,  to  the  chiince  of  better 
gains  with  more  hazards.  8.  He  is  clear  and  explicit  in  his  bargains. 
9  Leaves  nothing  of  consequence  to  memory  which  he  can  and  ought 
to  commit  to  writing.  10.  Keeps  copies  of"  all  his  important  letters 
which  he  sends  away,  and  has  every  letter,  invoice,  &c.,  belonging 
to  his  business,  titled,  classed  and  put  away.  IL  ^ever  suffers  his 
desk  to  be  confused  by  many  papers  lying  upon  it.  12.  Keeps 
everything  in  its  proper  place.  iS.  Is  always  at  the  head  of  his  busi- 
ness, well  knowing  that  if  he  leaves  it,  it  wiU  ^eave  him.  14.  Holds 
it  as  a  maxim,  that  he  whose  credit  is  susj^ected  i.^  not  to  be  tru-^ted. 
15.  Is  constantly  examining  his  books,  and  sees  through  all  his  affairs 
as  far  as  care'  and  attention  will  enable  him.  16.  Balances  regu- 
larly at  stated  times,  and  then  makes  out  and  transmits  all  his  accounts 
current  to  his  customers,  both  at  home  and  abroad.  17.  Avoids  as 
nanch  as  possible  all  sorts  of  accommodation  in  money  matters  and 
law-suits  where  there  is  the  least  hazard.  18.  He  is  economical  in. 
Lis  expenditure,  always  living  within  his  income.  19.  Keeps  a  memo- 
landnm  book  in  his  pocket,  in  which  he  notes  every  particular  relative 
to  appointments,  addresses,  and  petty  cash  matters.  20.  Is  cautious 
how  he  becomes  security  for  any  person.  21.  And  is  generous  whea 
urged  by  motives  of  humanity. '  Let  every  man  act  strictly  to  these 
habits;  when  once  b^^in  ^vill  be  easy  to  continue  in.  ever  remember- 
ing that  he  had  no  profits  by  his  pains  whom  Providence  does  not 
prosper,  and  success  will  attend  his  efforts.  Let  him  also  remember 
that  the  true  achievements  of  life  do  not  consist  in  making  startling' 
Btiikes.  but  in  the  solid  performance  of  daily  duty. 

How  TO  Make  a  Fokti-xe. — Cornelius  VanderbUt.  on  being  inter- 
logated  as  to  the  best  way  to  make  a  fortune,  is  reported  to  have  said 
in  reply,  ''  There  is  no  secret  about  it.  all  you  have  to  do  is  to  attend 
to  your  business  and  go  ahead. "  "  There  is  nothing,"  said  George 
Law,  "so  easy  as  making  money  when  you  have  money  to  make  it 
with ;  the  only  thing  is  to  see  the  crisis  and  take  itatits  flood."  Alex- 
ander T.  Stewart,  the  millionaire  merchant  prince  of  New  York,  who 
died  .A.pril  10.  1876,  once  said  to  an  anxious  enquirer,  "  I  consider 
honesty  and  truth  great  aids  in  making  a  fortune."  This  was  ster- 
ling advice,  and  when  it  is  supplemented  by  good  management, 
ardent  application  to  business,  and  strong  self-relmnce,  as  it  was  in. 
an  eminent  degree  in  Mr.  Stewart's  own  case,  it  cannot  fail  to  tell 
with  irresistable  power  in  favor  of  the  man  who  follows  it 

Tkue  Charity. — Mr.  Stewart"  s  idea  of  charity  was  that  in  order 
to  help  men  you  must  assist  them  to  get  work  to  help  themselves, 
and  not  cherish  in  them  a  spirit  of  cringing  dependence  by  ^ving 
them  monej  for  nothing.    ''Himself  a  man  of  strong  self-reliance. 


592  ITEMS   FOB   DAILY  BEMEMBRAKCE. 

he  believed  that  the  best  service  yon  could  do  men  was  to  teach  them 
to  rely  on  themselves — to  present  them  opportunities  which  only 
conld  be  improved  by  individual  effort.  He  had  no  charity  for  idle- 
ness, or  the  ambition  to  reap  when  you  have  not  sown."  As  observ- 
ed by  his  executor,  Judge  Hilton,  "  It  is  more  charitable  to  furnish 
employment  to  men  aud  women,  than  it  is  to  destroy  their  self-respect 
by  giviug  them  money,  as  to  paupers.  Mr.  Stewart  never  beheved  in 
helping  people  to  live  without  work.  We  have  9,600  persons  on  the 
pay  roll  of  A.  T.  Stewart  &  Co.,  and  I  think  that  I  will  best  carry  out 
ilr.  Stewart's  views,  and  be  practicaDy  charitable  by  maintaining  the 
business  which  will  keep  those  9,600  pert^ons  m  honorable  employ- 
ment, so  that  they  can  supjxjrt  ihemselves  and  the  thousands  of  fami- 
lies dependent  upon  them."  Of  Mr.  Stewart's  houet^ty  and  rigidly  fair 
dealing  there  are  numerous  accoimts.  "  What  do  you  mean  by  saying 
what  you  know  to  be  untrue,"  he  once  demanded  ol  a  clerk  who  was 
trying  his  best  to  convince  a  woman  that  a  piece  of  calico  woidd  not 
fade.  "  The  calico  won't  wash,  she'U  demand  her  niouey  back  and 
she'll  be  right.  I  don't  want  goods  represented  for  what  they  are 
not"  It  was  this  perfe^  honesty  towards  his  customers  that  was  Mr. 
Stewart's  leading  characteri.^tic ;  and  it  was  his  invariable  custom, 
when  questioned  as  to  his  explanation  for  his  success,  to  reply  with, 
much  emphasis.  "  Truth,  truth  i.s  the  ti-.lismanic  word;  and  if  I  have 
one  earthly  wish  or  desire  greater  than  another,  it  is  that  in  this 
respect  my  example  may  be  commended  aud  followed  by  yomig  mea 
entering  into  business,  and  especially  by  young  merchants."  On  this 
firm  basis  t)f  truth  aud  integrity  he  conducted  his  colo.^sr.l  bu.^iness, 
not  by  reckless  risks  or  bargains,  but  by  steady  adherence  to  busmess, 
perfect  system,  and  close  attention  to  the  least  details  aa  well  as  the 
largest. 

It  is  much  to  be  rcirretted  that  Mr.  Stewart  did  not,  during  hla 
long  and  most  successful  business  career,  see  fit  to  inaugurate  and 
carry  out  to  completion  anv  such  system  of  public  beneficence  as  was 
at  ail  commensurate  with  the  ample  means  at  his  comusand.  aud  that 
the  performance  of  such  important  ofiices  should  be  delegated  or  in- 
trusted in  an  optional  w"v.  to  another.  Every  man,  prospered  and 
blest  with  the  almost  boundless  prosperity  meted  out  to  Mr.  Stewart, 
owes  a  dutv  to  societv  which  should  never  be  neglected  in  this  way. 
Tlie  cenerous  conduct  of  that  great  and  pood  pliilanthrophist,  Geoige 
Peabodv.  is  in  this  resiiect  most  worthy  of  double  honor,  and  his  e.s- 
teemedname  wiUbedesenedlyand  gratefully  ren ! em bered  by  gen- 
erations yet  unlwm.  for  the  rriemorable  senices  which  he  rendered 
in  his  princely  bequests  to  the  Industrious  poor  of  London,  and  the 
eduf'ntion  of  tlie  colored  population  of  the  Sorth. 

The  following  extracts  froai  a  letter  written  by  Dr.  Franklin  to  the 
Rev.  Georce  Wliitefield  (in  response  to  a  letter  of  thanks  for  reUef 
derived  bv  the  latter  from  the  application  of  electricity  m  a  case  of 
paralysisf  very  clearly  defines  the  mutual  duty  of  mankind  to  eiich 
other.    The  following  is  the  first  part  of  Franklin's  letter  :— 

Philadelphia,  June  6, 1753. 

Sm  :  I  received  your  kind  letter  of  the  2d  inst.,  and  am  glad  to 
hear  tliat  you  increase  in  strength.  I  hope  you  will  contnme  raend- 
iBg  till  you  recover  your  former  health  and  firmness-    Let  me  know 


ITEMS  POR  DAILY  BEitEiIBKAJfe«.  595 

whetner  yoa  still  use  the  cold  bath,  and  what  effect  it  has.  As  to  the 
lundness  yoa  mention,  I  wish  it  could  have  been  of  greater  service  to 
you.  But  it  it  had,  the  only  thanks  I  should  desire  is,  that  you  v?ould 
alvrays  be  equally  ready  to  serve  any  other  person  tliat  may  need 
your  assistance,  and  so  let  good  oflSces  go  round,  for  mankind  are  all 
of  a  family-  For  my  own  part,  when  I  am  employed  in  serving 
others,  I  do  not  look  upon  myself  as  conferring  favors,  but  on  paying 
debts. 

In  my  travels  and  since  my  settlement,  I  have  received  much 
kindness" from  men,  to  whom  I  shall  never  have  any  opportunity  of 
making  the  least  direct  return,  and  numberless  mercies  from  God, 
who  is  infinitely  above  being  benefited  by  our  services.  Those  kind- 
nesses from  men  I  can  therefore  only  return  on  their  fellow-men  and 
I  can  only  show  my  gratitude  for  those  mercies  from  God,  by  a  readi- 
ness to  help  his  other  children  and  my  brethren.  For  I  don't  think 
that  thanks  and  compliments,  though  repeated  weekly,  can  dischai^e 
our  real  obligation  to  each  other,  and  much  less  those  to  our  Creator. 
You  will  see  in  this  my  notion  of  good  works,  that  I  am  far  from  ex- 
pecting to  merit  heaven  by  them.  By  heaven  we  understand  a  state 
of  happiness  infinite  in  degree  and  eternal  in  duration  ;  I  can  do 
nothing  to  merit  such  rewards.  He  that  for  giving  a  draught  of 
water  to  a  thirsty  person,  should  expect  to  be  jmid  with  a  good  planta- 
tion, would  be  modest  in  his  demands,  compared  with  those  who 
think  they  deser,  e  heaven  for  the  little  good  they  do  on  earth.  Even 
the  mixed  imperfect  pleasures  we  enjoy  in  this  world,  are  rather 
from  God's  goodness  than  our  merit !  how  much  more  such  happiness 
of  heaven  !  for  my  part,  I  have  not  the  vanity  to  think  I  deserve  it, 
the  folly  to  exi)ect  it,  nor  the  ambition  to  desire  it,  but  content  myself 
in  submitting  to  the  will  and  disposal  of  that  God  who  made  me.  who 
has  hitherto  preserved  and  blessed  me,  and  in  whose  fatherly  good- 
ness I  may  well  confide,  that  he  will  never  make  me  miserable,  and 
that  even  the  aflSictions  I  may  at  any  time  suffer,  shall  tend  to  my 
benefit. 

CORRESPOXDENCE  OR    SYMBOLIC    MeANTKG    OF    COLORS. —  WhltS 

•was  the  emblem  of  light,  religious  purity,  innocence,  faith,  joy  and 
life.  In  the  judge,  it  indicates  integrity,  in  the  sick,  humility,  in  th» 
"woman,  chastity. 

Red,  the  ruby,  signifies  fire,  divine  love,  heat  of  the  creative 
power,  and  royalty.  White  and  red  roses,  express  love  and  wisdom. 
The  red  color  of  the  blood  has  its  origin  in  the  action  of  the  heart, 
which  corresponds  to,  or  symbolizes  love.  In  a  bad  sense,  red  cor- 
responds to  the  infernal  love  of  evil,  hatred,  etc. 

Blue,  or  the  sapphire,  expresses  heaven,  the  firmament,  truth  from 
a  celestial  origin,  constancy  and  fidelity. 

Yellow,  or  gold,  is  the  symbol  of  the  sun,  of  the  goodness  of  God, 
of  marriage,  and  faithfulness.  In  a  bad  sense,  yellow  signifies  in- 
constancy, jealousy  and  deceit 

Oreen,  the  emerald,  is  the  color  of  the  spring,  of  hope,  particularly 
of  the  hope  of  immortality  and  of  victory,  as  the  color  of  the  laure) 
and  palm. 

Violet,  the  amethyst,  signifies  love  and  truth,  or  passion  and  suf- 
fering. Purple  and  scarlet  signify  things  good  and  tru»  from  a  celMi 
ttal  origin. 

38 


094 


ITEMS   FOB  DAILY  EESTESTBEANCE. 


Black  corresponds  to  despair,  darkness,  earthliness,  monminft 
negation,  ■wickedness  and  death. 

The  Be9T  Thi>gs.— The  best  theology— a  pure  and  beneficent 
life.  The  best  philosophy — a  contented  mind.  The  best  law — the 
golden  rule — Tlie  best  education — self-knowledge.  The  best  state- 
nianship — seif-frovemment.  The  best  medicine  cheerfulness  and 
temperance.  The  best  art — i)ainting  a  smUe  on  the  brow 
of  childhood.  The  best  science — extracting  simshine  from  a 
cloudy  wray.  The  best  war — to  war  against  internal  evils  and 
selfishness .  The  best  music — the  laughter  of  an  innocent  child.  The 
best  journalism — printing  the  true  and  the  beautiful  only  on  mem- 
ory's tablet  The  best  telegraphing — flashing  a  ray  of  sunshine  into 
&  gloomy  heart  The  best  biography — the  life  which  writes  charity 
in  the  largest  letters.  The  best  mathematics — that  which  doubles  the 
most  joys  and  di%ides  the  most  sorrows.  The  best  navigation — steer- 
ing clear  of  the  lacerating  rocks  of  personal  contention.  The  best 
diplomacy — effecting  a  treaty  of  peace  with  one's  ovra.  conscience. 
The  best  engineering — building  a  bridge  of  love,  faith,  and  trust,  in 
the  Divine,  over  the  river  of  death. 

S.WE  A  Little. — Every  man  who  is  obHged  to  work  for  his  liv- 
ing, should  make  a  point  to  lay  up  a  little  money  for  that  "rainy 
day"  whijh  we  are  all  liable  to  encounter  when  least  expected.  The 
best  way  to  do  this  is  to  open  an  account  with  a  savings  bank.  Ac- 
cumulated money  is  always  safe  :  it  is  always  ready  to  use  when 
needed.  Scrape  together  five  dollars,  make  your  deposit,  receive 
your  bJink  book,  and  then  resolve  to  deposit '  a  given  sum,  small 
though  it  be,  once  a  month,  or  once  a  week,  according  to  circum- 
stances. Nobody  knows  without  trying  it,  how  easy  a  thing  it  is  to 
save  money  when  an  account  with  a  bank  has  been  opened.  With 
such  an  account  a  man  feels  a  desire  to  enlarge  his  deposit  It  gives 
him  lessons  in  frugality  and  economy,  weans  him  from  habits  of  ex- 
travagance, and  is  the  very  best  guard  in  the  world  against  intemper- 
ance, dissipation  and  vice."  The  following  table  is  appended  in  order 
to  exhibit  the  time  required  by  money  todouble  itself  when  loaned  at 
the  designated  rates  of  interest : — 


Rate  per  cent. 


Time  in  which  a  Stmi  will  double. 


Simple  Intere.st.    Compound  Interest 


2  1-2 
3 
1-2 


1-2 


50  years. 
40  years. 

33  vears  4  months 
28  years  208  days. 
25  years.  | 

22  years  81  days.  • 
20  years.  "      I 

16  years  8  months; 
14  vears  lOi  davs. 
12  i-2  years. 
11  years  40  days 
10  vears. 


35  vears 

28  vears 

23  vears 

20  years 

17  years 

15  years 

15  years 

14  years 

10  years 

9  years 

8  years 

7  vears 


1  day. 
'i&  davs. 

164  days. 

54  days. 
246  davs. 
273  days. 

75  days. 
327  days 

89  days. 

2  davs. 
16  davs. 

100  days. 


"WAGES  TABLE. 

fAT.ATirF.a  AXD  •WAGM  BT  THE  YEAE,  lIO>TH,  ITBEK  OB  DAT,  8HOV- 
tSO  WHAT  ANT  SUM  FROM  $20  TO  §1600  FEB  ANITUM,  IS  FEB 
MOXTH,    WEEK    OR    DAT. 


Per  Tear 

Per  Month. 

Per  Week. 

Per  Day. 

Per  Tear. 

Per  Month 

Per  Week. 

PerD«y 

• 

«      c. 

•      e. 

•    c. 

» 

•    c. 

9    c. 

»     e. 

aois 

1.67 

.38 

.05 

280  is 

23.33 

5.37 

.77 

25 

2.03 

.48 

.07 

285 

23.75 

5-17 

.78 

30 

2.50 

.58 

.08 

290 

24.17 

5-56 

.79 

35 

2-92 

.67 

.10 

295 

24.58 

5.66 

.81 

40 

3.33 

.77 

.11 

300 

25.00 

6.75 

.82 

45 

3.75 

.86 

.12 

■        310 

25.83 

6.95 

.85 

SO 

4.17 

.96 

.14 

1        320 

26.67 

6.14 

J8S 

65 

4.58 

1.06 

.15 

S35 

2708 

6.23 

.89 

eo 

5.00 

1.15 

.16 

1        330 

27.50 

6.33 

90 

65 

5.42 

1.25 

-18 

340 

28.33 

6.52 

.93 

70 

5.83 

1.3i 

.19 

:        350 

29  17 

6.71 

.96 

75 

6.25 

1.44 

.21 

1        360 

30.00 

6.90 

.99 

80 

6.67 

1.53 

.22 

370 

30.83 

7.10 

1.01 

85 

7.08 

1.63 

J3 

375 

31J>5 

7.19 

1.03 

90 

7.50 

1.73 

.25 

1        380 

31.67 

7.29 

1.04 

95 

7.92 

1.82 

.26 

390 

32.50 

7.48 

1.07 

100 

8.33 

1.92 

.27 

•400 

33.33 

7.67 

1.10 

105 

8.75 

2.0J 

.29 

425 

35.42 

8.15 

1.16 

110 

9.17 

2.11 

.30 

450 

37.50 

8.63 

1.23 

115 

9.5S 

2.21 

.32 

475 

39.58 

9.11 

1.30 

120 

10.00 

2.30 

.33 

500 

41.67 

9.59 

1.37 

1^ 

1042 

2.40 

.34 

525 

43.75 

10.07 

1.44 

130 

10.83 

2.49 

.36 

550 

45.83 

10.55 

1.51 

135 

11.25 

2.59 

.37 

575 

47.92 

11.03 

1.58 

140 

11.67 

2.69 

.^ 

60<) 

50.00 

11.51 

1.64 

145 

12.08 

2.78 

.40 

625 

52.08 

11.99 

1.71 

150 

12.50 

2JS« 

.41 

;        650 

.M.17 

12.47 

1.78 

155 

12.92 

2.97 

.42 

j        675 

56.25 

12.95 

1.85- 

leo 

13.33 

3.07 

.44 

1        700 

58.33 

13.42 

1.93 

165 

13.75 

3.16 

.45 

725 

60.42 

13.90 

1.99 

170 

14.17 

3.28 

.47 

750 

62.50 

14.38 

2.05 

175 

14.58 

3.36 

.48 

775 

64.58 

14.86 

2.12 

180 

15.00 

3.45 

.49 

800 

66.67 

15.34 

2.19 

185 

15.42 

3.55 

.51 

825 

68.75 

15.82 

2.26 

190 

15.83 

3.64 

.52 

1        850 

70.83 

16.30 

2.33 

195 

16.25 

3.74 

.53 

875 

72.92 

16.78 

2.40 

200 

16.57 

3.84 

35 

900 

75.00 

17.26 

2.47 

205 

17.08 

3.93 

.56 

925 

77.08 

17.74 

2.53 

210 

17.50 

4.03 

.58 

950 

79.17 

18.22 

2.60 

215 

17.92 

4.12 

.59 

975 

81.25 

18.70 

2.67 

220 

18.33 

4.22 

.60 

1000 

83.33 

19.18 

2.74 

225 

18.75 

4-31 

.62 

1050 

87-50 

20.14 

2.88 

230 

19.17 

4.41 

.63 

1100 

91.67 

21.10 

a  01 

235 

19.58 

4.51 

.64 

1150 

95.83 

22.06 

3.15 

240 

2iX00 

4.60 

.66 

1200 

100.00 

23.01 

3.29 

245 

20.42 

4.70 

.67 

1250 

104.17 

23.29 

3.42 

250 

20.83 

4.79 

.69 

1300 

108.33 

24.93 

3.56 

255 

21.25 

4.89 

.70 

1350 

112.50 

25.89 

3.70 

260 

21.67 

4.99 

.71 

'       1400 

116.67 

26.85 

3M 

265 

22.08 

5.08 

.73     1 

1       14.50 

120.84 

27.80 

3.93 

27e 

22.30 

5.18 

.74 

1500 

125.00 

28.77 

4.11 

275 

22.92 

6.27 

.75 

1600 

133.34 

30.68 

4.38 

Note. — If  the  deeired  sum  is  not  in  the  table,  double  some  number  ;  fo» 
instance  if  the  salary  or  wages  is  92000,  double  the  sums  opposite  91000,  and  sC 
•n  with  the  rest. 


WAGES  TABLE. 
WAGES    TABLE,  calcctlatkd    ox  a  scalk    op  TEN  HOITES  la»o» 

FEB  DAY.  THE  TIME,  IX  HOtTRS  AXD  DAYS  15  XOTED  IX  TM» 
LEPT  HAXD  COLUXX,  AXD  THE  AMOUNT  OF  VAOE3  UXDEB  TH« 
KESPECTIVE  HEADI>"GS  AS  XOTED  BELOW. 


Wi«e«. 

•  lid  1  tl-S) 

♦■J  .00 

»2J0 

♦3.00   1 

t-'M  1  t'i.OO   1  t4J0   {  tSJOO 

ti.M      t6.0» 

i  '^ 

.1 
.1% 

.3% 

1% 
•2% 

•1% 

.3% 

.2 

.4H 

.2% 
.5 

3 
6 

:i^ 

n  fi^ 

.4%|    .6 
.9^1  .10 

i    2 

.5 

.62^ 

.10 

11% 

.13% 

.15 

•16% 

.18%!  .20 
.27%    .30 
-36%,  .40 
.46        .50 

3 

.6 

•7% 

.10 

.12  J$ 

.15 

17% 

.20 

.22% 

.25 

4 
S 

.6*4 
.8% 

.10 
.12% 

.13% 
.16% 

!21 

.20 
.25 

23% 
29'4 

!^ 

.30 
.37% 

^ 

6 

.10 

.15 

.20    1    .25 

.30 

35     1    .40 

.45 

.50 

.55        .60 

7 

.11%    .17% 

.23% 

.29% 

.35 

41     !    •46*i 

.52^ 

J58% 
.66% 

.64;^'  .70 

S 

.13%     .20 

•2623 

.33% 

.40 

462^1    .53%'    .60 

.73% 

.80 

9 

.15        .22% 

^ 

.3-% 

... 

52%1    .60        .67% 

.75 

.82% 

.90 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 


.16% 

.25 

.33% 

.50 

.50 

.75 

.66*^ 

1.00 

Ji3% 

1.25 

1.     ti 

1.50 

.33% 
.66% 

1.00 

1.33% 

1.66% 

2.00 


.41%!  .50 
.83%  1.00 
1.25  1.50 
1.66%  2.00 
2.08%  2..50 
2.50    1 3.00 


.5?% 

.66% 

.75 

.83% 

1.1623 

1.33% 

1.50 

1.66% 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.33% 

2.66«ii  3.00 

3.33% 

2.01% 

3.33%|  3.75 

4.16% 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

00 

.91%1.0 
1.83%2.0 


04 

oo 

S.io  |3.0O 
3.66%'4.0O 
4..'>8%'5,0O 
5.50'   ,6.00 


■Wagps. 

t5J0 

«r.oo 

»:jo 

»s.oo 

»0.00 

$10.00 

$11.00 

$:2.oo 

$;5.(M     $14.00     $li.Oi 

S      '/^ 

.5%      .6 

.6% 

.6% 

.7% 

•8%l      .9 

.10 

.11       .12    :  .12% 

1       1 

.1 

.112^ 

.12H 

.13% 

.15 

.162;    .18% 

.33%!    .362^ 

.20 

.22        .23%    .25 

£      2 

.21% 

.23% 

25 

-26% 

.30 

.40 

.43%     .46^i    .50 

3 

.32% 

.35 

.37J^     .40 

.45 

.50        .55 

.60 

.65        .70     1  .75 

4  1   .43% 

.46% 

.50 

.53% 

.60 

.662^ 

.73% 

.80 

.862^    .93%!lJ)0 

5  1    .Mi? 

•58% 

.62% 

.662i     .75 

•83% 

.91% 

1.00 

1.08%  1.16%  1.25 

6 

.65 

.70 

.75 

.80        .90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1.30       1.40      1J30 

7 

.76    1    .81% 
.86%l   .93% 

.87% 

.93%  1.05 

1.16% 

1.28% 

1.40 

1.52       1.63%,  1.75 

8 

1.00 

I.062j  1.20 

1.33% 

1.46% 

1.60 

1.73%   1.862.^2.00 

9 

i7% 

1.05 

1.12% 

1.20 

1-35 

1.50 

1.65 

l.SO 

1.95      2.10     i2J25 

D«y». 

1 

1 

1 

1.08% 
2.16% 

1.16% 
2.33% 

1.25  1.33% 

1.50     1.66%     1.83% 
3.00    3.33%     3.66% 

2.00    2.17 

2.33%'  2J50 

2 

2.50 1 2.66% 

4.00!   4.34 

4.662^3    5.001 

3 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75  4.00 

4.50    5.00        5.50 

6.00    6.51 

6.992,    7.50 

4 

4.33% 

4.66% 

5.09  6.33% 

6.00  6.662;     7.331; 

7.001  8.33%     9.16»i 

8.00    8.68 

9.33      10.00 

5 

5.41% 

5.83% 

6.25  6.66% 

10  00  10.85 

11.66%  12.50 

• 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50  8.00 

9.00  10.00      11.00 

12.001  13.00 

14.00    .  15.00 

If  the  desired  ■nntn'ber  of  days  or  amount  of  wages  is  not  in  the  table^ 
double  or  treble  any  suitable  number  of  days  or  amount  of  money  as  the  cas* 
may  be,  until  you  "obtain  the  desired  number  of  days  and  th*  wages  to 
correspond. 

To  Redcck  the  Price  of  Wheat,  in  Steklixg.  pek  Imperial 
Qi^RTER,  TO  Dollars  axd  Cents.— Reduce  the  shillings  per  quarter 
into  dollars  and  cents,  at  24.2  cts.  per  shilling,  and  divide  by  Sj,  the  num- 
ber of  United  States  bash  els  in  an  imperial  quarter. 

Example. — Required  the  price  of  wheat  per  U.  S.  bushel  in  Liverpool, 
vh*a  it  fetches  58s.  6d.  per  imperial  quarter.  58*.  6d,  equals  $li  15, 
vbich,  dlTlded  bj  9^  gives  §1.51^  the  price  per  boflheL 


INTEREST  TABLE, 

AT  BIX  PEB  CHirr. ,  TS  DOLLABS  AUD  CE^TTS,  JBOM  OmS  COLLAB  TO 
TEX  THOUSAND. 


Iday. 

7  days. 

15  daj-e. 

1  mo. 

3  mos. 

Cnios. 

12  mos. 

» 

«c. 

«c. 

»c. 

«  c. 

»c. 

«c. 

,?c. 

1 

00 

00 

oov. 

001^ 

00-; 

0114 

03 

0« 

2 

00 

001 4 

01  ■ 

03 

06 

12 

S 

00 

OOJ. 

0034 

oil  3 

041^ 

09 

13 

4 

00 

OOit 

01 

02 

06 

12 

24 

6 

00 

ooi: 

0114 
01V2 

o-"i 

071^ 

15 

30 

6 

00 

003. 

03 

09 

18 

36 

T 

00 

00^. 

01% 

O0I/2 

lOVi 

21 

42 

8 

00 

01 

02 

01 

13 

24 

43 

9 

00 

01 

02V. 
02»| 

041; 

131; 

27 

64 

10 

00 

oivi 

02i| 
03^1 
OP/i 

05 

15 

30 

GO 

21) 

»! 

05 

10 

30 

60 

1  20 

SO 

0'% 

15 

45 

90 

1  bO 

40 

00% 

10 

20 

60 

1  20 

2  40 

50 

01 

06 

1214 

25 

75 

1  50 

3  00 

100 

OlVa 

iil 

25 

50 

1  50 

3  no 

6  00 

200 

05 

60 

1  00 

3  00 

6  00 

12  00 

SOO 

05 

35 

75 

1  50 

4  50 

9  00 

18  00 

400 

07 

46% 

68I4 

1  00 

2  00 

6  00 

12  00 

24  00 

COO 

03 

1  25 

2  50 

7  50 

15  00 

30  00 

1000 

17 

1  I614 

2  50 

5  00 

15  00 

30  00 

60  00 

2000 

3^ 

2  33i^ 

5  00 

10  00 

30  00 

60  00 

120  00 

3000 

60 

3  50 

7  50 

15  00 

45  00 

90  00 

180  00 

4000 

67 

4  66i/„ 

10  00 

20  00 

60  00 

120  00 

240  00 

6000 

83 

5  83y, 
11  66»^ 

12  50 

25  00 

75  00 

150  00 

300  00 

loooa 

1  67 

25  00 

60  00 

150  00 

300  00 

600  00 

ftr  BEVEK  PEB  CEirr.,  IN  D0LLAB3  A>T)  CENTS,  FBOat  QKE  DOLLAH 
TO  TEN  THOUSAND, 


1 

2 
3 
4 
6 
6 

S 

9 

10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

100 

200 

200 

400 

600 

1000 

2000 

3000 

4000 

fiOOO 

aoooo 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

001/4 

00% 

001s 

00=4 

01 

02 

04  J 

05  , 
08 
10 
19% 
39 
68 
78 

or 

94 


00 
oov; 
oov? 
00% 

003,1 

00% 

01 

01 

0114 
0114 

^' 
051  i 

13j| 
27^2 
40^ 
Si% 
63 

1  .36 

2  72',i 
4  O814 
6  44I2 
«  SOU 

13  61 


0014 
OOU 

oo«4 

01 

our, 

01% 

02 

0214 

03 
-  06 
Ot) 
12 
15 
29 
53    , 

87y, 

1  17 

1  46 

2  92 
5  S3 

8  75 
11  rt7 
14  !VH 
29  17 


OOiJ 

Oi7i 
0214 
03 
031^ 
01 
04-3 
Ooi/i 
0534 
11-9 
17it 
231: 
29I4 
58^5 
t  16^^ 

1  75 

2  33% 
2  912', 
5  83% 

11  66% 
17  50 
23  33% 
;»  16% 
S8  33 


0134 
0314 

esi/i 

07 

^% 
10% 

121,4 

14 

15% 

171', 

35 

52i:, 

70" 
87% 
1  75  ■ 
3  50 
fi  25 

7  00 

8  75 
17  .50 
3r,  00 
52  50 
70  00 
M7  m 

173  00 


03% 

or 

07 

14 

101 '2 

21 

14 

23 

171:. 

33 

21 

42 

24% 

49 

28 

5« 

31% 

65 

S5 

70 

70 

1  40 

1  05 

2  10 

1  40 

2  80 

1  75 

3  50 

3  50 

7  00 

7  00 

14  00 

10  50 

21  00 

14  00 

28  00 

17  50 

35  00 

35  00 

70  00 

70  00 

140  00 

105  00 

210  00 

140  00 

280  00 

175  00 

.350  00 

350  00 

700  00 

sm* 


if 


H  H 
H   * 

O  C.-5 

86E 

W   "-a 

<   o 

w  >. 
ei  S 


I 

o 


^  -  S  5-5  §  ^54  S  8  S  S  S  ?  S  S  8  S  S  S  S  S  S  2  S  S  3 

U    0 

" 2 "s  S,"^ Jl'o  S"S>S>S  S,S  3,2  3,s  S,S  S,S  3,S  S,J  3,5  .3, 

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^  O    tN.  C-^30  X  X    9 


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i     |3"2.2.R«^S|8|SJU||y||||||||8 


W9 


KE-U)Y  RECKONER. 

READT  RECKONEE,  to  find  the  Price  of  any  Number  of  Poundfi,  Tarda 

Pie<'e«,  or  BusbelB.  from  2  cents  to  S3.00. 
The  first  column  contains  the  XIIMBER,  the  top  columns  the  PRICES. 


Noe 

2ct. 

3ct. 

4  ct. 

5ct. 

6ct. 

eV^ct. 

7ct. 

8ct. 

9ct. 

10  ct. 

11  ct. 

2 

.  4 

.  6 

.  8 

.10 

.12 

.121/2 

.11 

.16 

.18 

.20 

.22 

3 

.  6 

.  9 

.12 

.15 

.18 

.184! 

.21 

.24 

.27 

.30 

.33 

4 

.  8 

.12 

M 

.20 

.21 

.26 

.28 

.32 

.36 

.40 

.44 

6 

.10 

.15 

.20 

.25 

.30 

.31V. 

.37i| 
.43*4 

.35 

.40 

.45 

.50 

.55 

6 

.12 

.18 

.24 

.30 

.36 

.42 

.48 

.64 

.60 

.66 

7 

.14 

.21 

.28 

.35 

.42 

.49 

,56 

.63 

.70 

.77 

8 

.Itf 

.24 

.32 

.40 

.48 

.50 

.56 

.64 

.73 

.80 

.88 

9 

.18 

.27 

.36 

.45 

.64 

.561. 

.63 

.72 

.81 

.90 

.99 

10 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

-CO 

.62ii> 

.70 

.80 

.90 

1.00 

1.10 

11 

.23 

.33 

.44 

.55 

■66 

■^il 

.77 

.88 

.99 

1.10 

1.21 

12 

.24 

.36 

.48 

.60 

.72 

.75 

M 

.96 

1.08 

1.20 

1.32 

13 

.26 

.39 

.52 

.65 

.78 

.871.^ 

.91 

1.04 

1.17 

1.30 

1.43 

14 

.2* 

.42 

.56 

.70 

.84 

.98 

1.12 

1.26 

1.40 

1.54 

IB 

.30 

.46 

.60 

.75 

.90 

.9334 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

16 

.32 

.48 

.M 

.80 

.96 

1.00 

1.12 

1.28 

1.44 

1.60 

1.76 

17 

.34 

.51 

.-58 

.85 

1.02 

I.O6I4 
1.12^1 
l.i^s^ 

1.19 

1.36 

1.53 

1.70 

1.87 

13 

.36 

.54 

.72 

.90 

1.06 

1.26 

1.44 

1.(2 

1.80 

1.98 

19 

.38 

.57 

.76 

.05 

1.14 

i.:B 

1.52 

1.71 

1.90 

2.09 

20 

.40 

.00 

.80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.25 

1.40 

l.CO 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

25 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.54.14 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.  5 

30 

.60 

.90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

1.871;, 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 

40 

.80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.50 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

eo 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.121.2 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

6.00 

5.50 

CO 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

360 

3.75 

4.20 

4.S0 

5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

70 

1.40 

2.10 

2.80 

3.50 

4.20 

4.371, 

4.90 

5.60 

6.30 

7.00 

7.70 

so 

1-60 

2.40 

3.20 

4.I.K1 

4.80 

6.00 

5.C0 

6.40 

7.20 

8.00 

8.80 

90 

1.80 

2.70 

3.60 

4.60 

6.40 

5.621^ 

0.31) 

7.20 

8.10 

9.00 

9.90 

100 

2.00 

aoo 

4.ffl 

500 

6.00 

6.25 

7.<^''> 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

ll.OO 

Noa 

12  ct. 

12Uct. 

13ct. 

14  ct. 

15  ct. 

16  ct. 

ISct. 

i83;ct. 

19  ct. 

20  ct. 

21  ct. 

2 

.34 

.25 

.26 

.28 

^ 

32 

.36 

.3714 

.38 

.40 

.42 

3 

^ 

•37ii 

.30 

.42 

.43 

.48 

.54 

.o6i; 

.67 

.60 

.63 

4 

.48 

.50 

.62 

.56 

.60 

.64 

.72 

.75 

.76 

.80 

.84 

6 

.60 

.621  w 

.C5 

.70 

.75 

.80 

.90 

.9334, 

.96 

1.00 

1.05 

6 

.72 

.75 

j     .78 

.84 

.90 

.96 

1.08 

1.12i/i 

1.14 

1.20 

1-26 

7 

.84 

•87i'i 

.91 

.98 

1.05 

1.12 

1.26 

1.311-4 

1.33 

1.40 

1.47 

8 

.96 

;.oo 

J.M 

1.12 

1.20 

1.28 

1.44 

1.50 

1.52 

1.60 

1.68 

9 

1.08 

1.12H 

<  1.17 

1.26 

1.35 

1.44 

1.62 

l.f.83^ 

1.71 

1.80 

1.89 

10 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.40 

1.50 

1.60 

1.80 

1.87i| 

1.90 

2.00 

2.10 

11 

1.32 

1.371^ 

1.43 

1.54 

1.66 

1.76 

1.98 

2.O6I/4 

2.09 

2.20 

2.31 

12 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.G8 

1.80 

1.32 

2.  If. 

2.25 

2.28 

2.40 

2.52 

13 

1.5« 

l.«2l^ 

1.69 

1.82 

1.95 

2.08 

2.34 

2.4334 
2.62i| 

2.47 

2.60 

2.73 

14 

1.68 

1.75  ■ 

1.83 

1.96 

2.10 

2.24 

2.52 

2.6C 

2.80 

2.94 

15 

1.80 

1.87Va 

1.95 

2.10 

2.25 

2.40 

2.70 

2.811/4 

2.85 

3.00 

3.15 

16 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.24 

2.40 

2.56 

2.88 

3.00 

3.04 

3.20 

3.36 

17 

2.04 

2.121; 

2.21 

2.38 

a.-w 

3.72 

3.06 

3.18''4 

3.23 

3.40 

3.57 

18 

2.16 

2.35  ' 

1  2.3i 

2.52 

2.70 

2.88 

3.24 

3.3rrV2 

3.42 

3.60 

3.78 

19 

2.28 

2.371/2 

I  2.47 

2.60 

2.85 

3.04 

3.42 

3.56li 

3.61 

3.80 

s.yj 

20 

2.40 

2.50 

:  2.60 

2.«t 

3.00 

3.20 

3.60 

3.75 

3.80 

4.00 

4.20 

25 

3.00 

3.121^ 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4..^.0 

,^62  it 

4.76 

5.00 

.5.25 

30 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.20 

4.50 

4.80 

5.40 

5.70 

6.00 

6.30 

40 

4.80 

6.00 

5.20 

5.60 

6.00 

6.40 

7.20 

7..50  " 

7.60 

8.00 

8.J0 

50 

6.00 

6.25 

6.60 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

9.0<1 

9.37ii 

9..5O 

10.00 

ll)..-.V 

«0 

7.20 

7.50 

7.80 

8.40 

9.00 

960 

lo.,«n 

11.25 

11.40 

12.00 

l2.t') 

70 

8.40 

^.75 

9.10 

f>.>iO 

10.50 

11.20 

12.60 

1.1. 1 2' ; 

1.^:30 

14.00 

14.70 

80 

9.60 

1«.00 

10.40 

11.20 

12.00 

12.H0 

14.41) 

l.j.O-'l 

15.20 

16.00 

i(;.?o 

90 

10.80 

11.25 

11.70 

12.60 

1.^.50 

14.40 

16.20 

16*^71,4 

17.10 

18.00 

18.90 

100 

12.0G 

12.50 

13,00 

14.G0 

1S.00 

16.00 

18.00 

16.73 

13.00 

20.00 

21.00 

600 


READY   RECKONER. 

The  fitflt  column  on  the  left  contains  the  NUMBER  of  the  Artide,  and  th« 
column  on  the  tops  of  the  tables  the  PRICE. 


N08 

22  ct. 

23ct. 

24  ct. 

25  ct. 
.50 

26  ct. 

27  ct. 

l28ct. 

29  ct. 

30  ct. 

81  Ct. 

SlVtCfc 

2 

.44 

.46 

.48 

.52 

.54 

.56 

.58 

.SO 

.62 

.62% 

3 

.66 

.69 

.72 

.75 

.78 

.81 

.84 

.87 

.90 

.93 

4 

.88 

.92 

.96 

l.DO 

1.04 

1.08 

1.12 

1.16 

1.30 

1.24 

1.26 

S 

1.10 

1.15 

1.20 

1.25 

1.30 

1.35 

1.40 

1.45 

1.60 

1.65 

1.561/4 
1.871/$ 
2.183,; 

6 

1.32 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.62 

1.68 

1.74 

1.80 

1.86 

7 

l.W 

1.61 

1.68 

1.75 

1.82 

1.89 

1.96 

2.03 

2.10 

2.17 

8 

1.7G 

1.84 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.16 

2.24 

2.32 

2.40 

2.48 

2.50 

9 

1.98 

2.07 

2.16 

2.25 

2.34 

2.43 

2.52 

2.61 

2.70 

2.79 

2.8I14 
3.12'| 
3.4342 

10 

2.20 

2.30 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.70 

2.80 

2.90 

3.00 

3.10 

11 

2.42 

2.53 

2.64 

2.75 

2.86 

2.97 

3.08 

3.19 

3.30 

3.41 

12 

2.64 

2.76 

2.88 

3.00 

3.12 

3.24 

3.36 

3.48 

3.60 

3.72 

3  75 

13 

2.86 

2.99 

3.12 

3.25 

3.38 

3.51 

3.64 

3.77 

3.90 

4.03 

4.061/4 

14 

3.08 

3.22 

3.36 

3.50 

3.64 

3.78 

3.92 

4.06 

4.20 

4.34 

4.371^ 
4.6884 

15 

3.30 

3.45 

3.60 

3.75 

3.90 

4.05 

4.20 

4.35 

4.50 

4.56 

16 

3.52 

3.68 

3.84 

4.00 

4.16 

4.32 

4.48 

4.64 

4.80 

4.96 

5.00 

17 

3.74 

3.91 

4.08 

4.25 

4.42 

4..59 

4.76 

4.93 

5.10 

5.27 

5.31Vi 
5.62^1 
5.93»4 

18 

3.96 

4.14 

4.32 

4.50 

4.68 

4.86 

5.04 

5.22 

5.40 

5.58 

19 

4.18 

4.37 

4.5t! 

4.75 

4.94 

6.15 

5.32 

5.51 

5.70 

5.89 

20 

4.40 

4.60 

4.80 

5.00 

5.20 

6.40 

5.(;o 

6.80 

6.00 

6.20 

6.25 

25 

5.50 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.73 

7.00 

7.25 

7.25 

7.75 

7.8I14 

30 

6.60 

6.90 

7.20 

7.50 

7.80 

8.10 

8.40 

8.70 

9.00 

9.30 

9.371/, 

40 

8.80 

9.20 

9.60 

10.00 

10.40 

10.80 

11.20 

11.60 

12.00 

12.40 

12.50 

60 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

1.3.50 

14.00 

14.50 

15.00 

15  50 

15.62' S 

60 

13.20 

1.J.80 

14.40 

15.00 

15.60 

16.20 

16.80 

17.40 

18.00 

1860 

18.75 

70 

15.40 

16.10 

16.80 

n.iw 

18.20 

18.90 

19.W 

20.30 

21.00 

21.70 

21.8715 

80 

17.60 

18.40 

19.20 

20.00 

20.80  21.60 

22.4(^ 

23.20 

^.00 

24.80 

25.00 

90 

19.80 

20.70 

21.00 

22.50 

23.40 

24.30 

25.20 

26.10 

27.00 

27.90 

28.1214 

100 

22.00 

'2Z.W 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

29.00 

30.00 

31.00 

31.25 

Nos 

Get. 
.64 

.33ct 
.66 

.'iSijCt. 
.662/3 

34  ct 
.68 

35  ct 
.70 

36  ct. 

37  ct. 

37i^ct. 

38  Ct. 

39  ct. 

Uoct. 

2 

.72 

.74 

.75 

.70 

.78 

.80 

3 

.9(5 

.99 

1.00 

1.02 

1.05 

1.08 

1.11 

1-12V2 

1.14 

1.17 

1.20 

4 

1.28 

1..32 

1.33U, 
1.66^5 

1..36 

1.40 

1.44 

1.48 

1.50 

1.52 

1.56 

1.60 

6 

1.60 

105 

1.70 

1.75 

1.80 

1.85 

1.871/2 

1.90 

1.95 

2.00 

6 

1.02 

1.98 

2.00 

2.04 

2.10 

2.16 

2.22 

2  25' 

2.28 

2.34 

2.40 

7 

2.24 

2.31 

2.:53V, 

2.38 

2.45 

2.52 

2.59 

2.0214 

2.66 

2.73 

2.80 

8 

2.56 

2.04 

2.72 

2.80 

2.88 

2.90 

3.00  ' 

3.04 

'  3.12 

8.20 

9 

2.88 

2.97 

3.00 

3.06 

3.15 

3.24 

3.33 

3..37I/, 

3.42 

3.51 

3.60 

10 

3.20 

3..30 

3.3314 

3.40 

3.50 

3.00 

3.70 

3.75  ■ 

3.80 

3.90 

4.00 

11 

S.52 

3.63 

3.66i? 

3.74 

3.63 

3.96 

4.07 

4.1214 

4.18 

4.29 

4.40 

12 

3.84 

3.96 

4.00 

4.08 

4.20 

4.32 

4.44 

4.50 

4.66 

4.68 

,  4.80 

13 

4.16 

4.29 

4.33t' 
4.66% 

4.42 

4.55 

4.08 

4.81 

4.87% 

4.94 

5.07 

5.20 

14 

4.48 

4.62 

4.76 

4.90 

5.0-t 

6.18 

5.25 

6.32 

6.46 

5.60 

15 

4.80 

4.95 

6.00 

5.10 

5.25 

5.40 

5.55 

5.621^ 

6.70 

5.85 

6.00 

16 

5.12 

5.28 

5.33U 
6.668| 

6.44 

5.60 

6.76 

5.92 

6.00 

6.08 

6.24 

6.40 

17 

5.44 

6.61 

5.78 

5.96 

6.12 

6.29 

6.3714 

6.46 

6.63 

6.80 

iB 

6.76 

5.94 

6.00 

6.12 

6.;J0     6.48 

6.66 

6.75 

6.64 

7.02 

7.20 

19 

6.08 

6.27 

8.33i| 
10.00 

6.46 

6.65     6.84 

7.03 

7.1214 

7.22 

7.41 

7.60 

20 

6.40 

6.60 

6.80 

7.00     7.20 

7.40 

7.50 

7.60 

7.80 

8.00 

25 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

8.75     9.00 

9.25 

9.371/2 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 

30 

9.60 

O.'JO 

10.20 

10.50   10.80 

11.10 

11.25 

11.40 

11.70 

12.00 

40 

13.80 

12.10 

13.33V.5 

13.60 

14.00   14.40 

14.80 

13.00 

15.20 

15.60 

16.00 

60 

16.00 

16.50 

IH.662'3 

17.00 

17..50   18.00 

18.50 

18.75 

19.00 

19.50 

20.00 

60 

19.2(1 

19.80 

20.00 

20.40 

21.00   21.60 

22.20 

22.50 

22.80 

23.40 

24.00 

70 

22.40 

2.J.10 

2.{.:«V, 
26.66% 

23.80 

24.50  26.20 

25.90 

26.25 

26.60 

27.30 

28.00 

80 

25.6(1 

26.40 

27.20 

28.00  28.80 

29.60 

30.00 

30.40 

31.20 

32.00 

90 

28.80 

2!J.70 

30.00 

80.60 

31.50,  32.40 

33..30 

38.75 

34.20 

35.10 

36.0a 

uo 

32.00 

33.00 

3».33ii 

34.00 

35.00 

3(i.00 

37.00 

37.50 

38.00 

39.00 

40.0t 

tiOl 


READY  RECKO^rtlR. 

Ih*  flnt  oolmftn  bn  the  left  contains  the  NUMBER  of  the  Article,  an4 
the  column  on  the  tops  of  the  Tables  the  PBICE. 


Vot 

41  ct. 

42  ct. 

43  ct. 

44  ct. 

45  ct 

46  ct. 

47 ct.  |48ct 

49  ct 

50  ct 

51  et 

2 

.82 

.84 

.86 

.88 

.90 

.92 

.94 

.96 

.98 

1.00 

1.02 

3 

1.23 

1.26 

1.29 

1.32 

1.35 

1.38 

1.41 

1.44 

1.47 

1.50 

1.53 

4 

1.64 

1.68 

1.72 

1.76 

1.80 

1.84 

1.88 

■    1.92 

1.96 

2.00 

2.04 

6 

2.05 

2.10 

2.15 

2.20 

2.25 

2.30 

2.a5 

2.40 

2.45 

2.50 

2.55 

6 

2.46 

2.52 

2.58 

2.64 

2.70 

2.76 

2.80 

2.88 

2M 

3.00 

3.06 

7 

2.87 

2.94 

3.01 

3.08 

3.15 

3.22 

3.20 

3.36 

3.43 

3.50 

3.57 

8 

3.28 

3.36 

3.44 

3.52 

3.G0 

3.C8 

3.7G 

3.84 

3.92 

4.00 

4.08 

9 

3.69 

3.78 

3.87 

3.96 

4.05 

4.14 

4.1-3 

4.32 

4.41 

4.50 

4.59 

10 

4.10 

4.20 

4.30 

4.40 

4.50 

4.00 

4.70 

4.80 

4.90 

5.00 

6.10 

11 

4.51 

4.62 

4.73 

4.84 

4.95 

5.06 

6.17 

5.28 

5.39 

6.50 

5.61 

12 

4.92 

6.04 

5.16 

6.28 

5.40 

5.72 

5.04 

6.76 

5.88 

6.00 

6.12 

13 

5.33 

5.46 

5.59 

5.72 

6.85 

5.il8 

6.11 

6.24 

6.37 

6.50 

6.63 

14 

5.74 

6.88 

6.02 

6.16 

6.30 

6.44 

6.58 

6.72 

6.86 

7.00 

7.14 

15 

6.15 

6.30 

6.45 

6.60 

6.75 

6.90 

7.05 

7.20 

7.35 

7.50 

7.65 

16 

6.56 

6.72 

6.88 

7.04 

7.20 

7.36 

7.52 

7.68 

7.84 

8.00 

8.16 

17 

6.97 

7.14 

7.31 

7.48 

7.65 

7.82 

7.99 

8.16 

8.33 

8.50 

8.67 

18 

7.38 

7.56 

7.74 

7.92 

8.10 

8,28 

8.46 

8.64 

8.82 

9.00 

9.18 

19 

7.79 

7.98 

8.17 

8.30 

8.55 

8.74 

8.93 

9.12 

9.31 

9.50 

9.69 

20 

8.20 

8.40 

8.60 

8.80 

9.00 

9.20 

9.40 

9.60 

9.80 

10.00 

10.20 

25 

10.25 

10.50 

10,75 

11.00 

11.25 

11.50 

11.75     12.00 

12.25 

12.50 

12.75 

30 

12.30 

12.60 

12.90 

13.20 

13.50 

13.80 

14.10 

14.40 

14.70 

15.00 

15.30 

40 

16.40 

16.80 

17.20 

17.60 

18.00 

18.40 

18.80 

19.20 

19.60 

20.00 

20.40 

60 

20.50 

21.00 

21.50 

22.00 

22.50 

23.00 

23.50 

24.00 

24.50 

25.00 

25.50 

60 

24.60 

25.20 

25.80 

26.40 

27.00 

27.60 

28.20 

28.80 

29.40 

30.00 

30.60 

70 

28:70 

29.40 

30.10   30.80 

31.50  32.20 

32.!»0 

.33.00 

34.30 

35.00 

35.70 

80 

32.80 

33.60 

34.40i  35.20 

36.00i  36.80 

37.  oO 

38.40 

39.20 

40.00 

40.80 

90 

36.90 

37.80 

38.70!  311.G0 

40.50 '  41.40 

-i2..W 

43.20 

44.10 

45.00 

46.92 

100 

41.00 

42.00 

43.00    44.00 

4.5.00  46.00 

47.(iO 

48.00 

49.00 

50.00 

51.00 

Kos 

52  ct. 

53  ct. 

M  ct. :  55  ct. 

56  ct.  1  57  ct. 

5Sct.    59  ct. 

60  ct. !  61  ct.    62  ct. 

2 

1.04 

1.06 

1.081     1.10 

1.12     1.14 

1.16 

1.18 

1.20 

1.22 

1.24 

S 

1.56 

1.59 

1.62 

1.65 

1.68     1.71 

1.74 

1.77 

1.80 

1.83 

1.86 

4 

2.08 

2.12 

2.16 

2.20 

2.24     2.28 

2..'52 

2.36 

2.40 

2.44 

2.48 

6 

2.60 

2.65 

2.70 

2.75 

2.80     2.85 

2.M 

2.95 

3.00 

3.05 

3.10 

6 

3.12 

3.18 

3.24 

3.30 

3.36     3.42 

3.48 

3.54 

3.60 

3.66 

3.72 

7 

3.64 

3.71 

3.78 

3.85 

3.92     3.99 

4.06 

4.13 

4.20 

4.27 

4.31 

8 

4.16 

'4.24 

4.32 

4.40 

4.48;    4..56 

4.64 

4.72 

4.80 

4.88 

4.96 

9 

4.68 

4.77 

4.86 

4.95 

5.04     5.13 

5.22 

5.31 

5.40 

5.49 

5.58 

10 

5.20 

5.30^ 

5.40     5.50 

5.60     5.70 

5.80 

5.90 

6.00 

6.10 

6  20 

11 

5.72 

5.83 

5.94 

6.05 

6.16     6.27 

6.38 

6.49 

6.60 

6.71 

6.82 

12 

6.24 

6.36 

6.48 

6.60 

6.72     6.84 

6.96 

7.08 

7.20 

7.32 

7.44 

13 

6.76 

6.89 

7.02 

7.15 

7.28     7.41 

7.54 

7.67 

7.80 

7.93 

8.06 

14 

7.28 

7.42 

7.56 

7.70 

7.84 

7.98 

8.12 

8.26 

8.40 

8.54 

8.68 

15 

7.80 

7.95 

8.10 

8.25 

8.40 

8.55 

8.70 

8.85 

9.00 

9.15 

9.30 

16 

8.32 

8.48 

8.64 

8.80 

8.% 

9.12 

9.28 

9.44 

9.60 

9.76 

9.92 

17 

8.84 

9.01 

9.18 

9.35 

9.52 

9.69 

9.^ 

10.03 

10.20 

10.37 

10.  M 

18 

9.36 

9.54 

9.72 

9.90 

10.08 

10.26 

10.44    10.i'.2 

10.80 

10.98 

11.16 

19 

9.88 

10.07 

10.26 

10.45 

10.64 

10.83 

11.02  ,  11.21 

11.40 

11.59 

11.78 

20 

10.40 

10.60 

10.80 

11.00 

11.20  11.40 

H.(V3  I  11.80 

12.00 

12.20 

12.40 

25 

13.00 

13.25 

13..50    13.75 

14.001  14.25 

14..5<J  1  14.75 

15.00 

15.25 

15.50 

30 

15.60 

15.90 

16.20|  16..50 

16.i>0i  17.10 

17.40  ;  17.70 

18.00 

18.30 

18.60 

40 

20.80 

21.10 

21. «t    22.00 

22.40  22.80 

23.20  :  23.60 

24.00 

24.42 

24.80 

60 

26.00 

26.50 

27.00    27.50 

28.1'0  2'<..50 

29.00  ;  2Vt.50 

30.00 

■MM 

31.00 

60 

31.20 

31.80 

32.40;  33.00 

33.60  34.20 

34.80 

35.40 

36.00 

36.60 

37.20 

70 

36.40 

37.10 

37.80    38.50 

39.20  39.90 

40.60 

41.30 

42.00 

42.70     43.40 

80 

41.60 

42.40 

43.20   44.00 

44.80t  45.60 

46.40 

47.20 

48.00 

48.80     49.60 

90 

46.80 

47.70 

48.60    49.50 

50.40;  51.30 

52.20 

53.10 

54.00 

54.90     55.80 

}00 

52.00 

63.00] 

M.001  66.00 

66.00]  57.00 

68.00  1  69.00 

60.00  1  61.00  1  62.09 

_ 

&a 

— ^ 

READY  RECKONER. 

If  the  Number  required  is  not  found  in  the  Tables,  add  two  Numbers  to. 

gether  ;  for  instance,  if  35  bushels  are  required,  add  the  prices  opposite 

30  and  5  together  ;  and  so  for  365  bushsls— treble  the  value  of  100,  and 

add  60  and  5  together. ^ ^__^ 


»oe 

62i4ct. 

03  ct. 

64ct. 

65  ct. 

06  ct. 

66%ct. 

67  ct. 

68  ct. 

69  ct. 

70  ct. 

71ct< 

2 

1.25 

1.26 

1.28 

1.30 

1.32 

1.331,3     1.34 

1.36 

1.38 

1.40 

1.42 

3 

1.871/2 

1.89 

1.92 

1.95 

1.98 

2.00 

2.01 

2.04 

2.07 

2.10 

2.13 

4 

2.50 

2.52 

2.56 

2.60 

2.64 

2.662/, 
3.331,3 

2.C8 

2.72 

2.76 

2.80 

2.84 

6 

3.121/2 

3.15 

3.20 

3.25 

3.30 

3.35 

3.40 

3.45 

3.80 

3.55 

6 

3.75 

3.78 

3.81 

3.90 

3.96 

4.00 

4.02 

4.08 

4.14 

4.20 

4.26 

7 

4.371/2 

4.41 

4.48 

4.55 

4.62 

4.66% 
5.33(3 

4.69      4.76 

4.83 

4.90 

4.97 

8 

5.00 

5.04 

5.12 

6.20 

5.28 

5.36      5.44 

5.52 

6.60 

668 

9 

5.621/2 

6.67 

5.76 

5.85 

6.94 

6.00 

6.03      6.12 

6.21 

6.30 

6.39 

10 

6.26 

6.3» 

6.40 

6.50 

6.60 

6.06% 
7.33i| 

6.70 

6.80 

6.90 

7.00 

7.10 

11 

6.8714 

6.93 

7.W 

7.15 

7.26 

7.37 

7.48 

7.59 

7.70 

7.81 

12 

7.50^ 

7.56 

7.6^ 

7.80 

7.92 

8.00 

8.04 

8.16 

8.28 

8.40 

8.52 

13 

8.121/2 

8.19 

8.32 

8.45 

8.58 

8.662/. 
9.331^ 

8.71 

8.84 

8.97 

9.10 

9.23 

14 

8.75 

8.80 

8.96 

9.10 

9.24 

9.38 

9.52 

9.  66 

9.80 

9.9* 

15 

9.37% 

9.45 

9.60 

9.75 

9.90 

10.00 

10.05 

10.20 

10.35 

10.60 

10.65 

16 

10.00 

10.08 

10.24 

10.40 

10.56 

10.66% 
11.33  V3 

10.72 

10.88 

11.04 

11.20 

11.36 

17 

10.621/2 

10.71 

110.88 

11.05 

11.22 

11.39 

11.56 

11.73 

11.90 

12.07 
12.7d 

18 

11.25 

11.34 

'11.52 

11.70 

11.88 

12.00 

12.06 

12.24 

12.42 

12.60 

19 

11.871', 

11.97 

!12.16 

12..-55 

12.54 

12.66% 

12.73 

12.92 

13.11 

13.30 

13.49 

20 

12.50 

12.60 

; 12.80 

13.00 

13.20 

13.33% 
16.662^ 

13.40 

13.60 

13.80 

14.00 

14.20 

25 

15.621/2 

15.7S 

;  16.00 

16.25 

16.50 

1G.75 

17.00 

17.25 

17.50 

17.75 

30 

18.75 

18.9(1 

19.20 

19.50 

19.80 

20.00 

20.10 

20.40 

20.70 

21.00 

21.30 

40 

26.00 

25.20 

25.60 

26.0(» 

26.40 

26.662/, 
33.33% 

26.80 

27.20 

27.60 

28.00 

28.40 

50 

31.25 

31.50 

32.00 

32.50 

33.00 

33.50 

34.00 

34.50 

35.00 

35.50 

CO 

37.50 

37.80 

38.40 

39.(Hi 

39.60 

40.00 

40.20 

40.80 

41.40 

42.00 

42.60 

70 

43.75 

44.10 

44.80 

45.50 

40.20 

46.6634 

46.90 

47.60 

48.30 

49.00    49.70 

80 

50.00 

50.40 

i51.20 

52.00 

52.80 

53.33I3 

53.00 

.54.40 

55.20 

56.00    56.80 

90 

51.25 

56.7C 

'57.60 

58.50 

59.40 

60.00 

60.30 

61.20 

62.10  1  63.00    63.90 

100 

62.50 

63.01 

'64.00 

65.00 

6(;.00 

G6.66I/2 

67.00 

68.00 

69.00  1  70.00    71.00 

No9 

72  ct. 

73  ct. 

74  ct. 
1.48 

75  ct. 
1.50 

76  ct. 

77  ct. 

78  ct. 

79  ct. 

80  ct. 

81  ct. '  82  ct 

2 

1.44 

1.46 

1.54 

1.56 

1.58 

1.60 

1.62 

1.64 

3 

2.16 

2.19 

2.22 

2.25 

2.2s 

2.31 

2.34 

2.37 

2.40 

2.43 

2.46 

4 

2.88 

2.92 

2!96 

3.00 

3.04 

3.08 

3.12 

3.16 

3.20 

3.24 

3.28 

6 

3.60 

3.65 

3.70 

3.75 

3.80 

3.85 

3.90 

3.95 

4.00 

4.05 

4.10 

6 

4.32 

4.38 

4.44 

4.50 

4.56 

4.62 

4.68 

4.74 

4.80 

4.86  i    4.92 

7 

5.04 

5.11 

5.18 

6.25 

5.32 

5.39 

6.46 

6.53 

6.60 

5.67      6.74 

8 

5.76 

5.84 

5.92 

6.00 

6.08 

6.16 

6.24 

6.32 

6.40 

6.48      6.66 

9 

6.48 

6.57 

6.66 

6.75 

6.84 

6.93 

7.02 

7.11 

7.20 

7.29      7.38 

10 

7.20 

7.30 

7.40 

7.50 

7.60 

7.70 

7.80 

7.90 

8.00 

8.10      8.20 

11 

7.92 

8.03 

8.14 

8.25 

8.30 

8.47 

8.68 

8.69 

8.80 

8.91      9.02 

12 

8.W 

8.76 

8.88 

9.00 

9.12 

9.24 

9.36 

9.48 

9.60 

9.72      9.84 

13 

9.36 

9.49 

9.62 

9.75 

9.88 

10.01 

10.14 

10.27 

10.40 

10.53     10.66 

14 

10.08 

10.22 

10.36 

10.50 

10.64 

10.78 

10.92 

11.06 

11.20 

11.34 

11.4S 

15 

10.80 

10.95 

11.10 

11.25 

11.40 

11.55 

11.70 

11.85 

12.00 

12.15 

12.30 

16 

11.52 

11.68 

11.84 

12.00 

12.16 

12.32 

12.48 

12.&4 

12.80 

12.96 

13.12 

17 

12.24 

12.41 

12.58 

12.75 

12.92 

13.09 

13.26  1  13.43 

13.60 

13.77 

13.94 

18 

12.96 

13.14 

13.32 

13.50 

13.68 

13.86 

14.04    14.22 

14.40 

14.68 

14.76 

19 

13.68 

13.87 

14.06 

14.25 

14.44 

14.03 

14.82     15.01 

15.20 

15.39 

15.68 

20 

14.40 

14.60 

14.80 

15.00 

15.20 

15.40 

15.60  !  15.80 

16.00 

16.20 

16  40 

25 

18.00 

1825 

18.50 

18.75 

19.00 

19.25 

19.50  j  19.70 

20.00  1  20.25 

20.50 

30 

21.60 

21.90 

22.20 

1  22.50 

22.80 

23.10 

23.40  1  23.70 

24.00  1  24.30 

24.60 

40 

28.80 

29.20 

29.60 

30.00 

30.40 

30.80 

31.20  1  31.60 

32.00  \  32.40 

32.80 

60 

36.00 

36  50 

37.00 

37.50 

38.00 

38.50 

39.00  i  39.50 

40.00 

40.50  i  41.00 

«0 

43.20 

43.80 

44.40 

45.00 

45.60 

46.20 

46.80  !  47.40 

48.00 

48.60 

49.20 

70 

50.40    51.10 

51.80 

52.50 

63.20 

53.90 

W.60  1  ."io.SO 

56.00 

56.70 

57.40 

80 

57.60 

58.40 

59.20 

60.00 

60.80 

61.60 

62.40  1  63.20 

64.00 

64.80 

65.60 

90 

64.80 

65.70 

66.60 

67.60 

68.40 

60.30 

70.20  1  71.10 

72.0f/  72.90 

73.80 

UO 

72.00 

73.0» 

174.00 

75.00 

76.00 

77.00 

78.(K/ 

1  -9.00 

iw.w 

SLW 

8&09 

g0i> 


BEADT   RECKONER. 
Zf  tlj?  Number  required  is  r.ot  found  in  the  Tables,  add  two  Xumbaw  tO> 
gether;  for  instance,  if  35  bushels  are  requirtd,  add  the  prices  oppositw 
l"^.  and  5  together :  and  so  for  365  bushels — treble  the  TaJue  of  100,  and 
add  oO  and  5  together. 


Voe 

S3ct   Met,  S5  ct,  86  ct.,  87  ct  87i4Ct.  8S  cL  89  ct,  90  ct. 

91  ct 

92  ct 

2 

1.66      1.6S      1.70j     1.72      1.74;  1.75 

1     1.76      1.78i     1.80, 

1.82 

1.84 

3 

2.49      2.52     2..551     2.28 

2. 01    2.621 

i'     2.e4;     2.67     2.70' 

2.73 

2.76 

4 

3.32     3.36!     3.401     3.44 

3.48!  3.50 

1     3.52     3.5&     3.60; 

,'     4.40,     4.45!     4.50, 

3.64 

3.68 

6 

4.15     420'     4.25,     4.30 

4.35,   L371 

4.55 

4.60 

C 

4.98     5.041     5.10     5.16 

5.22    5.25 

1     ^■- 

-      5.341     5.40 

5.46 

6.52 

7 

O.bi,    5.8.-.      5.95     6.02 

6.09'  6.121 

o      e.16     6.23     6.30 

6.37 

6.44 

^ 

6.64;     6.72i     6.M)     6.s8 

6.96   7.00 

7.04      7.12     7.20 

7.28 

7.36 

& 

7.471     756!     7.65     7.74 

7.83|  7.871 

j!     7.&2      8.01      8.10 

8.19 

8.28 

10 

8.30'     8.40!     8.50     8.60 

8.70.  8.75 

8.80,     8.90      9.00 

9JA 

"  ^0 

11 

9.13     9.241     9.35      9.46{     9.57    9.1: -Ji 

J      0.081     9.79i     9.90* 

10.01 

10.12 

12 

9.96,  10.08,  10.20    10.32    10.44;i0.50 

:  10.5G'  10.68:  10.80; 

10.92 

11.04 

13 

10.79    1C.92'  11.05!  11.13;  11.31:11.371 

',    11.44'  11.57;  11.70, 

11.83 

11.96 

14 

ll.t?2i  11.76]  11.90;  12.04    12.1S  12.25 

■|  12.32    12.461  12.00, 

12.74 

12.88 

15 

12.45    12.60,  12.75-  12.90|  13.05,13.12' 

„    13.20;  13.35,  13.50, 

13.65 

13.80 

16 

13.28    13.44    13.60'  13.76.  13.92  14.t)0 

"    14.l>8    14.24    14.40 

14.56 

14.72 

17 

14.11    14.2-'  14.45'  14.62;  14.79  14.-7' 

,    14.'.hJ    15.13    1.5..30 

1.5.47 

1564 

l?" 

14.94    15.12'  15.30!  15. 4>    15.66,15.75 

"    15.84'  15.02    16.20 

16.38 

16.56 

19 

15.77;  15.96,  16.15    15.34    16.53  16.621 

,'  10.72    16.91    17.10 

17.29 

17.48 

20 

l-;.t^i    I6.JO    17.0(.i    17.201  17.40  K.o-t 

17.60!  17.80    18.«i 

1*.20  1 

18.40 

25 

2<J.75    21.00'  21.251  21.50!  21.75  21.871.,    22.U0i  22.25   22.50 

22.75 

23.00 

30 

24.90,  25.20;  25.50    25.^01  26.10  20.25  "    2d.4^.»    2o.70    27.00 

27.30 

27.60 

40 

33.20,  33.60    34.00'  34.40i  ai.Hl  35.0t>       ii  2v»;  35.60,  36.00 

3^.40 

36.80 

M 
CO 

41  .-.^1    4.';ni    42.50    43. Otl    4.-.  .Vi  4:' T'.       44.00    44..^)ti    4"..i>' 

4.-...-^) 

46.00 

ol.OOi  51.Cr    ■                         .^2.--0-  53.J 

.11 

56.20 

70 

53.50'  60.2"                               61.60'  62  : 

';i 

64.40 

fe<J 

:.-      6S.00    ft^8j    -.         ;                7".40    74..       :^ 

7       " 

73.00 

90 

74.V0    75.t:K>    70.50    77.4<l    7e.3-i  i-..5     ;   7:1.20    -^O.lU    ^l.tv 

8i.y0 

82.80 

100 

jnS.O*.!    ^4.00    !-.i.00    8n.iXl    87.00  87.50        .S^.iXi    811. W    90.1X) 

91.00 

92.00 

Kos 

93  Ct.  1  94  Ct  1  »  Ct  1  96  Ct. 

97  Ct  1  98  Ct.  j  99  Ct       f  1. 

»2. 

93. 

2 

1..''6 

1.88 

1.90 

1.92 

1.94 

1.96       1.98 

2. 

4. 

& 

3 

2.79 

2.82 

2.86 

2.88 

2.91 

2.94       2.97 

a 

6. 

9. 

4 

3.72 

3.76 

3.80 

3.84 

•3.^8 

3:fi2       3.66 

4. 

8. 

12. 

5 

4.i;5 

4.70 

4.75 

4.W) 

4.>5 

4.90       4.95 

5. 

10. 

U. 

6 

558 

5.64 

6.70 

5.76 

5.82 

5.88       5.f4 

6. 

12. 

14. 

7 

6.51 

5.58 

6.a5 

6.72 

6.73 

6.86 

6.i« 

7. 

14. 

2L 

e 

7.44 

7.52 

7.60 

7.68 

7.76 

7.84 

7.93 

•     8. 

16. 

24. 

9 

8.37 

8.46 

8.55 

8.64 

8.73 

8.52 

8.91 

». 

18. 

2T. 

10 

9.30 

9.46 

9.50 

9.60 

9.70 

9.80 

9.90 

10. 

S- 

30l 

11 

10.23 

in.3* 

1045 

lOi^e 

10.67 

10.78 

10.89 

11. 

22. 

33. 

12 

11.16 

11.2? 

1140 

11.52  ,  11  64  I 

11.76  i  11.88 

12. 

ai. 

36. 

13 

12.09 

12.22 

12.a5 

12.48     12.61  i 

12.74  i  12.87 

13. 

26. 

39. 

14 

l.r02 

13.16 

13.:« 

13.44  1  13.58  ! 

13  72 

ia86 

14. 

28. 

42. 

15 

13.9.> 

?-4.10 

14.35 

14.40  1  14.55 

14.70 

14.85 

16. 

30. 

4& 

1<^ 

14.1^8 

l.S.M 

1.5  20 

15  36  !  1552  . 

15.88 

15.84 

18. 

32. 

48. 

17 

15.81 

15.98 

16.15 

16.32  ;  lf;.49 

le.ee 

16.83 

17. 

34. 

51. 

18 

l.';74 

16.92 

17.10 

17  28  '  17.46  i 

17.64 

17.82 

18. 

3& 

5t 

19 

17.67 

17.86 

l-^Oo 

lv24      18.43  ; 

18.f?2 

18.81 

19. 

3& 

SI. 

•0 

18.60 

18.80 

19  00 

19.20  '.  10.40  1 

19.R0 

19.80 

20. 

40. 

60. 

25 

2.3.25 

23.50 

2."'.  75  1  2-S.OO     24  25  ' 

24.50 

at.75 

25. 

50. 

-75. 

30 

27.90 

29.20 

28.50     28  80     20.10  i 

29.40 

29.70 

30. 

eo. 

90. 

40 

.37.20 

37.60 

?S(Vl      3=40     38  80  1 

39  20 

39.00 

40. 

80. 

130. 

SO 

46.50 

47.00 

47  50      48  00      48.50  ! 

49.00 

49.50 

50. 

100. 

150. 

60 

.55.80 

56  40 

57  in  1  57  60  i  68  30  ' 

58.-^0 

59.40 

60. 

120. 

180. 

70 

65.10 

6.5  80 

66  .VI  J  67  20      67.90  • 

fJJ.F-0 

69.30 

70. 

142. 

2ia 

go 

74.40 

7.5.20 

7fi.00     76.80     77.60  I 

7*40 

79.20 

80. 

160. 

24a 

90 

83.70 

84.60 

85.50  1  PF.40  ;  87.30  | 

88.20 

89.10 

90. 

180. 

27a 

100 

93L00 

»iOO 

95.00 

» 

>.00 

mio  i 

d&M 

8S.0O 

1    UN. 

aaa. 

tta» 

Weioht.  Statfre,  &P.,  OV  Max.— Tbc  mean  Tre'ght,  andstatnre  of  tha 
human  body  a:  birth,  and  at  every  snbse<iuent  age,  logetiier  with  ih« 
expoctancy  of  life  from  20  to  TO  years  of  ago.  Is  aa  follows. 


M.\LES. 

FEM.\LES. 

YSAKS. 

VE.VKS. 

Age 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Age 

Feet 

Lbs- 

A^e. 

Expectancy. 

1 

Age. 

Expec- 
tancy. 

o 

1.64 

7.06 

0 

1.62 

6.42 

2) 

4.y, 

46 

'^' 

a 

2.60 

25.01 

2 

2.SS 

23-53 

21 

40-^ 

47 

23  4 

4 

304 

31-38 

4 

3-00 

23. &7 

22 

40 

4S 

22Vi 

6 

3-44 

38.80 

6 

3-3S 

35-2  J 

23 

49 

22 

9 

4.00 

49-95 

9 

3-92 

47-  '^ 

2* 

33-^4 

S<J 

'\* 

II 

4-3^ 

59-77 

It 

4. 25 

5^-;7 

25 

^\' 

S' 

2^:* 

13 

4-72 

75. Sc 

13 

4.60 

72.05 

26 

37V4 

S3 

•9A 

IS 

5.07 

96.40 

15 

4-93 

89.04 

2/ 

30/i 

53 

19 

17 

S-36 

116.56 

17 

5.10 

104.34 

2i 

35"74 

5t 

1,'* 

iS 

5-44 

127-59 

i3 

S-'3 

112.55 

2> 

",' 

53 

'7\ 

30 

S-49 

132.4^ 

20 

5.14 

115.30 

3> 

S-tVj 

S5 

»7,, 
16V* 

30 

5-5^ 

140. 3S 

30 

S..S 

II9.J2 

31 

33-4 

57 

40 

S-52 

140.42 

40 

S-.S 

121. Si 

3J 

^Ju 

5^ 

"S'i 

SO 

5-49 

139-9^ 

50 

s-04 

123. S5 

33 

S3 ''3 

5? 

>5,, 

60 

5-3S 

136.07 

60 

4-97 

ii>-76 

34 

3«;i 

60 

Mi 

70 

5-32 

131-27 

70 

4-97 

113-60 

^1 

3« 

61 

14 

80 

5.29 

"7-54 

80 

4-94 

loS.So 

36 

30;? 

62 

•3^2 

90 

S.29 

127-54 

90 

4-94 

loS.Si 

37 

38 

29.^ 
27^ 

63 
64 
65 
66 

13 

39 
40 

Mean.. 

.103.66 

i 

lean... 

•  93-73 

41 
42 

27 

25^4 

67 
6S 

loj., 

10' 1 

43 

fr? 

9.^4 

44 

25> 

70 

9'.* 

45 

24».l 



The  wpieht. of  the  male  infant  at  birth  is  7  lbs.  avoirJ'.iTiois  :  that  of  tho 
female  is  not  quite  ei'jlbs.  The  maxiiuuni  weight  (140i;ibs.)  of  tha 
male  is  attaine.i  at  the  a«e  of  40  ;  that  of  tb.a  female  (nearly  124  lbs.)  is 
not  attaineii  until  oO ;  from  which  iigea  tliey  decline  afters  ards ;  tha 
male  to  127i;  lbs.,  the  female  to  luOlbs..  nearly  a  stone.  Th?  full  grro^:i 
adult  la  20  tiinea  as  heavy  aa  a  new  born  infant.    In  the  llrst  year  ha 


In  the  second  weic. .  ^,.,.       .     .        •,  1 

the  term  remaining  verv  constant  up  to  the  ages  of  11-12  \n  females  ;£i!'.l 
12-13  in  males  ;  where  it  must  be  nearly  doubled  ;  afterwards  it  majr 
be  continued,  and  will  be  found  very  nearly  corrdct  up  to  the  ajre  0/ 
18  or  19,  when  the  growth  pro<'eed3  very  glowly.  At  an  eqxiality  of  aco 
the  male  i»  generally  heavier  th.in  the  female.  Towards  the  ape  .of  13 
yearsonly.  an  iu'lividualof  each  sjt,  has  the  same  weight.  The  ma'o 
attains  the  maximum  weight  about  the  ace  of  40,  and  he  begins  to  lo,^3 
it  verv  sensiblv  towards  6 1.  At  $1he  loses  about  13.2.'52f- lbs. :  and  Ihi 
etature  is  diminished  2-15G  inches.  Females  attain  their  maximum  weir',  .i 
about  50-  The  mean  weight  of  a  mat-ire  min  i.s  104  lbs.,  and  of  an  aver- 
age woman  94lbs.  In  old  a^e  thev  lose  about  12  or  lills.  Mpn  we;c.» 
most  at  40,  women  at  50  and  b^-gin  to  lose  weight  at  60.  The  mcaa 
•weight  of  both  sex.>s  in  old  age  is  that  which  they  had  at  19. 

When  the  male  and  female  have  assumed  their  completo  aeveloDmCTit, 
they  weigh  almost  exactly  20  times  aa  much  as  at  biiih,  while  tho  Pta^ 
ure" is  ab<>ut  ."14  times  greater.  ...  it. 

Children  lose  weight  during  the  firs'  three  days  axter  birth  ;  at  the  pga 
of  »  week  thev  sensibly  increas<? ;  after  1  year  thuy  triple  their  weizhi ; 
then  thev  rpquiro  C  v.3ar«  to  d"uble  their  weight,  and  1"  to  quadnivio  it. 
In  a  child  the  head  is  equal  to  a  fifth  part,  and  m  a  fiUl  gro-.vn  man  to 
an  ei'^hth  part  of  the  height  of  the  individual.  The  human  EKelctoa 
weieils  from  3  lbs.  6  oeb.  to  10  lbs.,  and  the  blood  27  or  28 lbs..  A  o^kined 
human  body  leaves  a  residuum  of  only  8  ozs.  All  besxdM  u  re»l««»«*  »« 
tbs  gaseotu  elemeata. 


TTeight  of  Cast  Iron  Kpe«  of  Different  ThicSn&ss^.  from  1  ineli  U>  tt 
inches  in  Diameter.    1  foot  in  Length. 


Diaiii,Thickn,  Weight.  .Diam.  Thickn  Weight.     Diam.    Thickn  Weight, 

Ids. 


Lbs. 

;     Ins,     ! 

39.22 

49.92 

60.-W 

TL76 

It 

83.28 

41.  M 

52.6?  : 

64.27 

76.12  i 

1*.% 

g.«.2 

44.11 

56.16 

68. 

60.3 

15. 

S3.C8 

46.5 

59.92 

71.7 

S4.T 

13.% 

97.98  i 

48.98 

62.Cr> 

75.32 

$8.91? 

16. 

102-9    1 

51.46  ' 

65.08  1 

T8.P9 

98.24 

16lH 

108.84  1 

53.88 

e*.i4 

82.68  i 

97.44  1 

IT. 

112.6*  [ 

56.34  . 

71.19  i 

86.4     ! 

101.83 

JT.% 

117.6 

58.82  1 

74.28  1 

90.06  1 

106.14 

18. 

11:2.62  ' 

6L26 

77..>6  ! 

93.7    i 

13. 

110.  '3 

127.42 

63.7 

80.4 

ao. 

97.4 

114.72 

132.e5  i 

65.14 

n. 

83.46  1 

101.08 

118.97 

137.28 

22. 

68.64 

£6.55 

I 


M 


I 


If 


.1 


•• 

"st        *»S         ^      '^°?^      ^vf«       ^«N^       ^Vrt       s^ 

0 

*  a 

X 

-hi 

=  1^ 

*♦•  «  o  »«  M  f^O  C^-o  r^  u^  >ri  f*»  O",©  O 

i 

< 

9 

^     l^vC  in'-ir*    -    050   »»sO  w^^?   -* 

1  ^?^;?^;;£;5.^s>^3r?-".^ 

1  XS^RiKiit^  »  v^^^?  „ 

2 

0 
K 

M 
H 

:5 

•> 

z 

o 

K 

inq>no<nqviqoqo 

^-4»«);^-^'~I^=**-^-+»*K«t««J3rM 

1 

Q 

< 

s 

1.S 

1^1 

s 

H 

M 

i  «'^<^Soo^;^2;j5-  r'^L^'oo^s^oss 

J                   ••••••  M  "T  "no  t^O-O  -  ^^Jf^^"  "^  •^•^    3 

2   •:J 

i  ^«o-?a^.>':;T-:3?2:;-f:^rs5«-S7 

J     •    •    •U-ri.i.^^^^t^.^O.o  ^:i.^^«o;j  j 

CL. 
B. 

s 

1  =  3. 

i  "  T>  r  v"  ?^^  .  ^^  T  f?  ?"  ^-  r  "  ?  ^•I  -  3 

;3             "  "  "  ""*"^  «^  2  S  S^i"- S'S  «^  S'wS 

i  ?-!r?^s^c^^^?-^-" *??=?»»?- 

^            ""'""'^"•■'"•«'^<^22-^^-g5;JS' 

< 

e 

i  f:s,2;°?-o^--2:^?5^!^n-?,:;?^rs.t; 

J          -«„„^^c«<>-:.:.o.c  =  .j.;^^. 

•pTg  p'm 

1  :sc^ifu^>i«i  :<^-xs^:^!i?;x^  ij;::^:R;5!^sw; 

«r 


RELATIVE    STRENGTH    OF    BODIES    TO    RESIST    TORSIOW, 
LEAD  BEING  i. 

Tin 1.4  '  Gun    Metal 5.0 

Copper 4.3  I  Cast. Iron.  9.0 

Yellow  Brass.. 461  Swedish  Iron g.5 


English  Iron to.t 

Biistered  Steel 16.6 

Shear  Steel 17.0 


CAPACITIES. 

SIZE  AND  WEIGHT  OF   COPPERS. 

Depth 

Weight ! 

Depth 

Weight  jl  Depth 
in       ||      in 

Weight 

in 

Gallons 

in       1 

in 

Gallons 

Gallons 

in 

Inches. 

pounds.- 

inches. 

pour.ds. 

i  inches. 

pounds. 

'^i 

I 

^% 

^*,. 

>5 

22'-i 

29',  3 

29 

4iH 

«K 

3 

3,, 

»4^ 

16 

24 

30 

30 

45 

»4 

3 

aV> 

*S 

'7.- 

2554 

32 

36 

5*  , 

\^ 

4 

6 

23H 

18' 

27 

J4 

43 

64^i 

5 

7% 

x6 

19 

2RH 

35 

48 

72,, 

'77$ 

6 

9, , 

26M 

20 

30 

36 

53 

7'jVa 

i8J? 

7 

10I4 

26^ 

31 

3.^^ 

37 

S3 

^K. 

•^i 

8 

12 

27 

12 

3.^ 

33 

6£ 

74^ 
100*4 
io6»5 

9 

>3H 

»7j^ 

23 

34^i 

39 

67 

21 

10 

'5,, 

24 

36 

40 

71 

2I»^ 

II 

•^'4 

«5 

37V2 

45 

104 

.56 

22 

13 

iS 

26 

39 

y> 

146 

213 

l^ 

»3 

i-.^i 

2?'A 

27 

4ol's 

»4 

2X 

29 

38 

42 

WEIGHT  OF  SQUARE  AND  RCUNDCAST  IRON. 


Square  per  Foot. 


Size.     I  Weight 


Si;e. 


Inches 
square. 

H 

H 


2ji 


3 
ih 


I 


Pounds. 
.78 

1.23 

1-75 
3.39 
3.13 
3-95 
4-83 
5.90 
703 
82s 

9-57 
10.9S 
12.50 
14.11 
15.81 
17.63 
19-53 
31-53 
33-63 
25-83 
38.13 
30.51  ' 
33. 
35-59 
38.28 
41.06 
43.94 
46.93 


Weight. 


laches 
Square. 

Pounds. 

4 

50. 

4H 

53-'4 

4K 

56.44 

4}i 

59,81 

4?! 

63.28 

66.84 

4% 

70.  "lO 

4Ji 

74.26    ^ 

h 

78.12 
82.0S 

sH 

86.13 

sn 

90.23 

5^ 

94-53 

sfl 

98.87 

l^ 

103.32 
107.86 

6 

112.50 

6% 

123.0S 

132.03 

142.38 

7  ,' 

133- 13 

7K 

164.25 

n 

'73-73 

V* 

1S7.68 

8 

203.I3 

i% 

3:256 

i;j 

225-78 

239-25 

9 

253.12 

Romd  per  Foot. 


Size.     I  Weight. 


Inches 
Diarn. 


iH 


'% 

iH 

iji 

3 
2K. 

2^ 

2H 

2?i 

2;i 

2ji 

3 

sH 
3% 
zn 

3^i 
3?i 
3% 

zn 

4 


Pounds. 
.61 
-95 
1.38 
1.87 
2.45 
3- 10 
3.33 
4.64 
5-52 
6.48 

7-5' 
S.62 
9.81 
II  .08 
12.43 
13-84 
15-33 
16.91 
1S.55 
20. 2  S 
22. iS 
13.96 
25.92 
27-95 
30,16 
32.25 
34-51 
36-85 
39-27 


Size. 


Weighs. 


Inches 

Dian. 

4J4 


aH 

4Ji 

k 
IS 

6 
6K 

6% 


§ 


8 


Pounqs. 

41.76 
4427 

4^-97 
49.70 
52.50 
55-37 
58-33 
6i.3S 
64.46 
67-64 
70.09 
74-24 
77-65 
91.14 
84-71 
83.3S 
95-87 
103.69 
111.83 
120.26 
125. 
135.05 
147-4' 
157-0S 
167.0S 
177.19 

187.9' 
198.79 
21a. 


608 


■WETGHT  OF  IRO?r  PER  TOOT. 

Kottnd* 

S^tiare, 

/■'/ai. 

FlAU 

Flat 

r*** 

g 

M 

Wg-t. 

CO 

Wg't. 

Sir.e. 

Wg'f. 

Size. 

Wg't. 

Size. 

Wgl. 

K  1       -'63 

.*oS 

1    x^ 

.S3J 

I/'-tX'i 

2.91 

4Mx?i 

11.25 

4S 

.36S 

M 

.468 

.937 

2      X'i 

3-33 

5    »^* 

II. s* 

J4 

.654 

» 

.833 

1.04 

2KxM 

3-74 

SJ^x% 
6    x>i 
I     xJ4 

•3.73 

7^ 

1.03 

ri 

1.30 

1. 14 

2jix'4 

4.16 

15.00 

K 

1.47 

s 

1.87 

1.25 

2f*x;4 

4-53 

2.91 

Yi 

J.  00 

«-5S 

1. 45 

3    xM 

5.00 

iHx« 

J.»S 

t 

S.61 

I 

3-3S 

1.66 

3j^x«', 

4  xJI 

5  xj5 

5.85 

iKxJi 

5.64 

i,'-i 

S  3t 

IH 

4.21 

^}ixH 

1.87 

6.66 

i^xji 

4.01 

»!4 

4.09 

%^ 

5.20 

2.0S 

8.33 

ij^xji 

4-37 

1;'S 

4-95 

1?« 

6.30 

2.29 

6    xl's 

10.00 

iJix^S 

5-Jo 

1% 

S-«9 

1^4 

7.50 
8.80 

3Kx§ 

2.50 

I     xH 

J.oS 

*  xn 

5-83 

tVi 

6.9X 

1^ 

2.70 

i^'sxJi 

*-34 

tHxVi 

l.sS 

ili 

8.01 

10.20 

3'A^y* 

2.91 

i'4xjs 

2.60 

i'Am 

7.29 

iji 

9.20 

II. 71 

3MxK 

3-12 

i^lx?i 

2.86 

2^X^ 

8.02 

a 

10.47 

2 

13-33 

^.^^'^ 

3-33 

l'-'X;=4 

3-12 

J    xH 

8.75 

zVt 

11.S2 

2'-i 

15.05 

4ysx^ 

3-75 

i^;x.f3 

3-64 

sH^'A 

10.  JO 

2% 

I3-2S 

iH 

»6.8; 

5   x^ 

4-17 

2    r% 

4-16 

4    xji 

H.64 

2% 

14.76 

2V2 

2o.8o 

6    xJi 

500 

2T<x|i 

4-6S 

4Mxrs 

13.12 

=^ 

16.36 

2M 

25.20 

1    x^ 

1.25 

2loX;3 

5.20 

5    x7i 

14-5* 

a?i 

19.79 

3,, 

30.00 

iHx?i 

1.40 

z^^Vg 

5-72 

5/ix>3 

16  04 

S,^ 

23-56 

3J^ 

32.5s 

iV^X;^ 

1.56 

3    x?i 

6.2s 

6    xyi 

17.5© 

3?'S 

25-56 

3'* 

3  5- 20 

i^xK- 

1.71 

sVgxji 

7.29 

ijixi 

3-75 

37i 

27.65 

J.f 

37-96 

i5^xH 

1.87 

4    x5s 

8.3J 

jKxi 

4.i» 

sg.Sa 

3   i 

40.80 

I>ix?8 

2.1S 

5    x?i 

10.41 

ij*xi 

4-55 

354 

32-07 

3^-t- 

46  87 

2    x?4 

2.50 

6    xH 

IX.  50 

iJ^XI 

5.00 

3K 

36.81 

4  , 

53-33 

«5ix?4 

2.81 

I    x?^ 

2.50 

iJix. 

5-^3 

4 

41.88 

4-{ 

60.20 

2Mx^ 

3.12 

i/^xJi 

2.81 

S      XI 

6.66 

-♦Vs 

44-54 

4'i 

67.50 

2jix|4 

3.43 

'I-i'=ti 

3.12 

2KXI 

ITs 

4K 

47-23 

4^i 

75.20 

s  xn 

3-75 

i/sxji 

3-43 

2j^Xl 

4^ 

SO.  II 

5  , 

83-33 

3'Ax}i 

4-37 

i'-:.xK 

3-75 

2^4X1 

9.16 

45^ 

53 -oi 

5< 

93.20 

4     x?i 

5.00 

«J4xK 

4-37 

3    XI 

to. 00 

4?i 

59.05 

5^2 

102.20 

S    xJ4 

6.25 

2     xH 

5-00 

lYiXi 

11.66 

5„ 

65.45 

6 

112.30 

6    xH 

7.50 

2  %X  Ji 

|.62 

6.25 

4    XI 

13-33 

5-| 

73.02 

I    x% 

1.66 

2V,XK 

4Kxi 

15.00 

5,^ 

80.03 

iHx^ 

1.87 

2?4XK 

6.87 

5    XI 

16.66 

f" 

87.08 

iKx'X 

I'jx'-i 

2.08 

3    xK 

8.50 

sJ4^-« 

IS.3J 

6 

9S-05 

1 

2.29 

alixji 

8.75 

6    XI 

20.00 

6^ 

112.02 

1 

1 

i;ix>3 

2.50    J 

4    x>i 

xo.oo 

6ii« 

21.64 

WEIGHT  CF  FLAT  STEEL  PER  FOOT. 


I     IH 

iK 

I?* 

iH 

1% 

2 

2^ 

2y, 

2% 

3 

3U 

.852  .95S 

1.06 

J. 17 

1.27 

1.49 

1.70 

I.QI 

2.13 

a.34 

a-53 

2-77 

1.27    1.43 

«-59 

1-75 

1.91 

2.23 

2-5S 

2.87 

3.20 

3-5' 

3-83 

4- '5 

I  70    J. 91 

2.13 

*-34 

2-s=; 

2.q8 

3-40 

3-i53 

4-26 

4.68 

5-1' 

5-53 

2.13    2.39 

2.66 

2.92 

3.19 

3.72 

4.26 

4-79 

5-32 

S-^^5 

6-39 

6.9a 

2% 
•-99 
4-47 
5.9$ 

7-45 


MOULDKRS  ANT5  PATTERN  MAKERS'  TABLE. 


Cos/  Tr»K  being  i, 

Bar  Iron  eoual 
Steel  " 

Brass  " 

Copp 


Bar  Iron,  being  i, 


Tiliiie  Pine,  beitig  1, 


1.07  Cast  Iron  equal 

.91;  Cast  Iron  equal 

»3. 

i.oS'Steel             " 

1.03)  Brass             " 

n.f 

1. 16  Copper         " 

i.i6'Copper        " 

»3-4 

1.21  Brass             •* 

>.o9  Lead 

18.1 

1.55  Lead            " 

i.48'2:inc              ** 

11. 1 

«w 


TABLES    FOR    EXGHTEERS   A^nj    MACHTlflSTS. 


^e  and    strength  of  Cast   Una 
Columns*     Iron  i  in.  thick. 


^t 

Height  in  feet- 

fc 

4    1    6    1    8       ic  1   12 

«4 

S.S 

Load  in  Cwts. 

a 

7* 

60 

40 

40 

3* 

36 

*M    119!  105 

91 

77 

65 

55 

'„    '781  143 

MS 

118 

III 

97 

3^ 

U7\  232 

214 

191 

»?» 

156 

4 

326]   318 

288 

266 

»42 

220 

4ii 

418 

400 

379 

354 

327 

301 

5 

52J 

501 

479 

452 

4*7 

394 

6 

607 

S<)s 

S73 

55°    525 

*?7 

I 

1032 

1013 

989 

959!  924 

*57 

133.1 

131S 

1289 

1259  1224 

1 185 

9 

1716 

1697 

1672  1640  1603 

1561 

mo 

2119 

2100 

2077  2045  2007 

1964 

ai 

2570 

2550 

2520  2430  2450 

2410 

» 

3050 

3040,3020  2970  2930 

2900 

5s 

H 

eight 

in  f  e 

et. 

fc^ 

,6 

!<* 

JO 

22 

24 

E.s 

Loav.'  in  Cwts. 

a 

«« 

.?;    13 

»3 

II 

»% 

47 

40     34 

29 

25 

I 

84 

73 

64 

S6 

49 

3H 

»3S 

»i9 

106 

94 

Hi 

4 

.98 

.78 

160 

J44 

130 

4H 

a7S 

»S' 

229 

308 

i»9 

s 

S6s 

337 

310 

*8S 

363 

6 

469 

440 

413 

386 

360 

1 

848 

808 

76s 

725 

686 

1142 

1097 

1052 

1005 

9,S9 

<» 

iS'S 

1467 

1416 

1364 

1311 

30 

I9I6 

i86s 

1811 

175s 

1697 

SJ 

*3S» 

230s 

3248 

31S9 

S127 

S3 

1S30 

27S0 

2730 

2670 

2600 

Ca[»cities  of  Cisterns,  in  gallc< 
Defth,  10  Inchei. 


3 

Let 

I9-S 

8     feet 

3 13-33 

2^il 

'• 

30.6 

84 

** 

353-72 

3 

44.06 

9 

** 

396.56 

34 

59-97 

94 

461.40 

4 

78-33 

10 

489.20 

4^ 

" 

99-M 

592.40 

S 

" 

122.40 

705.00 

s'. 

148.10 

837.4 

6 

" 

176.25 

** 

959-6 

b^\ 

" 

206.85 

1101.6 

7, 

" 

239-S8 

20 

195S.4 

7's 

27S-JO 

25 

3059.9 

■Weights  of  Cordwood. 

lbs.  caitw^ 

I  Cord  of  Hickonr 4468  100 

"        Hard  Jitaple...  2864  58 

"        Beech 3234  64 

"        Ash 3449  79 

"        Birch 336S  49 

"        Pitch  Pine 1903  4 j 

"        Canada  Pine...   1870  43 

"        Yellow  Oak....  3920  61 

«        White  Oak....   1870  81 
**        Lombardy  Pop- 

_lar.... 1775  41 

"        RedOak jiij  ;« 


ARITHMETICAL  SIGN'S   KST>   THEIR    SIGITIFICATIOH. 
Sign  of  Equality,  and  signifies  as    4+12=16. 

8-|-S=i6  the  sum. 


Addition 

—        "      Subtraction 

X        "       Multiplication 

~        "      Division 

^  "      Square  Root 

Square  Root. 

6*  Sign  of  to  be  Squared 

7«        "      to  be  Cubed 
Povrers. 

The  following  table  shows  weight  in  tons  required  to  tear  asunder 
bars  I  inch  square  of  the  following  materials. 

Oak- 5I  ^  tons.     Wrought  Copper  ..15    tona 

Fir i^]i    "         English  Bar  Iron.  .25       " 

Cast  Iron 7^4     "         American  Iron 37'^** 

"Wrought  lion  ■  -lo     "        Blistered  Steel, . .  .59>i  •* 


as 

as  12 — 4=8  the  remainder 
as  12X3=36  the  product 
as  24-^3=8  or  V  =8. 
Evolution    or    Extraction 

thus  8^=64  Involution,  or 
thus    3^=^27     the     Raising 


READY  RECKONER  TABLK' 

Voveompntin;  Wages,  Rent,  Board,  etc.  The  sum  win  be  found  headui^  flia 
•olurans^  jiid  the  days  *nd  weeks  on  the  extreme  left  hand  column.  H  the 
desired  sura  is  not  in  the  Table,  double  or  treble  two  or  three  suitabla  numbers. 


TIME. 

$2.  50. 

#2.75. 

f3.oo. 

?3-2S- 

?3-So- 

I3-75- 

$4.00. 

54.25. 

54.50. 

54.75' 

?' 

•J6 

•39 

.43 

.40 

.50 

•53 

•57 

.61 

.64 

.68 

rt2 

«3 

•72 

.78 

.86 

•93 

T.OO 

1.07 

1.14 

1.2 1 

1.28 

1.36 

1.08 

.     I-I7 

t.2ij 

1-39 

1.50 

1.61 

1.71 

1.82 

1.93 

203 

4 

1.44 

1.56 

1.71 

1.86 

3.00 

3.14 

3.28 

».43 

2-57 

2.71 

S 

1.80 

1.95 

S.M 

a.32 

a.so 

3.68 

3.86 

3-03 

3.21 

3-39 

6 

a.iS 

a-34 

3-5: 

2.78 

3.00 

3.21 

3.43 

3.64 

3.86 

4.07 

I 

a.  50 

»-75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

3-75 

4.00 

1^5 

4.50 

4.7s 

ii 

5.00 

5-50 

6.0C 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

7.50 

6.25 

9.00 

9-75 

10.50 

11.25 

12.00 

12.75 

13.50 

14.25 

«=s 

10.00 

11.00 

12.00 

13.00 

14.00 

15.00 

16.00 

17.00 

18.00 

19.00 

12.50 

I3-75 

15.00 

16.25 

17.50 

18.75 

20.00 

21.25 

22.50 

»3'75 

'time. 

fS.oo. 

$5.25. 

JS-So- 

^S-7S- 

56.00. 

56.25. 

56.50. 

56.75- 

57.00. 

53.00^ 

ti 

•71 

•75 

•79 

.82 

.86 

.89 

.93 

.96 

l-OO 

1. 14 

1-43 

1.50 

1.58 

1.64 

1.72 

1.78 

1.86 

1.92 

2.00 

2.2S 

»-l3 

a. 14 

3.25 

2-37 

2.46 

2.2S 

2.67 

2.79 

2.8S 

3,00 

3.5» 

4 

2.86 

3.00 

3.15 

3.28 

3-44 

3.56 

3.72 

3-«4 

4.00 

4.26 

S 

3-57 

3-75 

3-94 

4.10 

4.30 

4-45 

4.65 

4.80 

5.00 

5.7a 

6 

4.28 

4.50 

4-73 

4.92 

S.16 

5-34 

5.58 

S.76 

6.00 

6.86 

t 

5.00 

5-25 

5.50 

5-75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

8.00 

i^* 

10.00 

10.50 

11.00 

11.50 

12.00 

12.50 

13.00 

13.50 

14.00 

i6.oa 

V 

15.00 

15-75 

16.50 

17.25 

18.00 

13.75 

19.50 

30.25 

21.00 

24.00 

H 

20.00 

21.00 

g2.00 

23.00 

24.00 

25.00 

26.00 

27.00 

28.00 

32.00 

25.00 

26.25 

27.50 

28.75 

30.00 

31.25 

32.50 

33.50 

35.00 

4000 

"WEIGHT  OF  LEAB  PIPE— DIFFERENT  SIZES. 


Calib'e 


laches  lb.    oz 


AA 

A 

B 

C 

Weight 

Weight 

Weight 

Weight 

per foot 

perfoot 

perfoot 

perfoot 

lb.    ow 

lb.    or. 

lb.    ct. 

tb.    oz. 

»        5 

I        2 

1        0 

0      13 

2        0 

I       12 

I         4 

I        0 

2          12 

2        8 

3           0 

I       12 

3        8 

3        *> 

2          4 

2        © 

4          >2 

4        0 

3         4 

2        8 

5       12 

4      12 

3       12 

3        0 

8       0 

6        4 

S        0 

4        4 

9        0 

7        0 

6        0 

s      ' 

E  lELight 
Weight  Weight 
perfoot  perfoot 


SIZE  AXD  CAPACITIES  OF  CRIBS  AND   BOXES. 
Crib  6'4  ft.  long,  jK  ft.  broad,  3^^  deep,  63!^  bush.  ^^  peck. 
Box  4  ft.  long,  3  ft.  5  in.  wide,  2  ft.  8  in.  deep,  361/3  c.  ft.,  i  ton  of  coaL 
rBox  4!^  ft.  long,  2%  ft.  wide,  2  feet  deep,  22'^  cubic  feet. 
Box  2  ft.  long,  1  foot  4_  in.  wide,  2  ft.  8  in.  deep,  10. 722  cu.  in.  i  barrel. 
Box  3  ft.  long,  I  foot  3  in.  wide,  i  f oot  2  in.  deep,  5.376  cu.  in.  1/4  barrs]* 
Box  I  foot  2  in.  long  bjr  16  8-10  in.  wide  and  8  in.  deep,  i  bushel. 
Box  12  x  II  2-10  in.,  8  in.  deep,  1.075  2-10  in.  or  %  bushel. 
Box  8x8  4-ic  in.  and  8  in.  deep.  537  6-10  cu.  in.  or  i  peck. 
Box  8x8  in.  and  4  2-10  jn.  deep,  26S  8-10  cu.  in.  or  l^  peclc 
Box  7x4  in,  and  4  8-10  in.  deep,  134  4-10  cu.  in.  y^  gallon, 
VOX  4  X  4  ia«  tad  4  2-10  in.  deep,  67  2-10  cu.  io.  i  qusoW 


KAMETE^,  CTROl'MVEHEyCES  AKD  ASEAS  OP  CIRCLED. 

^riwpfe.— R«juiTed  the  elrcumf  eronc«  of  a  drclo,  hoop,  or  ring,  tbt 
iismeter  b^ing  3  ft.  4  in.  In  the  column  of  oinruinferences,  oppo6it«  iha 
lu'lic^ted  diameter,  stand?  TO  ft.  5'»s  In..  thecircuniferenc«  requlrfd.  The 
^i-t  ft'.li^waiice  for  contniotion  of  thf  mf^tal  i?  it*;  fx.art  thickness,  or  ird 
Lnnlthyit  it  is  bent  tfigtctrnys,  whioh  mu.st  Iv-  .-ulded  to  the  diameter. 

The  millwright  o.in  at  "once  jv^cenain  the  dianiPt^r  of  any  wheel  hen: ay 
TO'-inire,  the  pitch  and  number  of  t«etli  beijin  gi\  cii. 

JCxampli'. — If  a  wheel  is  ordtred  t6  be  maue  to  contain  60  teeth,  tta 
pitch  of  the  teeth  to  bo  3'4  inches,  the  diiniii^^ious  of  the  wheel  may  be 
known  simply  ae  follows  : — 3Iul;iply  the  pitch  of  the  tooth  by  the  num- 
ber of  tet-th  the  -wheel  is  to  contain^  and  the  product  will  be  the  circont* 
l«rence  of  wheel  thtis^ 

3*g  inches  pitch  of  the  tooth. 
10  X  6  =  CO  the  numi>*.-r  of  teeth. 
Feet  19     414  inches  the  circumference  of  the  wheeT, 

The  diameter  answering  to  thiscircnmferenoe  i.s  C  ft.  2  in.,  consequently 
Trith  one  half  of  this  number  as  a  radius,  the  circumference  0/  the  wheel 
Trill  be  described. 


Dte.  io 

Cireum. 

Area  in 

Side  of 

Diain 

Cir.    m 

Area   in 

Area  in 

icch. 

in  inch. 

sq.    inch. 

1  =.,. 

inch. 

It.    la. 

iq.   inch. 

sq.      ft. 

1-1« 

-196 

-«030 

-05o4 

4   in. 

1  o»i 

1   «I4 

12-506 

-0879 

1-8 

-392 

-0122 

-1107 

'4 

]3-3fH 

-0935 

8-16 

-589 

-0275 

-1661 

1     14- 

r  13^ 

1    2'j 
1    2H 

14-186 

-0993 

1-4 

-783 

-0490 

-2113 

15-033 

-lOoi 

&-16 

-981 

-07G7 

-2609 

IS-t^M 

-1113 

»-« 

1-178 

-1101 

-3223 

lO-iiOO 

-1176 

7-16 

1-374 

-1303 

-3771 

1    2'4 

1    Si.i 

17-720 

-1240 

18-«66 

-1306 

1-2 

1-570 

-1963 

-4331 

15   in. 

1    3'k 

19-635 

-^r4 

9-16 

1-767 

-24i5 

-1003 

S^ 

1    4'^ 

20-^:29 

-1444 

6-9 

1-963 

-30C8 

-5438 

1    4:5 

21-C47 

-1515 

11-16 

2-159 

-3713 

-6093 

!'j 

1    4-4 

22-C90 

-15S8 

S-* 

2-356 

-4417 

-6<>i6 

1      6^4 

1  «kI 

23-7:^8 

-lecs 

13-16 

2-552 

-51S5 

-7200 

5*3 

24-860 

-1739 

T-« 

2-748 

-€013 

-7751 

53? 

1    6 

i&-^71 

-1811 

15-16 

2-9« 

-69C3 

-8308 

5'.i 

1    6% 

27-108 

-18S? 

1  in. 

314 
31 J 

-7854 

% 

6   hu 

1    6% 

1    ni 

2S-274 

-19T» 

1% 

-KM) 

•4  &   3-32 

•^'5 

29-4'>4 

-206» 

33. 

1-227 

1  in. 

C'l 

1     '^i 

30-679 

-214f 

5^i 

1-484 

1  3-16 

62^ 

1    8 

31-919 

-2231 

i-7cr 

1  5-16 

|6'3 

1    8*4 
1    8»i 
1    9« 

1   s^i 

33-183 

-"WH 

1^ 

2-074 

1  7-16 

O'i 

St-471 

-2412 

2-406 

1  9-16 

1^"* 

35-784 

-2501 

li. 

£i. 

2-7ei 

1    11-16 

61k 

S7-122 

-2598 

i  In. 

CU 

3-141 

2  in. 

7  in. 

1  10 

S8-4.« 

-2693 

ii: 

CO* 

3-543 

B-? 

1  ins' 
110^ 

1  ii^S 
1 11' S 
111;^ 

2  08; 
2  0*4 

S-.^:-! 

-2791 

7 

3-976 

7^4 

41-2;-3 

-2889 

1^ 

4-430 

2  Ml 

i-ii 

42-718 

-2990 

4-908 

2  3-16 

44-178 

-3092 

2« 

5^12 

2  9-lft 

!-^ 

45-»X3 

-3196 

«-'* 

5-:J39 

2  7-18 

47-173 

-3299 

9 

fr-i91 

2  9-l« 

iht 

48-707 

-3109 

>  b. 

10^ 

7-058 

1 

'8   in. 

2  11 '. 
2  115 

50-265 

-3518 

1 

T-«G9 

8»l 

61-848 

-3629 

S-205 

2   ^4 

53-456 

-3741 

s% 

8-946 

3  in. 

2    21'. 
2    25$ 

55-0S8 

-3856 

s^ 

11 

9-f21 

3Va 

6K-745 

-3973 

*Ti 

12ig 

10-:;  20 

2    3 

S^-{26 

-4089 

a% 

11-044 

3% 

2    3«i 

60-132 

-4209 

8^ 

11-793 

3    7-16 

2  rl 

61-SS2 

^1330 

612 


DIAMETERS,  ClKCrMl'KHEJrCES  ASTD  ASSAB  OF  CUtCLBS,  *C 


Dia.  hi     Cir.   in       At*«  ia 
«.     in.  {  ft.     in.      n-  i""^- 

Area'ia 

Di».  ia     Cir. 
ft     in.     ft 

1 

in 
in. 

Area  in 
cq.  inch. 

-^,r& 

d    1  2      •J'*!     63-817 
61 1    2      4fg     85-396 

-4458 
-4o7T 

14       4 

I      4H   4 

2'* 

201-062 
204-216 

l-«74 

1-4295 

Si;    2      6         67-200 

^704 

1      41.4   4 

3       207-394 

1-4517 

fiSi    2      r.\,     «JM>29 
•i*   2      f---*;     70-8S2 
6^    2      CI4      72-T59 
9S4'  2      6-fe     74-«52 
S'i    2      ?         76-538 

-4  32 

1      ik    4 

33,    210-597 

1-4741 

-4961 
-5093 

1  tkt 

^i'..  i;13-S25 
4^4    117^177 

1^195 

-5-*2« 

1      4?i   4 

4!.,,  ;:20-3ii3 

1-5424 

,  -5361 

1      4%    * 

6.  "i  223-654    j 

1-5655 

10    Is      7%     78-540 
101;    2      7»4'     80-515 
101 4    2      ti.,.     «»-5:6 
lO^i,   2      *■',      J4-3W 
lO^fe    2      S-Ti,      86-505 

-6497 

1    -5    |4 

6»i|  226-980    j 

1-58S8 

-6sr4 

1      6%' 4 

53.'  idO-S^   ' 
6II  2:5;UT05    • 

1-6123 

-6775 

1      5V4!  4 

1-6354 

-5:  IT 

1      5%   4 

6Vi.    r37-li4 

1-659T 

-OVl 

1      C%   4 

6"i,  2W-o2S 

1-6836 

10^^    2      J.*^!     8S-eiU 

-026 

1      5%   4 

7»i'  2;;V-977 

1-7078 

10*4    2      t^:.:     9C»-762 

loi^i  2  loi^j   ai-»^ 

-<vr,3 

1      t%   4 

7--!4,  247^^    ; 

1-7321 

-OlM 

1      6ik    4 

kVs   250-9i7     j 
6 '4   254-469 

1-7CC4 

11       2    10«4t    {10-033 

-cecj 

1      €       4 

1-7812 

llii'  2    liVgi     97-205 

-^-^74 

i  1      61-^   4 

s".r  t:.^-'W   ; 

1-KI61 

111/*;  2    HI4'     9a-lM2 

-695J 

1  1      6<i   4 

1-8311 

H%i  2    11»4    101-6C3 

-7143 

1      €4i4 
1      6^   4 

J 

1^S5S2 

11^    3      01^    liXi-J^tV) 

-7-29» 

-J          •      t 

i-S8ia 

11%    3      OU    l'»-139 

-7i29 

1      64l  4 

I/:,-  l:-^J7 

1-S071 

1134   3      (,T-    ir.8-4.H 

-.750'J 

1      Cj^   4 

1j-,    276-117 

1-3323 

ll'/fe    3      11 4,  110-T53 

-7752 

1      6>«1* 

llVl   2:9-8U 

l-35{!6 

1           1  3      1%    11^-097 

-7016 

17       4 

ll^i   283-529 

1-8347 

1       ia!  3      2       115-466 

--S0?2 

1      V^  B 

0       2ST-272 

1-9941 

1        4    3      21^1  117-*^9 
i        %'  3      2lt    12')-2T6 

-f25» 

1     tS's 

©i;    2^1-039 

S-0371 

-«H» 

1      7g  6 

O'g!  £94-831 

2-0t>37 

3      Si'*;  122-718 

-6o9» 

1      7g   5 

1141  aj«-«48 

IJj.  302-4^'9 

2-6904 

1        % 

3      55^1  125-1R5 

-6702 

1      7}^   5 

2-1172 

1        5 

3      4    1  127-676 

-f.?,'?r 

1      7*!   5 

2 

306-r.55 

2-1443 

1        % 

3      -i**.  130-192 

-«113 

1      Tk   5 

2% 

310-245 

£-1716 

1      1 

3      4«4'  132-7n2 

-9291 

1     8       5 

S 

SI 4-16) 

2-1990 

1      I'A 

3      61^:  13>-2;^7 

-G470 

1      8U   5 

318-039 

2-2265 

1      1-'^    3      £^;  137-8-6 

-9043 

1      S<4'  5 

322-0C3 

2-2543 

1      1%   3      6    1  140-500 
1      114    3      0%;  113-1S9 

-9835 

1      &%'  5 

4 

326-051 

2-2922 

1-0019 

i     sU  5 

4% 

330-064 

2-3103 

1      1%   3      6»il  145^-02 
1      1\   3      75i    14S-489 
1      !•&  3      7^i  151-201 

l-<>206 

1      85^   5 

4?i 

334-101 

2-S38« 

1-0294 

1      8^^1-5 

fi"* 

338^163 

2-3670 

1-05S4 

1      8vt   5 

6*i 

342-250 

2-39S6 

1     £ 

3      7%!  153-933 
3      8*8    156-609 

1-0775 

1     9      5 

6%!  346-?61 
6%^  330-497 

2-4244 

1      2% 

1          i-V4 

1-09G8 

1      91/3   5 

2-45S3 

3      fc44,  159-4-5 

1-1193 

1      9*4   5 

€%!  354-657 
7%:  358-^1 

2-4834 

1          i=^ 

3      &Va    162-295 

1-1360 

1      9I;    5 

2-51 IT 

1     ii^i  3     o^M   i65-i::;o 

1-15;59 

7U 

363-051 

2-5412 

1      2^1  3      9;5    167-9Sd 

1-1749 

!i  1      S^A  5 
1  1      S?4!  5 

''^j? 

367-2S4 

2-5708 

1      iiil  a    liiV4i  170-S73 

l-lfi51 

8% 

371-543 

2-600T 
2-630« 

1      'J/»    3    li^BJ  173-782 

1-2164 

1  1      9!i   5 

375-b28 

13       3    ll'^'  176-715 

1-2370 

t  1    10       5 

9% 

3S0-133 

2-6608 

1      31,    3    U-i    179-C73 

1-2577 

1    101 '3   5 

91AI  384-465 

2-6691 

1      31 4    3    11".«    lS2-6'4 

1-2785 

1    101 4I  5 

.SI5 

38?-.«22 

2-7015 

1      3*g    4      CI4    185-661 

1-2.096 

1    lOSJl  5 

393-203 

2-7221 

1      3i,'  4      (i^s,  18.H-692 

l-32'>8 

1  1    101,1  5 

10% 

397-«08 

2-76;a 

1      35,    4      1       191-7 4« 

1-3122 

1    10^,'  5 

11 

402-0S8 

2-7y60 

1      2\    i      1\.\  191-^28 

1-3637 

'    1    1024!  5 

'it 

406-493 

2-8054 

1      S'^ 

[  4      l-rt!  137-U3 

1-3S55 

1    lOji'6 

410-372 

2->^65t 

612 


DtAMBTEBS,  CtRCOCFERE3fCES  A2n>  AKEAS  OF  ClBCIiES,  tO. 


Sk.  tn 

CSt.   ia  y    Are*  in 

Am  in 

lA.  In 

Cir.  in 

Area  in 

Aicaia 

B.    ft. 

R.     in.      *<).  inch. 

•q.    ft. 

ft 

I 

in. 

ft.  in. 

i^iach. 

•«.ft. 

1    U       6      OI4!  415-476 

2-8903 

3 

0 

9 

5 

1017-87 

7-0688 

1    UH   6      0^8    4i'MX4 

2-9100 

3 

o^i 

9 

^» 

1032-06 

7-1671 

1    111.    6      1     j  424-557 

2-9513 

3 

01,'  9 

6% 

1046-35 

7-2664 

1    U».    6      IK    i»-135 

2-9937 

3 

0*4.  9 

'?7 

1060-73 

7-3662 

1    111,   6      l*.    433-73T 

3-0129 

3 

1     19 

f^l  1075-21 

7-4661 

2    11*5   6      2^4    43S-363 

3-0261 

3 

lii    9 

9 

1089-79 

7-6681 

1    11*4    6      2^3   443-i}U 

3-0722 

3 

11*    9 

9'« 

1104-46 

7-6691 

1    11-,    6      3    1  447-690 

3-1081     j 

3 

i*i9 

101^ 

lll*-24 

7-7791 

S      0    1  «      3\  452-390 

S-1413 

3 

2    1  9 

11*, 

t>4 

1134-'^ 

7-8681 

S     01;'  6      *4   461-4« 

3-2('75     i 

3 

21  i  1) 

1149-09 

7-9791 

2      04   6      4%    471-436 

3-2731     1 

3 

t'lj  IJ 

0-, 

1164-16 

8-0818 

S      0»4    6      5»4    481-106 

3-3410    ! 

3 

^=■4  I'J 

1*! 

1179-32 

8-1891 

2      1    1  6      e^   4»-g75 

3-+.V!l 

3 

3      1) 

2S 

11^4-59 

8-2961 

2      II4   6      7I4   500-741 
2      14   6      iK   5H>-7';»6 

3-4775 

3 

SI4  1) 

S^4 

120.J-95 

8-4028 

a-5463 

3 

oS  10 

4* 

1225-42 

8-5091 

2      I&4   6      6;,    520-763 

&-6101 

3 

S»4H) 

4^^ 

1240-98 

8-6171 

2      2    1  6      9S.'  530-93) 

3-68T0 

3 

4    '10 

53., 

1256-64 

8-7269 

2      21;    6    10--5    5U-1S9 
2      21,   6    111  4    5ol-,M7 

3-75a3 

3 

41;  10 

€*8 

1272-39 

8-8361 

3-8302 

3 

41,  10 

71 4.'  12S^25 
8  1  1304-20 
83.!  1320-25 

8-9462 

2      2*4   T      0    '  Sei-OM 

3-9^42 

3 

41410 

9-0561 

2      3,7      C\    r2-"o 

3-9761 

3 

5      10 

9-1686 

2    aiv  7                 ^ 
2    31,  7    - 

2     3»4  7     .   . 

4-0500 

3 

51 4  1) 

91.,'   1336-40 

9-2112 

4-1241 

3 

51*  1) 

Icvs^'   1352-65 
UiJ'   1369-00 

9-3961 

4-2000 

3 

5*410 

9-5061 

3      4      7      3%   615-753 

4-2760 

3 

6    '10 

U-3I  138.S-44 

9-6213 

8      4«.ii  7      4»,    626-793 
a      414!  7      64    63r7-»U 

4-3521 

3 

61411 
6411 

0»4    14-J1-98 

9-7364 

4-4302 

3 

I4I  1418-62 

9-8518 

2     4»it  7      ei*   649-1S2 

4-5fl«3 

3 

6*411 

24'  1435-36 

9-9671 

S     6       7      7    ,  660-521 

4-5861 

3 

7     11 

3    1  1452-20 

10-»4 

2     5>4  7     T^i   671-958 
2     B^j  7     94,  695-128 

4-66^ 

3 

71;  11 

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3'.l  1469-14 

10-20S 

4-7467 

3 

4^.'  1486-lT 

10-320 

4-8274 

3 

7*4,11 

6»a'  1503-30 

10-439 

3      6       7    lO^i   706-860 

4-9081 

3 

8    ill 

6*  4'  1530-53 

10-559 

2      61V  7    11    1  718-690 

4-9901 

3 

8iiU 

7     1  1537-86 

10-679 

2      61,   7    U*;   T30-613 

B-0731 

3 

8411 

7*4    1555-28 

10-800 

2      6*4    8      O^i    742-644 

6-1573 

3 

S»4ll 

84    1572-81 

10-922 

2     7    18      l*i   754-769 
1      TH   8      2H    766-992 

5-2278 

3 

9      U 

9I4!  1590-43 
104    160&-15 

U-044 

6-3264 

3 

&i;ii 

11-167 

2      71,   8      2-4    779-313 

5-4112 

3 

94  u 

lO'g    1625-76 

11-291 

a     T»4.  8      3»4    T91-732 

5-4962 

3 

9*^11 

11*4    1643-89 

11-415 

2     8       8      44'  804-249 

5-5830 

3 

10    tl2 

01^'  1661-90 

11-534 

2      8i.i   8      5*4,  816-?«5 
2      81?  8      64,1  829^75 
2      8*4;  8      6*,    842-390 

5-6729 

1  3 

i.:>iii2 
104  12 

11 4    1608-02 

11-666 

5-7601 

3 

2    1  1698-23 

11-793 

6-&491 

3 

10»4l2 

3^,1  1716-M 

11-920 

2      9    18      7S    855-300 

5-9398 

3 

11      12 

3S    1734-94 

42-043 

2      9IV  8      84    868-308 
2      &i,    8      91 4    881-415 

e-0291 

3 

U»il2 

418    1753-45 

12-176 

6-1201 

3 

11412 

».* 

17T2-06 

12-305 

2      9&4   8    10'  1  e<4-€19 

6-2129 

3 

11*412 

6 

1790-76 

12-435 

2    10    1  S    lf^4    9(r:-922 

6-3.1B1 

1  4 

0   '12 

6»; 

1809-56 

12-568 

2    1011'  8    IIH    921-323 

6-39« 

1  4 

01;  12 

'^? 

1*28-46 

12-697 

2    101,    9      (,4     934-822 

6^911 

1  4 

0412 

84 

1847-45 

12-829 

2    10»4    9      lig    948-419 

6-5>63     1 

03-4  12 

9H 

1J66-55 

13-962 

a    11     1  9      I'i    962-115 

6-6815    ' 

1      12 

»% 

1885-74 

13-096 

a  111  4  9    OS    grrs-so? 

6-7772 

iHi^ 

l^'l 

1^05-03 

13-229 

2    US   9      34   ^9-800 

e-«738 

1412 

ll4:  1924-43 

13-364 

«    il%- 

9    4V4.iaB-« 

ft-9701 

4 

1^ 

13 

o»; 

l>i3-91 

U4S9 

DTAimrrZSS,  CTRCUMFEKfiS'CES  AJO)  AKEAS  OF  CTRCLHI, 


I>ia.  in 

Cli 

.  in 

Are*  in 

ATM  in 

Dim.  in 

Cii 

.   in 

Am  in 

Aieais 

ft  to. 

ft 

in. 

•q.  inch. 

•q.    ft.    ' 

ft 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

■q.  mch. 

«i.  a. 

4      2 

13 

1 

1963-50 

13-635 

15 

4'.U 

9 

3216-99 

22-33S 

4      214 13 

I'-s 

1983-18 

13-772 

t  5 

41415 

94.!  3242-17 

22-515 

4      21.,  13 

2Sgi  2002-96 

13-909 

1  5 

41*16 

lOS^I  3267-46 

22-621 

4      2»;  13 

3»«    2022-*4 

14-047 

'  5 

4»:i6 

11*..,  3292-83 
014  i  3318-31 

22-8C-6 

4      3    113 

4141  2012-82 

14-186 

5 

6      17 

23-043 

4      314' 13 

6 

206-2-9(> 

14-325 

5 

51.  17 

0\\  3^43-88 

23-221 

-i      3i»'13 

Wi 

2083-07 

14-4<55 

5 

51.:  17 

1< 

3369-56 

23-330 

4      3»^13 

e^ 

2103-o5 

14r^06 

5 

5*;i7 

21J 

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4      4    '13 

n'. 

2123-72 

14-748 

5 

6     17 

3»« 

3421-20 

23-7S8 

4      41.13 

SVs    2144-19 

14-890 

5 

&'Jl- 

3447-16 

23-938 

4      41,  13 

f's 

2164-75 

15-033 

5 

61.,  17 

4';'  3473-13 

24-119 

4      4*:  13 

9«! 

2185-43 

15-176 

5 

6»;i7 

6*4  S499-39 
6i,v  3525-26 

24-301 

4      5     13 

101- 

2206-18 

15-320 

5 

7^(17 

24-483 

4      514 13 

m,! 

2227-05 

15-465 

5 

7ii'l7 

71;.  3552-01 

24-66$ 

«      51,  14 

0 

2248-01 

15-611 

5 

71*17 

8'  1  357f^7 

24-850 

4      6»;  14 

0;i 

2269-06 

15-757 

5 

7»i,17 

g«i'  3605-^13 

25-034 

4      6    'U 

1^8 

2290-22 

15-904 

5 

8     17 

ps;    9C31-CS 

25-220 

4      6I4U 

23g    2311-48 

16-051 

5 

81117 

ICs;    3658-44 

25-405 

4      61, 14 

SI.;  2332-H3 

16-200 

5 

fi*17 

llii    3f.85-29 

25-502 

4      6*i  U 

4       2354-28 

16-349 

5 

fs;i7 

n-g    3712-24 
t-s'    37S9-28 

2&-7:9 

4      7     114 

4«4    2357-83 
51;    239T-48 
6*1!  2419-22 
7%    2441-07 

19-498 

5 

9     18 

25-664 

4      71414 

16-649 

5 

91^13 

11«    3766-43 

26-155 

4      7i^l4 

16-800 

5 

91,  13 

21.    3793-67 

26-544 

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16-951 

6 

s-'Jlis 

314]  3821-02 

26-534 

4      8    I14 

Tf/g    2463-01 
SC    2*^5-05 
9i|    2507-19 

17-104 

5 

10     18 

St.]  3848-46 

26-725 

4     8V4  li 

17-227 

5 

1014  18 

4^.;  3875-99 

26-916 

4      81-8  14 

17-411 

5 

101,  18 

BS,    3903-63 

27-108 

4      8*4 14 

101! 

2529-42 

17-565 

5 

10*il3 

61!    3931-36 

27-301 

4      9    114 

11 

2551-76 

17-720 

,'5 

11    :i8 

7'      S959-20 

27-494 

4      9i;i4 

ll's 

2574-19 

17-^6 

5 

1114  18 

7&:    3987-13 

85*    4015-16 

27-688 

4      91,  15 

OS. 

2596-72 

18-033 

5 

IIH  18 

27-88S 

4     9»4^15 

1% 

2619-35 

18-189 

5 

US4I8 

9%    4043-28 

28-078 

4    10     15 

P 

2e42-0S 

18-347 

6 

0    'I8 

lpi;i  4071-51 

2S-274 

4    101415 
4    10^415 
4    10«il5 

2864-01 

18-506 

6 

01^18 

10-4 •  4099-83 

28-471 

2687-«3 

18-665 

6 

0413 

n*!:  4128-25 

28-663 

^ 

2710-85 

18-«25 

6 

1»^19 

OHi  4156-77 

28-866 

4    11    115 

52 

2733-97 

18-995 

6 

1     |19 

11 il  4185-39 
2i^i  4214-11 

29-065 

4    IIV4I5 

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2757-19 

19-147 

6 

11419 

29-264 

4    11415 

4    U^'15 

2780-51 

19-30^} 

6 

ivjl9 

2'v  4242-f2 

29-466 

7% 

2803-92 

19-471 

6 

l?;i9 

SSgl  4271-83 

29-665 

6     0    115 

§t 

2e?7-44 

19-635 

6 

2    |19 

414I  4300-«5 

29-«T 

6      0i/il5 

2851-05 

19-798 

6 

21419 

{51;    4329-95 

30-069 

6      0^15 

10 

K74-76 

19-963 

6 

2419 

6       4359-16 

30-271 

B      0**15 

io»4 
11% 

2898-56 

20-128 

6 

2**19 

6»J  4388-47 

30-475 

5      1    115 

2922-47 

20-294 

6 

3    jl9 

75,!  4417-87 

30-679 

B      li;  16 

0*^ 
1*4 

2946-47 

20-161 

6 

31419 

83j,l  4447-37 
Jiic    4476-97 

30-884 

B      II2I6 

2970-57 

20-«» 

6 

3I-,  19 

30-090 

B      1»^  16 

1',* 

2994-77 

20-797 

6 

3*1;  19 

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31-299 

6      2     16 

31; 

3019-07 

20-965 

6 

4     19 

los; 

Hi; 

4536-47 

31-B03 

6     2I4I6 

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20-135 

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41449 

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31-710 

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41 :.  -^ 

01; 

4596-35 

31-919 

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3092-56 

21-476 

6 

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11^    4<^.:6^ 

32-144 

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5'« 

3117-25 

21-647 

6 

6   ,;o 

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4<:w'^-63 

32-33T 

6      314 16 

6^4 

3142-04 

21-819 

6 

61-20 

4686-92 

32-n548 

B      3h  IS 

7H    3166-92 

21-992 

6 

3S 

4717-30 

32-759 

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19 

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3191-91 

22-166    '. 
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6 

6?; 

20 

4l4 

4747-79 

32-871 

61^. 


DlAiL,  &0.  OF  CIRCLES,  CO^TTEKTS  IN  GALS.,  ABEA  IN  FEET 


l)um.  .    Ciic. 

Area  in  ft. 

GaUoni. 

Di»m.  1    Cire.    ;  Area  in  ft.       G«lIor.f. 

Ft. 

in.;rt.  In. 

lft.indpth 

■Ft.  In.  Fl.  In. 

lft.indpa 

1 

3  1% 

3  4^ 

.7854 

.5 

8  17    fK^i 

26.2195) 

18S.U45 

1 

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6.892« 

|5 

9  13    0».4 

25.9672 

194.1W0 

1 

2 

3    8 

1.0690 

7.9044 

s 

10  i3    S'g!  26.7251 
li;i8    7I/I'  27.4943 

199.8010 

1 

3 

3  11 

1.227i 

9.1765 

5 

2«5.6133 

1 
1 
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1 
1 

4 
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4    214 
4    5Sk 
4    t>| 

4  ll^i 

5  2»,4 

1.39t;2 
1.5761 
1.7671 
1.96^ 
2.1816 

10.4413 
11.7SC6 
13.2150 
14.7241 
1G.3143 

6 

6 

219    ^h\  29.0867 
8  l)    71V  30.C.7t« 
e:;0    4'gl  33.1831 
6  21    2%:  35.7^47 

223.9473 
229.4342 
24  .15t4 
2G7.6122 

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17.9S70 

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1903.0254 

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153.0973 

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9.53  1024,2760171 

taausaia 

.  .— 

—     ^6 

16 

SCANTLING    KKDUCED    TO    OXE    INCH    BOAED    MEASTJIiE. 
SC.VNTLING  AND  TIMBER  MEASURE 

BEDUCED     TO     OXB     INCH     BOAED     MEASURE. 

KXPIjANATION.— To  ascertain  the  number  of  Feet  of  Scantling  or  Tim. 

ber,  sav  18  Feet  Long  and  2  bv  3  luchcs.      Find  2  by  3  in  the  top 

columns,  and  18  in  the  left  band  coltinin,  and  under  2  by  3  and  against 

18  is  9  feet. 
tt  the  Scantling  is  longer  than  contained  in  the  Table,  add  two  lengtha 

together.    If  shorter,  take  pait  ojf  some  length. 


« 

THICK>ES3 

AXD  WIDTH  IN 

INCHES. 

t. 

2.2i2  3 

24 

4. 

26 

26 
6. 

2.7 

2.8i2.9|8.3  34  8.5|8.6  3.7  38 

3.9 

4.4 

e 

2. 

8. 

5. 

7.     1  8.  1  9. 

4.6    6.      7.61  9.    10.6  12. 

1.3.6 

8. 

7 

2.4 

8.G 

4.8 

6.10 

7. 

8.  2    9.4il0.0 

6.3   7.      8.Ull0.6il2.3|l4. 

1.5.9 

9.4 

8 

2.8 

4. 

6.4 

6.  8 

8. 

9.  4  10.8112. 

6.      8. 

10.    12.    14.    16. 

18. 

10. 

9 

a 

4.G 

6. 

7.  6 

9. 

10.  612.    13.6 

6.9    8. 

11.3  13.6  15.9'l8. 

20.3 

v^-. 

10 

3.4 

6. 

6.8 

8.  4 

10. 

11.  8  13.5  15. 

7.6,10. 

12.6',15.    17.620. 

22.6 

13.4 

11 

8.8 

6.6    7.4 

9.  2  11. 

12.10il4.g;i6.6 

8.3  11. 

18.9  16.6;19.3,22. 

24.9 

14.3 

32 

4. 

6. 

8.  |10.     iJ3. 

14.    lie.  18. 

9.    13. 

15.  |l8.    2l.    24. 

27. 

16. 

13 

4.4 

6.6 

a  8, 10. 10  13. 

15.  2il7.4|l0.6 

9.9;i.8. 

16.3  19.6  22.9  26. 

29.3 

17.4 

14 

4.8 

7. 

9.4  U.  8  14. 

11.  4tl8.821. 

10. 6 1 14. 

17.6'21.   l24.6'28. 

31.6 

18.8 

J5 

6. 

7.6 

10.  |12.  6: 15. 

17.  620.   122.6 

11.315. 

lS.9i22.6  26.3,30. 

3.3.9 

20.0 

16 

5.4 

8. 

lO.R'ia  4  16. 

18.   821.4124. 

12.  116. 

20.  124.   128.    32. 

36. 

21.4 

17 

5.8 

8.6 

11.4,14.  2,17. 

19.10  22.8  25.6 

12.9' 17. 

21.3|25.6  29.9,34. 

38.3 

2*'  8 

18 

6. 

9. 

12. 

ISi      18. 

21.      24.    27. 

13.618. 

22.627.   131.636. 

40.6 

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TiXB  RE'-jriE-n  fOR  Dioestio?:  or  DirrEnKXT  Auticlks  of  Pooft, 


Apples,  sweet  and  mellow 1  60 

sour  and  mellow 2 

soux  and  Lard 2  50 

Barley,  boiled 2 

Beans,  boiled  2  30 

Beans  and  Green  Com,  boiled.  3  45 

Beef,  roasted  i-are 3 

roasted  dry 3  30 

Steak,  broiled 3 

boiled 2  45 

boiled.with  mustard,  etc.  3  30| 

tendon,  boiled 5  30j 

tendon,  fried 4      I 

old  salted,  boiled 4  15 

Beets,  boiled 3  4^ 

Bread,  Corn,  baked  3  15 

Wbeat.  baked,  fresh 3  30 

Butter.  melt«d 3  30 

Cabbage,  crude 2  30 

crude,  vinegar 2 

(4 
crude,  viu'r,  boird.  j    ^  ^^ 

Carrots,  boiled 3  l.j 

Cartilage,  boiled      4  15 

Cheese,  old  and  strong 3  30 

Cbiokons,  fricasseed 2  45 

Cuitard,  baked 2  45 

Ducks,  ixjasted {   ^  ^^ 

Dumpliues.  Apple,  boiled 3 

Eg^'s,  boiled  h.".rd 3  30i 

boiled  soft 3      I 

fried 330 

uncooked        2 


u.  M. 

Heart,  Animal,  fried 4 

I  Lami',  boiled 2  30 

I  Liver,  Beef's,  boiled 2 

I  Jleatand  Vegetabks,  Lashed..  2  30 

j  Milk,  boiled  or  fresh {   2  15 

I  iluttou,  roa- ted 3  15 

broiled  or  boiled 3 

Oysters,  raw 2  55 

roasted 3  13 

I  et.nved  3  30 

1  rarsnips.  boiled 2  30 

'  rigs.  Sucking,  roasted 2  30 

Feot,  soured,  boiled 1  00 

Pork,  fat  and  lenn,  roasted 5  15 

recentlv  salted,  boiled  —  4  30 

I  i.    •       "       fried,....  4  15 

«  "       broiled..  3  15 


t^h.  Cod  or  Flounder,  f.ied..  3  30j 

Cod.  cured,  boile<l 2 

Salmon,  sal^.'d  and  boil'd  4      | 

Trout,  boiled  or  filed 1  30 

Fowls,  boiled  or  roasted .4 

Goose,  roasted 3      | 

Gelatine,  boiled  2  30, 


Potatoes,  boiled 3  30 

baked 3  20 

roasted 2  30 

P.iee,  boiled 1 

S:i JO,  boiled 1  45 

Sausage,  Pork,  broiled 3  20 

SouD,  Barley 1  30 

Beef  and  Vegetables ....  4 

Chicken 3 

,  Mutton  or  Oyster 3  30 

' ;  STX)nge-cake,  baited 2  30 

Siiet,  Beef,  boiled 5  30 

Mutton,  boiled 4  30 

Tapioca,  boiled 2 

Trii>e,  soured 1 

ey,roasted{™sd;::..  2  30 

boiled 2  23 

Turnips,  boiled 3  30 

Veal,  roast-ed 4 

fried 4  50 

Brai^!9,  boiled 1  4S 

Venison  Steak,  broiled 1  35 


COMPASATrV'E  V.^LfE  OF  VARIOUS  FOODS  .4^3  PlJODUCTIVE  OF  DVXA- 

Mic  Force,  whex  Oxidized  rs  rnr.  Bodv. 

Cabbage 1.  IVeal,  lean 2.f!|Pca  meal 9. 

Carrots 1.2  Mackerel 3.S  \Vheat  Hour 9.1 

Egg,  white  of 1.4  Ham.  lean 4.  [Arrowroot 9.S 

Milk 1.5  Bread,  crumbs 5.1  Oat  meal 9.3 

Apples 1.5  Egg,  hard  boiled 5.4  Cheese 10.4 

Ale l.S  Egs.  yolk 7.9  Cocoa 16.5 

Fish 19  Su^ar , .8-  IBiitter 17.3 

Potatoes 2.4(Isingla?8 $.7  F.it  of  beef 21-6 

Porter 2.6  Rice P.!>  Cod  liver  oil 21.7 

"  Safe  Lo.vd  in  STRrcxuRES,  rycLUDTNa^'EionT  ov  STKrcrrRE. 

In  cast-iron  cohinins =  't  breaking  weighti 

"Wrought-iron  structures  =  ^4  ''  '* 

III  cast-iron  girders  for  tanks =  '  j  '  ' 

In  cast-iron  for  bridges  and  floors -    '6  "  " 

Intimber =  1-10        "  « 

Stone  end  briclu  


m. 


TTeight  of  "^ateb  at  its  Common  Tesperatcrb. 


1 

cubic  inch 

_ 

•113611 

lb. 

12 

"      inches 



•431 

1 

«*      foot 

^ 

62-5 

lbs. 

1 

1 

«         w 

- 

6^25 
7^50 

Imperial  gallon*. 
U.  S.  Gallons. 

1-8 

«     feet 

1= 

11:2-00 

lbs. 

35^ 

•<       «> 

= 

22^0-00 

•« 

1 

Cylindrical  inch 

= 

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(( 

12 

"         inches 



•3U 

u 

1 

"         foot 

— 

49-1 

u 

1 

U                    >( 

= 

5 

Imperial  galloni. 

1 

"             " 

= 

6 

r.  S.  gallons. 

2-2ffi> 

"       feet 

= 

112 

lb«. 

45-(>4 

«           .1 

= 

22-W 

«• 

11-2 

Imperial  gallons 

= 

112 

it 

224 

Imperial  gallons 

= 

2240 

« 

13« 

I  uitctl  States  gallons 

= 

11:2 

« 

26S-8 

L"mied  States  gallons 

= 

2240 

i< 

Kot^.—S  Imperial  gallons  equal  6  United  States  gallons.  Hence  t* 
•onTert  Imperial  gallon*  into  United  Slates  gallons  add  one-fiflh  to  the 
Imperial ;  and  to  c<.'nTert  United  States  gallons  into  Imperial  gallons  de- 
duct onr-sLrth  from  the  United  .States. 

A  cubic  foot  of  rain  water,  which  weighs  621^  lbs.,  presses  at  30  feet 
deep  13  lbs.  per  square  inch,  and  at  300  feet  is  1.300  Ibe.    At  36  feet  the 
pressure  per  square  foot  is  a  ton.  and  at  103  feet  nearly  3  tons. 
The   FOLXowi^''!  Tables  show  the    diffebext  vali-es  of    thb 

BEITISH  iMPEEIAX  AXD  THE  UxiTED  STATES  MEASCRES. 
tJ.  S.  nie»iure  ior  Britssh  (Im.)  measure.  C  S,  measare  for  BhOi-b  ^  im. )  measare^ 

vine.  *pirito,  ic  galU.  qts.  pt».  gills     ale  and  beer.  gilla-  <i:s-  pu.  gilU 

42  gaU.  =  1  tierce,  =    34    3    1    3    /    9  gais.  =  1  firkin,  —      9    0    11 
63  =1  hogsh.  =    52113136  =1  barrel. =    36    2    0    3 

128  =1  pipe,    =104    31354  =1  hogsh.  =    ."H    3    1    1 

252  =1  tun,       =  209    3    1    2    [lOO  =  1  butt.     =  109    3    0    3 

To  convert  Imperial  Gallons  into  United  States  Wine  Gallons  malti- 
plv  the  Imperial  bv_l-2.  To  convert  U.  S.  Gallons  into  Imt>erial  multi- 
ply the  U.  States  \\  me  gallons  by  -833.  51  U.  S.  Ale  Gallons  equal  60  Im- 
pe'rial  Gallons,  therefore  to  convert  one  into  the  other  add  or  deduct  l-60th. 
Specific  GRA^•mEs  axd  Weights  of  Metals,  Woods,  Liqcids,  &c- 
Engineers'  and  Confraclors'  Poc\-vt  Bool: 


STOXES,  EABTHS,  ETC. 


Kames. 


Names. 


Platina K^y> 

Pure  gold- 1 1;>2W 

Mercury ;  l-SofiO 

Ijead U3"2 

Ptire  silver '1M74 

Bismath !  J^23 

Copper,  cast ]  ^7W 

sheet . .  f  S  :<10 


Brass,  cast 

—  sheet 

Iron,  cast.  

—  bar 

gteel.  soft 

—  hard. , 

Tin,  cast. 


7>24 

72C4 
7TiiO 

7>-l'5 

7291 

Zinc,  cast !  7190 


.7053  Marble,  average 
.&>y5  Grani-e.  uino.. . 
•4*4   PiircHi.-k  s'one. . 

_iU''.     T.-    •■         i   ,ii;to.. 

->T-  :rtO 

.al"  

.3'"  ne.... 

^^:-  .  tiitto. 

,c^  9 

.3i>o7       ij^.ji     ,  .Hrish 

.26»     Bri.k 

*79     Coal.  Scotch 

JiS33,     —  Xewcastle 
.2S27I;    —  Staffordsh'e 
.2636  1    —  Caunel 
.26    il  i 


27:;o 

26')l 
2570 
2o.>4 
2484 
2415 
2362 
2143 
2781 
2000 
1300 
1270 
1240 
1238 


!  :i"i.;)0 
165.6'' 
1S2J6 
160.6-21 
159.621 
155.25 
150-931 
147.62 
133.33 
173.*  I 
125.00 
81.15 
79.37 
77-50 
77  J7 


13 

ISVi 

13^ 

14 

14 

14>^ 

14^ 

15 

I6»4 

12^ 

17 

27% 

28'i 

29 

2tf 


f  PECiFic  Gravities,  fee.  of  Mateeials  CoxTrsrr.p. 


g 

"So 

?^   . 

*£   S 

Iff 

Kamss. 

Trg  -t 

'»  r.:: 

=  3«3 

?=  J53 

^  0.5 

^53 

i>ii?nuin  vitre . . . 

1331 

83.31 

26% 

Uox,  French 

1:J28 

83.00 

27 

—    Dutch 

912 

58.00 

29<'8 

Ebony,  Indian.. 

1209 

75.56 

—     American 

1331 

83.18 

27 

Oak,  just  felled. 

1113 

69.56 

321/^ 
48V; 

—    seasoned.. 

T43 

46.43 

Bogoakof  Irel'd 

Mahogany, Sp'sl: 

—      bay  wood 

1046 

65.37 

66% 

1063 

6643 
39.81 

Medlar  tree 

9M 

59.00 

38 

Logwood 

913 

57.06 

.391', 

Olive  tree 

927 

57.93 

38^2 

Beech 

852 

53.25 

42 

Ash 

845 

62.81 

42  Vi 

Alder 

800 

60.00 

44^4 

Apple-tree 

Plum-tree 

793 

49.56 

S 

755 

47.18 

752 

47.00 

47% 
48 

Teak 

750 

46.87 

Cherry-tree 

715 

44.68 

50 

Elm 

673 

42.06 

531/4 

■Walnut- 

671 

41.93 

53% 
54% 

Eed  pine 

6o7 

47.06 

Yellow  do 

6.52 

40.76 

55 

Pear  tree 

650 

40.62 

65 

Sycamore,  chest- 

nut, and  lime 

tree,  each  — 

604 

37.75 

591^4 

IVillow 

585 

36.50 

611'4 

Poplar,  white  Sp. 

529 

33.06 

67% 

—     common.. 

383 

23.93 

93 

Cedar.. 

561 

3.06 

64 

White  pine 

651 

34.43 

65 

530 
240 

3.-i.02 
15.00 

68 

Cork 

149 

Names. 


Acid,  sulphuric... 

-  nitric 

-  muriatic 

-  fluoric 

-  citric 

-  acetic 

Water  from  Baltic 

—  from  the  Dead 

Sea 

—  from  the  Jled- 

iterranean . . . 

—  from  the  Irish 

Channel 

—  ice 

—  distilled 

Oils,  expressed 

linseed 

Bweet  almond. 

whale 

hempseed 

Olive ^. 

Oils,  essential 

cinnamon.. . . 

lavender 

turpentine. . . . 

amber 

Alcohol    of     com- 
merce,   at     60= 
Fahrenheit 
Alcohol,  absolute... 
Ether,  nitric 

—  muriati'^. 

Proof  spirit 

Tar 

Vinegar,  distilled.. 


1850 
1271 
1200 
1060 
1034 
1062 
1016 
1240 

1029 

1028 

1001 
1000 

940 
932 
923 
926 
915 

1043 

894 
870 
868 
825 


797 
908 

729 
922 
1015 
1009 


18.5 
12  7 
12.0 
10.6 
10.3 
10.8 
10.2 
12.4 

10.3 

10.2 

10.1 
10.0 

9.4 
9.3 
9.2 
9.3 
9.2 

10.4 
8.9 
8.T 
8.7 
8.a 


7.9 
9.1 
7.3 
9.2 
10.1 
10.1 


JExPAKSioif  OF  Liquids  r>f  Volume  fkom  32^  to  212°  Fahkenhkit. 
1000  parts  of  water  become  1046 

"  oil  "         1080 

"  mercury  "        1018 

"  spirits  of  wine  «'        1110 

"  air  "         1373 

The  heat  that  would  raise  1  lb.  of  water  1'  would  raise  a  pound  of  air 
*°.7  ;  1  lb.  air  =  about  11  cubic  feet. 

One  pound  of  steam  will  raise  .3657  cubic  feet  of  air  10°,  and  cause  it  to 
cxnand  from  32°  to  42^,  about  3733  cubic  feet. 

Perm.vnext  Loads  o>-  Bridges,  &c. 
For  rough  calculations  the  weight  of  the  bridge  itself  may  be  asaamod 
to  be  (in  wrought  iron  bridges) : 

For  30  feet  spans,  single  Hue 560  lbs.  per  foot  run. 

"    60  "  «        672        " 

•'100  "  "         1,008        "  " 

"150  "  "        1,344 

"200  "  •'         1,680        "  " 

Dense  crowds  average  120  lbs.  per  square  foot. 

For  flooring.  IfiS  to  224  lbs.  per  square  foot,  exclusive  of  the  weight  of 
(Be  floorin;:;  is  geuenvlly  allowed. 

Ib  Btoreh«u0e8,  from  2^  to  460  Ibf.  per  gquare  foot. 
40  tti& 


Strength  of  the  Teeth  of  Cast  Inoy  TVheels  ai 

A  GIVE:y  Velocitt. 

Pitch 

Thickness 
of  teeth 

Breadth 

of  teeth 

Strength  of  teeth 

in  horse  power  at 

of  teeth 

3  feet  per  4  feet  per 

6  feet  per|8  feet  per 

in  inches. 

in  inches. 

in  inches. 

second.      second. 

second. 

second. 

3.99 

1-9 

7.6 

20.57 

27.43 

41.14 

54.85 

3.78 

1.8 

7.2 

17.49 

23.32 

34.98 

46.64 

3.57 

1.7 

6.8 

14.73 

19.65 

29.46 

39.28 

3.36 

1.6 

6.4 

12.28 

16.38 

24.56 

32.74 

3-15 

1.5 

6. 

10.12 

13.50 

20.24 

26.98 

2.94 

1.4 

5.6 

8.22 

10.07 

16.44 

21.93 

2.73 

1.3 

5.2 

6.58 

8.78 

13.16 

17.54 

2.52 

1.2 

4.8 

6.18 

6.91 

10.36 

13.81 

2.31 

1.1 

4.4 

3.99 

6.32 

7.98 

10.64 

2.1 

1.0 

4. 

3.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

1.89 

.9 

3.6 

2.18 

2.91 

4.36 

5.81 

1.6S 

.8 

3.2 

1.53 

2.04 

3.06 

3.08 

1.47 

.7 

2-8 

1.027 

1.37 

2.04 

2.72 

1.26 

.6 

2.4 

.61 

.86 

l.o8 

1.84 

1.05 

.5 

2. 

.375 

.50 

.75 

1.00 

Teeth  of  "Wheels.— Multiply  one-fourth  of  the  square  of  the  pitcli 
in  inches  by  the  breadth  of  the  teeth  in  inches  ;  the  product  is  the  hors  '.a' 
power  that  the  teeth  will  transmit  when  the  pitch  line  pasoes  thiotij,'!* 
4  ft.  per  second. 

In  quick  speeds  or  fractional  pitches,  it  may  be  more  con,venient  to 
take  the  follo'.ving  rule  : — Multiply  the  square  root  of  the  pitch  in  inches 
by  the  breadth  of  the  teeth  in  inches  ;  the  product  is  the  horses'  power  at 
16  ft.  per  second. 

A  general  rule  to  ascertain  the  length  of  the  teeth  is,  to  take  %  of  th® 
pitch  for  the  distance  from  the  root  to  the  pitch  line,  and  V*  of  the  pitch 
lor  the  distance  from  the  pitch  line  to  the  top. 

When  wheels  diive  pinions,  let  no  pinion  have  less  than  8  teeth ;  rath» 
er  11  or  12  if  convenient. 

When  pinion  drive  wheels,  let  no  pinion  have  less  than  6  teeth ;  rather 
8  or  9. 

The  number  of  teeth  in  a  wheel  should  be  prime  to  the  uumber^f 
teeth  in  its  pinion. 

To  increase  or  diminish  velocity  in  a  given  proportion,  and  with  tha 
least  quantity  of  wheel-work,  let  the  niiiuber  of  teeth  on  each  pinion  bo 
to  the  number  of  teeth  on  its  wheel  as  1  :  3  59.  Even  to  save  space  and 
expense,  never  let  the  ratio  exceed  1  :  6 — Bcch.4.nan. 

HicKS's  Rule  for  Calcclatikg  the  Strexgth  of  Shafts.— 
Multiply  the  horses'  power  by  the  assumed  immber  (300>,  and  divide  the 
product  by  the  revolutions  per  minute  ;  the  cube  root  of  the  quotient  will 
oe  the  diameter  required. 

Heatixg  Power  of  Peat  as  Compared  tvith  Wood. 

WO  lbs.  turfy  peat,  air  dry,  average 95  lbs.  pine  wood. 

"       fibrous   "       "  «        108       '*         " 

*'       earthy    "       "  «< lOj       «         «« 

«        pitchy    "       "  "        Ill       M  » 

Comparison  of  Heat  by  Bilk. 
100  cubic  feet  of  turfv  peat  =  33  cubic  feet  pine  wood  in  logo. 
"  "  fibrous  "    =    90         "  «  " 

«  •<  earthy    "    =  145         "  "  " 

"  •'  pitchy    "    =  1?4         "  "  •• 

Peat,  coal,  or  coke  =  25  to  a5  of  the  peat  by  weight. 
"        "_  "        =  30  to  40  per  cent-  by  volume. 

Turf  is  30  feet  deep  in  upper  marshes"  and  it  grows  30  inches  In  a  cen- 
tury. In  Hanover  it  grows  8  feet  in  60  years.  Th^re  are  in  many  bogs  3 
separated  strata  or  layers  of  large  trees  separated  by  10  or  12  feet  of  turf 
in.l  h?5ta.  A  carbonizing  process  gives  them  the  "appearance  of  being 
burnt.  The  hogs  of  Ireland  cover  2,1^30, OoO  ai'res  to  the  depth  of  5,  12 
and  even  30  feet :  the  hogs  are  as<;ribed  to  the  prevalence  of  shallow 
Jak«»,  which  promote  the  growth  pf  mosses  aijd  ^uatic  plant*. 


«I>aeit7  of  air  vessels  =»  20  times  the  capacity  of  the  blowing  cylinder  11 
the  cylinder  is  siug'le-aciiiig. 
'♦  "  =  10  tiiues  of  double-acting. 

Velocitr  of  air  in  the  passages  should  not  exceed  35  feet  per  second. 
k*  "BaitT  of  blast  for  iron  fumaces.  from  i^,  to  3  lbs,  per  square  inch- 

£ach  smith's  forge  requires  150  cube  f«et  of  air  per  minute.  Density 
of  smith's  forge  blast  ^4  Ih.  per  square  inch.  Each  ton  per  hour  melted 
in  cupola  requires  3,500  cube  feet  per  miuute.  Each  finery  forge  requires 
100,000  cube  feet  per  minute  for  each  ton  refined.  Each  blast  turn  ace  'jO 
cube  feet  per  minute  for  each  cube  yard  capacity  of  furnace.  MoUstcorth, 
Afanu/o'-ture  of  Pig  Iron — Coke  or  Anthracite  Vtxii — 16  to  20  tons  of  air 
are  required  for  each  ton- 

Charciy.jl — IT  to  IS  tons  air  are  reqtiired  for  each  ton.  1  ton  of  air  at 
Zi°  =  29,751,  and  at  CO-  =  2l,S6i>  cubic  feet. 

Prrssure. — The  pressure  ordinarily  required  for  smelting  ptuposes  is 
equal  to  a  column  of  mercury  from  3  "to  7  iucbes. 

i*ip«;.*.— Their  area,  leading  to  the  reservoir,  should  be  -2  that  of  the 
blast  cylinder,  and  the  velocity  of  the  air  should  not  exceed  35  feet  per 
second. 

A  ton  of  pig  iron  requires  for  its  reduction  from  the  ore  510,000  cubic 
feet  of  air,  or  o^S  cubic  feet  of  air  for  each  lb.  of  carbon  consumed-  Pre»» 
sure,  •"  lb.  per  square  inch. 

An  ordinary  eccentric  fan,  4  ft.  diameter,  with  5  blades  10  ins.  wide 
and  14  ins.  length,  set  1  9-16  ins.  ecoennic,  with  an  inlet  opieuing  of  17-5 
ins.  diameter,  and  an  outlet  of  12  ins.  square,  making  ^70  revolutions  ]^t 
minute,  will  supply  air  to  40  tuyeres,  each  of  1^^  ins.  diamtter,  and  at  a 
pressure  per  square  inch  of  '5  inch  of  luerctirv. 

An  ortUnary  eccentric  fan  blower,  50  ius.  diam.,  r.inning  at  I'XIO  revo- 
lutions per  minute,  wUl  give  a  pressure  of  15  ins.  of  water,  and  reiuira 
for  its  operation  a  power  of  12  horses.  Area  tuyere  discharge  500  square 
ins.—EasKell. 

^ PROPERTrF.S  OF  FrEi,. 


Kindof  FaeL 


Bituminous  Coal 

Anthracite 

Coke 

Coke,  Mat'l  "Virginia. . . 

Coke,  Cumberland 

Charcoal 

Dry  Wood 

"Wood,  20  per  ct.  water. 

Turf,  dry  (peat) 

Turf, 2ij "per  ct- water.. 

Illuminating  gas 

Pil,  war,  tallow 

AJcohol 


—  ~-3 
*  =^  S 


7  to   9 

8  to  10 
8  to  10 
8  to  9 
8  to  10 
5  to  6 
4  to   5 

4 

6 

5 

13.8 
14 

9.56 


5--^ 

80 

265 

P2 

282 

86 

245 

80 

260 

81 

2.^ 

96 

265 

44 

147 

34 

115 

51 

165 

40 

132 

194 

77 

2^ 

5S 

154 

50 
54 
31 
48 
32 
24 
20 
25 
28 
30 
0.37 
59 
52 


44 

40 

7-> 

48 

70 
104 
100 
100 

80 

75 
2980« 

37 

42 


Memor.vxd.^  Co>cf-k>"ixg  Coal,  axd  Iko>*. 

First  notice  of  stone  coal  is  B.  0.  371. 

The  coal  fields  of  England  were  the  first  practicallr  developed. 

First  record  of  stone  coal  u«ed  in  England  w.is  A.  D.  820. 

Records  of  regular  mininc:  in  England  llrst  made  in  llsO, 

Coal  first  used  In  I^ndon  m  1240. 

First  tax  laid  on  coal  in  Enjland  in  1379. 

Tax  was  repealed  in  18.S1,  having  been  taxed  400  years. 

First  patent  for  making  iron  with  pit,  coal  was  grant«d  to  Slmeo« 
Sturtevant,  in  1612.  but  was  not  successful. 

Iron  f.t?t  made  in  a  blast  funia- :e  with  pit  coal  with  euccees  by  a  iis. 
Dsrtoy,  of  C«let>rook  Dale*  Esglazid,  in  1713^ 

63 


0^-  Coal,  Stea^i  Heathtg,  Etc 

In  1747  iron  was  made  in  England  with  pit  coal,  sultalMe  tor  the  masb 
Hf&cture  of  cannon. 

lu  1788  the  production  of  iron  with  t>it  cftai  in  England  was  48.300  tonij 
With  charcoal.  13."*"^  *"  ^ 

In  1S61  the  prodnction  of  iron  in  Great  Britain  thus  5,000,000  tOWh 

Wooden  rails  in  minee  were  used  in  1777. 

Cas:-iron  rails  in  mines  were  used  in  1790. 

AVrought-iron  rail*  in  mines  were  used  in  1815. 

Coal  gas  lirst  made  use  of  practically  in  1798. 

America^-  Coal  Fields.— First  coal  fields  worked  in  America  wer# 
the  bituminous  fields  at  Richmond.  Va.,  discovered  in  1750.  This  coal 
was  used  at  Westham,  on  the  James  Kiver,  to  make  shot  and  ihell  dur- 
ing the  "War  of  Independence. 

The  first  use  of  Anthracite  coal  was  in  1768-69. 

First  used  for  smithing  purposes  in  1790. 

First  used  to  bum  in  a  common  grate  in  1808. 

First  successful  use  of  Anthracite  coal  for  the  gmelting  of  iron  was  In 
1839.  at  the  Pioneer  Furnace,  at  PottsviUe,  Pa.  It  had  been  tried  on  the 
Xelugb  m  18i'6,  but  was  unsuccessful. 

The  great  shaft  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Keadtng  Iron  Companv  has 


average  thickness  together  of  61  feet.    Even  then  there  are  a  number  of 
coal  seams  underlying  these. 

VEyTILATIOX. 

Each  person  requires  at  least  from  3  to  4  cnhic  feet  of  air  per  minntfl. 
Ordinary  windows  allow  about  8  cubic  feet  a  miuute  to  pafs.    Sleepmg 
apartments  require  1000  cubic  feet  of  space  to  each  occupant.    An  orti- 
nary  gas  flame  requires  as  much  air  aa  9  persons. 
"Warmln'o  bt  Steam. 

"When  the  external  temperature  is  10^  below  freezing  point.  In  order 
to  maintain  a  temperature  of  60^  :  or. 

One  superficial  foot  of  steam  pipe  for  each  6  superficial  feet  of  glass  ia 
the  windows  ;  or. 

One  superficial  foot  of  steam  pipe  for  every  6  cube  of  air  escaping  for 
ventilation  per  minute  ;  or. 

One  superficial  fool  of  steam  pipe  for  every  120  feet  of  wall,  roof,  or 
ceiUnc ;  or. 

One  square  foot  of  steam  pipe  to  80  cubic  feet  of  space  ; 

One  cube  foot  of  boiler  is  required  for  every  2,000  cube  feet  of  space 
to  be  heated ; 

One  horse-power  boiler  is  sufBcient  for  50,000  cube  feet  of  space.  Steam 
should  be  about  i!12-. — Moltsworih. 

As  usually  estimated,  1  square  foot-  of  pipe  is  amply  sufficient  to  heat 
75  to  80  cubic  feet  of  air  in  exterior  rooms,  and  100  feet  in  interior  rooms. 
THic«2rES3  OF  Boiler  Ieox,  axd  Pre^sube   Allowed  by  Uxited 

States  Laws. 

Pressure  equivalent  to  the  Standard  fnra  Boiler'^  inches  Diameter  and 

I4  inch'  Thick. 


"Wire 

Thick- 

Dtajieter  i>-  Ixchxs. 

Quag* 

16ths. 

34  ins. 

36  ins. 

38  ins. 

40  ins. 

42  ins. 

44  ins. 

46  ins. 

No. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1 

6 

169.9 

160.4 

152. 

144.4 

137.5 

131.2 

125.5 

S 

4^j 

15.5.5 

149.7 

141.8 

134.7 

128.3 

122.5 

117.2 

3 

^l 

147.2 

139.1 

131.8 

125.1 

119.2 

113.7 

108.8 

4 

4 

ia5.9 

128.3 

121.6 

115.5 

110. 

105. 

100.4 

5 

3% 

124.5 

117.6 

111.4 

105.9 

100.8 

96.2 

Sl-'.l 

6 

113.2 

106.9 

101.3 

69.2 

91.7 

87.5 

83.T 

T 

3 

101.9 

96.2 

91.2 

86.6 

82-5 

78.7 

7^ 

NOTHS  OX  STSF.XaTH  CiV  BoiI.rRS- 

Soiler  Plates  ana  liolt.i.— The  tensile  strength  of  iron  platca  an4 
t)OIts  ranges  from  42,600  to  62,000  lbs.  Mean  tensile  streiipth  of  copp«r 
plates  33,000  lbs.  up  to  120^  ;  temperature  at22u<^  =.  32,000  lbs. ;  at  560"'  — 
25,000  lbs. 

Bursting  or  Collnpsina  Pressurfs. — Iron  plates  should  be  based  upon 
•  strength  2^  that  of  ultimate  strength  oi  Uie  metal  ;  for  use  in  salt 
water,  at  14  that  of  its  ultimate  stroiigih. 

Resistance  to  oollaiwe  much  less  than  to  bursting. 

Strem/tli  o/6tay  Bolts. — Of  iron,  for  use  in  salt  wa.ter,  should  be  taken 
at  1-7  ;  fresh  "water,  1-6;  copper,  1-.')  of  ultimate  tcnt^ile  strength. 

Stay-bolts,  when  screwed  and  riveted,  arc  Vs  sti  ongor  than  when  Bcrow 
ed  alone. 

Relative  Strexotr  of  Riveted  Joints  per  ScjtrARE  ixch  of  Sik- 

GLE  Pl.ate Single-lapped,  macMiie  rinetcd,  rivets  3  diameterj^,  centre  to 

centre,  2-').000  lbs. ;  hand  rireled,  24,000  lbs.  ;  s/af/;/cn:d  rirvtiiuj,  and  equi- 
distant from  centres,  30,600  lbs.  ;  abut  jain.'s,  hand  riveted— riveta  not 
"4<n(7(y-°;Y(/,"  and  equidistant  from  centres— single  cover  or  strip,  30,000 
■>bB. ;  riveta  set  ••  square,''  single  cover  or  strip,  4l',tj00lb3. ;  double  covers 
or  strips,  5.'i,0t)0  lbs. 

To  Fr\-D  Reqi-isite  Qua>'tity  of  Water  for  a  Boiler. 

Add  15  to  the  pressure  of  steam  per  square  inoh,  divide  sum  by  18, 
multiply  the  <juotient  by  .2t ;  product  is  quantity  In  U.  S.  gallons  per 
minute  for  each  horse-power. 

To  FixD  ITEronT  op  a  CoLUMy  OP  "Water. 
To  Supply  a  Steam  Boiler  a(/ainst  any  Pre-'isitre  0/  Steam  requirad. 
Multiply  ures-sure  in  pounds  upon  a  square  inch  of  boiler  by  2.6  ;   pro- 
d  ict  will  be  height  in  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  boiler. 
Cold  W.vteb  axd  Feed  Pijmi'S. 
The  cold-w.iter  pump  usually  =  diameter  of  cylinder  X  0.3  when  stroke 
»=  U  stroke  of  engine. 

The  cold-water  pump  usually  =  diameter  of  cylinder  x  0.42  when 
stroke  =  Vi  stroke  of  engine. 

Velocity  of  water  in  i)unip  passages  should  not  exceed  .500  feet  per 
minute.  Pump  valves  should  not  be  of  less  area  than  Vi  area  of  the 
pump. 

Feed  Pumps  for  High  Presmre  Engines. 
Diameter  =  1-11  diameter  of  cylinder  when  pump's  stroke  =  stroke  ot 
the  engine. 

Diameter  =.  Vg  diameter  of  cylinder  when»4  stroke  of  the  engine. 
Diameter  =].(,  diameter  of  cylinder  tvhen  14  stroke  of  the  engine, 

Frfd  I'^impsfor  ('ondeitsiiig  F.ngines. 
Diameter  »»  1-11  diaine^sr  of  cylinder  when  1/3  stroke  of  the  engin*. 
Diameter  •=  I3  diameter  of  cylinder  when  1/4  stroke  of  the  engine. 
Dki'kkciatiox  of  Machixery,  etc. 
Per  annum  on  first  cost. 


Engines 

Boflers 

IVtachines 

Tifillwork  and  Gearing. 
Bands  and  belts 


Depreciation. 


C  per  cent. 
10         " 

4         " 


"Wear  and 
Tear. 


3  per  cent. 
3         " 

45         " 


Total. 


9  per  cent. 
13        <' 
11         " 

45      " 


Iron  Turning  Tools. 

Surface-bored  should  be  at  the  rate  of 78.64  feet  per  minut«> 

Burface  turned  "  "  167.08        "  <' 

Form  of  Iron-Cuttino  Tools. 
To  form  and  place  any  tool  to  cut  any  surface,  let  the  end  be  so  form- 
ed  and  placoil  as  to  make  the  least  possible  angle  with  the  surface  to  b« 
cut,  and  whatever  dagree  oi  acuteness  may  be  considered  requisite  ;  let 
the  keenness  be  given  by  hollowing  out  the  surface  on  which  Uie  shavlnfa 
•Ud«. 


Tabu  Pot  FoBET:;LLI^-G  the  ■Wkather  thkough  the  LryATioen 

OF  THE  MOOX.    , 

(Db.  Hebschell  A2XV  Adam  Clasxs.) 


It  Ibe  New  Moon,  the  First 
Quarter,  the  Full  Moon  or, 
the  Last  Quarter,  enters — 


In  Summer. 


In  Wmter. 


Between  midnight   ajid  2  1  \-e„:,  i 

A.M JJJair.  J 

Bet.  2  and  4  A.  M Cold,  fr't  showers. 

"    4  and  6  A.M Rain. 

•'    6  and  8  A.  M jWind  and  rain. 

••    8  and  10  A.M |  Changeable.  | 

"    10  and  12  A.M iFrequent  showers. 

At  12  M.  and  2  P.  M |  Very  rain  v. 

pet.  2  and  4  P.  M iChangeable. 

"    4  and  6  P.  M |Fair. 

(  ;Fair  if  wind    N. 

«♦    6  and  8  P.  M {j    "W.,  rainy  if  S. 

(I    or  S.  E. 

«*    Sand  lOP.M Do. 

*'    10  and  midnight Fair. 


;  Hard  f  roet,  onlesi  wtn4 

I    is  S.  or  E. 

Snowy  and  etormy. 

Kaiu. 

tStormy. 

Cold  rain  if  wind  is  W^ 

I    snow  if  E. 

Cold  and  high  wind. 

i  Snow  and  rain. 

>  Fair  and  mild. 

I  Fair. 

[Fair  and  frosty  if  wind 
is  K.  or  W.,  rain  or 
snowif  S.  or  S.  E. 

!Do. 

iFair  and  frostr. 


Obseevatioks.— 1.  The  nearer  the  time  of  the  moon's  chanee,  first 
quarter,  full,  and  last  quarter,  is  to  mUI-niaht,  the  fairer  the  weather  dur- 
ing 7  following  davs.  Range  for  this  is  from  10  at  night  till  2  neit  morn- 
ing. 2.  The  nearer  to  mui-day  the  phases  of  the  moon  happen,  the  mor» 
ioul  or  wet  weather  during  the  T  days  following.  3.  The  moon'a  change 
entering  from  4  to  10  of  the  aft  emoon,  may  expect  fair  weather. 
Force  of  the  ■Wi>-d. 


Miles 

Feet 

Feet 

Force  in 

Hour. 

per 

per 

pounds  per 

Description. 

Minute. 

Second. 

square  foot. 

1 

88 

1.47 

.005 

Hardly  perceptible 

2 

Z 

176 
264 

2.93 
4.4 

.020) 
.044  1 

Just  perceptibl*. 

4 
6 

352 
440 

5.R7 
7.33 

.079) 
0.123  ( 

Gentle  breeze. 

10 
15 

880 
1,320 

14.67 
22. 

0.492) 
1.107  ( 

Pleasant  breez*. 

90 
15 

1,760 
2.200 

29.3 
36.6 

1.970  1 
3.067  ( 

Brisk  gale. 

SO 
S5 

2.640 
3,080 

44.0 
51.3 

4.429) 
6.027  1 

High  wind- 

40 
43 

3,520 
3.960 

58.6 
66.0 

7.870  ) 
9.900/ 

Very  high"wiiuL 

CO 

4,400 

73.3 

12.304 

Storm. 

60 
70 

5,280 
6,160 

88.0 
102.7 

17.733) 
24.153  f 

Great  storm. 

SO 

100 

7.040 
8.800 

117.3 
1466 

31.490) 
49.200) 

Hurricane. 

Loss  or  Light  bt  Use  of  Shades.— i^.  H.  Storer. 


Glass,  etc. 


Th'k- 
ue^s. 


Loss. 


Glass,  etc 


ITh'k- 
I  ness. 


1-8 


Araerican  Enamelled 

Crown 

CTTStal  plate I  1-8 

English 1-8 

Porcelain  Transpar'cy. '  1-3 


Ins.  iPxCt.; 

1-16    51.23    Window,  d'ble,  Eng... 

13.08;         "  •'        Ger.... 

8.61  ,         "       single,  Ger... 

6.15   I       "  "       ground 

97-68   !        "        green 


Ins. 

1-8 

1-8 

1-16 

1-16 

1-16 


Lost. 


PrCt. 

9.38 
13. 

4.27 
65.75 
81.9S 


690 


#HiTisH   ATiscstLAKEors    ^rT^As-iTrTE  ifitE,  AS  Meascrhd  by  ta- 

URES  FOB   VARIOUS  PURPOSES.  RIOU3  NATIONS. 

A  load  of  unhewn  tam-  The  Ensrlish  mileia l/r60  yda 

ber 40  cuWc  ft.! The  Scotch        "        19&i    " 


A  load  of  squared  tim- 
ber     60       " 

A  load  of  inch  boards     600  sq.  ft. 

A  load  of  two-inch 
planks    300 


The  Iiish  "        2240 

The  German     "        8106 

The  L)utch  and  Prussian 

mile  is 6480 

ITie  Italian  mile  is 1766 


Ahundredof  deals 120  in  num.iThj  \  ieinia  post  mile  is. .  8296 


The  Swiss  mile  is _.  9153  ' 

The  Swedi.?h  and  Danish 

mile  is 7341.5' 

The  Arabian  mile  is 2143  ' 

The  Komau  mile  is. .  1628  or  2025  ' 

TheAVerst         "        1167  or  1337  ' 

The  Tuscan       "        igOS  ' 

The  Turliish      "        .....  1826  ' 

ThelTcmiih      "        6869  ' 


A  hundred  of  uails 120 

A  thousand  of  bricks. . .  1200        '• 

A  load  of  bricks 500       " 

A  load  of  lime 32  bushels. 

A  load  of  sand 36       " 

A  sack  of  potatoes,  or 

coals 224    lbs. 

A  bushel  of  salt  or  flour    66        '' 

A  bushel  of  wheat 60        " 

A  bushel  of  barley 50       " 

A  bushel  of  oats 40       " 

The  British  league,  or  three  times  our  peojrraphlcal  mile  of  60  to » 
degree,  or  20l.'5  yards,  is  607o  yards.  The  Tiabant  league  is  6096  yard*. 
The  Danish  and  Hamburg  leairue  ?244  yards,  the  Gennan  league  8101  the 
long  German  ditto,  I((12G  yards,  the  short  do.  6^59,  the  Portuguese  league 
is  CT60  yards,  the  Spanish  711.5  yards,  the  Swedish  i::pO  yards.  All  of 
them  parts  of  a  degree,  but  made  before  the  length  of  a  degree  was  ac- 
cmately  determined. 

To  Test  Qcality  of  Steel. 

Good  tool  ste'^l.  with  a  white  heat,  will  fall  to  pl^— » ;  with  bright 
redheat will  crumble  under  the  hammer;  viih  middling  heat  may  ba 
drawn  to  a  needle-point. 

To  test  hardening  qualities,  draw  tinder  a  lowheat  to  a  gradually  taper- 
ed square  point  ai-.d  plunge  into  cold  water  ;  if  broken  poiait  will "sciateh 
glass,  the  quality  is  good. 

To  test  tenacity,  a  hardened  piece  will  be  driven  into  cast-iron  by  a 
hardened  hammer— if  poor,  will  be  crumbled.  Excellence  will  be  in 
proportion  to  tenacity  in  hard  state.  Soft  steel  of  good  quality  gives  a 
curved  line  fracture  and  viniform  gray  texture.  Tool  steel  should  be  dull 
Bilver  color,  uniform,  entirely  free  from  sparkling  qualities. 

Aquafortis,  applied  to  the  "surface  of  steel,  produces  a  black  spot;  on 
Iron  the  metal  remains  clean.  The  slightest  vein  of  iron  or  steel  can  b« 
readily  detected  by  this  method. 

Steel  Sprtngs. 

Rule  laf—To  find  elasticity  of  a  given  eteel-plate  spring :  Breadth  ot 
plate  in  inches  multiplied  "by  cube  of  th*^  thickness  in  l-lt>  inch,  and  by 
number  of  plates  ;  divide  cube  of  span  in  inches  bv  product  so  found, 
and  multiply  by  1.C6.  Result,  equal  elasticity  in  116th  of  an  inch  per 
ton  of  load. 

Bui"  2d— To  find  span  due  to  a  given  elasticity,  and  number  and  BiK* 
of  plate  :  Multiply  elasticity  in  sixteenths  per  ton,  by  breadth  of  plate  in 
Inches,  and  divide  by  cube  of  the  thi'knes.s  in  inches,  and  by  the  number 
of  plates  ;  divide  by  1.6C,  and  find  cube  root  of  the  quotient.  Eesult, 
equal  span  in  inches. 

P<i!e  3r/ — To  find  number  of  plates  due  to  a  given  elasticity,  span, 
and  siz?  of  plates  :  Multiply  the  cu'^e  of  the  sfian  in  inches  by  1.66  ;  mul- 
tiply the  elasticity  in  sixteenths  by  the  brea<Uh  of  the  plate  in  inchea, 
and  by  the  cube  of  the  thickness  "in  sixteenths  ;  divide  the  former  pro- 
duct by  the  latter.    The  quotient  is  the  number  of  plater 

Bitlf  ilk — To  find  the  working  stremzth  of  a  given  steei-piate  spring  : 
Multiply  the  breadth  of  plate  in  inches  by  the  square  of  the  thickness  in 
eixteenths,  and  by  the  number  of  plates;  multiply  also  the  working 
epan  in  inches  by  11.3  :  divide  the  former  product  by  the  latter.  Result^ 
equal  working  strength  in  tons  burden. 

Rule  5th— To  tind'span  due  to  a  gi'-on  strength  and  number,  and  slza 
otpl»t«;  Multiply  th«  breadth  of  plato  ta  iuches  by  tb«  square  ol  Um 


0:S  jrETALS,  StAIE-CASES,  TXISTX. 

thickness  in  sixteenths,  and  by  the  number  of  plates  ;  multiply,  ali«o,  tha 
Btrengtli  in  tons  by  11.3,  divide  the  former  proauot  by  the  latter.  Kesult 
equal  working  span  rii  inches. 

J^ule  6th — i'o  rind  tha  number  of  plates  due  to  a  given  strength,  span, 
and  size  of  plate  :  Multiply  the  strength  in  tons  by  span  in  inches,  and 
divide  by  H.3  ;  multiply  also  the  breadth  of  plate  in  iiK-hes  by  the  squara 
of  the  thickness  in  si.xteeiuhs  ;  divide  the  former  pwKiuct  by  the  latter. 
Iteeult,  equal  i\umber  of  plates. 

The  span  is  that  due  to  the  form  of  the  spring  loaded.  Extra  thick 
plat«9  must  be  replaced  by  an  equivalent  number  of  plates  of  the  ruhns 
thickness,  before  applying  the  rule.  To  find  thi.-*,  multiply  the  number  or 
extra  plates  by  the  square  of  their  thickness,  and  divide  by  the  square  of 
the  ruling. thickness  ;  conversely,  the  niuuber  of  plates  of  the  ruling 
thickness  to  be  removed  for  a  given  number  of  extra  plates,  may  be  found 
iu  the  same  way. 

LlXE.'i^L  EXPAKSIOX  OF  METALS. 

Produced  by  raising  their  temperature  from  32^  to  212°  Fahrenheit. 

Zinc 1  part  iu  322  Gold 1  pari  iu  6S2 

Platinum "        351  Bismuth "       713 

Tin  (pure) "        •lOo'Iron "        81J 

Tin  (impure) "        SJO, Antimony "        y2S 

Silver "        524 1  Palladium "      KKO 

Copper "       5sl  Platinum ...       «'      1100 

Prass "        5S4  Flint  glass "      1248 

Falmouth  tin '■        462  Soft  rolled  iron "        bl9 

English  brass  rod "        628  Prism  of  cast  iron "        901 

Urass  wire "        517  Reflector  metal "        517 

Blistered  steel •'       870;Retined  silver "       5i3 

Staik-Cases, 
Width  of  Height  of       Width  o£  Heighu    -' 

Thread.  Kiser.  Tread-  Biser. 


Cinches 8'^  inches. 

7        "     8 

«       "    TVa 

9       "     I 


white  zinc 

" 

50 

white  paint 

" 

44 

lead  color 

« 

51 

black  paint 

« 

50 

stone  color 

i< 

44 

vellow  paint 

« 

44 

blue  color 

" 

45 

green  paint 

«' 

45 

bright  emer.  green 

'< 

25 

bronze  green 

" 

45 

10  inches eU  inchea. 

11  "     6 

12  "     5Vi       " 

13  «     -.5  " 

PAITfTIXG. 

1  gal.  priming  color  will  cover  50  superticial  yardi. 

1 
1 
3. 
1 
3 

a 
1 

1 
i 

One  pound  of  paint  will  cover  .-ibout  4  superficial  vards  the  first  <'oat, 
*nd  about  6  yds.  each  addiiion.-il  coat.  One  pound  of  pnttv  for  stopping 
i*very  ill  yds.  One  gallon  of  tar.  and  1  lb.  pitch,  will  cover"l2  yds.  super- 
ficial the  first  coat,  and  17  yds.  each  addition.il  coat. 

Paints,  &c.— In  addition  to  the  verv  ample  information  to  be  found 
Tinder  the  Painters  Department,  the  following,  transcribed  from  the 
Ohdnance  Maxial.  are  given. 

Boiled  Oil.— Raw  oil— 1..3  pai-ts,  copperas— .^•15  parte,  litharge— 6-3 
parts,  Put  the  litharge  and  copperas  in  a  cloth  bag  and  suspend  in  tha 
middle  of  the  kettle.  Boil  the  oil  4i^  hours  over  a  slow  fire,  then  let  it 
stand  and  deposit  the  sediment. 

Dryixgs.— Mixture  of  copperas  and  litharge  taken  from  the  boiled 
oil  60  parta.    Spirits  turpentine  56  pans,  boiled  oil  2  parts. 

PrxTY. — Spanish  whiting,  pulvfrized  81-6  parts,  boiled  oil  20-4  part*. 
M'lke  into  a  rtift  paste,  if  not  intended  for  immediate  use  raw  oil  should 
be  used. 

•38 


Txuna,  I^•KS,  Dyes,  Era 
White  Paint. 

liLbide  work.  Outside  work. 

inute  load,  ground  in  oil 80      SO. 

iioilod  oil  1-1.5   9. 

Lav."  oil 9. 

Bi-iiit^  turpentine 8 4. 

Kew  woo  i-work  requires  1  lb.  to  the  square  yard  for  tliree  eoats. 

IjF.AT)  Coi.ok.— White  lead gromid  in  oil  To  parts,  lamp  black  1  part^ 
boiled  lins^?>. I  oil  :;3  parts,  Utii;irg»i  0-5  p.irts,  Japiui  varnish  0-5  partd, 
•niritsmr|>eiitine;i-5  t»tr;8.  Lamp  black  and  litharge  ai-e  ground  sepa* 
i-iieiy  w  iih  oil,  uiieii  Biirred  iuio  the  whit«  lead  aud  oU. 

iiLACK  I'aixt.— i^mp  black  2«  parts,  litharge  1  part,  Japan  yamisli 
1  piirl,  btUed  laiseed  oil  7j  parts,  siirits  turpeutiua  1  part. 

Gi:ay  or:  S/oxe  Color  fok  Bl'il[>ixo.s. — Wiute  lead  in  oil  7S  parts, 
boiled  oil  9-0  partes,  raw  oil  'Jo  parts,  spiri.a  ttirpeiitine  3  parts,  Turkey- 
umber  0.5  pan.*,  lump  black  0.25  parts.  Ov.e  square  yard  of  new  brick* 
work  requires  for  1!  coats  1.1  lb.,  for  3  coats  1.5  lb. 

Paixt  Fur  Tarvailixs. — 1st.  Olive.  Liquid  olive  color  100  parts, 
beeswax  6  parts,  spts.  turpentine  6  parts.  Diss-jlve  the  beeswax  in  s-^U. 
turpentine,  with  a  gentle  heat,  and  mix  the  paint  warm.  2d.  Add  13  ozs. 
beeswax  to  1  gal,  linseed  oil,  boil  it  two  hours  ;  prime  the  cloth  with  tha 
mixture,  and  use  it  in  the  place  of  boiled  oil  for  mixing  the  paint. 
C'BEAJii  Color.    {For  BuiUIing^s.) 

1st  coat.  2d  coat. 

White  lead,  in  oil C6-C6    70. 

French  yellow 3.33    3.33 

Japan  varnish 1.33     1.33 

Ravroi! 28.00     2L5 

Spirits  turpentine 2.25    2,25 

One  square  yard  of  new  brick- work  requires  for  first  coat,  O-. 5  lbs.; 
for  second,  0.3  lbs. 

Cheap  Paixt  fou  Stteds  axd  Fexces.— ilelted  pitch  6  lbs.,  hnseed 
oil  1  pt.,  brick  dust,  or  yeUow  ochre,  1  lb. 

To  the  above  we  add  the  f olio winar  valuable  items  : — 

To  Waterproof  Awxixgs.— Iinmer.-e  tirsD  in  solution  containing 
20  per  cent,  of  soap,  and  repeat  the  process  in  a  copper  solution  of  equal 
strength,  then  wash  and  dry. 

AxiLixE  IxKS.— 1.  Violet.  Dissolve  1  part  of  aniline  violet  blue  In 
300  parts  of  water.  A  beautiful  ink.  2.  Bhie  Ink,  Dissolve  1  part  of  solubla 
Paris  blue  in  l'.50  parts  of  water.  3.  Bed  Jiik.  Dissolve  1  part  soluble 
fuchsin  in  20<1  parts  boUing  water. 

IxpiA  OR  CnrxE.SE  Ink.— Calcined  Lamp  bUck  mo  parts.  Boirhead 
sh-ile  black,  in  impalpable  powder.  50  pans  ;  Indicro  carmine  in  c.ikes.  1>> 
pans  :  Carmine  lake,  r,  parts  ;  Gum  arable  (best  qu.alitvl  10  parts  ;  Puri- 
fied ox-gall  20  parts;  Alcoholic  est.  of  mnsk,  5  parts;  Dissolve  the  gum  in 
50  to  60  parts  of  pure  water,  and  filter  through  a  cloth.  The  indigo.  c.".r- 
mine.  lake,  lamp  black,  and  shale  black  are  mixed  with  the  liquid  arid 
the  whole  ground  on  a  slab  with  a  muller  like  ordinary  colors,  but  murh 
longer.  Now  add  the  ox-gall  and  ext.  of  mnsk  slowlv,  grinding  well  in. 
Next  dn-  in  the  air  away  from  dust,  mould  into  cakes  and  drv  again. 
When  quite  tirm.  compress  into  bronze  moulds  with  anv  desired  design, 
wrap  up  in  tin  foil  and  aeain  in  gilt  paper.    A  pplen<1id  article. 

To  1)YK,  Stiffen-  and  Bleach  Felt  Hats.— Felt  hats  are  dved  by 
repeated  immersion,  drawiTig  and  dipping  in  a  hot  watery  solution  of 
logwood  38  parts,  green  vitriol  3  parts,  verdigris  2  j'arts  ;  repeat  the  im- 
mersions and  drawing  with  exposure  to  the  air  13  or  14  times,  or  until  tha 
colorsuits,  each  st-pp  in  the  process  lasting  from  10  to  15  minutes.  Ani- 
line colors  may  be  advantageously  used  instead  of  the  above.  For  a 
stiffening,  di-^-oolve  borax  10  parts ."carl>onate  of  potash  3  parts,  in  hot 
vater,  then  add  shellac  50  parts,  and  boil  until  all  is  dissolved  ;  anply 
with  a  sponge  or  a  brush,  or  by  immersing  the  hat  when  it  is  ccld.  and 
dip  at  once  in  very  dilute  sulphuric  or  acetic  acid  to  neutralize  the  alkali 
*]id  fix  the  shellac.  Felt  hata  can  be  bleached  by  tha  use,  of  •ulphuri* 
acid  gas. 

m 


SrSGESTlO^TS   TO   ATtTISAXS,  &C. 

LAtnfDKT  Secrets.— A  spoonful  of  ox-gall  to  a  gallon  of  crater  wW 
•et  the  colors  of  almost  any  goods  soaked  iu  it  previous  to  washing.  A 
tea-cup  of  lye  in  a  pail  of  waier  will  improve  the  color  of  black  goods. 
Xaukin  should  lie  in  lye  before  being  v.ashed  ;  it  sets  the  color.  A  strong 
tea  of  common  hay  will  preserve  the  cok>r  of  French  linens.  Vinegar  in 
the  rinsing -water  for  pink  or  green  calicces  will  brighten  them.  So<la 
answers  the  same  end  for  both  purple  and  blue.  To  bleach  cotton  cloth, 
take  one  large  spoonful  of  sal-soda,  one  pound  of  chloride  of  lime,  for 
thirty  yards  ;  dissolve  in  clean  sort  water,  rinse  the  cloth  thoroughly  in 
cold  "soft  water  in  order  that  the  cloth  may  not  rot.  The  above  amount 
of  cloth,  with  the  bleaching  compovuid  may  be  whitened  in  from  t«u  to 
fifteen  minutes. 

Suggestions  to  Artisans  — IN'ever  consider  time  wasted  that  is 
epent  in  learning  rudiments.  In  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  any  art  or 
handicraft  the  greatest  difficulty  is  experienced  at  the  beginning,  be- 
cause our  work  then  possesses  little  or  nothing  of  interest.  Our  first 
lessons  in  drawing,  or  music,  or  with  tools,  are  Very  simple  ;  indeed  so 
eimple  are  they  that  we  are  disposed  to  undervalue  their  importance. 
The  temptation  is  to  skip  a  few  pages  and  begin  further  on  in  the  book. 
But  such  a  course  is  fatal  to  success.  To  learn  principles  thoroughly 
is  to  succeed.  Be  content  to  learn  one  thing  at  a  time,  whether  it  be  to 
push  a  plane  square  and  true,  or  draw  a  straight  line-  Whatever  you 
learn,  learn  it  absolutely,  without  possible  question.  This  will  enable 
you  to  advance  steadily,"  step  by  step,  year  after  year,  and  some  day 
you  will  wonder  why  you  have  been  er.abled  to  distance  the  geniuses 
who  once  seemed  so  far  in  advance  of  you. 

Set  your  heart  upon  what  you  have  in  hand.  Valuable  knowledge 
is  acquired  only  by  intense  devotion.  You  must  give  your  entire  mind 
to  whatever  you  undertake,  otherwise  you  fail,  or  succeed  indifferently, 
which  is  but  "little  better  than  failure. 

Learn,  therefore,  to  estimate  properly  the  value  of  what  is  called 
leisure  time.  There  is  entirely  too  m;;oh  of  this  in  the  world.  Do  not 
mistake  our  meaning.  Rest  is  necessary  and  play  is  well  in  its  place, 
but  young  men  who  hope  to  do  something  in  life  must  not  expect  to  play 
one  third  of  their  time. 

While  you  resolve  to  acquire  a  thorough  knowledge  of  your  art,  be 
equally  as  anxious  to  know  something  beyond  it.  A  craftsman  ought  to 
be  ashamed  of  himself  who  [knows  nothing  but  the  use  of  his  tools. 
Having  the  time  to  acquire  it,  be  careful  to  properly  estimate  the  value 
of  knowledge.  Remember  of  what  use  it  will  be  to  you  in  ten  thousand 
instances  as  you  go  along  in  life  and  be  as  confcientious  in  learning 
rudiments  here  as  elsewhere.  Learn  to  spell  correctly,  to  write  a  good 
plain  hand,  and  to  punctuate  your  sentences. 

Do  not  dress  beyond  your  means  ;  never  spend  your  last  dollar,  unless 
for  food  to  keep  yourself  or  some  one  else  from  starving.  You  will 
always  feel  better  to  keep  a  little  money  in  your  pocket.  At  the  earliest 
possible  opportunity  save  up  a  few  dollars  and  place  the  amomit  In  a 
savmgs  bank.  It  will  serve  as  a  magnet  to  attract  other  money  that 
might  be  foolishly  spent. 

Just  as  soon  as  you  can  command  the  means,  buy  a  piece  of  ground. 
Do  not  wait  until  you  have  saved  enough  to  pay  all  "down,  but  begin  by 
paying  one  third  or  one  quarter.  Do  not  be  afraid  to  go  iu  debt  for  land, 
for  it  increases  in  value. 

Marry  as  soon  as  you  are  able  to  support  a  wife  and  can  find  a  good 
woman  who  is  willin"f»  to  accept  you. — The  American  Builder. 

In  commending  the  above  advice  the  editor  would  en  terpose  a  salutary 
raution  regarding  the  <ieposit  of  money  in  Savings  Banks,  while  many 
euccessful  business  men,  and  other  posses^sed  of  exuberant  imagination  say 
that  there  is  no  such  word  as  fail,  it  is  palnablv  manifest  that  the  collapse 
of  no  less  than  eleven  Savings  Banks  in  Kew  York  and  its  vicinity  during 
the  past  few  months,  has  furnished  ruinous  proof  to  thousands  of  de- 
r>ogitors  that  the  contraiT  is  the  truth.  In  making  depo.?its  then.b« 
cure  that  your  savincrs  are  put  in  a  safe  place  and  that  the  integrity  of 
Uie  men  t«  whom  you  iiitru^t  them  is  beyond  question. 

634  .,..—  - 


Miscellaneooa  Roles,  &c.,  for  engineers,  Mill-owners, 
Mechanics,  &c. 

Geahisg  a  Compound  Lathe. — The  term  Compowid  or  double  gear* 
td,  as  applied  to  the  screw-cutting  gear  of  a  latlie  means  that  there  esista, 
between  the  sear  wheel  which  is  fastened  to  and  revolves  with  the  lathe 
•pindle  and  the  feed  screw,  two  gear  wheels  of  different  diameters  and 
revolving  »ide  by  side,  at  the  s;iuie  number  of  revolutions,  by  reason  of 
being  fixed  upon  the  same  sleeve  or  axis.  The  object  of  this  arrangeoient 
is  to  make,  between  the  speed  at  which  the  lathe  mandril  or  spindle  will 
ran,  and  the  speed  or  revolution  at  which  the  feed  screw  will  run.  a  great- 
er amount  of  difference  than  is  possible  in  a  single  geared  lathe,  and  thus 
to  be  able  to  cut  threads  of  a  coarser  pitch  than  could  be  cut  in  the  latter. 
This  is  usually  accomplished  by  providing  two  intermediate  wheels  of 
different  diameters,  both  being  held  by  a  feather  in  a  sleeve  revolving 
upon  an  adjustable  pin  for  the  puqiose. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  smallest  of  these  compounded  or  coupled  wheels 
■will  gear  into  and  with  the  wheel  or  gear  on  the  feed  screw  ;  and  tnat 
the  changes  of  gear  may  be  made  ujwn  the  gear  running  on  the  lathe 
mandril  and  that  runnuig  on  the  feed  screw,  without  disturbing  the  pair 
of  intermediate  (and  compounded)  gears  referred  to.  In  many  cases, 
however,  only  the  wheel  upon  the  feed  screw  need  be  changed,  sinc-o  a 
wide  range  of  pitch  may  be  obtained  by  changing  that  wheel  only. 

To  find  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  wheel  required  to  be  placed  on  the 
feed  screw,  we  have  the  following  rule  : 

Divide  the  pitch  to  be  cut  by  the  pitch  of  the  feed  screw,  and  the  pro- 
duct will  be  the  proportional  number.  Then  multiply  the  number  of 
teeth  on  the  lathe  mandril  gear  by  the  number  of  teeth  on  the  smallest 
gear  of  the  compounded  pair,  and  the  product  by  the  proportional  num- 
ber, and  divide  the  last  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  largest 
wheel  of  the  compounded  pair,  and"  the  product  is  the  number  of  teeth 
for  the  wheel  on  the  feed  screw. 

Suppose,  for  example,  the  gear  on  the  lathe  mandril  contains  40  teeth 
running  into  the  largest  of  the  compounded  gears  which  contains  50  teeth, 
and  that  the  small  gear  of  the  compounded  pair  contains  15  teeth  ;  what 
wheel  will  be  required  for  the  feed  screw— ita  pitch  being  2,  and  the 
thread  requiring  to  be  cut  being  20  ? 

Piteh  Pitch  of  Proportional 

required.  feed  screw.  number. 

20  -^         2  =         10 
Then- 
Mandril  Small  com>  Proportional       lArgt  eem* 
fu  teeth.  pound  gear.  number.           pound  gear. 

40  X  15  X  10-1-  50  =  120=  the  number  ol 
teeth  required  upon  the  wheel  for  the  feed  screw.  In  the  above  example, 
however,  all  the  necessary  wheels  except  one  are  given  :  and  since  it  is 
often  required  to  find  the'necessary  sizes  of  two  of  the  wheels,  the  follow- 
ing rule  may  be  used  : 

Divide  the  number  of  threads  you  wish  to  cut  by  the  pitch  of  the  feed 
(crew,  and  multiply  the  quotient  by  the  number  of  teeth  on  one  of  the 
driving  wheels,  and  the  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  on  the  other  of 
the  driving  wheels  ;  then  any  divisor  that  laaves  no  remainder  to  the  last 
product  is  the  number  of  teeth  for  one  of  the  wheels  driven,  and  the 
quotient  is  the  number  of  teeth  for  the  other  wheel  driven. 

[In  this  rule  the  tenn  "  wheel  driven  "  means  a  wheel  which  has  mo- 
tion imparted  to  it,  while  its  teeth  do  not  drive  or  revolve  any  other 
irtM«I ;  hence  the  large  wheel  of  the  compoouded  paii  is  one  el  tbt 

wo 


f\3Q  HDLES    FOR   MACHINISTS,   MILLERS,   AC. 

•wheels  driven,  while  the  wheel  on  the  feed  screw  is  the  other  of  th« 
wheels  driven.] 

Example. — It  is  requii-ed  to  cut  20  threads  to  the  inch,  the  pitch  of  th» 
feed  screw  being  2,  ona  of  the  driving  wheels  contains  40  teeth  and  the 
other  15  : 

Ktch  reqnired  Pitch  of  Teeth  ja  on«        Teeth  in  other 

to  be  cut.  feed  eorew.         dhring  wheel.        driving  wheel. 

20         -f         2        X         40         X         15        =;       6000. 

Then,  6000  4-  50  =  ''20  ;  and  hence  one  of  the  gears  will  require  to  coa- 
ttin  50  and  the  other  120  teetli ;  if  we  ha\  e  not  two  of  such  wheels,  wo 
may  divide  by  some  other  number  instead  of  50. 

Thus  :  6000  -f  60  =  100 ;  and  the  wheels  will  require  to  have,  re- 
epectively,  GO  and  100  teeth. 

If  there  are  no  wheels  on  the  lathe  we  proceed  as  follows  : 

DiNide  the  pitch  required  by  the  pitch  of  the  feed  screw  ;  the  quotient 
is  the  proixjition  between  the  revolutions  of  the  first  driving  gear  and 
the  feed  screw  gear. 

Example.  Required  the  gears  to  cut  a  pitch  of  20,  the  feed  screw  pitch 
beujg  4  ;  here  20  -f-  4  =  5  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  feed  screw  must  revolve 
five  times  as  slowly  as  the  first  driving  gear  ;  we  now  find  two  numbers 
which,  multiplied  together,  make  five  ;  as  2^  X  2  =:  5  ;  hence  one  pair 
of  wheels  must  be  geared  2^  to  1  and  the  otlier  pair  2  to  1,  the  small 
wheel  of  each  pair  being  used  as  drivers,  because  the  ihread  required  is 
finer  than  the  feed  screw.  Rose's  Complete  Practical  Machinist,  H. 
Carey  Baird  &  Co. ,  Philadelphia. 

HIPPED  ROOFS,  MILL  HOPPERS,  &C. 

To  find  the  various  Angles  and  proper  Dimensions  of  Materials  where- 
by  to  c>inst7-^ict  anyfirpire  tvhoseform  is  the  Frusirum  of  a  proper  or 
inoerted  Pyramid,  as  Jlipped  Hoofs,  Mill  Hoppers,  <tc, 
A  B 


A  B  C  D  represents  the  desired  size  of  plan  for  a  roof,  E  T  represents  th» 
height  ;  draw  the  line  A  E  to  meet  the  apex  or  ridge  E  K  on  plan  ;  from 
E,  at  right  angles  with  C  E  and  equal  to  the  designed  height  draw  the 
line  E  T  then  the  line  T  C,  equal  the  length  of  the  struts  or  corners  of  the 
roof  ;  from  C,  with  the  distance  C  F,  draw  the  arc  T  H,  continue  the 
diagonal  C  E  until  it  cuts  the  arc  E  H,  through  which,  and  parallel  with 
the  apex  E  K,  draw  the  line  I  L,  which  determines  the  required  breadth 
for  each  side  of  the  roof  :  from  C,  meeting  the  line  I  L,  draw  the  line  G 
G,  or  proper  angle  for  the  end  of  each  board  by  which  the  roof  might  re- 
quire to  be  co\'ered,  and  the  angle  at  T  is  what  the  boards  require  to  be 
made  in  the  direction  of  tlieir  thickness,  when  the  comers  or  angles  re- 
quire to  be  mitred. 

To  Compute  tite  NrAir.ER  of  Rkvolftions  of  a  Pinion  or  Drivew 

■WHEN  THE  NUMBr.R  OF  REVOLUTIONS  OF   DkIVEK  .\ND  THE  DlAJVIETEB 

OB  THE  Number  of  Teeth   of   Driver   and    Driven  are  given. 
—Multiply  the  number  of  revolutions  of  driver  by  its  number  of  teetk 


RULES    FOR   MACHINISTS,    MILLERS,   &C. 


637 


or  its  diameter,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  tetth  or  the 
diameter  of  the  driver. 

Pboportion  of  CiRCUES. — Toassist  machiuists  in  enlarging  orredacius 
machinery  ■wheels  without  changing  their  respective  velocities. 

|B 


Pinrt,  lay  off  two  circles,  D  F  and  G  I,  the  size  of  the  largest  wheel* 
which  yon  wish  to  change  to  a  larue  or  small  machine,  with  the  centr?)! 
point  11  of  the  smaller  circle  G  I  on  the  periphery  of  the  largest  circle  D 
F  :  then  describe  two  lines  Q  C  and  S  A  tangent  to  the  circles  as  sho\\Ti 
in  diagram,  then  draw  the  line  R  B  through  their  centres  ;  now  if  you 
wish  to  reduce  the  machine  outline  a  circle  of  the  size  you  wish  t«  re- 
duce it  to ;  if,  say,  one-half,  have  the  centre  K  one-half  tlie  distanca 
from  E  to  P  and  lav  off  the  circle  J  L,  and  on  its  periphery  N  as  a  cen- 
tre lay  off  a  circle  M  O  with  their  peripheries  touching  the  tangent  lines 
Q  C  and  S  A,  as  shown  in  diagram.  This  will  make  the  circle  J  L  one- 
half  the  size  of  the  circle  D  F;  and  the  circle  M  O  one-half  the  size  of  the 
circle  G  I  ;  leaving  J  L  and  M  0  in  the  same  proportion  to  each  otlier 
as  D  F  and  G  1. 

To  reduce  (me-third,  have  the  centre  K  one-third  the  distance  from  B" 
to  P  ;  if  one-fourth,  have  the  centio  K  one-fourth  the  distance  from  E  to 


I3B  RULES    FOR   MACHIIsHSTS,   MILLERS,   AC. 

P,  &c.    This  reckoning  may  be  applied  bercmd  the  centre  E  for  enlatgiajf 
machine  wheels,  and  will  enable  the  mechanic  to  make  the  alteratic«i 
without  changing  tlieir  respective  velocities. 
To  Compute  the  Diameter  of  a  Pixiox  whek  the  Diameter  or 

THE  DRI^'ER,  AXD  THE  NUMBER  OF  TEETH  IN  DRHTER  AND  DRITKN  ARB 

Gn*EN. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  driver  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  th© 
pinion  and  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  teeth  in  the  driver,  and 
the  quotient  will  be  the  diameter  of  pinion. 
To  Compute  the  Number  of  Revolutions  of  a  Drr-er,  wheit 

THE  revolutions  OF    DRIVEN  AND  TEETH   OR  DUMETER    OF   DRITER 

AND  DRm:N  ARE  GIVEN. — Multiply  the  number  of  teeth  or  the  diameter 
of  driven  by  its  revolutions  and  "divide  the  product  by  the  number  of 
teeth  or  the  diameter  of  driver. 

To  Compute  the  Number  of  Teeth  in  each  "Wheel  for  a  Traiit 
OF  Spur  Wheels,  each  to  have  a  given  Velocitv. — Multiply  the 
nnmber  of  revolutions  of  the  driving  wheel  by  its  number  of  teeth,  and 
divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  revolutions  each  wheel  is  to  make 
(p  ascertain  the  number  of  teeth  required  for  each. 


G 

To  nxD  THB  CmcrMTERENCE  OF  ANT  DiAMETER. — From  the  centre 
B  describe  the  circle  A  C  G,  with  the  desired  diameter  ;  next  place  the 
comer  of-  the  square  at  the  centre  B,  and  describe  the  lines  B  D  and  B  F  ; 
then  draw  the  chord  D  F  :  three  times  the  diameter  added  to  the  dis- 
tance from  the  centre  of  the  chord  D  E  F  to  the  middle  of  the  subtending 
arc  D  G  F,  will  be  circumference  desired. 

To  FIND  THE  Circumference  of  a  Circle,  or  of  a  pulley. — 
Multiply  the  diameter  by  Sl^^ie,  or  as  7  is  to  22  so  is  the  diameter  to  the 
circumference. 

The  areas  of  circles  are  to  each  other  as  the  squares  of  their  diameters, 
and  a  circle  contains  a  greater  area  than  any  other  plain  figure  bounded 
by  an  equal  outline. 

To  CostPUTE  THE  AREA  OF  A  CIRCLE. — ]\Iultiply  the  circumference  by 
one  quarter  of  the  diameter  ;  or  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by 
•7854  ;  or  multiply  tlie  square  of  the  circimiference  by  "07958  ;  or  multi- 
ply half  the  circumference  by  half  the  diameter  ;  or  multiply  the  square 
ef  half  the  diameter  by  314i6 

TO   FIND  THE  CIRCUMFERENCE   OF   AN  ELLIPSE. 

Eule. — Multiply  half  the  sum  of  the  two  diameters  by  31416,  and  the 
product  will  be  the  circumference. 

Example. — Suppose  the  longer  diameter  6  inches  and  the  shorter  di« 
ameter  4  inches,  then  6  added  to  4  equal  10,  divided  by  2  equal  5.  malti* 
plied  by  31416  equal  15'70S0  inches  circumference. 


DIRECTIONS   TO   MILL-MEN,  AC.  635) 

Potter  axd  Capacity  of  Saw  ^Iills,  Saw  rrLrsG,  &c.~ As  a  rule  it 
13  admitted  bv  mill-men  that  for  10,000  ft  per  day  about  20  horse-power 
is  required  ;  for  20,000  ft.,  30  horse-ixjwer  :  and  "for  30,000  ft.  40  horse- 
power. To  secure  these  results  it  is  indispen.^able  that  the  operator  should 
make  sure  of  having  a  good  mill  and  intelligent  first  class  workmen  to 
run  it.  In  hanging  the  saw,  see  that  the  mandril  fits  accurately  in  tha 
boxes,  so  that  it  will  run  without  heating.  ^V^len  flat  collars  are  used, 
tlie  steadying  pins  should  be  made  with  a  shoulder,  as  where  any  other 
form  of  pin  is  used  it  often  happens  that  a  burr  or  bimoh  is  raised  at  the 
coiTier  where  the  pin  enters  the  collar.  Both  saw  and  coUar  should  b» 
tested  with  a  straight  edge  ;  it  frequently  hapi>en3  in  turning  collars  that 
through  the  lightness  or  springing  of  the  tool,  irregularities  in  the  grain  of 
the  iron,  &c.,  the  work  may  not  be  perfectly  true,  and  in  this  case  the 
utmost  care  should  be  taken  to  ascert  in  and  correct  the  deficiency,  if 
any  exists,  by  applying,  before  tlie  mandril  is  taken  from  the  lathe,  a'fine 
file  of  just  the  proper  spring,  against  the  face  of  the  collars  in  order  to 
remove  any  une\  en  surfacesthat  may  have  been  left  upcn  them.  If  they 
are  not  perfectly  true,  apply  a  pair  that  are  so,  independent  of  the  man- 
dril collars,  and  so  rigid  that  screwing  up  the  collars  cannot  act  upon  or 
impair  the  saw. 

T!ie  saw  being  tested  and  found  correct,  place  it  on  the  mandril  and 
dghten  up  the  collars  by  hand,  slowly  revolving  the  saw  at  tlie  same  time, 
and  if  it  proves  to  be  truthfully  hung,  screw  it  home  with  a  wrench  tight, 
and  test  again  with  straight  edge  to  see  if  all  is  right,  revolving  the  saw 
and  observe  closely  whether  itruus  true  or  not.  for  large  saws  a  high 
authority  recommends  collars  that  have  a  perfect  bearing  of  about  ^  im 
on  the  outer  rim,  the  other  part  clear,  as  they  hold  tighter  than  a  solid, 
flat-faced  collar,  because  they  are  more  apt  to  come  fair  against  the  saw. 

To  correct  saws  out  of  round,  hold  a  piece  of  grindstone  or  cobblestone 
against  the  points  of  the  teeth  while  the  saw  revolves,  this  "rill  grind 
down  the  most  prominent  teeth  ;  or  the  longest  teeth  may  be  marked  with 
red  chalk  while  the  saw  is  in  motion,  and  afterwards  filed  down. 

The  following  figures  will  afford  valuable  aid  to  the  operator.  In  fig. 
1  the  teeth  represented  by  the  dotted  lines  show  tlie  teeth  as  the  saw 
leaves  the  factors- ;  the  lines  at  B.C.  and  D  show  the  condition  to  which 
they  are  frequently  reduced  by  bad  filing.  Thee^e  defective  teeth  contain 
no  chamber  for  the  circulation  of  saw  dust,  and  teeth  filed  with  sharp, 
square  comers  at  the  bottom  frequently  break,  as  shown  at  A,  tooth  C. 
This  kind  of  filing  is  most  destructive  to  both  saw  and  files,  and  requires 
at  least  double  the  power  necessary  to  operate  a  saw  witli  teeth  of  the 
proer  shape.  For  good  work  it  is  absolutely  essential  to  file  back  to  the 
periphery  line,  and  the  best  work  will  be  done,  the  least  labor  expended, 
and  less  power  wUl  be  required  to  operate,  wlien  the  shape  of  the  teeth 
is  made  to  conform  fcj  tl'.e  patterns  illustrated  bv  Figs.  2  and  3,  which 
also  represent  the  forms  best  adapted  for  sawing  soft  and  hard  wood  re- 
spectively. In  filing  circular  saws,  r.n  immense  saving  wUl  be  effected  by 
filing  from  the  face  or  nnder  side,  instead  of  from  the  top,  or  upper  part 
of  the  tooth,  as  in  the  former  case  the  full  diameter  of  the  saw  ia  retained 
to  a  much  greater  extent 

Fig.  4,  at  A,  represents  a  ti->oth  that  requires  gumming,  or  chambering 
oiit  in  proper  shape,  as  shown  at  D,  This  leaves  free  scope  for  the  dust, 
without  too  much  crowding,  and  the  useless  consumption  of  power.  A 
good  gummer  is  an  aiticle  that  no  sawyer  can  afford  to  dispense  with,  it 
eares  much  yaluable  tiw*  rrA  heavv-  outlay  for  files,  besides  doing  mora 
rapid  and  much  better  work.  A  good  swage  or  upset  is  equally  import- 
ant  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  teeth  of  the  saw  to  a  sharp,  keen  edg^ 


640 


DIAGRAMS    FOn    SA^V    tlXING. 


Sia  V  Oli  md  Hew  Slyfe  ToctI!, 


DIAGRAMS  TO  ILLUSTRATE  SA-nT-FILIXG. 


DIRECTIONS   TO   MILL-MEN,   AC. 


641 


brin2;ln£j  up  corners  and  vacancies  rccasioncd  by  -wear,  and  spreading  the 
point-;,  so  as  t(j  ease  the  body  of  the  saw  in  passing  through  the  log. 
Fig.  5,  at  A,  r>,  C,  U,  and  E,  exhibits  the  diiferent  set  required  for  saw 
teeth  as  effected  bv  the  swage  ;  tlie  dotted  lines  show  the  undercut,  and 
Fig.  G  sliows  the  old  and  new  style  toott.  Fig.  'I,  at  C,  represents  the  con- 


FiG.  7. 
dition  the  tooth  should  be  in  for  •work.  Point  B  shows  a  tooth  that  i« 
dull,  and  a  great  many  teeth  are  broken,  as  phovai  at  D,  from  this  Tery 
cai\=e.  The  tooth  of  a  24:  inch  circular  saw  passes  through  the  log  2000 
times  per  minute,  120,000  times  per  hour,  or  1,200,000  times  per  day,  im- 
pelled by  a  tremendous  force  through  knots,  &c.,  and  if  not  kept  sharp 


'^££Jf7/ 


na.  8.    BIGHT-HAND  SAW. 


64a 


DIBECTIONS  TO  MILL-MEN,  AC. 


the  severe  strain  is  bound  to  break  the  teeth.  If  the  teeth  were  kepi 
properly  set  and  well  filed  the  work  would  be  performed  in  better  shape 
with  half  the  power.  Eigs.  8  and  9  represent  right  and  left  hand  saws, 
and  a  very  slight  inspection  of  the  cuts  wiH  enable  any  person  to  observe 
a  most  impoitant  distinction  in  ordering  circular  saws.  In  oi>erating  the 
mill,  avoid  the  use  of  short  bearings  for  the  mandril,  and  short,  tight 
belts,  these,  together  with  the  mandril  crowding  against  the  collar,  ar» 
■  apt  to  cause  lieatiug .  A  long,  free  belt,  with  long  bearings,  and  a  saw 
sutting  freely,  will  give  the  best  results  in  every  case. 


>^NXC^^^^^J^5^<^ 


The  improved  pattern  of  saw  teeth,  &c.,  outlined  above,  is  the  form 
originated  and  commended  liy  the  celebrated  saw  manufacturing  firm  of 
Henry  Disston  &  Sous,  of  Philadelphia,  an^Ls  the  result  of  the  anxious 
study,  exi)erience,  and  careful  labor  of  many  years.  The  high  standing^ 
of  the  firm,  to„'ether  with  the  excellent  reputation  of  their  goods,  fur- 
nLsh  a  sufficient  guarantee  tliat  every  improvement  introduced  by  them 
will  be  foimd  based  on  correct  principles. 

Saw  Mill.— T^/'O  Vfrikal  Smcs  o/'S4  in.  Stroke,  Lathes,  &c.  Cylinder 
10  ins.  diam.  by  4  ft.  Stroke.  Fiessure  90  to  100  lbs.  per  square  in.,  full 
Btroke.  Revolutioiu,  2-5  per  minute.  Boilers,  three  plain  cylindrical,  30 
ins.  in  duim.  by  20  ft  in  len.gtli. 

Note.  This  engine  has  cut  of  yellow  pine,  30  ft.  by  18  ins.  in  cue  iniiiut«» 
Mnqineers  &  Confractors  Pocket-Booh. 

i*or  further  information  on  Saw  mills,  see  page  87. 

Weight  of  Lumber  per  Thousand  (  M.  )  Feet  Board  Measure. 


Dry. 

Partly 
Seasoned. 

Grekjj. 

Pine  and  hemlock 

Norway  and  yellow  pine 

Oak  and  Walnut 

2,500  Iba 
3,000    " 
4,000    " 
3,500    " 

2,700  lbs. 
4.000     " 
5,000     " 
4,000    " 

'-  ■  ■    •-■ 

3,C00  lbs. 
5,000    " 

Ash  and  Majile 

'-    ■      la 

efiC'IIONA.L    VIEW  OF  ▲  FLOUB   KILL. 


64a 


SECTIONAL  VIEW  OF  A  COMPLETE  FLOUR  MILL. 

The  above  cut.  from  the  Mill  Stone,  published  by  the  well  kuown  mill 
furnishing  firm  of  Nordyke  &  Harmon  Co..  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  afford* 
a  sectional  view  of  a  complete  flour  mill  with  a  three  run  outfit,  two  runa 
lor  wheat,  and  one  run  for  com. 

The  Nfw  Process  of  Milling,  Hioh-ground  and  Patent  Fr-ouK, 
BTC— In  considering  this  important  subject,  John  W.  Hopkins  writes  to 
the  Mill  Stone  as'follows  :— The  new  process  means  a  first-class  steam 
•ngine,  sjrinding  the  flour  and  heating  the  mill  on  a  cent's  worth  of  coal 
Id  the  bushel  of  wheat,  taking  the  wheat  from  the  car  on  the  eide  line 
md  uevei  touchiog  it  \>j  manual  labor  until  the  floux  barreltj  are  takei^ 


6-H  NEW  PROCESS    OP   jnLL/NG,   &C. 

from  the  packer,  instCiid  of  the  shoveUing  aud  sTveating  which  was  and 
Btill  is  ia  vogcie  ia  sons  pLaces. 

Where  water  power  is  used  instead  of  steam,  the  new  process  means 
t!i5  use  of  tiubiue  wheels,  giving  over  80  per  cent,  of  the  full  grower  of 
the  water,  instead  of  the  old  breast  wheel  giving  only  50;  the  bose  going 
into  a  nice  warm  mill  on  a  frosty  winter  morning  and  finding  every  thing 
going  riglit,  instead  of  going  into  an  ice-bound  mill  of  the  old  breast- 
wheel  style,  with  a  couple  of  half  sfcirved  youths  tryhig  to  cut  lier  loos9 
and  knock  her  to  pieces  at  the  .same  time. 

Tne  ne.v  process  means  nicely  tamed  iron  shafting  and  pulleys,  with 
belt  gearing,  ia  place  of  wooden  shafts  and  cog  gearing,  witli  two  or 
three  old  millwrights  slashing  around  with  sledge  hammers  to  keej)  them 
wedged,  and  assisted  occasionally  by  t>vo  or  three  millers  making  frantic 
efforts  to  start  the  break  downs.  It  also  means  closely  jointed  old  stock 
burrs,  and  plenty  of  them — 36  inches  iu  diameter  for  middlings,  aud 
from  -12  to  4S  inches  for  wheat,  according  to  the  hardne.ss  or  softness  of 
the  wiieat — all  in  perfect  balance  and  true  emooth  face,  and  the  lands 
thereof  to  be  from  one-third  to  one-fourth  of  the  whole  surface  of  the 
burrs,  instead  of  one-half  as  in  by-gone  tunes.  It  does  not,  however, 
mean  any  particular  patent  dre.ss.  the  common  equali.-:ing  dress  is  good 
enough  ;  but  it  does  mean  that  the  furrows  shall  be  smooth  and  straight 
in  all  directions,  not  less  than  two  inches  bro;id  aud  deep  enough  at  the 
eye  to  bury  the  largest  grain  of  wheat,  and  alwut  the  fojrth  of  that  at 
the  sldrt.  the  draft  of  the  feather  edge  to  be  one  inch  to  tire  foot  in  diam- 
eter of  the  burr,  and  all  furrows  ox  the  same  khid  to  bear  the  saive  rela- 
tion to  the  centre  and  circumference,  and  al-o  that  t]ie  miller  shall  have 
the  power  and  means  to  alter  the  speed  of  any  run  without  aflecting  the 
remainder,  i.  c.  speed  to  be  altered  instead  of  draft. 

To  mill  under  the  new  process  means  t'.-.at  tl:e  chop  shall  roll  instead  of 
slide  between  the  burrs,  or,  in  other  words,  the  substitution  of  a  system 
of  granulation  in  place  of  grindmg. 

We  know  a  millwright  who  was  lately  calle  1  io  recoHstruct  the  bolting 
machmery  of  a  considerable  merchant  nillL  U;-  n  mer.tloning  the  word 
purifier,  the  head  miller  in  charge  of  t'.ie  mill  g  .vea  jnmp  as  if 'he  Lad 
received  a  mild  stroke  from  a  galvanic  b.-.ttcry.  "I  want,"  s^rrs  he. 
"not'iiug  but  fine  cloths,  and  jolenty  of  them,  Xoa.  12,  li  and  K,,"  to 
\rhich  I  would  only  say  that  it  must  follow,  as  a  matter  of  course,  ti^it  if 
yoa  grind  so  close  as  to  grind  a  fourth  of  tie  brnn  iirto  powder,  it  will 
require  fine  clotiis  to  take  it  out,  aud  even  tl:cy  will  fail  to  clo  it  perfectly, 
whereas  if  the  grinding  ia  pro-jerly  done,  XX,  10,  and  12,  will  be  tL« 
thing.  '      '  ; 

)  We  come  now  to  the  middlings — the  large  particles  wliich  have  witji- 
stood  the  action  of  the  burrs  most,  and  whi.h  have  at  the  same  time  the 
highe.'it  specific  gra\-ity  and  the  greatest  br.lic  The^'-must  be  separated 
from  the  very  light,  dead  fine  brown  dust  (which  u  princijjally  pulverized 
bran,  insoluble  in  tlie  acids  of  the  stomac'.i),  tlie  finrt  would  not  go 
through  the  superfiue  cloths,  on  account  of  their  bulk,  neither  would  tha 
Latter,  on  account  of  their  lig>.tness.  They  must,  however,  not  only  be 
separated,  but  also  graded,  and  while  this  is  almost  impossible  of  accom- 
plishment with  cloths  alone,  it  is  rendered  comparatively  easy  by  the  use 
of  cloths  aud  blast  combined,  and  therefore  V.:e  necessity  of  the  purifier. 
I  do  not  refer  to  any  particular  make  or  patent  in  the  way  of  purifiers, 
as  there  are  several  good  ones  in  the  marict,  and  any  number  of  poor 
ones,  bnt  whatever  kind  is  used  should  have  capacity  enough,  and  do 
tlieir  work  well. 

The  old  process  or  system  that  required  a  man  to  jump  ou  the  bum 
•rery  twenty-foux  or  tweuty-six  hours  and  slash  them  all  over  with  • 


VALUABLE   ADVICE    TO    MILLBBS. 


$43 


nick  60  as  to  make  them  cut  up  15  biisliels  of  vrheat  au  Lour,  and  ma^ 
Sbiishef.  of  flour  to  tlie  100  bushels  of  wheat,  is  fast  becoiiuug  obsolete. 

The  idea  of  makiug  such  flour  either  for  home  coiisuniptiou.  or  to  ship 
toforeimei^  iTplavedout;  tlie  forciguers,  in  particiflar  have  stopped 
Wu"s?ich  flour,  and  want  the  wheat  instead  to  {n-md  for  themseh;e^ 
Ss^ad  of  this  old-time  system  it  is  now  required  of  the  mider  tiiat  the 
Sr2f  the  bur^  shall  be  smooth  and  true,  and  if  any  high  places  develop 
£selvesthevnuistb«  gently  touched  by  the  hand  of  a  master  eithei 
with  pick  diamond,  or  emery  wheel,  and  not  niore  tl.an  si^  busliels  an 
Sr  should  be -round  on  a  pair  of  burrs,  and  this  should  be  ground 
SS  or  no  at  auf  Moreover,  it  diould  be  ground  high  enough  to  Uka 
Sff  abroad  dean  bran,  and  to  make  one  half  middlmgs,  and  finally  Last 
ttou4  not  S,  the  substitution  of  the  new  process,  as  herein  dehneated 
£°out?ine  m^ns  to  realize  20  cents  peT  bushel  more  out  of  the  whe^^^ 
than  bv  the  old  sU-le,  and  a  showmg  of  a  good  and  satisfactory  balance 
on  "he  right  s?di  of 'the  ledger  at  the  end  of  the  year  At  least  such  is  the 
new  nrocc'^s  or  hi'-h-CTinding  system,  as  I  understand  it. 

T^sT  i^D  Slow  Giiixt^iNo:  Valuable  Advice  to  MiLLrKS.  On 
th&alli'Sorta^itTubi^ct:  J.  M.  Truax,  a  practical  miller  writes  to  the 
S»s7o\Tas  follows  :-•■  The  quantity  to  be  ground  must  depend  upon 
ttetoSre  or  density  of  the  stone,  the  draft,  the  number  and  depth  of 
fu^o^  and  the  grinding  without  heating.  No  more  gnndmg  should  b« 
doneThau  cTonbe  done  without  heating.  The  heatmg  is  the  stoppm| 
8not  The  muantity  that  every  mUl  ought  to  grind  is  that  quantity  that 
c^  be  ground  and  not  heat,  whether  it  is  5, 10,  or  20  bushels  per  hoim 
it^verTmUler  will  observe  this  as  his  guide,  he  wfll  do  the  best  work 

*^?i^ilSl'o?hLting,Ime.ntosay  that  the  grain  should  not  be  so 
heate^byTressure  or  rubbing,  as  wiU  start  the  nice  or  essential  oils  of 
S^erain  Ifthegrainoilis  stiirted  by  friction,  that  fnctiou  produces 
heaf^nd  that  h^it  dries  and  evaporates  the  grain  juice,  and  the  virtue 
of  the  flour  ilimpaired.  Anv  amount  of  cooling  will  not  repairthe  dam- 
^e  done  by  hSg.  The  st^am  that  rises  from  the  hot  running  mid  is 
telvawr  from  out  of  the  essential  oils  of  the  gi-ain,  and  is  lo.?t  in  tae 
brlad^ToTe^or^mend  the  grindmg  of  10,  15  or  25  busheb  of  wheat  per 
hoTr  is  bad  advk™  imprudint  Millers  diHer  in  the  selection  of  stones 
5nd  differ'about  their  dress,  and  the  motion  of  their  mill  ^  One  wdl  have 
«ne  kind  and  way,  and  another  another  kind  and  way  ;  bi.t  whatever 
way  they  sdecrwhen  they  go  to  grinding,  their  quantity  per  hour  should 
be  tli-t  which  they  can  grind  and  not  heat,  whether  it  is  3  5,  10  or  20 
bu^ielsSrhour.-  Donotimmirthe  substance  for  the  bulk  per  hour 
Flood  hlat  is  as  hi-h  as  can  he  warranted  without  impairmg  the  product 
ftmaybfanalbli^grm^  f:u.t,  but  an  old  adage  is  "  haste  makes 
wa^te"  If  millers  are  ambitious,  let  that  ambition  be  apphed  to  the 
makin-  of  a  perfect  runnmg  milL  Select  the  very  be.t  buns,  and  pi  t  m 
a  horou^hlv  common  sensi  dres.s  ;  a  dress  that  wiU  granulate  thej  hole 
kernel  L^iearly  as  passible.  Keep  the  stones  as  far  apart  as  poa-nWe.a^^^ 
keepthete.xtureor  grain  of  the  stones  clean.  Let  «\'^?^,t^^,^'[^"  * 
ambition  But  stop  adding  to  quantity  when  the  mill  is  at  blood  hea^ 
Ind  as  mnch  less  heat  as  thiy  are  able  to,  and  let  the  bread  ^^^f^ 
Alters  have  in  the  flour  aU  the  yirtue  that  mother  f  ^h  has  p^uced. 

One  of  the  great  evils  in  milling  is  low  grinding,  and  its  e%  il  e«e"-,  are 
oiiy\econd  tSthose  produced  bv^fast  grinding.  Wheat  is  '"omposed  of 
?wo^'aits-an  inner  'and  an  outer  part.  The  inner  P^rt  is  meaty^and 
the  outer  is  a  shuck,  or  skin,  or  hull  :  the  meaty  is  pulvei izable,  while 
Se  huU  or  c^yeiin.'  is  a  leather-li^e  substance,  and  has  ^'^l^^^^g^h^i 
Sickness  equals  the  meshes  of  No.  14  or  13  boltin?  doth.    Naw,  th« 


646  BALAKCING   OF  MILLSTONES. 

qtteetion  arises,  how  shall  the  mUler  grind  this  compound  kernel  aiWI 
clean  this  leather-like  covering,  and  granulate  the  inner  meat  to  a  prop- 
er fineness  for  bread  purposes,  and  not  over  rub  or  grind  to  dust  a  part 
of  the  hull  ?  This  is  the  question.  And  how  is  wheat  being  ground  all 
over  the  world  to-day  ?  I  need  not  answer,  for  aU  know  that  heavy 
grinding  has  been  the  order.  The  lands  or  face  of  one  burr  rubs  the 
other,  or  nearly  so.  So  much  so  that  that  portion  of  the  bran  that  is 
caught  between  the  face  of  the  miU  near  the  skirt  is  more  than  twice 
overground,  aud  this  overgrinding  or  rubbing  the  bran  makes  a  brown 
dust,  and  blackens  the  flour.  It  is  like  brown  paint,  and  bolts  with  the 
flour  and  goes  into  the  bread. 

This  is  a  mistake,  and  should  be  avoided.  Bran  may  make  bread,  but 
not  the  bread  millers  feel  proud  of.  And  to  avoid  this,  millers  must  run 
a  lighter  mill.  Heavy  grinding  is  an  evil.  It  not  only  powders  a  portion 
of  the  brau  and  blackens  the  flour  ;  but  grinds  at  the  same  time  a  portion 
of  the  kernel  to  dust ;  also  destroying  its  juicy  substance  ;  and  at  the 
same  time  the  fine  ground  dust  is  rubbed  into  the  texture  of  the  stone, 
and  the  face  of  the  stone  becomes  glazed  and  smooth,  and  of  course  dull. 

Millers,  so  dress  your  mill  as  will  enable  you  to  giiud  the  inuer  part 
of  the  kernel  to  flour,  and  avoid  making  brown  paint  dust  from  the  bran. 
A  nuller  that  runs  a  heavy  mill  is  likely  to  look  for  a  medicine  to  doctor 
his  flour.  Medicine  for  flour  is  a  iioor  substitute  for  a  good  dress  and 
clean  stones.  Bread  eaters  much  prefer  the  full  life  of  the  cereals,  not  a 
doctored  article.  Grain  once  killed  by  overgrinding  and  heating  will  not 
be  brought  to  life  by  the  best  medicines.  All  the  flour-doctors  in  the 
"world  can  not  repair  the  life  that  is  first  produced  in  natural  growth. 
They  may  help  a  deadened  flour,  but  a  whole  reparation  is  impossible. 
Throw  away  the  drugs  !    Let  us  have  a  pure  flour." 

Balancing  Millstones. — To  examine  the  conditions  relative  to 
balancing,  and  to  trace  the  effects  produced  by  an  unbalanced  runner,  to' 
their  cause,  we  refer  to  the  adjoining  figure  in  which  R,  R.  represents 
a.  section  of  the  runner-stone  ;  B,  B,  a  section  of  the  nether  stationary  or 
bed-stone,  S,  the  miU-spindle  provided  at  the  upper  end  with  a  steel 
pivot  P,  upon  which  the  runner-stone  is  susi>ended,  so  as  to  admit  of  free 
oscillation.  The  distance  from  the  face  F,  F,  of  the  rumier-stone  to  the 
pivot  P,  is  foimd  in  practice  to  be  from  5  to  8  inches,  according  to  the 
size  of  the  stone.  Since  the  tliickness  of  the  runner-stone  varies  from  12 
to  20  inches,  this  would  bring  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  runner-stone 
below  the  point  of  suspension  P,  a  condition  favorable  to  stability,  or,  in 
other  words,  the  millstone,  when  disturbed,  will  oscillate  until  equilibri- 
um is  restored.  It  will  not  be  so  easily  upset.  In  order  tliat  the  runner- 
stone  may  be  in  "  balance,"  or  the  distance  between  tlie  face  F,  F,  of  the 
runner-stone  and  the  face  of  F',  F",  of  the  bed-stone,  be  equal,  when  the 
latter  is  perfectly  horizontal,  aud  former  freely  suspended  ;  the  weight  of 
the  portion  of  tlie  runner  on  one  side  of  the  line,  A,  A,  drawn  through 
the  point  of  suspension  P,  and  perpendicular  to  the  faces  F',  F,'  must  be 
equal  to  the  corresponding  half  on  the  other  side  of  the  same  line.  Shoiild 
this  not  be  the  case,  the  deficiency  is  easily  made  up  by  cutting  a  cavity 
at  the  light  side,  near  the  circumference,  and  filling  it  with  an  amount  of 
lead  sufficient  to  estabUsh  a  proper  equilibrium. 

Mill  stones  when  balanced  while  at  re.?t  are  usually  fonnd,  when  run- 
ning, not  to  retain  an  equal  distance  between  the  face  ;  one  side  will  drag 
^bear  harder  on  the  meal  subjected  to  its  action,  consequently  a  mill- 
stone in  this  condition  will  grind  unevenly.  It  is  said  to  be  out  of  "  run- 
ning balance." 

From  the  very  nature  of  the  construction  of  the  French  miUstone  (thf 
kiod  u&td  at  present  most  excluuvely),  being  an  assemblage  of  block^ 


BJLLAKCDfG  OP  MILL   STONES.  647 

called  "  burr  blocks,"  of  various  sizes,  and  on  r.u  average  about  5  inches 
thick,  the  remainder  of  tlie  body  of  the  mill  stone  being  made  up  of 
epawls,  all  cemented  toirether  M-ith  pki^ter  of  Paris ;  it  is  evident  that 
the  material  can  not  easily  be  distributed  symmetrically  as  to  weight. 
To  illustrate— conceive  a  lijae  E,  E,  drawn  through  the  pivot  P,  and  par- 
allel to  the  face  F,  F.  TTe  will  also  suppose  a  section  6  inches  thick  cut 
cut  of  the  center  of  the  mill  stone.  Such  section  from  a  mill  stone  4  feet 
in  diameter  would  weigh  about  260  pounds,  taking  tlie  weight  of  tha 
plaeter  at  iX)  pounds  per  cubic  foot,  and  that  of  the  burr  block  at  IGO 
pounds. 


Now  it  may  happen  that  in  the  construction  of  the  mill  Ftone,  45  pounds 
may  be  placed  to  the  right  of  the  center  line  A,  A,  and  below  tlie  hori- 
lontal  line  E,  E  ;  35  pounds  may  come  above  tills  line  on  the  same  side 
of  A,  A  ;  55  pounds  and  25  pormds  may  chance  to  be  on  the  opiX)site, 
below  and  above  E,  E,  respectively.  Tlie  sum  of  the  weights  on  the  right 
of  A,  .\,  is  eqiuil  to  the  sum  of  the  weights  on  the  left,  viz.  :  80  pounds. 
The  standing  balance  still  obtains.  The  center  of  gravity  ct,  and  </*  of 
each  h.ilf  of  our  section  taken  seiiaratcly,  however,  will  not  be  in  or  at 
equal  distances  from  tlie  line  E,  E,  witli'  tlie  material  thus  distributed  ; 
but  will  fall  above  on  the  right  to  7".  and  below  on  the  left  to  f/'" :  a  line 
joining  these  centers  of  gravity  will  take  the  direction  N,  N.  Xow  when 
a  mill  stone  so  constructed  is  rotated  about  its  axis  A,  A,  the  center  of 
gravity  g'"  will  rise,  and  y"  tend  to  fall.  The  line  X,  N,  would  become 
nearer  horizontil  as  the  speed  increases,  the  line  E,  E,  becomes  inclined 
and  the  face  F,  F,  untrue.    The  mill  .^tone  is  out  of  ''  runniug  balance." 

TTie  amount  of  pres.-ure  produced  in  our  example  assumed,  we  com- 
pute as  follows  :  A\'e  draw  a  line  through  the  center  of  gravity  y"  par- 
allel to  the  face  F,  F.  until  it  meet«  the  perpendicular  line  A,  A  ;  we  sim- 
ilarly draw  a  line  through  y'".  We  will  also  suppose  tlie  centers  of  grav- 
ity g"  and  r/"'  to  be  removed  \  of  an  inch  from  their  proper  pLace  on  the 
line  E,  E.  The  centrifugal  for-  2  would  be  given,  by  the  known  expres- 
|ioQ  ^^  where  ni,  represents  the  mass,  or  the  weight  divided  by  th% 


64S 


BAiAXCDfG    OF    MILL    STONES. 


force  of  gravity,  in  onr  case  fcr  ^  of  the  section  -55-  v,  is  the  Telocity  in 
this  instance,  for  the  point  g"  or  y"'  and  in  a  stoue  -I  feft  in  diameter  a1 
173  revolntions  per  minute,  18  feet  per  seooud,  about :  r  represents  tlia 
radios,  equal  to  P,  ^  =  1  ft.  in  our  case.  Hence  substituting  these  values 
is  the  formula,  we  obtain "  ^^  j  ""  =  810  lbs-  for  the  centrifngal  force.  The 
part  of  this  force  which  is  effective  in  prodncing  the  pressure  at  X  equals 
810.  Cosine  of  the  angle  EP  t  =  7-^4  pounds  nearly.  The  force  acts  witli 
the  lever  arms  g  g"  \  inch  and  PX  =  25  inches.  We  have,  therefore,  for 
the  total  pressure  at  the  point  X  —^'}-—  x  2  =  li.G8  pounds  ;  an  amount 

frequently  present  in  millstones  in  actual  use,  producing,  by  this  unequal 
pressure,  a  flour  or  meal  less  advantageons  to  the  miller,  both  as  regards 
quality  and  quantity. 

What  is  required',  therefore,  to  adjoit  the  "  Rai^:  '^  r  ""' '"  — -'  - 

out  distnrbinij  the  "  Standimj  Balr.nce  "  is  to  add 
vv^,'.t  fr-::!  on.  ri  ^:.^^     Tl.us.  if  v.-e  r;dd  10  ^i.!::! !~  :         ^       ^ 

-'  'thepaitvr  ..lids, -RO  have 

;  while  we '-  the  ■weights  of 

16  balance  in  an  actual  case,  we  -  :  Pirst,  pat  the  run- 

iicr-?t'^r!'»  :n  tr^d  ?tr.r.'ifrr-l>aiaij  i  the  bed -stone,  ana 

t;  '  ;sly.    Yi':-  il.iu  liiiie  the  stone,  place  two 

^:  «,  start  the  runner  and  turn  off  the  back 

t:...     ... el,  having  firstarmnged  a  firm  rest     We 

then  remove  the  strips,  run  the  stone  at  its  proper  sj^ed,  and  mark  the 
l!i.rh  ^ide  by  brinein^  n  T^Ti'Ml  ??^>ir>=^  it.  T!?e  r> eh  side  requires,  as  we 
h  ' ' ■         •  .       .  .  .  ,        ,     ^,^^  drcumference, 

i  r  the   circumference 

f.:  v-e  tie  several  bars  01 

le.  -i .  :  i"..e;:e  pla»:es,  lei-eatiug  :..e  OiKrrati.,u  unt.l  the  proper  amount  of 
w  •?:,']  t  is  fotmd,  which  is  then  secnrely  fixed  to  the  stone,  making  a  pn>- 
per  allowance  for  any  plaster  removed  from  the  stone,  or  any  waste  in- 
curred in  mating  tii3  lead. 


Se-p:a'  :  r.tcr.t  hr.Iances  which  facilltite  the  oi>eration  have  been  intro- 
duced. -V  more  coiumon  one  consists  of  a  ca:^t  iron  box,  which  is  insert- 
•ed  in  the  stone  r.t  tho  rircnaiference.  and  in  which  a  weiirht  can  be  raise/' 

(-  '  '  '  -      -  ^  -  .      •■-'--■  '--''*'■-    case  is  "t 

f:  '.-tat  thife 

}  .         -    :  from  t]:o 

r.      ;.  ..  '-.    l;    ■  r  ;...".:  i.ii.i  1. 18  reverse. 

i:  i»  ::  :  I  •  .     ^  .::t  in  good  running  lul- 

ance,  thi.t  it  v.  ill  :  ...  ..:  .j  i  .>  v.  .ii>a-.-  ..  .•  _  aay  length  of  time.  But, 
on  the  contrary,  its  iinlance  will  change  from  the  effects  of  the  weather  ; 
ttiat  is,  by  an  unequal  absorption  of  moisture,  due  to  an  tmeqnal  distribo- 


PORTABLE   GRIST  MILL. 


649 


tion  of  the  plaster  forming  the  back,  and  from  an  nnequal  wear  of  t!ie 
face  as  well.  It  is,  therefore,  expedient  to  fretjuently  examine  the  balance 
and  adjust  the  same.     V.  Bachman  in  ^fiU  Stone. 

Tlie  art  of  kvhmcmg  mill  stones  is  Rreatiy  simpUfied  by  an  ingeniona 
arrangement  used  by  the  Xordyke  &  ilarmon  Co.,  of  IndianapoUs.  lud., 
who  imbed  5  cast  iron  boxes,  like  the  one  represented  in  the  right  han^. 
cut,  in  the  body  of  the  runner  stone.  They  are  placed  in  the  numcr 
with  the  lid  of  tlie  box  a  little  below  the  plaster  back  with  the  rounding 
part  in  contact  with  the  band.  Tlie  left  hand  figure  illustrates  the  inner 
adjustable  box,  and  screw  for  adjusting  the  same  when  in  the  stone.  It. 
will  be  noticed  it  lias  two  parts,  divided  by  a  iwirtition.  The  cover  to  this 
Iimer  bo.x,  shown  in  the  ceutral  figure,  is  secured  with  a  screw,  and  fits 
down  upon  tlie  box  jiud  close  over  the  division,  so  that  either  side  may  be 
used  when  the  weight  is  wanted  at  a  point  between  any  two  of  the  bal- 
ance boxes.  These  balance  boxes  gives  the  miller  full  control  of  the  run- 
ner ;  a  wrench  is  the  only  tool  required,  and  the  requisite  weights,  when 
once  placed  in  the  box,  are  not  liable  to  derangement  like  those  ordinar- 
ily used. 


THE  NORDYKE  &  MARMON  PORTABLE  GRIST  MILL. 


The  above  illustration  represents  a  Portable  Grist  Mill  made  by  the  ex- 
'icnsive  mill  furnishing  firm  of  Xordyke,  Marmoii  &  Co.,  Indianapolis, 
Ind.  It  is  construetod  of  the  best  French  burr,  is  self-oiling,  self-feeding, 
adjxistable-balanced,  and  is  well  calculated  to  render  efficient  service  to 
farmers,  saw-mill  owners,  &c..  as  it  dispenses  with  skilled  attendance,  la 
wen  adapted  to  aaj  kind  ol  gaitable  power,  and  is  capable  of  grinding  ^ 


650 


MILL    STONE    DRESS,    AC. 


bushels  of  com  per  hour.  The  great  variety  and  immense  number  of  first 
class  water  and  steam  mills  erected  by  this  firm  all  over  the  fertile  regions 
of  the  West  and  South,  form  a  suiBcient  attet^tation  of  their  abilities  and 
resources  as  floiuiiig  mill  contractors,  eiigiueers,  and  mechanical  experts. 
In  addition  to  their  regular  mill  furnisluDg  business,  which  has  expanded 
to  vast  proportions  since  its  establishmc  jt  in  1S51,  this  firm  publish  the 
Mill  Stone  (terms  $1  per  annum),  a  monthly  joarnalof  paramount  utility 
to  everj'  miller,  farmer,  and  mechanic.  Of  this  periodical,  suffice  it  to 
gay,  that  one  of  the  articles  transferred  to  these  pages  and  credited  to  the 
Mill  Stone,  has  been  pronounced  by  a  practical  man  belonging  to  the  craft, 
to  be  worth  of  itself  610  to  any  n^'Uer.  The  articles  are  pregnant  with 
interest  to  every  miller  and  will  aoubtless  be  read  and  studied  -nith  the 
attention  which  ther  deserve. 

Number  of  JIeshes  ik  Boltixg  Clotu. — The  following  Table  exhibits 
the  number  of  meshes  contained  in  each  number  of  cloth  from  No.  0000 
to  No.  16,  of  Dufour  &  Co.'s  Anchor  Brand  of  Bolting  cloth  : 

7  contains 7,744 

"      8,464 

"      10,000 

"      12,100 

"       14,400 

"      1G,900 

"       :. 19,600 

'<      22,500 

"       25,600 

«'      28,900 


Ho.  0000  contams 4001No. 


000 
00 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
R 
6 


blC, 

"   8 

1,024 

"   9 

1,704 

"  10 

2,704 

"  11 

3,600 

"  12 

4,096 

"  13 

4,624 

"  14 

5,184 

"  15 

6,400 

"  16 

Mill  Stone  Dress. — On  this  subject  a  practical  miller  writes  to  the 
Mill  Stone  as  follows:  "  In  the  first  ])lace  the  burr  must  be  brought  to  a 
perfectly  true  face,  and  then  lay  off  tiie  furrows  with  a  straight  edge,  IJ 
inches  wide  at  the  eye,  and  l|  inches  wide  at  the  skirt.  Let  the  flare  be 
on  the  feather  edge,  and  just  a.i  many  quarters  as  may  be  thought  best, 
and  which  will  depend  soniewluit  on'the  speed.  I  generally  give  a  four 
foot  burr  from  13  to  16  leading  furrows,  stepping  them  off  with  a  pair  of 
compasses  on  the  outs'de  edge  of  burr,  from  9  to  12  inches  apart,  and 


then  dividing  the  spaces  between  them  into  quarters.  The  accompanying 
draft  of  the  dress  that  I  use  will  give  a  very  good  idea  of  my  plan.  I  hay« 
been  using  this  dress  for  years,  and  find  it"  gives  better  satisfaction  ta 
quality  of  flour  than  any  other  dress  I  ever  used.  It  grinds  cooler  and 
longer  than  the  old  style  of  dress,  and  it  will  grind  wet  or  damp  wheat 
better,  because  there  is  less  friction  about  it  and  there  is  more  room  for 
tf-i  meal  to  get  out  troiK.  undsr  the  burrs,  aud  therefore  the  meal  must  b« 


<IPEED.   CAPACITY.   AC,   05"   inLtT  ST&NESx         ""631 
Estimate  OF  the  SpEirf) "Power,  CAPAciTr  A>rD  iJfatss  "bir  Milii-" 

•rOXES  AS  PRACTICED  IX  GrEAT  BRITAIX  FOR  GRINDING  WhIAT  WHERB 

ii'O  Exhaust  or  Combined  Blast  and  Exhaust  are  used.    The  Miller, 


Arcrajie  capa- 

city j)cr  lioiii- 

Draught  from 

IKaraeter  ot 

Revolutioui 

Hone   power. 

of  princling  i;i 
bxish.  through 

Usual  dress. 

fore  e  d  e  c  ol 

Milletone. 

per  Minute. 

furrow. 

the  journey. 

Feet.  Inches. 

Inches. 

2          6 

200 

2% 

2;i 

7.3 

214 

2        10 

180 

2^4 

2% 

8.3 

2V2 
2>l 

3         0 

170 

3 

3 

9.3 

3         2 

ICO 

314 

3^ 

31/4 

9.3 

2% 

3         4 

150 

354 

10.3 

3 

3         6 

140 

3% 
3'^ 
3% 

^ 

Nearly  4 

10.3 

3 

3         8 

130 

10.3 

3 

3        10 

125 

11.3 

3 

4         0 

120 

4 

4 

1'>.4 

3 

4         2 

115 

41/8 

4V* 

1).4 

3 

4         4 

110 

4V4 

4y2 

11.4 

3% 

4         6 

105 

tS 

5 

12.4 

3% 

4         8 

100 

6 

12.4 

3%. 

4        10 

95 

5 

6^2 

12.4 

4* 

5         0 

90 

6 

7 

12.4 

^'A 

In  reference  to  the  foregoing  Table,  The  Miller  quotes  the  opinion  of  a 
Scotch  engineer  and  millwright  whose  experience  entitles  hiin  to  rank  as 
an  authority,  to  the  effect  that  there  should  be  only  four  standard  diame- 
ters of  millstones,  viz.  :  3  ft.  3  ft.  6  ins.  4  ft.  4  ft.  6  ins.  for 
■which  the  speed  should  be  170  revolutions  for  the  3  ft. ,  155,  135,  and 
115  for  the  other  sizes  respectively,  and  he  estimates  that  all  their  sizes 
would  each  absorb  6  indicated  horse  power  to  grind  4  bushels  of  wheat 
per  hour  ;  in  other  words,  the  smallest  stone  at  its  liigh  rate  of  speed,  with 
equal  duty,  would  require  as  much  power  to  propel  it  as  would  be  taken 
ty  the  largest  stone  with  its  low  rate  of  speed.  The  same  authority  ex- 
presses a  conviction,  based  on  a  mature  experience  of  30  years,  that  a  vast 
improvement  could  be  eCTected  on  the  system  presented  in  the  above 
Table  by  taking  the  4  foot  stone,  rimniug  at  i:Jo,  as  the  standard  for 
universal  use  in  grinding  wheat.  It  is  recommended  further  that  all  mills 
should  be  so  constructed  that  the  velocity  of  the  stones  could  be  varied  at 
pleasure,  tchen  in  operation,  either  by  running  each  pair  by  conical  pul- 
Iey.s  or  drums,  or  by  a  separate  engine,  as  the  state  of  the  weather,  or  tha 
diilerent  varieties  oi  wheat,  may  demand. 
Concerning  the  blast  and  exhaust  the  Miller  remarks  : 
•'  It  is  stiited  by  some  parties  favorable  to  the  combined  Blast  and  Ex- 
haust that,  by  the  adoption  of  that  system,  a  saving  of  power  is  effected, 
and  tliat  eight  bushels  of  wheat  can  be  ground  by  s/j:-horse  power.  The 
pov.ei',  however,  being  imlimited,  the  quantity  ground  can  be  increased 
almost  indefinitely,  in  tlie  above  proportion,  according  to  the  weight  of 
tlie  millstone,  sixteen  bushels  per  hour  often  being  ground  on  this  sys- 
tem. The  application  of  the  Exhaust,  drawing  the  air  tlirough  the  eye  of 
the  ruuning  millstone,  does  not  produce  a  greater  current  than  that  of  at- 
mospheric pressure,  the  millstones  grind  somewhat  faster,  and  there  is  ft 
cor  responding  amount  of  economic  power,  the  millstones  working  more 
freely.  Many  advantages  in  this  respect  result  from  th'  adoption  of 
tlie  simple  Exhaust,  having  for  its  object  the  removal  on\y  of  tne  stiyd 
from  tlie  millstone  case." 


652 


SPEED    Al^D    PITCH    OF   BOLT,   AC. 


To  Re3I0%T!  GLA2i^  FROM  MnxsTONES. — Take  the  burrs,  clean  all  tha 
flour  off  with  a  bixjorn  and  \rash  them  with  lii>t  rate  vinegar.  This  will 
leave  the  stoues  free  froiii  glaze.  The  better  way  i<  to  wash  the  stones  at 
night  aud  leave  them  to  dry  until  morning.  A  miliei-  who  has  used  the 
method  for  25  years,  recommends  to  take  up  the  atones  while  warn\ 
and  wash  them  with  a  mixture  of  one  half  pail  of  soft  water  and  one 
qaart  sharp  vinegar,  applie<l  with  a  woollen  cloth.     LefeVs  Xeics. 

Speed  axd  Pitch  of  Bolt. — An  exijerieuced  miller  -writes  on  thia 
subject  as  follows  : 

Manv  vears  of  practical  experience  in  custom  mPJing  and  in  grinding  , 
all  kinds'  of  wheat,  hard  and  soft,  wet  and  dry,  lias  convinced  me  that ; 
the  best  speed  to  give  a  bolt  cloth  to  accompU.<h  tie  most  and  best  work, 
is  200  feet  per  minute-  The  reel  should  have  ^  to  |  inch  pitch  per  loot 
and  should  be  kept  as  full  as  its  capacity  requires.  Reels  when  working 
on  hard  wheat  should  have  more  pitch  than  v.hen  working  on  soft  wheat. 
More  mUlei-s  get  into  trouble  witii  their  bolts  by  running  tbem  too  fast 
than  by  any  other  cause.  The  fa.-ter  you  run  t'le  cloth  after  yon  get  np 
to  200'feet'  per  minute,  the  less  it  will  bolt  and  you  can  give  it  speed 
enough  to  carry  all  the  flour,  middlings  rjid  bran  together  out  ol  the  tail 
end  of  the  vt-tL    Ii(^q,  '  ^i'cics. 


THE  HOLMES  AND  BLANCH ARD  PCRTAELE  I^XIi. 

Tlie  above  illustration  represents  an  excellent  type  of  a  geared  Portable 
Grin  ling  MUl  manufacture'd  by  the  well  known  "mill  furnishing  firr.i  cf 
Holmes  &  Blanchard,  Boston,  'Mass.  They  also  manufacture  the  sace 
class  of  mill,  at  less  cost,  with  vertical  pulley.  The  stones  are  n:ic;e  in 
one  entire  piece  from  the  best  French  burrs"  and  are  well  adattcd  for 
fk>uring  wheat,  grinding  com.  grain,  feed,  plaster,  salt,  coffee,  spices.  £c. 
The  makers  claim  that  the  capacity  of  tlseir  mills,  of  wliich  they  bull  1  f\ 
great  variety,  can  be  increased  to  almost  any  extent,  by  an  increase  ot 
power  or  speed,  or  they  can  be  worked  with  light  power  by  dimiui.«hing 
the  speed  and  quantity  of  work.    Their  aoills,  now  nombeiing  man  j  huu' 


CALCULATIONS    FOR    BELTS,   40. 


655 


dreds  of  every  size  and  class,  are  highly  spoken  of  by  the  purchasers, 
Rud  the  writer  can  l>ear  witness  to  the  utility  of  one  which  rendered  ex- 
•  client  service  to  a  lai-ge  comiunnity  on  his  own  premises  in  New  Bruns- 
wi^'k,  Canada,  until  its  oaieer  of  usefulness  was  terminated  by  a  tire 
wliich  destroyed  the  mill  building  with  all  its  contents. 

The  foilowin.;T;;b'eexl\il'its  the  pro;  erspeed.  power  required,  perform- 
ance, &c.,  of  the  Holmes  &  Blanchard  Portable  Mills. 


15£.sr  SPEED  I  BUSHELS  COKS'  ,  SIZE  OF 
DIAM-  rcu  MixuTF.  GROU>rD  PER  HOUB.  i  PULLEYS. 
ETER     : H.  P.    


OF 
STONES 

Steam  j               i 
,or  wa'r'Animal 
power.  1  Power.) 

Fine. 

Coarse. 

Crack- 
ed. 

re- 
quired. 

Dia. 
Inches- 

'  Face. 
'Inches 

43  inches. 

275    1                1 

20 

30 

200 

15 

2S 

1        10 

36       " 

1   300  1        ; 

15 

22 

,  i.-o 

10 

i        24 

1        10 

30 


325 


5     I        16     I 


24 

i    ^^  ! 

203    1 

6     i 

12 

IX) 

^     i 

16 

6 

20        " 

j    3:0 

275    1 

•1     1 

8  ; 

-!0 

3     I 

14 

5 

18 

1       coO     ■ 

275     ! 

3    ! 

6     1 

30 

2     1 

14 

5 

16 

:     ::) 

L75     1 

2     1 

-t     i 

0.) 

nil 

14 

5 

To  FDTD  THE  LeXGTH  OF  A  DrIVIXG  BeLT  BEFORE  THE  PctLETS 

AKE  IX  PosiTiox.— Add  the  circuiuiereuce  of  the  two  pulleys,  divide  the 
product  by  two,  and  add  tLe  quotient  thus  obtained  to  doubre  the  distance 
between  the  centres  of  tlie  two  shafts  wliich  will  give  the  lenstli  of  belt 
required.  For  a  cross  belt,  add  the  circumference  of  the  two  piillevs.  mul- 
tiply the  product  by  three,  and  divide  by  two ;  the  quotient  added  to  double 
the  dL~tance  between  centres  of  both  sliaft^  will  give  ttie  length,  required. 
Horse-power  of  a  belt  eqiuils  velocity  in-feet  per  minute  multiplied  by 
tiie  width,  the  sum  divided  by  1000. 

One  inch  single  belt,  moving  at  1000  ft.  per  minute  =  1  horse  power. 

Double  belts  about  TOO  ft.  per  minute,  per  one  in.  in  width  =  1  horse 
power. 

For  double  belts  of  great  length,  over  large  pulleys,  allow  about  500  ft. 
X>er  minute  per  inch  of  width  per  horse-power. 

Power  should  be  communicated  through  the  lower  mnning  side  of  a 
belt  the  upper  side  to  carry  the  slack.  { 

Average  breaking  -weights  of  a  belt,  3-16  x  1  inch  wide.  Leatlier, 
850  lbs  ;  3  ply  rubber,  600  lbs.  The  strenirth  of  a  belt  increases  as  its 
•width.  The  co-efficient  of  safety  for  a  laced  belt  is  leather  =  1-16  break- 
ing weisht,  rubber  —  1-3  do. 

To  Determine  where  to  ctt  Bell  holes  ix  Floors. — Measure 
the  dL-tance  in  inches  from  centre  of  dri\-ing  shaft  to  under  side  of  tloor, 
on  the  upper  side  make  a  ipark  over  the  centre  of  shaft.  Now  measure 
the  distmce  from  centre  of  shaft  on  machine  to  be  driven  to  floor,  making 
a  marlc  on  the  floor  immeduitelj-  bcne;ith  tiie  centre,  tlien  measure  tlie 
distance  between  tlie  two  marks.  Transfer  these  figures  to  a  board  or 
paper,  draw  off  the  driving  and  the  driven  pulleys^  after  finding  their 
diameters  at  the  distance  from  each  other  and  the  floor  Une  previously 


654  CALCULATIOXS   FOR   BELTS,   AC. 

obtained,  and  draw  the  lines  representing  the  belt  cutting  the  floor  lines 
■which  -vrill  show  where  the  belt  passes  through  the  flocr.  The  drawing, 
can  be  made  to  a  scale  to  reduce  it  to  convenient  dimensions,  maintoiniug 
the  proportions.  The  holes  may  now  be  marked  off  on  the  floor  and  cut 
with  a  ceitaiuty  of  being  correct  In  making  the  drawing  it  is  best  to  da 
it  full  size  on  the  floor  if  room  can  be  had,  and  allowance  must  be  mada 
for  the  thickness  of  flooring. 

Working  value  of  Ptlleys. — PuUevs  covered  with  leather,  iron 
puUeys  polished,  and  mahogany  puUeys'  jxiUshed,  rank  for  working 
value  as  36.  24,  and  25  per  cent,  resijectively,  wood  and  iron  uncovered  be- 
ing almost  identical.  The  smoother  a  pulley  i.s  turaed  the  greater  will  be 
the  power  imparted  by  it,  and  the  better  will  be  tlie  hold  of  the  belt.  A 
puUey  which  is  slightly  higher  in  the  middle  of  its  width  exerts  the 
greatest  power  in  reteming  the  belt  from  slipping  off  as  well  as  making 
it  lasr  longer  by  imparting  the  greatest  tension  to  the  middle,  or  strong- 
est part  of  the  belt,  to  the  manifest  relief  of  tlie  edges  or  weakest  part.  To 
obtain  the  best  results  from  belts  it  i.s  necessary,  in  lacing  or  cementing 
the  ends,  that  the  latter  should  be  cut  exactly  square  across,  and  the 
junction  should  be  equally  true,  otherwise  the  "belt  will  be  strained  and 
torn  on  the  tightest  side,  besides  being  rendered  liable  to  run  off  the  pul- 
ley at  any  time. 

Belts  connecting  pulleys  perpendicular  to  each  other  should  be  kept 
tight,  and  should  me  made  of  firm,  well  stretched  leather,  in  order  to 
work  to  the  best  advantage. 

To  cojOTTE  THE  Hors«:-powt:r  of  a  belt,  its  velocity  and  thb 

NUMBER  OF   SQU.\RE  INCHES   IX  CONTACT   WITH  THE  SMALLEST  PULLEY 

BEING  KNOWN. — Divide  the  number  of  square  inches  of  belt  in  contact 
■with  the  pulley  by  2,  multiply  this  quotient  by  the  velocity  of  the  belt  in 
feet  per  minute,  and  this  amount  divided  by  36,0C0  and  the  quotient  wiU 
be  the  number  of  horse-power. 

To   COMPUTE   THE  -WrDTH  OF  BeLTS    REQUIRED  FOR  TEANSMITTIXQ 

TARious  NU"MBERs  OF  HORSE-POWER. — Multiply  36,000  ty  the  number  of 
torse-power,  divide  the  product  by  the  number  of  feet  the  belt  is  to  run 
per  minute,  di-vide  the  quotient  by  the  number  of  fiet  or  parts  of  a  foot 
in  length  of  belt  contact  with  the  smaller  pulley  ;  divide  the  last  quotient 
ty  6,  and  tiie  result  will  be  the  desired  width  of  the  belt  in  inches.* 

To  Prevent  AccrDENTS  from  Shafting. — These  may  be  rendered 
Impossible  by  loose  sleeves  formed  of  tin  or  zinc  fitted  to  the  shafting,  and 
lined  -with  cloth  or  leather  to  prevent  noise. 

To  Grind  Burrs  into  Face  with  Water. — Make  the  face  of  the 
stone  absolutely  true,  then  bosom  each  stone  slightly  and  grind  them  in 
water  at  a  low  speed.  Let  tlie  speed  be  high  enough,  however,  to  bring 
the  water  to  the  lands.  To  grind  in  face  the  spindle  should  be  slightly 
loose  in  the  bush  and  the  numtug  stone  made  to  oscillate  1-lG  of  an  inch 
or  more.  This  will  prevent  the  burrs  from  creasing  each  other,  and  will 
leave  a  perfect  face.  The  bosom  of  the  mill  should  be  two  brans  at  tha 
eye  and  one  bran  at  the  skirt ;  jiLst  enough  to  prevent  centre  riding.  A 
■wedge  face  from  eye  to  skirt,  is  faulty  for  the  manufacture  of  pare  flour. 
The  bran  should  lie  horizontally  throughout  its  passage  through  the  niilL 
The  furrows  serve  as  squashing  surfaces.  "Where  tliere  are  furrows,  no 
Iweoming  is  demanded.     LeffeVs  Xeics. 

To  Prevent  Burks  He.^ting. — Dress  from  centre  to  circumference, 
leaving  no  bosom.  Draw  a  line  across  the  centre,  each  way,  dividing  a 
four  foot  burr  into  16  squares  or  divisions,  and  other  sizes,  more  or  less, 

•XoTE  The  above  estimate  is  based  on  the  rule  of  allowing  each  squara 
tech  of  belting  in  contact  with  tiie  pulley  to  raise  half  a  pound  1  ft.  high  in  1 
minute  and  the  raising  of  36,000  lbs.  same  height  ia  same  time  as  a  aorse* 
fower* 


INSTRUCTIONS  TO  MILLERS,  AC.  655 

in  the  same  proportion,  with  all  straight  furrows.  Let  the  draft  be  i  the 
diameter  of  the  rock.  Lay  oft'  the  lands  and  farrows  i  inch  each  observ- 
ing to  dress  smooth.  Sink  the  furrow  at  the  eye  ^  inch  deep  for  com, 
and  run  out  to  I'g  at  the  periphery  ;  for  wheat  fa  at  the  eye,  and  ^  at  the 
periphery.  When  thus  furnished,  crack  the  lands  in  straight  lines,  squara 
■with  the  draft  of  cross  lines,  so  as  to  make  the  lauds  face  in  the  rimner 
and  bed  direct. 

SiJiPLE  Alarm  for  Mill  Hoppers.— Take  a  piece  of  spring  steel 
about  A  u\.  wide,  and  bend  one  end  of  it  so  as  to  form  a  foot  by  which  to 
screw  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  shoe,  the  balance  of  the  spring  passing  up 
through  and  mto  the  hopper,  and  bent  over  at  its  upper  end  so  as  to  form  a 
pendant  to  which  rivet  a  small  bell.  As  soon  as  the  grain  in  the  hopper 
gets  below  the  bell,  it  will  commence  to  ring  and  thus  notify  the  attend- 
ant.    Lefd's  N'eu's. 

Temperature  OF  Oat  Meal  Kiln.  Grindino  of  Oatmeal. — In 
response  to  a  request  from  a  correspondent,  Mr.  Graj-,  an  experienced 
miUer,  £;n,ys,  "  There  is  no  given  temperature  in  drying  oats  ;  it  is  the 
plate  you  bring  to  the  necessary  heat,  not  the  house.  Oats  are  not  all 
the  same  grade,  some  kinds  are  thinner  in  the  hull  than  others.  I  always 
preferred  a  cast  iron  plate  in  place  of  tile,  as  you  get  more  heat.  I  do  not 
think  a  perforated  cylinder  will  make  sweet  meal,  that  is  still  the  great 
want  in  the  country,  the  meal  is  stewed  in  the  drying,  and  has  not  a  fine 
taste.  The  good  old  plan  to  find  out  when  your  kiln  floor  is  ready  to  re- 
ceive the  oats  is  just  to  spit  on  the  plate  and  if  it  raises  the  bead  you  can 
at  once  load  your  kiln  six  inches  deep  with  the  oats.  The  cold  oats  will 
cool  it  down  a  little  when  the  miller  must  look  to  his  furnace  and  keep 
up  the  same  heat  he  started  with — not  any  hotter.  It  wiU  soon  begin  to 
steam,  and  in  about  half  an  hour  skim  off  the  oats  with  the  hand  down 
to  the  plate,  and  he  will  see  whether  it  is  hot  or  cold;  when  the  oats  are 
dry,  say  two  inches  on  the  bottom,  that  will  be  perhaps  over  an  hour, 
take  the  wooden  shovel  and  clean  off  its  breadth  around  three  squares  of 
the  kiln  by  throwing  them  over  on  the  oats.  Then  turn  the  oats  over  to 
the  one  end  (not  the  sides)  neatly  turning  them  on  top  from  the  bottom. 
This  takes  some  practice.  When  done  your  kiln  head  will  be  same  as  at 
beginning.  It  will  steam  again  after  about  an  hour  ;  when  the  steam  ia 
off,  turn  it  over  again  but  reverse  the  end  (turn  back).  Don't  let  the  fur- 
nace get  too  hot  now,  keep  its  temperature  down  rather.  In  about  an 
hour  more  the  miller  wiH  find  his  oats  dry.  He  must  now  0]ien  his  fur- 
nace doors  and  cool  down,  let  the  oats  lay  on  the  kiln  20  minutes  even 
after  they  are  dry.  He  will  find  that  this  will  give  them  a  sweet  taste , 
Never  dry  with  seeds  as  it  imparts  to  the  meal  a  tar  taste.  I  has  e  tried 
a  good  many  kinds  of  millstones  for  oat  meal,  and  I  find  in  my  long  ex- 
perience that  four  foot  porous  burrs  driven  120  revolutions,  with  a  three 
toed  rynd  loose  on  the  spindle  and  resting  in  3  dents  in  the  runner,  are  the 
best.  I  think  the  20  inch  vertical  burrs  will  make  the  oat  meal  too  floury, 
as  oat  meal  don't  fcike  so  much  friction,  the  stones  being  kept  so  high — 
more  so  than  in  making  flour."     Leffel's  News. 

Nofe.—"Leffel's  Milling  and  Mechanical  Ketcs,"  from  which  the  above 
items  are  transcribed,  is  a  monthly  journal  (terms  50  cents  per  aninmi'),  pub- 
lished by  James  Leffel&  Co.,  manufacturer.s  of  the  cMebrated  LefCel  Turbine 
Wlieel,  Springfield,  Ohio.  The  paper  is  edited  withoonsumraato  ability,  and 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  very  many  of  the  items  contained  in  it  are  singly  well 
■worth  the  whole  year's  subscription  tenfold. 

The  Indianapolis  Mechanical  Journal  (monthly,  50  cents  per  annum),  J.  H. 
Kerriok,  publisher,  Indianapolis.  Ind.,  is  a  most  useful  periodical  to  every 
one  who  either  operates  or  ■wishes  to  procure  machinery,  and  the  Western 
Manufacturer  (monthly,  S2  per  annum),  Coyne  &  Co.,  publishers  (and  Pate^^t 
Agents)  Chicago,  Ills.,  is  unexcelled  on  theeubiect  o£  etatietics  and  general 
Mormattoa  of  interest  to  mauufacturerQj^  ( 


65C 


HAHRieON'S    GUI^■DI^■G    MILL. 


HARRISON' S  IMPROVED  STANDARD  GRINDING  MILL. 

The  above  iHustration  represents  a  new  improved  light  stundard  20 
inch  grinding  mill  as  constructed  by  Edward  Harrison,  of  New  Ha\  en. 
Conn.  It  weighs  600  Ihs.  and  tlie  manufacturer  claims  for  it  a  grinding 
capacity  (with  from  6  to  20  horse-power)  of  from  fi  to  40bnshels  per  hour, 
and  that  with  1200  revolutions  per  minute,  it  has  a  griudin^c  surface 
equal  to  J  more  than  a  common  48  inch  run  with  175  turns  j/cr  minute. 
He  claims  that  the  high  speed  adds  a  large  grinding  surface  to  the  burrs, 
tliat  the  grain  is  exploded  into  meal,  bran,  &:c.,  as  soon  as  it  touches  ths 
bnrrs,  that  the  vertical  iJosition  of  the  stones  jierniits  easy  delivery  of  the 
meal  and  cool  giinding,  and  that  there  is  not  only  no  possibility  of  the 
ruimer  fdkiwing  np  the  bed  face  and  giindiu'::  itself  out  of  true,  but  that, 
on  the  contrary,  the  runners  are  self-facing  (the  bed  being  sbitiouery.  the 
runner  rii;id,  no  jnvot,  br.le  and  driver  being  used)  and  grind  themselves 
so  true  tl)at  with  but  little  additional  labor  they  will  run  to  within  the 
thousandth  i)art  of  an  inch  without  touching. 

The  mill  in  its  com  jlete  form,  combiuiug  grinder,  scourer,  and  bolter, 
(the  last  two  are  shown  in  the  next  cx^.t)  is  a  decided  novelty,  and  when 
contra.stt'd  with  other  mills,  presents  many  startling  pouits  of  difference. 
Brietly  described,  the  bolter,  or  mill-case  is  a  cylinder  about  10  ft.  long 
Ly  3  ft.  in  diara.,  m.Tde  of  staves  and  held  together  by  a  baud  and  iron 
Lead.s.  into  one  of  which  the  grinder  is  fitfed.  whicli  is  merely  a  20  inch 
pair  of  burrs,  set  vertically,  with  the  nuiner  turning  on  the"  inside,  its 
spindle  passing  horizontally  through  the  bed  stone  ui  a  journal  abov.t  10 
ins.  in  length.  The  scourer  and  bolter  is  connected  to  the  grinder  by  in- 
genious machinery.  On  the  top  of  the  case  a  ventilator  runs  the  entire 
length,  having  au  opeoiug  of  about  20  superficial  square  feet,  which  i§ 


HORSE   P0"V7ER    OF    STREAMS. 


657 


ionstrnctcd  for  cooling  the  bolter  qaickly,  the  openinj:  heinjr  covered  with 
R  fibrous  rlotli  material  which  permits  the  air  to  escape  freely,  causing  a 
low  ana  even  te!ui)eratui-e,  wliile  detaining  the  fine  flour  dust.  A  dis- 
charge sjunit  runs  the  whole  length  of  t!ie  case.  Tlie  silk  Iwlter  occupies 
nearly  the  entire  space  in  the  cylinder,  and  is  lully  protected  from  not 


efihstances  passing  into  it  irom  the  grinder  by  a  wire  screen.  The  mid- 
dlings cloth  is  attached  to  tlie  finer  silk,  onthe  reel,  continuously,  ajid 
around  it  the  middlings  chamber  is  formed  the  full  circunifereuee  of  the 
reel-head,  through  which  passages  coimect  to  tlie  de:iverv  sj^out,  in  the 
middle  of  the  cylinder  head  at  the  tail  of  the  mi!!,  while  sweeps  are  at- 
tached to  the  reel  of  the  bolter  for  scraping  the  floor  up  to  the  discharge 
opening. 

HoKSE  Power  of  Stre^ois. — Taking  Watt's  estimate  tl;.it  the  average 
power  of  a  hor^c  is  sufficient  to  raise  ;i3,000  lbs.  1  foot  in  vertical  height 
per  miimte  (by  means  of  compound  pulleys)  a  waterfall  has  one  horse 
j>ower  for  every  33.000  lbs.  of  water  flowing  in  the  stream  per  minute,  for 
,flAch  foot  of  fall.    To  compute  the  pt'^rer  of  a  stream,  tlierefore,  multi* 


C5S  HORSE   PO"VrEB   OF   STREAMS. 

ply  the  area  of  its  cross  section  in  feet  by  the  velocity  in  feet  per  minute, 
and  we  have  the  number  of  cubic  feet  flowing  along  the  stream  per  min- 
ute. Multiply  this  by  6'2h.  the  number  of  pounds  in  a  cubic  foot  of 
water,  and  this  by  the  vertical  fall  in  feet,  and  we  have  the  foot-pounds 
per  minute  of  the  fail  :  dividing  by  33,000  gives  us  the  horse-power. 

For  example  :  a  stream  flows  througli  a  flume  10  feet  wide,  and  the 
depth  of  the  water  is  4  feet ;  the  area  of  the  cross  section  will  be  40  feet 
The  velocity  i^  150  feet  per  minute  —  40  x  150  =  60(30  =  the  cubic  feet  of 
water  flowing  per  minute.  6000  x  62^  =  375.000  =  the  pounds  of  water 
flowing  per  minute-  The  fall  is  10  "feet  ;  10  x  375,000  =  3.750,000  = 
the  foot  jxjunds  of  the  waterfaU.  Divide  3,750,000  by  33,000  and  we  have 
ll-3<i  as  the  horse->iwer  of  the  fall. 

Rile. — Divide  the  continued  product  of  the  width,  the  depth,  the 
Telocity  of  the  water  per  minute,  t!.e  height  of  the  fall,  and  the  weight  of 
a  cubic  foot  of  water  (624  lbs.)  by  33.000. 

Ex.\MPi.E. — ^The  flume  of  a  inill  is  10  feet  wide,  the  water  is  3  feet 
deep,  tlie  velocity  is  100  feet  per  minute,  and  the  faU  11  feet  What  is 
the  horse-power  "of  the  fall  ? 

OPER.A.TIOX.— (10  X  3  X  100  X  11  X  62^)4-  33.000  =  62i  horse-power. 

"  .Almost  every  man  has  about  him  in  Els  daily  walk  siUflcient  appara- 
tus for  a  tolerably  accurate  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  water  flowing  in 
any  stream.  A  "walldng  stick,  a  jack-knife,  and  a  watch,  provided  the 
walking-stick  is  just  three  feet  long,  are  ail  the  tools  necessary  for  the 
purpose. 

"  Take  a  section  of  the  stream  as  uniform  La  breadth  and  depth  as  pos- 
sible, and  measure  off  nix)n  its  bank  some  deflnite  length,  say  from  one 
to  four  hundred  feet,  according  to  the  rapidity  of  the  water  ;  set  a  stake 
close  to  the  water  at  each  end  of  this  section,  then  throw  into  the  water, 
opposite  the  upper  stake,  a  green  t~ig  or  limb  of  a  tree  or  other  object  of 
such  specific  gravity  as  to  nearly  but  not  quite  sink,  and  of  such  size  that  one 
portion  shall  remain  at  the  surface  while  another  p<3rtion  nearly  touches 
bottom,  the  object  being  to  get  the  average  speed  of  the  water.  The  re- 
siBtance  caused  by  the  bed  and  banks  of  the  stream  necessitate  some 
care  in  this  part  of  the  experiment. 


"  Note  nccnrately  the  time  the  object  is  passing  from  stake  to  stake, 
and  repeat  the  operation  several  times  and  at  as  many  points  towards  the 
opposite  shore  ;  the  s«m  of  the  several  times  dlNided  by  the  number  of 
points  at  which  the  speed  was  taken,  gives  the  average  speed  of  the 
water. 

"  Now  measure  the  de^jth  at  several  equidistant  points  across  the 
gtream.  as  a.  b,  c.  d.  e.  f,  (the  diagram  showing  a  cross  section  of  the 
stream  V  The  sum  of  these  deptlis  divided  by  the  number  of  points  at 
which  the  dejth  was  measured  gives  the  avertiiie  depth  ;  this  average 
depth  multiplied  by  the  breadth  of  the  stream  sin  es  the  area  of  the  cross 
section  ;  this  area.'multiplied  by  t!ie  leu^t'i  oL  the  section,  gives  the  cubic 
contents  of  the  body  of  water  embraced  in  the  section.  Thus  we  have 
the  quantity  and  its  Velocity,  which  are  elements  necessarj-  to  show  the 
value  of  a  stream  for  manufacturing  purposes,  provided  it  has  sufflci^it 
iaU  anywhere  to  render  it  available. 
'   tl  MLowing  62  pounds  for  each  cubic  foot  of  waiter,  a  8Bp|>ly  <^  l^OOO 


reRFORMANCE   AC.    OF   A   HORSE, 


659 


mUc  feet  per  minute,  and  a  fall  of  10  feet,  we  have  1,000  X  62  =  62,000 
pounds  ;  (L'.OOOx  10  =  G:20,C00  pounds  momentum,  which  last  divided  by 
33,000=18. 7-horse  power,  one-filth  of  which  heing  deducted  for  friction 
and  loss,  would  leave  iu  this  case  about  15-horse  power."     The  Millstone. 

Water-wheels  lose  from  10  to  50  per  ceut.  of  the  power,  and  the  actual 
power  of  the  steam  engine  is  less  than  tiiat  indicated  by  the  horse-power, 
owing  to  a  loss  by  friction,  the  amoimt  of  which  depends  on  tlie  perfec- 
tion of  tlie  machinery,  arrangement,  &;c  For  horse-power  of  steam-en- 
gines, consult  page  370. 

PEJtFOioiANCE,  &c.,  OF  A  non,-;E  — A  horse  will  travel  400  yds.  in  4J 
minutes  at  a  v-alk,  400  yds.  in  2  minutes  at  a  trot,  and  400  yds.  in  1  minute, 
at  a  gallop.  Tlie  usual  work  of  a  horse  is  taken  at  22,500  lbs.  niised  1 
foot  per  minute,  for  8  hours  per  day.  A  horse  will  carry  250  lbs.  25  milei 
per  day  of  8  hours.  .An  average  draught-liorse  will  draw  1,600  lbs.  23 
miles  per  day  on  a  level  road,  weight  of  wagon  included.  TJie  average 
weight  of  a  horse  is  1,000  lbs.  ;  his  strengtli  is  equal  to  that  of  5  men.  lu 
a  horfe  mill  moving  at  3  feet  per  second,  track  25  feet  diameter,  he  exerts 
■with  the  machine  the  power  of  4^  horses.  The  greatest  amount  a  horse 
can  pull  in  a  horizontal  line  ij  900"  lbs.  ;  but  he  can  only  do  this  momen- 
tarily, in  continued  exertion,  probably  half  of  this  is  the  limit.  He  attains 
his  growth  in  5  years,  will  live  25,  average,  16  years.  A  horse  will  live 
25  days  on  water,  without  solid  food,  17  days  without  eating  or  drinking, 
but  only  5  days  on  solid  food,  without  drinlcing. 

Table  exhibiting  the  PekfurmancE  of  a  Horse  at  different 

KATE3   OF   SPEED   OX  R.ULROADS,  CaNALS,  TURNPIKES,    &C,  DRAWINQ 

Force  83^  lbs. 


Useful  effect  for  1  day  iu  tons,  drawn  1  mile- 

Duration  of 
day's  work 

Speed  per  hour. 

On  caual — 

On  a  railroad — 

On  a  turn- 

Miles. 

— hours. 

tons. 

tons. 

pike — tons. 

SVa 

11 J^ 

520 

115 

14 

3 

8 

243 

92 

12 

314 

6 

■Lo\ 

82 

10 

4 

4K 

102 

72 

9 

6 

2ft 

52 

57 

7.3t 

6 

2 

30 

48 

6 

7 

iy» 

19 

41 

5 

8 

1% 

12.8 

36 

4.5 

9 

^ 

9. 

32 

4. 

10 

6.5 

28.8 

3.6 

Gain  in  Fuel  and  Initial  Pressure  of  Steam  Reqitired  whei« 
Acting  Expansi\'Ely,  Cosipared  with  Non-Expawsion  ok 
Full  Stroke. 


Point 
of 

Cnttine 
Off. 


Stroke. 


Per  cent 
11.7 
22.4 
32. 
4L 


IniTIAI.     FRESSTMtB 

Bequikep. 


Cutting  Full 

Off.  Stroke. 


Stroke. 
1.01 
1.03 
1.09 
1.18 


Stroke. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
I. 


Point 

of 

Cutting 

Off. 


Stroke. 


Per  ceut. 
49.6 
88.2 
67.S 


lUITIAL     PeISSDKB 

Requibed. 


Stroke. 
1.32 
1.67 
2.6 


FuU 

StToka. 


Strokik 
1. 

t 

a. 


6C0 


CO^rPOtTTD    ilARIXK    ENGnfE. 


ntPBOTED  COMPOr:N-D  SOIFACE  CO^TDEXSIXG  MAKIXE  HS'GrSE. 

ExTa-ioKDrs-AT-T  Dtty  op  Stt:am  Machtstet.— Two  Locomotives 
belonging  to  the  Pennsylvania  B.  R.  Co.,  are  credited- with  the  following 
performances  : — 

Encdne  No.  55  nn  two  years,  ten  men:!:'.  a:vJ  twenty-five  days,  and 
«ade  101.47G  miles,  without  once  lein^  c'"r  herwhee'.*,  or  r^eiving  ctaer 
repairs  thnn  sach  s.s  are  common  to  round-housework.  The  cost  of  roa- 
ring her  during  this  period  was  St.^S  per  mile.  Tl-e  other  engine.^>o. 
ta,  ran  three  vears,  six  months  and  niieteen  davs.  and  made  153,2SO 
miles,  at  a  cost  of  f2A4  pM  mile  without  undergoing  the  riight^rt 


COMPOUND   UABINE   EKGIXK. 


661 


To  FTNI)  TSB  QUAliTITY  OP  "WaTEK  KECESSAKT  TOR  A  StEAM  BOn>' 

BR. — Ascertain  the  number  of  lbs.  of  coal  consumed  per  hour,  divide  it 
by  7'5,  and  the  quotient  will  be  tlie  desired  quantity  of  -water  in  cubic  iL 
pe-  hoar.    A  cubic  ft  of  water  weighs  62  5  lbs.    See  page  629. 


The  above  sketch  represents  an  outline  of  the  least-complicated  and 
lowest-priced  form  of  componnd-enpine,  as  at  present  cr'nstructed  on  the 
Clyde,  in  Scotland,  and  on  the  Delaware,  in  tlie  United  States,  ''"h* 
cranks  Y,  Z,  are  coupled  at  an  an^le  of  90°  ;  only  two  cvlinders,  A  and 
B,  are  used  ;  a  uniform  distribution  of  steam  pressure  Is  secured  by  a 
Jarge  allowance  of  steam  pipe,  and  by  the  steam  reservoir,  0,  P,  between 
the  two  cylinders.  Tlie  valve.i.  v.  v,''are  adjiistcd  like  those  of  an  ordi- 
nary engine,  the  essential  difference  being  that  the  steam  exhausted  by 
the  first  cylinder.  A,  is  used  over  asrain  in  the  second  and  largest  one,  B, 
the  combination  effecting  a  steam  expansion  of  about  six  times,  the  pres» 
sure  in  the  boiler  usually  ranging  between  60  and  75  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

In  the  City  of  Peking,  a  5,000  ton  vessel,  built  on  the  Dehiware  for  th« 
iWific  liail  Company,  there  are  two  pairs  of  compouud  ^vg<^^  witk 


662 


CONSUMPTION   OF   COAL,   AC 


cylinders  of  51  and  88  ins.  diam.  The  crank  shafts  are  18  ins.  diaa- 
Boiler  pressure  is  60  lbs.  Steam  is  expanded  9  times.  The  boilers  ar« 
10  (cylindrical  in  form,  with  cylindrical  flues),  "VOi  ft  long,  13  ft.  diam.; 
shells,  13-16  in.  thick,  with  520  ft.  of  grate  surface,  16,500  sq.  ft.  of  heat- 
ing surface,  and  1,600  sq.  ft.  of  superheating  surface,  with  smoke  stacks, 
8i^ft.  diam.,  and  70  ft.  high. 

"Tlie  simplest  form  of  superheater  used  on  board  steamers  consists  of  » 
wrought-iron  drum  filled  with  tubes.  They  are  placed  usually  in  th» 
np-takes,  or  at  the  base  of  the  funnel  of  a  marine  boiler,  so  disposed , 
that  the  waste  heat  and  flame  from  the  furnaces  will  pass  through 
the  tubes  and  around  the  shell  of  the  drum,  the  steam  being  inside. 
Connection  is  made  with  the  boiler  and  steam  pipes  of  the  engine,  and 
fitted  with  stop  valves  to  govern  the  admission  of  steam  according  to 
requirements.  A  safety  valve  and  gauge  glass  is  also  fitted,  to  show 
•whether  the  superheater  is  clear  of  water,  as  priming  is  liable  to  fill  it 
up.  It  has  been  shown  that  this  contrivance  often  effects  ^  saving  of  20 
to  25  per  cent,  in  the  fuel  consumed. 
Table  for  finding  the  Consttmption  of  Coal  per  Hour  in  Steamers, 

cither  Paddle  or  Screto  {the  same  Screw  beinr/  used  throughout),  at  any 

Rate  of  Speed,  the  Consumption  for  a  partictilar  Hate  being  known. 

(At  a  given  Amormt  of  Coal,  the  Engineer  may  determine  the  inostpru^ 

dent  Rate  of  Engine  for  reaching  next  coaling  Port.) 


Speed. 

Consumption 
of  Coal. 

Speed. 

Consnmption. 
of  Coal. 

Explanation. 

3 

4 

f 

6i 

7 

8i 

.216 

.343 
.512 
.729 
1  000 
1  331 
1.728 
2.197 
2.744 
3  375 
4.096 
4.910 

9 
9i 
10 

11 

Hi 

12 

12i5 
13 
13i 
14 

5.83 

6.86 
8.00 
9.26 
10  65 
12.15 
13.82 
15  61 
17.58 
19.68 
21.95 

The  speed   for    the   consump- 
tion of  an  unit  of  coal  is  sup- 
posed hereto  be  5,  which  may  ba 
5  miles  er  knots,  or  5  times  any 
number  of  miles  or  knots  ;  then 
if  5  of  such  number  of  miles  re- 
quire 1  unit  of  coal  per  hour,  9 
of  such  units  will,  by  the  table, 
require  5.83  units  of  coal,  and  3 
of  them  .216  units  of  coal 

It  will  be  evident  that  this  table  is  calculated  on  the  principle  that  th« 
fiorse  power  varies  very  nearly  as  the  cube  of  the  speed  ;  the  enormous 
increase  of  consumption  at  increased  velocities  is  in  fact  a  little  greater 
than  that  shown  by  the  Table. 

The  advantages  indicated  above  to  be  obtained^ at  low  velocities  ar« 
evidently  independent  of  those  obtained  at  those  velocities  by  using  th« 
Bteam  expansively.     Engineer's  and  Contractor's  Pocket  Book 

To  Preserve  Boiler  Tubes. — A  coating  of  red-lead  and  boiled  linseed 
oil,  applied  to  iron  boiler  tubes  acts  as  a  powerful  presen'ative. 

A  lacquer  of  linseed  oil  and  caoutchouc  applied  to  the  walls  of  a  steam 
■boiler  prevents  the  adhesion  of  sediment  so  that  the  fccale  admits  of  easy 
removal. 

To  Protect  Polished  Steel  ob  Ikon  from  Rust.—  Go  over  the  sur- 
face with  paraffine,  or  steep  the  iron  for  a  few  minutes  in  a  solution  of 
sulphate  of  copper  and  then  transfer  it  into  a  solution  of  hyposulphite  of 
eoda  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid.  The  result  is  a  blue-black  coaW 
ing  not  affected  "by  air  or  water. 


CONSUMPTION  OF  FUEL,  AC.  66f 

Breakino  and  crushing  strains  of  Iron  and  Steel.  Averaqv 
calculations. 

Breaking  strain  of  wrought  iron  =  23  tons  per  sq.  inch  of  section. 

Crushing    do,  do.  =17    "  do.  do. 

Breaking  strain  of  cast  iron         =  7J  "  do.  do. 

Crushing    do.  do.  =50    "  do.  do. 

Breaking  strain  of  steel  bars        =  50    •'  do.  do. 

Crushing    do.  do.  =166    "  do.  do. 

Memoranda  of  TEatPERATUREs  for  Engineers,  &c.-^Melting  ice 
Is  32°  ;  boiUng  water  at  atmospheric  pressure  or  exposed  to  air  212°  ; 
€team  at  GO  lbs.  pressure  by  steam  guage  307°  ;  usual  heat  of  superheated 
fiteam  380°  to  400°  ;  smoke  in  the  funnel  600°  ;  water  in  hot  well  from. 
100"  to  120°.  For  raising  steam,  the  horizontal  surfaces  over  the  fire, 
have  double  the  value  of  vertical  surfaces  for  economy  of  heat.  Boiler 
plates  increase  in  strength  up  to  570°  of  heat,  and  get  weaker  with  th» 
increase  of  temperature. 

Temperatures  at  sundry  subterranean  depths,  in  deg.  Fahr. 
At  68  ft.  47,9     At  621  ft.  50.7    At  1290  ft.  58.3    At  1C62  ft.  61.2 
"  299  "  48.8      "  939  "  57.8      "   1414   "  69.4      "   1900  "  61.4 

Fresh  water  begins  to  freeze  at  32°,  called  the  freezing  point,  but  salt 
■water  not  till  284°.  The  atoms  lose  the  motion  called  heat,  and  becoma 
fixed  in  crystals. 

Consumption  of  Fuel  in  Marine  Boilers. —  This  will  average 
about  15^  lbs.  of  coal  per  square  foot  per  hour.  In  4  furnaces  3  ft.  wide 
by  6  ft.  long  with  72  sq.  ft.  of  surface,  about  12  tons  of  coal  will  be  burnt 
per  day. 

feet    lbs. 
72  X  15i 

Thus, =9.9  cwts.  per  hour,  say  10  cwts.  per  hour  or  12  tons  per 

112 
day.    A  much  simpler  and  equally  correct  rule  is,  that  one  foot  in  width 
of  fire  bar  equals  1  ton  of  coal  per  day ;  so  that  in  the  example  above  the 
total  width  of  four  furnaces  is  3ft.  x  "=  12  ft.  wide,  or  12  tons  per  day  as 
before. 

A  ship  having  40  ft.  beam  and  ordinary  condensing  engines,  will  re- 
quire 40  tons  of  coal  per  day  to  drive  her  at  10  knots.  The  reason  for 
stating  this  is,  that  it  is  well  "known  from  ordinary  experience  of  average 
steamers  that  the  beam  squared  equals  the  consumption  of  fuel  for  40,  50, 
or  60  days,  according  to  whether  the  engines  are  ordmary  jet,  surfac* 
condensing,  or  compound.    Thus,  in  present  example  : — 

davs 

4/0)160/0  5/0)160^0  6/0)160/0 


40  tons  for  one  day  32  tons  for  26  tons  8  cwt. 

for  ordinary  con-  surface  for  compound 

densiug.  condensing;  engines. 

A  pair  of  surface  condensing  engines  (not  compound)  having  40  inch 
cylinders,  doing  average  work,  wil?  require  16  tons  of  coal  per  day  ;  it  be- 
ing a  well  known  practical  fact  that  tlie  diameter  of  one  cylinder,  squared 
and  divided  by  lOO,  gives  the  average  consumption  of  fuel  in  this  class  of 
engine  per  day.    Thus,  in  present  example  : — 

42*  =  40  X  40  =  1000  ;  then,  =  16  tons  per  day. 

Compound  engines  bum  I  less,  and  ordinary  jet  i  more  thah  th^  ilboT% 
Jfe«<f  •  Enginter'a  Hand  Book. 


€64 


BX7LES   FOB   ENGI>T:ERS,  AC. 


Ratio  ot  CoMBrsxios  peb  boxtr  ttn-deb  vaeiocs  BorLEBS.— Coiw 
nish,  =  3i  lbs.  per  square  foot  ;  land  boilers  =  10  to  20  lbs.  (Enelish)  1$ 
to  14  Iba.  ;  marine  boilers  (natural  draught),  10  to  IS  lbs.  ;  (blast),  SO  to 
€0  lbs. ;  locomotive  boilers,  SO  to  120  lbs. 

To  FEKD  Horse  Power  of  E>gi>'e  to  raise  W.vteb  to  a  oirar 
Height. — Weight  of  column  of  ■water  X  by  its  velocity,  in  feet,  per  min- 
ute, product  -r  SS.Oai  =  H.  P. 

To  TINT)  THE  Velocity  required  to  Discharge  a  givex  toltjmb 
OF  Water  in  a>'v  Givex  Time. — Number  of  cubic  feet  X  144  ;  pro- 
duct -r  by  area  of  pipe,  or  opening  in  inches  =  Telocity. 

To  Ascertain  the  Breadth  of  the  Ports. — Ha'lf  the  throw  of  the 
Talve  should  be  at  least  equal  to  the  lap  on  the_  steam  side  added  to  the 
breadth  of  the  port.  If  tliis  breadth  does  not  give  the  required  area  of 
port,  increase  the  throw  of  valve  until  the  area  is  attained. 

Proper  Left  of  Poppet  Valves. — The  best  results  from  poppet  or 
conical  valves  are  obtained  by  giving  them  a  lift  equivalent  to  one  half 
the  semi-dLameter  of  a  circle,  "or  J  the  diameter  of  tne  valve.  This  will 
afford  an  opening  equivalent  to  the  area  of  the  port  and  the  eccentrics  and 
the  lifting  toes  should  be  adju.<ted  so  as  to  produce  this  effect. 

To  fixd  Dimensions  of  Chdin-ev  for  a  Lantd  Engin-e. — Multiply 
number  of  lbs.  of  coal  consumed  under  the  l>oiler  per  hour  by  12 ;  divide  the 
product  by  square  root  of  the  height  of  chimney  in  feet  Quotient  is  area 
of  chimney  at  smallest  point  in  square  inches. 


Yable  Showing  Diameter  ant)  Height  of  Chtsin-et  for  ant  Boiler. 


Hoise-power 

Alt.  of  ChinmeT 

Interior  Diimeter 

H.  P.  of  Alt,  of  Chinmev 

lEter.cr  Diameter 

at  Boiler. 

in  Fee:. 

at  Top 

Boi'.er.  1         ia  Feet. 

at  Top. 

10 

60 

14  inches. 

70 

120 

30  inches. 

li 

75 

14      " 

90 

120 

34      " 

16 

90 

16      " 

120 

135 

38      " 

20 

99 

17      " 

1    160 

150 

43      » 

30 

106 

21      " 

!    200 

165 

47      " 

60 

120 

26      " 

:    250 

180 

52      " 

60 

120 

27      « 

,    3S0 

195 

57      « 

To  Clean  Gre.\st  Cotton  Waste.  — Boil  it  in  a  strong  solution  of 
common  soda  in  water,  and  save  the  resultant  soapy  liquid  to  keep  yonr 
drills  and  reamers  lubricated  when  drilling  iron. 

To  Clean  Grease  from  Bolts. — Moisten  with  benzine,  roll  in  saw- 
dust, and  brush  afterward. 

Calculations   regarding   Distensions,  Power,    &c.,  of   Stxax 
SoiLERs. — Good  authorities  consider  it  quite  a  safe  practice  to  allow 
9  square  ft  heating  surface  for  Cvlinder  boilers  per  H.  P. 
12        "        "        "        "        "        flue 
15        "        "        "        "        "        tubular 

One  half  the  circumference  of  the  boiler  multiplied  into  the  length  and 
reduced  to  square  feet  will  give  the  heating  surface  in  cylinder  boilers  ; 
or,  the  heating  surface  in  the  shell  of  flue  and  tubular  boilers.  To  find 
the  heating  surface  in  the  tubes  or  flues,  multiply  their  external  circum- 
Jerence  by  their  length  and  reduce  to  square  feet.  The  heating  surface 
of  the  tubes  or  flues  added  together  and  then  adding  the  heating  surface 
in  the  shell,  will  give  the  total  heating  surface.  This  divided  by  12  or  15 
as  the  case  may  be  will  give  the  horse  power  of  any  particular  boiler  in 
terms  of  heating  surface  as  given  above.  This  is  to  be  understood  as 
being  purely  conventional  and  arbitrary,  and  not  the  actual  horse  power, 
which  can  only  be  determined  by  aa  experimental  test,  made  by  a  com* 
petent  expert. 


BEATING    SUKFACE,    «kC.,    OF    BOILEBS.  665 

The  following  Tables  will  serve  as  a  guide  in  the  selection  of  boiler% 
ad  may  be  quite  serviceable  to  millwrights  and  others. 

Table  I.— H.  P.  of  Ctljndeb  Boiler  at  9  feet. 

H.  P.  Dlam.  Length.  Heating  Sorfao* 

10  36  in.              19  ft  90  sq.  ft 

12  38                   22  108 

15  40                   26  135 

18  44                   28  162 

20  46                   30  180 

Table  II.— H.  P.  or  2  Fltte  Boilebs  at  12  feet. 

H.  P.  Diam.  Boiler.  Diam.  Flues.  Length.  Heat  Sort 

15  34  in.  10  in.              18  ft.  176  sq.  ft 

18  36  12                   20  222 

20  40  14                   20  254 

22  44  16                   18  260 

25  46  17                   20  302 

Table  IIL — H.  P.  of  5  Flite  Boilers  at  12  feet. 
H.  P.        Diam.  Boiler.        Diam.  Flues.        Length.        Heat  Surf. 

20  44  in.  { fZ^g  "^*  1*  * *•  245  8q.  ft 

1—13 
25  46  -{2—9  19 


It 


8 
1—14 
30  50  -J  2— 10  18  356 


Table  IV. — H.  P.  of  Boilers  with  G-ench  lap  welded  Tubes  At 
12  feet. 

H.  P.  Diam.          Length.        No  of  Flues.  Heat  Surf. 

15  42  in.               12  ft.                6                   179  ft 

20  42                   16                     6                   239 

25  44                    18                      7                    302 

30  46                   18                     9                   363 

36  46                   20                   10                   434 

42  48                   20                   12                   503 

Table  V. — H.  P.  of  Boilees  with  S-inch  tubes  at  15  feet. 

H.  P.  Diam.  Length.  No  of  Tubes.        Heat  Surf. 

15  36  in.  8  ft.              30                   227  ft 

19  36  10                   30                   283 

22  36  12                   30                   339 

27  40  13                   36                   402 

31  44  12                   42                  465 

36  44  14                    42                   643 

42  48  14                   60                   638 

xn  regard  to  the  diameter  and  length  of  a  boiler,  it  might  be  observed 
<hat  cylinder  boilers  are  usually  made  from  18  to  30  feet  ui  length,  and' 
from  '30  to  48  inches  in  diameter.  Flue  boilers  from  18  to  24  feet  in 
length,  and  from  :M.)  to  60  inches  in  diameter.  Tubular  from  8  to  18  fe«^ 
in  length,  and  from  30  inches  to  5  feet  in  diameter, 


666 


ON   BOILERS,  POWEB  OP  EJa'LOSrVES. 


Boflers  having  lap-welded  tubes  increase  in  extra  cost  when  thelt 
lengths  eiceed  18  feet.  These  tubes  would  have  to  be  made  to  order, 
■which,  in  case  of  repairs,  might  cause  considerable  loss  of  time  in  having 
to  wait  for  them  to  be  made.  It  is  better  to  keep  the  diameters  of  boilers 
below  4  feet  than  go  over  it,  using  two  or  more  boilers  as  may  be  needed 
to  furnish  tlie  requisite  amount  of  steam. 

In  large  and  importiint  works  the  subjects  of  boilers,  engines,  etc., 
ought  to  be  referred  to  a  competent  mechanical  engineer,  who  will  ad- 
Tise  as  to  the  kind,  size,  and  number  to  be  employed.     The  Mill  Stone. 

To  find  the  contents  of  cylinder  boilers  multiply  the  are^i  of  the  head 
In  inches  by  the  length  in  inches  and  divide  the  product  by  "1728  ;  th& 
quotient  will  be  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of  water  the  boiler  will  con- 
tain. Example  :  Diameter  of  head.  36  inches  ;  area  of  head,  1017.87 
inches  :  length  of  boiler,  20  feet  or  240  inches.  Xow  mnltiplv  1017. S7  by 
240  and  the  product  will  be  244,283.80  ;  divide  this  by  .1728  and  the  re- 
sult will  be  141.37  cubic  feet,  which  will  be  the  contents  of  the  shell. 

In  flue  boilers,  multiply  area  of  the  head  in  inches  by  the  length  of  the- 
shell  in  inches  ;  multiply  the  combined  area  of  the  fines  in  inches  by 
their  length  in  inches,  subtract  this  product  from  the  first  and  divide  the 
remainder  by  '1728  ;  the  quotient  will  be  the  number  of  cubic  feet  of 
wat«r  the  boiler  will  contain. 

To  Fi>D  THE  Length  of  Beltixg  whe-v  closely  Rolled. — The  sunt 
of  the  diameters  of  the  roll  and  the  eye  in  inches,  multiplied  by  the  num- 
ber of  turns  made  by  the  belt,  and  this  product  multiplied  by  the  decimal 
.1309,  will  be  the  length  of  the  belt  in  feet.     Aiichinckloss. 

To  Measure  Sc^xtlin-gs,  Joists,  Pl.a>,-k,  Sills,  &c. — i?!/?e.— Multi- 
ply the  width,  the  thickness  and  the  lencrth  tojrether  (the  width  and  thick- 
ness in  inches  and  the  length  in  feet\  and  divide  the  product  by  12  :  the 
result  will  be  the  square  feet.  To  Measure  .Boa rrf.?— Multiply  the  lengtli. 
(in  feet)  by  the  width  (in  inches)  and  divide  the  product  by'l2  ;  the  re- 
sult will  be  the  number  of  square  feet  it  contains. 
Explosive  force  of  variofs  sitbstaxces  tsed  for  fire  arms,, 
artillert,  elastlkg,  &c. 


Volame 
oi    Ga& 


Estimated 

Eip]o«iTe 

lo.-ce. 


Blasting  Powder 

Artillery       "       

Sporting      "       

Powder,  Nitrate  of  Soda  for  its  base 

Powder,  Chlorate  of  Potash  for  its  base . 

Gun  Cotton 

Picric  Acid 

Picrate  Potash 

Oun  Cotton  mixed  with  ChL  Potaah 

Picric  Acid        "  "  "         

Picrate  "  "  «         

liltro-GlTcerin. 


509 
608 
641 
764 
972 
590 
68T 
678 
1420 
1424 
1422 
1320 


0.173 
0.225 
0.216 
0.248 
0.318 
0.801 
0.780 
0.585 
0.4»4 
0.408 
0.337 
0.710 


73  liter. 


88 
13T 
139 
190 
309 
472 
536 
680 
680 
582 
478 
939 


The  above  instructive  table  is  by  the  celebrated  M.  Berthelot,  wh« 
further  describes  nitro-glycerin  as  "  really  the  ideal  of  portable  force. 
It  bums  completely  without  residue  ;  in  fact  gives  an  excess  of  oxygen  ; 
it  developes  twice  as  much  heat  as  powder,  three  and  a  half  times  mora 
£28,  and  has  seven  times  the  explosive  force,  weight  for  weight,  and, 
taken  volume  for  volume,  it  possesses  twelve  timesmore  energy."  From, 
the  extreme  danger  of  the  woxk,  aond  but  a  compet^t  cheoiist  «houM 
•ttampt  to  ouuMilacture  itU 


GOLD    MIWmG,    SPEED   OP   BODIES, 


667 


Vsny  othfir  exploeives  derive  their  energy  from  nitro-glycerin.  2)jf» 
^tamite  is  nitro-glycerine  compounded  with  rotten-stone,  or  silicioos,  or 
Infusorial  earth,  tripoli,  &c. ;  a  compound  of  nitro-glycerin  and  saw-dust 
nas  been  sold  under  tlie  name  of  dualin :  a  mixture  of  plaster  of  Paris 
and  nitro-glycerin  has  been  sold  under  the  name  of  "  selenitic  powder;" 
and  fine  powder,  blended  with  nitro-glycerin,  has  been  vended  under  th» 
tuimeof  "  lithofracteur,"  or  "rendrock."  The  practical  miner  will  bo 
Interested  in  the  above,  as  well  as  in  the  following  : — 
Table  showing  the  quantity  of  gold  to  the  ton  op  ore,  cor- 
responding TO  THE  weights  LN  GRAINS  OBTAINED  FROM  4(X> 
GRAINS  OF  MINERAL. 


If    400   praineo 
Ore  five 
Fine    Gold, 

One    ton    of 

Ore 
.will  yield. 

U  400  Grains  of 

Ore  give 

Fine  Gold, 

One    ton    of 

Ore 

iriU  yield. 

Gnunt. 
.001 

Oz*. 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
4 
6 
6 
7 
8 

DwU. 

1 

3 

4 

6 

8 

9 
11 
13 
14 
16 
12 

9 

5 

1 
18 
14 
10 

7 

3 

Grs. 

15 
6 

21 

12 
4 

19 

10 
1 

16 
8 

16 
0 
8 

16 
0 
8 

16 
0 
8 

Graina. 
^00 

Ozs. 

16 

24 

32 

40 

49 

67 

65 

73 

81 

163 

245 

326 

408 

490 

570 

653 

735 

816 

1633 

Dwts. 

6 

10 
13 
16 

0 

3 

6 
10 
13 
16 

0 
13 

6 

0 
13 

6 

0 
13 

6 

Gn. 

IS 

.002          

.300 

0 

,003 

.400 

g 

jOOi 

.500 

16 

.005 

.600 

0 

4)06 

.700 

s 

J007     

,800 

16 

J0O8 

.900 

0 

J009 

1.000 

s 

.010 

2.000  

3,000 

■1.000 

16 

.020 

0 

J030 

8 

.040 

5.000 

1& 

.,050       

6.000 

0 

0«?0      

7.000 

g 

.070 

8.000 

IS 

.080 

9.000 

Q 

J090 

10.000 

» 

JOO. 

20.000 

16 

Mr.  Black,  of  Sau  Francisco,  estimates  that  in  mining  operations  tbo 
average  cost  of  handling  a  cubic  yard  of  auriferous  gravel  with  the  pau 
is  $20  ;  with  the  rocker,  $5  ;  with  the  long  torn,  Si ;  and  with  the  hy- 
draulic process,  20c.  See  other  items  for  miners  on  page  451.  An  ex- 
cellent compilation  on  this  subject  is  "  The  Miner's  Hand-Book,"  by 
Julius  Silvermith,  for  sale  by  D.  Van  Nostrand,  New  York. 

Table  showujg  thb  A\'Ebage  Velocities  of  Various  Bodies  ., 

Per  hour.  Per  leok 

Ainanwalks Smiles,      or       4  feeU 

Ahoreetrotfi 7      «'  or      10     " 

A  horse  runs 20      "  or      29       ' 

Steamboat  runs 18      "  or      26     ' 

Sailing  vessel  runs 10      "  or      14     || 

Slow  nvere  flow S      "  or       4 

iUpid  rivere  flow 7      "  or      10     |^ 

A  moderate  wind  blows ^      "         or      10     ^^ 

A  storm  moves '. 36      "  or     52     ^^ 

A  hurricane  moves 80      "  or    117 

Arifleball         "      1000      "  or  1466     - 

Sound  "      743      "  or  1142     « 

Light  '*      192000  miles  per  sec. 

Beetrkrtr        "     ' 288000    '•        ''     '• 

Father'*  FMotopkih 


MS 


OK   SUGAR   KILLS,   AC. 


ExoBMors  Resttlts  of  Steam  Power. — The  aggregate  steam-power 
In  use  in  the  world  is  at  present  three  and  one-half  mlDions  horse-power 
employed  in  stationary  engines,  and  ten  millions  horse-power  in  locomo- 
tire  engines.  This  force  is  maintained  without  the  consumption  of 
animal  food,  except  by  the  miners  who  dig  the  coals,  and  the  force  main- 
tained in  their  muscl^  is  to  the  force  generated  by  the  product  of  their 
labor  about  1  to  l.OSO.  This  steam-power  is  equal  to  the  working  force 
of  25  millions  of  horses,  and  one  horse  consumes  three  times  as  much 
food  as  one  man.  The  &teara-^x)wer,  therefore,  is  equivalent  to  the  sav- 
ing of  food  for  75  millions  of  human  beings.  Further,  three  power-loom» 
attended  hy  one  man,  produce  78  pieces  of  cotton  fabric,  against  4  pieces 
produced  by  one  hand-loom,  worked  by  one  man  in  the  year  1800.  JL 
carpenter' splaaing  machine  does  the  work  of  twenty  men. 


SUGAR    MILL. 

ScGAB  MrLL. — The  sugar  canes  are  crushed  in  a  press  consisting  of 
Ihree  hollow  cast  iron  rollers,  represented  in  the  cut  by  ab  c,  plac-ed 
horizontally  in  a  cast  iron  frame.  By  means  of  the  screws,  i,  i,  the  ai>- 
proximate  distiuce  of  the  rollers  is  adjusted.  One  roller  is  half  as  large  am 
the  others,  and  is  moved  by  three  cogged  wheels  fitted  on  to  the  axis  of  the 
rollers.  The  sugar  canes  are  transferred  from  the  slate  gutter,  d,  d,  to  the 
toilers,  a,  c,  which  press  them  a  little,  and  from  thence  they  are  carried 
to  the  arched  plate,  n,  to  the  rollers  c,  b.  The  pressed  sugar  canes  fall 
over  the  gutter/,  the  expressed  juice  collecting  in  g,  g,  and  running  off 
through  h.  The  middle  roller  is  termed  the  king  roller  ;  the  side  cylin- 
ders are  individually  the  side  roller  and  macasse. 

SuG.^B  Mill. — For  Expres^sing  20,0(X)  /6s  of  Cane  Juice  per  day. 
Ifon-conden.9ing  Engine.  Cylinder  15  ins.  in  diameter  by  4  ft.  stroke. 
Pressure,  50  lbs.  per  sq .  in., cut  off  at  i  the  stroke  of  the  piston.  Bevolu- 
tions.  36  per  minute.  Boiler.  One  of  62  ins.  diam.  by  SO  ft.  in  length, 
with  2  18-in.  return  flues.  Grates.  3G  Square  ft.  BoUs. '  Two  sets  of  threa 
each,  of  24  ins.  diam.  by  5  ft.  in  length  ;  geared  2^  to  .36  of  engine,  giving 
a  speed  of  periphery  of  15^  ft  per  minute.  Fly-  Wheel.  IS  ft  (fiam.  : 
weiglit  5  tons. 

This  arrangement  of  a  second  set  of  rolls  is  a  late  improvement ;  its 
object,  that  of  expressing  the  cane  a  second  time.    Am  increaae  of  SO  ptt: 
•eut  is  effected  by  it 


BULES    FOR    MACHINISTS,    AC. 


669 


Fob  a  Crop  of  3000  Boxes  of  Sugar  of  500  lbs.  tacb.— Cylinder, 
10  ins.  in  diam.  bv  4  ft  stroke.  Pressure,  60  lbs.  per  square  in.  Revo- 
lutions 48,  driving  1  set  of  rolls.  24  ins  by  4  ft.,  at  a  speed  of  i>eriphery  of 
36  ft  per  minute.  Boiler.  52  ins.  by  24  ft.  with  2  16-in  return  flueai 
Grate  Surface.  25  square  ft  Fly  IVTieel.  16  ft  diam. ;  weight  4  tons. 
Engineers'  and  Contractors'  Pocket  Book. 

Cotton  Press.  Xon-condensing  Engine.  For  1000  Bales  in  12  houn. 
Cylinder  14  in.  in  diam.  by  4  ft  stroke.  Pressure-  40  lbs.  per  sq..  at  full 
rtroke.  Revolutinns.  60  per  minute.  Boilers-  Three,  plain  cylindical, 
without  flues,  30  in.  in  diam.  by  26  ft.  iu  length.  Grates.  32  square  ft 
Presses.  Four,  geared  6  to  one,"  with  2  screws  each  of  7^  in.  diam.,  by  If 
in.  pitch.  Shaft  (  Wrought  Iron).  Journal,  8^  in.  Fly-xcheel.  16  ft 
diameter,  weight  4  tons. 

Rri.ES  TO  Ascertain-  the  Pressitre  ov  Slide  Valves. — Multiply 
the  unbalauced  area  of  the  valve  in  inches  by  tlie  pressure  of  steam  in 
lbs.  per  square  inch,  and  the  weight  of  the  valve  in  lbs.,  and  multiply  the 
sum  by  0  15 

To  GET  AJf  ExonrE  into  Li>t:  a>t>  Square  the  Sh.vft. — Set  up 
two  lines,  one  mrallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cylinder,  or  through  the  cylmder, 
if  possible,  ana  tlie  other  perjiendicular  to  the  first,  in  the  same  plane. 
These  are  reference  lines  to  measure  from,  to  bring  the  shaft  and  guide 
into  line. 

ELdtt  to  Machtsists. — ^In  turning  steel  or  other  hard  metal,  use  a  drip 
composed  of  petroleum  2  parts,  audturpeutine  1  part.  This  will  ensure 
easy  cutting  and  perfect  tools  when  otherwise  the  work  would  stop  owing 
to  the  breakage  of  tools  from  the  severe  strain. 

To  Melt  Brass  Turnings  and  Filings  -mxH  Little  Waste. — 
Compress  firmly  in  a  crucible  imtil  it  is  full  ;  then  cover,  and  lute  the 
top  with  pipe  or  fire-clay.  Brass  scraps  may  be  melted  with  new  brass, 
putting  it  in  with  the  zinc  after  the  copper  is  melted. 

To  Temper  An"vils. — Heat  the  anvil  and  immerse  it  fn  a  tank  of 
cold  water  to  a  depth  of  two  or  three  inches,  or  play  a  stream  of  cold 
water  from  a  hose  on  its  face. 

PROPER  size,  speed.  &:C..  of  EMERT  WHEELS. 


Diam.  of  Wheel 
in  inches. 


Rer.  per 

niiuuie. 


Nnmherof 
Emery. 


2 

4 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

30 

36 


,■5600 '....  8  to 

|3iKXt .' 16  to 

2000 ....  24  to 

1500 '....  36  to 

12iX» 46  to 


1100 
900. 
750. 
700. 
600. 
650. 
500. 
450. 
400. 
325. 


70  to 


10... 
20  .. 
30... 
40... 
60... 
SO... 


Grafie 
of  CuU 


90  to  100. 


■Wood  Rasp, 
KaspFile. 
Rough  File. 
Bastard  File. 
Second  Cut  Fil«. 
Smooth  Pile. 
Superfine  File. 


.120 iDead  Smooth  File. 


Emery  wheels  may  be  trued  by  means  of  a  diamond  tool,  a  red  hot 
Iron,  or  by  a  file  applied  to  the  wet  periphery  of  the  wheel.  For  emery 
cemMit,  see  pa^  424.      In  using  emery  paper  or  cloth  for  finishing,  the 

gper,  although  the  easie.st  to  destroy,  imj:>arts  the  smoothest  polish  to 
i  metal,  and  the  longer  it  is  used  the  better  it  polishes. 


670         -VTEIGHT,    DIMEXSIONS,    &C.,    OF    TIN   PLATES. 


NcMBEK,  Weight,  Size,  Len-qth,  axd  Breath  of  Tix  Platml 


Bbaitp  Maxx. 

She«t 
inBox 

Length    and 
Breadth. 

Weight  per 
Box. 

ilnches.Inchej. 

Cwt.  qr.    lbs 

1  c 

225 

14  bv  10 

0     0 

1  X 

225 

14  by  10 

1     0 

1  n 

225 

14  bv  10 

1    21 

1   X\T 

225 

14   bV  10 

2    14 

1  xxxr 

225 

14   bv  10 

3     7 

1  xxxn 

225 

14  bV  10 

2 

0     0 

1  tinm 

225 

;  14  by  10 

2 

0   21 

D  C 

100 

1  17   bv  12i 
'  17   bV  I2I 

0 

3    14 

P  I 

100 

1 

0    14 

P   IX 

100 

17    bv  12.; 

1 

1     7 

D  XIX 

100 

IDO 

17   by  12| 

1 

2     0 

D  nn 

17   by  12J 

1 

2   21 

D  mix 

100 

17   bv  12$ 

1 

3    14 

D  min 

100 

17  by  125 

2 

0     7 

S  D  C 

200 

15   bv  11 

1 

1    27 

S  D  X 

200 

15   bv  11 

1 

2   20 

S  D  XI 

200 

15   by  11 

1 

3    13 

S  D  XXX 

200 

15   bv  11 

2 

0     6 

S  D  xxxx 

200 

15    bv  11 

2 

0   27 

6  D  xxxxx 

200 

15   by  11 

2 

1    20 

S    D    XXXTTT-r 

200 

15   by  11 

2 

2    13 

about 

TTT  Taggers, 

225 

14   by  10 

1 

0     0 

1  C 

225 

12   bv  12 

1  x 

225     12   by  12 

1  XX 

225  1 

12   bv  12 

1    XTT 

225 

12    bv  12 

1   XXXI 

225  ' 

12    by  12 

1  C 

112 

14    bv  20 

1   X 

112 

14   bv  20 

1   IX 

112 

14    bV  20 

1  xx.\ 

112 

14   bv  20 

1  xxxx 

112 

H   by  20 

Learhd  or  |  1 C 

112 

14   bv  20 

1 

0     0 

Tn.^.*     fix 

112 

14  by  20  1 

1 

1      0 

Each  1 X  advances 
$1.75  to  S2.00 


®  ?  P  5 
N  «g  5:  © 

*2  To 


2    x"; 


:?i 


U 

—  2  2  5 


Abont  the  same  weight 
l  per  Boi,  a.s  the  platea 
I  above  of  similar  brand, 
j  14  to  10. 


For  Hoofing. 


OIL  CANISTERS,  ifrom  2i  to  125  (laUs.^  V^ITB.  THE  QUANTITY  AND 
QUALITY  OF  TIN  REQUIRED  FOR  CUSTOM  WORK. 


G«U3. 

Quantity  and  Qoality. 

Gall*. 
33 

Qnantity  and  QnaUtjr. 

-h 

2 

Plates,   I  X   ifl  body,     i 

13^  Plates.    IX  iii  body,  S 

sS 

2 

'•    SDX         "           ! 

breadths  high. 

65 

0 

DX 

45 

13i  Plates,  S  D  X  in  body 

8 

4 

"       IX          "           j 

60 

la        "          DX       " 

10 

i^ 

"        DX         •• 

90 

15:        "          DX       "       • 

13 

4 

"        DX         "           1 

125 

20        "          DX       « 

«  The  bettMn  tier  oi  plates  to  be  placed  leagthwlM. 


DIAGKA.1I   FOR    BEVEL    COVERS,    AC. 


671 


Varktshes  for  Pipks  axd  Iron-Work. — Coal  tar,  30  gals.  ;  tallow, 
6  lbs.  ;  rosiu,  1^  lbs.  ;  lamp-black,  3  lbs. ;  fresh  slaked  lime,  finely  gifted, 
soil's.  Stir  all  thoroughly  together,  and  apply  hot  ^wo^Aer.— Tar  oil, 
20  lbs.  ;  asphaltum,  5  lbs.  ;  powdered  rosin.  5  lbs.  Heat  all  together  jm 
an  iron  kettle,  very  carefully,  to  prevent  ignition. 


To  Strike  orr  cxs  tops  a>t>  Bevti,  Covers  For  Tessewi.— 
Describe  the  angle  M  A  C,  and  from  the  point  F,  the  altitude  height 
you  desire  the  breast,  erect  a  perpendicular  Ime  H  ;  then  on  the  line  C, 
mark  the  point  E  one-half  the  diameter  of  the  can,  and  on  the  line  H 
mark  the  point  G  one-half  of  the  opening  in  the  top  of  breast ;  draw  the 
line  B  to  cross  through  the  points  E  and  G  to  intersect  the  line  M  ;  place 
one  foot  of  the  compasses  at  the  point  I  and  the  other  on  the  point  E.  and 
delineate  the  circle  E  X  L  :  next,  span  the  compasses  from  point  I  to 
point  G  and  outline  the  circle  G  D  K  :  then  span  from  A  to  E,  and  step 
the  comijas-ses  six  times  ou  the  circle  E  N  L,  which  gives  the  dimensions 
of  the  breast  The  allowance  for  the  locks  is  represented  by  the  dotted 
lines. 

BEAUTCTTfL  Bronze,  Applicable  to  all  Metals.— Take  10  part* 
aniline  red  (fuchsine),  and  5  of  aniline  puiple,  and  dissolve  in  100  parts  of 
95  per  cent,  alcohol,  toking  care  to  help  the  solution  by  placing  the  vessel 
in  a  sand  or  water  bath.  As  soon  as  the  solution  is  "effected,  5  part*  of 
l)enzoic  acid  are  added,  and  the  whole  is  boiled  from  five  to  ten  minntea 
until  the  greeni.ih  color  of  the  mixture  is  transformed  into  a  fine  light- 
colored,  brilliant  bronze.    Apply  with  a  brush. 

Imitatiox  Nickel  Plating. — Coarse  rasped  granulated  zinc  is  boiled 
for  some  time  in  a  mixture  of  3  parts  by  weight  of  gal  ammoniac,  sua4 


€72 


FEUSTKUMS,   ELLIPSES,   NAILS,    AC 


10  of  water,  the  objects  immerBed  and  stirred  up  vrith  a  zinc  rod.  Th« 
deposit  is  silvery  bright,  and  resists  mechanical  action  as  well  as  a  coat- 
ing of  nickeL  The  process  can  be  recommended  for  goods  -wliich  are 
meant  for  a  second  coating  of  some  other  metal,  since  any  other  is  easilj" 
deposited  on  zinc. 

A 


How  TO  Steike  orT  the  Frustkcm  of  a  Co>-e.— In  the  figure  E 
G  H  D  represent  the  desired  frustrum  ;  continue  the  lines  D  E  and  G  H 
until  thev  meet  at  the  aiiex  C  ;  then  from  C  as  a  centre,  with  ti.e  radius 
C  H,  lay  off  the  arc  H  B  ;  also  from  C,  with  the  radius  C  G,  describe  the 
arc  G  A  ;  mxike  G  A  twice  the  length  of  E  F  G,  drawing  the  line  C  A, 
and  G  H  A  B,  is  the  desired  outline  of  the  plate  you  require. 

TO  FIND  THE  AREA  OF   AX  ELLIPSE. 

Jlule. — Multiply  the  longer  diameter  by  the  shorter  diameter,  and  by 
•7S54,  and  the  product  will  be  the  area. 

Example. — Required  the  area  of  an  ellipse  whose  longer  diameter  is  6 
inches  and  shorter  diameter  4  inches  ? 

6-1-44-  -7854  =  1S&496.  the  area. 

To  yrsD  the  sceface  of  a  sphere  or  globe. — Multiply  the  diameter 
by  the  circumference  ;  or  multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  by  3-1416  ; 
or  multiply  four  times  the  square  of  the  radius  by  3'1416. 

No.     OF  Amekicax  Machixe  made  CtT  Kails  in  a  Pou>-d  as 

VERIFIED  BY  ACTUAL  COr>"r. 


Size.      | 

Xr?xEEP„ 

Size.     [ 

XUJIBER. 

Size.     | 

Xcmbek.- 

3  penny. . 

4  " 

403 

G  peunv. . 
8     ••     '... 
10  "     ... 

138 

100 

66 

12  penny. 
20    "     ■ . 
30     "     .. 

52 

32 

6    "     ... 

227 

25 

bPIKES. 

Boat. 

Ko.  4 1-4    in 13  to  lib. 

Ko.  5 5-16  in 8      " 

Na6 3-8   in 5      " 

Jfo.7 5-8   in 4     " 


No. 
No. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 


Ship. 
.5-16  in 8  to  lib. 


in. 


5 3-8 

6 3-8    in. 

7 3-8    in. 

8 3-8   in.' 

9 9-16  in. 

10 9-16  in. 


.6 
.5 
.3i 
.3 
2 
'.li 


Note  o>'  Forglkcs.— Iron,  while  heating,  if  exposed  to  air,  will' 
fmydize  ;  when  at  white  heat,  if  in  contact  with  coal,  it  will  carbonize,  or 
become  steeiv.    Iron  should  be  heated  as  rapidly  as  possible. 

To  Restore  Bitect  Irox.— Give  a  smart  heat,  protected  from  th« 
air  ;  if  injured  by  cold  hammerinp,  anneal  slowly  and  moderately  ;  if 
tord  or  eteely,  give  one  or  more  smart  beats,  to  extract  the  carbon. 


COST    OF    CAS.S,   CAB   BUILDING,   4C.  67S 

Cost  op  a  Pks>"stlva>"va  Raiuroad  Passzkgkr  Cae. — The  Lon- 
don Engineering  gives  in  deUil  the  cost  of  constructing  one  first-class 
Btandani  Passenger. Car,  at  the  Altoona  shops  of  the  Pennsylvania  R.R., 
the  total  cost  being  $4,-123.75.     The  principal  items  are  as  follows  : — 


Labor S1263  9i 

Proportion  of  Fuel  and  Stores  28  61 

2480  feet  Poplar ?6  Ki 

S434fe«tAsh 127  08 

llOOfeetPiue  20  90 

2350  feet  Yellow  Pine 70  50 

SOOfeetOak  10  00 

i50  feet  Hickorv 13  50 

700  feet  Mickigan  Pine 49  00 

400  feet  Cherrj- 16  00 


57  Sash  Balancea 44  61 

61  Lights  Glasses 65  83 

2  Stoves 77  5» 

25  Seta  Seat  Fixtures 50  5o 

3  Bronze  Lamps 13  50 

2  Bronze  Door  Locks 15  2ft 

Butts  and  Hinges 15  58 

13  Basket  Ra<.ks 77  35 

12Sash  Levers 42  00 

61  Bronze  Window  Lifts 24  40 


439  feet  Maple  vineer 24  14    61  Window  Fasteners 16  4T 

4  pairs  Wheels  and  Axles. . .    332  K.  23S  Sheets  Tin 41  44 

2  pairs  Passenger  Car  Trucks    533  82  273  lbs.  Galvanized  Iron 25  31 

13  gallons  Varnish 52  34   96  vards  Scarlet  Plush 228  8T 

45  lbs.  Glue 14  33   44  vards  Green  Plush 109  99 

-5925  lbs.  Iron 87  75   61  vards  Sheeting 10  30 

792  lbs.  Castings 16  99  243  lbs.  Hair 72  95 


Screws 5188 

Gas  Regulator  and  Gauge  25  25 

2  Two-Light  Chandeliers..  50  72 

2Gas  Tanks 84  00 

1  ALr-Brake,  complete ....  131  79 


12Sprines.... 22  9S 

12  Spiral  Elliptic  Springs. . .  20  2» 

IHe&dLining 80  63 

2  packets  Gold  Leaf 14  68 

Various  small  items 261  44 


$4,423  75 
CoMP.4.iiATrvE  Cost  of  Freight  et  "Water  a>-d  Rah.. — The  Mis- 
»issi;>i  Transportatioa  Co.  have  proved  by  actual  test  that  a  single  Tow- 
boat  can  transport  at  one  trip  from  the  Ohio  to  New  Orleans.  29,000 
tons  of  coal  loaded  in  barges.  Tliey  estimate  that  in  this  way  the  boat 
and  its  tow.  worked  by  a  few  men,  carries  as  much  freight  to  its  destina- 
tion .13  3.000  cars  and  100  locomotives,  manned  by  600  men,  could  trans- 
I)ort,  and  they  propose  to  undertake  the  sliipment  of  wheat,  pork,  and 
other  produce  on  the  same  plan. 

A  standard  locomotive  of  the  Xew  York  Central  Railroad,  32i  toiw 
■weight,  with  cylinders  16  inches  diameter,  '24-inch  stroke.  60-inch  drivers 
■with  four  drivers  and  four  truck  wheels,  wUl  haul  over  the  Central  Rail- 
raid,  with  its  level  grades  and  straight  line,  1,000  tons,  or  say  SOloade*^ 
cars.    The  same  locomotive  would  work  as  follows  : 

20-foot  grade 460  tons or  say  23    loaded  car* 

40-foot  gra«le 290  tons or  say  14;^  loaded  car*. 

60-foot  grade 205  tons or  say  10    loaded  cars. 

80-foot  grade 150  tons orsay    8    loaded  cars. 

100-foot  grade 120  tons orsay   6    loaded  cars. 

P.vssENOER  Cars — i  feet  S^  tn-ches  Gattge. — For  60  persons  ;  Body 
4S  ft . ;  length  over  platform,  54  ft ;  width,  9  ft.  6  ins. ;  height  at  side*  7 
ft  10  ins. :  at  dome,  10  ft  3  ins. ;  saloon,  6  ft  x  2  ft  9  ins  :  passage  bt- 
tween  seats.  1  ft.  10  ins. ;  seats  1  ft  4  ins.  wide,  3  ft  2  ins.  long  inside,  1 
It.  4  ins.  from  floor ;  sash  light*.  2  ft  x  2  ft  7  ins. :  doors,  2  ft.  3  in.  x  6  ft 
4  ins.;  framing— 2  side  sills,  ohx  9  ;  4  inside  do.,  4x9  ;  end  do..  6x9  ; 
transom  beams.  9x14  :  pillars.' 2X3  :  end  do.,  5  ms.  rad.  ;  flooring  IJ 
ins.,  double,  laid  diagonal,  crossed  at  angle  of  45°  :  2  truss  rods,  IJ  Ins., 
iron  ;  dome  braced  by  iron  knees.  2x|  ins. ;  platforms.  2  ft  6  ins.  wide  ; 
"bumper  beam,  7x8  at  centre.  4>r."^  at  ends  ;  weight,  empty,  39,000  lbs.  ; 
dead  weight  per  pass>en?er.  650  lbs. ;  weiuht.  loaded,  46,980  lbs,  ;  load  oa 
■«ach  wheel,  lieht,  3.250  lbs. :  if  loaded,  3,915  lbs. 

Sleeping  Co.\ch.— For  64  passengers  :  Body  61  ft  long,  8  ft  10  ins, 
■wide  inside,  7  ft  10  ins.  high  at  sides,  9  ft  7  ins.  at  dome  ;  carried  om 


$,74,  DIMENSIONS    OP   CARS,    <tC. 

«welve  33-in.  isheels,  16  elliptic  Bpriugs,  36-in.  centres,  5  leaves,  5-16  in»., 
1  do.,  iX^.  steel— weight,  93|  lbs.  each— and  8  rubber  springs  oref 
axles.  8x7  ;  dead  weight,  without  passeni:ers.  26  tons,  or  812.5  lbs.  pel 
passenger  ;  if  loadedT&io.S  lbs.  per  passenger  ;  load  on  each  wheel — 
^.012  lbs.  Western  Palace  Cars,  on  16  wheels,  loaded,  weigh,  78,500 lbs., 
«r  4,907  lbs.  load  on  each  wheel. 

Box  Oaks— 27  it.  5  ias.  long,  8  ft.  6  ins.  wide,  7  ft  3  ins.  high  at  sides, 
S  ft.  at  roof  ;  doors,  5  it.  x5  ft.  10  ins. ;  track  to  top  of  car,  10  ft  10  ins. ; 
limbers- 2  side  sills,  4^X8  :  4  inside  do..  t^x8  ;  end  do.,5x8i  ;  transoms, 
B> 
l)eam, 

each 

lbs. ;  if  loaded  to  capacity,  4.725  lbs. 

B.4^GGAGE  Cars. — 15  ft.  long,  y  ft.  4  ins.  wide,  7  ft  4  ins.  at  sides,  9  ft. 
jit  crown  of  roof  :  end  doors.  2  ft.  2  ins-xG  ft  4  in.  ;  end  side  doors,  3  ft 
X6  ft  2  iu.-5. :  centre  doors,  3  ft.  10  ins.  x  6  ft.  2  ins. :  timbers — 6  longitu- 
dinal sills,  5i<9i  ;  4  truss  rods,  1|  ins.,  iron  ;  weight  of  car.  27,000  lbs.; 
capacity.  12  tons";  total  weight,  if  loaded,  51,000  lbs. ;  earned  on  8  wheels 
=6,375  lbs.  on  each  wheel. 

Coal  Cae*— S  Wheels.— 10-ton,  8-wheel  cars  :  Body,  20  ft.  long,  21 
ft  10  in.  over  all  ;  7  ft.  wide,  7  ft  8  in.  over  allx4  ft.  high  ;  from  top  of 
rail  to  body.  2  ft.  6^  ins. ;  rail  to  centre  of  buffer,  2  ft.  7i  ins.;  buffers,  10^ 
12  ins. ;  2  "ft.  1  in.  centre  to  centre  ;  total  weight,  empty,  13,440  lbs. ; 
loaded.  35,840  lbs. ;  per  wheel =4. 480  lbs. 

Coal,  C.\-R5 — 4  Wheels. — 6  tons,  4  wheels  ;  Body,  11  ft.  long  :  over 
all,  13  ftx6  ft.  7  ins.  wide  ;  7  ft.  5  ins.  over  allx4  ft  3  ins.  high  ;  frame 
of  oak,  4^X8^  ;  end  sills,  8i<9^  ;  body  carried  on  4  oak  springs,  each  3 
X6f  ;  at  ends,  2ix6|x9  ft  long,  bolted  together  •  wheels,  5  ft  centre  tft 
centre  ;  journal  "boxes  bolted  to  the  springs  ;  weight,  empty,  6.720  lbs., 
loaded.  20.1(50  lbs.  ;  on  each  wheel=5,OiO  lbs. 

English  R.a.ilw.a.y  Carriages — 4  feet  8.\  rxcHEs  Gal'ge. — Extreme 
length  over  buffers,  22  ft. ;  frame,  17  ft.  if  ins.  longx6  it  8  ins.  wide  ; 
body,  18  ft  long  X  7  ft  4  ins.xG  ft.  2  iu^.  high  ;  comiiartments,  each  6  ft 
long  :  sides  and  ends  of  under  framing,  11x4  :  transoms,  9x3x11x3  j 
framing  of  body,  3x2ix2ix2i  :  flooring.  2  thicknes.ees  of  |  boarding, 
laid  diagonally  ;"  roof,  |  thick  o'n  ribs,  2ixlf,  2  feet  apart ;  doors,  1  ft  11 
ius.  x5  ft  5  ins.  high  ;  seats,  1  ft.  6  ins.  "from  floor  ;  wheels,  36 ins.  diam 
9  ft.  centre  ;  journals,  G  ft.  4  ins.  apart. 

Freight  \Vack)>"s. — Bodies,  7  ft.  6  ins.  widexlG  ft.  long.  20  ft.  over  buf- 
fers ;  open  wagous,  sides,  2  ft  to  4  ft  6  ins.  high  ;  covered  goods  wag- 
ons, sides,  6  ft  9  ins.  high. 

MECHA>T[CAL  movemests. 

Ix  the  construction  of  models,  or  machinery,  the  skilful  mechanic  and 
inventor  will  study  to  avoid  clumsiness  in  the  arrangement  of  parts,  and 
■will  naturally  take  pride  in  selecting,  as  far  as  possible,  the  simplest  and 
best  forms  of  mechanical  movements.  As  suggestive  for  this  purpose  we 
have  brought  together  and  condensed  an  extensive  series  of  mechiiiiical 
movements.  Here  the  mechanic  may  find  at  a  glance  the  movement 
suited  for  his  purpose,  and  may  see  the  separate  parts  best  adapted  to 
any  special  combination  of  mechanism. 

The  following  is  a  brief  description  of  the  various  movements  as 
numbered  : 

1.  Shaft  coupling.  2.  Gaw  coupling.  3.  4.  Lever  couplings.  On  the 
driving  shaft,  a  disk  with  spurs  is  mounted,  and  to  the  shaft  to  be  driven 
f^  leva:  is  hinged.    By  causing  this  lever  to  catch  in  the  spurs  of  the  disk 


MECHTANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


675 


fl»e  conpling  is  effected.    6.  Knee  or  rose  coupling,  of  whicli  26  is  a  side 
▼lew. 

6.  Universal  joint.    7.  8.  Disk  and  spur  coupling.    9.  Prong  and  spot 
laver  coupling. 


10.  Fast  and  loose  pulley.  11.  S!idin,<r  gear,  the  journal  boxes  of  one 
•f  tlie  wheels  being  movable.  12.  Fnetion  clutch.  By  tightening  or  re- 
leasing a  steel  baud,  encircling  a  pulley  on  the  shaft,  the  machinery  is 
thrown  in  or  out  of  gear.  13.  14.  Shoe  and  lever  brakes.  15.  1(3.  Change- 
of  motion  by  sheaves.  17.  Spiral  flanged  shaft.  18.  Connected  witli  the 
xod  are  pawl  links,  catching  into  fatohet-teeth  in  the  wheel  to  whicli 
rotary  motion  is  to  be  imparted.  When  the  rod  moves  in  one  direction, 
cue  of  tlie  pawls  acts  •,  and  when  the  rod  moves  in  the  opposite  directioOr 


676 


MECHANTCAL    MOVEMENTS. 


the  other  pawl  acts  in  the  same  direction  as  the  first  19.  The  recipro* 
eating  motion  of  a  rod  is  converted  into  rotary  motion  of  the  fly-wheel  by 
a  weight  suspended  from  a  cord,  which  passes  over  a  small  pullev  thai 
connects  witli  a  treadle,  from  which  the  motion  is  transmitted  to  the  flj* 
wheeL 


20.  "Flying  horse,"  nsed  in  fairs  for  amusement.  BypnUing  th« 
cords  radiating  from  the  crank,  the  persons  occupying  the  seats  or  horses 
♦>n  the  ends  of  tne  arms  are  enabled  to  keep  the  apparatus  in  motion.    21. 

22.  Bow-string  arrangements  to  connect  reciprocating  into  rotary  motion. 

23.  Same  purpose  by  differential  screw.  24.  The  same  bv  double  rack 
and  wheels.  25.  Coupling  for  square  shafts.  26.  Side  view  of  Fig.  5. 
27.  Slidiug-spur  pullev  coupling.  28.  Lever  with  bearing  roller  t* 
tighten  pulley  bands.    29.  Chain  wheeL 


MECTEANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


677 


30.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  into  reciprocating  rotarr  motion  by  two 
facks  and  cog-wheel.  31.  Oblique-toothed  wheels,  32.  Worm  and  worm- 
wheel.  33.  S't.  Chiw  coupling  with  hinged  lever.  35.  C6.  Dick  couplings, 
•with  lugs  and  cavities.  37.  Disk  coupling  with  screw  bolts.  38.  ^ 
40.  Shaft  couplings. 


41.  Face  -new  of  Fig.  12.    42.  Friction  cones.     43.  Friction  pnlioTB. 

44.  Self-releasuig  coupUng.  DL^ks  with  oblique  teeih.  If  the  resist&jca 
to  the  driven  shaft  increases  bevond  a  certain  point,  the  disks  separate. 

45.  Hoi.stmg  blocks.  46.  F.lbow  crauk,  for  changing  motion.  47.  Re- 
aprocating  into  rotary  motion  bv  zigzag  groove  on  cvlinder.  48.  An- 
other form  of  Fig.  29.     49.  Reciprocating  into  a  rotary  motion. 

50.    Same  purpoise.      51.    Same  purpo!<e,  bv  double  rack  and  two 
•"*"       """^lons.     YThen  the  double  rack  moves  in  one  direction,  oi^ 


$78 


MECHANICAL    MOVEMENTS. 


pinion  is  rigid  with  the  shaft :  ■when  the  rack  moves  in  the  opposit* 
direction,  the  other  pinion  is  rij^id,  and  a  continuous  rotary  motion  is 
imparted  to  the  fly-wheel  shaft.  52.  Reciprocating  into  cscillaiing.  53. . 
Xotary  into  reciprocating.     By  the  action  of  the  wheel-pins  the  carriag* 

w 


is  mored  in  one  direction,  and  by  the  action  of  said  pins  on  an  elbow- 
lerer,  it  is  moved  in  the  opposite  direction.  54.  Scamp  rod  and  lifting 
cam.  55.  For  gi%'ing  reciprocating  motion  to  rack.  5i>.  Same  motion 
to  a  bar  with  slot,  by  means  of  an  eccentric  pin,  projecting  from  a  r»- 
Toh-ing  disk,  and  catching  in  the  slot  57.  Walking-beam  and  fly-wheeL 
68.  Reciprocating  motion  to  pump  or  other  rod  bv  means  of  eccentric  disk 
«ad  friction  rollers.     See  81  and  104.     5'J.  Hoisting  crane. 


MECHANICAL    MOVE.MENTS. 


679 


60.  Friction  gears.  See  43.  Gl.  Rotary  into  reciprocatinsx  by  rising 
•nd  falling  pinion  acting  on  endless  rack.  C2.  By  the  revolving  cam,  a 
rising  and  falling  or  a  reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  is  imjoarted  to  a 
dmm.  G3.  Reciprocatbig  motion  to  a  frame  bv  means  of  endless  rack 
•nd  pixiion.     ^.  Reciprocating  rectilinear  motion  to  a  tootlied  rack  by  a 


'=^vfeUkj 


toothed  segment  on  a  lever-arm,  which  is  snbjected  to  the  action  of  a 
■weight,  and  of  an  eccentric  wrist-nin,  projecting  from  a  revolving  disk.  G5. 
Eeciprocating  motion  to  a  rod.  The  wheels  are  of  different  diameters,  and 
consequently  the  rod  has  to  rije  and  fall  as  the  wheels  revolve.  (See  110.) 
66.  Cam  and  elbow-lever.  67.  Rod  reciprocates  by  means  of  cam.  C6~ 
Bevolvin^  into  reciprocating  motion,  by  au  endless  segmental  rack  and 


€80  MECHANICAL  MOVEMENTS. 

pinion,  the  Jixle  of  -which  rerolves  and  slides  in  a  slot  toward  and  froH 
the  rack.  This  rack  is  secured  to  a  disk,  and  a  rope  round  said  disk  ex- 
tends to  the  body  to  vrhich  a  reciprocating  motion  is  to  be  imparted.  69. 
Elliptic  gears. 

70.  Bevel  gear.  71.  "Worm  and  -worm-wheel.  72.  Transmitting 
motion  from  one  axle  to  another,  with  three  different  velocities,  by  means 
of  toothed  secjuents  of  unequal  diameters.  73.  Continuous  revolving 
into  reciprocatiug,  by  a  cam-disk  acting  on  an  oscillating  U -ver.  74.  In- 
■termittent  revolving  motion  to  a  shaft  with  two  pinions,  and  segment  gear- 
Trheel  on  end  of  shaft  75.  Oscillating  lever,  carrying  pawls  which 
engage  teeth  in  the  edges  of  a  bar  to  which  rectilinear  motion  is  imparted. 
76.  Oscillating  lever,  connects  by  a  link  with  a  rod  to  which  a  recti- 
linear motion  is  imparted.  77.  OscUlatiug  lever  and  pawls,  which  gear 
in  the  ratchet-wheel.  78.  Common  treadle.  79.  Describing  on  a  re- 
volvuig  cylinder  a  spiral  line  of  a  certain  given  pitch  which  depends 
opon  the  comparative  sizes  of  the  pinion  and  bevel-wheels. 

80.  Marking  a  siiral  line,  the  graver  moved  by  a  screw.  81.  (Se« 
Fig.  53. )  82.  Plunger  and  rods.  8^3.  Crosshead  and  rods.  84 .  Recip- 
rocating rod  guided'by  friction  rollers.  85.  Revolving  into  reciprocating 
motion,  by  means  of  roUer-arms,  extending  from  a  revolving  shaft,  and 
acting  on  lugs  projectiug  from  a  reciprocating  frame.  86.  Crank  motion. 
87.  Reciprocating  motion  by  toothed  wheel  and  spring  bar.  88.  Tha 
ehaft  carries  a  taper,  wliich  catches  against  a  hook  hinged  to  the  drum, 
so  as  to  carry  said  dram  along  and  raise  the  weight  on  the  rope.  Wliea 
the  tappet  has  reached  its  highest  position,  the  hook  strikes  a  pin,  th© 
hook  disengages  from  tha  tappet,  and  the  weight  drops.  89.  Reciprocat- 
ing motion  to  a  rod  by  means  of  a  groove  in  an  oblique  ring  secured  tc» 
a  revolving  shaft. 

90.  Double  crank.  91.  Cam  groove  in  a  drum,  to  produce  recipro- 
cating motion.  92.  Belts  and  pulleys.  93.  Pulleys,  belts,  and  internal 
gear.  94.  As  the  rod  moves  up  and  down,  the  teeth  of  the  cog-wheel 
come  in  contact  with  a  pawl,  and  an  intermittent  rotary  motion  is  im- 
parted to  said  wheel.  95.  By  turning  the  horizontal  axles  -with  different 
velocities,  the  middle  wheel  is  caused  to  revolve  with  the  mean  velocity. 
96.  Oscillating  lever  and  cam  groove  tu  a  disk.  97.  Lazy  tongs.  98. 
Oscillating  segment  and  belt  over  pulleys.  99.  Converting  oscillating 
into  a  reciprocating  motion  by  a  cam-slot  in  the  end  of  the  oscillating  lever 
which  catches  over  a  pin  projecting  from  one  of  the  sides  of  a  parallelo- 
gram which  is  connected  to  the  rod  to  which  reciprocating  motion  is  im- 
parted. 

100.  Oscillating  motion  of  a  beam  into  rotary  motion.  101.  Motion  of 
a  treadle  into  rotarv  motion.  102.  Double-acting  beam.  103.  Single- 
acting  beam.  104.  (See  Figures  58  and  81.)  105.  Device  to  steady  a 
piston  by  a  slotted  guide-piece,  operated  by  an  eccentric  on  the  driving- 
shaft.  106.  Rod  operated  by  two  toothed  segments.  107.  Two  cog- 
wheels of  equal  diameter,  pro-s'ided  with  a  crank  of  the  same  length,  and 
connected  by  liuks  with  a  cross-bar  to  which  tlie  piston-rod  is  secured. 
108.  Device'for  a  rectilinear  motion  of  a  piston-rod  based  on  the  hypocy- 
cloid:il  motion  of  a  pinion  in  a  stationary  wheel  -with  internal  gear.  If  the 
diameter  of  the  pinion  is  exactly  equal  to  one  half  the  diameter  of  the  in- 
ternal gear,  the  h-vpocvcloid  bftcomes  a  sight  line.  109.  Same  purpos* 
as56.  "       " 

110.  Action  similar  to  65.  111.  Revolving  motion  by  a  circular  sud- 
ing  pinion  gearing  in  an  elliptical  cog-wheel .  112.  Similar  to  96.  113. 
Carpenter's  clamp.  The  jaws  turn  on  their  pivot-screws,  and  clamp  th« 
l)oard.  114.  An  irregular  -vibratory  motion  is  given  to  the  arm  carrying 
the  wheel  A,  by  the  rotation  of  the  pinion  B.    115.  Intennittent  rotary 


MECHANICAL   MOVEMENTS.  681 

notion  of  the  pinion-shaft,  by  the  continuons  rotary  motion  of  the  large 
wheel.  The  part  of  the  pinion  shown  next  the  wheel  is  cut  on  the  same 
curve  as  the  pl;iin  portion  of  the  circumference,  and,  therefore,  serves  as 
I  lock  whilst  the  wheel  makes  a  part  of  a  revolution,  and  until  the  pis 
iipon  the  wheel  strikes  the  guide-piece  upon  the  pinion,  when  the  piuion- 
snaft  comuieuces  another  revolution.  IIG.  Stop-motion  used  in  watches 
to  limit  the  niunber  of  revolutions  in  winding  up.  The  convex  curved 
part,  a,  b,  of  the  wheel  B,  serving  as  the  stop.  117.  Several  wheels,  by 
oounecting-rods,  driven  from  one  pulley.  118.  Intermittent  circular  mo« 
tion  is  imparted  to  the  toothed  wheel  by  vibrating  the  arm  B.  When  the 
arm  B  is  lifted,  the  pawl  is  raised  from  between  the  teeth  of  the  wheel, 
and  travelling  backward  over  the  circumference  again,  drops  between 
two  teeth  on  lowering  the  arm,  and  draws  with  it  the  wheel.  119.  Re- 
ciprocating rectilinear  motion  is  given  to  the  bar  by  the  continuous  motion 
of  the  cam.  The  cam  is  of  equal  diameter  in  every  direction  measured 
across  its  centre. 

120.  Mechanism  for  revolving  the  cylinder  in  Colt's  fire-arms.  'When 
the  hammer  is  drawn  back  the  dog,  a,  attached  to  the  tumbler,  acts  on. 
the  ratchet,6,  on  the  back  of  the  cylinder,  and  is  held  up  to  the  ratchet  by 
a  spring,  c.  121.  Alternate  increasing  and  diminishing  motion,  by  mean* 
of  eccentric  toothed  wheel  and  toothed  cylinder.  122.  Oscillating  or 
pendulum  engine.  The  cylinder  swings  between  trunnions  like  a  pendu- 
lum. The  piston-rod  connects  directly  Avith  crank.  ILo.  Intermittent 
rotary  motion.  The  small  wheel  is  driven,  and  the  friction  rollers  on  its 
studs  move  the  larger  wheel  by  working  against  the  faces  of  oblique 
grooves  or  projections  across  the  face  thereof.  124.  Longitudinal  and 
rotary  motion  of  the  rod  is  produced  by  its  arrangement  between  two- 
rotating  rjllers,  the  axles  of  which  are  oblique  to  e.ich  other.  125.  Fric- 
tion indicator  of  Roberts.  Upon  the  periphery  of  the  belt-pulley  a  loaded 
carriage  is  placed,  its  tongue  connected  with  an  ijidicator.  TVith  a  given 
load  the  indicating  pointer  remains  in  a  given  position,  no  matter* what 
velocity  is  imparted  to  the  pulley.  When  the  load  is  changed  the  indi- 
cator changes,  thus  proving  that  the  friction  of  wheels  is  in  proportion  to 
load,  not  velocity.  12(5.  Circular  intermittent  rectilinear  reciprocating 
motion.  Used  on  sewin,g-machines  for  driving  the  shuttle ;  also  on  three- 
revolution  cylinder  printing-presses.  127.  Continuons  circular  into  in- 
termittent circular  motion.  The  cam  is  the  driver.  128.  Sewing- 
machme,  four-motion  feed.  The  bar  B  carries  tlie  feeding-points  or 
spurs,  and  is  pivoted  to  slide  A.  B  is  lifted  by  a  radial  projection  on  cam 
C,  which  at  the  same  time  also  carries  A  and  B  forward.  A  spring 
produces  the  return  stroke,  and  the  bar,  B,  drops  by  gravity.  129. 
patent  crank  motion,  to  obviate  dead  centres.  Pressure  on  the  treadle 
moves  the  slotted  slide  A  forward  uTitil  the  wrist  passes  the  centre,  when 
the  spring  B  forces  the  shde  against  the  stops  imtil  next  forward  move- 
ment. 

130.  Four-way  cock.    131.  One  stroke  of  the  piston  gives  a  complete 
revolution  to  the  crank.    132.    Rectilinear  motion  of  variable  velocity  i» 

fiven  to  the  vertical  bar  by  rotation  of  the  shaft  of  the  curved  arm.  133. 
antagraph  for  copying,  enlarging,  and  reducing  plans,  etc  C,  fixed 
point.  B,  ivory  tracing  point  A,  pencil  trace,  tlie  lines  to  be  copied 
with,  and  B,  the  pencil,  will  reproduce  it  double  size.  Shift  the  slide  to 
which  C  is  attached,  also  the  pencil  slide,  and  size  of  the  copy  will  be 
varieci.  134  Ball-and-socket  joint  for  tubing.  135.  Numerical  register- 
ing device.  The  teeth  of  the  worm  shaft-gear  with  a  pair  of  woro?- 
wheels  of  equal  diameter,  one  having  one  tooth  more  than  the  othet. 
M  ilie  first  wheel  has  100  teeth  and  the  second  101,  the  pointers  wil) 
ir«dicate  respectively  101  and  10,100  revolutions.     136.    Montgolfier'f 


'682 


MECHANICAL    MOTEMENTS. 


hydraulic  ram.  The  right  haud  valve  being;  kept  open  by  a  weigh! 
or  sprinf:,  the  current  flowing  through  the  pipe  in  the  direction  of  th« 
arrow,  escapes   thereby.      ^Mien   the  pressure  of   the   water  curreot 


•rercomes  the  weight  of  the  right  valve,  the  momentum  of  the  wa»«» 
opens  th«  other  valve,  and  the  water  passes  into  the  air-chamber.  On 
«quilibriura  taking  place,  the  left  valve  shuts  and  the  right  valve  opens. 
By  this  alternate  action  of  the  valves,  water  is  raised  into  the  air-cham- 
ter  at  every  stroke.    137.  Rotary  engine.    Shaft  B  and  hub  C  ar«  mf 


KNOTS,    AND    HOW    TO    TIE    THEM. 


es\ 


tangod  eccentric  to  the  case.  Sliding  radial  pistons,  a,  a,  move  in  and 
out  of  hill),  C.  The  pistons  slide  through  rolling  packings  in  the  hub  C. 
138.  Quadrant  engine.  Two  single-acting  pistons,  B,  B,  connect  with  crank 
D.  Steam  is  admitted  to  act  on  the  outer  sides  of  the  pistons  alternately- 
through  valve  a,  and  the  exhaust  Is  between  the  pistons.  131).  Circular 
into  rectilinear  motion.  The  scolloped  wheel  communicates  motion  to  th« 
horizontal  oscillating  rod,  and  imparts  rectilinear  movement  to  the  up- 
right bar.  140.  Rotary  motion  transmitted  by  rolling  contact  between 
two  obliquely  arranged  shafts.     Scientllic  Ameincan  Reference  Book. 

Special  note  to  inventors. — For  full  and  complete  information 
relating  to  the  obtaining  of  Patents,  Inventors,  and  others  interested,  are 
referred  to  the  ScientMc  American  Hand-Book,  forwarded  free  by  mail  on 
Application  to  Munn  &  Co.,  37  Park  Row,  New  York. 

Information  can  also  be  obtained  by  addressing  Coyne  &  Co.,  office 
Western  Manufacturers  Chicago,  Ills. 

The  knots  represented  on  the  preceeding  page  of  engravings  are  aa 
follows  : 

KNOTS,  AND  HOW  TO  TIE  THEM. 


1.  Simple  overhand  knot. 

2.  Slip-knot  seized. 

3.  Single  bow-lmot. 

4.  Square  or  ruf-knot. 
1-5.  Square  bow-knot. 
€.  Weaver's  knot. 
7.  German  or  figure-of-8  knot. 

;  8.  Two  half-hitches,  or  artificer's 
knot. 
9.  Doable  artificer's  knot. 

10.  Simple  galley  knot. 

11 .  ( Japstan  or  prolonged  knot. 

12.  Bowline-knot. 

13.  Rolling-hitch. 

14.  (ylove-hitch. 

15.  Blackwall-hitch. 

16.  Timber  hitch. 

17.  Bowline  on  a  bight. 
18    Running  bowline. 

19.  (Jatspaw. 

20.  Doubled  running-knot 

21.  Double  knot. 

22.  Six-fold  knot. 

23.  Boat-knot. 

24.  Lark's  head. 
(25.  Lark's  head. 
^26.  Simple  boat-knot. 

27.  Loop- knot 

28.  Double  Flemish  knot 

29.  Running-knot  checked 

30.  Crossed  running-knot. 

31.  Lashing  knot 

The  principle  of  a  knot  is,  that  no  two  parts  which  would  move  in  th« 
•ame  direction  if  the  rope  were  to  slip ,  should  lie  alongside  of  and  touclw 
tag  each  other. 


32.  Rosette. 

33.  Chain-knot 

34.  Double  chain-knot. 

35.  Double  running-knot,  with 
check-knot. 

36.  Double  twist-knot. 

37.  Builders'  knot 

38.  Double  Flemish  knot 

39.  English  knot 

40.  Shortening-knot 

41.  Shortening-knot 

42.  Sheep-shank. 

43.  Dog-shank. 

44.  Mooring-knot 

45.  Mooring-knot. 

46.  Mooring-knot 

47.  Pigtail  worked  on  the  end  of  a 
rojie. 

48.  Shroud-knot 

49.  A  bend  or  knot  used  by  sailoni 
in  making  fast  to  a  spar  or  a 
bucket-handle  before  casting 
overboard  ;  it  will  not  run. 
Also  used  by  horsemen  for  a 
loop  around  the  jaw  of  a  colt  in 
breaking  :  the  running  end,  af- 
ter passing  over  the  head  of  the 
animal  and  through  the  loop, 
will  not  jam  therein. 

50.  A  granny's  knot. 

51.  A  weaver's  knot 


C84  CAPACITIES    OF   VABIOrS    IROX    TTORKS 

Cost  of  Ibox  PEODrcnos. — In  Startordshire,  the  making  of  bar* 
marked  '"best,  best,  best,"  corresponds  to  a  consamption  of  5  tons  of 
Coal  per  ton  of  Iron  naade  from  the  forge  pigs,  which  themselyes  requir» 
Irom  '2  to  2^  tons  of  Coal  for  their  production.  Calculating  waste  of  iron. 
in  puddling,  &c,  one  ton  of  the  best  brands  of  StaflfordsMre  bars  repre- 
sent 8  to  y  tons  of  good  coal  consomed.       ' 

Gabtshekrie  5tox  Works,  Scotland. — Furnaces,  16.  Proportion 
of  charges,  about  32  cwts.  of  calcined  ore  are  used  to  the  ton  of  iron,  6 
cwts.  of  pure  limestone,  or  10  cwts.  of  limestone  containing  a  high  per- 
centage of  alumina,  which  is  sometimes  preierred,  forming  a  surplus  of 
quickly  melted  slag.  The  charges  are  made  up  with  the  coal  in  quan- 
tities of  about  30  cwts.  each,  and  are  hoisted  to  the  top  of  the  furnace  by  a 
very  simple  contrivance.  Temperature  of  blast  800°.  Weekly  production 
of  each  furnace  about  160  tons. 

CoLTSEsa  Ieox  Works  : — ^Fomaces,  12.  The  calcined  ironston* 
contains  from  60  to  65  p>er  cent,  of  iron,  and  the  fnmaces  are  charged 
■with  an  addition  of  12  cwts.  of  unbnmt  limestone,  and  4S  cwts.  of  coal  for 
every  ton  of  iron  made.  Tlie  make  f^er  furnace  varies  from  12  to  15  tons 
St  a  cast,  the  furnace  being  tapped  once  in  every  12  hours.  From  S  to  12 
tayere?  are  in  each  furnace  arranged  in  groups  of  3  in  each  arch  formed 
by  the  square  foundation.  The  tuyeres  are  nsuaUy  IJ  in.  diam.  at  th» 
nozzle,  temperature  of  blast  is  between  600°  and  700°.  Power  is  furnish- 
ed by  a  pair  of  condensing  beam  engines,  worked  with  32  lbs.  steam  pres" 
sure  and  a  vacuum  of  26  ins.  The  steam  cylinders  are  48  ins.  diam.  and 
the  blowing  cylinder  100  ins.,  pressure  of  blast  in  the  blast  main  is  3^  ins. 
The  blowing  cylinder  in  the  lower  row  of  furnaces  is  120|  ins. 

Gov.\>'  Iro>"  Works.  Glasgow. — Furnaces,  6  :  height  50  ft.  The 
charges  are  made  up  in  loads  of  15  cwts.  of  ore  and  limestone  for  every 
load  of  10  cwts.  of  coal.  Consnmjtion  of  coal  for  every  ton  of  iron  made 
is  about  50  cwts.  Blowing  Cylinders  2  ;  pressure  of  blast  2?  lbs.  The 
make  of  each  furnace  is  about  12  to  15  toe  s  i>er  cast,  tapped  every  12  horns. 
The  blowing  engine  is  supplied  \^iih  steam  by  7  double-flued  Cornish 
boilers  nred  with  coal  slack,* wid  placed  below  the  ground  level  close  to 
the  engine  house.  The  charge  of  gray  iron  for  each  refinery  is  24  cwts., 
and  6  or  7  chanres  are  made  per  day  with  ordinary  coke  for  fuel. 

BARROw-rN-FcRNTss  Irox  Wofiks  : — Furnaces,  11.  The  charge  per 
ton  of  iron  is  34  cwts.  of  ore.  6h  cwts.  of  limestone,  and  from  10  to  21 
cwts.  of  coke.  Ore  yields  57  per  cent,  of  iron,  weekly  production  4009 
tons.  Tlie  dimensions  of  the  larcer  furnaces  which  form  the  second 
group,  are,  height  56  ft.,  diam.  at  the  In^shes,  7  ft.  greatest  inner  diara, 
16  ft.  6  ins.,  dia'm.  at  top,  11  ft  6  ins.,  they  are  tapped  every  6  hours  and 
pve  about  20  tons  at  each  cast.  The  blast  pressure  varies  from  3  to  SJ 
lbs.,  each  furnace  has  6  tuyeres,  di:im.  of  tuyeres  is  from  2.^  to  3^  ins., 
temr»erature  of  blast  C00°  to  650°.  Forty-two  boilers,  all  fired  with  gas, 
supply  tne  steam  to  the  different  engines;  of  these.  22  work  up  to  25  lbs., 
and  12  to  35  lbs.  oressure.  The  first  set  of  engines  comprise  3  vertical 
beam  engines  :  diam.  of  one  steam  cylinder  is  52  inst,  of  the  other  two 
48  ins.,  each  blowing  cylinder  placed  at  one  end  of  the  corresponding 
beam,  is  100  ins.  in  diam.  with  9  ft.  stroke. 

Irox  For>rDixG. — In  dimensions,  the  McKenzie  cupola,  so  extensively 
used  in  America,  is  ftom  the  drop  bottom  to  the  bottom  of  the  chiirgin^ 
door,  9  ft  high.  The  longer  diameter  outside  is  5  ft.  4  ins.,  and  the  short- 
er diameter  4  ft  4  ins."  The  blast  is  admitted  through  an  annular 
tuyere  or  opening  which  extends  completely  round  the  bottom  part  The 
blast  is  led  into  a  chamber  surrounding  the  boshes  of  the  cupola,  and 
from  this  chamber  it  escapes  through  the  annular  tuyere.  The  cupola 
is  fitted  with  a  drop  bottom.  A  cupola  of  that  kind  is  charged  with  1408 
Uw.  of  coal,  then  4000  lbs.  of  iron,  400  lbs.  of  coal.  4000  lbs.  of  iron  again. 


CAPACITIES   OF  VARIOUS   IBON   WORKS.  685 

end  the  alternate  charges  of  400  lbs.  of  coal  and  4000  lbs.  of  iron  are  re- 
peated for  tlie  necessary  height.  The  blast  is  supplied,  when  the  furnace 
IS  at  work,  at  the  extremely  high  pressure  of  2^  Jb«.  per  sq.  inch  ;  but 
when  the  furnace  is  lirst  started  the  slight  resistance  met  with  by  th« 
blast  does  not  permit  a  press\ire  of  more  than  ^  lb.  to  be  obtained.  The 
blast  is  applied  in  about  40  minutes  alter  tlie  tire  is  lighted,  and  the  iron 
begins  to  run  in  about  20  minutes  after  the  blast  is  turned  on.  When 
the  furnace  is  fairly  at  work  the  melting  p:oceed3  at  the  rate  of  almost* 
tons  per  liour.  One  of  the  McKenzie  cupolas  at  Morris,  Tasker  &  Co. 'a 
tube  works,  at  Philadelphia,  measures  7  by  4  ft. ,  and  is  blown  with  a 
pUlar  of  blast  of  about  24  ins.  of  water.  The  regular  day's  work  is  23 
tons  of  metal  run  down  in  2^  h'^urs,  tlie  iron  beginning  to  melt  in  15 
minutes  from  the  time  the  blasi  is  turned  on,  and  running  at  the  rate  of 
10  tons  per  hour.  It  is  charged  about  4^  ft.  deep  with  iron  and  anthra- 
«ite  coal,  and  abont  1  ton  of  the  letter  is  burned  for  every  9  tons  of  metal 
melted.  In  melting  small  quantities,  in  say,  a  No.  3  McKenzie  cupola, 
a  good  proportion  is  to  put  in  a  bed  about  SOOlbs.  coal,  and  charge  from 
4000  to  5000  lbs.  of  iron,  then  150  *o  200  lbs.  coal,  and  charge  lOOC  to  2000 
lbs.  on  the  top  of  it.  In  Ireland's  "ujwla,  the  furnace  should  be  filled  with 
coke  to  the  top  of  the  boshes,  and  four  separate  cwts.  of  ircn,  alternated 
with  three  cwts.  of  coke,  should  then  be  introdnced  to  fill  it  up  to  the 
charging  door.  lu  the«e  furnaces  a  ton  of  freely  running  iron  has  been 
run  do\vn  by  IJ  cwt.  of  coke,  but  more  usually  from  2  to  21  cwts.  are  re- 
quired. The  furnace  should  be  kept  in  careful  repair  and"  each  charge 
well  levelled  off.  In  the  Woodward  cupola  a  steam  jet  is  used  instead 
of  a  fan,  and  the  steam  required  for  the  jet  to  create  the  draught  is  only 
equal  in  quantity  to  the  requirements  of  an  engine  for  driving  a  fan  of 
eufBcient  power  to  work  the  same  size  of  ordinary  cupola  ;  and  the  con- 
sumption of  coke  in  melting  is  IJ  cwt.  per  ton  of  iron. 

BLOwtNG  OR  Blast  Engines, — Iron  works  at  Mt.  Savage,  Md.  Fo]^ 
blowing  4  furnaces,  14  feet  diam.,  each  making  100  tons  of  pig  iron  per 
week. 

Engine  {Condensin'j) .  Diameter  of  cylinder,  56  in.  ;  length  of  stroke, 
10  ft 

Bevohitions.  15  per  minute.  Pressure.  60  lbs.  per  square  in.,  cut  off 
at  J  of  the  stroke. 

Boilers.  Six  of  60  in.  in  diameter,  and  24  ft.  in  length,  with  one  22-in. 
flue  ill  each,  double  returned.     Grates.     198  square  ft. 

Blast  Cylinder .  126  in.  in  diixmeter  by  10  f t.  stroke.  Revolutions.  15 
per  minute. 

Pressure  of  Blast.    4  to  5  lbs .  per  square  in 

Area  of  Pipes.     2300  square  in.,  or  5  that  of  the  cyUnder. 
For  Blowing  Two  Furnaces  ant>  Two  Fineries,  marking  240  Tons 
OF  Forge  Pig  per  Week. 

Engine  (Xon-condensing).  Diameter  of  cylinder,  20  in.  ;  length  of 
stroke,  8  ft.  Revolutions,  28  per  minute.  Pressure.  50  to  60  lbs.  per 
square  in.  (full  stroke). 

Boilers.  Six  of  36  in.  in  diameter,  and  28  ft.  in  length  (without  flues). 
Grates.     100  square  ft. 

Blast  Cylinders.  Two  of  62  in .  in  diameter,  by  8  ft.  stroke.  Revolutions. 
22  per  minute.     Pressure  0/  Blast.    2h  lbs.  per  square  in. 

Area  of  Pipes.    3  ft  or  |  that  of  the'cylinders. 

One  blast  furnace  has  two  3-in.,  and  one  3J  in.  tuyeres,  the  other  ham 
three  of  3  in 

One  finery  has  six  tuyeres  of  IJ  in.,  and  the  other,  four  of  IJ  in. 

The  ore  vields  from  40  to  45  per  cent  of  iron.  The  temperature  of  the 
blast  is  600°. 


686 


BULES   FOB   MECHANICS,    &C. 


DowLAis  Ibon  Wobks. — Furnaces  17.  Weekly  production  about  188 
tons  per  furnace,  total  annual  production  of  pig  iron  about  150,000  tons, 
total  annual  consumption  of  coal  about  1,000,000  tons .  The  furnaces  ar» 
blown  by  6  beam  engines.  The  largest  has  a  65  in.  steam  cylinder  and 
13  ft.  stroke  of  steam  piston,  while  the  blowing  cylinder  is  12  ft  diam., 
and  the  blast  piston  has  a  stroke  of  12  ft.,  the  great  beam  being  dividnl 
unequally  ;  -weight  of  working  beam  44  tons,  of  tiy  wheel  35  tons.  Blast 
is  discharged  into  a  main  5  ft  diam.  and  about  140  yards  long.  No  fur- 
nace is  more  than  18  ft.  in  duim.  at  tbe  boshes,  and  few  are  as  much  as 
CO  ft.  high,  square  at  the  base  and  assuming  the  circular  form  about  half 
way  up.  They  are  tapped  3  times  in  24  hours,  are  fed  with  raw  coal,  and 
consume  30  cwts.  of  coal  per  ton  of  iron  made.  Temperature  of  blast  6120,, 
pressure  of  blast  3  to  3^  lbs. 

The  furnaces,  mines,  forges,  Bessemer  steel  works,  &c.,  employ  in  all 
nearly  100  steam  engines,  90(30  work  people  (of  which  about  5500  ar» 
under  ground  and  3500  above),  and  700  horses. 

Cohesive  Strength  of  Tie-Bars,  Suspension  Rods,  &c. — Breaking 
weight  in  Urns,  equal  area  of  section  of  rod  in  square  inches,  multiplied 
by  cohesive  force  per  square  iuch  in  tons. 


Cohesive  strength  of  steel  =  50  tons 

"  "   Wrought  iron    23  " 

"  "  Cast-iron             7^  " 

"  "   Wr'ght  copper  15  " 

"  "   Cast-brass           8  " 

"  "  Lead                0.75  " 

"  "  Boxwood           10  " 


tons 
Cohesive    Str.   of   ash    =  8 
"        "        Beech  5.5 

Oak  5.5 

"  "  seasoned  6 
"  "  pitch  pine  6 
"  "  Chestnut  5 
"        "        Fir  5.5 

In  use,  take  J  of  the  above  as  breaking  weight. 

A  mixture  of  30  per  cent,  of  wrought  iron  with  cast-iron,  carerully 
fused  in  a  crucible,  increases  strength  of  ca.«t-iron  one  third.  Chilling 
the  under  side  of  cast  iron  materially  increases  its  strength.  Chilled  bars 
of  cast  iron  deflect  more  readily  than  unchilled.  Girders  cast  with  face 
np  are  stronger  than  when  cast  on  side,  as  1  to  .96  ;  also  strongest  when 
cast  with  bottom  flange  up.  Cast-iron  and  wrought  iron  beams,  having 
eimilar  resistances,  have  weights,  as  2.44  to  L 

To  Test  the  Quality  of  Iron. — If  fracture  gives  long  silky  fibre* 
of  leaden-gray  hue,  fibres  cohering  and  twisting  together  before  breaking, 
may  be  considered  a  toxirjh  soft  iron.  A  medium,  even  grain,  mixed  wiui 
fibres,  a  good  sign.  A  short  blackish  fibre  indicates  badly  refined  iron. 
A  very  fine  grain  denotes  a  hard  steely  iron,  apt  to  be  cold-short,  hard  to 
work  with  a  file.  Coarse  grain,  with  brilliant  crystallized  fracture,  yel- 
low or  brown  spots,  denote  a  brittle  iro7i,  cold-short,  working  easily 
when  heated  ;  welds  easily.  Cracks  on  the  edge  of  bars,  sign  of  hot- 
ehort  iron.  Good  iron  is  easily  heated,  soft  under  the  hammer,  throw* 
out  but  few  sparks. 

To  find  the  Weight  of  Timber  Beajis,  Posts,  and  Joists. — Mul- 
tiply length  in  feet  by  the  breadth  in  inches  and  the  depth  in  inches,  and 
the  product  by  one  of  the  following  factore  :  For  elm,  2.92  ;  yellow  pine, 
2.85  ;  white  pine,  2.47  ;  dry  oak,  4.04. 

Weight  of  Timber  Work,  Timber  Flooring. — Multiply  breadth 
in  feet  by  length  in  feet  by  the  thickness  in  inches  and  byonobf  the 
following  factors,  according  to  the  material  :  For  elm  use,  3.50  lbs.  ; 
for  yellow  pine,  3.42  ;  for  white  pine,  2.97  ;  for  dry  oak,  4.85. 

KiCKEL  Plating  without  ▲  Battery. — To  a  solution  of  from  5  to 
10  per  cent  chloride  of  sine,  as  pure  as  possible,  add  enough  sulphate  of 


STTNDRT   USEFUL    ITEMS.  687 

aickel  to  prodac«  a  strong  green  color,  and  bring  to  a  boil  in  a  porce- 
iaiu  vessel.  The  piece  to  be  plated,  which  must  be  perfectly  bright  and 
free  from  grease,  is  introduced  so  that  it  touclies  the  vessel  as  little  as 
possible.  Boiling  is  continued  from  thirty  to  sixty  minutes,  water  being 
added  from  time  to  time  to  replace  that  evaporated.  During  ebullition 
uickel  is  precipitated  iix  the  form  of  a  white  and  brilliant  coating.  The 
boiling  may  be  continued  for  hours  without  increasing  the  thickness  of 
this  coating.  As  soon  as  the  object  appears  to  be  plated  it  is  washed  in 
water  containing  a  little  ehalk  in  suspension,  and  then  carefully  dried. 
The  cliloride  of  zinc  and  sulphate  of  uickel  must  be  free  from  metals 
precipitable  by  iron.  If,  during  the  jjrecipitation,  the  liquid  becomes 
colorless,  sulphate  of  nickel  should  be  added.  The  spent  liquid  may  be 
used  again  bv  e.xposing  it  to  the  air  until  the  iron  is  precipitated,  filtering 
and  adding  the  zinc  and  uickel  salts  as  above.  Cobalt  also  may  be  de- 
posited the  same  way. 

To  Remove  Ikox  Modld  from  M.\rbl,e. — Take  butter  of  antimony 
1  oz.,  oxalic  acid  1  oz.  ;  dissolve  them  in  Ipt.  water,  add  Hour,  and  bring 
the  composition  to  a  proper  consistence.  Then  lay  it  evenly  on  tho 
stained  part  with  a  brush,  and,  after  it  has  remained  for  a  few  days, 
wash  it  off,  and  repeat  the  process  if  the  stam  is  not  quite  removed. 

Greex  Tka.vsp.\ren't  Varnish  for  Metals. — Grind  a  small  quan- 
tity of  Chinese  blue  with  double  the  quantity  of  finely-powdered  cbro- 
mate  of  potassa  (it  requires  the  most  elaborate  grinding)  ;  add  a  suflS- 
cient  quantity  of  copal  varnish  thinned  with  turpentine.  The  tone  may 
be  altered  by  more  or  less  of  one  or  the  other  ingredients.  Green  bronzft 
liquid  :  One  quart  of  strong  vinegar,  ^  oz.  of  mineral  green,  ^  oz.  raw 
umber,  J  oz.  sal-ammoniac,  ^  oz.  gum  arable,  2  oz.  French  berries,  ^  oz. 
copperas  ;  dissolve  over  a  gentle  fire,  allow  to  cool,  and  then  filter. 

Profits  of  Manuf.^cturers. — Li  the  State  Census  of  Massachusetts, 
of  1875,  Col.  Wright,  of  Boston,  separates  the  value  of  the  raw  material 
from  the  value  added  by  work  doue.  Thus  we  have  under  the  head  of 
lt)oots  and  shoes,  not  the  value  of  the  boots  and  shoes,  but  the  value 
addedto  the  leather  by  the  work  done  to  convert  it  into  boots  and  shoes. 
This  is  stated  to  amount  to  $89,375,792,  for  which  the  employes  received 
$18,727,124,  or  $455.05  each  on  an  average,  and  the  employers  appro- 
priated $70,648,6G8.    Cotton  and  other  industries  show  similar  results. 

Proceeds  of  One  Tox  of  Cotton  Seed. — A  correspondent  of  Lef- 
/el's  News  reports  cotton  seed  as  worth  now,  delivered  at  the  mills  in  New 
Orleans,  Sll  per  ton,  the  mills  furnishing  the  bags  it  is  put  up  in.  From 
that  ton  of  seed  will  be  gotten  : 

250  lbs.  lint  worth  5ct.^.  per  lb.,  or ...  ?12.5© 

About  500  lbs.  hull  worth , . . ,     2.50 

About  from  40  to  45  g.iUs.  oil.  say  40  galls,  at  50  cents 40.00 

Say  800  lbs.  oilcake,  worth  IVj  cent  per  lb 12.00 

Or,  $11  worth  of  seed  works  to  value  pf $47.00 

Arrangement,  Proportion,  Capacity,  &c.,  of  GaAiN  Elevators. 
-—On  this  subject  Pallett  rules  tliatthe  pulleys  should  bfcat  least 24  inches 
diameter,  and  about  one  inch  thicker  than  the  widtli  of  the  belt,  and 
nearly  half  an  inch  higher  in  the  middle  than  at  the  sides,  to  make 
the  strap  keep  on.  These  pulleys  should  have  a  motion  of  twenty- 
five  revolutions  per  minute.  The  buckets  should  be  about  fifteen  inches 
apart.  One  hundred  and  twenty-five  buckets  will  pass  per  minute, 
carrying  162  quarts  and  hoisting  300  bushels  per  hour.  If  this  is  not 
fast  enough,  make  the  strap  wider  and  the  buckets  larger,  increas* 
the  velocity  of  the  pulley  (not  above  35  revolutions),  nor  place  mM% 
buckets  than  one  for  every  twelve  inches,  or  they  will  not  empty. 


CSS 


OK   FABU   BMLDINGB. 


ON  FARM  BUILDINGS. 

The  folloTrins;  plan  for  a  barn  appeared  in  the  colnmns  of  the  Coxintry 
iScntleman,  and  is  of  a  size  suitable  for  about  75  acres  of  land  under  cul- 
tivation on  the  system  of  mixed  husbandry;  but  the  size  may  be  either 
expanded  or  diminished  to  answer  all  possible  requirements  in  any  given 
case. 

The  size  is  42X60  ft.  Fig.  1  shows  the  common  or  principal  floor,  and  is 
so  constructed  that  a  loaded  wagon  can  be  driven  in  at  one  end,  unloaded, 
and  then  pass  out  at  the  other.  The  contrivance  for  this  purjxjse,  so  as 
not  to  interfere  with  the  cellar  or  basement,  is  shown  in  the  perspective 
view  at  the  head  of  this  article,  an  embankment  being  made  at  each  end, 
■which  would  be  facilitated  if  the  building  were  placed  between  two  slight 
knolls  or  ia  a  moderate  hollow,  iu  which  case  ample  drains  should  b« 


Fig.l. 
provided  round  the  whole.  In  the  plan  fig.  1,  V  V  represent  ventila- 
tors or  hay  shutes  ;  A  tiap  door  for  throwing  down  chaff  or  straw,  G 
granary,  and  S  stairs.  The  bay  contaius  950  square  feet,  and  will 
hold  about  40  tons  of  compact  hay  of  about  500  cubic  ft.  to  the  ton  when 
■well  settled.  In  addition,  there  is  room  on  the  platforms  over  the  floor 
and  horse  stables  to  hold  about  20  tons  more.  By  marking  off  a  scale  ol 
feet  on  one  of  the  ventilators,  the  owner  may  ataiy  time  gain  an  approx- 
imate idea  of  the  quantity  of  hay  on  band. 


OK   FARM   BtriLDINGS^ 


68» 


yig,  2  repreacnta  the  basements.  The  roots  are  drawn  in  on  the  bai« 
floor  and  dumped  down  the  trap  A,  shown  in  fig.  L  In  fig.  2,  AAAA  r»* 
present  eall  pens,  or  boxes  for  cows  in  calf. 


I 
I 

c; 

I 
I 


PASSAGE:£X60 


r  14'lM'l'lM't 


c  a w  STABLE .  itxsa 
BHea  &  MAHuse 


._J 


Fig.  2. 


RiTLES  FOB  Fak^ters. — Tlie  prime  auxiliaries  to  good  farming  are  r 
1.  Sufflcient  capitr.l  to  buy  the  farm  and  stock  it  well.  2.  The  proper 
selection  of  a  farm  commensurate  with  these  requisites.  3.  The  selection 
of  good  land  and  the  rejection  of  barren,  no  matter  how  cheap.  4.  To  lay- 
it  out  in  good  style,  and  provide  it  with  good  buildings,  fences,  and  gates. 
5.  Stock  it  with  the  best  animals  and  implements  at  a  reasonable  price, 
and  provide  good  shelter  for  both.  G.  Bring  the  soil  into  good  heart  by 
draining,  killing  of  weeds,  manuring,  deep  jiloughing,  and  a  proper  rota- 
tion of  crops  covering  every  part  of  it.  7.  Diligence  and  carefiU  oversight 
of  all  operations,  correct  accounts  in  the  matter  of  wages,  buying,  selling, 
weighing,  measuring,  cost  of  crops,  animals,  net  returns  of  each,  ac- 
cumulation and  preservation  of  manure, &:c.  8.  Early  rising,  remembering 
that  "  He  that  would  thrive  must  rise  at  five.  He  that  has  tliriven  may 
lie  till  seven."  9.  Regular  and  careful  feeding  of  stock  with  considerate 
and  merciful  treatment  of  horses,  cattle,  &c.,  at  all  times. 

Touching  the  rotation  of  crops  the  following  courses  have  proved  well 
adapted  to  most  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  : 

I.  1st  year,  corn  and  roots,  well  manured.  2nd  year,  wheat,  sown 
with  clover  seed,  15  lbs.  per  acre.  3rd  year,  clover,  1  or  more  years, 
according  to  fertility,  and  amount  of  manure  on  hand. 

II.  1st  year,  corn  and  roots  with  all  the  manure.  2nd  year,  barley 
and  peas.  3rd  year,  wheat,  sown  with  clover.  4th  year,  clover  ono 
or  more  years. 

The  next  illustration  represents  the  frame  of  an  improved  stable  and 
iJam  which  appeared  notlong  ago  in  the  columns  of  the  Globe  and  Canada 
Farmer,  concerning  which  theownerfumished  thefollowing  particulars  to 
that  journal:  "  Bam  56x80  feet,  outside  posts  20feethigh,  the  purliue  posts 
33  feet ;  has  five  bents,  20  feet  spans,  framed  according  to  cut.  The  size  of 
timber  used  is  from  6  to  8  inches  ;  the  sills  are  3x12  in.  plank  bedded  on 
the  stone  walL  The  bam  proper  is  56  x  60,  leaving  20  x  56  feet  for  a  straw- 
house.  The  driving  floor  is  16  feet  wide,  the  bays  on  each  side,  loft,  all 
floored  over  with  double  inch  boards.  The  double  doors  work  on  rollers. 
There  is  a  ventilating  door  in  each  gable  end,  working  with  a  small  pulley 
from  the  floor  :  also  one  on  the  roof,  all  very  useful  in  the  time  of  thresh- 
ing to  allow  dust  to  escape.  On  each  side  of  the  driving  floor  is  a  ladder 
reaching  to  the  top  of  the  bam.  The  granary  is  20  feet  square.  The  bins 
are  six  feet  deep  on  each  side,  leaving  8  x  20  feet  to  keep  the  mill  in  for 
clearing  up.  The  bam  is  well  lighted.  If  stone  is  scarce,  the  wall  need 
be  no  higher  than  to  clear  the  ground,  as  shown  in  the  cut.  No.  1  cat 
fjiw  shingles  are  best  ior  roof.    This  stable  is  in  three  parts.    1st  26  f ee| 


690 


OK   FABU   BUILDINGS. 


is  taken  from  one  end  and  divided  in  three  parts  ;  tlie  centre  is  a  feed 
room  20  X  25  feet  ;  stables  18  feet  deep,  -with  five  stalls  in  each  part.  2d. 
There  is  a  yard  30  x  56  for  yotmg  stock.  There  is  a  trap  door  at  the  side 
of  the  drive  floor  to  drop  down  straw.  If  water  can  be  had  a  well  is  pre- 
ferable in  this  yard.  There  is  a  lai^e  door  on  each  side  to  drive  in  and 
take  out  the  manure.  3d.  The  cow  stable  is  directly  under  the  straw 
'  Louse.  25X56  feet,  divided  into  three  parts :  the  centre  is  the  feed  room,  25 
z  26  feet,  with  trap  door  tbove  to  let  down  the  chaff.    The  stables  are  15 


leet  deep,  with  six  stalls  on  each  side.  There  will  be  sufRcient  light  to 
all  t'ae  stables,  feed  room  and  yard  ;  outer  doors  for  stables  and  inner 
doors  leading  into  the  centre  yards.  Height  of  stables,  8h  and  9  feet 
The  advantages  over  old  stjle  of  building  are  as  follows  :— Lighter  and 
shorter  timber.  There  are  two  rows  of  central  posts  run  to  Sie  top  of 
building,  forming  the  pnrline  work,  and  the  whole  building  being  framed 
into  these  posts  makes  a  much  stronger  frame  :  is  handier  for  storing  ; 
for  forks  working  ;  for  threshing  ;  is  better  ventilated  ;  all  straw  inside  ; 
aU  stock  inside  ;  manure  all  under  cover,  and  when  a  farmer  has  one  of 
these  bams  he  has  all  the  outbuildings  he  requires." 

WziGHT  OF  Hat. — Hay,  well  settled  in  mows  or  stacks,  fifteen  cubic 
^rards  make  a  ton.  Rule  for  long  or  square  stacks  :  Multiply  the  length 
in  vards  by  the  width  in  yards,  and  then  by  half  the  height iii  yards,  and 
divide  by  fifteen.  Rule  "for  circular  stacks  :  Multiply  the  square  of  the 
circumference  in  yards  by  four  times  the  height  in  yards,  and  divide  by 
100  ;  the  quotient  by  fifteen- 


AGRICULTITRAL   FACTS.  681 

SUNDRT  ITEMS  OF   INTEREST  TO  FARMERS. 

A  -BUSHEL  OF  WHEAT,  CO  Ibs. ,  shoiild  yield,  of  flour,  about  48  lbs., 
ehoi-ts,  8  lbs.,  bran  4  lbs.  Wheat  flour  is  of  the  best  quality  from  grain  that 
has  beeu  cut  before  it  comes  to  full  maturity,  beiug  whiter  and  softer,  and 
such  flour  ciirries  a  better  figure  in  tiie  market.  Coarse  or  thick-husked 
grain  will  yield  more  bran  and  less  flour  than  the  kind  noted  above. 

Proceeds  of  Grists. — On  this  subject  a  correspondent  of  the  Countrp 
Gentleman  remarks  :  "The  product  and  waste  in  grinding  depend 
much  upou  the  quality  and  cleanness  of  the  wheat.  I  have  had  winter 
■wheat  turn  out  40  pounds  of  flour  and  12^  pounds  of  bran,  middlings,  etc., 
to  the  bushel.  The  '  waste  '  in  grinding  clean  wheat  should  be  not  mor« 
than  a  pound  to  a  pound  and  a  quarter.  Spring  wheat  will  not  make  as 
much  flour.  The  following  from  a  '  grist '  of  the  last  crop  of  spring  wheat 
is  a  good  average  of  a  dozen  more  that  I  have  noted,  i 

Weight  of  wheat, 1,486  lbs. 

■*'      "  flour, 952  lbs. 

"      "  bran, 240    " 

"      "  screenings,         ------         32    " 

"      "  middlings  (canaille)      -        -        -        -        -      88    " 

"      "  toll, 148    " 

"      "  waste, 26    "-l,4861b8. 

Here  is  24|  bushels,  and  the  yield  of  flour  is  38.45  pounds  per  bushel, 
and  the  offal  amounts  to  14.54  pounds  per  bushel,  whUe  the  waste  is 
only  1.05  pounds  per  bushel.  It  is  proper  here  to  state  tliat  I  senta  '  grist ' 
out  of  the  same  bin,  tfj  a  new  mill  a  few  weeks  before,  and  the  return  was 
only  36  pomids  in  flour  and  the '  waste'  or  wheat  stuck  to  tlie  mill,  besides 
the  toll,  5^  pounds  to  the  bushel.  I  did  not  repeat  my  experiment  at  that 
mill. 

A  miller,  writing  to  the  Mill  Stone,  claims  that  he  can,  on  custom  work, 
make  f  rcjm  38  to  42  lbs.  of  flour  to  the  bushel  of  wheat,  besides  his  seventh 
lor  toll,  and  on  merchant  work  he  can  make  1  barrel  of  fancj'  flour  out 
of  4^  bushels  of  wlie.at.  This  he  cites  as  good  work,  and  right  here  it 
may  be  remarked  that  many  farmers  raise  an  outcry  against  the  miller, 
becausehe  fails  to  give  first  class  flour  and  ample  returns  from  badly 
damaged  or  imjjroperly  cleaned  grain.  In  a  canticle  descanting  on  tlie 
hard  times,  composed  by  a  rural  poet  of  the  writer's  ac(]aaiutance,  the 
versifier  sought  to  immortalize  his  name  by  a  burlesque  on  the  fair  fame 
of  every  tradesman  in  the  town.  The  stanza  reflecting  on  the  honest 
miller  was  as  follows  : 

And  there's the  miller,  he  grinds  for  his  toll, 

And  he  ought  to  do  right  for  the  sake  of  his  soul. 
But  still,  there,  he  goes,  with  the  dish  in  his  fist, 
He  gives  you  the  toll  and  he  keeps  the  grist. 

Millers,  as  a  general  rule,  are  fair-dealing  men.  From  time  iramemoria) 
Hiey  have  been  called  "honest,"  and  it  is  no  more  than  fair  that  they 
should  be  honestly  dealt  with.  If  you  wish  first  class  returns  bring  first 
class  grain  to  the  mill. 

Estimating  the  produce  of  an  acre  in  oats  at  50  bushels,  they  will 
contain  450  j)ounds  of  flesh-forming  food,  and  ^72  pounds  of  fat-forming 
food  ;  while  three  tons  of  hay  off  the  same  acre  will  c^rry  480  pounds  of 
flesh-formers  and  2790  pounds  of  fat-formers.  Hay  is  a  standard  food 
for  cattle. 

Measurino  Hay  m  Bulk.— To  find  the  number  of  cnbic  feet  in  a 
tnow,  multiply  the  length,  width  and  depth  together.  Five  hundred 
cubic  feet  of  ordinary  clover  and  timothy  hay,  packed  nnder  ordinary 
circumstances,  will  make  a  ton.  Generally,  so  many  things  have  to  be 
taken  iuto  considezatiou.  in  calculating  ths  weight  of  hay  in  balk,  it 


€93 


AGRICXTLTURAJ*  FACTS. 


makes  It  difficult  to  aBcertain  it  precisely.  For  instance,  fine  new-mow 
hay,  like  red-top  or  herds  grass,  -would  probably  not  require  quite  509 
cubic  feet  lor  the  ton  ;  timothy  alone,  requires  about  550  ;  clover  650  ; 
coarse  meadow  hay  700  or  more.  After  being  stacked  thirty  days,  the 
bulk  would  be  decreased  from  five  to  ten  per  cent  Again,  hay  -wih  vary 
somewhat  in  measurement  according  to  the  time  it  is  cut 

The  government  standard  for  a  ton  is  7^  feet  ;  this  gives  422  cnbic  feet. 
To  find  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in  a  stack,  multiply  the  area  of  the  base 
by  one  third  the  perpendicular  height 

It  is  estimated  that  25  cubic  yds.  of  common  meadow  hay  in  the  wind- 
tow  compose  a  ton,  and  10  cubic  yds.  of  baled,  or  pi-essed  hay,  the  sam& 
weight 

A  truss  of  ?jew  hay  is  60  lbs. ,  of  old,  56  lbs. ,  a  load  of  hay,  36  trusses  ; 
*  bale,  oOO  lbs.    A  truss  of  straw  is  40  lbs. 

TaBL£  ZXHIBltlXG  CAPACITLES  OF  GRArs"  BIXS,  &C.,  10  IT.   HIGH. 


Bin 

Bin 

Bin 

Bin 

Bin 

Bin   Lin   Lin 

Liu   Lin  1  Lin  ;  Bin  1  Bin 

c 

6  ft. 

7  tt. 

8  It. 

9  ft. 

10  ft. 

lift. 

12 ;t.  ];:t. 

Hit. 

Ijit.  1 10  It.  1 20  ft.  !  22  ft. 

1'" 

Long. 

Long. 

Long. 

Long. 

Long. 

I»ng. 

Long.  Long. 

Long. 

Long.  Long.  Long.'Lonj. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

1 

Bu.  j  Bu. 

Bu. 

Bu. 

1 
Bu.  Bu.  '  Bn. 

3 

145 

1^ 

192 

217 

241 

265 

2S9  313 

33? 

3C2 

386  482   530 

4 

193 

225 

257 

2S9 

321 

354 

2*6,  418 

450 

482 

514;  643   708 

6 

241 

282 

321 

362 

402 

442 

482,  522 

663 

603 

643  804   884 

6 

290 

338 

3sG 

434 

4S2 

530 

579,  627 

C7t 

723 

771 

964  1060 

1 

338 

394 

450 

506 

563 

619 

6T5I  731 

788 

844 

900 

1125  123S 

8 

386 

450 

514 

579 

643 

707 

771   836 

900 

964 

1029 

1286  1414 

9 

434 

507 

579 

651 

723 

796 

868  940 

1013 

1085 

1157 

1446  1592 

10 

482 

563 

643 

723 

804 

884 

964  1045 

1125 

1205 

1286 

1607 1  1768 

11 

531 

619 

707 

796 

8M 

972 

1061  1149 

1238 

1326 

1414 

1768  1944 

12 

579 

675 

771 

gc>: 

904 

10t:i 

11.-7  1254 

13-n 

1446 

1.^3'  1929  2122 

Me.vsuking  Corx  ly  the  Crib. — Many  rules  are  given  by  which  the 
number  of  bushels  of  com  iu  a  crib  may  be  ascertained,  butall  of  them 
must  be  more  or  less  unreliable,  from  the  fact  that  they  assume  that  two 
bush«ls  of  ears  are  equal  to  one  of  shelled  com — some  com  will  not  make 
it,  while  some  will  more  than  do  it.  W'e  give  several  such  rules,  any  on© 
of  which  wUl  be,  probably,  sufliciently  accurate. 

1.  Measure  the  length,  breadth  and  height  of  the  crib,  inside  the  rail  ; 
multiply  them  together  and  divide  by  two,  the  result  is  the  number 
of  bushels  of  shelled  com. 

2.  Level  the  com  so  it  is  of  equal  depth  throughout,  multiply  the  length, 
breadth  aud  depth  together,  and  this  product  by  four,  aud  cut  off  one 
figure  to  the  right  of  the  product.  The  others  will  represent  the  number 
of  bushels  of  shelled  com. 

3.  Multiply  length  by  height  and  then  by  width,  add  two  ciphers  to  the 
result  and  divide  by  124.  This  gives  the  number  of  bushels  of  ears. 
Another  rule  is  to  proceed  as  above  to  obtain  the  cubic  feet,  and  then 
assume  that  1  1-5  cubic  feet  make  one  bushel  of  ears. 

4.  Multiply  length  bv  breadth  and  the  product  by  the  height,  all  in 
inches,  divide  this  bv  2.748.  and  the  quotient  will  be  the  number  of  bushels 
of  ears.  From  two-thirds  to  one-half  of  this  wiU  be  the  number  of  bushels 
of  shelled  com,  depending  upon  the  kind  and  quahtj-.  The  first  of 
these  rules  is  the  one  generally  used  as  an  approximate  estimate. 

To  Measttre  Grain-  ix  the  Grakakt.— Divide  the  cnbic  feet  by  56 
and  multiply  by  45,  and  the  result  will  be  struck  measure. 

Loss  FROM  Shrintcage. — It  is  said  that  com  loses  one-fifth  and 
wheat  one-fonrteenth  by  drying.  From  this  estimate  it  seems  that 
it  would  be  more  profitable  to  the  farmer  to  sell  tmshelled  com  in  the  fall 
at  75  cents  per  boslielj  th&a  to  keep  it  ontiljtphng  and  sell  it  at  (1,  and 


AGRICULTURAL    FACTS. 


693 


that  wheat  nt  SI. 25  hi  December,  ia  equal  to  $1.50  the  eucceeding  June. 
In  cases  of  potatoes,  takiug  those  tiiat  rot  and  are  otherwise  lost,  together 
with  the  shrmkage,  there  is  little  doubt  that  between  October  and  June 
the  loss  to  the  owner  tliat  holds  theiu  is  uot  le,s.s  than  33  per  cent. 

The  English  Quarter,  at  which  wheat  Is  quoteil  iu  the  Eug  i.-h  rcpoifc?, 
Is  560  nouuds  or  one-fourth  ol  the  ton  gross  weigiit  of  2240  pounds.  The 
English  legal  bushel  is  70  pounds,  and  consequently  8  of  those  bushels  is 
a  quarter— equal  to  9J  of  our  statute  bushel  of  tJO  pounds. 

TABLE  EXHIBITtNO  OONTEXTR  OP  CORN'-CRIBS,  CONTAINING  CORN  DT  TRE 
EAR,  OOMPrTED  OX  A  BASIS  OK  3,840  CCBIC  1X3.  PER  BUSH.  HEIGHT 
OF   CUIB,   10  FT.  Jt 


rjth 

10 

1.15 

11 

149 

12 

lfi2 

13 

14 

15 
202 

10 

18' 
243 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

80 

P3 

175  189 

216 

270 

297 

324 

351 

378 

405 

af 

I5< 

173 

189 

2Do 

221 

236 

25b' 

2^4 

315 

347 

378 

410 

441 

473 

!«') 

lUH 

uir, 

2.34 

252 

270 

288 

324 

36U 

396 

432 

468 

504 

&10 

;;tv, 

20.T 

223 

213 

20,-i 

283 

301 

324 

365 

405 

446 

486 

527 

567 

608 

Jio 

22  "> 

24« 

27U 

292 

315 

337 

360 

405 

450 

495 

540 

585 

630 

675 

K  >K» 

2!- 

272 

297 

322 

317 

371 

396 

446 

49. 

515 

694 

644 

693 

743 

G 

"'  1 

29T 

324 

351 

378 

405 

4;'2 

486 

54'./ 

5M 

648 

70? 

756 

810 

UJ4 

21); 

322 

35! 

."^0 

410 

439 

468 

527 

585 

641 

702 

761 

819 

878 

7 

31.5'  317 

378 

409 

441 

472 

501 

567 

6^0 

e'J3 

756 

819 

882 

945 

Vi4 

33.si  371 

405 

4.'!9 

473 

506 

5i0 

608 

67,'-. 

743 

810 

878 

945 

101,1 

8 

.%0  :)90 

432 

468 

504 

510 

576 

618 

7'Jt' 

792 

-?64 

936 

1008 

1080 

*'A 

383  421 

4.5: 1 

497 

5.36 

674 

612 

689 

705 

812 

918 

995 

1071 

1148 

9 

405 

4  to 

4sG 

52(i 

5(;7 

607 

6i8 

729 

810 

891 

972 

10.53 

1134 

1215 

1(J 

450 

495 

510 

585 

539 

675 

7211 

610 

900 

OCO 

1080 

1170 

1260 

1350 

It 

495 

515 

5<U 

6(3 

693 

7J2 

792 

891 

99(1 

1089 

1188 

1287 

1.386 

1485 

\i 

CIO 

594 

GW 

702 

756 

810 

861 

972 

1080 

118S 

1296 

1404 

1512 

1620 

E\-AMrrB.— IT;ider  28  and  opposite  Sis  ],0<)'»,  representing  the  luimber  of 
bnshels  of  corn  i:i  the  oar  coiit  lined  in  a  crib  28  ft.  long,  8  ft.  widf,  and  10  ft. 
Lijh.    This  spaco  would  contain  1,.S00  bushels  of  shelled  corn. 

Rr-LK   WHKV  TITR   CRTB   IS    Fl-ARKP    AT   THE   SlDfS.  — Mllltlplv  half  tho 

stun  of  the  bottom  breadths  vixfce.t  by  the  ])erpendicular  height  in  feet, 
and  the  .same  again  by  the  lengtli  in  foct,  multiply  the  l;ist  product  by  '63 
for  heaped  bushels  of  ears,  and  by  "42  lor  the  number  of  bushels  in 
e'lelled  corn.  This  rale  is  based  on  the  generally  accepted  estimate  that 
3  h.-.viped  lialf  bushels  of  ear.«,  or  4  even  full,  form  1  of  shelled  cora. 

Another  Ritle  with  Kqctal  Sided  Ckibs. — Multinlv  the  length  in 
feet  by  width  in  feet,  and  this  last  by  the  height  in  feet,  multiply  the 
resulting  product  by  "Orj  ami  t'.ie  proceeds  will  show  tho  heaped  bushels  of 
ears.     To  get  tho  number  of  bushels  in  shelled  corn  uuiitiply  by  •42. 

MEMOR.AjjnA. — A  barrel  of  com  is  5  bushels  shelled.  By  this  latter 
measure  crops  are  estimated,  aud  com  boitglit  and  sold  throughout 
most  of  the  Sonthem  aud  Western  States.  At  New  Orlean.s  a  barrel  of 
com  is  a  flour  barrel  full  of  ears.  In  some  parts  of  theMest  it  is  commou 
to  count  100  ears  to  the  bushel. 

AxoTiiEa  WAV  TO  Measure  Corn  in  the  Crib.— Multiply  the 
length,  breadth,  an<l  height  together  in  feet,  to  obtain  the  cubic  feet ; 
multiply  this  product  by  4  and  strike  off  the  right  figure,  and  the  result 
•will  be  slielled  bu.'»hcls,  nearlj-. 

To  Find  the  Contents  of  a  Barrel  ok  Cask.— Multiply  the 
square  of  the  mean  diameter  (in  inches)  by  the  length  of  the  barrel  (also 
In  inches),  divide  this  product  by  29.5  and  point  off  one  figure  to  the 
right;  the  result  will  be  the  answer  in  ifi>?e  gallons. 

It  may  be  necessary  to  add  that  to  find  the  mmn  diameter,  we  aM 
together  tlie  greatest  and  least  diameters  aud  divide  by  2. 


W4  AGElCrLTXTEAL    FACTS. 

To  Fnro  the  NrMSEK  of  Bcshels  of  Apples,  Potatoes,  &c.,  ni 
A  Box  or  Bi>'. — 3Iultiply  the  length,  breadth  and  depth  together  (all  in 
feet),  and  this  product  by  8,  pointing  off  one  figure  i>  the  product 
for  decimal. 

Stosage  of  Roots  ix  Cellabs,  &c. — It  will  require  about  15  cubic 
feet  of  space  to  hold  10  bushels  of  roots.  At  this  rate  the  following  tabl« 
win  serve  to  estimate  the  dimensions  of  a  root  house  or  cellar  required 
for  the  storage  of  various  quantities  of  roots. 

1,000  Bushels  of  roots  will  require  1,500  cub.  ft.,  or  |  ^  ^o^*  g  |  ^fhW 

1  Kiv\      «•  "                "        o  95a^  (<            (  20  X  L..6  x  9  high, 

,    -^'^^  -'-^                   {or,  20x14.0 1 8  high. 

oiYvi      «i  i«               ««       qf¥¥i  '<            ( 20  X  16.8x9  high, 

2'"^  -^'"^                   { or,  20 1 18.9  X  8  high. 

or^^tt  It               t'       d.Km  "            J  -0  X  25.0  X  9  high, 

^''"^  •  *'^^                   j  or,  20  X  28.0  x  8  high. 

20x3o.4x9high, 


4,000      "  "  "       6,000 


or,  20x37.6x8  high. 


Tom      ti  i(  «      incnn      "  (20x58.4x9  high. 

^'"""  ^"'^^  I  or,  20  X  65. 7  X  S  high. 

«n  <W\        <<  <f  i<       ^K  C/Y\        "  j  -0  X  00.4  X  9  high, 

^*'''*"  ^^'"^  {  or,  20  X  93.9  x  8  high. 

Capacttt  of  Waco>'-Beds. — Bide  1. — If  the  opposite  sides  are 
parallel,  multiply  the  length  inside  in  inches  by  the  breadth  inside  in 
^ches,  and  taai  again  by  the  depth  inside  in"  inches,  and  divide  the 
product  by  2,150.42  (the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  bushel),  and  the 
quotient  will  be  the  capacity  in  bushels. 

Example. — What  is  the  capacity  of  a  wagon-bed  10  ft.  long,  4  ft  wide, 
and  15  inches  deep. 

Work. — 120  inches,  length,  x  48  inches,  width,  x  15  inches,  depth, 
=  86,400  -^  2.150.42  =  40  bushels.     Am. 

Bule  2. — Should  the  head  and  tail  boards,  or  either  of  them,  be  set  in 
bevelling,  add  the  top  and  bottom  lengths  together  and  divide  by  2  for  the 
mean  length,  and  proceed  by  the  fdregoing  rule.  Should  the  sides 
be  sloping  add  the  top  and  bottom  widths,  and  divide  by  2  for  the  mean 
vldth,  and  proceed  by  the  foregoing  rule. 

Should  the  contents  be  required  in  cubic  feet,  divide  the  product  by 
1,728  (the  number  of  cubic  inches  in  a  cubic  foot),  instead  of  2,154.42,  and 
the  quotient  wiU  be  the  contents  in  cubic  feet 

Gross  ant)  Net  Weight  a>t)  Price  of  Hogs. — A  short  and  simple 
method  for  finding  the  net  weight  or  price  of  hogs,  when  the  grosi 
■weight  or  price  is  given,  and  ric<?  versa. 

Note. — It  is  generally  assumed  that  the  gross  weight  of  hogs,  dimin- 
ished by  one-fifth  or  20  per  cent,  of  itself  gives  the  net  weight,  and  the 
net  weight  increased  by  one-fourth  or  25  per  cent  of  itself  equals 
the  gross  weight. 

To  find  the  net  weight,  or  gross  price  :  Mult^ly  the  given  rvumber  hy 
•8  (tenths). 

(      366 

Example. — A  hog  weighing  3G5  lbs.  gross,  will  weigh  292  lbs.  \         .8 

net,  and  pork  at  S3. 65  net,  is  equal  to  S2.92  gross.  J    

\    292.0 

To  find  the  gross  weight,  or  net  price  :  Divide  the  given  number  by  8 
(tenths). 

Example.— A.  hog  weighing  348  lbs.  net,  weigbe^SS  lbs.  frose;  I  '*"*°" 


a!»l  pork  at  $3.4S  gross,  is  eq^aaX  to  H-3o  net, 


AGRICULTUEAL  FACTS.  695 

To  FnO)  THE    NOMBEK  OF  SHINGLES  REQUIRED  IN  A    RoOF.— Rule. 

—Multiply  the  number  of  square  feet  by  8,  if  the  shingles  are  exposed  4J 
Ins.,  or  by  7  1-5  if  exposed  5  ins.  To  find  the  number  of  square  feet, 
multiply  the  length  of  the  roof  by  twice  the  h^ugth  of  the  rafters. 

To  tiud  the  leugtli  of  the  rafters  at  one  fourtli  pitch,  multiply  the  width 
of  the  building  by  .5G  (hnndrcdths)  ;  at  une-tliird  pitch,  multiply  it 
by  -6  (tentlis)  ;  at' t\To-tifths  pitch,  by  '04  (hundredths.)  This  gives 
the  lengtli  of  the  rafters  from'  the  apex  to  the  end  of  the  -wall,  and  what- 
ever prc)je('ts  must  bo  taken  into  consideration. 

It'ote. — Hy  i  or  i  pitch  is  meant  that  the  apex  or  comb  of  the  roof  is  to 
be  i  or  ^  the  width  of  the  building  hi'jher  than  the  walls  or  base  of  the 

r     For  J  pitch,  30  X  .6  =  18. 
With  1    foot  projection  =  19 

Example. — How  many  shingles  are      2  times  19  =  38 
required  to  cover  a  building  42  feet      42  and  2  =  44 

long  and  30  feet  wide  ;  the  roof  to   \  — i 

have  J  pitch,  and  to  project  1  foot  on  1672  sq.  feet, 

each  end,  and  1  foot  on  each  side  for  8 

the  eaves — the  shingles  to  lie  4^  inches  

to  the  weather.  (        Ans.  13,376 

Capacities  of  Cisterns. 

For  a  circular  cistern,  take  tlie  diam.  in  feet,  square  that  (see 
table  on  page  612),  and  multiply  by  -'SSSyS  ;  that  gives  the  area  in  feet ; 
multiply  this  by  1.728  and  divide  by  231,  and  you  will  have  the  number 
of  gallons  capacity  of  one  foot  in  depth  of  the  cistern  ;  from  this  calculate 
the  depth. 

If  for  a  Squai'e  Ciffern,  multiply  length  by  breadth,  and  proceed  to 
multiply  the  result  by  1,728  and  to  divide  by  231,  as  beJfore.  Calculated 
in  this  way  we  find  that  each  foot  in  depth  of  a 


Circular  Cistern. 


5  feet  in  diam.  holds  4.66  bbls. 

6  "               "  "      6.71      " 
T    "               ■'  "      9.13      " 

8  "               "  "    11.93      " 

9  «•               "  "    15.10      " 
10    '«               "  "    18.65 


Square  Cistern. 


5  feet  by  5  feet  holds  6-92  bbl.s, 

6  "  6      "        "       8.54      " 

7  "  7      "        "     11.63      " 

8  "  8      "        "     1519       " 

9  "  9      "        "     19.39       " 
10    "          10      "        "     23.74      " 


In  calculating  the  capacity  of  cisterns,  &c.,  31^  gi^ls.  are  estimated  to  1 
barrel,  and  Ki  gaLs.  to  1  hogshead. 

To  Compute  thi';  Weight  of  Lm?  Cattle.  For  cattle  of  a  girth 
of  from  5  to  7  feet,  allow  23  lbs.  to  the  superficial  foot.  For  a  girth  of 
from  7  to  9  ft. ,  allow  31  lbs.  to  the  superficial  foot.  For  small  cattle  and 
calves  of  a  girth  of  from  3  to  6  ft.  allow  ItJ  lbs.  to  tlie  cubic  foot.  For  pigs, 
sheep,  and  animals  measuring  less  than  3  ft.  girth,  allow  11  lbs.  to  the 
snperficial  foot. 

Ki'LE. — Measure  the  girth  in  inches  back  of  the  shoulder,  and  the 
length  in  inches  from  the  square  of  the  buttock  to  a  point  even  with  the 
point  of  the  shoulder  blade.  Multiply  the  girth  by  the  length,  and  di- 
vide the  product  by  144  for  the  superficijil  feet,  and  then  multiply  the 
superficial  feet  by  the  number  of  lbs.  allowed  as  above  for  cattle  of  va- 
rious girtlis,  and'the  j)roduct  will  be  the  number  of  pounds  of  beef,  veal, 
or  pork  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  animal.  To  find  the  number  of  stone, 
divide  the  number  of  lbs.  by  14. 

Ex.^MPi.E.— What  is  the  estimated  weightof  beef  iu  asteer,  whose  girth 
is  6  ft  4  ins.,  and  length  5  ft.  3  ins. 

Work.— 76  ins.  girth,  x  63  ins.  lengtli,  =  4788 -j- 141  =  33J  8qu»rt 
Xeet,  X  23  ;^  764|  lbs.,  or  54|  stone,    Ant. 


69  G 


AGEICrLTUBAL    TABLES. 


When  the  anunal  is  but  half  fattened,  a  deduction  of  14  lbs.  In  ereij 
S80,  or  1  stone  in  every  20  must  be  made  ;  and  if  very  fat,  1  stone  foi 
every  20  must  be  added.    See  other  rules  on  page  558. 

These  rules  are  a  very  close  approximation  to  the  truth,  subject  to  very 
slight  variations  owing  to  the  condition,  breed,  &c.,  of  various  animals. 
The  following  Table  is  compiled  from  two  English  authorities  on  th« 
subject  : 


Girth. 
It.  in. 


ft.  in. 
3    6 


Renton'e  Table. 
5tODe  lb. 


21 
2i 
27 
34 
38 
43 
45 
48 
64 
70 
S9 
107 


Caiy's  Table, 
stoae  lb. 

...   21 
....  24 


34 

?8 
43 
45 
4.* 
64 
70 
99 
107 


In  reference  to  the  very  important  item  of  Sheep  Husbandry,  the  tol 
lowing  valuable  Table  presents  the  results  of  numerous  experiments  b) 
De  Kaumer  : 

TAB.LE    SHO\nXO  THE    EFFECTS    PKODUCED    BT  AX    EQUAL    QCAKTITY  0» 
THE  FOLLOWI>-G  SCBSTAJSCES  AS  FOOD  FOB  SHEEP. 
Increased  weight  of 
liTing  animal  in 
Lbs. 

464 
44 

155 

146 

136 

134 

133 
90 

129 

L» 

Tlie  following  Tablt,  from  Delissef?  Horseman's  Guide,  e.Thibits  the 
percentage  of  different  nutritive  elements  in  the  various  kinds  of  food 
Bupplied  to  horses  iu  this  and  other  countries  : 


I.bs.  Desi^ation. 

lOOO  potatoes  raw  with  salt. . 

"  "  '•  without  salt 

"     mangel-wurtzel,  raw.... 

"     wheat 

"     oats 

"     barley 

"     peas 

••     rye,  with  Fait 

"       ••      without  salt 

"     com  meal,  wet 

*'     buckwheat. 


Produced 

Produced 

Wool 

Tallow 

Lb«. 

Uw. 

64 

124 

6% 

11^ 

5>A 

64 

14 

r.94 

10 

42^5 

114 

60 

H4 

41 

14 

So 

12 

43 

13Xi 

374 

10 

33 

Fibre.   I    Starch.     |  Albiiinen 


tcrs. 


Black  Batter  Com. 'none 

Oat*. 

Iniiian  Ccm. 

iJTiseed. 

Beans. 

Peas. 

Barl«y. 

Old  Hajr. 

Clover. 

Barley  Straw. 

C>at  Straw. 

■Wheat  Straw. 

Bran. 

Carrota. 


none. 

5.0.5 

30.0 

43.0 

8.0 

53.0 

19.0 

35.0 

14  5 

40.0 

9.0 

48.0 

14.0 

52.0 

30.0 

40.0 

25.8 

40.0 

46.0 

340 

50.0 

31.0 

55.0 

27-0 

54.0 

2.0 

3.0 

10.0 

15.5 

11.4 

14.0 

20.0 

26.0 

24.0 

13.5 

70 

9.0 

1.5 

1.0 

0-5 

20.0 

1.6 


10.5 

9.2 

0.6 

2.5 

6.0 

5.» 

8.0 

6.» 

2.5 

3.0 

2.0 

3.0 

a.5 

3.0 

2.0 

7.0 

3.0 

9.0 

none. 

6.5 

a  trace. 

5.5 

none. 

5.5 

4.0 

7.0 

none. 

Ij 

lliJ 

12.3 
14.0 
12.0 
14.3 
14.0 
15.0 
14.0 
11.0 
12.0 
125 
12.0 
13.0 
84.0 


1  pt.  of  Black  Bntter-Com  as  imi>orted  from  the  Indies,  and  sold  in 
many  of  the  feed  store*,  is  considered  equivalent  to  12  qts.  of  oats  foi 
Bouiiching  quahties  when  fed  to  a  horse.    Hard  working  hc^rseij  c;.n  b« 


AGRICULTURAL    TABLES. 


697 


kept  in  prime  order  by  feeding  tbem,  1st,  At  Night  c^ter  work,  i  peck 
oats,  aud  i  pt.  black  butter  corn,  with  8  to  10  lbs.  good  hay.  2d,  In  the 
Morning,  \  peck  oats.  1  pt.  Indiiin  meal,  -with  say,  2  lbs.  hay.  3d,  During 
the  flay,  i  peck  of  oats  with  a  little  hay.  4th,  On  Saturday  Night  a 
£0c  d  warm  bran  mash.    5th,  On  Snndaii,  an  extra  allowance  of  hay. 

lliese  rides  followed  out,  will  ensure  to  a  horse  a  weekly  allowance  of, 
ribriue  and  Albumen,  22  lbs. ;  Fat,  6i  lbs. ;  starch  and  sugar,  85  lbs,  so 
that  the  relati\e  proportion  of  nitrogenoas  to  carbonaceous  food  is  as  1 
to  4  ;  while  for  a  fattening  animal  it  is  as  1  to  5.  Horses  should  be  water- 
ed Iwiure  feeding. 

Table,  showijiU  the  results  of  experiments  in  the  feeding  of 
good  hay  and  other  substances,  as  food  for  stock. 


lOlba 

of  hav  are  equal  to 

10  lbs.  of  hay  are  equal  to 

8  to  10  lbs.  clover  hay. 

30  to  S5  lbs.  mangold  wurtzel 

45  to  50 

'     greeu  clover. 

45  to  50    "     turnips. 

40  to  50 

'     wheat  s*Taw. 

20  to  30    "    cabbage. 

20to40  ' 

'     barley  straw. 

3  to   5    "    peas  aud  beans. 

20  to  40 

'    oat  straw. 

5  to   6    "    wheat. 

10  to  15 

'    pea  straw. 

5  to   6    "    barley. 

20  to  25  ' 

'    potatoes. 

4  to   7    "    oats. 

25  to  30 

'    carrots  (red). 

6  to   7    "    Indian  com. 

40  to  45  ' 

"      (white). 

2  to   4    "    oil  cake. 

Note. — In  calculations  of  this  kind,  due  allowance  must  be  made  for 
variations  caused  by  the  condition,  age,  digestion,  breed,  &c.,  of  th« 
animal,  and  the  variety  or  mixture  of  the  food  dispensed.  The  same  re- 
marks are  eminently  true  of  tlie  following. 

Table,  showing  the  difference  between  good  hay  and  the 
substances  noted  below,  as  food  for  stock,  being  the  uean 
cf  experiment  and  theory. 


100  lbs 

of  hay  are  equal  to 

100  lbs  of  hay  are  equal  to 

275  lbs 

green  Indian  com. 

64  lbs 

rye. 

442    •' 

rye  straw. 

46    " 

wheat. 

360    '« 

wheat  " 

59    " 

oats. 

164    " 

oat       " 

45    " 

peas  and  beans  mixed. 

180    " 

barley  " 

64    " 

buckwheat. 

153     " 

pea      *' 

57    «' 

Indian  com. 

200    « 

buckwheat  straw. 

C8    " 

acorns. 

201     " 

raw  potatoes. 

105    " 

wheat  bran. 

175    " 

boiled  potatoes. 

109    " 

rye        " 

339    " 

mangold  wurtzel. 

107    " 

wheat,  pea,  and  oat  cb*ff. 

501    " 

turnips. 

179    " 

rye  and  bailey,  mixed. 

300    " 

carrots. 

Tlie  following  Table  shows  the  amount  of  hay  or  its  equivalent  per  day, 
required  by  each  100  Ib.s.  of  Use  weight  of  various  animals  : 

Working  Horses 3.08  Iba. 

Oxen 2.40    " 

Fatting  Oxen . .  5.00   " 

'<        "       when  fat 4.i;0   " 

Milch  CowB from  2.25  to  2.40   " 

Dry        "      2.42    « 

Young  growing  cattle 3.08   " 

2.64    " 


Steers. 


3.00 
3.00 


Pigs 
Sheep. 

Winter  Treatment  of  Hens. — Hens  will  produce  au  abundance  of 
eggs  during  winter  if  tliey  are  provided  with  a  warm  comfortable  roost 
during  the  night,  and  a  sheltered  sunny  exposure  during  the  day.  Give 
them  plenty  of  dry  ashes,  gravel,  and  sand  to  roll  in  ;  a  box  of  slacked 
or  old  lime  to  nibble  at,  with  an  allowance  of  finely  chopped  meat  every 
other  day,  and  plenty  of  corn  and  oats,  boiled  soft,  and  spiced  wita 
cayenne  pepper.  Add  the  table  crumbs,  potato  jjarings,  &c.,  with  plenty 
of  lukewarm  water,  and  tliey  will  render  ample  returns.  No  living  tUing 
kept  on  a  farm  pays  better  than  heua  if  tliey  are  only  well  used. 


698 


AGBICULTTTBAL   TABLES. 


NUTBITITE  VALCE  OF    VAJEUOUS  CEOPS,    AS  TO  STAECH,   GCM,   GLTTTn^ 
ALBrUEK,  CASEIX,  OIL,  PALiyE  MATTER,  &C. 


»BlI(>!rATIOS. 


Wheat 25     loOO 

Barley '  35     1800 

Oate.. 50^    2100 

Peas 25     1600 

Beans 25     1600 

IndianCom 30     1800 

Potatoes 12  tonsi  2VO0O 

Turnips 30 

"Wheat  Straw l^ 

Meadow  Hay 1^^ 

Clover  Hay '    2 

Cabbage 20 


67000 
3000 
3100 
4500 

45000 


*2 


270 
420 
130 
ICO 
100 
ItteO 
1310 
1500 
1020 
llliO 
430 


bis 

liO 

1080 

230 

1050 

300 

900 

380 

610 

420 

1260 

220 

4S0O 

&i0 

6000 

1000 

900 

40 

1360 

240 

1800 

420 

2300 

1300 

45 
50 
IGO 
34 
40 
130 
45 
2(^0 
80 
120 
200 
130 


30 
50 

75 
48 
60 
30 
240 
450 
150 
220 
400 
600 


Joh?tston. 

In  the  following  table,  by  Spreugel.  the  grain,  leaves,  peas,  straw,  and 
hay,  are  estimated  alter  tliey  have  been  dried  in  the  air.  the  roots  after 
they  have  been  taken  from  the  field.  The  potato  loses  in  drying  69  i->er 
cent,  of  water  ;  the  turnip,  91 ;  the  carrot,  87 ;  the  turnip  leaf,  86  :  tli« 
carrot  leaf,  parsnip,  and  parsnip  leaf,  each  87,  and  the  cabbage  93. 
Table  sHOwrsG   the   QrA^rriTT  axd   kinds   op  ixoegaxic  matter 

BEHOVED    FBOM    THE    SOIL    IS    lOOO    LBS.    EACH    OF    THE    FOLLOWI>"(l 
CEOPS. 


i 

0 

s 

c 
c 

d 

2 
< 

3 

a 

2 

0 
.a 
a, 
S 

c 

8 

0 

111 

> 
53 

(S 

•o 
o 

UD 

E 

i    i 

CD 

g 

M 

0 

!J 

c> 

Wheat — Grain . 

2.25 

2.40 

0.960.900.26    4.00 

0.50 

0.40  0.10 

tikce 

ii.n 

"        Straw. 

0  20 

0.29'  2.40  0.32  0.90  2.S, 700. 37 

1.70  0.30 

35.18 

Barley — Grain, 
'■        Straw. 

?  78 

2.901  1.06  1.8<i:0.25  11.b2    .59 

2.10,0.19 

trmce 

23.49 

1  SO 

0.48,  5.54  0.76  1.46  38.56  1.18 

1.60|o.7C 

0.14 

0.20  32.42 

Oat*— Grain  . 

1..T0 

1.32;  0.86  0.67  0.14  19.76  0.35 

0.70  0.10 

0.40 

25.80 

"    Straw  , . . 

8  70 

0.02i  1.52  0.22  0.06  45.68  0.79 

0.12  0.05 

0.02 

0.02  57.40 

Bve — Grain 

5.,T2 

i  1.220.44  0.24    1.64  0.23 

0.46 

0.09 

1   U.42 

0.34  10.40 

"      Straw  . . . 

0..S2 

O.lli  1.78  0.12  0.25  22.97  1.70 

0.51 

0.17 

1 

27.93 

Field)  Bean... 
Bean)  Straw... 

4.15 

8.161  1.65!1.5S0.ai    1.26  0.89 

2.92 

0.41 

21456 

16..% 

0.501  6.242.09  0.10,  2.20  0.34 

2.26 

0.80 

0.07 

0.05  31.21 

Field  )  Pea  .... 
Pea  /  Straw  . . 

8  10 

7.39    0.58  1.360.20    4.10  0.53 

l.SO 

0..38 

0.10 

24.64 

2.35 

27.30  3.42  0.60'  9.96|3.37 

2.40 

O.W 

;  0.20.0.0?  49.71 

^-'.  {?-?..•: 

4.02S 

2.334,   .331. 3241. OSt'i    .0S4i.540 

.401 

.16( 

;   ,032;          8.284 

8.19 

.09  12.97  1.70|    .Oij  4.M    ,42 

1.97 

.50 

1     .02 

,30.84 

•r-    {Eea^k 

2..38fi 

1.018,   .7f,2  .254I.03C    .388;. 801 

367 

.239 

'    .032 

6.303 

.-?  -^3 

2.22    6.2*1    ..59  .03  1  1.28  2. c2 

.98 

.87 

1     -17 

|18.G3 

Carrots 

3.5.>3 

.922    .657  .384  .039i    .1.37  .27f 

.514'. 070 

.033 

.060  ;6.619 

Parsnips 

2.079 

.702    .461-  .270  .C-24    .162.19- 

.100  .178 

.005 

?,4.180 

Eve  Grass 

8.81 

3.91    7.310.90  0.31  27.72  3. K 

0.250.06 

52.«) 

Ked  Clover 

19.93 

5.29  27.80  3.33  0.14    3.614.47 

6.573.62 

74.78 

White  Clover.. 

,31.05 

5.79  33.48  3.05  1.90  14.73  3.53 

5.052  11 

1   0.631 

91.32 

"Lucerne 

13  40 

6.15  48.313.48  0.30    3.30  4.01 

13.073.18 

'   0.30i 

io.&2 

Jainfoin 

20.57 

4. 37 121.96  2.88,0.66    5.00*3.41 

9.1t",l.o7 

69.K 

AGRICULTURAL    TABLES,   AC.  699 

Ab  a  means  of  enabling  the  farmer  to  form  an  approximate  estimate  o< 
llie  amount  removed  from  the  soil  by  his  crops,  we  append  the  following 
valuable  tables  by  Prof.  Johnston  : — 
Table  showing  the  xmopst  of  orgaxic  stTBSTA:?CKs  removed  from 

THE   SOIL  IX    1000  LBS.   EACH  OF    THE   FOLLOWING  CROPS   WHEN    PER- 
FECTLY   DRY. 

C*rboa.        Hrdrogen.         Ox}-gen.  Nitrogen.           A>h. 

Lbs.                Lbs.                 Lbs.  Lb«.               Lb*. 

Hay,  about ^  458  50  3S7  15  90 

Red  Clover  Hay. .  474  50  378  21  77 

Potatoes 440  58  447  16  4» 

Wheat  461  58  434  23  23         , 

Wheat  Straw 484  63  38914  331^  70 

Oats 607  U  367  22  40 

Oat  Straw 601  64  390                   4  51 

Table  showthq  inorganic  matter  removed  from  the  soil  in  1000 
lbs.  each  of  the  following  crops  in  theib  ordinary  statb 
of  dryness. 


Beans about  30  lbs. 

Peas "  30    " 

Pea  straw. "  56    " 

Aleadow  Hay "  50  to  10» 

Clover  Hay "  90  lbs. 

Rye  Grass  Hay "  95    " 

Potatoes "  8tol5 

Turnips "  5  to   8 

Carrots "  15  to  20 


Wheat  about    20  lbs 

Wheat  straw "  60  " 

Barley "  30  " 

Barley  straw "  60  " 

Oats "  40  " 

Oatstraw "  60  " 

Bye "  20  " 

Rye  straw "  40  « 

Indian  Com "  15  " 

Indian  Com  Stalk . . . .  "  60  " 

Grand  Idea  for  Farmers  \  Best  'Fodder  at  Si. 00  per  Ton— Mr. 
Francis  Morris  of  Howard  Co. ,  Ind. ,  thus  recounts  a  very  unusual  ex- 
perience in  preparing  and  using  com  fodder.  The  system,  if  carried  out 
to  its  ultimate  results,  would  render  almost  any  farm  a  fair  equivalent  to 
a  gold  mine,  so  far  as  profit  is  concerned. 

"  About  the  1st  of  last  August,  I  planted  five  acres  of  ordinary  wheat 
land  in  Indian  com,  and  I  allowed  it  to  grow  until  the  1st  of  October, 
when  it  was  in  tasseL  I  then  had  it  cut  down  with  a  reaper  and  passed 
through  the  ordmary  process  of  chopping,  using  for  that  purpose  an  or- 
dinary feed-cutter.  '  The  fodder  thus  produced  was  mixed  with  straw  in 
proportion  of  four-fifths  com  fodder  to  one  fifth  straw.  It  was  then  put 
m  trenches,  trampled  down,  and  covered  with  earth.  The  fodder  re- 
mained in  this  state  until  last  Christmas  day,  when  the  trenches  were 
opened  and  the  fodder  taken  out  and  fed  to  the  cattle.  The  fodder  was 
found  to  be  in  as  perfect  a  state  of  preservation  as  when  it  was  first  put  in, 
and  the  cattle  seemed  to  relish  it  from  the  first,  and  now  prefer  it  to  any 
other  kind  of  food.  The  cost  of  producmg  this  fodder  was  only  Si  a  ton, 
which  is  only  one-twentieth  as  much  as  the  cost  of  timothy  hay,  which 
is  not  equal  to  it  in  any  respect.  If  the  land  is  planted  early  in  the  spring, 
20  or  30  tons  can  be  raised  to  the  acre,  but  in  France  the  land  is  highly 
manured  and  the  com  is  sowed  only  two  feet  apart,  which  often  makes 
the  jield  as  high  as  80  tons  to  the  acre.  The  same  land  can  afterwards 
be  planted  in  barley,  and  loses  none  of  its  strength  by  the  planting  of  the 
com,  as  it  is  a  principle  in  agriculture  that  the  strength  of  the  land  is  only 
lost  in  the  formation  of  the  grain.  By  the  use  of  this  fodder  every  farm 
of  100  acres,  planted  with  10  acres  of  this  fodder,  would  be  able  to  fatten 
100  head  of  cattle  during  the  winter,  which  would  yield  a  profit  of  50  per 
cent.,  besides  the  immense  advantage  of  having  such  an  amount  of  stable 
manure,  which  in  itself,  if  utilized,  would  pay  for  the  fodder  thus  used." 

The  advaQtages  of  this  method,  Mr.  Morris  state*,  are  best  shown  )sf^ 


700 


AGKIctrLTTTEAL    FACTS,   4C. 


comparison  between  the  cost  of  production  of  this  fodder  and  the  cost  of 
timothy  hay , 

Phosphate,  10  acres,  at  $16 yiSt 

Team  and  plow  for  30  days '.'.*.'..'.    60 

Man  t»  tend  the  team  .  '.'....'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'    16 

Cutting 15 

Hauling  and  preserving 250 

Total  cost ^500 

"  A  fair  estimate  of  the  crop  of  these  ten  acres  would  be  500  tons. 
Five  himdred  tons  of  timothy  hay  would  cost  $10,900,  and  as  this  500  tons 
of  chopped  fodder  wiU  answer  the  same  purpose  as  the  timothv  liay.  it  is 
easily  seen  that  every  community  can  thus  raise  its  own  meat  at  about 
half  the  cost  to  import  it." 

Of  all  the  vesetable  products  used  as  food,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  in  their 
dry  state,  cai-bon  forms  almost  i  the  weight,  oxijgen  a  little  over  \, 
hydrogen  a  little  more  than  5  per  cent,  nitrogen  from  1^  to  4  per  cent,  and 
earthy  matter  from  1  to  20  per  cent. 


A  SIMPLE  STTilP  PULLER. 
The  above  cut  represents  a  simple  stump  machine  illustrated  in  the 
columns  of  the  American  Agriculturist.  It  is  worked  by  a  lever,  moved 
preferably  by  a  stout  yoke  of  oxen.  The  end  of  the  lever  is  supplied 
with  a  strong  clevis,  sufficiently  long  to  pass  around  so  as  to  be  used  on 
either  side.  The  fulcrum  of  the'  lever  consists  of  a  chain  which  is  to  be 
fastened  to  the  largest  stump  near  (a)  :  on  each  side  of  this  is  a  clevis, 
with  a  short  chain  and  hook  attached.  To  work  the  machine,  fix  a  chain 
to  the  stump  to  be  pulled,  hook  on  to  one  of  the  short  chains  of  the 
machine  (b),  draw  up  the  oxen  until  that  chain  is  tight ;  hook  on  the 
other  chain  (r),  turn  the  team,  and  draw  up  as  far  as  they  can  go  ;  hook 
the  chain  (b),  turn  and  draw  again,  and  so  repeat  until  the  stump  is 
drawn  out.  Then  fasten  on  to  another,  and  repeat  the  process  imtil  all 
the  stumps  are  out  within  reach  of  the  one  the  machine  is  anchored  to. 
The  machine  will  theu  have  to  be  moved  to  another  anchoring  place,  and 
80  on  until  the  field  is  cleared.  The  last  stump  left  must  be  grubbed 
oot    It  will  be  necessary  to  remember  that  the  power  of  thi«  lever  is 


©TNAMITE   VS.    STUMPS,   *C.  701 

terjr  great;  and  stamp  pulling  requires  stout  implements'and  chaina.  A 
breakage  may  uot  only  cause  delay,  but  a  blow  from  a  snapping  chain 
may  very  easily  be  fatai  ;  it  is  therefore  absohitely  necessary  for  safety 
that  the  chains  be  made  of  tliebcist  iron,  with  the  best  •workmanship,  and 
strong  enough  to  hold  against  all  the  resistance  they  may  meet.  The 
lever  sliould  be  strengthened  with  iron  plates  in  those  parts  where  the 
holes  are  bored  for  the  clevis  bolts. 

DTK  AMITE  vs.  STUMPS  AKD  RocKS. — Late  exTierimcuts  by  John  O'Don- 
neD,  of  Jamacia,  L.  I.,  before  an  invited  p.irty  of  farmers,  prove  con- 
clusively that  stumps  and  rocks  can  be  sent  flyiiig  by  means  of  dynamita 
at  a  very  low  cost.  The  stronger  and  fresher  the  stump  is  the  further  it 
flies.  Five  stumps  were  attacked.  The  first  was  of  or.k,  partly  decayed. 
The  men  employed  punched  a  hole  with  a  crowbar  between  two  i  roject- 
ing  roots,  but  uot  being  experts,  did  uot  insert  tlie  instrument  fully  under 
the  stump.  Consequently,  only  two-thirds  of  it  was  blown  out.  The 
partial  decay  of  the  wood  was  another  hindrance.  It  did  not  offer  the 
necessary  resLstanee.  A  partially  rotted  chestnut  stump  was  blown  to 
fragments.  The  crowbar  was  badly  i-aserted  under  an  apple-tree  stump, 
and  thnt,  like  the  oak,  was  shattered  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds.  With 
a  sound  and  sturdy  oak  stump,  however,  the  dynamite  was  fully 
triumphaut.     The  stump  was  blown  out  utterly. 

A  charge  was  place  under  a  rock  weighing  about  two  tons.  It  was 
thrown  from  its  bed  and  shattered  to  pieces.  A  rock  half  its  size  was 
thrown  twenty  feet,  but  not  broken.  A  hole  about  a  foot  deep  was  then 
drilled  into  a  well-embedded  rock,  and  charged  with  four  ounces  of 
dynamite.  It  was  much  broken,  and  t!ie  pieces  not  dislodged  were  easily 
pried  out  with  the  crowbar. 

About  two  inches  of  a  cartridge  an  inch  in  diameter  had  hitherto  been 
used  upon  the  stumps,  but  the  closing  experiment  was  made  vrith  an 
entire  cartridge  eighteen  inches  long  upon  a  fresh  oak  stump  twenty 
inches  in  diameter.     Many  of  the  fragments  were  thrown  125  feet. 

The  dynamite  is  put  up  in  packages  of  oiled  muslin,  shaped  like  a 
candle,  and  impervious  to  water.  One  end  is  opened,  and  a  hole  is  made 
in  the  powder  with  a  stick  for  the  insertion  of  the  percussion  cap,  which 
is  an  inch  long,  and  loaded  for  half  its  length  with  fulminate  of  mercury. 
A  fuse  is  inserted  in  the  cap,  which  is  squeezed  with  nippers  that  it  may 
fit  tightly.  The  little  interstices  must  be  filled  with  soap,  to  render  the 
cap  waterproof.  After  the  cap  is  in  position  in  the  powder,  the  top  of 
the  cartridge  must  be  tied  tight  around  the  fuse,  so  that  no  water  may 
enter.  On  the  cartridge  being  placed  against  the  stump,  water  must  be 
poured  into  the  hole  and  the  ground  around  thoroughly  soaked  and 
pressed  that  it  may  offer  a  strong  resistance.  A  little  semi-circular  dam 
should  then  be  heajjed  around,  within  which  more  water  should  be 
poured,  by  way  of  addiug  to  the  resistance.  The  fuse,  which  should 
project  outside'of  the  dam,  is  then  lighted.  It  reachee  the  cap  in  less  than 
two  minutes,  which  affords  ample  time  for  tlie  operators  to  reach  a  safe 
distance.  Tlie  explosion  makes  Uttle  noL^e,  and  after  viewing  a  dance  in 
the  air  of  a  myriad  of  fragment's,  spectators  find  a  large  hole,  with  a  few 
loose  roots  around  and  tlie  ground  ready  for  the  plough. 

CocKRO.-vcH  Destroyer.— To  destroy  cockroaches,  mix  finely 
powdered  borax  and  fine  siigar,  half-and-half,  and  .spread  around  where 
the  roaches  are  most  troublesome.  For  a  few  days  it  may  seem  that  the 
remedy  is  doing  no  good,  but  sr>on  the  roaches  will  begin  to  die.  and  in  a 
short  time  yon  will  be  rid  of  them.  This  is  said  to  be  an  infallible  rem- 
«Hy.  Cayenne  pepper  will  keep  the  pantry  and  storeroom  free  Iron 
•ockroaches  and  ants. 


ro2 


AGRICTTLTTmAL   TABLES. 


QrA>rrrnES  op  seed  required  to  the  acre.  &c. 

Table  SHOwrsG  the  qcastity  of  gardex  seed  fob  a  gitex  spaob. 


Designation. 


Asparagus 

"  Roots. 

Eng.Dwarf  Beans 

French  •'        " 

Beans,  Pole,large 

"         "     email 

Beets 

Broccoli  and  Kale 

Cabbage 

Cauliflower 

Carrot 

Celery 

Cuoumtwr 

Cress 

Egg  Plant. 

Endive 

I/eek. 

Lettuce 

Melon 

Nasturtium 

Onion 

Okra 

Parsley 

Parsnip 

Peppers 

Peas 

Pumpkin 

Badish 

Salsify 

Spinage 

Squash. 

Tomato . .  

Turnip  

Water  Melon . . 


Space  and  quantity  of  seeds. 


1  oz.  produces  1000  plants  and  requires  a  bed  12  ft.  sq. 

1000,  plant  a  bed  4  feet  wide,  225  long. 

1  quart  plants,  from  100  to  225  of  row. 

"      •'  "     from  100  to  150  feet  of  row. 

"      "  "     lOOhiUs. 

"      "  "     300  Mils,  or  250  feet  of  row. 

10  lbs.  to  the  acre  ;  1  oz.  plants  150  feet  of  row, 

1  oz.  plants  2500  plants,  and  requires  40  sq.  ft.  of  ground. 

Early  sorts  same  as  broccoli,  and  require  60  sq.  ft.  ground. 

The  same  as  cabbage. 

1  oz.  to  150  of  row. 

1  oz.  gives  7000  plants,  and  requires  8  sq.  feet  of  ground. 

1  oz.  for  150  hills. 

1  oz.  sows  a  bed  16  feet  square. 

1  oz.  gives  2000  plants. 

1  oz.  gives  3000  plants,  and  requires  80  feet  of  ground. 

1  oz.  gives  2000  plants  and  reqiiires  60  feet  of  ground. 

1  oz.     "     7000      "      and  requires  seed  bed  of  120  fe«t, 

1  oz.  for  120  hills. 

1  oz.  sows  25  feet  of  row, 

loz.    "    200    "  " 

loz.    "    200    "  " 

loz.     "    200    "  " 

1  oz.    "250    "  " 

1  oz.  gives  2500  plants. 

1  qtiart  sows  120  feet  of  row. 

1  oz.  to  50  hills. 

1  oz.  to  100  feet. 

1  oz.  to  150  feet  of  row. 

1  oz.  to  200  feet  of  row. 

1  oz.  to  75  hills 

1  oz.  gives  2600  plants,  requiring  seed  bed  of  80  feet. 
1  oz.  t«  20u0  feet. 
1  oz.  to  50  hills. 


Table  showinq  the  qua^'tity  of  seed  reqciked  to  the  acre. 


Designation.  Quantity  of  seed 

Wheat li'4to2     bush. 

Barley l>i  to  2^^  " 

Oats J2     to4  " 

Bye...  1     to2  " 

Buckwheat %  to  1%  " 

MiUet 1     tol^  " 

Com y^tol  " 

Beans 1     to  2  " 

Peas 2J4to3M  " 

Hemp 1     tolji  " 

Flax M  to2  " 

Bice .2     to2H 


Designation .  Quantity  of  teed. 

Broom  Com v.  1  to    1)4  busb. 

Potatoes 5  to  10       " 

Timothy 12  to  24  quarts. 

Mustard 8  to  20        •' 

Herd  Grass 12  to  16       " 

Flat  Turnip 2  to   3  Ibe. 

Red  Clover lOtolS    « 

White  Clover 3to  4    « 

Blue  Grass 10  to  15    '* 

Orchard  Grass 20  to  30    " 

Carrots    4  to   5    " 

Pamsnips 6  to   8    " 


Table  showtng  the  qcantity  per  acre  whe>-  PLA>"rED  Df  rows  oa 

DRILLS. 

Broom  Com 1     to  1^  bush. 

Beans IVj  to  2        " 

Peas 11,^  to2 


Onions 4  to  6     lb* 

Carrots 2  to  2^  " 

Pamsnips 4  to  5      " 

Beets 4  to  6      " 

To  EsTQiATB  THE  QuA>TiTT  OF  Peat. — Peat,  OS  Ordinarily  in  the  bed, 
will  weigh  2,100  to  2,400  lbs.  per  cubic  yard,  if  drained  in  the  bed^ 
1,340  to  1,490  ;  when  air-dried,  320  to  380  lbs.,  when  it  will  shrink  to  i 
or  1-G  its  original  bulk. 

Vrr.VLiTY  OF  Seeds. — Beans  will  retain  vitality  for  2  years,  beet  7, 
cabbage  4,  carrot  2,  sweet  com  2,  encumber  10,  lettuce  3,  melon  10,  onioa 
1,  pea«  2,  par&nip  1,  radish  3,  eqoaah  10,  tomato  7,  tomip  4. 


AGRICULTURAL    TABLES. 


70S 


TABUI  gHOWIKG  GERMINATION  OF  WHEAT    SOWED  AT  VARIOCS    DEPTHS. 

Appeared  »boT«       No.  of  plinU 
ground  in  that  came  up. 

Seeds  sown  to  the  depth  of %  inch.  11  daya  % 

"         "  "         1    "  12    "  alL 

"         "  "         2    "  18    "  % 

«  ><  w  ■  3     "  "  1 

"  "  "  ■.*.'.*.■.■.'.".".'.'.'  4    "  «'  >Z 

«  5    "  "  »t 

"  "  »  6    "  23    "  % 

In  sowing  wheat  the  rule  is  to  give  it  a  tliinner  covering  in  a  cloe« 
heavy  soil,  than  in  one  that  is  light,  gravelly,  and  sandy. 
Table,  showing  the  period  of  REPRODrcrioN  and  gestation  o# 

DOIESTIC  animals. 


designation 


Mare 

Stallion, 

Cow, 

Ball, 

Ewe 

Kam, 

Sow, 

Boar, 

She  Goat. 

He  Goat, 

She  Ass, 

He  Ass 

She  Buffalo,.. 

Bitch 

Dog 

She  Cat, 

He  Cat 

Doe  Rabbit, . . . 
Buck  Rabbit, . 

Cock,  

Hen 

Turkey 

Duck, 

Goose, 

Pigeon, 

Pea  Hen, 

Guinea  Hen, . . 
Swan 


P. 


So 


4  years. 

5  " 
3  " 

3  " 
2  " 
2  " 
1  " 

1  " 

2  '• 
2  " 

4  " 

5  " 

2  " 

2  " 

1  " 

1  " 

6  months 
6  " 
6  " 


*  '■a 

»4«<   O 


10  to  12 
12  to  13 
10  to  14 

8  to  10 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

5 

10  to  12 
12  to  15 

8 

8  to    9 

8  to  9 
6  to    6 

9  to  10 
5  to    6 

5  to    6 

6  to  6 
3  to    6 


Shortest  pe- 
riod, days. 


20  to  30 
30  to  45 


40  to  50 
6  to  10 


20  to  40 


5  to    6 


30 

12  to  15 


322 
240 


146 
109 


150 
365 


281 
55 


19 
24 
28 
27 
16 
25 
20 
40 


Mean  peri-      LongMt 
od.dajs.     period,  471a 


347 
283 


154 
115 


156 

380 


308 
60 


50 
28 


21 
26 
30 
30 
18 
28 
33 
42 


419 
321 


161 
143 


163 
391 


335 
63 


06 
35 


24 
30 
32 
33 
20 
30 
25 
4» 


Man 
The  Camel 
The  Horse 
The  Ox 
The  Lion 
The  Dog 
The  Cat 
The  Hare 
The  Guinea  p 


Growth  and  life  of  animals. 
grows     for     20   years, 


and  lives 

90 

or 

100  years. 

'«        " 

40 

"        " 

25 

«        <i 

15 

to 

20      « 

11        ii 

20 

«        i< 

12 

to 

14      «• 

II        11 

9 

or 

10      " 

«  6 
"  4 
«         4 

"         2 

VA 
<■       ^      >•       ■•       •• 

"        7  mouths,  and  lives 

To  Rid  a  House  of  R.\ts. — Wet  a  few  pounds  of  unslacked  lime  wltk 

atrong  lye  made  from  potash  ;  let  it  be  quite  soft ;  spread  it  around  the 

holes  so  that  tlie  rats  cannot  avoid  treading  in  it ;  let  it  remain  a  week  or 

60,  and  if  it  gets  dry  scrape  it  off  and  moisten  again.    The  mixture  boms 

their  feet,  and  they  will  not  be  likely  to  make  a  second  visit.    Do  not  let 

it  come  in  contact  with  oil  cloth  or  paint. 


6   or 


704 


LAX0  MEASUREMENT. 


OJT  LAND  MEASUREMENT. 
To  aid  farmers  in  arriving  at  accurate  results  in  the  measurement  ol 
an  acre,  ■we  append  the  foliowLng  table.    A  field  of  any  of  these  dimeii« 
«ion9  contains  one  acre : 


5  vard3  wide  by  968  long. 
20"     "  "       """      ' 

80 

30        " 
50 
16        " 


10  yards  wide  by  4f3  long. 


242     "  40 

60i-<«'  70        "         ' 

161     "  65        «     .    ' 

97     "  47        " 

303     '•  59        '«         • 

THE  eiDE  OF  A  SQCARE  TO  CO>-TAEf 

208.71  feet ;  12.65  rods; 

147.58  feet ;  8.94  rods  ; 

120.50  feet ;  7.30  rods  ; 

104.36  feet ;  6.32  rods  ; 

73.79  feet ;  4-47  rods  ; 

Ti-SLi  FOR  FAE3IEB3,  STTHVEYOKS,  &C.,  Gn-I>"G   EXACT   PKOPORTIOXS  OF 
AX  ACRE  1>'  SQCAKE  1  EET  !>'  A  LOT  LESS  THAS  A>'  ACEI 


One  acre, 
3^  acre, 
H  acre, 
y.  acre, 
>i    acre, 


121  " 
69  " 
?8   " 

103  " 
82   « 

64 
45 

37 

paces, 
paces, 
laces. 

32 
»2 

paces. 
'4  paces. 

9  • 

E  S 

o  . 

„• 

1  m  6 

1   - 

1  I  « 

-  '^ 

1         f.  -> 

S  u 

.1  Z « 

1   b  -^ 

^  *« 

*o 

*  ~ 

..-  .. 

'    3  s 

S  c 

^  2 

B,? 

.      p  3 

c  S 

1          Hr® 

0  0 

-  o 

1  g  * 

er^ 

1    c-it 

c«-i 

'.     O-Sti 

^*-* 

1  ^'^ 

'  £«-• 

«Q 

O 

V2 

^  0 

aj 

"  s 

1   «n 

1   0 

4S6 

.01 

ii3-:6 

.26 

22215 

.51 

ssic-e 

.76 

871 

.02 

11761 

2T 

22661 

.52 

33541 

•TT 

1307 

.03 

12197 

'is 

23087 

.53 

S3S77 

.78 

1742 

.04 

12632 

.29 

'^ai^T 

.54 

34112 

.79 

2178 

.05 

13068 

.30 

1    ?.?958 

.55 

348A8 

.80 

2614 

.06 

13504 

.31 

24394 
!   ,24829 

.56 

35364 

.81 

3049 

.07 

13039 

..32 

.57 

3  S19 

.83 

3485 

.08  : 

14373 

.33 

K265 

.58 

2C255 

.83 

3920 

.09  , 

iisia 

.31 

25700 

.59 

SGOSO 

.84 

4356 

.10  : 

15246 

.35 

26135 

.60 

37026 

.85 

47^2 

.11  j 

15C82 

.36 

26572 

.61 

374C2 

.86 

5227 

.12  : 

16117 

.37 

27007 

.62 

37£97 

.87 

56o3 

.13  , 

I6008 

.38 

27443 

.63 

38333 

.88 

60S8 

.14  ; 

163S8 

.30 

27878 

.64 

387C8 

.89 

6534 

.15 

17-124 

.40 

28314 

.C5 

39204 

.90 

6970 

.16 

17860 

.41 

28750 

.C6 

s:;6:o 

.91 

7405 

.17 

19295 

.42 

20ie5 

.07 

4C075 

.92 

78-11 

.18 

18731 

.43 

29621 

.68 

40511 

.93 

8276 

.19 

191Cfi 

.44 

30056 

.69  ! 

4C946 

.94 

6712 

.20 

19602 

.45 

3-3492 

.70 

413?  1 

.96 

9148 

.21 

20038 

.46 

30928 

.71 

41618 

.98 

9&:3 

22  i 

2M73 

.47 

31303 

.72 

42253 

jsn 

10019 

:23  j 

20909 

.48 

31799 

.73 

42Ct9 

.98 

10454 

.24 

21241 

.49 

32234 

.74 

43124 

.99 

108SO 

.25  ' 

21780 

..ro  I 

32670 

.75 

43560 

1.00 

SmaJA  Lots. — In  laying  off  small  lota  the  follo-vring  admeasurement! 
•ill  b«  lomid  to  be  both  accurate  and  usef  iil : — 

o2!   feet  square,  or   2.722'^  square  £eet,=:  ,^  of  an  acre. 
735',         •'  ''         5,445  "  =% 

lOiii         "  "        K^-SPO  "  =»/♦ 

"        14,520  "  =% 

"        21.780  "  =  }i 

"        43.-500  "  =1  acre. 

TO^TST)  tht;  Number  of  Acres  ix  A  Body  of  Land. — I2ulc. — Mul- 
tiply the  length  by  tlie  vridth  (in  rods),  and  divide  tlie  product  by  160  : 
the'rcsult  will  be  the  anrJwer  in  acre^i  .-ind  hundredths. 

Whentheoupo.-ite  side?  of  a  piece  of  Und  are  of  unequal  len.ijth.  add 
them  tocether  and  take  one-half  for  the  mean  length  or  width.  Sluitiply 
this  by  the  depth,  and  divide  by  31^.     This  wiU  give  the  result  required. 


120j^ 
147/ 
20b2 


i? 


6    feet  I  fathom.  ,  ,,  , . 

U>ad  in  mearunng  depth*  kt  ■ 


SDRVfitdft'a  LOKQ  STCABWlS  MS  MKASt'SlSO  OtOTAiJCWi  JWCrSTJi^BIM, 
AREAS,  RAILWAYS,  &C. 

IjVo  lucUes 1  link,  j  4  rods .,..,...!  ehiia. 

251iiik8 1  rod..  |  80  chains 1  mile. 

EQUIVALENTS. 

Mils.               Chains.               Rods-                    LlBks.  tiiches. 

i            =.            80            =            320            =            8,000            «  •3,360 

1            =^               4            =               100            =  782 

=                25            -  198 

1           =-  7.98 
Surveyor's  long  measure,  scale  of  unite,  7-92,  25,  4,  80.  , 

TABLE  OF  MISCELLAXEOrS  LINTIAR  MEASt'RK. 

3  inches  1  palm. 

4  inches  1  hand.^^'-'^L^rsT.ni'S^fho'^de^'*"  ^ 
9    inches  1  span. 

3    feet  1  pace  or  step. 

3.28  feet  1  metre. 

880    fathoms  1  mile.       j 

3    geographical  miles  1  league. 

GO  "  ")    ,    (IpCTrPP     J  Of  latitude: 

69-^  statute  "  k        "Cg^cc.  Jof  longitude  on  the  e<n»tor, 

SCRVErOR'S   SQUARE   MEASURE,     FOR   MEASURING    THE    CONTBin'9    OF 
FARMS,  FIELDS,  &C. 

635  square  Unks  (sg. /.) 1  pole.  P. 

16  poles 1  square  chain,  iq.  ch. 

10  squ.are  chains 1  acre,  A. 

640  acres 1  square  mile,  sq.  mi. 

36  square  miles  (6  miles  square) 1  township,  Tp. 

EQUIVALENTS. 

Tp.  Sq.  Mi.     A.       Sq- Ch.          P.  Sq.Linka. 

1   —   36   =«    2304   =   230,400    =   3,686,400  =  2,304,000,000 

1   _    040    =     6,400    =     102,400  =  64,000,000 

10   =        160  =  10,000 

1   =        16  =  1,000 

1  =  625 

Surveyor's  square  measure,  scale  of  units,  625,  16,  10,  640,  36. 

An  Acre  is  the  unit  of  land  measure,  iind  is  10  square  chains  (10,000 
links),  or  a  piece  of  laud  3  chains  Hy\  liuks(or  about  6t>i  yds. ),  on  each 
of  the  four  sides,  or,  if  of  a  different  shape,  as  much  land  as  is  embraced 
lu  that  compass. 

A  Rood  is  a  quarter  of  an  acre,  or  40  perches,  and  contains  25,000 
square  liuks  ;  if  square,  it  should  measure  1  chain  and  58  links,  or  about 
6^i  yds.  on  each  side. 

A  Perch  (sometimes  called  a  pole  or  rod)  is  the  160th  of  an  acre,  and 
contains  30J  square  yds.,  or  625  square  links,  and  embraces  5J  yds.,  or 
25  running  links  of  the  chain,  on  each  of  the  four  sides. 

GrxTERs  Chain,  the  unit  of  measure  used  by  surveyors,  is  a  metallic 
chaiu  22  yds.  iu  length,  and  is  divided  into  100  iink.«  of  7  iVo  inches  each. 
Measurements  are  calculated  in  chains  and  hundredths.  As  a  substi- 
tute for  the  cliain.  some  engineers  use  a  steel  measuring  fcipe  100  feet 
long,  with  each  foot  divided  iuto  tenths.  It  takes  10,000  links  to  make 
1  square  chain,  as  100  times  100  is  10,000.     An  acre  embraces  10  iquai* 


ro6 


LAND   MfcAStJREMENT, 


ch^s,  or  100,000  square  links.  The  outside  measurements  of  tand  iA 
estimated  by  mnning  chains  and  links,  the  contents  by  square  chains 
and  links  (being  a  regular  system  of  decimals),  the  latter  being  a  multi- 
ple of  the  former.  In  land  measurement,  the  chtiin  is  drawn  straight  over 
Lills  and  hollows.  Correctness  in  the  measurement  is  ensured  by  the  use 
of  a  compass  (sustained  by  a  tripod)  resembling  a  quadrant. 

Farmers  and  others  not  possessed  of  a  Gunter's  c^hain  or  metallic 
measuring  tape,  may  effect  correct  measurements  by  the  use  of  a  notched 
pole  16^  feet  long,  containing  25  divisions,  formed  by  24  notches,  each  of 
them  a  trifle  over  7g  Laches  apart.  The  25  spaces  will  represent  25  links, 
and  the  pole  i  of  a  chain  ;  be  careful  to  get  the  spaces  correctly  laid  off 
and  accurately  numbered  on  the  pole  ^\ith  pen  and  ink. 

In  the  United  States  Govekkment  Land  measurement  a  town- 
ship  consists  of  36  sections,  each  1  mile  square,  a  section  contains  640 
acres,  a  quarter  section,  i  mile  square — 160  acres,  an  eighth  section,  ^  a 
mile  long,  north  and  south,  and  |  mile  wide — 80  acres,  and  a  sixteenth 
eection,  J  mile  square — 40  acres.  In  the  surveys  of  the  Public  Lands  of  the 
United  States  they  are  laid  out  in  ranges  of  townships  which  run  longi- 
tudinally, and  are  numbered  on  the  maps  in  Roman  characters,  or 
cajpitivl  letters,  according  to  their  proximitj'  to  the  northern  border  of 
a  State.  The  ranges  of  townships  run  from  west  to  east,  the  extreme 
northern  line  of  townships  in  any  St;ite  would  be  aU  number  1,  the  next 
number  11  and  so  on  down.  In  a  township  the  sections  are  all  numbered 
1  to  36,  beginning  at  the  north-east  corner,  as  shown  in  the  diagram. 

In  drawing  out  (Jeeds  the  area  or  contents  of  the 
land  is  described  iu  acres,  roods,  and  perches,  the 
extent  of  each  boundarv  is  expressed  by  chains  and 
links  ;  if  the  land  is  of  extra  value,  the  odd  yards 
and  links  are  uoted  in  describing  the  contents.  In 
laving  off  arms,  less  than  half  a  perch  is  not 
reckoned,  while  a  half  perch  or  more  is  counted  a 
full  perch.  The  description  of  landed  property  as 
detailed  iu  deeds  should  be  definite  and  expUcit  as 
to  contents  and  boundaries.  Illustration— The  dia- 
gram exliibits  a  piece  of  land,  embracing,  say  20 
acres  fronting  on  the  west  of  Stanley  road, 

Land  of  John  Reid. 


Land 

of 
Daniel 
Wilson, 


Laud  of  A.  Rodger s. 
the  land  of  John  Reid  is  on  the  south  side  ;  that  of  Alex.  Rodgers  on  the 
north  side  ;  that  of  Daniel  Wilson  on  the  west  side  ;  and  the  Stanley  road 
on  the  east  side.  In  the  Deed  the  lot  should  be  described  as  follows  : 
"  Beginning  at  a  post,  stake,  or  tree,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Stanley 
road  at  the  north-east  corner  of  land  owned  by  John  Reid,  ruiming 
westerly,  parallel  with  the  land  of  said  Reid,  twenty-five  chains,  to  land 
belonging  to  Daniel  Wilson,  thence  northerly,  parallel  with  the  land 
of  said  Wilson,  sixteen  chains  and  sixty  links,  to  land  of  Alex.  Rodgers, 
then  easterly,  parallel  with  the  land  of  said  Rodgers,  twenty-five  chains 
to  the  Stanley  road,  then  southerly,  along  said  road,  sixteen  chains  and 
eixty  links  to  the  place  of  beginniig, — containing  twenty  acres  of  land| 
1^  the  same  more  or  less." 


6 

7 

5 

8 

4 
9 

3 

2 

NW  1  NE 
SW  1  SE 

10  11 

12 

18 

17 

16* 

15  14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

22  23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

31 

32 

33_ 

34 

35 

36 

S8 

^ 

A  S    • 

Length, 

&§• 

25  chahis. 

»  2. 

(a 

S 

LEGAL  WEIGHT  OF  A  BUSHEL. 


707 


An  English  acre  is  a  square  of  about  70  yds.  each  way  ;  a  Scotch  of 
77i  yds. ;  and  ;in  Irish  of  S8i  yds.  Every  mile  of  mere  hedge  and  ditch 
ia  about  an  acre.  Koads  and  fences,  1  rod  wide,  occupy  1  acre  for  every 
mile  of  length. 

Note.— An  English  acre  comprises  4.840  square  yds.  ;  the  Scotch, 
6,150  ;  the  Irish,  7,840  ;  tlie  French  (hectare),  11,950  ;  the  Dutch,  9,722  ; 
the  Prussian  (morgen).  3,053  ;  the  Dantzic,  U,G50  ;  that  of  Amsterdam, 
9,722  ;  that  of  the  United  States  is  English  measure. 

FOB  TABLE  OF  8CBFACB  JIEASL'RESIENTS,  SEE  PAGE  128. 
EQUIVALENTS. 

Sq.  ML        A.         Sq.  Rod.         Sq.  Yd.              Sq.  Ft.  Sq.  Ina. 

1     =    &10    =     102,400    =    3,097,600     =    27^78,400     =  4,014.489,600 

1    =          160     =           4,840     =           43,560     =  6,272,640 

1     =               30Vi=               2721/4=  39,204 

1     =                    9      —  1,296 

1      =>  144 

Table  of  avoirdupois  pounds   ix  a  bushel,  as  prescbibsd  bt 
statute  in  the  several  states  named. 
7^e  letter  m  signifies  sold  by  measure. 


COMMODITIES. 


Barley 

Beana  

Blue  Grass  Seed 

Buckwheat 

Castor  Beaiis 

Clover  Seed 

Dried  Apples  

Dried  Peaches 

Flaxseed 

Hemp  Seed 

Indian  Corn 

Indian  Com  in  ear... 

Indian  Com  meal 

Oats 

Onions 

Potatoes 

Kye 

Bye  Meal  

Salt 

Timothy  Seed 

Wheat 

WheatBran 


40 


S< 


4& 

60 

14 
50;52  52 
46:46 
60160 
25  24 


33133  33 


56 


56156 
44  44 

56  56 
68  68 

..  ,.,.„50  . ;  ..„    ,.. 

32'28  32  32*35  33%I32 

....;57  48157  57 

160  60  60  60!60 

M  56  54  56;56|56 


60 


50 


50'50  5O 


..45  45 
56!60,60 
..I20I.. 


45  45 
60  60 
20'20 


60 


42 


48  48 
..60 
..14 
42  52 
46 


50 

30  30 
52 


50 


56 


56 


50 


60 


60 
24 
33 
56 
14 
52;56i58 


5555 


35  30  32 


60i60  60 
56  56  56 


..150 

..45 
60  60 
..20 


..56 
..44 
60  60 


48 


60 


56 


46 


47 


58 


66<56 


32:34  32 


601.. 
56  56'56 


46 


42 


60  60  66 


32  32 


60,60 
56  9S 


..46 
60  60 


In  Pennsylvania  80  lbs.  coarse,  70  lbs.  ground,  or  62  lbs.  fine  salt  make 
1  bushel,  and  in  Illinois,  50  lbs.  common,  or  55  lbs.  fine  salt  make  1  bu.shel. 
In  Tennessee  100  ears  of  com  are  a  bushel.  A  heaping  bushel  contains 
2815  cubic  inches. 

lu  Maine  64  lbs.  of  rata  baga  turnips  or  beets  make  1  bushel. 

A  cask  of  lime  is  240  lbs.  Lime  in  slacking  absorbs  2^  times  its  volume, 
and  2\  times  its  weight  in  water. 

The  United  States  Standard  bushel  contains  2150.42  cubic  inches.  A 
cubic  foot  contains  1728  cubic  inches,  so  that  a  bushel  is  to  a  cubic  foot, 
as,  say  2150  to  1728,  or  about  the  proportion  of  4  to  6  ;  hence  to  convert 
cubic  "feet  to  bushels,  multiply  by  {. 

To  FIND  THE  CONTEXTS  Of' A  BiN  IN  CUBIC  FEET. — Abate  tj  6  COnteQtl 

i>n&-lilth,  and  the  result  will  be  the  contents  in  bushels. 


708 


▲dKieeiTeSAL  JASLBI* 


OK  FENCES. 

As  th  e  hiaintenance  of  fences  is  a  most  ifliportanl  WbsidiiratioS  o< 
every  farm,  ve  ^jreseut  the  following 

t-vblz  showixg  thk  number  of  e.4j1,s.  riders,  akd  stakes  requires 
For  every  tex  rods  of  zig-zag  fexce. 


I  en-nh      l^eflec-   .Length  ,  Kum-    ; 

ofTIii    ^-^"  ''■*'™'     *^'^     1  ^«r  o*  ^'o-  of  rails  lor  ♦'a^'hlO  rods 
*"'•   right line.|  panel,  j  pauels.l 

b>  a       k  f  e 

Teet.          Feet. 

Feet. 

5  raili     6  raiJs  :    7  rrula 
Feet.   1    high.     high.    |    high. 

il,i-^i 

?;      z 

12                   6 
U                   7 
165^               jc 

8 
10 
12 

20H    1      103 
16'i             »3 
IS'i     1        69 

123 

84 

144 
116 
95 

42     1       21 
34    !       17 
28     1       14 

For  lousjer  distances  tlian  10  rod^.  the  proper  number  of  rails.  &c , 
may  be  comigited  by  multiplying.     For   inst-mce  :   If  for  50  rods   o£ 
fence,  multiply  the  above  number  by  5  ;  if  for  100,  multiply  by  10,  &c. 
The  like  rule  will  apply  to  the  next 
Table,  shotving  the  >-r?rBER  of  rails  and  posts  required  for 

EACH  TEX  RODS  OF  POST  AXD  R.VIL  STRAIGHT  FF.XCE. 


o  & 

o| 

^ 

>r 

Xumber  of  rails  for  each  10  rods- 

f"? 

t~£ 

fe5 

•SS  w 

1= 

ri 

^4 

IP. 

5  rails 

firails 

Trails         8  rails 

w5 

^t 

S5 

a 

high. 

high- 

high.             hi^h. 

10 

8 

2*H 

21 

103              123 

lii          1       Itij 

u 

10 

16K 

17 

g3             yd 

116 

KiS 

14 

12 

13H 

14 

69                84 

95 

l<i9 

16M 

Uii 

ni 

12 

57                 69 

81 

93 

Ai^ROXIMATK    COMFARATl\-E    COST    OF    ZIG-ZAG   A>'D    STRAIGHT    BAH 
FENCES. 

Zig-zag  rail  fence — 

Twelve  rails,  at  f  25  per  thousand SOccuta. 

Ground  covered  by  fence,  with  total  worm  from  stake  tu&take, 

i:i  alternate  panela  of  six  feet,  at  §^  per  acre T8     " 

Two  iiake^  at  two  cents  apiece 4     " 

$1.12  per  12  ft. 
Straight  rail  fence — 

Eight  rails,  at  f  25  per  thousand 20  cents. 

Ground  covered  by  fence,  two  feet  wide 26      " 

Two  stakes 4     " 

"Wire 2     '• 

»0  52  Iter  12  it. 

A  board  fence,  4  ft  6  ins.  liigh,  with  cedar  posts  6  ft  apart,  4  boards, 
respectively.  6  inches.  6  inches,  9  inche*.  aud  12  inches  br«j;id.  with  a 
coping  board  and  vertical  board  covering  the  joints  agaiu.st  the  posts, 
may  be  conrtructed.  when  lumber  costs  not  over  6l(i  per  lOXi.  at  a  cost 
of  not  more  than  Si  for  every  12  ft.  in  length,  without  co»mting  labor. 

The  cheapest. and  everything  considered. the  most  efficient  fence  a  farm- 
er can  construct,  is  one  made  of  wire;  such  fences  vary  in  Cf*t  according 
to  the  Dumber  of  wires  used,  the  number  of  posts,  size*  of  wire,  &«.    Th« 


IQHtOtLtnUL  TABtta* 


90^ 


fftU<)vmg  t«,bl6  eihibiti  ibe  lOK^tli  of  wire  of  each  number  that  a  given 

weight  will  make,  from  which  may  bft  computed  the  cost  of  a  wire  feuca 

63  Itw.  01  No.  6  runs  223  yards,  and  costs  $3  45  or  Sh  centa  per  rod. 

7    "     2a9     "  "        3  55  or  7i 

«'  8    "     322     "  "        3  05  or  G|  *' 

Cost  of  materials  of  a  lo ire  fence,  posts  eight  feet  apart,  with  a  bottom 
board  twelve  inches  wide,  and  a  scantling  three  by  four  on  top: 

li  poets,  at  5  cents 7^  centa. 

12  feet  of  inch  board,  at  $16.00  per  thousand  feet.  19    " 

Scantling,  12  feet,  at  $16.00  per  thousand  feet 19    " 

6  wires=60  ft.  of  No.  6,  at  8^  cents  per  rod ^    " 

75^  cents  per  12  ft 
In  riew  of  the  increasing  scarcity  of  timber  in  many  parts  of  the 
country,  it  would  be  well  for  farmers  to  exercise  greater  care  for  tlie 
preservation  of  their  afciuding  trees,  and  as  occasion  offers,  plant  out 
more.  Nature  never  fails  to  respond  generously  to  all  such  investments. 
For  interesting  facts  regarding  the  growtli  of  forest  trees,  consult  pp.  84 
and  118.  This  subject  reminds  the  writer  of  the  advice  given  by  a  Scotch 
laird  to  his  son  and  heir  on  his  death  bed.  The  laird's  ruling  passion 
during  a  long  life  had  been  to  set  out  trees,  and  when  the  closing  scene 
arrived,  the  son  was  called  to  his  father's  bed-side,  and  while  standing 
there  anticipating  salutary  coimsel  befitting  tlie  solemnities  of  the  oc- 
casion, the  dying  laird  exclaimed  ;  "  Now  Jocli,  mind  what  I'm  gaun  to 
tell  ye,  when  I'm  gane  be  aye  stickin'  in  a  tree,  for  it'll  grow  when  you'r 
sleepin'!" 

The  chemical  INfiREDIENXS  OF  PLANT  FOOD,  IK  POFXD.?  AVOIRDUPOIS, 
COXTAINEU  IN  OXE  TON  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  MANURES. 


Manures. 

Chlorine . 

Sulphr.. 
ric  Acid. 

Phospho- 
ric Acid. 

Soda. 

nesia. 

Totash 

Am. 
monia. 

Farm  Yard  Manure. . . 
Kight  Soil 

lb.        oz. 
1  9 
3  0 

lbs.      oz. 

1  4 

2  3 

lbs.      02. 

5    1 
120    0 
580    0 

lbs.      oz 
1  10 
4  10 

lb«.  oz. 
18  3 
2  7 

Ibs.oz. 
2  4 

6  7 

Ibe.    oz. 
13    6/ 
47  15 

145    5 

Fresh  Bones 

Dry  Blood 

HI    3 

Guano 

62  0 
22  9'A 
1344  0 

93  8 
194  31/4 

283    9 
5    12% 

36  15 
2  11% 
833    0 

s'iiy* 

66  8 
7  1% 

221    91 
50    2 

Soot 

Salt,  Common 

Gypsum  

1317  0 
38 

Mxd.  Urine  p.  100  gals. 
Kitrate  of  Soda 

1  6 

2    6 

5    9 
8    3 

2  0 

18    314 
364    0 
470    0 

Sulp.  of  Arnica 1 

13.57  0 

A  dragoon-horse  kept  in  a  box-stall  with  1  hour's  exercise  each  day  for 
a  week,  was  fed  as  follows  : — 

Oats  each  day  10  lbs.  =  70  lbs.  per  week 
Hav      "       ''^  12    "   =  84    "    ^'        " 
Straw  "      "     8    "  =  56    "     "        " 
He  drank  within  the  week  27  gals,  of  water  ;  during  the  time  of  his 
exercise  the  loss  of  mailure  is  supposed  to  be  4  lbs.  daily,  or  28  lbs.  pel 
week,  yet  althogh  the 

Total  forage  consumed  amounted  to  210  lbs., 
The  manure  and  litter  produced  was  327^  lbs. 

Thus  if  lost  manure  be  added,  yielding  with  the  addition  of  the  moisture 
impsirted  to  the  litter  by  urine,  aii  increase  of  two-thirds  beyond  the  weight 
of  tl)e  food  consumed.  Experiments  Drove  that  a  cow  of  average  size  voida 
about  60  lbs.  of  manure,  or  about  IJ  cubic  feet  per  dav,  or  more  than  3 
cords,  weighing  on  er  10  tons,  per  year.    Composted  wi£h  peat  or  svamy 


ri6 


AGftlCtJLTimAL   TABLES. 


mack,  three  parts  to  one  of  manure,  It  would  fonn  12  cords  of  excellent 
compost.  It  is  further  estimated  that  the  liquid  manure  is  equally  valuable 
with  the  solid,  and  if  this  also  is  utilized  by  the  peat  absorbents,  either 
under  the  stable  or  in  it,  24  cords  of  an  excellent  fertilizer  is  secured. 
This,  applied  to  2  acres  of  worn-out  meadow,  producing  say,  1  ton  of 
hay  or  less  per  acre,  would  increase  the  crop  to  3  tons  to  the  acre  the  first 
year,  besides  greatly  increasing  the  crops  for  5  years  longer.  In  every 
case  never  fail  to  save  your  liquid  manure,  for  it  is  well  wortli  every  effort 
that  can  be  made. 

Table  bhowing  the  compabative  ikckease  of  corn  by  various 
fertilizers. 


QtlASTITT  OF  FERTILIZER. 


««  « 


•s^^ 


1  No  Manure 

2  500  lbs.  Superphosphate  of  Lime 

3  690  "    Guano  

4  300  "    Superphosphate  Lime  &  640  lbs.  Guano 
6  320  "    Guano  and  640  lbs.  dissolved  Bones . 


28 
46 
50  J4 
58 
51 


18 
22% 
30 
23 


12  50 
19  00 
25  10 
18  40 
38  60 

16  00 
32  00 
12  00» 

17  80* 


bus 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


16  80* 
16  20 


qrta 

U%. 

6 

6% 

8 

6% 
15 
14% 
22% 
28 


1040"    Guano  and  400  lbs.  Superphosphate  Lime  74%  46% 

16  loads  Stable  Manure j35!^ I  7  J4 

32     "  "  42341434 

16     "  "        &  200  bus.  leached  Ashes '44       8 

16     "  "        &  640  lbs.  Super  P  Lime ,49J^  14% 

32     "  "        &  320  lbs.  Guano  &  1320  lbs. ) 

Superphosphate  Lime        )  60     n^i 

Hog  manure  from  108  bus.  corn |43    |l5 

*  Only  the  increase  over  the  experiments  7  and  8  with  stable  manure  alone. 

Table  exhibiting  the  number  of  loads  of  jianure  and  the 
number  of  heaps  in  each  load  required  to  an  acre,  thb 
hbaps  at  given  distances  apart. 


% 


•■c  . 

11^ 

NUMBER  OF  HEAPS  IN  A  LOAD. 

t^^- 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5       1     6     1     7     1      8 

9 

10 

3 

538 

269 

179 

134 

108 

891^ 

77 

67 

60 

&4 

3M 

395 

168 

132 

99 

79 

66 

56% 

49V-. 

44 

Si 

4 

203 

151 

101 

751/2 

60% 

50'^ 

4314 

37% 

33% 

4% 

239 

120 

79% 

60 

4734 

39»4 

341/4 

30 

26% 

24 

6 

IM 

97 

64y, 

5314 

48% 

38% 

32V4 

2-;% 

241/4 

21% 

191/4 

6% 

160 

80 

40 

32 

263/4 

2234 

20 

17% 

16 

6 

131 

67 

44% 

33% 

27 

22% 

a 

16% 
141/i 

15 

iP' 

6% 

115 

57% 

38I4 

28% 

24% 

23 

19 

12% 

T 

99 

49% 

33 

19% 

1-1^ 

16% 

14 

121/4 

11 

10 

7K 

86 

43 

28% 
2214 

21% 

r». 

10% 

914 

81A 

8 

75% 

37% 

19 

1534 

121/a 
1114 

9% 

6% 

'i? 

8% 

67 

33% 

16% 

131/a 

9% 

8% 

6% 

9 

60 

30 

20 

15 

12 

10 

«% 

7% 
6% 

6 

9% 

53% 

2634 

18 

1314 

IO84  ' 
93^ 

9 

7% 

6 

^* 

10 

48 14 

241/4 

1614 

12 

8 

V 

6 

514 

4% 

EXPLANATION.- 

iMtweeu  the  heapa 


-The  left  hand  column 
eadi  way  iu  each  row  ; 


gives  the 
at  the  top 


distance  in    yard* 
ol  the  colnronp  aro 


AGRICUtTtmAt   PACtS,  AC  711 

Indicated  the  number  of  heapa  in  each  lo.id,  and  the  number  of  loads  n* 
quired  per  acre  will  be  found  at  the  poiut  where  the  two  liues  meet. 

Memorajjda. — 1  cubic  ft.  of  liaif  rotten  stable  mauure  will  weigh  56 
lbs. ;  if  coarse  or  dry,  48  lbs.  A  load  of  manure  is  about  36  cubic  ft!,  and 
if  of  the  first  quality  will  weigh  2,016  lbs. ;  if  of  the  second,  1728  lbs.  8 
loads  of  the  first  kind  spread  over  an  acre  will  give  108  lbs.  to  each  square 
rod,  and  about  3^  lbs.  to  each  square  yard. 

To  apply  guano,  luLx  it  thoroughly  for  a  few  day.s  with  5  times  its  bulk 
of  vegetable  mould  or  loam,  aud  some  charcoal  or  gj7jsum,  after  break- 
ing the  lumps  aud  sifting  in  alternate  layers.  Avoid'the  use  of  ashes  or 
lime,  as  they  tend  to  expel  tlie  ammonia,  and  keep  under  cover,  dry, 
until  used.  It  may  then  be  scattered  broadcast  upon  meadows  or  grain, 
or  placed  near  the  seeds  of  young  plants  in  the  hill.  Use  from  200  to  500 
lbs.  guano  to  the  acre,  the  latter  quantity  to  the  more  barren  soils. 

The  followiug  Table  shows  the  composition  of  Bone  dust.  In  100 
parts,  there  are  of 

Lime 55.5 

Phosphate  of  Magnesia 2. 

Soda,  and  Common  salt 2.5 


Carbonate  of  lime 3.75 

Fluoride  of  calcium 3. 

Gelatine  (the  substance  of  horn)  33.25 


Analysis  of  a  manure  heap  in  the  condition  usually  applied  to  a  field 
Fresh.  Dried  at  212°. 


Water 64.96 

Organic  matter 24.71 

Inorganic  salts .10.33 


Carbon 37.40 

Hydrogen 5.27 

Oxygen 25.52 

Nitrogen 1.76 

Ashes  (inorganic  matter) 30.05 

The  urine  voided  from  a  cow  during  one  year  contains  900  lbs.  solid 
matter,  and  compared  with  Peruvian  guano  at  §50  per  ton  is  worth  S20. 
It  will  manure  l|  acres  of  land,  and  is  more  valuable  tlian  its  dung,  in 
the  ratio,  by  bulk,  of  7  to  6,  and  iu  intrinsic  value  as  2  to  1. — Dana. 

The  Urine  of  the  Cow  contains  of  water 92.6  per  cent. 

"  '•  Horsa      "  "      94.         " 

"  "  Sheep     "  "      96.         " 

"  "  Hog        "  "      92.6       " 

"  "  Human"  "      63.3       " 

The  remainder  is  composed  cf  salts    and  rich  food  for   vegetables. — 
SpreTigel. 

AXALVSIS  OF  BOLIVIAK  GUANO   BY  PROF.  JOHNSTON. 

Water 6.91 

Organic  Matter,  containing  Ammonia 55.52 

Common  Salt  and  Sulphate  of  Soda 6.31 

Carbonate  of  Lime 3.87 

Phosphate  of  Lime  and  ISIagnesia 25.68 

Sillcious  Matter  or  Sand 1.71 

Analysis  of  Peruvian  guano  by  prof,  johnston. 

Water 13.09 

Organic  Matter,-  containing  Ammonia 53.17 

Common  Salt  and  Sulphate  of  Soda 4.63 

Carbonate  of  Lime 4.18 

Phosphate  of  Lime  and  Magnesia 23.54 

Silicioufl  Matter  or  Sand 1.39 

Prof.  Johnston's  Thsts  for  C,oot>  Guano. — Tlie  drier  the  better, 
there  is  less  water  to  i^av  for  and  transport.  The  lighter  the  color  the 
better,  it  is  tlie  less  completely  dissolved.  If  It  hns  not  a  strong  am- 
moniacal  smell  it  ouijht  to  aive  off  such  a  smell  when  a  spoonful  of  it  ia 
mixed  with  a  spoonful  of  lime  in  a  wine-class.  When  put  into  a  tumbler 
of  crater  and  stirred  well,  and  the  water  and  fine  matter  poured  off,  it  ough| 


T13 


A«RT0«ttBR4t.  *ABtltl. 


to  Iftnv©  but  Ijttie  snhd  or  stoives.  When  heated  to  vedaesu  ovei*  a  in%  (A 
a  livighti  flrai-e,  until  the  animal  matter  )!«  burnt  away,  the  ash  sliould 
nearly  all  dissolve  in  dilute  muriatic  acid, 

ANALYSIS    OF    FISH    GUANO. 

Water  expelled  by  212»  heat 8.0G|Sulphate  of  Magnesia 0.71 

Sand 0.33  "  Potash 2.05 

Oil         2.40  "  Soda 2.42 

Organic  Matter 50.72  Chloride  of  Sodium 1.12 

Suoer-Phosphate  of  Lime 9.85  Sulphate  of  Ammonia 2.72 

Sulphate  of  Lime,  Hydrated 19.621  ■^''"  -^pjohn. 

Table,  showing  the  effect  produced  upon  the  quantity  of  thk 
crop  by  equal  quantitie.s  of  differext  manures  applied  to 
the  same  soil,  sown  with  ax  eyual  quantity  of  seed. 

Eeturn  in  Bushels  for  each  Bushel  of  Seed. 
Manure  applied.  TTheat.  |  Barley.        Kve.  Oats, 


Blood 

Night  Soil 

Sheep  Manure . . . 
Horse        " 
Pigeon       " 
Cow  "      ... 

Vegetable" 
"Without  Manure . 


14 

12% 
141^ 

131/2 

13 

14 

11 

14 

9 

12 

9 

16 

-6 

13 

4 

5 

Analysis  of  fresh  farm-yard  manure,  conipo.«ed  of  borse,  cow,  and  pig 
excreta',  about  14  days  old,  by  Dr.  Augustus  Voelcker,  Professor  of  Chem- 
istry in  the  Royal  Agricultural  College,  Cirencester,  England.  Accord- 
ing to  this  analysis  one  ton  (2,000  lbs.)  farm-yard  manure  contains — 

Soluble  Filica  (silicic  acid) 24     lbs. 

Ammonia  (actual  or  potential) 15%  " 

Phosphate  of  lime 13,'5  " 

Lime 23?3  " 

!Magnesia '. Z^^  " 

Potash ISi/i  •' 

Soda 1|     « 

Common  salt j*5  " 

Sulphuric  acid 21-^     " 

Water ; 13231      " 

Woody  fibre,  &c 579         " 

Of  course  no  two  samples  of  farm-yard  manure  are  exactly  of  the 
game  composition.  That  analyzed  by  Dr.  Voelcker  was  selected  with 
much  care,  as  representing  a  fair  average. 

Note. — In  estimating  the  value  of  barn-yard  manure  the  value  of  the  differ- 
ent excreta  will  always  range  in  value 'aceordinj<  to  the  kind  of  food  pro- 
vided lor  the  stock.    See  last  column  of  Table  ou  page  716. 

Table  showing  the  comparatia'e  value  of  animal  manures,  wits 
fak.m-yard  manure  .4.s  the  sta2*dard. 


ino  lbs 

farm-yar 

li  manure  are  equal  to 

■ 

125  lbs 

solid  excrement  of  the  Cow 

3  lbs 

Dry  Flesh. 

73    " 

« 

"    Horse 

S    " 

Pigeon  Dung. 
Liquid  Blood. 

91    " 

liquid 

«'    Cow. 

15     « 

16    " 

" 

"   Horse. 

4     " 

Dry  Blood. 

98    " 

Mixed 

"    Cow, 

3     " 

Feathers. 

M    " 

" 

"    Horse. 

3     '< 

Co'v  Hair. 

86    " 

« 

"  Sheep. 

3     " 

Hair  Shavings. 

M    " 

« 

"  Ptg. 

«^/4" 

Dry  Woollen  raga. 
Johnston, 

150  '• 

Oat           « 

380  " 

Barley     " 

85  " 

B'kwh't  " 

45   " 

Pea          " 

80  " 

Wheat  Chaff 

80  " 

Green  Grass 

75  " 

Potato  Tops 

AGRICULTURAL    TABLES.  713 

TaBLB    SnOWIXG  THE    RELATIVE  VALUE    OF    DECOMPOSED    VEGBTABLB 
BlANl/HKS,  FROM  THE  tNORGANIC  MATTER  THEY  CONTAIX. 

Inorganic  Matter. 

„  ,    .  lbs.      lbs. 

ton  wheat  Straw  made  into  manore  retami  to  the  soil 70  to  360 

"    Oat  "  "  "  "  "         100  to  180 

"    Hay  "  "  "  "  "         100  to  200 

"    Barley       "  "  "  "  " If>0tol20 

"    Pea  "  "  "  "  "         100  to  110 

"    Bean         "  "  "  "  "         100  to  130 

"    Kye  "  "  •'  "  "  WtolOO 

"    Dry  Potato-tops      "  "  "  "  400 

"    Dry  Turnip-tops      "  "  "  "  370 

"    Rape  Cake  "  "  "  "  120 

"    Malt  Dust  •«  "  "  «'  180 

"    Dried  Seaweed       "  "  •'  "  560 

Johnston. 

Table  bhottinq  the  relatix-e  values  of  decomposed  vegetabum 
AS  ma>'ures,  from  the  nitrogen  they  coxtain. 
100  lbs.  of  fami-yard  manure  is  equal  to 

130  lbs.  Wheat  Straw  Manure.  80  lbs.  Fresh  Seaweed   ■       Manure. 

20  ■'    Dried        " 
26  "    Bran  of  "Wheat  or  Com  ' 
13  "    Malt  Dust 
8  "    Rape  Cake 
250  "    Pine  Sawdust 
180  "    Oak 
25  "    Coal  Soot 

Boussingault. 
ftlOISTURE  absorbed  BY  VARIOUa  MAKTTRES. 
1000  parts  horse-manure,  dried  at  a  temperature  of  lOOTahr.,  ab- 
sorbed by  exposure  to  the  air  at  a  temperature  of  62«  Fahr.: 

Moisture H5  part*. 

1000  parts  cow-manure,  under  same  circumstances 130     " 

"  pig-dung,  "         "  "  120     " 

"  sheep-dung,        "  "  "  81     " 

"  pigeon-dung,      "  "  " 50     " 

"  rieli  alluvial  soil,  "  "  14     " 

"  fresh  tanners' bark,    "  "  115     " 

"  putrified,  "         "  '<  145     " 

"         refuse  marine  salt,      "  "  49^" 

*'         [Boot,  "  "  36     " 

"  bumt  clay,  "  "  29     " 

"         coal  ashes,  "  "  14     " 

"  lime,  "  "  11     ' 

"         sediment  from  ealt-pana,  "  10     " 

*<  crushed  rock-salt,        "  "  10     " 

"  gypsum,  "  "  9     " 

"         ciialk,  "  "  4     " 

Everj-thing  on  a  farm  should  be  utilized,  even  the  outflow  of  the 
kitchen  slops  should  be  discharged  ou  a  bed  of  swamp  muck.  Good  wood 
aahes  weigh  about  GO  lbs.  to  the  bushel  ;  of  this  G|  11)8.  are  soluble  in 
warm  water.  They  are  worth  to  the  farmer  from  GO  to  70c.  jier  bushel 
as  a  fertilizer,  if  leached,  they  are  worth  perhaps  a  quarter  of  that  sum . 
They  are  excellent  for  all  crops,  altogether  unequalled  for  fruit  trees,  and 
in  a  most  unfavorable  season  250  bushels  of  ^wtatoes  have  been  raised 
from  1  acre  dres.«od  with  them. 

The  products  of  the  water  closet,  both  liquid  and  solid,  should  be  deo- 
dorized  and  composted  by  mixture  with  dried  peat,  ashes,  or  dry  earth 
cf  a  loamy  nature.  The  privy  vault  or  bo.x  should  be  easily  accessible 
ftt  all  times,  and  ought  to  be  kept  well  supplied  with  a  mixture  of  thest 


714 


AGBICULTURAL    TABLEg. 


absorbents.  Ko  l>etter  fertilizer  than  this  eiiste  under  the  gnn  ;  about  10 
bushels  of  the  compost  will  be  a  good  dressing  for  an  acre.  In  China  no 
other  fertilizer  is  used,  and  about  400.000.000  of  y>eople  exist  on  the  crops 
nourl-hed  by  it.  The  dry  earth  closet  introduced  into  England  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Moule,  and  tiie  Wakefield  closet  in  the  United  States,  are  most 
powerful  auxiliaries  of  the  agriculturist,  and  deserve  the  highest  commend- 
ation. 
Table  showing  .VMorxT  of  seed  pot.\toes  eequired,  whe>"  cxn  ob 

U>'CTT,  AXD  WHEN  SET  AT  DIFFEKEXT  DISTANCES  APAKT,  C<'  DRIIJ^ 
TWE>~rY-EIGHT  INCHES  FKOM  CBOW>'  TO  CROW>-. 

Whole,  and  planted 6  inches  apart  77  bushels  i>er  acre. 

9  "  •'  50 

"                  "         12  "  "  38  "  " 

"         18  "  "  26  "  " 

"                  "         24  "  '•  19  "  " 

Cut   into    two    sets       "         6  "  "  38  "  " 

9  "  "  25  "  " 

"          12  "  "  19  "  " 

"         18  "  "  13  "  " 

Cut    into  four    sets        "         6  "  '*  19  "  " 

"         9  "  "  13  "  '• 

"                  "         12  "  "  10  "  " 

Cnt    into    five    sets        "         6  "  "  15  "  " 

"                  "         9  "  "     .  10  "  " 

Cut    into     six    sets       "         6  "  "  13  "  " 

Table  showdtg  thb  quantity  of  l.\>'d,  in  acres  and  te>-ths, 
plough  cd  by  a  team  axr>  plocgh  movixg  at  the  rate  of  two 
miles  pes  hoitr.  per  day  of  10  hours. 


Width  of 

Width  of 

Width  of 

Width  of 

Acrecand 

ftuTOW   in 
inches. 

t*ath». 

furrcir    ic 
inches. 

tenths. 

fe«t. 

tenths. 

feet. 

tenthi. 

5 

1.0 

12 

2.i 

2 

4.8 

5H 

13.2 

6 

1.2 

14 

2.* 

2H 

6.0 

6 

14.4 

7 

1.4 

16 

3.2 

3 

7.2 

6»i 

16.6 

8 

1.6 

IS          1 

3.6 

3H 

8.4 

7 

16.8 

9 

1.8 

20 

4.0 

4 

9.6 

7ii 

18.0 

19 

2.0 

22 

4.4 

•I'i 

10.  S 

8 

19.2 

11 

2.2 

5 

12.0 

Argusien-ts  IX  Favor  of  Soillng  Cattle. — By  soiling  is  understood 
the  feeding  of  cattle  in  yards  or  in  stables,  with  grass  or  other  green  fod- 
der cut  in  the  fields,  and  hauled  to  t.iem.  The  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  a 
high  authority,  states  the  following  as  the  main  advantages  of  'the 
system:  1st.  The  saving  of  laud,  2ud.  Tne  saving  of  fencing.  3rd. 
The  economizing  of  food.  4th.  The  better  condition  and  greater  comfort 
of  the  cattle.  5th.  The  greater  product  of  milk.  Gth.  The  attainment  of 
manure.     See  page  47. 

In  reference  Ui  the  3rd  item,  the  economy  of  food,  he  says  :  "  There 
are  six  ways  by  which  beasts  destroy  the  article  destined  for  their  food — - 
1.  By  eating  ;  2.  By  walking  ;  3.  By  dunging  ;  4.  By  staling  ;  5.  By  lying 
down  ;  6.  By  breathing  on  it.  Of  these  six,  the  first  only  is  useful.  All 
the  others  are  wasteful."  He  asserts  that  a  milch  cow  may  be  kept  br 
this  method  during  the  ordinary  pasturing  season  on  the  product  of  \ 
acre  of  land,  while  at  least  2  acres  of  the  same  land  would  be  necessary 
on  the  pasturage  system,  and  some  pLiee  the  proportion  in  favor  of  soil- 
ing as  high  as  1  to  7.  By  this  system  interior  fences  may  be  abolished 
in  every  case,  weedy  head-lauds"  p  t  rid  of,  and  the  plough  performs  ita 
heaJthy  work  from  one  side  of  the  farm  to  the  ottier,  without  let  or 
biH4nLQce. 


ox   SOILING   CATTLK.  715 

The  Bystem  recommended  by  Mr.  Qaincy  is  as  follows  : — 

"1.  As  early  in  April  as  the  state  of  the  land  will  permit,  which  is 
usually  between  the  5th  and  the  10th,  ou  properly  prepared  land,  sow 
oats  at  the  rate  of  4  bushels  to  the  acre. 

"  2.  About  the  20tli  of  the  same  month,  sow  oats  or  barley,  at  the  sams 
rate  per  acre,  in  like  quantity  and  proportions. 

"  3.  Early  in  May,  sow,  in  like  manner,  either  of  the  above  grains. 

"4.  Between  the  10th  and  15th  of  May,  sow  Indian  corn  (the  flat 
Southern  being  the  best)  in  drills,  3  bushels  to  the  acre,  in  like  quan- 
tity and  proportions. 

"  5.  About  the  5th  of  Jane  repeat  the  sowing  of  com. 

"  7.  After  the  last  mentioned  sowing  barley  should  be  sown  in  tha 
above-mentioned  quantity  and  proportions,  in  succession,  on  the  15th 
and  25th  of  June,  and  on  tlie  1st  of,  or  early  in  July  ;  barley  being  the 
be^t  qualified  to  resist  the  frosts." 

Mr.  Quincy  relied  on  the  mowing  of  his  best  grass  land  to  carry  his  stock 
through  the  month  of  Jime,  or  from  the  earliest  pasturing  season  to  the  1st 
of  July,  wlien  he  anticipated  fodder  from  his  first  sowing  of  oats,  and  after 
the  first  severe  frost  he  relied  on  the  tops  of  12  acres  of  root  crops  for  tJi© 
Bupply  of  15  cows. 

The  plan  adopted  by  Geo.  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  another  eminent  agricultur- 
iat,  for  12  Cows,  is  as  "follows  : — 

"  1.  Earlv  in  the  autumn  sow  3  acres  of  winter  rye  to  be  cut  from  May 
15th  to  June  15th. 

"  2.  Early  in  April,  3  acres  oats,  to  be  cut  from  June  15th  to  July  1st. 

"  3.  Late  in  April,  2  acres  oats  or  barlev,  to  be  cut  from  July  1st  to 
July  15th. 

"  4.  Early  in  Slay,  2  acres  oats  or  barlev,  to  be  cut  from  July  15th  to 
August  10th. 

"  5.  Middle  of  5Iay,  2  acres  com,  to  be  cut  from  August  10th  to 
September  1st. 

'  6.  Middle  of  June,  the  3  acres  from  which  rye  has  been  cut  to  b« 
sown  with  corn,  to  be  cut  from  September  1st  to  September  20th. 

"  7.  Early  in  July,  the  first  three  acres  sown  with  oats  to  be  re-sown  with 
barley,  to  be  cut  from  September  20th  until  the  harvest  of  roots  and 
cabbages  furnish  a  stock  of  green  refuse,  which  will  suffice  until  winter 
feeding  commences. 

"8.  In  September,  3  acres  of  the  4  comprising  Nos.  4  and  5,  should  be 
sown  with  rye  for  the  following  spring's  use,  and  tlie  roUitiou  should 
follow  in  regular  order.  The  latter  end  of  the  reason  should  be  helped 
out  with  root  crops .  The  reason  alleged  by  Mr.  Waring  for  this  ap- 
portioning 12  acres  for  12  cows,  is  the  bad  condition  of  the  land,  but  he  is 
Batisfied.  that  ii  all  the  manure  made  in  the  soiling  season  were  to  b© 
applied  to  the  ground  year  after  year,  that  they  might  be  made  in  time  to 
snpport,  dLiring  the  whole  of  the  usual  pasturing  season.  30  milch  cows,  or 
5  COW.S  to  each  acre.  He  urges  tliat  in  the  Xorthem  States  the  earliest 
abundant  food  will  be  secured  by  tlie  use  of  winter  rye,  and  that  the  be$t 
and  most  abundant  food  for  the  late  summer  and  earlier  autumn  will  b« 
secured  by  the  use  of  Indian  com. 

To  Construct  an  Ice-House. — This  indispensable  appendage  to  the 
farm-hou.se  and  dairy  may  be  constructed  at  a  small  cost.  One  writer 
remarks  :  "  Last  Januar>- 1  drew  1  large  load  of  sawdu.«t  and  spread  it  on 
the  cronnd  on  the  north  side  of  my  horse-barn,  then  drew  the  ice  (sawed 
in  square  cakes)  and  built  up  a  square  pile  some  8x10  ft.  and  7  or  8  ft. 
lii^h.  fiUing  up  the  spaces  betiiveen  the  cakes  with  pounded  ice.  I  then 
sot  ui)  scantling  and  built  a  board  house  around  it  2  feet  larger  each  way 
£!;:in  tlie  ice;  then  filled  in  sawdust  around  and  2  to  3  ft.  on  top,  and 
covered  with  boards  and  8labfl,    We  have  used  freely  through  the  aeasoo* 


716 


COMPONENTS  OF  FABM  PRODDCE. 


Bold  to  pic-nic  parties,  given  away  to  sick  neighbors,  and  have  plenty  ol 
ice  yet." 

Another  writer  reports  his  method  as  follows  :  "I  set  posts  in  the 
ground,  so  as  to  make  a  house  12  ft.  squaie  (three  posts  on  each  side), 
then  board  or  plank  it  up  8  ft.  high,  on  the  inside.  The  surface  earth  is 
now  dug  out  6  ins.  deep,  and  sawdust  filled  in  1  ft  deep,  making  it  6  ins. 
above  the  level  of  the  earth.  The  ice  is  carefully  packed,  9  ft.  square  and 
6  ft  high,  leaving  a  space  of  18  ins.  between  ice  and  boards,  closely 
packed  with  sawdust,  and  the  same  thickness  of  sawdust  placed  on  top. 
1  have  an  old  fashioned  board  roof  over  thi*  ice-house.  The  space  above  , 
the  sawdust  is  left  oj>en,  so  that  the  air  can  circulate  through  and  the  ; 
sun  shine  in.  The  result  is  that  we  have  used  ice  daily  and  have  aplenty 
yet  As  to  the  cost,  four  men  with  one  team,  cut,  hauled  and  packed  the 
ice.  and  filled  in  the  sawdust  in  less  than  2  days,  not^vithstanding  we  had 
to  haul  the  ice  over  i  mile." 

AVEBAGE  COMPO^mOy.  PER  CE?rT.  AXD  FEB  TON,  OF  VABIOUS  KI^DS  OF 
AGRICCXTrRAL.   PUODUCE,    &C. ,   BV  JOHX  B.  LAVES,  OF   ROTHAMP- 

STEAD,  E>"GLA>"I). 


Linseed  cake 

Cotton  peed  cake.. 

Rape  calce , .   , 

Linseed 

Beans 

Peas 

Tares 

Lentils 

Malt  dust  

Locust  beans , 

Indian  meal 

"WTieat 

Barley 

Malt 

Oats  

Fine  pollard* 

Coarse  poUardt ... 

Wteat  bran 

Clover  bar 

Meadow  hay 

Bean  straw 

Pea  straw 

Wheat  straw 

B.irley  straw 

Oat  straw 

Mangel  wurtiel 

S'sredish  turnips  .. 
Coromon  turnips. . . 

Potatoes 

Carrots 

Parsnins  


*  Middlisgi,  C«BieD«. 


tSur*t«2. 


KQUIVALEXTS    OF    VARIOUS    FOODS- 


717 


TaBEI.  SnOWLNO  NUTRITIVE  EQUIVALENTS  OF  VARIOUS  FOODS 

Nutritive 


Food. 


Irish  potatoes 

Carrots 

Parsnips 

Jerubalem  artichoke 

Sugar  beet    

Tuniiis  (.Swede) 

Common  whit ;  turuip.. . , 

Mangel  wurtzel    

Green  pea  sti'aw 

Spurrey  (green 

Green  buckwheat  stalks. . 
Comuiou  Tetch  (.green>. .. 

French  vetch  (green) 

Green  stalks  white  lupin. 
Green  stalks  white  bean. 

Green  oats  (fodder) 

Timothy  gniss  (green) . . 
Bed  top        "  "      .. 

Superior  English  hay  . . 

Eed  clover  (green) 

"White  clover  (green)... 

Lucerne  (green) 

Hed  clover  (hay) 

■»Vlut«  clover  (hay) 

Lucerne  (hay)  

"Wheat  flour 

Indian  corn 

Eye  meal 

Barl  ay  meal 

Oatmeal 

Buckwheat  meal 

Peae 

Kidney  beans , 

White  field  beans 

'Lentils 

English  linseed  cake 

American  linseed  cake. 


in 
100  lbs. 


Amount    of-  ^.^^.^^,„ 

fat  -  forming  Total  nutn-jequivalenta 

matter      jiive   matter  of    100    Iba 

I  best 

100    lbs.    I     100  lbs.      English  hay. 


18.9 

6.6 

7.0 

18.8 

13.6 

5^ 

3.3 

12.6 

7.9 

2.3 

4.7 

2.6 

4.7 

2.? 

2.7 

8.5 

9.7 

8.7 

36.3 

3.6 

2.7 

3.6 

18.7 

40.0 

38.0 

66.4 

66.7 

5.5.8 

Sl'.O 

51.1 

52.1 

41.9 

39.3 

39.7 

38.9 

51.0 

48.G 


20.3 

7.2 

8.2 

19.8 

14.5 

6.2 

4.2 

1316 

8.8 

5.0 

4.9 

4.5 

5.4 

4.1 

3.7 

9.5 

13.7 

12.0 

49.8 

5.6 

4.2 

5.5 

41.2 

58.7 

50.7 

81.1 

T(U 
65.0 
69.1 
61.1 
65.0 
63.2 
63.7 
64.6 
7^.1 
70.8 


245.3 
691.6 
607.3 
251.5 
336.5 
803.2 
1186.7 
367.6 
565.9 
■  960.0 
1016.6 
1106.6 
922.2 
1212.1 
1545.9 
524.2 
363.4 
415.0 
100.0 
907.1 
'185.7 
905.4 
120.8 
84.8 
98.2 
61.4 
64.2 
71.0 
76.0 
72.0 
81.5 
76.0 
78.7 
78.3 
77-0 
68.0 
70.3 


■  Bee  Flowers. — The  following  select  list  of  bee-flowers,  plants,  trees, 
&c.,  is  commended  to  the  attention  of  bee  keepers  on  the  high  authority 
of  Mr.  King,  Editor  of  the  Bee  Keeyxtrs'  Maf/aztne,  New  York,  as  one  of 
the  most  accurate  and  reliable  ever  published.  Those  plants  marked 
with  an  asterisk  are  prime  favorites  of  the  bees,  and  yield  large  quantities 
of  liouey. 

Bee  keepers  would  almost  double  tlie  prodiKt  of  their  hives  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  grand  modem  discovery  of  artificial  comb  fuundatious. 
These  foundations  are  made  of  wax,  or  other  suitable  materials,  by- 
means  of  a  ntachme,  are  sold  at  a  very  reasonable  price  by  the  pound, 
and,  when  placed  in  liives,  are  the  means  of  saving  the  bees  a  vast 
amount  of  time  and  work  in  the  construction  of  comb,  every  pound  ol 
which,  estimated  in  honest  bee  labor  represents  at  lea.«t  20  lbs.  of  honey. 
Anotlier  notable  discover}-  is  the  use  of  salicylic  acid  for  curing  foul 
brood  and  other  useful  pnrjxj.ses.  Tlie  mixture  is  compounded  as  fol- 
lows :  Mix  t«i2ether  1:JS  grs.  salicylic  acid,  ll-'S  grs.  of  soda  borax,  and 
16  02S.  of  distilled  water.    To  uss,  uncap  the  brood  in  all  the  frames  that 


718 


LIST   OF  BEE  FLOWERS,   AC. 


■how  any  diseased  cells,  and  thoroughly  spray  the  beee,  brood,  coml^ 
and  all,  with  an  atomizer  filled  with  the  solution. 

Spring. 

Erica  Camea*  Almond  Turnip* 

Winter  aconite*  Wallflower*  (single)     Cabbage,  &c.* 

Rosemary*  Borage*  Strawberry 

Laurustinus  Onion  Tnlip* 

Hazel*  Gooseberry  Hawthorn. 

Snow-drop.  Apricot  Gorse  or  furze 

Crocus*  Peach  Columbine 

Willow*  Apple*  Laburnum 

Osier*  Gooseberry*  Barberry* 

Primrose  Currant*  Ribes  Sanguinenns 

Hepatica  Laurel*  Dutch  clover* 

Violet  Linden  or  ba.'sawood  Sycamore  maple* 

Suynmer. 


Alsike  clover*  WTiite  clover* 

Eilverleaf  buckwheat*  Catnip 


Syringa 
Helianthemum 
Annual  poppy* 
Sea-kale 
French  vrillow* 
Sweet-briar 
Bean 
Yellow  lupin 


Mignionette* 

Blackberry 

Chesnut 

Mallow 

Lime* 

Hvssop 

Teazle* 

Nasturtium 

Autumn. 
French    buckwheat* 

sowed  at  midsum- 
mer 
Spanish  broom* 
HoUvhock* 


Lucerne  clover* 

Spanish  needle 

Yellow  vetch 

Sainboia 

Eroora 

Wheat 

Viper's  buglose* 

Raspberry* 

Symphora 

Racemosa 


Heath* 
Sunflower 
Lemon  thyme* 
St  John's  wort 
Melilotus  leucantha* 


Michaelmas  daisy 
Winter  savory 
Pxorple  houseleek 
Ivy 
Honeysuckle 

CrccMBEB  Pickles. — Select  nice,  firm  cucumbers  ;  pour  on  them,  fot 
three  successive  mornings,  boiling  water  enough  to  cover  ;  add  a  hand- 
ful of  coarse  salt.  The  night  before  pickling  throw  on  cold  water  and 
drain  ;  put  into  jars  with  ground  spices  in  a  bag,  sugar  and  salt  enough 
to  taste,  alum  size  of  an  English  walnut  to  each  jar  ;  pour  vinegar  hot  in 
each  jar,  and  cover  tight  while  hot. 

To  FIXD  THE  SIZE  OF  A  BrS"  TO  HOLD  A  CERTAIN  X175IBER  OF  BrSHELS. 

Augment  the  number  of  bushels  J,  and  the  result  wiU  exliibit  the  number 
of  cubic  feet  the  bin  will  comprise.  Then,  when  two  dimen.«ions  of  the 
bin  are  known,  divide  the  last  result  by  their  product,  and  the  quotient 
will  be  the  other  size. 

Per  Cextage  of  Oil  lk  Seeds,  Gbath,  &c. 

Oil  per  cent,  i                                             Oil  per  cent. 
Linseed U  to  22  say  17    |   Oats 5  to  8  say  6i 


Hempseed 14 

Kapeseed 40 

White  Mustard 36 

Sweet  Almond 40 

Bitter  Almond 28 

Turnip  Seed 40 

Wheat  Flour 2 

BKley   2 


2.';  ' 

•  19 

70  ' 

'  15 

38  ' 

'  37 

54  ' 

'  47 

46  ' 

'  37 

50  ' 

'  45 

4  ' 

'   3 

a  ' 

'   2J 

Indian  Com 5"9    "  7 

■   "VTheat  Bran 3"  6    "  4 

!  Potatoes,  turnlpe  and  cab- 

I      t-age 1} 

Wheat  Straw 2  "  3i  "  3 

i   Oat  Straw 4 

I   Meadow  Hay 2  "6    "  SJ 

Clover  Hay 3  «  6  »  6 


FACTS    FOR    DArSTMBW. 


719 


TABLB  SHOWniQ  THE  AMOVST  OF  BITTER  AXD  CHE£S£  OBTAJNABLS  FBOM 

lULK. 

100  Iba.  milk  contains  about  3   lbs.  pure  butter. 
100    "        "  "  "      7.8  lbs.  cheese. 

100    "       "     aver^ea      "      3.5  lbs.  common  butter. 
100    "        "  '*  ''    11.7  lbs.  common  cheese. 

100    "  skim  milk  yielda   "    13.5  lbs.  skim  milk  cheese. 

TXBLE    SHOWING    THE    INGREDIENTS    CONTAINED    IS  TABIOCa    KINDS    0» 
MILK.     IN  100  PARTS  THERE  ARE  OF— 


"Woman. 

Cow. 

Ass. 

Goat. 

87.9 

870 

91.7 

86.7 

6.5 

4.8 

6.1 

5.3 

3.6 

3.1 

0.1 

3.3 

1.5 

4.5 

1.8 

4.1 

Ew« 

85.6 
5.0 
4.2 
4.5 


Chloride  of  potassium ,     9  parts. 
Phosphate  of  magnesia,  4      " 
E^ee  soda,  3      " 

Common  salt,  3      " 


Water, 
Milk  Sugar, 
Butter, 
Casein, 

The  quantity  and  quality  of  cows'  milk  Taries  according  to  the  food  sup- 
plied, breeds,  &c. 

In  every  1000  PARTS   OF  MPLK  THERE  ARE  OF— 

"Water,  840  parts. 

Milk-Sugar,  45      " 

Butter,  or  oil,  40      " 

Casein,  40      " 

Phosphate  of  lime,  17      " 

The  time  required  for  the  full  amount  of  cream  to  rise  to  the  surface 
of  new  milk  at  different  temperatures  may  be  seen  from  the  following 
table  :— 

10  to  12  hours  if  the  temperature  of  the  air  is  77^  Fahr. 

18  to  20       "  '•  "  "         68=' 

24  "  "  '«  "         55° 

36  •«  "  "  "  50^        " 

1  gal,  of  milk  weighs  10  lbs.  4  ozs  ;  heiug  heavier  than  water  in  the  pro- 
portion of  103  to  100.  The  best  temperature  at  which  to  chum  cream  it 
from  55°  to  60**  Fahr.  ;  for  milk  G5°  Fahr.  MUk  will  produce  scarcely 
any  cream  even  in  the  sj^iace  of  a  mouth  if  it  is  kept  at  33°  to  38°  Fahr. 
Milk  turns  sour  by  the  fermentatiou  of  the  susar,  and  its  transformation 
into  lactic  acid,  thus  causing  the  milk  ti  r  urdle  :  vinegar  or  rennet  will 
produce  the  same  effect.  Good  cream  will  produce  about  J  of  its  weight 
of  butter  ;  cheese  made  from  good  milk  contains  nearly  33  pet  cent  ot 
water;  that  from  skim-milk  about 60  per  cwt. 


720  DIRECTIONS   FOR   CHURNING,   ETC. 

The  perfection  of  milk  keeping  is  attained  \rhen  a  stream  of  pure 
Birring  w;iter  flows  through  the  room  wuere  it  is  Icept,  where  fresh  air 
circuiatt-s  freely  through  slatted  windows  or  doors  uncontaminated  by 
the  odor  of  decaying  vegetables  or  animal  matter,  and  when  the  tempera- 
ture ranges  from  55°  to  05°  Fahr.  During  wijiter  great  profit  would  re- 
sult irom  bringing  tlie  temperature  of  the  milk  to  about  120°  Fahr.  pre- 
vious to  setting,  and  during  all  seasons  the  greatest  amount  of  cream  will 
be  coUeoted  when  the  milk  in  the  pans  is  not  over  2  inches  in  depth. 
During  warm  weather  the  milk,  after  being  drawn  from  the  cow,  should, 
as  soon  as  possible,  be  cooled  down  to  62°.  This  may  be  done  by  setting 
the  pail  in  cold  water,  or  by  putting  a  little  pulverized  ice  in  the  paU  pre- 
vious to  straining.  A  small  piece  of  cry.stallized  soda  about  the  size  of  a 
marble,  dissolved  in  a  little  water  and  added  to  a  pail  of  freshly  drawn 
Uiilk,  will  increase  the  amount  of  cream,  improve  ttse  butter,  and  correct 
acidity.  Milk  vessels,  stramers,  cliurns,  &c.,  should  be  kept  scrupulously 
clean  and  free  from  taint  of  every  kind  by  frequent  scaklings  witli  boil- 
in"'  watci'.  During  very  hot  weather  the  milk  room  maj'  be  cooled  by 
hanging  wet  linen  sheets  near  the  doors  and  windows,  with  the  lower 
parts  of  the  sheets  immersed  in  cold  water,  and  during  cold  weather  the 
temperature  may  be  raised  by  means  of  a  tire  in  a  stove,  on  which  a 
vessel  of  water  may  be  placed  to  prevent  too  nuicli  dryness  of  air. 

In  skimming  the  milk,  deposit  the  cream  in  clean  stone  crocks,  or  tin 
pails,  and  after  sprinkling  a  liandful  of  fine  salt  over  the  surface,  set 
away  in  a  cool  place,  to  remain  uuf  il  chiiniecL  In  filHug  the  chum  leave 
out  whatever  milk  niay  be  found  at  t'.ie  bottom  of  the  cream  crock  as  itn 
sour  taste  will  be  sure  to  promote  acidity  in  the  butter.  Churning  should 
occupy  from  h  to  g  of  au  hour  ;  rapid  churning  should  be  avoided,  as  it 
alTects  the  quality  and  lessens  the  quantity  of  the  br.tter  ;  if  it  should  be 
hard  and  granular,  refusing  to  come  together  well,  throw  in  a  little  warm 
Avnter,  churning  all  the  while,  and  the  butter  will  be  gathered  and  ready 
to  take  up. 

As  the  question  of  coiTCct  temperature  is  all  important  in  tlie  manu- 
facture of  butter  and  cheese,  frequent  use  should  be  made  of  a  good 
thermometer.  Great  loss  is  certain  to  result  if  this  useful  insti-nment  is 
disjiensed  with. 

In  churning,  use  care  to  keep  the  cream  •well  washed  down,  so  that  the 
wliole  will  granulate  with  regularity:  and  when  the  butter  has  formed  in 
small  lumjis,  pour  off  the  buttermilk,  lejiving  the  butter  in  the  churn  ; 
pour  in  a  pailful  of  pure  cold  water  and  well  wash  the  butter  in  it,  gather- 
ing it  into  a  solid  compact  massand  v/orking  it  to  squeeze  out  the  butter- 
milk. Next,  remove  it  to  the  butter  dish  and  again  well  wash,  at  a 
temperature  not  higher  than  .55°  or  58°,  imtil  the  milk  is  utterly  removed 
from  the  butter  and  the  water  quite  clear,  then  salt,  with  the  bestAshton 
salt,  at  the  rate  of  i  \b.  to  10  lbs.  butter  :  work  the  salt  well  in  and  use 
every  effort  to  rid  the  butter  of  water  and  millcy  brine,  for  depend  upon  it, 
the  product  will  not  be  first  class  unless  this  is  done. 

In  packing  butter  use  neat  firkins,  tubs,  or  pails  made  of  white  oak  ; 
pnrifv  each  by  filling  with  a  strong  solution  of  bicarbonate  of  soda  boil- 
ing hot,  alio  win.  "J  the  water  to  stand  for2J:honrs.  Avoid  ])acking  butter  in 
vessels  containing  undissolved  salt  at  the  bottom  ;  unless  covered  with  a 
cloth  the  butter  will  be  damaged  by  coming  in  contact  with  it  Take  great 
precautions  to  remove  all  rancid  or  suspicious  butter  from  firkins  that 
are  to  be  refilled.  All  butter  made  during  the  early  pai-t  of  the  summer 
should  be  shipped  and  sold  without  loss  of  time,  as  it  will  only  keep 
sweet  for  a  short  period.  Butter  made  during  warm  weather  should  be 
packed  in  firkins  and  ke)it  in  a  dry  cool  place.  To  preserve  it  from  the 
air,  cover  the  butter  to  the  depth  of  half  an  inch  (or  deep  enough  to  ex- 
clude the  sdx\  with  strong  brine  containiug  in  solution  2  tablespoonfals  of 


ON    CHEESE    MANUFACTURE.  7?1 

•vbitP  sugar  and  a  piece  of  saltpetre  doable  the  size  of  a  pea.    In  the  fall 
the  bitter  may  be  repacked  in  pails  and  tubs,  to  market  as  fresh  butter. 

Ii  butter  is  too  soft  while  being  worked  and  salted,  allow  it  to  stiffen 
lor  3  or  1  hours  in  a  cool  place,  then  begin  again  and  finish  the  work.  In 
packing  never  mix  even  the  smallest  amount  of  poor  butter  with  good  :  it 
IS  certain  to  taint  and  miu  tlie  whole  package.  The  rancidity  of  buttei 
may  be  prevented  by  thoroughly  washing  and  salting  before  the  rbeesy 
particles  and  milky  matter  is  acidilied  by  e:ciK»>ure  to  the  air,  and  by 
nsing  due  caution,  to  exclude  air  from  tlie  jxickage  by  a  covering  of  water 
veil  saturated  with  salt. 

The  oU  of  butter  is  a  substance  of  jicculiar  richness,  unlike  any  other 
known  oil,  and  tho/<(^  of  batter,  when  comi>acted  by  expressiug  tlie  oil, 
is  identical  with  the  solid  fat  of  the  human  body.  Chemical  analysis  and 
numerous  experiments  prove  that  the  butter  in  cow's  milk  comes  direct 
from  the  fat  of  the  aninuU.  The  fatty  globules  are  carried  into  the  eircu- 
Lition,  dc;irived  of  stearijie  by  respiratory  combustion,  and  the  oil  is  dien 
pent  to  the  udders,  where,  under  the  influence  of  mammary  pepsin  it  ig 
changed  into  tlie  components  of  butter.  It  is  on  tiiis  principle  that  the 
oleomargarine,  now  being  vended  in  such  immense  quantities  in  the 
United  States  and  Euroi)e,  is  manufactured  fi"om  cow's  fat  or  beef  suet. 

First  class  butter  is  free  from  everj-  tKue  of  a  rancid  taste  or  smelL 
TThen  cut  witli  a  knife  it  should  neither  soil  tlie  blade,  exude  any  dew  or 
milky  brine,  should  be  neitlier  sticky  nor  greasy,  but  should,  in  summer, 
iwssess  a  rich  yellow  color,  with  a  granular,  waxy  composition;  in  winter 
the  color  should  be  of  whitish  cast  or  of  a  pale  yellow  tint,  A  plentiful 
clover  pasture  surpiisses  all  other  food  for  producing  the  best  quality  of 
milk  and  butter. 

Ox  Cheese  M.\xiTF.\CTrRE, — ^The  following  practical  directions  are 
by  an  experienced  mannfacturer: 

"  When  two  iiiilkings  are  united,  strain  the  evening's  milk  and  cool  by- 
means  of  pieces  of  i  e  dropped  into  the  pails  before  straining.  In  the 
morning  tike  n'f  all  t'le  cream,  nix  it  with  twice  tlie  quantitj-  of  new 
inUk.  Add  warui  w.iter  enough  to  raise  it  to  the  temperature  of  <<8". 
Rub  annatto  thrmgh  a  eilk  dotli  sufficient  t>  make  the  curd  the  ct  lor  of 
rich  cie«m.  Iut,>  t!ils  put  rennet  sufficient  to  curd  in  35  minute.-;.  Stir 
the  whole  into  the  milk  previously  riised  to  tlie  tenii)erature  of  85°.  The 
milk  should  be  waruieii  by  means  of  a  p;i;l  of  hot  water  set  into  it,  but 
never  by  putting  it  o\erthe  fire,  for  the  least  burning  of  the  ini'k  will 
spoil  the  cheese.  While  the  card  is  sotting,  co\'er  with  a  cloth  to  pre- 
vent the  surface  from  C(X>liiig.  Tlie  mctliod  of  cutting,  scalding,  and 
pressing  depends  »i[>on  the  Tarietics  of  cheese  to  be"  nuinufattured. 
About  J  of  a  ]X)and  of  the  bcrt  Ashton  salt  is,  sufficient  for  20  lbs,  of  cnrd. 
Care  should  l>e  taken  that  flie  whey  l>e  entirely  expressed." 

Calves  may  be  raised  in  first  chi.^s  order  at  a  cost  of  not  more  than  one- 
tenth  of  the  value  of  the  butter  made  from  tl;e  milk  saved,  by  the  u.«e  of 
oil  menl,  the  cheapest  mokis.'ies,  and  skim  miik.  The  right  qunntity  fora 
young  calf,  i^  a  tablesjr'Onful  of  oil  meal  (oil  cake)  and  the  ssime  of 
moLiEses,  divided  into  3  parts,  for  12  d:<.v.s'  feed,  added  to  the  skim  milk. 
At  the  end  of  the  first  week  each  may  be  increased,  and  at  10  days  a 
gp<30!ifTil  of  iiiol.isses  :ind  the  same  of  oil  meal  may  be  given  at  each  feed. 
At  the  i.-'iTunii-nri-Tiipnt  of  the  third  week  a  swonful  of  oat  or  barley 
meal  may  re  .-idd' d  t^^  each  feed,  but  this  should  be  cooked.  Tie  cU 
meal  shouhi  be  scalded  and  allowed  to  form  a  thick  mucilage  before 
being  mixed  with  the  skim  milk,  the  molasses  m.Tv  be  added  direct  and 
the  whole  siven  Tiil'k  w.ann.  Cilves  nii«ed  on  this  food  have  weighed 
125  lbs.  at  4  ue^^hs  old.  Hav  tea  is  sometimes  used  to  bring  up  a  calf; 
this  la  the  golubie  cou^tituenta  of  the  bar,  obti»iiied  by  cookiag. 

li 


732  FATTENING   P0"9rEK    OF    FOODS. 

At  the  noted  agricultural  college  of  nohenheim,  Germany,  probably 
the  best  conducted  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  they  raise  calves 
entirely  by  hand,  and  the  daily  allowance  of  food  is  as  follows  : 

MILK.  OATMBAl.  FL5EHAT. 

lbs.  lbs.  llK. 

1st  we«k 12  0  0 

2nd    "     16  0  0 

3rd     "     20  0  0 

4tli     "     22 0  ; 0 

6th,  eth,  and  7th  weeks 22  K  % 

8th  week 21  %  ^ 

9th     "     20  1  1 

10th     "     16 2  3 

nth     "     12  2 6 

12th     "     8   —  2  10 

13th     "     4 3 10 

In  the  ninth  week  the  milk  is  fii>t  mixed  with  water,  and  a  little  fine 
oatmeal  is  stirred  in.     The  meal  is  afterwards  mixed  with  the  dry  fodder 

After  three  montlis  the  milk  is  withheld,  and  then  the  young  animals 
receive  daily,  till  two  and  one-half  years  old,  from  twenty  to  twenty-two 
potmds  of  hay  or  its  equivalent.  But  the  calves  never  after  receive,  even  in 
summer,  any  dry  food  till  they  are  nine  months  old.  The  average  feed- 
ing is  so  divided  that  the  yoimger  portion  receives  less,  the  older  more, 
till  two  and  one-half  years'  when  they  begin  to  receive  the  regular  rations 
of  the  older  cattle,  including  the  grain  fodder  as  indicated  above.  The 
growth  with  this  treatment  is  such  that  these  animals  (not  Shorthorns) 
attain  the  following  weights  at  various  ages  : — 

HEIFERS.  BVLLI. 

Average  weight  of  calves  at  three  months 233  lbs 353  lbs. 

"  "  "  "     six  months 351  "    472   " 

"  "  "  "     twelvemonths 610"    750" 

"  "  "  "     two  years 1181"    1300  '« 

Daily  increase  of  calves 1.5"    1.8" 

"  "     in  second  year 1.4"   1.5" 

Fattening  Powek  of  Foops,  PRODrcriox  of  Pork,  Beef,  &c.— * 
Carefully  conducted  experiments  prove  that  1  bushel  of  corn,  weighing 
56  lbs.,  will  produce  10|  lbs.  of  pork.  Throwing  off  J  to  come  at  the  net 
weight,  gives  8  2-5  lbs.  of  pork  as  the  proceeds  of  1  bush,  corn,  or  1  lb. 
of  pork  as  the  product  of  6|  lbs.  of  com.  1  lb.  of  iwrk  is  made  by  3  4-5 
lbs.  of  cooked  corn  meal.  Experiments  made  by  C.  51.  Clay,  of  Kentucky, 
showed  that  one  bushel  of  diy  com  made  5  lbs.  10  ozs.  of  pork  ;  of  boiled 
com,  14  lbs.  7  ozs.,  and  boiled  meal,  16  to  18  lbs.  The  following  Table 
shows  the  relation  which  the  price  of  com  bears  to  that  of  pork  on  the 
assumption  that  it  requires  63  lbs.  of  com  to  produce  1  lb.  of  pork. 

TABLE    showing    THE    PRICE    OF    PORK    PER    POtTND     AT    DIFFERENT 
PRICES  PER   BUSHEL   FOR   CORN. 


Com  per  busk. 
Cents. 

Pork  per  pound.      1 1        Com  per  bush. 
Cents.                  1 '                Cents. 

Pork  per  pooad. 

Cent*. 

12Vj ' 1.50                 !             38 , 4.52 

15     1.78                I             40..-.    4.7S 

17     9  nrt                            49        .! .1.00 

20     

2.38                             45 

5.35 

5.95 

....6.54 

7.14 

7.74 

00 

2.63                 ;,            50 

25    

2.96                H            55 

30     

3.5T                ,             60 

33      

3-92                            65 

36     

4.00                1             70 8.5T 

FATTENING  POWER  OP  FOODS.         723 

By  Terersing  the  preceding  Table  we  obtain  the  price  of  com  at  different 
prices  per  lb.  for  pork.  The  utility  of  the  Table  is  apparent.  For  in- 
Bfcince,  if  corn  is  selling  at  50c.  per  bushel  and  pork  for  only  6c.  per  lb., 
it  would  be  most  profitable  to  sell  the  corn  ;  but  should  corn  be  selling  at 
40c.  per  bushel  and  i)ork  for  6e.  per  lb. ,  it  would  be  the  most  profitable  to 
sell  the  latter.  The  Table  must  be  regarded  as  an  approximation 
merely,  as  the  results  wiU  vary  according  to  the  sample  of  grain,  breed, 
constitution,  age,  digestion,  condition,  habits,  health,  &c.,  of  the  animal. 

In  fattening  pigs,  peas  to  begin  with  are  the  most  valuable  food  to  fill 
up  the  fiesliou  the  bones;  this  well  accomplished,  corn  is  the  most  efficient 
in  the  formation  of  fat.  A  mixtui^  of  peas  and  com,  or  peas  and  barley, 
will  give  better  results  than  either  of  these  grains  fed  separately.  Peas 
contain  in  1,000  part« — 

2C4:  parts  gluten,  and  496  of  starch,  gum  and  sugar. 

Com 123    "  "         "    71G  "  "  " 

Barley 64    "  "  "    684  "  " 

Gluten  and  albumen  are^esA-forming,  starch,  gum,  and  sugar,  are/a<- 
forming  elements.  From  numerous  experiments,  Mr.  Harris,  in  his  wor^ 
on  the  pig,  deduces  the  following  :  that 

A  moderately  fat  heifer  or  steer  will  dress  59i  percent,  meat. 
"  "  mutton  sheep      "       "     59|        "         " 

"  pig  "       "     82i        " 

Tlie  preponderance  in  favor  of  the  pig  is  immense.  It  is  remarked  by 
an  eminent  cattle  feeder,  Mr.  Clyde,  "that  an  ox  requires  two  per  cent 
of  his  live  weight  per  day :  if  he  works,  2i  uer  cent ;  a  milch  cow  3  per 
cent;  a  fattening  ox,  5  per  cent  at  first,  and 4^  per  cent  when  half  fat,  and 
4  per  cent  when  fat ;  grown  sheep,  3^  per  cent  to  keep  them  in  their 
store  condition."  An  ox,  to  replace  the  daily  loss  of  muscular  fibre,  re- 
quires from  20  to  24  ozs.  of  di7  gluten  or  vegetable  albumen  daily.  Thia 
would  be  supplied  by — 

120  lbs.  of  turnips  or  17  lbs.  clover  hay. 
115    "         wheat  straw  or  12  lbs.  peas. 
75    "         carrots  or  12  lbs.  barley. 
67    "         potatoes  or  10  lbs.  oats. 
20    "         meadow  hay  or  5  lbs.  beans. 

The  Society  of  Shakers,  at  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  noted  for  pork  raising,  say  : 
"  For  fattening  animals,  sveine  particularly,  we  consider  three  of  cooked, 
equal  to  four  of  raw  meal." 

"  Unless  food  be  thoroughly  deprived  of  its  vegetative  powers  before  it 
enters  the  stomach,  the  whole  nourishment  which  it  is  capable  of  aflford- 
ing  cannot  be  derived  from  it.     The  most  effectual  mode  of  destroying 
the  living  principle  is  by  the  application  of  heat,  by  steaming  or  boiling. 
— Louden' s  Encyclopedia  of  Ac/i-icidtrire. 

"  As  to  the  steaming  of  food  for  cattle,  there  is  abundant  experience  to 
recommend  it.  The  process  of  cooking  renders  sohible  that  which  woul(? 
otherwise  be  imperfectly  digested.  It  removes,  in  some  cases,  what 
would  otherwise  be  unwholesome,  and  it  renders  savory  what  would 
otherwise  be  dista.<teful." — Morion's  Cyclopedia  of  Agriculture. 

If  30  lbs.  of  hay  is  required  per  day  to  keep  1  c«w  in  passable  order 
during  a  Canadian  winter,  numerous  experiments  establish  the  fact 
that  22  lbs.  of  stt-nmed  hay  \vill  answer  the  same  purjiose  equally  well. 
This,  with  20  head  of  cattle,  will  effect  a  saving  of  160  lbs.  per  day,  or 
8150  during  5  winter  months,  with  hay  at  .^lO  per  ton. 

Augustus  Whitman,  in  the  Country  Goitleman,  writes  :  "  While  28 
lbs.  jier  day  of  good  hay  are  required  to  keep  dry  cows  (weighing  from 
1,150  lbs.  to  1,450  lbs.)  in  an  even  condition  of  flesh,  ujKjn  20  lbs.  of 
ttMiiued  food  a  bandeome  gaiu  is  mads.    The  trial  that  f aruisb«d  the 


T24  RESULTS    OF    COOKED    FOOD. 

data  for  the  statement  was  made  a  year  siuce,  when  six  dry  cotrg.  in  co«« 
dition  as  nearly  alike  as  could  be  found,  -were  divided  into  three  pairs, 
and  each  pair  fed  differently  from  the  others  for  3  weeks  ;  note  was  then 
made  of  the  result,  and  tie  trial  continued  another  3  weeks,  giving  to 
each  pair  what  another  pair  had  previously  been  allowed.  The  result 
was,  that  upon  28  lbs.  per  day  of  good  dry  hay,  two  cows  weighing  1,184 
lbs.  and  1,456  lbs.  respectively,  iust  about  held  their  own  ;  while  another 
pair  weighing  1.3G2  lbs.  and  1,120  lbs.  respectively,  upon  20  lbs.  per  day 
of  steamed  feed,  gained  54  lbs.  and  36  lbs.  Reversing  the  feed  for  the 
lecond  three  weeks,  the  last  named  barely  held  their  own,  while  the  first 
gained  40  Iba.  and  ;30  ll>«.  respectively. 

"  I  should  say  that  the  cattle  on  long  hay  had  all  they  would  eat  at  the 
three  regular  feeds,  and  the  quantity  consumed  was  foimd  to  be  at  the 
close  of  the  trial  equal  to  28  lbs.  per  day,  as  above  stated.  You  will  very 
froperly  ask,  what  is  the  mixture  made  of  ? 

"  My" steam  box  (in  three  divisions)  holds  enough  to  fill  200  feed  boxes 
of  about  one  bushel  each,  and  requires  to  pack  it  well  900  lbs.  of  dry 
fodder.  This  is  made  up  of  300  lbs.  good  hay  and  600  lbs.  of  com  stover, 
dried  fodder,  corn  or  oat  or  barley  straw.  This  is  cut  tolerably  fine  and 
■well  mixed,  and  when  packed  in  layers  for  steaming  is  thoroughly  wet 
and  seasoned  with  ISO  quarts  wheat  shorts,  60  quarts  cotton  seed  ineal, 
and  GO  quarts  com  meal. 

'The  rale  for  feeding  now  observed,  and  that  has  been  used  for  the 
past  winter,  is  somewhat  changed  from  previous  years,  and  is  a  boxful 
of  steamed  feed  morning  and  noon,  and  5  lbs.  dry  hay  at  night.  The  two 
boxes  of  feed  contain  3  lbs.  good  hay,  6  lbs.  straw  (or  its  equivalent),  1 
lb.  shorts,  and  If  lbs.  meal  (hidf  each  cotton  seed  and  com),  and  upoa 
ihis  good  gain  is  made,  as  the  monthly  record  shows." 

A  cheap  and  servioe;ible  steamer  may  be  improvised  by  making  a  box 
of  well  jointed  2  in.  pine,  about  7  or  8  feet  long  by  2^  ft  wide,  with  a 
bottom  of  No.  16  sheet  iron,  nailed  securely  on  to  the  lower  edge  of  the 
.sides  and  ends,  and  turned  up  a  little  outside  of  them,  say,  ^  an  in(  h. 
Pl.ice  a  ial&e  bottom  perforated  with  numerous  holes,  about  3  ins.  above 
the  fast  b<.ittom,  and  arrange  a  tight  fitting  cover  for  the  top.  Set  the 
)xix  on  brick  work  over  a  suitable  fireplace,  so  that  the  wooden  edges  of 
the  box  will  be  safe  from  the  fire,  and  give  a  proper  draught  by  a  suitable 
chimney  erected  at  the  opposite  end  fr^^m  fireplace. 

The  space  between  the  lower  and  false  bot  om  being  partly  fiUed  with 
water,  the  cut  hay  or  other  provender  is  packed  tightly  in  above  the  false 
bottom,  the  cover  is  shut  tight,  the  fire  is  lighted,  and  the  ste.nm  enters 
the  perforations  in  the  false  bottom  and  cooks  the  contents  of  tlie  box. 

Don.  G.  Gepdes,  of  Syracuse,  N.T.,  says  : — "  Tb.it  there  Ls  no  branch 
of  farming  that  was  less  tind^rstood  and  promised  more  advantages,  than 
the  preparation  of  food.  He  had  thoroughly  proved  years  ago  that 
coc'l-ny.  indejiendent  of  grinding.  :.t  lea.^t  T-omzlTD  the  vai.i:"e  of  food." 

Geo.  a.  M'X>ee.  of  Erie  Co..  sai  1  l:e  had  fed  200  sheep  on  eookedf'y>d, 
and  be  had  f idly  satisfied  himself  tiiat  the  value  of  food  was  tkipled  by 

COOKi:>fG. 

I^fessor  Mapes  says  ( Transartiojhs  American  Instif.tite.  1864,  p.  373)  : 
"  The  experiment,  often  tried,  has  proved  tb.at  eighteen  or  nineteen  pounda 
of  cooked  corn  is  equal  to  fifty  fiounds  of  raw  com  for  hog  feed.  Mr. 
Masox.  of  New  .Jersey,  foimd  that  iw^rk  fed  with  raw  grain  cost  12^centa 
per  pound,  and  that  from  cooked  4|  cents.  Cooked  com  stalks  are  as 
soft  and  almost  as  nutritious  as  grreen  stalks.  Cattle  can  l>e  fattened  at 
about  half  the  expense  upon  cooked  fotid  as  upon  uncooked." 

Experiments  made  by  Mr.  Owen  Mercha>"t.  of  Wars.iw,  N.T..  prcved 
tkat  a  jToke  of  poor  oxen,  yalued  at  about  $40,  were  iatted  on  cooked 


RESULTS   OF   COOKED   FOOD.  725 

potatoes  and  bran  in  five  weeks  and  three  days,  and  made  estra  beef, 
which  was  sold  in  the  market  for  first  quality. 

James  BrcKixGn-oi  gave  in  the  Prairie  Farmer  an  experiment  with 
raw  and  cooked  meal,  and  found  that  a  hog  fed  on  IJ  bushels  raw  meal 
gained  19  pounds,  and  another  fed  on  one  bushel  cooked  meal  gained  ii2 
pounds. 

S.  H.  Clat,  of  Kentucky,  found  by  experiment  that  a  bushel  of  r?.w 
com  makes  5^  pounds  of  pork,  whilst  a  bushel  of  cooked  meal  makes  17^ 
pounds. 

Mr.  A.  Avery,  of  Syracuse.  N.Y.,  says,  after  two  years'  trial  : — "I 
think  I  have  saved  SlO  per  head  on  keeping  (say  §G00  on  the  stock  feed), 
besides  having  the  milcn  cows  in  better  condition  than  ever  before."  He 
says  again,  in  April,  1869,  "  This  you  see  gives  me  a  clear  profit  of 
$537.25  on  4i  months'  feed. 

Messrs.  Dewey  and  Stewart,  ot  Owosso,  Mich.,  says:— Wehave  fed 
64  head  of  cattle.  7  horses.and  340  sheep,  fattened  22  head  of  cattle  and  70 
sheep.  We  think  we  have  saved  one-third  the  exi^euse  in  wintering  this 
stiick. 

By  Professor  ToBLricEB's  analysis,  1  ton  of  wheat  straw  contains:— 
35  lbs.  of  oil,     '  26  lbs.  albumen, 

390  "    digestible,  85  "    mucilage. 

Experiments  by  E.  W.  Stewart,  of  New  York,  proved  a  bushel  of 
wlieat  straw  with  two  quarts  middlings  or  meal  was  equal  to  the  same 
weiglit  of  cut  hay.  and  was  worth  '25  per  ceut.  more  than  uncut  hay.  It 
was  also  found  that  the  animals  would  eat  25  per  cent  more  hay  uncut 
than  cut  The  same  experiment  was  then  made  with  corn  meal,  and  IJ 
pint*  was  fomid  to  make  a  bushel  of  straw  equal  to  liay. 

Mr.  Skin->-er,  of  New  York,  says  he  '■  fed  44  head  of  milch  cows  on 
steamed  straw  and  shippings,  and  26  head  on  hay  not  steamed.  Tlie 
straw  was  cut  and  steamed  with  the  shippings.  Each  cow  received  10  lbs. 
of  straw  and  8  lbs.  of  shippings,  and  the  exjiense,  including  lal)or  and 
fuel,  was 2vi «eut^  per  hea<i,  daily.  The  26 cows  on  hay  cost  l^o  cents  )>er 
head,  daily,  showing  a  balance  of  6  cents  per  day  each  in  favor  of  the 
Ptnvw  and  shippings.  Those  fed  on  the  .^traw  were  full  and  plump,  were 
gaining  fle^h,  and  doing  better  than  those  fed  en  hay." 

In  Alcsath,  Hungary,  .similar  trials  were  made  about  the  year  1839  on 
a  verj-  larse  scale,  resulting  in  a  decided  success.   The  trials  were  made 
2as  draught  oxen,  108  daTS— daily  profit  of  steaming    613  00 
2,0(X)  old  wethers,     120    "  "  "  12  50 

34  stud  hci-ses      180    "  "  "  1  42 

The  profit  on  180  days'  winter  feeding  on  the  above  animals  being  S4,S50, 
an  amount  quite  worth  saving.   Cooking  lanrely  incre.ases  the  bulk  of  th« 
grain,  a  great  advantage  in  preparmg  it  for  feeding  cattle. 
4  measures  of  com  liave  been  increased  to  13 
4  "  barley  "  "  10 

4  "  bran  "  "  14 

Thomas  J.  Edge  writes  to  the  Practical  Farmer:—"!  found  that  3 
bushels  of  whole  corn  made  47|  11)S.  of  pork.  Five  bushels  (?t.<.«  milt'  r's 
toll)  of  com  ground  aud  made  into  thick  8loi>  with  cold  icatn,  made  54^ 
lbs  of  pork.  The  same  amount  of  meal  well  boiled  and  fed  cold,  made 
83^  lbs.  of  pork.  The  com  cost  81. .30  per  l;u.«hel :  the  pork  made  from  t!:e 
tchole  com  hardv  j-nid  for  the  corn,  while  the  same  amount  of  ground 
corn  cooked,  paid  the  whole  cost  of  the  cooking  and  a  little  more  tlian  Bl 
I»er  bushel  over."  In  this  in.«tanoe  tlie  ]xirk  sold  at  814  per  cwt.  In  a 
eecond  experiment  10  bnshel.s  of  corn  on  the  cob,  fed  in  the  usu.al  way.  on 
the  groimd,  made  29^  lbs.  of  i>ork.  while  the  same  amomit  of  shelled, 
gn)aud  by  horse-power  and  well  boiled,  made  64  Ihs.  of  pork. 


726 


RESULTS    OF    COOKED    FOOD. 


J.  D.  IsETT  reports  in  the  Practical  Farmer  that  "  he  formerly  f«d 
his  team  horses  70  lbs.  of  chop  for  each  horse  per  week,  besides  the  hay 
they  would  eat,  and  that  by  cooking  his  chop  he  found  that  his  horses 
did  better,  and  looked  better,  kept  in  better  spirits,  and  in  every  way 
were  better,  fed  on  50  lbs.  per  week  than  on  the  large  amount  uncooked, 
making  a  saving,  as  he  claims,  on  8  weeks,  of  S57.60. 

Kote.—ln  steaming  hay,  chaff,  straw,  &c.,  the  fodder  should  first  be  cut 
and  then  moistened  by  a  large  sprinkling  pot  or  hose,  adding  water  at  the  rata 
of  at  least  3  gals,  to  5  bushels  of  feed  while  it  is  being  stirred  up  with  a  fork; 
then,  if  bran,  meal,  or  other  more  concentrated  food  is  lo  be  fed  with  it,  it 
should  be  sifted  on  evenly,  and  mixed.  Sift  in  a  little  salt  at  the  same  time. 
Food  thus  prepared  and  fed  to  horses  affected  with  the  heaves  will  often  effect 
a  thorough  cure.  The  steaming  process  lias  also  a  wonderful  transforming 
power  in  rendering  mildewed^musty,  smutty,  and  rusted  straw,  hay,  com, 
fodder,  &c.,  into  first-class,  nourishing  fodder.  Ev^ery 
pulsive  taint  is  completely  dissipated  by  the  steaming  process 

In  the  Practicitl  Farmer  for  Dec,  1868,  "  Agricola"  writes, 
demonstrated  to  my  own  satisfaction,  with  the  use  of  the  Prindle 
Steamer  *  and  careful  weighing,  that  while  5  bushels  of  boiled  mush  will 
make  84  lbs.  of  pork,  3  bushels  of  meal  and  5  bushels  of  potatoes  wiil  make 
72  lbs.  of  pork." 


Ev^ery  offensive  odor  and  re- 
I  have 


prikdle's  agkicultural  boilkr. 
In  doing  business  on  a  large  scale,  it  is  much  the  best  way  to  nse  an 
Agricultural  Boiler,  like  that  of  Priudle's,  represented  in  the  cut,  which 
illustrates  the  metliod  by  which  tb.e  steam  is  transmitted  to  the  barrel  or 
box  confciining  the  iodder  to  be  cooked.  The  uses  of  such  a  contrivanca 
are  manifold.    It  may  be  used  to  great  advantiige  as  a  small  still  for  dis* 


»  A'o^eS-Fanners  will  be  pleased  to  learn  that  this  unequalled  Agricultural 
Steamer  and  F.irmer's  Boiler,  is  the  invenlioa  of  Daxii;l  K.  Peindle,  him- 
self a  practical  farmer,  of  East  Bethany,  ?>.i"-  It  was  victorious  at  the 
World's  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in  ISTG.  Full  information,  circulars,  &c-, 
obtained  free,  bv  addressing  the  inventor  as  above,  0?  the  ajanutaCtUTCrSj 
BARSOTfs,  Saveby  &  Gy.,  PUiiadaiphifc,  Pa. 


TIMBER   MEASUREMENT. 


727 


tilling  essential  oils,  refining  coal  oil,  boiling  clothes,  wanning  bath  tnbs, 
heating  small  rooms,  scalding  hogs,  &c.  These  boUers,  made  by  Savery 
&  Co..  Philadelphia,  are  provided  with  safety  valves,  flexible  pipes.  &c., 
and  may  l>e  procured  in  tlie  United  States  from  Robert  C.  Reeves,  dealer 
in  Agricultunxl  implements,  &c..  185  and  1^7  Water  Street,  New  York. 
Another  Boiler,  somewhat  similar,  is  sold  by  William  Reunie,  Toronto, 
Ont 

KrMBER  AF  FkKT  IK  LENGTH  OF  THE  FOLLOWIXG  DIMENSIONS  OF  TiMBEB 
KEQriRED  TO  MAKE  1000  FEET  OF  BOARD  AND  CCBIC  MEASURE  RE- 
SPECTIVELV. 


iNo.of  ft  in 

•  length    to  i    Siz«. 

{  make    VWO 

Ift  cubic  m. 


6x3 

!     5,760 

6x6 

:  4,*oo 

5x7 

i     4,114.3 

5x8 

I     3.6^ 

6x9 

:     3,200 

R  X  10 

;     2,880 

6  xll 

2,61S-2 

6  xl2 

2,400 

6x6 

4,o.:to 

6x7 

3,42S.7 

6x8 

3,0011 

6x9 

'    2.66C-.8 

6  xlO 

,     2,400 

6  xll 

2,1*1.8 

6  X  12 

2.000 

7x7 

;     2.9-58.9 

7x8 

2,-571.  t 

7x9 

,     2,285.8 

7  X  10 

2,057.3 

7  xll 

'     1,870.1 

7  xl2 

1.714.3 

8x8 

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2,000 

8  xlO 

1.S00 

8  xll 

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8  112 

1.5i» 

9x9 

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10  XlO 

l,tWO 

9  xi: 

1,455.5 

9  X  12 

l,'«--i.4 

10  xin 

1.440 

10  xl2 

1.200 

11  X  11 

1400 

11  X  12 

1.091 

12  xl2 

IvOOO 

It  X  16 

642.10 

16  xl3 

500 

1(<  x20 

400 

SO  x22 

327.3 

22  X2^ 

272.8 

To  MEASCKE  Lumber 
BY  THE  Board  Rule.— 
Place  the  rule  acrost 
the  board  to  be  meas- 
ured. \vith  the  far  end 
flush  with  the  off  side  of 
the  board,  and  note  tha 
widtb  in  inches:  tlien 
measure  the  length  of 
board  and  turn  the  rule 
to  same  length,  exaniin- 
ingthe  section  or  col- 
umn of  that  length,  and 
the  contents  will  be 
found  indented  on  the 
rule  just  Over  the  liigh 
edge  of  the  board. 

Rule  to  measurb 
Loos  OR  Round  Tim- 
ber.—M  u  1 1  i  p  1 V  the 
length,  taken  in  ft.,  by 
the  square  of  one  quar- 
ter of  the  mean  girth, 
measured  in  inches,  and 
this  product  divid^l  by 
144  will  give  the  requir- 
ed contents  in  cubic  ft. 
In  me.nsuring  tap>ering 
timber  take  the  girth 
abont  one- third  the  dis- 
tance from  the  Lirge  to 
the  small  end. 

Rt  LK  FOB  ANT  .Size. 
— ^lultiply  the  number 
of  ft.  in  the  face  of  the 
timber  to  be  measured, 
by  the  thickness  in 
inches,  and  the  result 
will  be  the  content*  in 
ft.  of  board  measure. 


The  fores^imr  table  will  be  found  extremely  useful  to  every  timber 
merchant,  mill  owner,  lumberman,  and  farmer.  For  otlier  tables  relat- 
ing to  Timber  measurement,  the  re?vcl«r  ia  relerr^d  to  th9  peries  ooq;* 
nieocing  with  page  617, 


728 


GEOLOGICAL    FACTt. 


GEOLOGICAL  FACTS;  AGE,  ORIGIN  AND  ULTIMATE 
DURATION  OF  THE  EARTH. 


s.-!-;^ 


Geology  is  a  noble  science  of  but  recent  origin; 
it  ti-eats  of  the  structure  and  mineral  construc- 
tion of  the  eiuth's  crust,  the  varied  strata  which 
compose  it,  the  fossils  they  coutaui,  and  the 
tremendous  forces  employed  in  their  formation. 
The  diagram  disj^lays  the  order  in  vrhich  the  differ- 
ent strata  are  super-imposed  on  eacli  other  ;  they 
extend  to  an  estimated  depth  of  82,riOO  feet  or  up- 
wards of  15  miles,  from  the  surface  down  to  the 
granite.  The  gi-anite,  styled  by  geologists,  the 
jn-imitive,  crystalline,  or  ignemts  rocks,  owing  to 
their  evident  origin  from  the  action  of  fire,  forms 
the  foundation  of  the  stratified  rocks,  and  at  one 
period  tlie  surface  of  the  globe  was  entirely  com- 
posed of  these  rocks  in  an  incandescent  condition, 
like  molten  iron.  Gradually  cooling  during  tha 
lapse  of  ages,  a  crust  was  formed,  water  was  con- 
densed f i-om  tlie  atmosphere,  and  the  formation 
of  the  stratified  or  o^iffOHS  rocks  began.  As  an 
instriuueutality  in  creation,  water  seems  to  have 
been  endowed  with  absolute  power,  for  its  irre- 
sistible latency  appears  to  be  onmipresent  in  the 
formation  of  everything  terrestrial.  Each  strati- 
fied Uiyer  bears  manifest  proof  of  havhig  at  one 
time  composed  the  surface  of  the  earth  on  which 
we  dwell,  and  a  duration  of  time,  estiuiated  by 
Piof.  Agassiz  to  be  not  less  than  15.000,000  of 
years  h;ive  been  required  to  produce  the  different 
strata  that  have  been  formed  since  first  the  dry 
land  ai)i.carcd.  The  substances  of  which  the 
stratified  rocks  consist  have  all  been  deposited  by 
the  action  of  water  ;  eacli  imbeds  in  its  rocky 
prison  eunnnous  quantities  of  the  fossil  remains 
of  organized  forms  of  animal  and  vegetable  life, 
which  at  one  time,  although  at  periods  iudmceiv- 
bly  remote,  flourished  in  the  sun.shine,  on  the 
blooming  surface  of  the  earth. 

The  following  tiible  shows  the  relative  position 
in  which  these  various  strata  exist  with  respect  to 
each  otlicr,  computing  from  the  granite  upwards 
together  with  the  estimated  thiclniess  of  each,  but 
it  must  nut  be  imagined  that  they  can  all  lie  found 
in  any  one  particular  part  of  the  earth.  Some 
will  always  be  found  missing,  the  existence  and 
absence  of  such  deposits  being  caused  by  the 
alternate  submersionsanddessicatious  which  have 
existed  at  different  times  on  evei-y  part  of  tlie 
earth's  surface.  All  land  and  stratified  rocks 
have  been  formed  bv  tidal  and  sub-mariiie  action, 
and  whatever  the  strata  may  be  in  auy  given  place, 
fhe  orrh'T  of  their  surccssixtn  is  (da-ays  the  same. 
The  Prlmakt  comprk^os  tlie. Azoic  and  Cambruiu 
or  bottom  rocks,  the  Siliirian.  the  Devonian  or 
Old  Red  Sandstone,  the  rarbouiferous  or  Coal 
Sygtem,  and  the  Permian.    The  6eco»daby,  which  eucceeds,  comprises 


ss^^m^^^^^^ 


S!iirXE®S 


G10L06ICAL    FACTS. 


7n 


til*  Trias  and  Oolite,  and  the  cretaceous  or  Chalk  foraiation.  Tl»« 
TEKTiABr  consists  of  the  Eocene,  Miocene,  Pliocene  and  the  Plektocene, 
or  superficial  deposits. 


Proiaky 


CBCeNDARY 


Tertiary 


■  Azoic  (lifeless)  and  Cambrian  rocks 
Silurian,  Lower  and  Upper 

•  Devonian,  or  Old  Red  Sandstone 
Carboniferous,  or  Coal 
Permian 
Trias  and  Oolite 
Cretaceous,  or  Chalk 

'  Eocene,  or  lower  tertiary 
Miocene,  or  middle  tertiary 
Pliocene,  or  upper  tertiary 
Diluvium,  or  superficial  deposits 


Feet. 

26,000 

30,000 
9,000 

10,000 
2,000 
2,500 
1,100 

2,000 


86,600 

1st.  The  primitive  or  iffneous  rocks  ■  (granite)  contain  no  organic  re- 
Bains,  they  bear  evidence  of  having  existed  at  one  time  in  a  molten  stat» 
by  reason  of  intense  heat.  These  rocks  protrude  through  the  earth  ia 
manv  places,  forming  mountains,  «&c.,  in  numerous  localities,  the  upheaval, 
*s  many  supix)se,  being  caused  by  volcanic  forces  operating  from  be- 
neath. 

2d.  The  Cambrian,  Azoic,  metamoiiMc  or  transition  rocks  are  partly 
crystalline,  but  manifestly  stratified,  and  composed  in  great  i^rt  of  tho 
disintegrated  material  of  the  underlying  granite,  with  slight  deposits  of 
sea  shells.  The  "  Azoic  "  rocks  denote  those  devoid  of  all  traces  of  or- 
ganic life. 

3d.  The  Silurian  formation  resting  on  the  Cambrian,  contains  remain* 
of  Zoophytes,  MoUusks,  and  Crustaceans,  aU  of  them  submarine  uue J7e- 
ftraic  animals  of  a  very  low  order.  The  Zoophile  is  a  sort  of  starfish 
fixed  on  the  top  of  a  'slender  stalk,  rising  from,  and  adhering  to  tho 
bottom  of  the  water,  supplied  with  long  tentacles  or  fingers,  armed  with 
suckers  stretching  forth  on  all  sides  to  seize  their  prey  and  convey  it  to 
a  stomach  of  a  simple  organism  with  one  orifice.  The  muiliisks  aro 
pulpy,  boneless  cre;itures  with  or  without  shells,  like  the  modem  oyster, 
muscle,  snail  or  slug.  Of  the  Crustaceans  tlie  most  highly  developed  wera 
the  trilobitci,  now  cjiiite  extinct,  but  at  this  time  existing  in  great  profu- 
sion and  variety ;  tlie  nearest  existing  resemblance  to  the  trilobites  ia 
to  be  found  in  tlie  lobster,  crab,  shrimp,  or  crayfish  families.  Of  th» 
vegetable  creatii)n  no  traces  are  to  be  found  iu  this  formation  beyond 
the  casts  of  some  specimens  of  Fncoids  or  sea-weeds.  In  the  Siluria» 
formation  no  vertebrated  animals  hare  been  anyichere  discovered.  To  this 
class  belong  all  those  anihials  furnished  with  a  vertical  spine  or  backbone, 
■with  connecting  skeleton,  as  Fishes,  Reptiles,  Birds.  Mammals  and  tha 
Human  race.    No  dry  land,  or  land  vegefcition  existed  during  this  epoch. 

4th.  The  Devonian  or  Old  Red  Sandstone  formation,  resting  on  the 
Silurian,  contains  the  fossil  remains  of  nearly  200  varieties  of  vertebrate 
fishes.  All  these  fishes  were  cartilaginous,  clad  in  strong  integuments  of 
bone  composed  of  enamelled  plates,  instead  of  the  scales  which  cover  thft 
existing  races  of  the  deep.  Owing  to  the  intense  internal  heat  of  the  globe, 
the  water  composing  the  se;vs  during  this  period  were  in  a  tepid  or  warn* 
condition,  hente  the  need  of  this  defensive  exterior  on  the  finny  tribes. 
As  the  globe  cooled  down  and  the  alternations  of  summer  heat  and 
winter  cold  set  in  (as  evidenced  by  the  appearance  of  annual  sea.=on  rings 
in  the  fos.sil  trecs)thpse  fishes  disai)peared  and  others  came  into  existence. 
The  dava  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  epoch  was  heralded  by  tremeodocui 


ti*  GEOLOGICAL    FACTS. 

and  wide  spread  volcanic  explosions  causing  the  upheaval  of  the  uiideriy- 
ing  granite,  lifttng  vrith  it  the  super-imposed  Cambrian  aud  Silurian  strata, 
thereby  forming  mountains  and  dry  land  above  the  surface  of  the  water?. 
Land  vegetation  soon  followed.  Vertebrate  fishes  were  created,  their 
artaored  condition  attesting  a  very  high  teraperatui-e  on  the  eaitli  during 
the  wiiole  period.  This  formation  contains  67  species  of  Zoophytes,  4K 
of  Crustacea,  88  of  conchifera,  82  of  moUusca,  &c.,  but  no  quadrupeds. 

5th.  The  carboniferous  syste7n,  resting  on  that  of  the  Old  l^ed  Saud.>;toue, 
contains  deposits  of  Shale,  Sandstone  aud  Limestone,  iuterspersed  with 
Ironstone  and  coal.  The  mternal  heat  of  the  eaitli  was  still  of  a  high  tem- 
perature during  this  epoch,  vast  volumes  of  carbonic  acid  gas  were 
emitted  from  the  ground,  hot,  hazy,  damp  vapors  filled  the  atmosphere, 
the  conditions  of  shade,  heat  aud  humidity,  extending  even  into  the  frigid 
zones,  generated  a  growth  of  Ferns,  Calamites,  Lepidodeudra,  Sigillaria 
and  Stigmaria  of  prodigious  extent  aud  the  most  astonishing  dimensions. 
These  different  growths,  compared  with  which  the  mostluxuriant  tropical 
vegetation  of  modem  times  are  but  as  a  howling  wilderness  or  a  barren 
desert,  existed  at  widely  different  periods  ;  each  nnderwent  a  complete 
Bubmersiou  under  water,  sand  and  gravel,  and  it  is  to  the  gi-eat  masses  of 
vegetable  matter  which  composed  these  primeval  forests  that  the  coal 
measures  owe  their  origin.  The  transmutation  of  the  vegetable  into  the 
mineral  substance  of  coal  ha.s  occupied  incalculable  ages,  but  on  close  in- 
spection the  vegeUible  structui-e  is  plainly  visible,  and  no  doubt  can  exist 
of  its  organic  origin. 

The  fossil  remains  imbedded  in  the  limestone  sections  which  alternate 
with  coal  seams  mainly  resemble  those  of  the  preceding  ages.  '  Rep- 
tDes  of  the  Batrachijin  or  frog  species,  and  terrestrial  animals  in  the 
iorms  of  insects  of  a  low  order,  chiefly  of  tlie  Scorpion,  Cockroach, 
Cricket  and  Beetle  tribes,  now  first  ai^pear'  The  festering  heat  was  unsuit- 
able to  higher  organisms,  no  sunbeam  could  penetrate  the  dense  mists, 
eilence  held  universal  sway,  while  a  profuse,  flowerless  and  almost  fruit- 
less vegetation,  unparalleled  in  immensity  by  anything  ever  known  in  tiie 
history  of  this  planet,  tenanted  the  sombre  and  death-like  solitudes.  These 
forests  grew  with  amazing  rapidity  until  the  soft  and  pulpy  masses  fell 
beneath  their  o-wn  weight  and  succeeding  forests  sprang  from  their  jjros- 
trate  trunks.  A  temble  revulsion  of  nature  takes  place;  thc.ee  precious 
materials  are  destined  for  the  future  use  of  man.  Water,  the  main-spring 
of  all  terrestrial  activity,  the  irresistible  agent  of  creative  power,  conies 
upon  the  scene  with  overwhelming  force,  these  forests  are  submerged, 
and  covered  with  strati  of  sand  aud  gravel,  long  since  tmnsmuted  into 
sections  of  rock.  Thus  the  bosom  of  the  earth  w.ns  made  the  store-houte 
of  those  vast  treasures  of  coal  and  iron  which  daily  minister  t<-)  the  wauta 
of  man. 

6th.  The  Permian  system  is  suiierim]iosed  on  the  Carlwniferous  forma- 
tion. Violent  subterranean  convulsions  appear  t)  have  dislocated  the  coal 
teds  about  the  commencement  of  this  epoch,  aud  on  the  broken  masses  the 
Permian  svstem  of  sedimentarv  rocks  were  deposited.  The  ancient  order  of 
fishes  occur  in  this  formation  for  the  1.-)  ?ttime,  the  Trilobite  di.^app.ears  1  rum 
existence,  aud  undoubted  traces  of  rai  air-breathing  oviparous  reptile  of 
the  Saurian  (hzard)  f ami! v  appear.  Po^sil  footsteps  of  four-footed  ani- 
mals, apparently  tliose  of  'tortoises,  exist,  and  for  the  first  time  we  dis- 
cover the  annual  season  rings  m  the  fossil  woods,  thus  atte.-ting  that  the 
unclouded  .sunbeam  had  free  access  to  vegetation.  This  i.-rmatiou  com- 
prises, 1st.  The  red  conglomerate.  2d.  the  magnesian  limestone.  3d. 
The  variegated  sandstone.  -Ith.  Muschclkalk  ;  and  5th.  Uppermost, 
Tariegated  marl.  The  petrifactions  of  the  vegetables,  zoophytes,  Crus- 
tacea, fishes  and  fresh  water-shells  are  numerous.    With  the  Permiao 


GEOLOGICAL    FACTS.  731 

system  closes  the  Primary  or  Palaeozoic  class  of  rocks  which  form  the 
•arth's  crust,  and  the  primeval  forms  of  organised  animal  life  disappear. 

7th.  The  Secokdaby  Period. — The  Trias  and  Oolite  system  rests  ou  the 
Permian  forraation.  The  Trias  is  a  deposit  of  shelly  limestone  and  vaiie- 
gated  sandstones.  The  Oolite,  which  rests  on  it  is  also  a  series  of  calca» ' 
reouB  or  limestone  beds  principally  composed  of  conglomerate,  or  collec- 
tions of  small  round  grains  or  spheroids  resembling  a  cluster  of  minute 
eggs,  or  the  roe  of  a  fish.  This  epoch  has  been  styled  "  TJie  Age  of  Rep- 
tiles," from  the  enormous  number  of  fossil  remams  visible  in  this  form- 
ation. One  species  of  frog  seems  to  have  equalled  a  large  hog  in  size. 
The  icthyosaurus,  an  amphibious  animal,  often  exceeded  30  feet  in  length, 
with  a  head  and  teeth  resembling  those  of  a  crocodile,  and  eyes  as  larga 
as  a  man's  head,  with  a  huge  voracious  stomach,  and  four  fins  like  the 
paddles  of  a  whale.  The  half  digested  remains  of  fishes  and  other  rep- 
tiles found  in  its  stomach  attest  its  carnivorous  habits,  terrible  ferocity, 
and  tremendous  streugtlj.  The  Plesiosaurus  "  united  to  the  head  of  a 
lizard  the  teeth  of  a  crocodile,  a  neck  of  vast  length  resembling  the  body 
of  a  serpent,  a  trunk  and  tail  having  the  proportions  of  an  ordinary  quad- 
ruped, the  ribs  of  a  chameleon,  and  the  paddles  of  a  whale."  The  struc- 
ture would  permit  it  to  plunge  downwards  at  the  fishes  below  it  or  seize 
birds  on  the  wing  above  it.  The  Meciilosaurus  was  an  enormous  reptile, 
measuring  from  40  to  50  feet  in  length,  resembling  the  crocodDe  of  the 
present  day.  The  Iguanodon  was  still  larger,  attaining  a  length  of  from 
60  to  70  feet  The  Saurian  monsters,  the  Pterodactyles,  resembled  a 
gigantic  bat  or  vampire,  with  strange  dragon-like  wings,  extending  in 
Bome  cases,  27  feet,  by  means  of  which  it  could  soar  aloft,  but  per  Cuvier, 
it  must  be  classed  in  the  Saurian  or  Lizard  tribe,  inasmuch  as  the  beaka 
are  armed  with  teeth."  Most  of  them  had  the  nose  elongated  like  the 
snout  of  a  crocodile,  and  armed  with  conical  teeth.  From  their  wings 
projected  fingers  terminated  by  long  hooks,  forming  a  powerful  paw,  and 
their  eyes  were  of  vast  size,  enabling  tliem  to  fl.y  by  night.  In  the  lower 
Oolite,  fossil  remains  of  small  animals  of  the  Marsupial  family  have  been 
found.  Of  this  class  are  tlie  Kangaroo  and  Opossum  species,  forming  the 
connecting  link  between  the  reptile  and  mammal  tribes.  The  footprints 
of  birds  of  vast  size  have  been  found  in  quarries  of  laminated  flagstones, 
the  foot  of  the  largest  measured  18  inches  in  length,  distance  between  the 
footsteps  was  from  4  to  6  feet,  indicating  legs  about  7  feet  long.  Remains 
of  reptiles  in  immense  numbers  are  everywhere  abundant  ;  butterflies, 
dragon-flies,  ants,  &c.,  existed  in  swarms,  trees  of  Cypress,  Palm  and  Pine 
species  flourished  with  tlie  ferns,  conifers  and  calamites  of  the  coal 
^riod,  and  flowering  shrubs  and  fruit-bearmg  plants  grew  in  profusion.^ 
The  extensive  coal  beds  existing  throughout  the  Oolite  system  afford 
evidence  of  a  rank  yegctition. 

8th.  The  Chalk-  or  Cretaoeovs  system,  formed  by  deposits  in  deep  seas, 
constitutes  the  last  bed  of  tlie  Second.vry  period.  It  is  largely  composed 
of  organic  remains,  calcareous  shells  of  animals  so  minute  that  a  cubic 
inch  would  embrace  ten  millions  of  them.  Tlie  fossils  embrace  Birds, 
Reptiles,  Fishes,  M'  )l!nsks,  Zoophytes,  Crustaceans  and  marine  substances 
from  the  sponge  to  the  alligator.  "The  existing  classes  of  fishes  are  found 
for  the  first  time  in  this  formation,  and  the  itncient  races  disappear. 

9th.  The  Terti.vry  System,  resting  on  the  chalk  formation,  has  been 
divided  into  three  eras,  viz  :  The  Eocene  or  Lower  Tertiary,  The  Mio- 
cene, or  Middle  Tertiary,  and  the  Pliocene,  or  Upper  Tertiary.  Some- 
times a  fourth  era  is  added  named  the  Pleistocene,  embracing  the  super- 
ficial deposits.  The  Eocene,  or  lowest  layer  marks  the  origin  of  tha 
recent  or  now  existmg  races  of  quadruped  Mammals.  The  Pahetherium, 
now  extinct,  is  described  as  mitaking  of  the  various  character  of  tho 
BluuoeeroSj  the  Horse,  and  tne  T  ^^ir  :  the^/uzji^o^emm,-  eTideutly  % 


732  GEOLOGICAL    FACTS. 

marine  animal,  resembled  an  Ass  in  form,  and  embraced  sereral  speciM, 
The  Adapi.s  l•e^;elllbled  sin  3uorn»ous  Hc-'seliog.  and  the  Cheiropotamus  a 
Peccary.  The  Miocnr  or  middle  dei>o<it  confciiiu;  the  remains  of  the 
extmri Itiiiotheri'im  Giiianteum,  an  enormous  herlnvorous  animal,  which 
must  have  been  18  It.  in  length,  furnished  with  a  trunk  like  an  elephant, 
and  tusks  like  those  of  a  walrus.  In  asoendiug  to  the  Pliocene  ot  upper 
deposit,  we  find  the  organic  remains  of  the  Mammoth,  Mastodon,  Megal- 
onyx,  and  Mcaath-rium,  all  of  immense  dimensions  and  quite  superior  as 
regards  size  and  streugti)  to  the  Elepliant,  the  Rhinoceros,  the  Hippopota- 
mus, and  the  Sloth,  which  represent  them  at  the  present  day.  Besides 
these,  bears,  tigers,  hyena^  and  other  fiesh  eating  animals,  some  of  them 
extini.t,  abounded  in  vast  numbers,  and  the  Whale,  Seal,  and  Morse 
eiiccies  now  appear  for  the  first  time.  For  a  distance  of  10  or  12  miles 
around  Charleston.  S.C,  there  exists  in  the  post  pliocene  beds  of  the 
tertiary  formation,  about  8  or  10  feet  below  the  surface,  and  in  the  beds 
of  rivers,  such  enormous  quantities  of  the  b<jnes  of  animals  that  800  to 
i,0<X.>  tons  can  be  excavated  from  a  single  acre.  Over  300,000  tons  -were 
shipped  from  that  locality  in  187tj. 

According  to  Lyell,  there  are  now  50.000  species  of  fossils  recognized, 
but  they  are  believed  to  be  of  very  di.^bint  epochs.  The  fossil  species 
dixlinci irnm  living  species,  are  mammalia,  120,  birds,  25,  amphibia,  50, 
fislies,  400,  and  mollusca  o.lOO,  in  all  4795,  besides  vegetables  :  the  number 
is  constimtly  being  increased  by  new  discoveries,  ininei-s  are  conversant 
with  an  immense  number  of  fossilized  vegetables,  notie  of  them  resembling 
tlie  plants  of  present  growth.  If  coals  are  cut  into  tliiu  slices  their  vegetable 
structure  can  be  detected  witli  the  microscope,  and  numerous  ceUs  per- 
ceived that  are  filled  witli  a  yelknv  bituminous  liquid  that  causes  the 
flame  seen  in  common  fires,  and  whose  gaseous  i>r<  (ducts  form  UUiminating 
gas.  The  trunk  of  a  tree,  measuring  60  feet,  was  lately  fovmd  in  a  quarry 
in  Lothian.  It  penetrated  tlirough  10  or  12  strata  of  white  sandstone,  but 
its  back  had  become  pure  coal,  and  forest*  of  standing  trees  have  been 
discovered  in  Yorkshire  and  in  Ireland,  in  stone. 

In  the  English  coal  measures,  300  species  have  been  detected,  compris- 
ing ferns,  palms,  calamites,  reeds,  cactf ,  lepidodendrons,  &c..  at  least 
50000  years  old  :  the  last  named,  which  now  grow  no  higher  than  3  ft., 
were  in  the  lowest  coal  measures,  great  trees,  whose  fra^pneuts  are  45 
feet.  In  the  inagnesian  limestone,  over  the  coal,  only  8  species  of  fnci, 
or  marine  jilants,  have  lieen  found.  -A  fossil  forest  has  been  discovered 
under  the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  j^etrified  with  calcsmter,  mixed  with  vol- 
eanic  dust.  IJelow  the  coal  beds  a  large  tree  has  been  found  3  ft.  in  diam., 
and  36  ft,  long,  and  in  many  cases  the  entire  trunks  of  fossilized  trees 
form  roofs  over  the  coal  strata.  As  submersions  destroyed  the  primeval 
forests,  so  we  have  the  resulting  strata  ;  but  mj  riads  of  ages  have  failed 
to  render  ail  of  them  petfect  coal,  hence  the  different  varietieB  of  that 
l^rodnct. 

Tlie  coral  reefs  furnish  evidence  of  an  antiquity  of  the  globe  far  exceed- 
ing .'Uiy  received  estimate.  The  funuatious  are  of  very  slow  growth,  nofc 
exceeding  6  inches  in  a  century,  and  are  composed  of  the  remains  of  dead 
polypes  united  with  gluten,  fonniug  rocks  of  great  density  and  cohesion. 
The  great  coral  reef  of  New  Holland  is  .'.50  miles,  continuously,  and  theit 
in  parts  1,000  niOes,  and  from  20  t>j  50  in  depth.  East  of  New  South. 
Wales  is  a  reef  500  miles  long,  and  more  than  200  fathoms  perpendicular, 
yet  these  mountxiu  masses  of  limestone  in  the  ocean  are  formed  by  pol- 
j"])es,  insignificant  ui  sizi>.  but  infinite  in  numbers,  comix)sed  of  simple 
gelatinous  bodies,  or  small  stomachs  in  shells  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which 
cohere  together  vrith  gre<»t  tenacity  after  death.  Within  half  a  mile  of 
viauy  coral  reels  there  axe  no  soundings  to  the  depth  of  seveisJ  hundred 


GEOLOGICAL   FACTS.  738 

fathoTOB.    The  Amn      "■  "irtn.  cnrved  like  a 

ram's  horn,  existed  .arvaiid  traiu-ition 

period?,  but  became  .  ■.    the  nummulite, 

a  fo5j?il  Cephslapod,  reft-uibliiig  a  coiu,  vivrv  w,«  numerons  as  to  form  iui- 
mense  mountains  of  limest<.ine,  .and  yet  so::iiiient  that  they  are  abundant 
in  the  «tones  of  the  pyramids  and  sphinx. }  it  even  then  a?  embedded  fos- 
sils. 12.S4  si-e^  irs  "I  fossil  shell.-?  have  beeii  i.c-jcribed  in  Fiance  and  Ens- 
land,  mostly  extinct  sjiecies  :  other  thousands  h.ave  been  found  in  oth.er 
toantrie?.  mostly  extinct. 

The  Geolojic-jil  Society  of  London  has  a  slab  2  ft  sqnare  in  \rhich  is 
embedded  250  fishes.  Fossil  sea  turtles  have  shells  8  ft.  long.  There  aie 
beds  of  sea  shells  2,000  ft.  high  on  Mount  Etna,  and  strata  of  grey  clay, 
filled  with  shells,  mnoh  higher.  Shells  and  organic  remains  abound  in 
Chili,  from  9  to  l.-KX)  ft.  above  the  sea  level.  Workmen  near  Eureka, 
Nevada,  while  blasting  in  the  solid  rock.  40  ft.  below  the  surface.  f«und 
imbedded  in  a  piece  of  it  a  petrified  wasp's  nestt,  the  texture  of 
which,  though  turned  to  stone,  "was  plainly  visible.  On  breaking;  it  open, 
some  cells,  larva,  and  two  perfectly  formed  wasps  were  found,  also  pet- 
rified. T'  '  '  ^  -  '  ;ie  of  sedimentary  formation. 
The  At'  •:  fnm  C'lorado.'is  per  Prof. 
Marsh,  t:  ,  -  vered.  It  was  some  50  or  60 
ft.  in  length,  and,  v.lien  erect,  at  kac-t  iiu  ft  high.  It  doubtless  browsed 
npon  the  foUage  of  the  mountain  forests,  poitious  of  which  are  preserved 
■with  its  remains. 

The  islands  of  the  l(ry  Sea,  per  Pallas,  are  full  of  elephants  and  rhinoc- 
eros' bones,  .and  the  islands  opposite  the  Lena  are  ?Jmost  coujposed  of  tl\em 
and  fossil  wood.  A  mammoth,  a  carnivorous  animal,  much  larger  than 
an  elephant,  was  found  in  Siberia  iu  the  ice,  i)erfe(t  in  it*  eyes^  flesh,  hair, 
skm,  &c.,  with  long  mane  and  tail  of  stout  black  bristles  |^many  otliers, 
together  with  elephants,  have  hec-n  found  in  Siberia,  and  JHudsou's  Bay, 
a  positive  proof  that  the  temperature  of  the  Tropics  existed  at  one  time  in 
these  regions.  The  iKmc-s  of  the  .VastoJon  of  hoith  America,  :i5  arranged 
in  Peale's  Museum,  fonn  a  skeleton  18  ft  long,  11  ft  6  ins.  high,  with 
t'lsks,  10  ft  7  ins.  The  I;;umnadr^rt,  an  enormous  herbivorous  leptile. dis- 
covered by  Mantel!,  is  70  ft  long,  tlie  body  is  4  ft  9  ins.  in  diam..  with  a  horn 
of  bone,  and  a  tail  52i  ft.  The  bones  of  the  Muimncth  are  quite  numerons 
in  the  fnited  States  ',  tl;e  molar  tooth  weighs  S  lbs- ,  and  the  joint  of  tlie 
bone  of  the  leg  is  a  foot  in  diam. 

The  Era  of  SrrKRFici.u.  Deposits. — This  may  te  called  the  modem 
age  of  geology,  but  whrit  human  being  will  presume  to  si'.t  when  it  be^'an? 
The  formations  if  'jnivcl,  sand,  clay,  peat,  marl,  coraJ  reefe,  &c.,haTe 
been  formed  since  tl.is  e-)Och  commenced,  and  vast  changes  caused  by 
submersions  and  convulsions  have  taken  place  nil  over  the  globe.  Thes« 
silent  but  irresistible  forces,  the  tools  of  cie^itive  {v1^ve^.  sre  irres^frtiy 
at  work  rendering  the  world  a  fit  li.ibitation  for  ;  "  li 

this  momentous  jeriod  of  the  woimI's  hi>trrT  '  o 

first  time,  evidences  of  the  existeme  of  those  j  .i 

fumLsh  his  daily  bre.ad.  Agas,<iz  has  reoorde<l  his  opinion,  tliHi  i..c  (.ijcr 
of  the  Rosaceje  to  which  belongthe  apple,  jiear,  the  plum,  and  the  variov.s 

fruits  of  that  desc-ription,  as  well  as  tlie  raspberries,  ;■ '  '■■  :.  brem- 

bleberries.  and  roses  in  all  tlieir  varieties,  were  intn"  ■  lujiora- 

neously  with,  or  only  a  short  time  bef-ire,  the  first  :  -  of  tlie 

human  race.  The  gradual  transformation  of  varieties  siiuc  the  ferns  of 
the  coal  period,  is  indeed  immense. 

During  the  glacial  jieriod,  in  which  the  climate  of  Greenland  extended 
as  far  soutli  as  New  York,  the  world  was  covered  with  immense  moving 
i  of  ice,  which  in  their  progrcsfl  from  north  to  south  moved  ruckf 


734  GEOLOGICAL   FACTS. 

hundreds  of  mfles  and  remodelled  the  top<^Taphy  of  rarions  countrieg. 
The  effects  of  these  glacial  movements  were  the  polverization  of  th« 
various  rocks,  thus  forming  sand  from  sandstone,  calcareous  soil  from 
limestone,  and  clay  from  granite  and  gneiss,  transforming  barren  rock 
into  fertile  soiL 

The  alluvial  deposits  contain  remains  which  indicate  a  vast  antiquity. 
The  skeleton  of  a  whale  was  dug  up  in  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  a  few 
years  ago,  a  sure  indication  that  that  region  formed  at  one  time  the  bed 
of  an  ocean.  All  the  land  about  the  Clyde  rests  upon  beds  of  shells, 
bones  of  stags,  elephants,  &c.,  and  at  Tealm  Bridge,  and  Ketley,  near 
Plymouth,  there  are  caves  containing  bones  of  rhinoceroses,  elephants, 
hyenas,  bears,  foxes,  wolves,  dogs,  horses,  oxen,  sheep,  &c.  Agassiz 
describes  300  new  species  of  fossil  fish  found  in  England,  of  which  50 
exists  in  London  clay.  A  bed  of  oyster  shells '.» miles  long  and  18  feet  thick 
exists  in  the  interior  of  Norfolk ;  a  jiair  of  stags'  horns  have  been  found  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mersey,  near  Liverpool,  at  30  feet,  and  pieces  of  timber 
at  40  feet  Palms  and  cocoa  nuts  have  been  found  imbedded  in  the 
Loudon  clay,  clearly  indicating  the  existence  at  one  time  of  a  tropical 
climate  in  what  is  "now  the  temperate  zone.  An  old  Roman  port  ofE 
Romney  marsh  is  now  several  miles  out  at  sea,  and  proofs  are  abundant 
that  Great  Britain  was  at  one  time  united  to  the  continent. 

No  doubt  exists  that  the  Falls  of  Niagara  were  at  one  time  precipitated 
into  an  ocean  over  Queenston  Heights,  aud  Sir  Charles  Lyell  computes 
that  a  period  of  at  least  oO,0<30  to  35,000  years  have  elapsed  while  the 
falls  have  been  cutting  their  way  through  seven  miles  of  rock  to  their  pre- 
sent position  ;  the  retrograde  movement  is  still  going  on,  slowly  ^ut  surely, 
every  day. 

A  volcano  now  extinct,  near  Mount  D"Orr  in  the  interior  of  France, 
emitted  a  flow  of  lava  at  a  comparatively  recent  period,  which  filled 
up  ttie  channel  of  a  river  in  its  course.  The  water  rose,  passing  over 
the  impediment  in  its  course,  and  lias  up  to  this  time  cut  a  channel 
60  feet  deep  through  the  Lava  bed.  From  the  remains  of  an  old 
Roman  bridge  known  to  have  been  constructed  about  2000  years  ago,  it 
appears  that  the  erosion  of  the  water  into  the  lava  has  been  con- 
siderably  less  than  six  inches  daring  that  period,  which  would  indicate 
that  it  has  required  over  200,000  years  to  cut  the  channel  to  its  present 
depth  of  50  feet. 

Myriads  of  ages  have  elapsed  while  .the  rushing  waters  have  been 
cutting  out  those  tremendous  ravines  in  the  hard  rixk.  known  as 
the  Canyons  of  Mexico,  Texas,  Colorado,  and  the  Rocky  Moimtains. 
The  great  Canyon  of  the  Colorado  river  is  298  raifes  long  and 
the  sides  rise  perpendicularlv  above  the  water  to  a  height  of  5000  or 
60<X)  feet 

On  Oak  Orchard  creek  and  the  Genesee  river,  between  Rochester  and 
Lake  Ontario,  are  enormous  chasms,  worn  by  the  water.  7  miles  long. 
On  the  Genesee,  south  of  Rochester,  a  cut  exists  from  Mount  Morris  to 
Portage,  sometimes  400  feet  deep.  In  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the 
source  of  the  Missouri  river,  there  is  a  gorge  6  miles  long  and  1200  feet 
deep.  In  the  Mississippi,  at  St.  -Vnthony's  Falls,  the  river  has  eroded  a 
passage  tlirough  limestone  rock  7  miies  long,  to  which  distance  the 
cataract  has  receded.  In  the  passage  of  the  Connecticut  river  at  Brattle- 
Voro  and  Bellows  Falls,  it  can  be  proved  that  the  river  was  once  at  least 
700  feet  above  its  present  level. 

From  these  and  thousands  of  other  proofs  which  might  be  cited,  the  in- 
ference is  tmavoidable  that  vast  periods  have  elapsed  since  the  beginning 
of  the  present  geographical  distribution  of  sea  and  laud,  but  step  by  step, 
ioiing  the  slow  but  naajestic  marck  of  Time,  we  can  always  see  that  evetj 


ORIGIN     ETC.,    OF    THE    EARTH.  735 

Instmmentolity  employed  bv  creative  power  has  been  in  the  continual 
effort  to  bring  order  out  of  chaos  and  fit  the  earth  ae  a  habitation  for  man. 


FIAT  LUX. 

GREAT  LIGHT  0>'   A   DAEK   SUBJECT. 

Age.  Origin,  axd  Ultimate  Dcratiox  of  the  Earth.— More  than 
140  years  have  elapsed  since  Emanuel  Swedenborg  penned  the  startling 
annomicement,  the  first  of  the  kind  ever  made,  that  our  earth,  together 
with  her  sisterhood  of  planets,  derived  their  origin  from  matters  and  sub- 
stances evolved  from  the  atmospheres  aud  solar  energy  of  the  sun  of  our 
^•stem.  In  his  Principia,  written  in  1734.  and  again  in  hisH'ors/iip  and 
Love  of  God,  in  1745.  he  remarks  that  the  sun  is  ^lie  centre  of  a  vortex ; 
that  it  rotates  upon  its  axis ;  thatthe  solar  matter  concentrated  itself  intoa 
belt,  zone,  or  ring,  at  the  equator,  or  rather  ecliptic;  that  by  the  attcuua- 
tion  of  the  ring  it  became  disrupted  :  that  upon  thedisriiptibn,  part  of  tli9 
matter  collected  into  globes,  and  part  of  the  matter  subsided  into  the  sun 
foraiing  solar  spots  :  that  the  globes  of  solar  matter  were  projected  into 
space  ;  that  consequently  they  described  a  spiral  orbit:  that  in  proportion 
as  the  igneous  matter  thus  projected  receded  from  the  sun  it  gradually 
experienced  refrigeration  and  consequent  condensation  ;  that  hence  fol- 
lowed the  formation  of  the  elements  of  ether,  air,  aqueous  vapor,  &c., 
until  the  planets  finally  reached  their  present  orbit ;  that  during  this 
period  the  earth  experienced  a  succession  of  geological  changes  which 
originated  all  the  varieties  in  tlie  mineral  kingdom,  and  laid  as  it  were 
the  basis  of  the  vegetable,  and  afterwards  of  the  animal,  kingdom. 

These  were  alarming  propositions  to  propound  at  a  time  when  it  was 
almost  universally  accepted  as  a  literal  trutli  that  the  world  was  created 
out  of  nothing  in  the  space  of  six  natural  days  about  6000  years  ago,  ret 
since  Swedenborg's  time  scientists  liave  abundantly  demonstnited  th» 
truth  of  what  he  taught,  and  this  so  clearly  tliat  at  this  day  no  enlighten- 
ed mind  will  dispute  the  factfs. 

Swedenborg  asserted  that  the  whole  .starry  heavens  was  one  vast  sphere, 
and  its  suns  or  .«tar5,  including  their  sv.=tems,  to  be  parts  of  a  sphere  con- 
nected with  each  other.  He  writes,  "  Possibly  there  may  be  innumer- 
able other  sphere.5,  and  innumerable  other  heavens,  similar  to  those  w« 
behold,  so  many  indeed  and  so  mighty,  that  our  own  may  be  respect- 
ively oulv  a  point "  Tlie  E.ssay  in  his  immortal  Principia,  expressly 
called  •The  Theory  of  the  Siderial  Heavens,"  giving  full  details  oftha 
system,  was  published  in  17.'S;5.  long  before  the  advent  of  monster  tele- 
scopes, twenty-two  years  before  Kant,  twenty-four  vears  before  Lambert^ 
twenty-six  years  before  l>oscovit''h,  thirty-four  years  before  Mitchell, 
and  forty-four  years  before  Herschel  gave  tlie  result  of  their  confirmatory 
discoveries  to  tlie  world. 

The  grandest  nnd  latest  discovery  of  modem  astronomy  is  the  motion 
oi  the  so-Ksdled  fixed  stare,  yet  long  before  this  discovery  was  auiioanced 


^36  ORIGIN,    ETC.,    OP    THE    EARTH. 

Swedenborg  asserted  that  the  whole  universe  fras  in  motion,  and  that  th« 
paths  which  the  countless  sons  with  their  systems  were  traversing  was  th» 
Milky- Way.  and  that  the  jxiint  at  which  they  entered  was  at  the  south, 
and  that  at  wliich  they  emerged  was  at  the  north.  The  truth  of  this 
theory  has  been  demonstrated  and  accepted  within  the  last  thirty  years 
by  Humboldt,  Herschel,  and  other  eminent  observers.  The  knowledge  of 
these  movements  enable  astronomers  to  predict,  with  absolute  certainty, 
the  different  changes  the  various  constellations  will  undergo  during  the 
lapse  of  ages  to  come,  and  define  the  reasons  and  causes  of  such 
changes. 

The  factis  well  attested  that  onr  sun  is  only  one  of  a  million  which  trav- 
erse the  ililky  Way.  In  the  crowded  p^-rt  of  the  Milky  Way.  Sir  W.  Her- 
EChel,  the  prince  of  astronomer.5,  had  fields  of  view  in  which,  during  a 
quarter  of  an  hour,  he  saw  116,000  stars  pass  through  the  field  of  view  of  a 
telescope  of  only  15'  aperture;  and  at  another  time,  in  41  minutes,  he  saw 
258,000  stars  pass  through  the  field.  It  consists  mostly  of  stars  of  the 
10th  or  12th  magnitude,  but  too  numerous  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye, 
■which  can  only  discriminate  stai-s  of  the  tth  or  7th  magnitude  :  jiower- 
ftil  telescopes  reach  even  to  a  iLith  magnitude.  He  calculated  the  length 
of  the  ii"#«a^  ray  ot  the  telescope  he  used.  It  reached  stars  4;>7  time* 
the  distance  of  Siriiis  ;  now  Sirius  cannot  be  nearer  than  100,000  X  liX),- 
000,000  miles,  therefore  Dr.  Herchels  tele.«cope,  at  least,  reached  to  100,- 
000  -I-  190,000,000  +  4v»7  miles  =  Km  billions  miles.  He  saw  ftars  42,000 
times  more  distant  that  Sirius  ;  and  a  cluster  11  trillions  of  miles  di-^tant 
He  says  there  are  nebuJje  from  which  light  is  4S.000  years  travelling  ! 
Light  travels  192,000  miles  in  a  second,  or  l>^  trillions  cf  miles  per  annum, 
then  in  48,000  years  this  would  be  ^(4.000.000.000  of  millions  of  millions 
of  miles  distant  ;  if  tlie  cluster  ceased  to  exL-^t  we  should  not  know  it  for 
48,000  years  !  Such  di.stances  can  indeed  be  written,  but  can  never  b« 
conceived  by  the  mind  of  man. 

It  is  a  triding  matter  to  reduce  these  figures  to  writing,  but  quite  an- 
©ther  thing  to  realize  their  full  significance. 

To  a-=sist  our  conception  of  wliat  constitutes  a  "billion,"  we  will  take 
as  a  unit  a  second  of  time,  of  which  GO  flit  away  in  a  minute,  or  86.000  in 
a  day.  Xot  the  one-sixteenth  part  of  that  number  have  come  and  gone 
since  the  commencement  of  the  Chri^■tian  era  to  the  beginning  of  ]b78,  for 
it  takes  exactly  31MS7  y?ars,  17  da  vs.  22  hours,  43  minutes,  and  5  second* 
to  constitute  a  billion  ot  seconds  of  time. 

The  immensity  and  grandeur  of  the  Heavens  penetrates  every  enlight- 
ened mind  with' indescribable  emotions  of  awe  and  reverence  for  the 
Almighty  energies  of  that  Adorable  Intelligence  who  created  and  sus- 
tains the  whoie. 

Touching  the  stability  of  the  srilar  system,  it  was  feared  by  many, 
eminent  for  their  attainments  and  acquirements  in  every  branch  of 
human  learning,  that  owing  to  the  mighty  changes  and  apparent  derange- 
ments which  were  occurring  in  the  planetary  orbits,  that  impending  ruin 
and  destruction  would  ultimately  render  the  earth  uninhabitable  for  man. 
At  a  time  when  the  beUef  was  prevalent  that  certain  destruction  awaited 
the  whole  universe,  Swedenborg  announced  to  the  world  hi?  theory  that: 
"  As  the  solar  system  is  carried  aloui:  through  the  Milky-Way.  and  after- 
wards compelled  to  diverge  therefrom,  the  planetan-  orbits  will  change 
their  form  and  eccentricity  to  a  ceitain  amount,  and  then  return  to 
their  original  condition,  when  they  will  again  chance  and  again  return, 
and  so  on  to  eternity."  This  beautifid  and  harmonious  theoiy.  so  well 
calculated  to  terminate  every  groundless  fear,  has  since  been  proved  and 
demonstrated  bv  La  Grange,  and  this  doctrine  of  a  cyclar  return  of  the 
solar  Eastern  is  now  kiuiwn  among  the  learned  aa  J^  Giauge's  theory 


ORIGW,  ITC,  OF  THB  BARTH. 


787. 


«l  the  stability  of  the  solar  system;  nevertheless  this  doctrine  ■vras  ex" 
pounded  in  Swedenborg's  Frincipla  forty-four  ye.irs  before  La  Grang* 
put  iiis  forth,  seventy-one  years  before  Mayer,  and  uiuety-one  yeara 
before  Bessel. 

Irrej^^ilarities  in  planetary  motions  correct  themselves,  because  every 
motion,  included  in  the  motion  of  the  Sun,  is  itself  subordinate,  and 
therefore  must  ultimately  conform.  The  planets  being  acted  upon  by  the 
common  force  of  the  sun,  they  often  interfere  on  the  same  side  with  the 
sun's  f(n'ce  on  that  side,  and  this  begets  irregularity  or  disturbance, 
oddly  called  their  owu  attractions.  < 

La  Grange  proved  that  the  mass  of  each  planet  into  the  square-root  of 
the  line  of  apsides,  and  into  the  square  of  the  eccentricity,  give  sums  that 
are  invariable.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  preceding  article  that  the  work 
of  creation  has  been  progressing  during  incalculable  myriads  of  age:^,and 
we  may  rest  sati.*tied  that  it  forms  no  part  of  the  Divine  economy  to 
destroy  what  it  has  been  millions  of  years  in  building  up.  The  agencies 
employed  in  the  creation  of  the  universe  are  identical  with  those  which 
now  exisit  for  its  preservation.  Harmony  and  perfection  are  everywhere 
real  entities;  derangement  and  disorder  are  apparent  only.  That  the 
sun's  apparent  path  through  the  ecliptic  is  really  caused  by  the  motion  of 
the  earth  in  its  (jrbit  around  the  sun,  may  be  seen  from  the  globes  in  the 
figure,  representing  the  earth  in  twelve  different  positions,  corresponding 


■to  the  twelve  months.    In  the  various  globes,  N  is  the  north  pole,  DCL 
'the  equator,  S  tlie  place  of  the  Sun,  and  C  S  and  all  lines  from  C  furallel 


pun 
to  tliis  the  direction  of  the  plane  of  the  ecliytic.  The  inclination  of  the 
earth's  axis  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit  is  23°  2S',  and  tliis,  with  its  annual 
revolution  around  the  Sun,  causes  the  change  of  seasons  known  as 
Spring,  Summer,  Autumn  and  "Winter.  Besides  the  diurnal  and  annual 
movements  of  the  earth,  there  is  also  an  onward  movement  of  the  whole 
solar  system  through  space,  in  an  orbit  of  its  own,  at  the  rate  of  15J-  <X)0,- 
000  niUes  per  annum. 

Swedeubnrs:  asserts  that  there  is  an  intcrn.al  or  spiritual  sense  concealei 
within  the  lett'u*.  or  natural  sense  of  the  Word,  comparable  to  tl» 
soul  or  snirit  of  man,  which  fills  tlie  human  body  just  as  the  hand  fills* 
glove.  This  sense  he  unfolds  by  means  of  the  science  of  c(  rrespond'inces, 
the  knowledge  of  which  he  claims  was  revealed  to  him.  For  instance, 
wherever  the  end  of  the  World  is  foretold  or  jiredicted  in  tlie  Word,  he 
says  that  by  this  we  are  not  to  unden  tand  the  end  of  the  natural  world, 
but  the  church  or  dispensation  existing  in  the  world,  the  latter  beiB|[^ 


756  OKIGIK,   ETC.,    OF   THE    EARTH. 

ssed  in  a  symbolic  sense  to  represent  the  former.     If  after  this  statemeat 
any  one  persists  in  adhering  to  a  literal  interpretation,  let  him  take  a 

food  concordance  and  examine  under  the  words  "  ever  "  and  "  forever  " ; 
e  will  find  to  his  amazement  that  there  are  just  as  many  proofs  to  sustain 
the  theory  of  the  everlasting  duration  of  the  earth  as  there  are  to  prove 
its  destruction  !  In  this  case  what  can  a  man  gain  by  refusing  his  assent 
to  the  truth  as  unfolded  by  Swedenborg  ? 

In  his  work  descriptive  of  the  Last  Judgment,  which  Swedenborg  avers 
has  alreajdy  taken  place,  not  in  this,  but  in  the  spiritual  world,  during  the 
year  1757,  the  following  passage  occurs  : 

"That  the  procreations  of  the  human  race  •will  continue  to  eternity, 
is  plain  from  many  considerations,  and  of  which  the  following  are  the 
principal : — I.  That  the  liuman  race  is  the  basis  on  which  heaven  is  founded. 
II.  That  the  human  race  is  the  seminary  of  heaven,  ni.  Tliat  the  ex- 
tension of  heaven,  wliich  is  for  angels,  is  so  immense  that  it  cannot  b« 
filled  to  Eternity.  IV.  That  they  are  but  few  respectively,  of  whom 
heaven  at  present  is  formed.  V.  That  the  perfection  of  heaven  increases 
according  to  plurality.  YI.  And  that  every  Divine  work  lias  respect  to 
Infinity  and  Eternity.  The  angelic  heaven  is  the  end  for  which  all  things 
in  the  universe  were  created,  for  it  is  the  end  on  accomit  of  which  man- 
kind exists,  and  mankind  is  the  end  regarded  in  the  creation  of  the  visible 
heaven,  and  the  earths  mcluded  in  it;  wherefore  that  Divine  work, 
namely,  tlie  angelic  heaven,  primarily  luis  respect  to  Infiuity  and 
Eternity,  and  therefore  to  its  multiplication, without  end,  for  the  Di\-ine 
Himself  dwells  within  it.  Hence  also  it  is  clear,  that  the  human  race  will 
never  cease,  for  were  it  to  cease,  the  Divine  work  would  be  limited  to  a 
certain  number,  and  thus  it^  respectiveness  to  Infinitj-  would  perish. 
The  Lord  did  not  create  the  univer.^e  for  His  own  sake,  "but  for  the  sake 
of  those  with  whom  He  will  be  in  Heaven  ;  for  spiritual  love  is  such,  that 
it  wishes  to  gi\-e  its  own  to  another ;  and  as  far  as  it  can  do  this  it  is  in  its 
■being,  in  its  peace,  and  in  its  blessedness:  spiritual  love  derives  this  from 
the  Di\ine  Love  of  the  Lord,  which  is  infinitely  such  ;  from  hence  it  fol- 
lows that  the  Divine  Love,  and  hence  the  Divine  Providence,  has  for  its 
end  a  heaven,  which  may  consist  of  men  made  angels,  to  wiiom  He  can 
give  all  the  blessed  and  happy  things  which  are  of  love  and  wisdom,  and 
give  them  from  Himself  in  them."    L.  J.  6. 

It  will  console  and  comfort  many  honest  but  simple-minded  thinkers 
who  believe  otherwise,  to  be  told  that  although  these  st;irtling  facts 
seem  to  jar  with  terrific  force  against  their  clierished  articles  of  faith, 
and  even  to  oi^pose  revealed  truth,  it  is  nevertheless  most  true,  that 
they  do  not,  even  in  the  slightest  degree,  enter  into  conflict  with  revela- 
tion. There  is  a  science  of  spiritual  truth  and  there  is  a  science  of  natural 
truth;  there  is  the  Book  of  Revelation  and  there  is  the  Boole  of  Nature; 
the  same  Omnipotent  Hand  has  w  ritten  both,  each  must  be  understood 
in  a  tfnse  pectdiar  to  itself,  and  when  .«o  understood,  there  can  be  no  con- 
tradiction between  them.  VTherever  contrariety  or  discordance  appears, 
the  error,  if  any' exists,  is  in  man  himself  and  in  his  natural  proneness 
to  receive  appearances  as  truths.  During  a  depth  of  time  not  to  be 
j)enetrated,  mankind  inferred,  from  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun, 
planets,  and  stars,  that  they  revolved  around  the  earth  once  in  24 
honrs,  but  no-w  everv  school-boy  knows  that  this  idea  is  a  fallacy,  and  an 
outrage  on  natural'  truth,  the'  real  truth  'jeing  that  in  every__passing 
hour  we  are  moved  by  the  earth's  rotation  on  its  axis  1,037  nules, 
and  in  its  orbit  66,092  miles,  the  diurnal  motion  causing  the  apparent 
motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies  around  the  earth.  Many  readers 
infer,  from  a  perusal  of  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis,  that  it  is 
limply  a  oanative  of  the  creation  of  tlie  world  on  whicli  we  dwell,  yet 


ORIGIN,   ETC.,    OF   THE   EARTH.  739 

Btin  it  most  be  said,  that  although  this  belief  is  aU  bnt  nniversal  among 
the  great  masses  of  society,  it  is  nevertheless  as  gross  an  outrage  on 
ipiritual  truth  as  the  first  noted  fallacy  is  on  natural  truth.  The  sublime 
narration  recorded  in  Genesis  does  not  treat  of  natural  creation,  for  being 
Divinely  composed  it  is  to  be  understood  in  a  sense  entirely  different 
from  merely  human  writings.  This  style  is  such  that  it  describee  spirit- 
ual things  by  means  of  pure  correspondences,  similitudes,  types,  and 
symbolic  imagery  draivu  from  eartlily  things.  The  subject  treated  of  is 
indeed  concerning  a  new  creation,  but  one  more  momentous  by  far  than 
even  the  creation  of  a  world.  Many  modem  theologians  are  afraid  to 
enter  on  an  interpretation  of  this  chapter  on  account  of  its  alleged  conflict 
•with  the  known  facts  of  science,  but  the  theology  that  could  be  endanger- 
ed by  such  an  investigation  is  wortliy  of  no  mans  acceptance.  Under- 
stood naturally,  what  reflecting  mind  could  conceive  of  the  existence  of 
light,  evening  and  morning,  day  and  night,  and  grass,  before  the  creation 
of  the  Sun  :  in  such  case  what  could  exist  but  imiversal  darkness  and 
Arctic  desolation  !  In  the  first  chapter,  v.  21,  "  every  living  thing  that 
moveth"  is  described  as  being  created  and  '"brought  forth  abimdantly 
after  their  kind,"  by  the  waters:  in  chap.  ii.  v.  19.  "  every  beast  of  the 
field  and  fowl  of  the  air  "  isdescribed  as  being  "  made  out  of  theground." 
Understood  literally,  or  in  tlie  sense  of  the  letter,  these  statements  are 
contradictory  to  every  rational  idea,  but  when  interj^reted  according  to 
the  law  of  correspondences  they  are  divinely  true  even  as  to  their  minutest 
details. 

At  this  day,  amidst  the  crash  of  creeds  framed  by  self-derived  intelli- 
gence, when  many  are  annoxmcing  from  the  pulpit  the  impending  ruin 
of  our  planet,  when  brazen  infidelity  prochiims  from  the  platform  to  ap- 
plauding audiences  that  there  is  no  "hereafter,  and  scoffs  at  sacred  things, 
It  must  gratify  every  lover  of  truth  to- learn  that  there  exists  in  Sweden- 
borg's  theological  writings  a  system  ot  doctrine  aud  scriptural  interpreta- 
tion absolutely  impregnable  again.st  every  assault  of  the  enemy.  From 
the  wonderful  story  of  Genesis  to  tiie  sublime  visions  of  the  Apocalypse, 
the  searcher  after  truth  will  find  the  veil  of  mystery  lifted  from  a  thou- 
sand questions  which  have  forages  puzzled  theVisest  commentators.  The 
system  of  interpretation  is  unerring  in  its  logic,  inflexible  in  its  allegiance 
to  truth,  and  astonishing  in  its  minuteness  of  detail.  In  an  article  in  a 
recent  nmnber  of  the  Galaxy,  in  relation  to  the  contest  between  s^-ience 
and  religion,  the  writer  says  :  "  The  modem  school  of  Free  Thought  has 
found  its  one  serious  opponent,  and  its  only  one,  in  Emanuel  Swedenborg, 
•whose  writings,  first  issued  more  than  a  century  since,  have  had  an  ef- 
fect on  the  whole  tone  of  thought  aud  metaphysics,  such  as  few  people 
suspect,  and  hardly  any  realize. 

"  It  must  be  remembered  that  Swedenboi^  published  his  first  (theolog- 
ical) book  in  1740,  and  that  his  theological  activity  covered  the  very 
period  wherein  the  French  and  Engli.-h  school  of  scientific  inquiry,  skep- 
ticism, and  free  thought,  was  beginning  to  be  most  active. 

"  In  the  midst  of  this  period  of  intellectual  bustle  and  activity,  the 
Seer  of  the  North,  secluded  in  his  lonely  study  among  the  Swedish 
forests,  with  nothing  before  him  but  a  Hebrew  Bible  and  Greek  Testa- 
ment, was  calmly  writing  those  wonderful  looks  which  he  asserts  to  be 
the  result  of  direct  revelations  from  the  Deity. 

"  The  only  sy?tera  that  remains  able  to-day  freely  to  admit  the  rao.^t  nn- 
compromisinc;  results  of  scientific  inquiry  vithoutfear  or  question,  aud 
at  the  same  time  to  hold  to  the  absolute  trnth  of  Holy  Writ  in  every  jot 
and  tittle,  api^ears  to  be  that  proclaimed  by  Swedenborg. 

"The  system  of  theology  it  uroj^iunds  Ls  purely  and  uncompromisingly 
xuonothei^tic.    An  Axab  could  not  quarrel  v<'ith  it  on  that  eoore.    it  u^ 


740  oiticnif,  BTC,  or  the  earth. 

at  the  same  time,  so  porelv  Chtistiaii  that  the  most  zealoos  evangeKcil 
of  the  ejctremest  type  can  find  no  fault  v>ith  it,  making  as  it  does  the 
Saviour  and  Redeemer  its  grand  central  figure. 

'•  Finally,  it  i?  able  to  concede  ti  the  Ixildest  of  materialists,  the  most 
acute  of  historical  critics,  the  most  ardent  evolutionist,  the  most  dogmatic 
of  palneontolo^sts.  the  most  abstruse  of  metaiihyeicians,  everj-thing 
\rhich  they  can  possibly  claim  to  have  proved,  every  truth,  however  con- 
trary to  current  theological  opinion,  which  they  can  estabUsh,  while  at 
the  same  time  it  holds  to  the  absolute  truth  of  every  word  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture. 

"  Nothing  seems  to  shake  its  faith  in  the  slightest ;  it  shims  no  in- 
quiry and  needs  no  explanation  of  any  fact,  everything  being  plain,  th« 
Bible  its  only  .standard. " 

In  the  Cyclopsedia  of  Biography,  by  Parke  Godwin,  we  read  :  ''  Swe- 
denborg  was  no  impostor,  but  a  learned  and  pious  man,  and  hia  books 
richly  re;«y  the  most  carefid  study." 

The  Jfu)ico7}jbrmif!t  {English)  iissuies  m  that:  "He  (Swedenborg)  ia 
received  by  all  thinkera  courteously,  and  by  \  ery  many  cordially.  Tlie 
Ftorm  of  violent  denunciation  or  angry  ridicule  which  wa^  laimched  agaiu.st 
him  by  theologians  a  generation  ago,  is  scarcely  remembered  now,  and  ia 
not  likely  to  be  revived.  All  are  agreed  that  he  was  a  genuine  and  sin- 
cere man,  who  believed  his  own  words,  and  did  not  wilfully  deceive  or 
invent" 

Hon.  Theophilus  Parsons,  late  Professor  in  the  Cambridge  Law  School, 
gays  :  "  I  regard  him  (Swedeuborg)  as  a  man  of  remarkable  abiUty,  and 
great  and  varied  culture  :  fciuglit,  as  no  other  man  ever  was  taught, 
truths  wiiich  no  other  man  ever  learned  ;  and  thus  instructed  that  he 
might  introduce  among  men  a  new  ^^em  of  truth  or  doctrine,  excelling 
in  character  and  exceeding  in  value  any  system  of  truth  before  known." 

Speaking  of  Swedenborg  and  his  writings,  Henry  James,  the  author  of 
"  Substance  and  Shadow,"  says  :  '•  Such  sincere  books,  it  seems  to  me, 
were  never  before  writteit" 

BL«hop  Hai-d  (author  of  Lectures  on  Pi-ophecies)  says  :  "  It  has  beem 
said  by  some,  and  received  imphcitly  without  further  examination  by 
others,  that  Swedenborg,  after  receiving  his  exti-aordiuary  commission, 
■wa«  mad,  and  became  totally  deprived  of  his  natural  senses  ;  but  this  in- 
sinuation is  such  a  palpable  contradiction  of  truth,  and  such  an  insult  to 
common  sense — ^being  overruled  by  every  page  of  Itis  writings  as  well  aa 
by  every  act  of  his  life  after  tliat  period — that  we  should  have  tliought  it 
altogether  unworthy  of  notice  were  we  not  aware  that  it  operates  power- 
fully with  many,  even  at  this  day.  to  prejudice  them  against  a  character 
which  otherwise  they  would  revere,  and  against  writing.s  from  which  they 
would  otherwise  receive  the  most  welcome  in.«truction." 

The  venerable  Thomas  Carlyle,  having  looked  upon  the  great  seer  all 
his  hfe  as  a  visionary  lunatic,  now  says  that  he  stands  rebuked.  He  looks 
npon  Swedenborg  as  one  of  the  loftiest  minds  in  the  realm  of  mind,  one 
of  the  spiritual  suns  that  will  .shine  brighter  as  the  years  goon  ;  and  that 
more  truths  are  compassed  in  his  writings  than  that  of  any  other  man. 
His  gre;\t  prescience  with  regard  to  modem  scientific  discoveries,  sinco 
made  known,  is  astonishing. 

George  Dawson,  M.  A.  writes  :  "Kmnnuel  Swedenborg  had  the  privi- 
lege which  belongs  to  all  men  who  devote  their  lives  to  thought,  that  a» 
the  world  grows  older,  they  get  nn're  reverenced.  l>etter  known,  and 
better  loved.  If  I  were  going  to  be  shut  up  in  prison  three  rears,  Swe- 
deuborg's  books  would  be  iiiy  choice,  and  at  the  end  of  three  years  it 
-would  be  six  more  before  I  ghotild  ^d  tbem  oniutereating,  strange,  ot 
iij." 


ORWm,  RTC,  OP  THE  EAJBTH.  741; 

Dr  Portcous  writes  .•  '*  The  incomparable  depth,  splendor,  and  T«Mit« 
oess  of  Swedeiiborg's  pcniiis  are  shown  m  this,  that  lie  alone  has  ever 
dnred  to  tiv  ad  the  threefold  rcuilm  of  nattnul,  mental,  and  spiritual  phi- 
losophy. Few  men  luivo  approached  the  heni  of  his  garment  in  respect  to 
moral  purity,  his  teaching  and  example  are  calculated  to  make  men 
meek,  gentle,  and  charitable,  and  his  followers  catholic,  intelligent  and 
pioas.  Examine  all  the  philosophical  systems  extant  and  take  all  the  re- 
ligious litoratuie  of  the  Itust  century,  and  place  tliem  in  one  scale,  and 
take  the  volmiiinous  works  of  Swedenborg,  and  place  tliem  in  the  other 
scale,  and  the  philosophy  and  libraries  of  the  world  will  kick  the  beam." 
R.  M.  Patterson,  late  Professor  in  the  university  of  Pennsyhania,  says 
iesnecliiig  Swedenborg's  Principia  :  "  It  is  an  extraoiTlinary  prnductiou  of 
one  of  the  most  extraordinary  men  that  has  ever  lived,  many  of  the  exper- 
iments and  observations  presented  in  this  work  are  btlievcd  to  be  of  much 
tnoie  modern  dale,  and  are  UDjtixtly  ascribed  to  much  more  recent  authors.'' 

"  There  is  in  Swedenhorg's  writings  a  marvellous  insight,  a  vision  of 
the  higher  truths  of  philosophy  and  religion,  to  which  few  men  have  at- 
tained."— 2V.  Y.  Independent. 

"  The  majority  think  and  speak  of  Emanuel  Swedenborg  as  a  mystic 
and  dreamer,  when  in  fact,  ho  was  a  j^ractical  man,  an  inventor,  and  pub- 
lic benefactor.  The  metrical  system,  now  under  discussion,  was  first 
sviggestcd  by  him,  and  tjie  Dutch  aro  indebted  to  hiuj  for  important  im- 
provements in  their  docks  and  dykes." — Literctry  World. 

"  Swedenhorg's  wiitings  teem  with  the  grandest  and  profoundest 
truths. ' '  — Norlh  American. 

Count  Von  Ilopken,  for  foity  years  an  intimate  friend  of  Swedenhorg's, 
and  for  maziy  years  Prime  Minister  of  Sweden,  advised  tlie  king  "  that 
no  religion  could  be  better,  as  the  prevailing  and  established  one,  than 
that  deduced  by  Swedenborg  from  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  and  this  on  the 
two  following  accounts  :  1st.  This  religion  in  preference  to,  and  in  a  high- 
er degree  than  any  other,  must  produce  the  most  honest  and  industrious 
subjects  ;  for  tliis  religion  places  properly  the  icor.Khip  of  God  in  nscs. 
2d.  It  causes  the  least  fear  of  death,  as  this  religion  regards  death 
merely  as  a  transition  from  one  st^ite  into  another,  from  a  worse  to  a 
better  situation  ;  nay,  upon  his  principles,  I  look  upon  death  as  being  of 
hardly  any  greater  moment  than  driuldng  a  glass  of  water." 

T.  S.  Arthur,  the  world  renowned  author,  writes  :  "  Only  in  the  reve- 
lation,* made  for  the  New  Church,  in  which  the  plenary  insj^iration  and 
imier  and  Divine  Sense  of  the  Word,  and  the  true  cloctrine  of  tlie  Lord  and 
.  his  Providence,  are  fully  ex))lained  and  made  known  for  the  salvation  of 
Biankind,  can  be  seen  in  rational  light,  the  trutlis  on  which  Christian 
unity  and  harmony  ciin  be  established,  and  by  which  tlie  gi'owth  of  natu- 
ralism, skepticism,  and  irreverent  infidelity  can  be  arrested  and  de- 
ftroyed." 

The  Rev.  Prof.  Von  Gcerres  (Roman  Catholic)  writes  : — "Swedenborg 
was  not  a  man  to  be  carried  away  by  an  unbridled  imagination,  still  less 
did  he  ever  mauifest,  during  his  whole  life,  the  slightest  symptoms  of 
mcntiil  aberration.  Throughout  tlie  entire  course  of  his  learned  re- 
pcarches  and  activity-,  we  evorywheie  discover  the  pious  and  religious 
man,  who,  in  all  his  sayings  and  doings,  was  intent  upon  g(M)d." 

Kdwin  Pa.xton  Hood,  in  the  jireface  to  his  Life  of  Smrdcnborg.  writes: 
"  That  he  couceives  he  has  derived  much  benefit  from  the  study  of  the 
■works  of  Swedenborg,  and  has  much  reason  to  be  grateful  to  that  illus- 
trious, venerable  and  much  misunderstood,  and  comparatively  unknowu 
mrji." 

fjptign  and  Work  (English)  says  of  the  Apoccdijpse  Revealed:  "A 
oareful  perusal  of  many  of  its  l-OO  and  odd  pages  has  led  us  to  ceaso  woa« 


742  OfilGIN,    ETC.,    OF   THE    EARTH, 

dering  at  the  favor  with  which  this  modem  edition  has  been  recaived, 
and  to  recoTTimeud  others  to  follow  onr  example.  Many  a  sermon  have 
we  listened  to  on  the  Revelations.  Several  works,  dealing  with  the  gor- 
geous panorama  unfolded  before  the  internal  vision  of  the  Seer  of  Pat- 
mos,  how  we  travelled  through,  wondering  at  the  inventive  faculty  aa 
displayed  by  commentator  and  preacher,  Tjut  too  often  feeling  that  a 
Btone  had  been  given  us  instead  of  bread.  "SMioever  takes  e^imestly  to 
the  consideration  of  the  images  of  the  '  Swedish  Seer,'  will  find  that  there 
is  more  in  his  text-book  tlian  he  has  given  it  credit  for  ;  that  it  contains 
truths  illimitable  ;  that  in  their  expoimding  no  meretricious  aids  are  re- 
quired ;  that  it  appeals,  not  to  tlie  eye  or  the  ear,  but  to  the  deepest 
aepths  of  the  human  heart  and  mind.  Whosoever  will  read  it  patiently 
and  carefully  must  rise  up  from  its  perusal  a  wiser,  a  more  charitable,  al- 
together a  better  man." 

The  Chicago  Advance  writes  :  "  We  confess  to  having  read  for  years 
Bome  portion  of  his  works  with  intellectual  and  spiritual  profit,  and  we 
imagine  at  least  that  we  can  trace  his  influence  in  the  conceptions  and 
reasoning  of  many  modem  authors  of  distinction,  who  do  not  aJways  give 
Swedenborgthecredithedeser.es." 

The  writer  of  this  book  has  no  pecuniary  interest  whatever  in  the 
Bale  of  Swedenborg's  writings,  but  conceives  it  to  be  his  dutj-  to  present 
these  testimonials  in  vindication  of  a  most  deserving  and  worthy  man, 
whose  writiugs  have  been  greatly  misrepresented  and  misunderstood. 
A  hundred  years  hence  such  a  vindication  will  be  imnecessary.  It  is  a 
veritable  truth  that  Swedenborg  has  rendered  greater  services  to  man- 
kind than  any  other  man  ever  did  or  ever  can  render,  and  this  factia 
becoming  better  known  every  day.  When  he  began  to  vrrite  and  pro- 
mulgate his  system  of  doctrines,  a  noted  Luthei-an  bishop  and  doctor  got 
np  a  complaint  against  him .  The  doctor,  whose  name  was  Ekebom,  had 
the  honesty  to  say  of  himself,  that  he  was  very  careful  not  to  examine 
Swedenborg's  works.  Swedenborg,  however,  was  a  man  of  good  character 
and  connections,  and  led  such  a  blameless,  quiet,  calm,  and  peaceful  life, 
that  it  was  found  impossible  to  arouse  popular  sentiment  against  him. 

Since  Swedenborg's  day.  two  men,  who  have  aU  the  animosity,  but 
lack  the  honesty,  of  Dr.  Ekebom.  viz  :  Dr.  Pike,  of  Derby,  Eng.,  and 
Enoch  Pond,  of  Bangor,  Me.,  Theological  Seminary,  have  rendered  them- 
selves notorious  by  the  publication  of  pamphlets  containing  the  most 
horrible  libels  on  Swedenborg  and  his  writings.  These  detestable  publi- 
cations, which  have  been  answered  and  refuted  time  and  again,  present 
a  combination  of  reckless  assertion,  downright  lies,  mahguity,  and  igno- 
rance, which  is  perfectly  amazing.  Each  publication  may  be  described 
in  the  expressive  language  of  Edwin  Paxton  Hood,  as  "a  foimtain  of 
mad,"  and  both  combined  are  highly  flavored  with  the  peculiar  sanctity 
~hich  pervades  the  devotional  exercises  of  Holy  Willie. 

We  have  still  another  notable  detractor  in  Mr.  William  White,  who 
many  years  ago  wrote  a  Life  of  Swedenborg,  in  which  he  rendered  full 
justice'  to  the  subject  of  the  memoir.  Of  late  years  he  resumed  his  task 
by  dipping  his  pen  in  ink  (or  rather  in  venom),  ajid  dashing  off  a  vast 
amoimt  of  trash  in  the  shape  of  baseless  absurdities  regarding  Swedenborg 
and  his  followers,  which  he  styled  a  '•  Life  of  Swedenborg."  In  order  to 
understand  the  animus  which  pervades  this  work,  it  is  necessary  to  know 
that  Mr.  White  was  at  one  tim«  agent  for  the  London  Swedenborg  Society, 
and  while  thus  occupied  he  engaged  in  the  sale  of  the  so-called  spiritist  pub- 
lications- The  sale  of  these  bcwks  is  held  by  the  Swedenborg  Society  to 
be  utterly  incomjiatible  with  the  objects  which  it  has  in  view,  but  Mr. 
Wlute  resisted  the  e^orts  of  the  Society's  Ck>mmittee  to  remote  hixa 


ORIGIN,    ETC.,    OF    THE    EAETH.  745 

/rom  oflSce,  and  compelled  them  to  bring  a  suit  in  Qiancery  to  effect 
their  purpose.  The  mnil  judgment  "vras  decisive  against  him,  and  it  was 
■while  smarting  under  this  reverse  thit  his  two-volume  Life  of  Sweden- 
bore  was  written.  The  work  in  queftiou  is  composed  througliout  in  a 
vindictive  spirit,  and  the  malevolent  production  owes  its  origin  to  a 
malicious  feeling  of  the  worst  kind,  nevertheless  it  is  most  true  that 
Blander  has  gre:iter  swiftness  tlian  truth,  and  the  groundless  assertions  of 
a  defamer  are  frequently  accorded  greater  credence  than  the  veritabla 
assertions  of  a  tratliful  man. 

In  an  ehiborate  article  which  appeared  some  time  ago  in  the  columns  of 
the  Enf/li-^h  M.chanic,  the  editor  of  that  journal  presented  a  lL?t  of 
Swedenborg's  inventions,  which,  including  a  notice  of  liis  mechanical  and 
philosophical  works,  occupied  nearly  two  quarto  pages.  The  following  is  a 
partial  list  of  the  latter: — 1.  An  Introduction  to  Algebra.  2.  Attempts  to 
find  the  Longitudes  of  places  by  Lunar  Observations.  3.  A  proposal  for 
a  Decimal  System  of  Money  and  Measures.  4.  A  Treatise  on  the  Motion 
of  the  Earth  and  the  Planets.  5.  Proofs,  derived  from  Api>earances 
in  Sweden,  of  the  Depths  of  the  Sea,  and  the  Greater  force  of  tlie  Tides 
in  the  Ancient  World-  6.  On  Docks,  Sluices,  and  Sidt  Works.  7.  Some 
Specimens  of  Work  on  the  Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy,  comprising 
Kew  Attempts  to  explain  the  Phenomena  of  Chemistry  and  Physics  by 
Geometry.  8.  New  Observations  and  Discoveries  resjiectrng  Iron  and 
Fire,  and  particularly  respecting  tlie  Elemental  Nature  of  Fire  ;  together 
with  a  New  Construction  of  Stoves.  9.  A  New  Method  of  Fiudiug  the 
Longitude  of  Places  on  Land  or  Sea  by  Lmiar  Observations.  10.  A  New 
Mechanical  Plan  of  Constructing  Docks  and  Dykes.  11.  A  Mode  of  Dis- 
covering the  Powers  of  Vessels  by  the  Application  of  Mechanical  Piin- 
ciples.  12.  Miscellaneous  Observations  connected  with  the  Physical 
Sciences — Parts  1-3.  13.  Part  4.  Principally  on  Minerals,  Iron,  and 
Stalactites  in  Baman's  Cavern.  14.  On  the "  Depreciation  and  Rise  of 
the  Swedish  Currency.  These  were  some  of  his  works  published  be- 
tween 1722 — 1733. 

These  were  succeeded  by,  1.  The  PrincipLa :  or,  the  First  Principles  of 
Natural  Things,  in  3  folio  Vols,  with  Plates.  2.  The  Economy  of  the 
Animal  Kingdom  considered  Anatomically,  Physically,  and  Phiiosophi- 
cally,  2  Vols.,  with  Plates.  ^.  The  Animal  Kingdom. 'Parts  i.,  ii..  iii.,  2 
Vols.  4.  The  Anim;tl  Kingdom.  Parts  v.,  vi.  5.  Outlines  of  a  Philosoph- 
ical Argument  on  the  Infinite  and  tlie  Final  Cause  of  Creation.  6.  Some 
Specimens  of  a  Work  on  the  Principles  of  Chemistry,  with  other  Trea- 
tises, 8vo.  21  Plates,  comprL;ing  159  figures.  7.  Miscellaneous  Observa- 
tions Connected  with  the  Physical  Sciences.  8vo,  9  Phites,  comprising 
86  Figures.    8.  Posthumous  tracts  on  various  subjects. 

In  1785,  the  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  King  of  France,  for  the 
examination  of  the  subject  of  animal  magnetism,  affirmed  that  there  did 
not  exist  any  theory  of  the  magnet :  and  the  Count  de  Buii'nn,  in  hia 
•work  on  Natural  History,  affirmed  that  nothing  had  been  written  on  the 
formation  of  the  planets.  Both  these  errors  were  refuted  in  a  most 
scholarly  and  elegant  letter  addressed  to  the  Commissioners  by  the  Mar- 
quis de  Thom^,  in  which  he  directed  public  notice  to  Swedenborg's  elab» 
orate  and  profoimd  works  on  these  subjects,  concluding  his  letter  as  fol- 
lows, '•  This,  gentlemen,  L^  what  I  thought  it  my  duty  to  make  public  foi 
t\e  benefit  of  society,  from  a  regard  for  truth,  and  in  gratitude  to  him, 
to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  major  part  of  the  little  I  know  ;  though 
before  I  met  with  his  writings,  I  had  sought  for  knowledge  amonsrst 
almost  all  the  writers,  ancient  and  modem,  who  enjoyed  any  repctation 
fpr  possessing  it    I  have  the  honor  to  be,  && , 

"FUifl,  lag.  4. 1786.  MABqtTis  dk  TapiCB.'* 


744  ORICHK,   ETC.,   OF  THE  EA.8TH. 

Raiph  Waldo  Emerson  writes:--"  Swedenborg's  writings  wotild  be  s 
suiBcient  library  for  a  lonely  and  athletic  student.  Not  every  masi  can 
read  them,  but  they  will  rit-hiy  reward  him  who  can.  The  grandeur  of  the 
topics  makes  the  grandeur  of  the  style.  One  of  the  missourians  and 
mastodons  of  literature,  he  is  not  to  be  measured  by  whole  colleges  of 
ordinary  scholars.  He  anticipated  in  astronomy  the  discovery  of  the 
BCventJi" planet  ;  anticipated  the  views  of  modern'astronomy  in  regard  to 
the  generation  of  earths  by  the  sun  ;  in  magnetism  some  importimt  ex- 
periments and  conclusions  of  later  students;  in  chemistry,  tlie  at<imic 
theory,  in  anatomy  the  discoveries  of  Schlienting,  Monro,  and  Wilson, 
and  ti'rst  demonstrated  the  office  of  the  lungs." 

The  celebrated  Berzilius  writes: — "  I  have  looked  through  the  Animal 
Kini)(lom,  and  am  surprised  at  the  great  knowledge  displayed  by  Sweden- 
borg  in  a  subject  that  a  professed  metallurgist  would  not  havebeeu  sup- 
posed to  make  an  object  of  study,  and  in  which,  as  in  ail  he  undertook, 
he  icas  in  advance  of  hts  Gf/e."    '  , 

To  sum  up,  it  may  be  stated  that  his  mechanical  and  philosophical  works 
would  be  equivalent  to  about  25  volumes  of  500  pages  each.  This  genera- 
tion is  most  deeply  indebted,  to  the  incomparable  genius  of  this  extraor- 
dinary man  for  very  important  impri>\ements  in  the  construction  of 
docks,  blast  furnaces,  stoves,  tlie  smelting  of  metals,  and  a  host  of  inven- 
tions which  are  usually  credited  to  others. 

The  reader  may  inifer,  from  a  perusal  of  the  foregoing  list  of  books, 
that  the  labor  involved  in  their  production  might  well  entitle  the  writer  to 
rank  as  a  first  class  literary  giant  in  any  age  or  nation,  but  wonderful  to 
say,  the  most  extraordinary  performances  of  this  most  remarkable  man 
are  still  to  be  recounted. 

In  the  year  1743,  Swedenborg  was  54  years  of  age,  and  here  we  find 
him  relinquishing  his  philosophical  pursufls.  and  devoting  himself  ex- 
clusively to  theology  and  to  the  unfolding  of  the  new  doctiines  which  he 
now  declares  were  first  revealed  to  him.  His  Worship  and  Love  of  God, 
published  in  1745.  seems  to  mark  the  commencement  of  this  new  era  in 
his  Life.  The  followmg  is  a  list  of  his  theological  works  arranged  ac- 
cording to  tlie  order  in  which  the  original  books  were  written  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Author. 

1.  1749-5(3.  Arcana  Ccelestia,  The  Htavenh/ Arcana  which  are  contained 
in  the  Hubj  Scriptures,  or  Word  of  the  Lord;  unfolded:  ber/iniiinf/ with 
the  Book  of  Genesis;  toqether  with  the  Wonderful  things  seen  in  the 
World  of  Spirits  and  in  the  Htaven  of  Angels.  English  Ed.  12  vols.  8 
vo.  £2  8«.,  any  vol.  separate,  45.  American  Ed.  10  vols.  81-50  per  voL 
2.  1758.  Concerning  Heaven  and  its  Wonders  ;  and  concerning  Hell, 
being  a  Relation  of  things  heard  and  seen.  English  Ed.  35.  American 
do.  Si  .25.  3.  1758.  Anaccount  of  the  Last  Judgment  and  the  Destruction 
of  Babylon^  showing  that  all  the  Predictions  intfie  Afjocahrpse  are  at  this 
day  fulfilled,  being  a  relation  of  things  heard  and  seen,  8  vo.  Eng.  Ed. 
Sd.  American  do.  Too.  4.  1758.  On  the  White  Horse  mentioned  in  the 
Apocalypse,  chap,  xi/:,  with  References  to  the  Arcana  Ccelestia  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Word,  and  its  Spiritual  or  Internal  Sense-  With  an  Appendix. 
English  Ed.  4(i.  American  do.  10c.  5.  1758.  On  the  Earths  in  owr  Solar 
System,  and  on  the  Earths  in  the  Starn/  Heavens :  with  an  account  of 
t/ieir  inJiabitants.  aixd  also  of  t/ie  Spirits  and  Angels  there,  from  what  has 
been  seen  and  heard.  Eng.  Ed.  8  vo.,  S<7.  American  Ed.  60c.  6.  1758. 
On  the  Nrw  Jerusalem  and  its  Heaxenly  Doctrine,  as  revealed  from  Heaven, 
to  which  are  prefixed  .«ome  Obsei'valiohs  concerning  the  Nnr  Heaven  ond 
tJie  27'ni:  Earth.  Eng.  Ed.  8  vo.  l.*.  American  do.  {laper.  10<?.  7.  17G^ 
Anqi^lic  Wisdom  rohceming  ihp  Dirive  Lore  and  the  Divine  Wisdom 
Eng.  Ed.    Demy  6  yo.,  25.    American  do.  Si-    8.176a     I7i£  Four  had- 


OEIGIN,    ETC.,    OF    THE   EARTF.  f45 

lin^  Doctrines  of  the  Neio  CTiurch,  stignified  in  Rev.  xxi.  hy  (he  New  Jeru' 
talem ;  being  these  respecting  (he  Lord.  His  Divine  and  Human  NatJires, 
and  the  Divine  Tnnity ;  the  Saa'ed  Scripture;  Faith;  and  Life.  Eng 
Ed.  8  vo.  25.  American  do.  §1.  9.  1764.  Angelic  Wisdom  concerning 
the  Ditine  Prmndence.  Eiig.  Ed.  8  vo.  3s.  American  do.  $1.50.  10. 
1765.  The  Apocalt/pse  Hcreahd ;  m  tchich  are  disclosed  the  Arcona  (here' 
in  foretold;  and  which  have  hitherto  remained  concealed.  2  vols.  Eng. 
Ed.  8«.  American  do.  $3.  11.  1768.  Conjugcd  Love  and  its  Chaste  De- 
lights ;  also  Adidteroxis  JjOvc  and  its  Insane  Pleasures  Eng.  Ed.  4s. 
American  do.  81.25.  12.  1769.  A  Brief  Eirposition  of  (he  Doctrines  oj 
the  N'eic  Chnrch  meant  by  the  Ncio  Jerusalem  in  the  Apoccdypse.  Eng. 
Ed.  lOd.  American  do.  40c.  13.  The  Inter  course  heticeen  the  Soid  and 
the  Body,  rchlch  is  supposed  to  take  place  either  by  Phy sired  Influx,  or  by 
Spiritual  Influx,  or  by  Pre-established  Harmony.  Eng.  Ed.  4d.  Ameri- 
can do.  10c.  14.  1771.  The  True  Christian  Religion;  or,  (he  Universal 
Tlieology  of  (he  New  Church,  fore(old  by  the  Lord  in  Dan.  vii,  13,  14,  and 
in  the  Apocalypse  xxi,  1,  2.     Eng.  Ed.  7s.    American  do.  J52.EO. 

Tliese  prices  include  postage  to  destination.  The  took.'*  may  be  ob- 
tained by  addressing  the  Publishing  Societj''s  Mar.iger,  E.  H.  Svtinnet, 
No.  20  Cooper  Union,  New  York,  or  the  Loudon  Society's  Agent,  Jamm 
Spiers,  36  Bloomsbury  St.,  London,  W.  C,  Eng. 

Swedenborg's  "True  Christian  Pel  igion"  and  the  "  Apocalypse  Be- 
vealed,"  may  be  obtained  absolutely  free  by  any  Protestant  clergyman 
or  student  who  may  enclose  the  postage  for  same  to  the  celebrated  pub- 
lishing house  of  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  of  Philadelphia.  The  requisite 
funds  for  this  purpose  are  supplied  by  a  retired  Philadelphia  inerchant 
of  princely  means  and  large-hearted  liberality,  who  takes  an  ardent  in- 
terest in  the  work,  Juid  has  made  ample  provision  for  its  pernument  con- 
tinnance  even  after  his  hands  have  laid  it  down.  No  clergyman  or 
student  need  hesit;vte  to  enclose  the  postage  aud  send  for  the.'^e  books,  for 
they  will  be  sent  without  fail.  The  New  Church  Tract  .ind  Publication 
Society,  T.  S.  Arthur  (the  well-kuowu  author),  President,  Geo^e  Burn- 
ham  (of  the  Baldwin  Locomotive  works),  Treasurer,  offer  Swedenborg's 
"Heaven  and  Hell,"  tlirougli  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.,  to  clergymen  on 
tire  same  terms.  In  ordering  these  books  in  this  way,  enclose  30c.  for 
postage  on  the  first  named.  IS'-,  for  the  second,  and  13c.  for  the  last 
noted  work,  and  forward  all  orders  to  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co. ,  715  and 
717  Market  St. ,  PhUadelphia. 

Up  to  Jan.  1,  1878,  this  well-lmown  firm  have  received  and  filled 
requests  from  clergymen  for  14,(X)0  copies  of  the  "  True  Christian 
Reliqwn,"  8,000  copies  of  the  "■Apocalypse  Revealed,"  and  12,000  copies 
of  '■'■Heaven  and  Hell."  Req-iests arestill coming  in,  books  are  ptUl  going 
out,  and  hundreds  cf  letters  have  been  received  attesting  the  lively  grati- 
tude of  the  recipients  to  the  donors  of  these  books  for  their  inestimable 
gifts.  In  addition  to  this  unusual  traffic  of  supplying  costly  books  free  of 
charge,  J.  B.  Lippincott  &  Co.  publish  elegant  editions  of  many  of  Swe- 
jdenborg's  theoloscical  writings,  which  they  supply  to  purchasers  in  tha 
tisnal  way  of  business,  Lists  and  prices  furnished  by  addressing  ox 
applying  ae  aboye, 

82 


r46 


XAJiLES,    ETC.,    FOR   PRINTEES. 


130 

ems- 

1  lb. 

Minion      contains 

.V)fi 

170 

" 

" 

Nonpareil        " 

520 

i!UO 

" 

•' 

Agate               " 

600 

i!70 

" 

" 

Pearl                " 

800 

290 

" 

IMPORTANT  RULES,  TABLES,  &c.,  FOR  PRINTERS. 

A  Thousand  Ems,  Measuring  Tvpe  or  Matter.— This  is  done  by 
multiplying  the  number  of  solid  ems  contained  in  the  lenyth  of  any 
quantity  of  tj'pe,  by  the  number  contained  in  the  width  of  the  measure. 
The  gauge  for  measurement  is  an  era  of  the  type  in  which  the  matter 
calculated  is  set.  A  thousand  ems  is  the  space  that  so  many  letter  m's 
would  occupy.  It  takes  over  2,000  average  letters  to  occupy  the  space  of 
IjOOO  ems.  In  Britain  the  matter  is  measured  by  ens.  To  determine  the 
number  of  ens  in  a  line,  lay  as  many  of  the  letter  m  flat  wise  in  the  stick 
as  will  make  tlie  measure.  The  following  Table  shows  the  number  of 
ems  contained  in  a  pound  of  each  of  the  following  sizes  of  type. 
1  lb.    of    Pica    contains 

•'        "     S.Pica       " 

"        "     L.  Primer" 

"        "     Bourgeois" 

"         "     Brevier     " 

Table  showing  number  of  ems  in  100  square  inches  of  the  eizes  of  typ« 
from  Pica  to  Agate  inclusive. 

Pica 3,600f  Nonpareil 14,400  iMinion 10,404 

Long  Primer 5,625  Small  Pica 4,900i  Agate 19,600 

Brevier 8,836l  Bourgeois 6,889| 

The  above  list  is  based  on  the  sup]Dosition  that  lines  of  the  length  of  6 
ems  pica,  7  ems  small  pica,  7.5  ems  long  primer,  8.3  ems  bourgeois,  9.4 
ems  brevier-  'i0.2  ems  minion,  12  ems  nonpareil,  and  14  agate,  are  equal 
to  an  inch.  This  is  not  strictly  true,  bat  tlie  variation  is  so  little  that  it 
wiU  not  make  a  difference  of  1,000  ems  in  100  ordinary  sized  pages. 

In  one  square  inch  there  are- 
38  ems  Pica,  I  72V4  ems  Bourgeois.         1144  ems  Nonpareil. 

50      "    Sni.-iU  Pica.  S7        "    Brevier.  200i^  "    Agate. 

MVi  "    Long  Primer         11133,4"     Minion.  1225      "    Pearl. 

The  above  is  an  approximation  merely,  as  different  type  founderi 
slightly  vary  the  size  of  tlieir  type. 

Metal  for  Backing  Electrotype  Plates.— Lead  91  i^arts,  tin  4, 
antimony  1. 

To  atAKB  Wkiting  Ixk  Ineraseable  even  by  Acids. — To  good 
gall  ink  add  a  strong  sohition  of  PruF.sian  blue  in  distilled  water.  The 
ink  writes  greenish  blue  but  afterwards  turns  black,  and  cannot  b» 
erased  without  destroyin,,'  the  pape 


TABLES,    ETC.,   FOR   PRINTERS. 


74n 


ABRANGEMENT    OF 

TYPE    I, 

>f    AMEIUCAN 

UPPER 

:AflE 

• 

t 

t 

§        II 

T       -«• 

lb     ^  1  @ 

« 

f 

0 

Vi    V2    %  1  %  1  %  1  %  1  % 

§  1  £    

3   1  ^ 

- 

Vs  1  %  1  !^ 

m 

CE       SB 

ce. 

_      _  j 

J_|& 

JE 

(E 

a|b|c|d|e     f|g 

ABC 

D    1    E 

F 

a 

H       I    1   K  1   L      M  1  N  1   0 

H    1     I    1    K 

L         SI 

K 

0 

P       Q       R   1  S   j   T   1   V 

W 

P         Q        R 

S     1    T 

V 

■w 

X 

Y 

z  1  J 

u  1  ]    1  ) 

X     1    Y    1     Z 

J    {    U 

ffi 

ffl 

ARRANOEME 

NT    OF 

TYPE    IN    AJIFJ 

JICAN    L 

IWER    CASE. 

& 

fl 

Sem  1  4eni 

Bp.    1    «p. 

.|. 

e 

■  |.    ^rT 

5 

6 

r 

8 

j 

b  , 

c 

d 

i 

B 

£ 

g 

fl 

9 
0 

? 

! 

1 

m 

n 

h 

0 

y     p 

w 

' 

en 

qds. 

em 
qda. 

z 

X 

q 

V 

u 

i               3  em 
•paces. 

a 

r 

■^ 

^- 

2*3  em 
qaadrata. 

Weight  of  leads  required  for  any  work.     Tliese  calculations  apply  to 
any  measure,  and  are  based  on  the  use  of  six-to-pica  leads.     The  first 
Table  is  for  solid  jiatter  which  requires  to  be  leaded. 
1,000  ema  Pearl  reqmre  71^  ozs.  leads.  1,000  ems  Bourgeois,   I314  ozs.  leads. 


1,000 
1,000 
1,000 


L.  Pnmer,  151,4 
S.  Pica,  161^ 
Pica,  19 


•  '72 

1,000  "  Agate  "  814 
1,600  "  Noupareil  9% 
1,000  "  Mimon  "  lli^ 
1,000    "    Brevier     "    13 

Example.  — It  is  estimated  that  the  matter  to  be  set  will  make  20,000 
ems  Small  Pica  solid.  Required,  the  weight  of  leads  necessary  to  lead 
this  matter.  1,000  eras  of  solid  Small  Pica  require  16^  ounces  of  leads. 
16.i  X  20  =  330  ozs.  =  20  lbs,  10  ozs. 

The  second  Table  gives  the  weight  of  the  leads  contained  in  1,000  ems 
of  leaded  matter. 
1,000  ems  Pearl  contains  SVj  ozs.  leads. 


Agate 
Nonjiareil  "     7% 
Jlinion        "     9 


1,000  emsBonrgeois contains  11  ozs.  Id* 
1.000  "  L.  Primer  "  12Vi  "  J 
1,000    "    S.  Pica  "        14       " 

1,000    "    Pica  "       16"4    " 


1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000    "    Brevier        "    lOi/j 

Example. — A  page  of  leaded  Long  Primer  contains  2,000  eras.  Re- 
quired, the  weight  of  leads  necessary  to  lead  thirty -two  pages.  1,000  ems 
of  leaded  Long  Primer  confciin  12^  ounces  of  leads.  12^  X  2  =  25  ozs. 
per  i)age.  25  X  32  =  800  ozs.  =-  50  lbs. 

Or,  a  column  of  Nonpareil  contains  8.000  ems.  Required  the  weight  of 
leads  necessary  to  lead  six  columns.  1,000  ems  of  leaded  Nonpareil  con- 
tain 7^1.  ounces  of  leads.  7i  >'•  8  =  CO  ozs.  per  column.  60  X  6  =  360  oz3. 
=  22  lbs.  8  ozs. 

An  allowance  must  of  course  be  made  for  additional  leads  uaed  fat 
Wanking  out  and  in  stap^ng  matter, 


^48 


TABLES,    ETCs   ^OK   PBINTEKS. 


The  following  table  gives  the  weight  of  leads  in  1000  ems  of  l«ad»(J 
^aatter  :— 

LEADBD  MATTEE— 

1000  eniB  Pearl contains B*/^  ozs  leads. 

1000  "  Agate "  6  "  " 

1000  "  Nonpareil "  7%  "  " 

1000  "  Minion "  9  "  " 

1000  "  Brevier " lOi/i  "  " 

1000  "  Bourgeois "  11  "  " 

1000  "  Long  Primer "  ii'Va  "  " 

1000  "  Small  Pica "  14  "  " 

1000  "  Pica "  ICi/i  "  " 

Tablb  showekg  the  Quantity  of  Paper  Reqtjired  fob  ant 
Job  fbom  50  to  10,000  Copies. — No  allowance  for  waste  or  surplus 
copies.  For  any  number  not  noted  in  Table,  say  36  to  the  sheet,  use 
double  the  quantity  given  in  column  headed  18. 


.3 

2    1    3   1  4    1   6 

8 

9 

12 

15 

10 

18  1  20  1  24  1 

32 

Jcdg" 

to  tht^tosht^to  shtto  aht 

to  Eht 

to  sUt  to  «ht 

to  sht 

to  i,ht  to  sht  to  «ht,to  sht, 

to  6llt. 

&    .cE    .0:—    .ci    J= 
o*    ibC    ibC    «.a'     K 

•     S 

e        S 

:c        2 

«    S 

.   r. 

jr    -Sic    •3io<    "S 

»  s 

« 

D"      ■S 

c"     •« 

fe-  a 

&  is 

5-   -S 

S.  -3 

50 

1—  1   0-ir   0-1-3    ft-  9 

0-  7 

0—  6 

0—5 

0-  4 

0-  4 

0—  3;  0—  3i  0—  3 

0-  8 

100 

2—  2    1-10    1-  1    0-17 

0-13 

0-13 

0-  9 

0-  7 

0-  7 

0-  G'  0-  5!  0-  5| 

0-4 

KO 

4—  4!  2—19;  2-  2    1-10 

1-  1 

0-33 1 

0-17 

0-14 

0-13 

0—12]  0— lb,  0—  91 
0-14    0-18!  0-11 ' 

0-  7 

tso 

5-  5!  3-12'  2-15    1-18 

1—  8 

1-4! 

0-21 

0-17 

0-16 

0-  8 

100 

6-  6i  4-  4    S-  3    2-  a 

1-14 

1-10 

1-  1 

0—20 

0-19 

0-17 

0—15    0— ISl 

0—10 

400 

8-  8l  5-14    4-  4    2-19 

2—  2 

1-211 

l-IO 

1-3 

1—  1 

0-23 

0-20   0-171 

0-lS 

<00 

10-10 1  B-23 

5-  5,  3-12 

2-15 

2-  81 

1-18 

1-10 

1-8 

1-4 

1-  1    0-21 1 

0-16 

fiOO 

12—12    8—  8 

6-6:  4-4 

3 — 3 

2-19 

2-2 

1-lfi 

1-14 

1-10 

1-  6,  1-  11 

0-19 

TOO 

14-141  9-18 

7-  71  4—21 

.3-lG 

.•-V-  B 

2-11 

l-'fl 

1-20 

1—151  1-11    1-  61 

0-22 

750 

15— ISllO— 10 

7-30    ^  6 

S— 22 

v~-^t\ 

2-15 

«-8 

1-2.3 

1-18    1-14 

1-8' 

1—  0 

too 

16-1611-  3 

8-  8    5-14 

4—  4 

3-17! 

2-19    2-6 

2-  2 

1-21    1-15 

1-101 

I-  1 

•00 

lft-18;i2-12 

9-9    6-6 

4-17 

4-4l 

3-  S    2-12 

2-  9 

2-  2    1-21 

1-14 

I—  5 

1000 

30-30  lS-22  10-101  S-23 

5-  5 

4-16 

3-12    2—19 

2-15 

2-  a  2-  2 

1-18 

1—8 

U50 

26-  1  17-  9  13-  li  8-17 

ft-13 

.>-]9 

4—  U    S— 12 

,3-  7 

2-22    2-15|  2—  5: 

1-16 

IWO 

31-  6  20-20  15-15  10-lG 

7-20 

&-23 

5-5    4-5 

?r-n 

3-121  3-  3;  2-15, 

1-23 

1750 

^S-U24—  8  IS-  6,12-  4 

9-3 

8-  3 

6-  2     4-22 

4-14 

4-  2    3-16    3-  1 

2-8 

9000 

41-16  27— 10  20-20  13-22 

10—10 

9-  7 

6-23     5-H 

5-  5 

4-inl  4-  <1  3-1?; 

2—15 

S500 

5B—  2, .34— 1826—  1  17— in 

13-  1 

11-151 

8-17     7-  C 

6-13 

.5-201  5-  51  4—  9i 

S-  7 

9000 

62-12  41-16^1-  6  20-20 

lo-l.i 

1.3-22  10-10     6-  i 

7-W 

G-2S    6-  6;  6-  5 

8-22 

4000 

83-  8  55-14  41-16  27-19 

2.1 -2<) 

1.8-13  13-22  11-  S 

10-10 

ft-  rl  8-  8,  6-231 

5-5 

MOO 

104-  4,b'9-li;53-  2,34—18 

26-  1 

23-4  17-9  13-22 

13—  1 

10-14  10-10'  8-17: 

6-13 

10000 

308-  8^38-22110*-  4  b-9-11 

52-  2  46-  8 

".4— 18  27-19 

2ft-  1 

23-  4  20-10  17-  9 

13-  1 

Names  and  Sizes  of  Books  as   Classifed  by  Publishers.— The 
number  of  folds  and  pages  in  a  single  sheet  when  manufactured. 
Name  of  book.                             fSlTimflfaUs.  ^ontaiB. 

Folio  2  leaves 4 


Quarto  or  4  to 4 

Octavo  or  8vo 8 

Duodecimo  or  12  mo 12 

16mo  * 16 

18  "       18 

24  "        24 

32  "        32 


..  8 
.16 

..24 

..32 
.36 

-.48 
.64 


zea. 


Best  Printers'  Ink. — Boil  3  gallons  best  clear  old  linseed  oil  down  to 
a  thick  ^■amish  :  add  while  hot  12  lbs.  of  powdered  rosin,  3^  lbs.  dry 
brown  soap  shavings,  5  ozs.  indigo  ;  5  oz?.  Prussian  blue,  and  10  lbs.  best 
Jampblack  ;  stir  all  well  together,  let  it  stand  a  week  and  grind. 

For  other  inks,  roller  compositions,  &c.,  see  pages  545-6  and  579.  Foi 
paper  tables  see  page  577. 

*  Xote.— This  book  is  a  16  mo.,  there  being  32  pages  to  the  sheet.  The 
terms  folio,  qicarto,  octavo,  etc..  denote  the  number  of  leaves  in  whicha  eheet 
©f  paper  is  folded . 

The  marks  A.  B.  C  ;  1.  2,  3  ;  lA,  2A :  1*,  2*,  etc.,  occasionally  found  at 
thebottom  of  page.s,  are  what  printers  term  signature  marks,  thu»,  3*,  being 
tnnted  forthe  direction  of  binders  in  folding  the  sheets. 


TABLES,    ETC.,    FOR    PRINTEKSu 


749 


One  pound  of  lead?  ot  sll^  covers  four  square  inches.  Hence,  wkea 
the  space  to  be  filled  by  leads  or  slugs  is  known,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
divide  the  immber  of  square  inches  by  four,  and  the  result  will  ;;ive  tha 
re(|uired  weight  in  pounds. — Proof  Sheet. 

How  TO  Estimate. — To  ascertliin  the  quantity  of  ]5lain  tyi)e  required 
for  a  newspaper  or  niagazine,  or  any  otiier  work,  faud  thb  number  ot 
square  inclies  and  divide  the  same  by  four,  the  quotient  will  be  the  ap* 
proximate  weight  of  matter;  but  as  it  is  impossible  to  set  the  cases  clear, 
it  is  necessary  to  add  25  per  cent,  to  large  fonts,  to  allow  for  dead  letter. 
Bill  of  Type.— English  type  founders  call  3,000 
lower  case  m's  a  bill,  and  proportion  all  other  sorts 
by  them  ;  bo  that  a  bill  of  pica,  including  accents 
and  italic,  weighs  800  lbs.  For  every  2b.  of  italio 
there  are  10  IbS.  of  lioman.  From  the  annexed 
table  an  idea  can  be  obtained  of  the  number  of  let- 
ters coiitained  in  800  lbs.  pica. 


SciiEMc  r  o  K  Eno 
Wood  Tri'E.— The  following 
table  will  be  useful  in  nrderiue 
wood  type.  Wood  type  should 
always  be  ordered  by  the"*,' 
for  large  Poster  letters.  A 
3  \,"  font  is  generally  «uf 
Jicient,  while  for  smaller 'letters 
it  is  always  advisable  toorderat 
least  ft  "  a  A  "  font.  Of  con- 
densed letters  especially  there 
should  alwavs  be  a  large  font. 


i 

.1 

^ 

u 

0 

^ 

^  ' 

^ 

■< 

i\ 

<: 

« 

^ 

.1 

3, 

4 

4 

B 

2 

2    i.'i 

0 

2u:! 

3 

n 

2  ; '  ■■? 

3 

K 

4,1.1 

.■> 

y 

2.3 

3 

o 

2     3 

3 

K 

2     3 

3 

I 

3!  4 

4 

,T 

1.   3 

2 

K 

1  1  2 

'2 

1, 

4     i 

.■i 

M 

2 

2 

3 

3 

N 

:< 

3 

4 

4 

(t  ;< 

3 

4 

4 

P    2 

2 

3 

i\ 

R 

1 

3 

1 
3 

2 

4 

2 
4 

S 

4 

4     A 

.'i 

T 

.'t 

4     4 

4 

n 

2 

2:  3 

3 

V 

•2 

2     3 

3 

w 

*; 

2   |3 

3 

X 

i 

1 

2 

2 

Y 

« 

2 

.i 

3 

/, 

I 

I 

2 

2 

ft 

1 

I 
n 

I 

» 

2 

2 
4 
2 
2 
4 
1 
•i 
,1 

H 

IT 

fl 

IH 

m 

Figures  arc  usually 
put  up  with  Foiits  of 
4  A  and  upwards, 
and  always  with' 
Lower  Case,  so  that 
when  a  Font  of  4  A 
is  ordered  the  Lower 
Case,  and  Kif^uresl 
will  always  be  sent 
unlesa  otn«r*ise  oiH 

4««d.  1 


S.-iJOO 
1,600 
3,000 

d    4,400 

e    12,000 


2,501) 
1,700 
6,400 
8,000 
400 
800 


4,500|  A   600'  A 

800   B   400}  B 

eoo   C    500]  O 

2,000   D  500'  t) 

1,000|  E   6001  E 

400'  F 


.  400!  b 

8001 
,300, 

300 

500 


2001  t" 

!  \m  G 

'  700   H 

)  300   I 

1  150;  J 

*  100  K; 

1     4.0001  t  lOOJ  L 

m 3,OOOU  100,  M 400 

8,000;  S  100  N  400 

o   8,000  II  100  O   400 

p   1,7001  H  60   P   400 

q   .....     500|  Q  180]  Q 

r    6,260  I  1,30011  400  K 

3    8,000  2  1,200|  S    cools 

t    9,000 

u  3,400 

1,200 


300 
200 
250 
250 
300 
200 
400'  G  200 


2,000 
400 

2,000 
200 
20b 
400 
500 
1,50 

loo 

100 
60 
16< 

91 


3  i.too!  T  O.^O, 

4  i.oooj  u  .snoj  u 

5  1,00<>|  V  3001  V 

6  ....  1,000'  W 400  W, 

7  l.OOOJ  X 180 

8  .  ...  l.OOOl  Y  300 

9  1.000   Z   SO 

0  1,.300  m 40 

(E 30 


\  :: 


Accents 

average  150 

each. 


200 
400 
150 
150 
250 
200 
300 
200 
201) 

90 
200 
2.^0 
326 
150 
160 
209 

90 
150 

40 


3  em  spaces 18,000 

4  "       '•      ..12,000 

5  "       "      8.000 

H&lr      ",      3,00D 

em  Quads 2,500 

en  Qiiade.. 5,00* 

Large  Quadrats  80  lbs. 


750  MA.MES    AND    SIZES    OF   TYPE. 

NAMES  AND  SIZES  OF  TYPE, 

Great  Primer. — In  conversa. 
tion,  study  purity  of  language : 
avoid  vulgar  dialects  like  the  fol- 
lowing samples : 

English.  —  English  Rustic.  Measter 
Goddin  used  to  zay  as  how  children  costed 
a  sight  o'  money  to  breng  urn  oop,  and 
'twas  all  very  well  whilst  um  was  leetle, 
and  zucked  the  mother,  but  when  um 
begind  to  zuck  the  vather,  'twas  nation 
akkerd ! 

Pica. — Rector.  "  These  pigs  of  yours  are  in 
excellent  condition."  Jarvis.  "  E'as,  sur,  they 
he.  Ah !  sur,  if  we  was  all  on  us  only  as  fit  to 
die  as  them  are  sur,  it  would  be  good  for  we." 

Small  Pica. — Scotch  Elder.  "  O !  Sandy,  if  ye 
wad  only  tak'  soond  advice,  an'  drink  waiter  instead 
o'  whiskey,  it  wad  be  better  for  your  puir  wife  an' 
bonnie  bairns  :  dye  no  ken  whaur  a'  the  drunkards 
gang  tae  ?  "  Confirmed  Sot.  "  Yes,  Maister  Tamson, 
richt  weel  I  ken  that,  they  aye  gang  whaur  they  get 
the  best  whiskey." 

Long  Primer. —  Cockney  Hair-Dresser.  "They  say,  sir, 
that  the  cholera  is  in  the  Hair,  sir  !  "  Gent,  (very  uneasy) 
**  Ladeed !  ahem  !  then  I  hope  you  are  very  careful  about 
the  brushes  you  use."  Hair-Dresser :  "  Oh,  I  see  you  don't 
^understand  me,  sir ;  I  don't  mean  the  'air  of  the  'ed,  but 
the  //air  hoi  the  ^atmosphere  !  " — Punch. 

Cockney  Servant  Ctirl.  ''  Well  mam — Heverythink  con- 
sidered,  I'm  afraid  you  "won't  suit  me.  I've  always  been 
brought  up  genteel ;  and  I  couldn't  go  nowheres  where  there 
aint  no  footman  kep'.  "  Servant  Man,  Thompson  (who 
is  very  refined),  "  Ho  yes,  mum,  I  don't  find  no  fault  with 


NAMES    AND    SIZES    OP   TYPE.  751 

you,  mum,  nor  yet  with  mastet — but  the  truth  his  mum,  the 
hother  servants  is  so  orrid  vulgar  and  hignorant,  and  speaks 
so  hitngrammatical,  that  I  reely  cannot  live  in  the  same 
'ouse  with  'eai,  and  I  should  like  to  go  this  day  month,  if  so 
be  has  it  wont  illconweuieuce  you  I  " — Punch. 

Bourgeois. — Mrs.  Brown  (an  Aberdeen  widow  on  the  north 
«ide  of  forty).  "  Hoo's  a'  wi'  ye  this  mornin',  ilester  Miller  ;  come 
in  an'  sit  doon,  I  was  just  thinkin'  o'  ye  ;  some  lang-tongued 
Lizzies  were  savin'  that  it  was  a  perfec'  shame  that  a  man  like 
you,  wi'  grey  hair,  an'  a  long  fite  beard  should  niak'  a  feel  o' 
yersel'  getting  mitrried  fan  ye  should  be  thinkin'  o'  deein'.  Its 
a  peer  world  to  live  in  if  a  man  canna  tak'  a  wife  fanever  he 
likes.  Na,  na,  I  ken  plenty,  some  o'  them  no  far  aff,  that  wad 
be  prood  to  get  ye.  Eh,  sirs,  the  life  o'  a  peer,  lone  woman,  or  a 
lone  man  is  a  weai-y,  sair  dree  o'  dool  an'  sorrow  ;  dinna  ye 
think  sae,  Mester  Miller  ?  "  Miller ;  (a  widower  on  the  look  out 
for  another  wife.)  **  In  my  long  pilgrimage  through  this  vale  o' 
tears,  my  experience  has  been,  that  a  man  is  muckle  the  better 
o'  a  woman,  and  a  woman  is  muckle  the  better  o'  a  man  !  " 

Brevier. —  Wilkins.  "Well  Tumnias,  did  Aou'ear  as  liow  Measter 
Smith  hurted  hisself  on  the  leg  just  above  the  hancle."  Ttnnmas, 
•'  0  did  um,  that  be  very  bad  for  lie,  and  I  be  very  zarry  to  'ear  it. 
Xias'  week  my  son  Jan  war  a  drivin'  a  nail,  an'  the  'amnier,  lie  flew 
out'n  'is  'and  an'  struck  I  very  'ard  on  the  nose,  the  blood  corned, 
an'  if  it  'ad  struck  much  'arder  it  would  'ave  killed  I  on  the  spot  sure." 

Blarney.  Yankee  (just  arrived).  "  Guess  your  legral  fare  is  just 
Sixpence."  Dublin  Carman  :  "  Shure,  me  Lord,  we  take  some  chape- 
Jacks  at  that — but  its  meself  wouldn't  disligrace  a  gintleman  a*  your 
Lordship's  quality  by  dhrivin'  'm  at  a  mane  pace  through  the  public 
shtreets,  so  I  tuk  it  upon  myself  to  give  your  lordship  a  s/iillin':,  worth 
both  of  shtyle  and  wiiip  cord." 

Minion. — Vermont  Tombstone   Afjent  to  Smith,  in  the  hacliwoods  :■ — 

"  Good  mornins',  Mi.>Jter;  I  was  told  over  tew that  you  had  lost 

your  wife,  and  1  have  jest  cmn  ten  miles  over  lueowntains,  wood.s,  an' 
Bwamps  to  get  an  order  for  a  tewmstun'  for  her.  Was  awful  sorrj-  to 
hear  of  your  grejit  loss,  but  I  can  sell  you  the  cheapest  an'  best  tewmstun' 
in  the  hull  creation."  Smith.  "Waal,  stranger,  I  reckon  I  can  stand  my 
loss  if  she  can  stand  her'n;  but  you  see  as  how  the  critter  isn't  ready  for 
a  tombstone  yet,  she's  only  scooted  with  another  man." 

Nonpareil— ^?jp/t,9A  Rustics.  Sam:  I  zay.  Jack,  be  yon  a  politicianer? 
Jac/.-.--"  E'aa  I  be."  Sam.—"^a\l  I  zav.  Jack,  what  be  a  politicianer? 
J^acA-.--"  Zounds,  Sam  !  doant'ee  knaw  iiothink  about  un  ?  "  Sam.— iiSiw  I 
doan't."  JncL-.—WaW,  I  doan't  knaw  as  I  <^aii  tell'ee,  Sam,  fur  I  doau't 
«xackerly  knaw  mysel'  !  "  " 

Fe.ML.— English  .'^o'tcman.  Wnik  into  the  show  niT  hearties,  walk  in  and  «ee  the  preat 
Unfrican  lions,  rh'noc?ro»  and  holephsnts  as  was  caujrfit  in  the  deeert  ahout  li  miles  from 
either  tea  or  land.  «td  the  great  'ippopotamns  and  catterAvallamis  as  livea  in  the  hocean.  Them 
as  don't  (fo  in  cii't  win.  and  them  as  Ftavs  out  there  hnm'tin  here,  and  ean't  fee  the  preat 
Hindian  tijer.  leopard,  the  hanacondas  from  Brazil,  the  jriz/lr  bear,  the  buffalo  that  swing* 
his  vast  preposterous  orer  the  Rocky  Mountings  and  Western'  prarers,  and  the  great  dena  of 
performing  hauimals  from  hull  hover  the  world  I 

Do  yee^'  rally  think.  Squire,  that  there  is  annv  chancce  of  wn-  vid  this  country  an'  Rooshaf 
Sqnire.  Well  things  did  look  a  little  queer  lately  :  but  wlir  do  vou  atk  ?  Wetl,  me  raison  tot 
«xln'  is,  d'ye  moind  now,  wan  o"  these  days  I'U  have  to  he'afther  sellin'  me  pig.  and  if  thei«'a 
fots'  (0  b«  Mill/  w«r,  bacon  'ill.roiac  to  a  foine  price  as  ttirue'i  me  name's  Xiv  O'FarraU  t 


75J  TTPOGRAJ»HICAL   MARKS 

'jtliB  individiijdlby WcamtliB.art  of  jumfing  was'    '^ 
^isl  .cUBcaTETB^;  yeS  bD  authDciiles  ccmcur  5a 
pdinltling  Peter  ,gGlioeffer-.-to  Tae  tTie  pBTSoaS  ^^^ 
^        57tci  lirv^iilBd  cfls<  umial  ti/pesj^haLving  learned        ^f^ 
if      ilie  arfc-«&  cf  caZiiTi^'thB  lettera  fnnn  tliQ  Gii5- 
*>  /    tembergsy  hfi  is  also  fiupposed  to  iiave  fceeil 
^1^     the  first  -wliqengraTed  vox  cDp;^er;«plates.    TbB^/-/ 
following  testimony  ia  preseved  ia  the  family/ 8^ 
1>^    l)y^o.^red.^anHtiis,^^f;^Asclieffenburg '  ^  o^  9 
*T71>*Peter  Schoeffer,    of    Gemslieim,   perceiving  ^  ^^ 
l^\f    Jus  master  Faust;g  de^i^fl,  and  idng  Limself  *^'  ^-"^^ 
V^  (^deairoua\ardentl^  to  improve  ihe  art,  found 
OTili    (by  tlifi  '^ood  providence  of  God)  ilia 
ta&iliod  Df  catting  (tH^ybw^]  tlie   cliaracters    tf^a^ 
In  a'  mahiti  tliat  the  letters  might  eaaly  he 
^//  singly  cffsr/  jnsleaa  of  Heng  cut.     He   pvi-^^/r 
■•i      valdy  cK^  ;iKa?ftegzfl  for  tke  vvbole  alp1iabet:yvis 
^aust  \Ta9  Sd  IpIeasEd  irlili  tfie  conirivanj 


/tiiafc  lie  prnmised  Fetet  to  giys  Bin)  Ms^nly    f«^ 
^  y^jgugMer    Christina  in  jnarfiage ^/promise S^^^ 
/^lildi  he  soDDiafter  pefformedyY  la 

^  g^/C^VLt.  there  TVEre".  many  dijaaucullies   afc  Srst    ^^  ^ 

yilih.  ^ese  ^e?^  a^  tt^ra  had  teeii  before  ^0laVb 
a  I     Tvitk  yooden  ones/  ^j^metal  being  too  Boft^^^^^ 
to  Bupport  tKe'fbj?<le  of  .the  imiprBssiQn  8  'huts'^y 
this  defect  v^as  Eooii   remedied^  by  mixing 
ft  Bubstan;;^with  the  metal  wMch  &uffifiiflnt)y,g^ 
#0    baidep^iy 


IXKMPLIFIED  753 


The  designated  errors  teing  corrected,  the  foregoing  matter  will  rea4 
•s  follows : 

Though  a  variety  of  opiuions  exist  as  to  the  individual  by  whom 
printing  was  first  discovered ;  yet  all  authorities  concur  in  admitting 
PETER  SCHOEFFER  to  be  the  person  who  mvented  cast  metal  O/pes, 
having  learned  the  art  of  cutting  the  letters  from  the  Guttembergs ;  he  i3 
also  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  who  engraved  on  copper-plates.  The 
following  testimony  is  preserved  in  the  family,  by  Jo.  Fred.  Fanstus,  of 
Ascheffenburg: 

'  Peter  Schoeffer,  of  Gernsheim,  perceiving  his  master  Faust's  de- 
Blgn,  and  being  himself  ardently  desirons  to  improve  the  art,  found  out 
(by  the  good  providence  o?  God)  the  method  of  cutting  (incidendi)  the 
characters  in  a  matrix,  that  the  letters  might  easily  be  singly  cast,  in- 
stead of  being  cut.  He  privately  cut  mati-ices  for  the  whole  alphabet: 
and  when  he  showed  his  master  the  letters  cast  from  these  matrices, 
Faust  was  so  ple;^d  with  tlie  contrivance,  tliat  he  promised  Peter  to  give 
him  hLs  only  daughter  Christina  in  marriage,  a  promise  which  he  soon 
after  performed.  But  there  were  as  many  difficulties  at  fii-st  with  these 
letters,  as  there  had  been  before  with  wooden  ones,  the  metal  being  too 
eoft  to  support  the  forco  of  the  impression ;  but  this  defect  was  soon 
remedied,  by  mixing  the  metal  with  a  substance  which  sufficiently  har- 
dened it.' 

EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE  CORRECTIONS. 

The  following  rules,  from  Mackellar's  American  Printer  (a  mo.st  re- 
liable work),  wiU  be  found  of  inestimable  value  to  typographical  men  and 
all  who  write  for  the  press : 

A  wrong  letter  iu  a  word  is  noted  by  drawiug  a  short  perpendicular 
line  through  it,  and  making  another  short  line  in  the  margin,  before 
which  the  right  letter  is  placed-  iSee  l!Jo.  1.)  In  tlus  manner  whole 
words  are  corrected,  by  drawing  a  line  across  the  wrong  word  and  mak- 
ing the  riglit  one  in  the  margin  op]>osite. 

A  turned  letter  is  noted  by  drawing  a  line  through  it,  and  writing  th« 
jiiark  N'>.  2  in  the  margin. 

If  letter-'  or  words  retiuire  to  be  -iltered  from  one  character  to  another, 
a  ^ralle'.  line  or  Hues  must  be  made  underneath  the  word  or  letter, — 
vir.  for  uipit-nls,  three  lines;  (unall  caiitiil?,  two  hnes ;  and  It.ilic,  obm 

— ilt — -^ 


75  4  0\    CORRECTING   PROOFS. 

line ;  and,  in  the  margin  opposite  the  line  where  the  alteration  occurs. 
Caps,  Small  Caps,  or  Ital.  must  be  written.    (See  No.  3.) 

^Tien  letters  or  words  are  set  double,  or  are  required  to  be  taken  out, 
&  line  is  drawn  through  the  superfluous  word  or  letter,  and  the  mark  No. 
4  placed  opposite  in  the  margin. 

Where  the  pimctuatiou  requires  to  be  altered,  the  correct  point,  mark- 
ed in  the  margin,  shouJd  be  encircled.     (.See  Ko.  5.) 

When  a  space  is  omitted  between  two  words  or  letters  which  should  b« 
separated,  a  caret  must  be  made  where  the  separation  ought  to  be,  and 
the  sign  Xo.  6  placed  opposite  iu  the  margin. 

Xo.  7  describes  the  manner  in  which  ^e  hyphen  and  ellipsis  line  are 
marked. 

When  a  letter  has  been  omitted,  a  caret  is  put  at  the  place  of  omis- 
sion, and  the  letter  marked  as  No.  8. 

'Where  letters  that  should  be  joined  are  seivirated,  or  where  a  line  is 
too  widely  spaced,  the  mark  Xo .  'J  must  be  placed  under  them,  and  th» 
correction  denoted  by  the  marks  in  the  margin. 

AVTiere  a  new  paragraph  is  required,  a  quadrangle  is  drawn  in  the 
margin,  and  a  caret  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  sentence.   (See  Xo.  10.) 

Xo.  11  shows  the  way  in  which  the  apostrophe,  inverted  comnaas,  the 
etar  and  other  references,  and  sujierior  letters  and  figures,  are  marked. 

Where  two  words  are  transjwsed,  a  line  is  drawn  over  one  word  and 
below  the  other,  and  the  mark  Xo.  12  placed  in  the  margin;  but  where 
several  words  require  to  be  transposed,  their  right  order  is  signified  by  a 
figure  placed  over  each  word,  and  the  mark  Xo.  12  in  the  margin. 

Where  words  have  been  struck  out  that  have  afterward  been  approved 
of,  dots  should  be  marked  under  them,  and  Stet  written  in  the  margin. 
(See  Xo.  13.) 

Where  a  sytace  sticks  up  between  two  words,  a  horizontal  line  is  drawn 
under  it,  and  the  mark  Xo.  14  placed  opposite,  in  the  margin. 

Where  several  words  have  been  left  out,  they  are  transcribed  at  the 
bottom  of  the  page,  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  pb.ce  of  omission  to  the 
written  words  (see  Xo.  15>  ;  but  if  the  omitted  matter  be  too  extensive  to 
be  copied  at  the  foot  of  the  page.  Out,  see  copv,  is  written  in  the  margin, 
and  the  missing  lines  are  enclosed  between  brackets,  and  the  word  Out 
is  inserted  in  the  margin  of  the  copy. 

Where  letters  stand  crooked,  they  are  noted  hyaline  (see  No.  16); 
but,  where  a  page  hangs,  lines  are  drawn  across  the  entire  part  affected. 

When  a  smaller  or  larger  letter,  of  a  different  foimt.  is  improperly  in- 
troduced into  the  page,  it  is  noted  by  the  mark  Xo.  17,  which  signifies 
wrong  foimt. 

If  a  paragraph  be  improperly  made,  a  line  is  drawn  from  the  broken- 
off  matter  to  the  next  paragraph',  and  No  ^  written  in  the  margin.  (Sea 
Xo.  18.) 

Where  a  word  has  been  left  out  or  is  to  be  added,  a  caret  must  be 
made  in  the  place  where  it  should  come  in,  and  the  word  written  in  the 
mar:iin.    (SeeXo.  19.) 

Where  a  faulty  letter  appears,  it  is  marked  by  making  a  cross 
tmder  it,  and  placing  a  similar  one  in  the  margin  (see  Xo.  20);  though 
some  prefer  to  draw  a  i>erpendicular  line  through  it,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
wrong  letter. 

Paper  Yarkish. — All  varnished  gams  composing  the  same,  and  dis- 
solved in  turpentine,  have  a  greasy  nature.  Pa|M?r  must  be  first  sized,  or 
if  dis.*olved  by  any  other  spirit,  8  oz.  of  gum  saudarach,  2  oz.  of  Yenico 
turpentine,  32  oz.  of  alcohol.  Dissolve  by  gentle  heat  Or  a  harder  var- 
nish, reddish  cast.  5  oz.  of  shellac,  and  1  0».  of  tiurpentioe,  ^  W.  Qf  ftloo* 

ml,  Qx  CiUiada  balsaiu  dissolve  in  turps. 


perTfor>l\.nce  of  presses,  etc. 


755 


A^-ERAGB  Dailt  Performance  of  Presses. —  Tfee  estimates  of 
the  following  Tables  are  for  miscellaneous  work,  done  in  the  usual  man- 
ner, with  little  raakiug  ready  and  under  the  favorable  conditions  of  a 
busy  seiuson.  It  is  supposed  that  the  presses  are  at  work  full  10  hours ;  that 
feeders  and  pressmen  are  expert  and  diligent  :  that  paper,  rollers,  steam 
power,  ink,  etc.,  are  in  perfect  order,  and  that  there  are  no  detentions  or 
accidents. 


Make 
Ready 
Time. 

Style  of  Press.— Kg.  of  Forms 

Time  of 
Press 
Work. 

Rate  per 
Hour. 

1     Daily 
Perform- 
ance. 

Hours. 

Card  Press- 

Hours. 

Impr. 

1 
4 
6 

1  form   of   7,500  impressions. 

4      '•             l,n00 

8      «                250           " 

Small  Machine  Press- 

9 
6 
4 

833 
666 
500 

7,500 
4,000 
2,000 

1 
5 
8 

1  form  of    6,000  impressions. 
5      '•                500            " 
8      "                100             " 

Hand  Press. 

9 
5 

2 

666 
500 
400 

6,000 

2,500 

800 

1 
4 

1  form  of    l.-'SOO  impressions. 
250 

Medium  Cylinder. 

9 
6 

156 
166 

1,500 
1,000 

1 
5 

i 

1  form  of   7,500  impressions. 

5      "                750 

8      "                250             " 

Double  Medium  Cylinder. 

9 
5 
3 

833 
750 
666 

7,500 
3,750 
2,000 

1          2 
1          6 

1  form  of   5,000  impressions. 

3      "             1,000 

6      "                 250             " 

Mammoth  Cylinder. 

8 
5 
3 

666 

600 
500 

5,000 
3,000 
1,500 

3 

5 
7 

1  form  of   4,000  impressions. 

2  "             l,2o0             " 
4      "                250             " 

7 
6 
3 

570 
500 
333 

4,000 
2,500 
1,000 

—Be  Vinne's  Price  List. 


THE  BULLOCK  SELF-FEEDI>T,   FERFECXrS'G  PRESS. 

The  press  represented  by  the  cut  is  one  of  the  most  wonderful  Inven- 
tions of  modem  times  in  the  department  of  printing  machinery.  The 
space  occupied  by  the  Bullock  Perfectiu';  Press  is  about  12  feet  "long  5^ 
ft.  high.  As  indicated  by  the  name,  it  is  a  self-feeder,  drawing  its  sup- 
plies fr(»m  a  large  cylindrical  roll,  or  web  of  paper,  placed  either  on  the 
pres*  it-;elf,  or  near  it,  drawn  in  In-  tension,  p.issing  in,  first,  between  an 
impreijsiou  and  ft  type  cylinder,  wliere  it  is  printed  on  its  firtit  side  ;  and, 
then,  secoiMily,  i>aeBUJ4{  immediately  t<j  o,  sccoud  set  ol  typo  and  uapre»« 


756  JOBBIKG   PRESSES. 

aion  cylinders,  where  it  is  printed  on  the  other  side.  Parsing  onwards 
the  paper  is  severed  by  a  knife  into  sheets  of  the  desired  size,  and  deliv- 
ered in  perfect  condition  (with  the  most  astonishing  rapidity)  by  means 
of  a  fly,  upon  the  receiving  board,  with  no  other  aid  than  that  furnished 
bj*  th«  machine  itself 


GOSDOX-'S  mPBOTED  FBAXKXTK  PRESS. 
OtWCEXntATED  INTC  PASTES  TO    WKITE     WITH  WaTEE. — 1.    B'    ck 

Ink.    Take  4  parts  of  biohromate  < >f  jv.uuih,  pnlverize^^l,  and  mixed  wu!  Zb 
part*  of  aoetio  ackl,  5U  pait«  of  liquid  txtiact  of  logwocMi,  4  p^ft  of  pi'.ii>] 


ESTIMATES,  ETC.,  FOR  PRINTERS.  757 

add,  10  mrt<:  of  pulverized  sal  wrrel,  10  part*  of  mucilage,  and  I  pnrt  of 
titrate  of  iron,  and  mix  well.  The  liquid  extract  ol  lo^ood  is  i)rej>ared 
bj-  mixing  3  part?  of  an  extract  of  coiiir.mu  comnierciaT  qzality  w  ith  two 
parts  of  water.  2.  Rd  Ink.  Take  1  jait  ol  red  aniline  mixed  with  10 
parts  of  aoetic  acid,  5  i«irt^  of  citric  acid,  and  25  parts  of  mucilage,  all 
well  mixed.  For  ilso,  mix  1  part  of  the  pasta  Arith  16  parts  of  water.  3. 
Blue  Ink.  Take  2  i>art.s  pf  aniline  blue  mixed  with  10  jiarts  of  acetic 
acid,  5  parts  of  citric  acid,  and  40  parts  of  mucilage,  all  well  mixed.  For 
n!«e,  mix  1  part  of  tlie  pa.<te  with  8  parts  of  water.  4.  Viokt  Ir.k.  f  s© 
the  same  ingredients  in  the  same  projwrtionp,  as  blue,  with  the  dilTer- 
ence,  that  violet  aniline  is  u.<ed  instcjid  of  bltie  aniline.  5.  Green  Ink. 
Take  1  jmrt  of  aniline  blue,  3  part--'  if  picric  aiid  mixed  with  10  parts  of 
acetic  acid,  3  parts  of  citric  aci<l,  and  ^0  farts  of  mucilage.  For  use,  1 
jiart  of  thi?  pa^te  is  mixed  with  8  parts  of  water.  6.  CW>?/(n.</ J/jt.  Take 
6  parts  of  imlverired  bichromate  of  potash,  mixed  with  iO  jarts  of  acetic 
acid,  and  240  parts  of  liquid  extract  of  logwood,  and  aild  a  pulveriied 
mixture  of  35  paits  of  alum,  20  part=  of  sal  sorrel,  r.nd  10  parts  of  mnei- 
l.>.re.  MLx  well.  For  use,  1  tart  of  this  paste  is  mixed  with  4  part*  of 
hot  water. 

These  inks  arc  described  as  leaving  no  sedimejit,  as  drying  quicker  on 
paper  than  the  ordinary  inks,  and  as  l>eing  non-corrotive. 

CoLOKF.n  Inks  for  Rubher  and  other  STA>rps. — TT'd.  Dissolve 
I  ox.  of  carmine  in  2  oks.  strong  water  of  ammonia,  and  add  1  dr.  of 
glycerine  and  |  oz.  dextrin.  Dhic.  Rub  1  oz.  Prussian  blue  with 
r;iou,:^h  water  to  make  a  perfectly  smooth  iv»ste  ;  then  add  lo*.  dextrin, 
iui-orporate  it  well  and  nually  add  sufficient  water  to  bring  it  to  the 
proper  consistence.  Vinkt.  Alcohol  15  ozs..  glyceriuB  15  ozs.,  aniline 
violet  2  to  4  drs. ;  mix,  dissolve,  pour  the  solution  "on  the  cusliionand  dab 
on  with  a  brush. 

Tlie  following  estimates  relating  to  the  consumption  of  ink,  &c.,  are  se- 
let'tetl  from  De  Vinn?'.^  Price  Li.^t.  a  work  of  incomparable  utility  to 
printeis,  pnbli.shed  by  Francis  Hait  &  Co.,  New  York. 

Bi-AOiv  IxKs. — On  common  news  and  rough  book  work,  the  value  of 
b'lrk  ink  at  40  cent*,  used  and  wasted  in  printing  a  wet-down  sheet  of 
size  24  X  ;{8  inches,  or  thereabouts,  is  a  little  less  than  1?  cents  per  1000 
impressions,  or  about  4  cents  *  a  token  of  250  impressions.  If  tlie  pheet 
is  over-colored,  it  will  cost  6  cents;  if  it  is  under-colored,  or  if  printed  on 
damp  calendered  paper  (an  unusmU  quality  of  this  class  of  work),  it  will 
not  cost  3  cents  per  token. 

For  ordinary  book  work,  nsing  ink  at  60  cents,  on  smooth  paper  of 
sire  24  x  38  inches,  the  average  cost  of  inli  used  and  wasted  will  be 
alxiut  6  cents  i)er  token ;  on  di-y  and  rough  paper,  it  will  reach  10  or  13 
cents. 

Fine  book  or  pamphlet  Pre.<5Sworkon  damp  sheets  of  calendered  prper, 
of  size  24  X  38,  using  ink  at  SI. 00,  should  have  its  average  value  rated  at 
10  cents  per  token  for  an  ordinary  edition.  Upon  a  short  edition,  frr 
which  ink  is  spcciallv  put  in  the  founfciin,  and  of  which  much  is  w.-i.'^ted, 
the  cost  will  be  froin  15  to  25  cents  per  token.  If  the  paper  is  a  soft  and 
epongy  Book,  cost  for  either  quantity  will  be  still  higher. 

Illustrated  CATALOorrrs,  printed  on  medium  sheets,  19  x  24  inches, 
on  dry  calendered  paper,  with  cuts  of  large  size  and  blackness,  will  vuse 


•  It  is  a  popular  belief  that  tbe  ink  used  for  this  cluss  of  work,  on  this  eize 
does  not  exceed  3  ceiiis  j«r  token.  This  is  ilie  ordinary  reckoning,  which  is 
for  use  only.  But  the  w.iste  of  this  quality  of  ink  is  rarely  ever  less  than 
one-fifth,  and  it  often  aj^roiimatee  more  closely  to  one-third  of  tl»«  amouiU 
purchased. 


758  ISSTIMATES,   ETC.,  FOE  PRINTERS. 

W  wood-cut  ink  at  S2.50  per  pound,  «n  an  edition  of  1000,  at  thVrate  of 
oO  cents  to  Si. 00  per  token.  If  the  edition  is  of  5000  impressions,  tlio 
value  of  ink  used  will  range  from  40  cents  to  70  cents  per  token.  If  cuts 
«re  verj'  large  or  black,  they  may  consume  ink,  on  an  edition  of  1000' 
copies,  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  token.  If  ink  at  $3.00  or  $5.00  is  used,  in 
place  of  ink  at  $2.50,  the  price  will  increase,  but  not  in  true  proportion — 
the  more  expensive  color  is  finer,  and  has  more  extending  capacity. 
These  are  prices  for  cuts  of  machinery.  The  amount  of  color  on  this 
•work  is  largely  under  the  control  of  the  pressman.  He  can  use  it  freely 
or  sparingly,  at  will,  but  with  a  corresponding  effect  of  strength  or  weakJ 
ness  in  the  work. 

Book  Illtjstrations. — The  ordmaiy  illustrations  of  books  and  news- 
papers, when  not  too  frequent,  or  too  black,  do  not  sensibly  increase  the; 
consumption  of  ink.  It  is  not  usual  to  make  account  of  the  value  of 
ordinary  ink  on  this  class  of  work.  But  when  the  cuts  are  numerous 
■and  are  black,  and  fine  inks  are  used,  the  value  of  color  used  cannot  be 
^overlooked.  On  a  large  edition  of  work  of  this  class,  the  average  value 
of  ink  at  $2.00,  on  a  sheet  2i  x  38  inches,  will  be  50  cents  per  token. 
Upon  an  edition  of  1000,  the  cost  of  the  same  ink  would  be  more  than 
$1.00  per  token.  A  Double  Royal  sheet  29  X  43  inches,  on  an  edition  of 
;20,000,  with  ink  at  $3.00,  with  many  cuts,  has  been  worked  at  a  cost  of 
63  cents  per  token  for  ink  ;  but  this  is  a  rare  result,  the  economy  being 
!due  as  much  to  the  skill  of  tlie  pressman  as  to  the  length  of  the  edition. 
If  the  edition  had  been  1000,  the  value  of  the  black  ink  used  and  wasted 
would  have  been  at  the  rate  of  $1.50  per  token. 

Posters. — An  ordinary  poster,  12  x  19  inches,  will  consume  of  black 
ink  at  25  cents  per  pouudj'at  the  rate  of  30  and  40  cents  per  1000  impres- 
aions,  the  quantity  used  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  type  and  the 
quality  of  the  paper.  Under  the  same  condition.-?,  a  poster  19  X  24  inches, 
will  consume  black  ink  of  same  quality  at  the  rate  of  75  cents  and  $1.00 
per  1000  impressions  ;  a  poster  24  X  38  inches,  from  $1.25  to  $2,00  per  1000 
impressions.  The  value  of  the  color  used  increases  with  the  size  of  the 
sheet,  and  for  this  work,  in  greater  proportion.  The  larger  form  has 
larger  type,  and  the  larger  press  wastes  more  color. 

TiXT  Blocks.— A  solid  tint  Block  cut  on  pine,  for  a  sheet  24  X  38 
inches,  with  a  few  white  lines,  will  use  of  25  cent  ink,  at  the  rate  of  $3.00 
per  1000  impressions.  If  finer  inks  are  used,  the  advance  in  price  will  be 
nearly  in  strict  proportion.  For  a  sheet  24  x  38,  of  smooth,  thick  paper, 
dry,  printed  on  a  metal  tint-plate,  with  ink  at  $1.00  per  pound,  the  cost  of 
ink  will  be  $10.00  per  1000  impressions.  For  this  class  of  work,  a  pound 
of  fine  ink  will  do  more  work  than  a  pound  of  cheap  ink.  On  common 
flat  work,  a  good  black  ink  will  jjermit  a  liberal  reduction  of  body  with 
varnish. 

Blue  Inks. — Many  qualities  of  this  color  are  used.  The  leading 
varieties  are  best  known  to  printers  as  light,  dark,  ultramarine  and 
bronze  blues.  The  light  has  a  limited  use  for  fiat  surfaces  and  tints ;  the 
ultramarine,  for  flat  surfaces,  tints,  posters,  and  to  some  extent,  in  its 
finer  qualities,  on  fine  type;  the  dark  and  bronze  blues  are  most  used  for 
fine  and  light  work,  for  which  they  are  well  adapted,  having  strong  body, 
and  in  extending  property  beiug  nearly  equal  to  fine  black  ink. 

Ultramarine  is  the  favoring  color  for  bright  showy  work.  It  is  very 
bulky  for  its  weight,  and  works  well  upon  all  flat  surfaces.  It  is  not  a 
finely-ground  color.  The  best  colors  only  are  used  for  type,  but  they  do 
not  work  -^vith  the  freedom  and  smoothness  of  dark  or  bronze  blues. 
The  prices  range  from  50  to  $3.00  per  pound. 

Flat  Surfaces. — A  flat-faced  label,  9  x  14  inches,  will  consume  of 
pare  ultramariue  blue  at  $1.00  per  pound  ^ti  ^e  late  <ri  $3t00  per  1000 


ESTIMATES.    ETC..    FOR    PRINTERS.  7'i9 

fanpressions.  A  flat  tint  block,  18  x  22  incnes,  on  fair  paper,  will  use  '-f 
ithis  color,  when  somewhat  reduced  with  varnish,  at  the  rate  of  $9.00  per 
ilOOO  impressions.  A  flat  tint  block  of  pine  wood,  made  for  paper  24  x  .38 
inches,  will  use  of  ultramarine  at  75  cents,  largely  reduced  with  varnish, 
at  t!!C  rate  of  $15.00  per  1000  impressions. 

Po.>ti:ks. — For  a  jioster,  12  x  10  inches,  on  ordinary  News,  the  value 
used  of  ultramarine  ink  at  Sl.OO  will  be  at  the  rate  of  S2.00  per  1000  im- 
preti.*ious;forapoi:ier,  19  X  l.'4iuclies,  on  ultramarine  blue  at  75  cents,  S3,05 
per  1000  impre<sion.s  ;  for  a  poster,  21  x  -"S  inches,  on  ultramarine  blue 
at  75  cents,  at  the  rate  of  S<J-00  to  .irS.OO  iier  10(X)  im[)ressions.  Ink  at  50 
cents  per  po'ind  would  diminish  tlie  value  of  the  color  used,  but  not  in 
ratio  with  the  reduced  price.  The  cheaper  color  is  thinner,  not  so  well 
ground,  and  is  consumed  more  freely.  If  it  is  used  on  any  but  the  largest 
type,  it  will  not  urove  of  marked  economy. 

Dark  blue  and  bronze  blue  are  little  used  for  posters  or  flat  tmts.  If 
used  in  bulk,  witliout  reducing,  they  will  be  much  more  expensive  thaji 
ultramariue.  When  used  on  this  kind  of  work,  they  are  usually  thinned 
with  white  ink,  varnish,  turpentine,  benzine,  etc.,  and  sometimes  with 
magnesia.  When  used  on  light,  open  and  fine  work,  the  value  of  dark 
or  brouze  blues,  may  be  rated  as  about  double  that  of  the  same  quality 
as  black  ink. 

Red  Ixks. — Under  this  heading  may  be  classified  many  qualities  of 
scarlet  and  crimson  color.  The  leading  qualities  are  vermilion,  lake 
and  carmine. 

Vermilion  red,  a  pure  .scarlet,  is  the  basis  of  the  better  qualities  of 
the  cheap  reds  in  greatest  use.  Commoner  qualities,  such  as  are  sold  at 
75  cents  and  •'Si. 00  per  pound,  are  largely  mixed  with  cheaper  colors.  In 
its  pure  state,  vermilion  is  the  dense.st,\iud,  in  extending  property,  the 
weakest  of  all  colors.  A  pound  of  vermilion  red  at  $3.00  per  pound  is 
about  half  the  bulk  of  fine  black  at  §1.00  per  pound.  Where  the  black 
will  yield  color  for  1000  impressions,  tlie  vermilion  red  will  be  used  up 
with  about  :>50  impressions.  The  valuo  of  the  red  color,  extending 
capacity  considered,  is  about  ten  times  as  great  as  that  of  fine  black. 

Lake  red,  a  deep  crimson,  is  inferior  to  black  in  extension,  but  will 
give  treble  the  service  of  ordinary  vermilion.  It  is  too  expensive  for 
most  bold  work,  or  for  flat  surfaces,  nor  does  it  produce  as  good  an 
effect  as  pure  vermillion.  It  is  largely  used  for  fine  work,  for  which  it  is 
well  fitted. 

Carmine,  an  intense  and  glowing  crimson,  is  but  little  inferior  to  the 
finest  black  in  extending  properties.  It  is  one  of  the  most  expensive 
colors,  and  can  be  used  to  profit  and  with  effect  only  on  light  and  open 
work.  F(ur  flat  and  solid  work,  the  etlect  produced  is  out  bttle  superior 
to  that  of  the  finer  lakes,  and  is  seldom  worth  the  extra  cost. 

FosTF.its. — The  value  of  red  ink  at  .?1.00  per  pound,  that  will  be  used 
and  wasted  in  printing  1000  posters,  12  X  19  inches,  may  be  rated  at 
$i3.00  ;  on  HhX)  posters,  19  x  24  inches,  the  value  of  color  may  bo  esti- 
mated at  .$5.00  and  S«5.00  per  1000  ;  on  a  po.ster.  24  X  38  inches,  at  SO.OO 
and  812.00  per  1000.  The  color  is  weak,  and  the  use  of  light  or  bold- 
faced type  will  make  serious  differences  in  the  consumption  of  color.  On 
double-medium  posters,  the  value  of  the  color  may  be  averaged  at  S'l.OO 
per  100  impressions. 

Flat  ScRF.\rEs.— A  flat  label  9  x  14  inches,  with  ordinary  amount 
and  sine  of  lettering  cut  for  white,  such  as  is  used  for  soap  boxes,  etc.. 
will  consume  of  pure  red  ink  at  Si. 00  ;)Cr  pound,  at  the  rate  of  S4.50  and 
$5.00  per  10 :0  impressions.  If  the  plate  is  flat,  without  lettering,  at  the 
rate  of  §6.00  per  1000  impressions.  A  flat  tint  poster  for  paper  19  x  24 
VQches,  with  letters  cut  in  whits  as  above,  will  use  of  red  ink  at  $1.00  pet 


760  PATENT   OFFICE   RULES,   ETC. 

pound,  that  has  been  somewhat  thhined  with  varnish,  at  the  rate  of  $9.09 
and  SlO.OO  per  1000  impressious.  If  ])ure  color  is  used,  it  will  rousume 
color  to  the  amount  of  ;i514.0O  or  $15.00.  A  flat  tint  poster  for  pajier  24  x 
38  inches,  cut  on  pine,  with  lettering  as  above,  will  consume  of  red  ink  at 
$1.00  per  pound,  thinned  with  varnish,  at  the  r;ite  of  ;!i;i8,00  and  S::iy.O0 
per  1000  impressious.  If  dry  paper  is  used,  as  is  necessary  for  registered 
work  it  could  not  be  rated  at  less  than  §20.00  ;  for  damp  paper,  careiully 
managed,  it  may  be  less  than  ;>1S.00,  but  this  is  unusual. 

Coloring  of  P.\per. — Gmi/  is  usually  obtained  by  mixing  mineral 
or  vegetable  black  with  the  bleached  piJp,  but  the  tones  produced  by 
these  primitive  means  are  generally  dull.  Vegetable  black  made  fro;u 
the  chestjiut  tree  gives  the  best  result.  Chestnut  black  can  be  nunie 
from  the  bark  of  the  young  sprouts  of  this  tree,  generally  cultivated  to 
make  hoops  for  casks  ;  alter  taking  off  the  bark  it  is  dried,  ground,  and 
made  into  a  decoction  for  coloring  paper,  and  which  can  be  made  either 
gray  or  black.  Logwood  also  may  be  used.  Ii'on  Gray  is  made  with 
chestnut  or  logwood.  For  two  cwt.  of  paper,  4  lbs.  of  ext.  of  chestnut, 
4  lbs.  sulphate  of  iron,  dissolved  in  9  gals,  of  boihng  water,  then  stirred 
and  mixed  with  the  pulp,  adding  a  small  quantity  of  red  lake  and  ultra- 
marine. The  size  is  mixed  with  8  per  cent,  of 'sulphate  of  aluminum, 
this  may  be  much  varied.  With  small  quanities  of  ext.  of  logwood  and 
sulphate  of  iron  a  light  gray  is  obtained;  by  adding  yellow  and  Prussian 
blue,  a  greenish  slate  color  ;  by  adding  white,  suppressing  the  blue,  and 
keeping  the  lake,  a  chamois  tone  ;  by  adding  to  this  last  "formula  a  little 
umber,  bistre.  Logwood  is  used  with  all  colors  when  it  is  wi.«hed  to 
darken  the  shades.  With  fine  jnilp  il  is  best  to  replace  the  ext.  of  log- 
wood by  the  product  obtained  from  the  tree  noted  at  the  beginning  of 
this  notice. 

Solvents  for  RrBBER. — These  are  bisulphide  of  carbon,  coal  nap- 
tha,  rectified  oil  of  turpentme,  chloroform,  and  ether,  which  must  be 
free  from  alcohol. 

INFORMATION  CONCERNING  PATENTS. 

United  States  Patents  anp  Fees. — No  patent  will  be  granted  if 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  wh;it  is  claimed  has  been  patented  or  described 
in  any  printed  publication  in  this  or  a  foreign  country,  or  been  invented 
or  discovered  in  this  country. 

Prior  Invention  abroad  will  not  prevent  issue  of  a  patent,  unless  the  in- 
vention has  been  there  patented  or  described  in  some  printed  publication. 

To  prevent  a  subsequent  inventor  from  obtiining  a  patent,  an  inven- 
tion must  have  been  reduced  to  a  practical  form,  either  by  construction  of 
a  model  or  machine,  or  drawing,  by  which  a  mechanic  could  make  the 
same. 

Merely  coruxiving  an  idea  of  an  invention  is  not  a  discovery,  and  patent- 
able. 

Foreign  Patents. — The  taking  out  of  a  patent  in  <a  foreign  country  does 
not  prejudice  a  patent  previously  granted  here ;  nor  does  it  prevent  obtain- 
ing a  patent  here  subsequently.  When  a  patent  is  granted  here  it  will 
extend  only  seventeen  years  from  date  of  foreign  patent. 

Everj-  foreign  inventor  must  have  in  use,  or  for  sale  in  the  United 
States,  a  copy  of  their  patentable  aiticle,  within  eighteen  months  from 
date  of  patent. 

Duration  of  Patent  is  seventeen  years.  Extensions  are  prohibited  on 
all  patents  granted  since  ISfil.  Apfalications  for  extension  must  be  filed, 
and  requisite  fee  paid,  ninety  days  before  expiration  of  the  patent. 

Granting  of  Patents. — Patents,  on  payment  of  same  oracial  fee,  are 
granted  to  all  persons,  including  women  and  minors,  unless  iuhatitanta 


PATENT    OFFICE   RULES,   ETC.  761 

nf  ronntries  which  discriminate  agamst  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
;  t«tes. 

Application  for  a  patent  must  be  made  in  the  name  of  the  inventor,  who 
r  Ml  alone  si^i  the  jjapers  ;  an  attorney  for  inventor  can  not  do  so. 

Jrirs  of  an  Inxim/or  can  obtain  a  patent,  jiapers  to  be  signed  by  execu- 
t-r  or  ai"lministi:alor  of  inventor. 

Joint  Invp.ntors  are  entitled  to  a  joint  patent. 

An  Inrentor  can  assign  his  entire  right,  before  a  patent  is  obtained,  so  ai 
to  eiia'ii'.ft  tlift  assignee  to  take  out  a  patent  in  his  own  name ;  bnt  the  assign- 
ment must  be  first  recorded,  and  specification  sworn  to  by  the  inventor. 

O.d'hs  may  be  fcikeu,  in  this  country,  before  any  one  authorized  by  law 
to  administer  oaths  ;  m  a  foreign  country  before  any  mini.ster  plenipoten- 
tiary, charge  d'atTaii"s,  consul,  commercial  agent  or  notary  public  of  the 
country  in  which  oath  is  taken,  being  in  all  cases  properly  attested  by  of- 
ficLal  seal  of  such  notary. 

Stamps. — A  stamp  of  value  of  fifty  cents  is  required  for  each  power  of 
attorney,  each  sheet  of  an  assignment  to  bo  stamped  Jive  ceiits,  each  cer- 
tificate of  magistrate  fire  cents. 

I)iawin:^js  to  be  in  duplicate,  one  on  stiff  paper,  one  on  tracing  cloth,  to 
be  20  inches  top  to  bottom,  15  inclies  wide  ;  tracing  to  have  1  inch  margin 
on  right  hand  side,  for  binding. 

Models  to  be  of  hard  wood,  or  metal,  not  more  than  12  inches  in  any 
dimension  ;  name  of  the  inventor  to  be  engraved  or  painted  cousi^icn- 
ously  on  it 

For  an  Improvement,  only  model  of  part  to  be  patented  is  required,  to 
show  nature  and  operation  of  invention. 

Designs,  no  models  required  ;  either  drawings  or  photographs,  both  in 
dupUcate,  with  ner/ative  of  photograph. 

N'eio  Articles  of  manufacture,  sample  of  article  :  medicines,  or  medical 
compounds,  samj>le  of  same,  and  minute  statement  of  exact  proportions 
and  ingredients. 

Cave.\t3. — Tlie  filing  of  a  caveat  prevents,  during  its  existence,  the 
issue  of  a  patent,  williout  the  knowledge  of  the  caveator,  to  any  person 
for  a  similar  device.  The  caveator  is  entitled  to  receive  official  notice 
during  one  year,  for  any  petition  for  similar  or  interfering  invention  filed 
during  that  time.  Tiie  caveator,  when  so  notified,  must  complete  his 
own  application  witliui  three  months  from  date  of  notice. 

A  caveat  runs  one  year  :  can  be  extended  by  paying  $10  a  year. 

Caveats  can  only  bo  filed  by  citizens  of  the  United  Sfcites,  or  aliens  who 
have  resided  here  one  year  and  declared  their  intention  of  becoming 
cit)iz6ii3 

UNITED  STATES  PATENT   FEES. 

On  fllina  each  caveat $10  00 

On  tiling  each  original  application  for  a  patent,  except  for  a  design.  1.5  09 

On  issuing  each  original  patent 20  00 

On  every  iippeal  from  EIxamLners-in-Chief 20  00 

On  application  for  a  reissue 30  00 

On  applioiition  for  extension 50  00 

Granting  an  extension  50  00 

Filing  each  ilisclaiiner .- 10  00 

Certified  copies  of  jiatents  and  other  papers,  10  cents  per  100  words. 

Keconling  every  assignment,  agreement,  power  of  attorney,  and 
other  papers,  of  300  words  or  under 1  00 

If  0%-er  .300  and  under  1,000  words 2  00 

If  over  1.000  words. 3  00 

Drawinijs,  cost  of  making  same 

P»tenM  for  designs— for  three  and  one-half  years 10  OO 

"  "  for  seven  years 15  00 

¥  **  for  fourteen  years 30  OQ 


762  FACTS   ABOUT  HUMAN   LIFE. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  Messrs.  Mrxx  &  Co.,  Patent  Solicitors,  N.Y., 
charge  for  written  report  of  special  examination  at  Patent  ofRce.if  inven- 
•Bon  has  been  patented  in  this  country,  S5  ;  ior  general  information  of 
infringements,  reissues,  claims,  assignment*,  joint  ownership,  contracts, 
licences,  name  in  which  patent  is  recorded,  abstracts  of  deeds  of  transfer, 
sketch  of  a  drawing  of  patent,  license  made  out.  transfer  of  do.,  recordmg 
do. ,  S5  for  each  case  ;  for  procuring  a  fiatent,  $25  to  S35,  or  more  :  for 
procuring  a  caveat,  SiO  to  ?15  ;  for  copies  of  patents  or  assignments,  or 
drawings  of  any  existing  patents,  So  to  SlO  :  copy  of  any  claim,  31. 

FoKEir.N  Patexts. — Great  Britain. — Duration"  fourteen  years,  to  first 
inventor  or  importer,  cost,  S3,')0,  of  which  §100  due  at  time  of  making 
application,  balance  in  four  months  ;  three  years  from  date  of  patent,  a 
further  sum  of  £50  must  be  paid  :  end  of  seven  years,  £100  additionaL 
For  designs  to  protect  shape  of  article,  three  years,  $100. 

France. — Term  of  patent,  fifteen  years,  annual  fee,  S20. 

Belgium. — Term  of  patent,  twenty  years  ;  small  annual  fees. 

EXPENSE  OF  FOREIGN  PATENTS,  INCLUSrVE  OF  ALL  FEES. 

Austria $250  i  Netherlands $150 

Bavaria 150  '  Portugal 250 

Belgium 150  I  Prussia 200 

Cuba 450  Russia  550 


Prance 150 

Great  Britain 350 

India 400 

Italy 250 


Saxony 250 

Spain 400 

Sweden  and  Norway 600 


FACTS  RELATING  TO  HUMAN  LIFE. 
The  following  table  exhibits  the  recent  mortality  statistics,  showing  the 
average  duration  of  life  among  persons  of  various  classes  in  the  State  of 
Massachusetts  : 

Tears.  I  Tears.  |  Tears. 

Men  unemployed 68  Blacksmiths 51  Bakers 43 

Judges '. (5  Merchants 51  Painters 43 

Farmers ,..64  Calico  Printers 51  Shoemakers 43 

Bank  Ofificers 64  Phvsicians 51  Mechanics 43 

Coopers 58  Butchers 50  Editors 40 

Public  Officers 57  Carpenters 49  Musicians  39 

Clergymen 56  Masons 48  Printers 38 

Shipwrights 55|Traders 46  Machinists 36 

Hatters 5l|T.ailors 44  Teachers 34 

Lawyers 54' Jewellers 44  Clerks 04 

Rope  Makers 54  Manufacturers 43  Operatives Ji 

The  average  death  rate  in  Europe  is  1-ont  of  every  42  inliabitants,  or 
2.38  per  cent.  The  principal  European  countries  exhibit  the  following 
annual  bUls  of  mortality  : — 

England 1  death  to  every  46  Austria .1  death  to  every  40 

Denmark 1      "  '"      45  Prussia )       "  "'      33 

Belgium 1     "  "      43iFrance 1      "  "      3i 

2forway  and  Sweden  1     "  "      41| 

The  death  rate  in  the  United  States  varies  much  from  the  above,  from 
the  highest,  Arkai:--as.  where  the  annual  mortahty  is  one  death  to  every 
49  inhabitants,  a  trifle  over  2  per  cent  of  the  population,  to  the  lowest, 
Oregon,  where  the  death  rate  U  less  than  half  of  one  per  cent.,  or  one 


PACTS   ABOUT   HOIA^   LtFB.  768 

to  ever)  209  inhabitants.    The  average  yearly  mortality  in  proportiou  to 
population  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table  : — 

New  England  States 1  inCSPacific  States 1  in  115 

Middle  States 1  "  88 1  Atlantic  States 1   "    80 

Southern  States 1  "  TOGulf  States  1  "    63  f 

Western  States 1  '•  81  Mississippi  Valley  State« 1  "    80 

North- Western  States 1  "1201 

Accordini?  to  the  Carlisle  table  of  moi-tality,  largely  used  as  an  author- 
ity iu  life  insurance  calculations  in  America  and  Europe,  of  10,000  chil- 
dren born — 


5,C03    die    in    50    vears.|9,848    die     In    90    yearfc 
6,357  -     •  .        


50 

vears. 

9,848 

die 

In    90 

60 

" 

9,991 

" 

100 

70 

" 

9,999 

<i 

104 

80 

" 

3.640  die  in    10  years, 

3,910  "  20  " 

4,358  "  30  "       7,599 

4,915  "  40  "       9,047 

Leaving  only  one  living  at  the  age  of  104  years. 

The  tables  of  the  British  Government  annuities  are  constructed  on  the 
principle  that  women  live  longer  than  men.  Thus,  a  male  of  15  can  pur- 
chase an  annuity  of  £15  per  annum  for  £411  5s.  lOd.,  but  a  female  of 
the  same  age  must  pay  £438  lis.  4d.  And,  at  50,  a  man  would  pav  £273 
17s.  Id.  ;  but  a  woman  £312  14s.  lOd. 

Long  life,  as  a  general  rule,  awaits  the  man  who  is  gifted  with  pru- 
dence, a  good  constitution,  and  the  mental  potency  to  teuish  corroding 
anxiety.  These  are  inestimable  gifts.  Dr.  Heberden,  an  illustrious 
London  physician  of  the  last  century,  whose  practise  lay  chiefly  among 
the  wealthy  classes,  asserted  that  nine  out  of  ten  of  his" patients  died  of 
§L  broken  heart.  Comaro,  the  noted  dietist,  who  by  prudent  care  of  him- 
Belf,  lived  to  104,  wrote,  "  I  am  likewise  greatly  indebted  for  the  excel- 
lent health  I  eujoy  to  that  calm  and  temperate  state  in  which  I  have  been 
careful  to  keep  "my  passions.  The  influence  of  the  passions  on  the 
nerves  and  health  of  our  bodies  is  so  great  that  none  can  be  ignorant 
of  it  He,  therefore,  who  seriously  wishes  to  enjoy  good  health,  must 
learn  to  keep  his  passions  in  subjectiou  to  reason.  Otherwise,  all  tem- 
perance will  go  for  httle."  The  man  endowed  by  nature  with  the  best 
prospect  for  long  life  is  thus  described  by  the  famous  Hufeland,  in  hia 
work  on  longevity,  published  during  the  last  century  :  "  He  has  a  well- 
proportioned  stature,  without,  however,  being  too  tall.  He  is  rather  of 
the  middle  size,  and  somewhat  thickset  His  complexion  is  not  too  florid  ; 
at  any  rate,  too  much  ruddiness  in  youth  is  seldom  a  sign  of  longevity. 
Hair  approaches  rather  to  the  fair  than  to  the  black.  His  skin  is 
Btroug,  out  not  rough.  His  head  is  not  too  big.  He  has  large  veins  at  the 
extremities,  and  his  shoulders  are  rather  round  than  flat.  His  neck  is 
not  too  long.  His  belly  does  not  project,  and  his  hands  are  large,  but 
not  too  deeply  cleft.  His  foot  is  rather  thick  than  long,  and  his  legs  ara 
firm  and  round.  He  has  also  a  broad  chest  and  strong  voice,  and  the 
faculty  of  retaining  his  breath  a  long  time  without  difficulty.  In  general 
there  is  complete  harmony  in  all  his  parts.  His  senses  are  good,  but  not 
too  delicate.  His  pulse  is  slow  and  regular.  His  appetite  is  good,  and 
his  digestion  easy.  He  has  not  too  much  thirst,  which  is  always  a  sign 
of  rapid  self-consumption.  His  passions  never  become  too  violent  or 
destnictive.  If  he  gives  way  to  anger  he  experiences  a  glow  of  warmth, 
•without  an  overflowing  of  the  gall.  He  likes  employment,  partcularly 
calm  meditation  and  agreeable  speculations :  is  an  optimist,  a  friend  ta 
nature  and  domestic  felicity — has  no  thirst  after  either  honors  or  riches, 
and  banishes  all  thought  of  to-morrow." 

Mr.  John  Q.  Adams  was  in  excellent  health,  when,  in  his  ninetieth 
jaai,  he  was  viaited  by  Cbarles  Msckay,  who  thu  expkiiu  tbe  (MUM  : 


7C4  FACTS    ABOUT    HUMAH    LITB. 

"  Men  aaid  women,"  he  says,  "  scarcely  ever  aliow  th*  fresh  air  of  hea* 
veu  to  touch  any  part  of  their  bodies,  except  their  hands  and  face,  and 
even  to  these  the  ladies  are  systematically  unjust  by  wearing  gloves  and 
veils.  The  surface  of  the  beaiitif  al  human  form  requires  to  be  for  a 
certain  period  of  every  day  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  atmosphere.  I 
take  my  air  bath  regularly  every  morning,  and  walk  in  my  bed-room  in 
puris  natnralibus,  with  all  tlie  windows  open,  for  haJf  an  hour.  I  also 
taku  a  water  batli  daily.  I  read  and  write  for  eight  hours  a  day.  I  sleep 
eight  liours,  and  devote  another  eight  to  exercise,  conversation,  and 
meals.  I  feel  within  myself  a  reserve  of  bodily  ."strength,  which,  I  tlunk, 
will  carry  me  to  a  hundred  years,  uuIcl^s  I  die  by  accident,  or  am  shot  or 
hanged." 

Between  1840  and  1871  the  annual  mortality  on  the  Cheviot  Hills,  in 
Scotland,  was  at  an  average  of  15  per  1,000.  In  the  hamlet  of  Harbottle, 
with  120  inhabitants  tliere  has  been  no  death  of  a  child  for  20  years.  A 
farmer  and  his  three  shepherds,  Avho  have  occupied  their  present  situa- 
tion nearly  SO  years,  have  among  them  47  children,  and  not  a  single 
death  has  occurred  in  these  families.  In  Alwinton,  a  parish  on  the  south- 
em  slojjcs  of  the  hills,  the  birth-rate  in  1871,  when  it  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  1,205,  was  32.4  per  cent. ,  and  the  death-rate  only  7.5.  An  abun- 
dance of  good  food,  good  water,  good  houses,  and  regular  but  not  sever* 
■work,  have  brought  about  this  orderly  state  of  existence. 

Of  a  man  who  died  near  London  at  the  advanced  age  of  110  years,  it  is 
reported  that  he  had  never  been  ill,  and  tliat  ho  had  maintained  through 
life  a  cheerful  happy  temijerament.  He  wa^  uniformlj-  kind  and  obliging 
to  everybody  ;  he  quarrelled  with  no  one  ;  he  ate  and  drank  merely  that 
he  might  not  suffer  from  hanger  and  thirst,  and  never  beyond  what  ne- 
cessity required.  From  his  earliest  youth  he  never  allowed  himself  to  be 
unemployed.    These  were  the  only  means  he  ever  used. 

Of  a  woman  who  died  near  Stockholm  at  the  advanced  age  of  115 
years,  it  is  on  record  that  she  passed  her  long  life  free  from  illness,  always 
contented  and  happy,  a  devoted  lover  of  cleanliness,  had  a  daily  habit 
of  washing  her  face,  hands,  and  feet  in  cold  water,  and  as  often  as  op- 
portimity  afforded,  bathed  in  the  same  ;  she  never  ate  or  drankany  deli- 
cacies or  sweet-meats  ;  seldom  tea  or  coffee,  and  never  wine. 

Another  noted  instance  of  long  life  was  that  of  a  man  who  died  neat 
St  Peter.-;burg,  aiid  luid  enjoyed  good  health  until  lie  was  120  years  old. 
He  was  an  early  riser,  and  ne\'er  .slept  more  than  seven  hours  at  a  time  ; 
he  was  never  idle  ;  he  worked  and  employed  himself  chiefly  in  the  open 
air,  and  particularly  in  his  garden.  Whether  he  walked  or  sat  in  his 
chair  he  always  maintained  an  erect  position,  never  tolerating  a  stooping, 
leaning,  or  distorted  attitude. 

Unquestionably,  a  properly  selected  vegetable  diet  is  the  best  fitted  for 
tlie  maintenauce  of  health.  A  great  percentage  of  tlie  diseases  which 
afflict  humanity  are  generated  by  the  use  of  pork,  veal,  and  other  meats 
in  immoderate  quantities,  and  prepared  in  preposterous  forms  with  lard, 
rich  sauces,  seasoning,  &c.  Of  all  animal  food  in  commcm  use  pork  is  de- 
cidedly the  worst  Its  use  as  food  frequently  engenders  an  extremely- 
painful  disease,  by  many  pronounced  incurable,  caused  bv  a  filthy  para- 
eite  which  exists  naturally  in  the  muscles  of  swine.  See' Trichina,  pagb 
149.  A  farmer  writing  from  Freeport  to  the  Chicago  Intek-Ocean  de- 
nounces pork  in  the  most  trenchant  style.  He  says  ''Pork  grease  will 
ruin  a  wagon  axle,  much  more  the  human  stomach,  and  the  farmer  who 
uses  pork  alone  as  a  meat  diet  and  pork  grease  as  shortening,  ruins  not 
only  his  own  constitution  but  that  of  his  family  as  well.  This  is  the 
•xperience  of  a  farmer  who  has  tried  the  use  of  pork  for  over  fifteen 
years,  with  as  maay  years  of  eickness  in  his  family,  and  two  years  %& 


FA,CT8    CONCEBNING    FOOD. 


76^ 


be«f  diet  and  perfect  health."  "  Vegetable  aliment,  as  neither  aisteuding 
the  vessels,  nor  loading  the  system,  never  intorrupts  the  stronger  action  of 
the  mind  ;  while  the  heat,  fulness  and  weight  of  animal  food  is  adverse 
to  its  effort<<. " — Cullen. 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  grains  of  warmth  and 
strength  evolved  per  lb.,  from  various  articles  of  food.  The  carbon  and 
nitrogen  taken  into  the  system  form  fat  aud  flesh,  the  fat  being  con- 
sumed makes  the  body  stout,  while  the  flesh  represents  strength  or  the 
muscles  which  yield  it. 


Grains  of   Strength  yielded  by  one 
pound  of  7000  grains. 

OBAiMS. 

Beer  or  Porter 1 

Parsnips 12 

TujuipB 12 

"Whey 13 

Greous 14 

Potatoes 24 

Skimmed  Milk S4 

New  Milk 35 

Buttermilk 35 

Barley 70 

Rice 70 

Bacon 78 

Itye  Bread 89 

Baker's  Bread GO 

Pearl  Barley 91 

Fresh  Pork IDS 

Seconds  Flour liiO 

Corn  Meal 1l'5 

Fresh  Fish 129 

Cocoa 130 

Oatmeal 140 

Mutton 110 

Fresh  Beef 172 

Beef  Liver 200 

Split  Peas 250 

Cheddar  Cheese 310 

Skim.  Milk  Cheese 360 


Grains  of  Warmtli   yielded    by  one 
pound  of  TOao  grains. 


ORAIITB. 

Whey 150 

Turnips 238 

Beer  and  Porter 315 

Buttermilk 335 

Skimmed  Milk 361 

New  Milk 378 

Carrots  390 

Parsnips 425 

Potatoes 770 

Fresh  Fish 980 

Beef  Liver . .  1,220 

Ked  Herrings 1,455 

Baker's  Bread 1,990 

Fresh  Beef 2,300 

Molasses 2,300 

Skim.  Milk  Cheese -.  2,350 

Cheddar  Cheese 2,550 

Seconds  Flour 2,700 

Rye  Bread 2,700 

Rice 2,760 

Barley  Meal 2,780 

Indian  IMeal 2,800 

Sugar 2,900 

Fresh  Pork 3,100 

Bacon 4,200 

Butter 4,700 

Lard 4,800 

Drippbigs 6,500 

In  CQokery  4  lbs.  of  beef  lose  1  lb.  by  boiling,  1  lb.  5  ozs.  by  roasting, 
and  1  lb.  3  ozs.  by  baking  ;  4  lbs.  of  mutton  lose  14  ozs.  by  boiling,  1  lb. 
6  ozs.  by  roasting,  and  1  lb.  4  ozs.  bj'  baking.  As  to  the  drinking  cus- 
toms of  society,  stjiti.stics  prove  that  every  year  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
70,000,  and  in  the  United  States,  about  75,000  deaths  result  directly  and 
Indirectly  from  the  use  of  si)irituous  liquors.  The  benefits  derived  from 
their  use  are  in  a  great  measure  merely  imaginary,  and  tlieir  persistent 
use  can  only  have  one  result,  viz.,  premature  death.  An  intemperate 
person  of  twenty  years  has  a  probability  of  life  extending  15. G  ;  one  of 
SO  to  11'6  years,  while  temperate  persons  would  have  a  like  probability 
of  living  42  and  35  respectively.  Comment  is  useless,  if  you  wish  health 
ind  long  life,  abstain.  Liebig,  the  celebrated  chemist,  recommends  the 
persistent  use  of  a  jmrely  vegetable  diet  as  a  cure  for  this  abominable 
fice,  especially  i«i  its  earlier  stages,  and  Charles  Napier,  the  noted  Eng- 
lish scientist,  has  reported,  as  the  result  of  cxperimeuts,  27  cases,  ni 
ffhich  the  exchusive  use  of  vegetables  as  food,  had  created  repugnance 
^or  alcoholic  stimulants.  Anotlier  remedy  highly  commended  is  to  steep 
equal  parts  of  the  herbs  valerian  aud  wormwood  together,  and  drink  the 
Jquid  three  times  a  day  when  the  desire  is  felt.  Still  another  remedy  is 
tiQctare  of  cindiouii  (Feruviau  bark)  taken  in  1  drachm  (tea«poonfuI) 


766 


POPULATION    OF   THE    GLOBE. 


'doses  every  two  hbim.  The  dose  may  be  increased  to  six  teaspoonfula 
and  taken  in  that  proportion  4  to  10  times  per  day.  It  will  not  destroy 
appetite  for  food,  but  in  a  few  days  the  anti-periodic  properties  of  the  cin- 
chona begin  to  tell,  and  the  patient  not  only  loses  all  taste  for  the  tinc- 
ture, but  also  all  desire  for  everything  in  the  shape  of  alcohol. 

THE  LATEST  CENSUS  OF  ALL  THE   COUNTRIES  OP  THE  WOBLD. 

Behm  »nd  Wagner  eetimate  the  total  number  of  all  men  1,423,919,000.  They 
»re  distributed  over  the  five  parts  of  the  world  as  follows  , 

Number  of  inhabitants  per  square  mile. 

Africa 199,921,600 13     ] 

America 85,519,800 6     | 

Asia 824,548,300 49     5-     Average  all  over  the 

Australia 4,748,600 IVa  earth,  28. 

Europe 309,178,500 82     J 

Bellable  figures  are  exhibited  ifor  Europe,  save  Turkey. 


Andorra 12,000 

Austria,  1876 37,700,000 

Belgium,  1874 6,336,634 

Denmark,  1876 1,903,000 

France,  1873 36,102,921 

Germany,  1875 42,723,242 

Great  Britain,  1876 33,450,000 

Greece,  1870 1,457,349 

Italy,  1875 27,432,174 

Luiemburgh,  1875 205,158 

Monaco,  1873 5,741 

Another  estimate  of  the  population  and  area  of  the  Globe  is  as  follows  : — 


They  show : 

Montenegro ...'. 190,000 

Netherlands,  1875 3,809,527 

Norway,  1875 1,802,882 

Portugal,  1S74 4,298,831 

Roumauia,  1873 : 5,073,000 

Russia,  (Europe)  1870 71,730,980 

Servia,  1875 1,377,068 

Spain,  1870 ....  16,551,647 

Sweden,  1875 4,383,291 

Switzerland,  1870 2,669,147 

Turkey  (Europe) 3,500,000 


Divisions. 

Area. 

Population. 

Pop.  to  Sq.  M. 

3,800,000 
15,000,000 
10,800,000 
14,700,000 

1,500,000 

296,713,500 

699.863,000 

67,414,000 

88,061,148 

25,924,000 

80 

46 

5 

6 

5 

Africa 

America 

Total 

48,800.000 

1,177,975,688 

24 

It  is  estimated  that  this  aggregate  of  humanity  speak  3,064  languages, 
and  profess  to  believe  in  l,()00various  forms  of  religion. 

Of  this  vast  multitude,  33,333,333  are  estimated  to  pass  into  eternity 
every  year,  91,954  every  day,  3,730  every  hour,  60  every  minute,  and  1 
every  second.     The  number  of  births  is  larger  than  the  number  of  deaths. 

Still  another  estimate  of  the  earth's  population,  classified  according  to 
race  and  religion,  is  as  follows  : 


Races. 


Religions. 


Whites  550,000,000 

Mongolians 550,000,000 

Blacks 173,000,000 


Pagans 676,000,000 

Christians 320,000,000 

Mohammedans 140 ,000,000 


Copper-Colored.  12,OO0,000lJews 14,000,000 

The  Christians  are  classified  as  follows  : 
Church  of  Rome.  Protestants.  Greek  and  East  Church. 

170,000,000.  90,000,000.  60,000,000. 

ABEA   OF  OCEANS   AND   SEAS — APPROXIMATE    ESTIMATES. 


Oceans.  Sq.  miles. 

Pacific  about 78.000,000 

Atlantic    "     25,000,000 

Indian       "     14,000,000 

Southern  Ocean  to  30°  about. 25,000,000 
Northern  about 6,000,000 


Seas  Sq.  miles. 

Mediterranean 1,000,000 

Black  Sea 170,000 

Baltic 175,000 

North  Sea X60,00« 


AKEA  OP  SEAS,  LAKES,   ETC.  767 

In  the  British  expedition  under  Capt.  Nares,  with  the  two  steamers 
Alert  and  Discovery,  to  the  Polar  Sea,  it  was  determined  that  the  depth 
of  that  sea,  at  one  point,  was  about  70  fathoms,  that  the  ice  was  from  80 
to  lUO,  and  in  many  places  200,  feet  thick,  and  probably  a  century  old  ; 
that  a  powerful  tide  sets  in  from  the  Pacific  under  this  ice  and  extends 
down  the  long  channel  as  far  as  the  northern  part  of  Smith's  Sound.  A 
sledge  party  advanced  over  the  ice  to  hit.  83°  20'  26^'  N.,  the  most  north- 
erly^point  as  yet  ever  trod  by  man.  No  traces  of  human  life  exists  north 
of  lat.  81°  52',  where  the  Esquimaux  appear  to  have  crossed  the  water, 
liere  only  15  miles  wide,  into  Greenland,  from  the  large  islands  which 
fiin!?e  the  North  Americiiu  continent  on  the  north.  On  the  Alert,  mer- 
o-iry  was  frozen  47  days  in  all,  and,  in  still  weather,  the  minimum  tfenp. 
was  more  than  70°  below  zero  and  the  auroras  were  neither  brilliant  nor 
of  frequent  occurrence  during  the  long  Arctic  winter,  with  its  unparalleled 
intensitv  and  duration  of  darkness  produced  by  the  absence  of  sunUght 
for  142  days.  Birds  do  not  migrate  beyond  Cape  Joseph  Henry,  on  the 
American  coast  of  the  Polar  Sea,  in  lat.  82°  52^  north,  and  the  northern 
limits  of  the  haunts  of  wild  animals  is  about  82°.  Dwarf  oaks,  sorrel, 
poppies,  saxifrage,  and  between  20  and  30  species  of  flowering  plants 
were  found  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  lat.  82°  north,  together  with  fossil 
corals,  a  workable  seam  of  good  coal,  and  evidences  of  the  former  ex- 
istence of  an  evergreen  forest  in  lat  82^  44'. 

Between  the  Tropics  the  temperature  of  the  Ocean  is  from  77°  to  84', 
it  diminishes  to  45  5°  at  1,000  fathoms  depth.  In  the  Arctic  Sea  the  tem- 
perature rises  from  8"  to  10''  at  700  fathoms,  and  6°  at  200  fathoms. 
Divers  report  an  entire  absence  of  motion  in  the  Ocean  at  a  depth  of  30 
ft.,  and  the  Solar  rays  penetrate  200  or  300  ft.  Sea  water  is  salt  and  bit- 
ter at  the  surface,  but  salt  only  at  profound  depths.  The  component 
parts,  with  slight  variations,  are  water,  muriatic  acid,  sulphuric  acid, 
mineral  alkali,  lime,  and  magnesia.  The  deepest  soundings  on  record  is 
9  miles.  Young  estimates  tlie  Atlantic  at  3  miles,  and  the  Pacific  at  4 
deep.  Copper  globes  are  compressed  at  800  fathoms.  Parry  sounded  iu 
lat.  67"  N.  long.  24°  W.  but  found  no  bottom  at  1,020  fathoms. 

ESTIMATED    LENGTH   OF    SEAS,    &C. 


Seas.  utiles '    Seas.  Miles. 


Mediterranean' 2,000  Black 930 

Carribean l,80ii|Caspian 640 

China 1 ,700  Baltic 600 

»ed 1 .400  Otbotsk 600 

Japan 1.000,  "VVTiite 460 


Seas.  Miles. 


Aral 250 

Hudson's  Bay 1,200 

Baffin's  Bay 600 

Chesapeake  Bay  —    250 


ESTIMATED  SIZE  OF   NOTED  LAKES. 

lAkfifl  Length  Width  ,   ,  Length  Width 

iiaKes.  jyjjjgg^  jj.,gg_  leases.        ;,yj.jgg_  Miles. 


Superior 380  120  I   Maracaybo 150  SO 

Baikal SCO  35      Ladoga 125  76 

Micliigan 330  60      Great  Bear 150  40 

Great  Slave 300  45      Nicaragua 120  40 

Huron 250  90      Champlain  . . . .  123  12 

Winnipeg 240  40  I   L.oftheWoodi  70  35 

Erie 270  50  i   Geneva 50  10 

Ontario 180  40  |   Constance 46  10 

Arthabaska 200  20  :   Cayuga 36  4 

Many  of  the  above  lakes  are  very  deep,  and  it  is  owing  to  this  c^xm 
that  they  never  freeze. 


763 


NOTED    KIVERS    AND    MOUNTAINS. 


Amazon Brazil 320') 

La  Plata. S.  America 2215 

Aronoco     "         1500 

Mississippi N.  America 3200 

Misj^ouri "         4500 


LEKGTH    OP    NOTED   EIVER3    OX    THE    GLOBE. 
Idrets.  I      Locality.    |      Miles.         Rivers.      |     Locality.    !    ^Tileg. 

St.  LawrenceCaiiada 1960 

St- Joliu X-  Brunswick 450 

Murray Australia HOOO 

Mackenzie . .  .Brit.  Ter 2500 

Obi Siberia 2«00 

Danube  Austria  &  Turiey  1790 

Don Eussia 1000 

Dneiper "      1000 

Euphrates...  .from  Ararat 2020 

Kbine Germany SOO 

Wclga from  the  Waldais  2100 

Lena Siberia 2500 

:\Iaykiang Siam 1700 

Hoang-Ho .  - .  China 3000 

Yang-tse-kia      "    2600 

Ganges In4ia 1690 

Brahmapootra    "     1600 

Indus... "  1770 


2500 
2500 
1090 
lOOO 

laiw 

400 

500 
400 


Arkansas ' 

Eed  River " 

Columbia " 

Ohio " 

Colorado " 

Susquehanna " 

James " 

I'otomac " 

Hudson "         .'.25 

Nile Egypt  and  Nubia  2G90 

Niger Africa 2J00 

.Tumiia Hiudostan C^'O 

Gogra " 500 

The  Gaii^jes,  in  India,  derives  its  origin  from  a  Himalayan  glacier,  it 
has  a  fall  of  4  inches  to  the  mile,  and  rises  from  April  till  .'Vugu.-t  32  ft. 
creatiu.:^;  a  flood  lOOmiles  wide.  The  Delta  of  the  Ganges  Ls  200  miles  long, 
con.^istiDg  of  woods  ciiiled  Sunderbunds.  It  poui-s  down  from  80  to  400- 
OdO  cubic  ft.  in  a  second.  The  force  of  the  tides,  which  rit^e  from  13  to  16 
ft.  higli,  with  the  floods,  frequently  form  and  destroy  islands  '^o  miles  ip 
diam.  The  Nile  has  advanced  I'j  ft.  per  amuuii  since  the  time  of 
Herodotus,  and  raises  the  soil  of  Egypt  4  ins.  in  a  century.  The  })rodi- 
gious  quantities  of  mud  brouglit  down  by  large  rivers  enlarges  continents 
at  their  estuaries,  and  form  deltLis  of  alluvial  laud  which  eventually  form 
plains  of  immense  fertility.  The  Missis.sippi,  the  Amazon,  the  Nile,  the 
Danube,  the  Po,  the  Ganges,  and  the  Ni.i;er  are  striking  examples  of  the 
truth  of  this  statement  The  Vellow  River,  in  China,  is  said  to  carry 
down  2.000,000  cubic  ft.  of  alluvium  every  day.  The  Euphrates  covers  the 
Babylonian  plains  to  a  depth  of  12  ft  between  March  and  Jime. 

THE    HIGHEST    MOUS'TAIXS    ON    THE  GLOBE. 


Kunchiiayunga,  Himalnyas 
Sorata,  .\ndes,  highest  ia  America 
llhmani,  Bolivia        ...... 

(."himborazo,  Ecuador  .    .    .    .    - 

Hindoo-Koosh,  Afghanistan    -    - 
Cut.  'paxi,  Ecuador    .--.-. 
A:itii-ana,         "  .    .    .    .         . 

Sr.  Cliis.    British  America    - 
Fciliocataiictl   volcano,  Slexico 
>lt,  Koa,  Hawaii    -         -.    .    - 
Ht.  Brown,  highest  Rocky  Mt.  pk. 
tlont  Blanc,  highest  in  Europe    - 
Howna  Roas,  Owhyhcc    -    .    .    - 
Mount  Rosa,   Alps,  Sardinia    -    - 
Pinchincs,  Ecuador  -    -    -    - 

Mount  Whitney.  Cal  .  -  - 
Sfouut  Fairweather  Russ.  Poss.  . 
Mount  Shasta,  California  .  .  -  - 
Pikes  Peak.  California  -  .  -  .  - 
Mount  Ophir,  Summatra-  -  •  - 
Fremont's  Peak,  R.  M.  Wyoming 
I.enp's  Peak,  R.  M.  Califofnin-  - 
Mount  Kanifr.  Washington  Ter.  • 
Mount  Ararat.  Armenia  - 
Teak  of  Teneriifc,  Ciuiarics 


Feet  Jlile3.! 


ai,7S0 
'JI,«4 
20,000 

iy,4ns 

]9,1.T0 

Ls.ooe 
ir.na 

16,(100 
l.i.COO 
Jj,776 

15  7a) 

I5,,i.V) 
1530 
l.i,000 
14,706 
14,450 

14 -ao 

ir!,.'-.ro 

IS.Ji'lO 


-m 


25^ 


25, 


2?i' 


Feet  Mil«>. 
I 


The  mountains  subtract 
than  the  roujrhness  on  the 


no  more 
coat  i>f  an 


Miltsin,  SfoTocco     - ]2,<XI0 

Jlount  Hood.  Oregon 11,570 

Simplon,    Alps 11.542 

Mount  Lebanon,  Syria    -    -    •  .  -  11.000  7.% 

Mount  Perdu,  France     .    .    -    -  lO.itaO  2 

Mount  St.  Helen's,  Oregon  -    -    -  iil.l.>S  XJi, 

Mount  Etna,  Sicily J0.050  IJ$ 

Olvmpus,  Greece        .    .    .    -    .    (1,7.54  IV 

St"  Gothard,  Alps •    9,(iS0  \% 

Pilate,  Alps 9,050  1^ 

Mount  Sinai.  Arabia    ...-■•     8,0(10  \% 

Pindus    Greece   -    ■ 7,077  \\ 

Black  Mountain,  New  Caledonia    6,470  Im 

MountWashington,N.Han)p;hir«  6,2J4  1>» 

Mount  Marcy,  New  York    -      .  -    5.4^7  1 

Mount  Hecla,  Iceland S,0(«  1 

Ben  Xevis,  Scotland    -    -    -        -    4,400  %_ 

Mansfield,  Vt. 4,280  % 

Peaks  of  Otter,  Va. 4.260  % 

3en  Lawers,    Scotland    -    -    -    -     4,OS0  -A 

Parnassus,  Greece  - .3,950  V 

Vcsimus,  Naples     ------    3,9;>2  ?* 

Sno-rcdon,  England -^.Wl  ?i 

Stromboh     ---------     .'{,850  M 

Ben  Lomond •".S'n  H 

Mount    Carmel 2,000 

Gibraltar 1,470 

from  the  globular  forni  of  ti'.e  earth 

oraUjie.    The  highest  elevatione  are 
f 


KOTED   MOOfTAIXS,    TOTVERS,   ETC  769 

within  the  tropics,  the  next  in  the  temperate  zones,  the  next  in  the  frigid, 
and  the  limit  of  perpetual  snow  varies  Tith  the  beat  of  the  surface;  see 
page  119.  The  Andes  chain  extends  46li0  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Darien 
to  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  The  same  cham  is  continued  northward, 
through  Mexico,  the  United  States,  and  the  British  Possessions  by  the 
Kocky  Mountains  and  other  immense  elevations  which  form  the  hack- 
bone  of  the  continent  These  enormous  mountain  masses  exert  a 
genial  action  on  the  climate,  form  the  source  of  rivers,  and  determine  the 
water  shed  of  streams.  The  mountains  of  America  afford  incontestable 
proof  that  the  Xew  World,  geologically  considered,  is  really  tlie  oldest 
formation  of  the  present  distribution  of  land  on  the  globe.  Irresistiblo 
aubterraneau  forces  are  still  active  on  the  Andes ;  from  Cotopaxi  south- 
ward, over  40  volcanoes  are  continually  at  work,  causing  havoc,  and 
belching  out  la%-a,  sulphur,  &c.  In  n'.any  cases  volcanic  action  impels 
mountainous  wares  from  the  sea,  can-ying  Vessels  several  leagues  inland 
over  cities,  towns,  &c.  lu  1746  an  olficial  accomit  reported  all  the  in- 
hahitints  of  Callao,  4000,  dentroyed,  19  vessels  sunk,  and  4,  including  a 
frigate,  were  carried  far  inland  over  the  city.  Wafer  saw  3  ve.ssels 
■which  had  been  carried  5  or  6  leagues  overland.  A  similar  irruption 
took  place  on  this  coast  only  a  few  months  ago.  attended  by  fearful 
suft'ering  and  awful  loss  of  life  and  property.  The  Andes  contain  no 
granite  at  a  higher  elevation  than  8  to  10,000  ft.,  the  tojis  behig  crowned 
with  whmstone,  and  the  crevices  and  fissures,  many  of  them  descending 
below  the  sea  level,  are  even  more  a-stonishing  tl'.nn  their  heights. 

In  Asia,  the  Himalayian  ranges  extend  about  1400  mile.«!,  the  mountain 
ridges  being  from  50  to  60  miles  wide,  extending  from  N.  W.  to  S.  K 
They  form  the  source  of  all  the  rivers  of  the  Eastern  seas,  and  have 
furnished  the  m.-iterials  which  compose  the  soil.  There  are  5  passes  over 
them,  some  as  high  as  15,000  ft.-,  at  15.500  ft.,  beds  of  fossil  shells  exist. 
The  Euroi^ean  and  Asiatic  mountains  are  topped  with  granite.  Regard- 
ing the  Alps,  and  the  various  snow  levels  over  the  globe,  see  pp.  118-19. 

In  Scotland,  the  Grampian  range  includes  Caimsorm,  4095  ft. ;  Macdui, 
4.327  :  Shehallion,  3,550;  Beumore,  3.870  :  Ben  Lawers,  4,030:  Caimtoiil, 
4,2*25:  Ben  Avon,  3,1167;  Ben  Nevis,  the  highe.<t,  4,400  ft,  has  a  precipice 
of  1,500  ft.,  and  is  always  capped  with  ice  and  snow;  north  of  the  Cale- 
donian canal  is  another  range  of  great  altitude,  all  vast  masses  of  barrea 
Eanite.  In  all  there  are  about  45  elevations  north  of  the  Tweed,  oxoeed- 
g  2,000  It. 

HEIGHT   OF   NOTED   MONirsrE>-TS,    TOWERS,    &C. 


Feet. 

Pyramid  of  Cheops,  Egvpt 5i3 

Antwerp  Cathedral,  Be'lgium 476 


Feef 

Notre  Dame  Cathedral ,  Munich 348 

Dome  of  the  Invalides,  Paris 347 


Strasbiirg  Cathedral,  France 474Magdehurg  Cathedral 33T 

Tov,-Lr  of  Utrecht,  Holland 4&i  St.  Mark's  Church.  Venice 328 

Steeple  of  St.  Stephen's,  Vienna...  400  Assiiielli  Tower,  Bologna 314 

Pyra.nid  of  Cephenes.  Egypt 45C,TrinitT  Church,  Kew  York 283 

St.  :\Iartin'8  Church,  Bavsina 456  Coluimi  at  Delhi,  India 2tj2 

St.  Peter's,  Rome 448  Porcelain  Tower,  Chiaa 242 

Salisbury  Spire,  England 410;Canterburj- Tower,  England 235 

St.  Paul's,  London,  England 404'Xotre  Dame  Cathedral,  Paria 232 

St.  Peter's,  at  Hambro' 395  Bunker  Hill,  Monument 220 

Cathe<lral  at  Florence,  Italy 3^4  Leaning  Tower,  Pisa,  Italy 202 

Cremona  Cathedral,  Italv 372  Monument,  London 202 

Seville  Cathedral,  Spaiii 360  Monument,  PI.  VenJome,  Paris. .  153 

Pyramid  of  Sakkarah,  Egypt 356  Trajan's  Pi'.lar.Rome 151 

Nearly  70  round  towers,  with  cromlechs,  exist  in  different  parts  of 
reland,'  from  ;;0  to  135  ft.  high. 
For  other  interesting  items  on  this  subject,  eee  page  US. 

_        S3 


770 


AJtEA,   AC,  «P   THE   UKITED   STATES. 


ToPOT-ATtOJ^     GKOWTH,  ftC,  OF   THE    tTXITED    STATES   AXD  TI«BITO»tE» 


1819  144,317 
1836    52^240 
1850  1>T,000 
Sett  led  1638 
Sett  led  1627 

1845  »i,4T7 
Sett  led  1682 

1815  34,620 

1816  63,807 

1846  81,929 
1859  107,206 
1792  73,077 
1812    76,556 

1820  20^,335 
Sett  led  1633 

'Sett  led  1620 
1837 '200,000 
1859  150,M2 


181 
1821 
1866 
1861 


75,512 
60,686 
60,000 
40,000 
Sett  led  1623 
Sett  led  1624 
Sett  led  1614 
Sett  led  1650 
1802    41.915 
1859    52.465 
Sett  led  1685 
Sett  led  1637 
Sett  led  1670 
1796    77,262 
1848  2.50,000 
1791 1  85,539 
Sett  led  1607 
1862  376,688 
1848:210,596 


Alabama, 

Axkansaa, 

California, 

Connecticut, 

Delaware, 

Florida, 

Georgia, 

;  Illinois, 

j  Indiana, 

Iowa, 

'Kansas, 

JKentucky, 

!  Louisiana, 

iMaine, 

iMaryland, 

^Iasachus'8 

Michigan, 

Minnesota, 

Mississippi, 

Missouri, 

Nebraska, 

Nevada, 

"N.  H:unps'e, 

New  Jersey, 

New  York, 

N.  Carolina, 

Ohio, 

Oregon, 

PennsvWna, 

R.  Island, 

S.  Carolina, 

Tennessee, 

Texas, 

Vermont, 

Virginia, 

W.  Virginia, 

Wisconsin, 

Total  SUtes, 


TEXKITOKIES. 

Arizona, 

Ck)lorado-, 

Dakota, 

District  of  Columbia, 

Idabo, 

iMoBtana, 

Uew  Mexico, 

Utah, 

Washington, 

■Wyoming, 

Total  Territories, 

Total  U.S.  wad  Ter., 


POPULATION,   AC,   OF   VARIOUS   COUNTRIES. 


771 


POPULATION,  AREA,  &c.,  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  COUNTRIES  0» 
THE  WORLD. 


Countries. 


Cklna 

British  Empire 

Russia 

United  States  and  Alaska. 

France 

Austria  and  Hungary 

Japan  

Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

German  Empire 

lUly 

Spain 

Brazil 

Afghanistan 

Turltey 

Arabia 

Mexico 

Turkestan 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Aram |. 

Persia '. 

Belgium 

Birmah 

Bavaria 

Siam 

Portugal 

Holland 

2{ew  Grenada 

Chili 

Laos 

Switzerland 

Peru 

Bolivia 

Argentine  Republic 

Wurtemburg 

Denmark 

Venezuela 

Baden 

Greece 

Guatemala 

Ecuador 

Paraguay. 

Hesse 

Liberia 

San  Salvador 

Hayti 

BeloochiBtan 

Nicaragua 

Malaya,  etc . 

Uragnay 

Honduras 

San  Domingo 

Costa  Rico 

Hawaii 


Populati'n, 


446,500,000 

226,817,108 

81,925,400 

38,92."  ,600 

36,469,800 

35,904,400 

34,785,300 

31,817,100 

29,906,092 

27,430,921 

16,642,000 

10,000.000 

6,000,000 

16,463,000 

8,500,000 

9,173,000 

4,800,000 

6,921,300 

6,000,000 

5,000,000 

6,021,300 

7,000,000 

4,861,400 

6,500,000 

3,995,200 

3,688,300 

3,000,000 

2,000,000 

2,000,000 

2,629,100 

2,500,000 

2,000,000 

1,812,000 

1,818,000 

1,784,000 

1,500,000 

1,461,300 

1,457,900 

1,180,300 

1,300,000 

1,000,000 

823,138 

718,000 

600,000 

672,000 

600,000 

360,000 

600,000 

300,000 

360,000 

136,000 

165,000 

62,950 


Area  in 
sq.  miles. 


3,711,846 

4,677,432 

8,003,788 

2,603,884 

204,091 

240,3^18 

149,399 

121,315 

160,207 

118,847 

195,755 

3,263,029 

226,000 

872,624 

1,200,000 

761,526 

414,000 

292,871 

150,000 

635,964 

11,373 

205,000 

29,292 

189,000 

34,434 

12,680 

357,157 

132,616 

130,000 

15,992 

471,838 

497,321 

871,848 

7,533 

14,753 

368,238 

6,912 

19,353 

40,879 

218,928 

63,787 

2,969 

9,576 

7,335 

10,205 

162,000 

68,171 

60,000 

66,722 

47,092 

17,827 

21,505 

7,633 


Capitals. 


Pekin 

London 

St.  Petersburg. 
Washington... 

Paris 

Vienna 

Yeddo 

London 

Berlin 

Rome 

Madrid 

Rio  Janeiro. .. 

Cabool 

Constantinople 

Mecca 

Mexico 

Bokhara 

Stockholm 

Hue 

Teheran 

Brussels 

Monchovo 

Munich 

Bankok  

Li.sbon 

Hague 

Bogota 

Santiago 

Ch.angmai 

Berne 

Lima 

Chuquisaca. . . . 
Buenos  Ayres. 

Stuttgart 

Copenhagen.. . 

Caraccas 

Carlsruhe 

Athens 

Guatemala 

Quito 

Asuncion 

Darmstadt .... 

Monrovia 

San  Salvador.. 
Port  au  Prince. 

Kelat 

Managua 

Singapore 

Monte  Video.. 

Camaj'agua 

San  Domingo. . 

San  Jose 

Honolulu 


Popula- 
tion. 


l,W8,80O 

3,251,800 

667,000 

109,199 

1,825,300 

833,900 

1,664,900 

3,261,809 

826,400 

244,484 

332,000 

420,000 

60,000 

1,076,000 

60,000 

210,300 

160,000 

136,900 

60,000 

120,000 

314,100 

6,000 

169,600 

150,000 

224,063 

90,100 

45,100 

116,400 

25,000 

36,000 

160,100 

25,000 

177,800 

91,600 

162,042 

47,000 

36,600 

43,000 

40,000 

70,000 

48,000 

80,000 

3,000 

15,000 

20,000 

16,000 

10,000 

67,000 

44,600 

12.000 

20,000 

2,000 

7,633 


lu  the  foregoing   table  the   figures   relating   to  population,  give,  in   the 
loaiority  of  cases,  the  census  of  1870-71. 

In  Europe  the  five  Great  Powers  are  the  Empire  and  Monarchy  of  Great 


772 


AREA,   AC,   OF   BRITISH   AMERICA. 


Britain  and  Ireland,  the  Empire  of  Germany,  the  Empire  of  Russia,  the  Enb 
pire  of  Austria,  and  the  Republic  of  France. 

The  secoud-raie  Powers  are  the  Kingtloms  of  Italy,  Spain,  Norway  and  Swe. 
den.  ;uid  the  Empire  of  Turkey  in  Europe.  Regarding  the  latter  it  may  be  said 
th,"».t  great  cha-iges  are  impeuain^,  ovruii;  to  the  adverse  issue  of  the  war  wiih 
Riisslit,  and  tiie  present  threatening  attitude  of  the  Russian  armies  and  the 
British  O.eet  near  Constantinople. 

The  third-rate  Powers  are  the  Kingdoms  of  Belgium,  Portugal,  Bavaria, 
Denmark,  Saxony,  Greece,  Holland,  or  Netherlands,  the  Repubhc  of  Switzer- 
land and  the  Duchies  or  lesser  States. 

AREA,    POPULATION,    &C.,    OF    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


Name. 

Area  i:i  Eng. 
eq.  miles. 

^-  .        capital. 

Popula- 
tion. 

Hudson  Bay  Ter.  1 
Bed  River.          ( 

1,800,000 

1     175,0tH' York  Factory, 
(      lO.iru.'Furc  Garrv. 

Brit.  Columbia.  &c. 

•Jri^Dl'v 

50.i)00'New  Westminsfr 

4.000 

Vancouver  Island, 

13,250 

18,000  \  ictoria. 

3,000 

Newfoundland. 

57,000 

124.2K'  .•^t.  Johv.s. 

25.000 

Prince  Edw.  Island, 

'.^.173 

80,-57  Ch.irlottetown, 

6,70G 

NovaScotia&CapeB., 

19,050 

330,,>^7 1  Halifax) 
25J,'47  Fredn    ] 

26,000 

New  Brunswick, 

27,710 

7.000 

Quebec, 

210,0(10 

l,Ul,5tV.lQuel>ec   )  Ottawa 
1,396,001  Toronto  J      15,000 

1          1 

f.2.110 

Ontario, 

125,000 

•11,821 

2,599,283 

CAPACITY  OF  XOTED  CHtrRCHZ3. 

"Will  Contain]  "Will  Contain 

No.  persons.  No.  Persons. 

St.  Peter's, Rome 5},000|St.  John's,  Latcran 2i:,900 

Milan  Oathedriil 37,W0  Notre  Da-iie,  Paris 21.000 

St.  Paul's,  Home 32,000  Cathedral.  PL'^  13.000 

St.  Pauls.  London 25,600  .St.  Stephen's,  Vienna   12.400 

St.  Petronio.  Bologna 24,400  St.  Dominic's.  Bologr^ 12.000 

Florence  Cathedral 24.3 i05r.  Peters,  Bologna ll.lftO 

Antwerp  Cathedral 24,000  Cathedral.  Vienna 11. WO 

St.  Sophia's,  Constantinople 23,000  St.  Mark's,  Venice 7,.500 

»      CAPAClTf  OF  THEATRES,  OPERA  HOUSES,  HALI.S,  &C. 

"Will  Contain)  "Will  Contain 

No.  Persons,!  ^''-  Persons. 

fiilmore's  Garden,  New  York....  8,443  St.  Charles,  Th.,  N.  Orleans 2,178 

Stadt  Theatre,  "        3.ooo  Grand  Opera  House,  New  Fork  1.883 

Acudemy  of  Music,         "        2.52G  Booth's  Theatre,  "  1.807 

Academy  of  Maeic.  Philadelphia.  2.865  Opera  House.  Detroit 1,790 

Carlo  Felice,  Genoa 2,560  Mc Vicar  Theatre.  Chicago 1.786 

Opera  House.  Munich 2,307  Grand  Opera  House.      ''     1,788 

Alexander,  St.  Petersburg 2,3.32  Ford's  Opera  House,  Baltimore. .  1,720 

San  Ca-.los.  Naples 2.240  Nat.  Tliea-re.  "Wa.'hington 1.709 

Adelphi  Theatre,  Chicago 2.238  De  Bar's  Opera  House.  St.  Louis  1,696 

llusic  Hall.  Boston 2.585  Cal.  Theatre.  San  Fran 1.651 

Academy  of  Paris 2,092  Euclid  Av..  Op.  H..  Cleveland. . . .~1,650 

Imperial,  St.  Petersburg  2,160  Opera  House.  Berlin 1,636 

LaScala,  Milan 2,113  Opera  House.  Albany 1,404 

Covent  Garden.  London .  2,684  Hoolev's  Theatre,  Chicago 1,.373 

Boston  Theatre.  Boston 2,972  Coulter  Op.  H.,  Aurora.  Ill 1,0«>1 

Giand  Qpaia  Hall,  New  OrlMus,  2,022  Opeia  House.  Montreal. 98t 


MEASUREMENT   OP   TIME.  778 


N    >      fe5 


J 


Measurement  of  ttjie,  table. 

66  seconds 1  minuta. 

to  minutes 1  hour. 

24  hours  j 1  day. 

7  days I  week. 

38  days  1  lunar  month. 

28,  29,  30,  or  31  days 1  calendar  month. 

12  calendar  months I  year. 

365  days 1  com.  year. 

266  days 1  leap  year. 

365V4  days ; 1  Julian  year. 

365  a.,  ."ih.,  48m.,  49s 1  solar  or  tropical  year. 

365  d-,  6h.,  9  m.,  12  s 1  siderial  year. 

365  d..  6.13  m.,  49.3  s 1  anomalistic  year. 

10  years 1  decade. 

10  decades,  or  100  years 1  century. 

EQUIVALENTS. 

Tr.  D».  Hr.  MIn.  Sec. 

1  =  3681/4  «=  8766  =  C25960  »  31557600 

1  =  24  =  1440  =.  86400 

1  =  60  -=  3600 

1  =  60 

Scale  of  units  :--60,  60,  24,  365V4' 

The  tropical  (or  solar  year)  and  the  sidereal  years  are  the  same,  and 
the  tro])ic  is  only  an  anticipated  solar  mark  before  the  sidereal  year  is 
completed.  The  anomalistic  year  is  an  advance  of  the  orbit  as  part  of 
he  solar  system  in  space,  and  its  excess  over  the  sidereal  year  is  the 
stellar  measure  of  the  annual  advance  of  the  whole  system ;  the  mean 
velocities  are  uniform,  and  the  times  as  the  siiaces. 
The  diurnal  revolution  of  the  earth  causes  the  difference  in  time,  etc., 
illustrated  in  the  following 

LONGITUDE  AND  TIME  TABLE. 

For  every  hour  of  time  there  is  a  difference  of  15°  in  longitude. 
"  minute  "  "  "  IS^  " 

"  second  "  "  "  l&'z         " 

"  degree  of  longitude    "  "  4m.  in  time. 

"  minute  •'  "  "  4  sec.     " 

"  second  "  "  "  i\  sec.    " 

360°  =  1  revolution  of  the  earth,  or  1  day. 
1440"' =1  "  "  "  " 

1440  -f-  360  =  4  minutes,  or  1  degree. 

Add  difference  of  time  for  places  east,  and  subtract  it  for  places 
DTEST  of  any  given  locality.  The  greatest  circumference  of  the  earth's 
surface  is  24,930  miles.  1°  of  that  circumference  is  l-360th  of  that  num- 
ber, or  C>9\  miles.  Hence  a  geogriphical  or  nautical  mile  is  equal  to  1' 
of  tixe  eaith's  greatest  circumference,  or  a  trifle  more,  the  1st  mile  au4 


m 


pinSIONS   OF  TfiE  CmCLE,  40. 


49  rod?.    The  following  table  exhibita  the  divisions  ©p  the  CTexjL% 
as  used  by  geographers,  astronomers,  surveyors,  navigators,  &c.  : — 
60  seconds  (")  make  1  minute,  marked 

60  minutes  " 

80  degrees  " 

90  degrees  " 

4  quadrant*  or 
ISaigns  " 


a 


a. 

u 

I 


1  minute, 

1  degree, 

Islgn, 
f  1  quadrant, 
t  1  right  angle, 
1  .,  1  circumferenc* 
J      (      or  circle 

EQUIVAT.FNTS. 

o                          t 
360          •=        21600 
60          c=          1800 
1          -             60 

1 

Slg. 

quad 
r.  a. 

«ir. 


1296000 

108000 

3600 

60 


Note.— A  full  circle  is  360°,  h  circle  is  180°,  J  circle  is  90,  J  circle  it 
eO*>.  The  distance  around  a  circle  is  called  its  circumference.  The  dis- 
tance across  its  diameter;  and  any  section  of  its  circumference  is  called 
aaarc 

YJDRTH  PoLg 


cvurm 


^ItlTfi    POiK^- 


The  above  figure  displays  the  various  imaginary  lines,  consisting  of 
file  great  and  less  circles,  axis,  and  poles  of  the  earth.  The  next  figure 
exhibits  the  geographical  division  iuto  zones,  tropics,  and  circles. 

Leap  year,  called  Bissextile,  comes  every  4th  year  and  contains  366 
days,  by  the  addition  of  one  day  to  February.  Three  leap  years  are 
omitted  in  400  years,  but  109  leap  years  in  450  years  would  be  exact.  In 
common  business  affairs,  30  davs  compose  a  month,  and  52  weeks  a  year. 
The  Lunar  Cycle,  or  Golden  I^cmber,  is  a  term  of  19  years,  after  which 
the  changes  of  the  moon  return  on  the  same  days  of  the  month.  The 
Solar  Cycle  is  a  period  of  28  years,  when  the  "days  of  the  week  again 
return  to  the  same  day.-^  of  the  month.  Owing  to  an  error  in  the  Julian 
calendar  it  was  decreed  by  the  British  Government  that  the  day  follow- 
ing the  2nd  of  September,  1752,  should  be  called  the  14th  day  of  Septem- 
ber, or  that  11  days  should  be  stricken  from  the  calendar  .'hence,  time, 
previoas  to  this  decree,  is  called  Old  Style  (0.  S.),  and  since,  New  Style 
(N.  S).  In  Russia,  time  is  still  reckoned  by  the  Old  Style,  hence  theix 
4ate*  aie  12  days  behind  ours.    The  legal  or  civil  day  be^^ins  and  ends  &( 


VARIOUS   EPOCHS. 


770 


12  p.m.  The  astronomical  day  begins  and  ends  at  12  m.  As  to  Epochs, 
the  Christian  Era  was  first  invented  and  introduced  at  Rome  by  Dionysius, 
3i  monk,  in  527,  adopted  iu  France,  in  750;  in  Spain,  in  1340;  and  in  Portu- 
gal, in  1410.  It  was  first  used  in  books  iu  748.  The  birth  of  Christ,  was, 
however,  four  years  earlier,  that  is  in  1878,  really  1882  since  his  birth ;  the 
chronology  wais  not  inquired  into  until  the  reign  of  Justinian.  The  46 
vears  of  the  Julian  calendar  wad  the  first  of  our  era.  The  Hegira,  or 
J"li<^ht,  took  place  July  lti.(522,  aud  is  the  Mohammedan  era.  Their  year  is 
12  funar  months,  or  o54  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes ;  and  eleven  days  being 
lost  a  year  must  be  allowed!  every  3.'?,  to  reconcile  their  dates  with  ours. 
Greek  Olympiads  of  4  vears  began  776  B.  C,  and  were  continued  until 
the  5th    century.     The  era  of  the  Selucidse  311  B.  C,  of  Alexander  323 

B.  C,  of  the  siege  of  Trov  1200  B.  C,  of  the  founding  of  Rome  754  B.  C, 
of  the  battle  of  Actium'31  B.  C  ,  of  the  Ctesars  38  B.  C.  of  Tyre  125  B. 

C,  of  Abraham  2016,  of  Moses  1582,  of  Antioch  49.  were  also  used  by 
various  early  writers.  The  early  Christians  dated  from  the  accession  of 
Diocletian  iii  A,  D.  284. 


The  Vulgate  fixes  the  Epoch  of  Adam  at  4004  B.  C,  which  is  adopted 
by  the  Romish  Church.  The  Samaritan  Pentateuch  makes  it  4700;  the 
Talmud,  5344:  Hales,  5411;  the  Greek  Church,  5503:  tlie  Septuagint, 
5872;  Pezron,  5872:  Alphonso.  King  of  Castile,  6934;  the  earlv  Fathers, 
6502  and  5592;  2<X)  other  authorities  estimate  it  from  6:>S4  to  o2(>S  B.  C. 
The  controversy  is  a  hopeless  one.  owinir  to  the  prevalent  i  j-aorance  regard- 
ing the  true  meaning  of  the  first  12  chanters  of  Genesis,  which  are  grossly 
misunderstood,  owing  to  the  prevalent  opinion  that  they  form  a  mere 
literal  historical  narrative  concerning  natural  events,  when  the  truth  is 
really  far  otherwise.  Rollin.  the  historian,  traces  up  the  history  of 
eeveral  ancient  peoples  to  within  100  years  of  the  alleged  time  of  tho 
flood,  and  is  much  perplexed  to  account  for  the  exi.=tence  of  luighty 
nations  possessing  well  organized  armies,  embracing  thousands  of  fight- 
ing men,  at  that  early  period. 

In  India,  the  priests  claim  a  duration  of  about  2.CO0  millions  of  yean 
eince  the  beginning,  and  allege  that  Brahma  was  17  millions  of  years 
creating.  They  mention  also  those  deluges  and  periodical  submersions 
required  by  the  clauus  of  geologv.  Sir  Wm.  Jones  computes  the  first 
book  of  Vedas  to  be  written  about  2.800  B  .C.  In  the  year  1,000  A.  C. 
the  Arabs  used  the  pendulum  as  a  me.asure  of  time.  A  second  calculated 
by  the  movement  of  a  39-inch  pendulum  is  one  with  that  motion,  and 
tht  movement  itself  is  a  simple  defection  of  the  combined  motions  of 
(he  earth  in  its  orbit  from  east  to  west,  and  on  its  axis  from  west  to  east, 


776 


OH   TELEGKAPHT. 


DESCKIPTION  OF  THE  TELEGRAPH  AND  HINTS  TO  LEARNERS. 

The  cut  represents  a  series  of  Grove's  Battery,  such  as  are  generally 
nsed  in  telegraphs.  When  a  plate  of  platina  and  one  of  ziuc  are  placed 
in  an  acid  solution  a  current  tends  to  flow  from  the  platiua  to  the  zinc, 
through  any  conductor  which  may  be  so  diH{X>sed  as  to  connect  the  two. 
In  the  figure  the  galvanic  series  is  represented,  consisting  of  twelve  jiairs  ; 
the  zinc  of  each  of  which  is  coiuiected  with  the  platma  of  the  next.  It 
may  be  considered  that  a  current  is  produced  by  e;ich  of  these  pairs, 
whicli  has,  however,  to  flow  in  the  same  direction,  and  fr.ll  in  with  all  the 
others.  Hence  their  intensity  is  multiplied  twelve  times.  It  is  by  this 
means  that  the  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  current  through  very  long 
conductors  is  overcome.  Each  pair  of  the  battery  consists  of  a  pint  glass 
tumbler,  a  cylinder  of  zinc,  a  small  porous  cylindrical  earthernware  cell 
within  the  zinc,  and  a  platinum  strip  suspended  within  the  cell  from  an 
arm  belonging  to  tlie  zinc  of  the  next  pair.  A  solutiou  of  diluted  sulphuric 
acid  is  used  with  the  zinc  outside  the  porous  cell,  and  the  cell  itself  is 
filled  with  nitric  acid.  The  two  acids  are  used  on  account  of  an  increase 
of  power  dependmg  on  a  chemical  reaction.  The  zmc  cylinder  is  amal- 
gamated with  mercury  to  prevent  its  being  acted  upon  by  the  acid  wheu 
the  battery  is  not  in  use.  A  solution  of  snlphnte  of  soda  is  sometimes 
added  to  the  sulphuric  acid  to  assist  in  acco::iplishing  th.e  same  object 
Two  screw  cujxs  rise  from  the  battery,  one  c^f  which  is  the  positive  pole, 
or  extremity  of  the  series,  the  other  the  negative  ;  to  these  the  wires  are 
att:uhcd  which  convey  tJie  current 

The  signal  key  is  showed  in  the  cut.  'Vrhen  the  hand  depresses  the 
hey  it  come-!  in  wmtact  with  the  knob  and  mct-iUic  strip  below,  making 
Connection  between  the  screw  cnp?,  and  completing  the  battery  circuit. 

While  the  key  is  depressed  a  continuous  current  passes,  but  il  it  be 
depressed,  and  allowed  to  spring  immediately  up.  only  an  instantaneoua 
wave  or  inii.'Ulse  is  communicated. 


Mess^  'fizcnsT 


The  annexed  cut  shows  the  registering  apparatus  of  Morse's  Telegraph. 
Two  swew  c;ips  are  seen  en  the  Ixjard  f.ir  t'.ie  in.sertiou  of  the  wires 
from  the  distmt  Ixittery.  Next  the  screw  cup  is  seen  a  U  shaped  electro- 
magnet, with  coi!!s  of  vrire  upon  it,  the  ends  of  vhich,  ->5issing  down 
through  the  board,  are  coimected  -with  the  screw  cupa  *  over  the  poles 


ON   TELEGRAPHY.  d  t  t 

of  the  magnet  L*  a  little  armature,  or  bar  of  soft  iron,  attached  to  the 
short  arm  of  a  lever,  whose  long  arm  carries  a  point  or  style  nearly  ia 
contact  with  the  grooved  roller  above.  The  action  which  takes  place  on 
depressing  the  signal  key  at  the  distant  st;ition  is,  a  wave  of  electricity 
is  trausmSrted  throush  the  wire  of  the  telegraph,  arrives  at  the  electro- 
magnet, and  circulates  throngh  the  coils  of  wire  surrounding  it.  The 
U  shaped  piece  of  soft  iron  immediately  becomes  a  magnet,  and  attracts 
the  little  armature  down  to  it,  the  luug  arm  of  the  lever  is  thrown  np, 
and  marks  the  strip  of  paper,  passing  between  it  and  the  roller.  W]:en 
the  distant  operator  lets  the  signal  key  fly  hack  end  the  current  cense?, 
the  iron  of  the  electro-magnet  loses  all  its  m3gueti^m,  and  the  armatnre, 
with  the  lever,  is  carried  back  by  the  action  of  a  little  spring,  being  a  dot 
impressed  on  a  piece  of  paper.  Should  the  distant  operator  hold  down 
the  key  a  continuous  current  will  pass,  and  a  line  be  marked  in  place  of  a 
dot  {->  on  the  paper  which  moves  under  the  roller. 

When  a  lonj  circuit  is  used,  the  resistance  to  conduction,  meastired 
by  the  amouut'of  electricitv  which  passes,  is  great  and  would  not  give 
sufficient  force  to  work  the  Morse  instruments.  To  overcome  this.  Pro- 
fessor Morse  uses  one  instrument  called  a  It^luy,  which  is  similar  m  most 
respects  to  the  main  instrument,  but  of  a  more  delicate  electrical  organiz- 
ation ;  it  has  no  work  to  do— simply  to  act  as  a  c-ontact  maker,  enabhng 
a  weak  or  exhausted  current  to  bring  into  action  and  substitute  for  itself 
a  fresh  and  powerful  one  from  the  local  battery  which  is  phiced  m  tte 
office  with  the  printing  instrument,  and  which  supphes  the  electncity 
which  moves  the  instrnment. 

The  greatest  recorded  velocitv  of  a  si£mal  throngh  a  suspended  copper 
wire  is  1,752.800  miles  per  s^ond.  by  Mr.  Hipp.  Tiie  lowest  velocity 
through  a  buried  copper  wire,  750  miles  per  second,  by  Faraday. 

M0B3E'3  AiPHABBT,  NXTSIEBALS  A>-D  PAUSES. 


A 

0-   - 

1 

Period              

B 

C 

P 

Q 

o 

3 

4 

s 

Comma                

D 

E- 

F 

R  -    -  - 

S 

T 

Semicolon          

%J 

"Interrogation 

G 

-  U 

6 

H 

I    -- 

J 

Y 

W 

-X 

_7 

Exclamation 

8          

Parenthesis 

K 

T--    -- 

L 

M 

Z 

9 

Italics                 • 

>' 

&.    ... 

0— 

Paragraph ■ 

Hnrrs  to  le.vrners. 

C<mpHtdfrvin  Modem  Practice  of  the  Electric  Telegraph,  by  Frank  L. 

Fope.  * 

The  characters  of  the  American  Morse  Alphabet  are  formed  of  thre* 
elementari-  signals — 

The  dot,  whose  duration  is  the  unit  of  length  in  this  alphabet  ; 

The  short  dath.  which  is  equal  to  three  dots  ;  and 

The  long  dafh,  which  is  equal  to  six  dots. 

The  above  are  separated  bv  variable  intervals  or  spaces,  four  in  nam* 
bei: 

•p.  V»a  Noftrand,  Publisher,  23  Morray  stre«t,  Now  York. 

3o* 


778  ox    TELEGRAPHY. 

1st — ^The  ordinary  space  between  tlie  elements  of  a  letter,  eqnal  to  out 
dot. 

2d — The  space  employed  in  the  spaced  letters,  equal  to  two  dots. 

3d — The  space  between  the  letters  of  a  ■word,  equjil  to  three  dots. 

4th — Thftsixice  between  two  words,  equal  to  six  dots. 

The  dot  signifies  a  point  or  a  current  cf  infinitely  short  duration,  and 
involves  tinie,  which  varies  accordujg  to  circumstances,  the  length  of  the 
dot  increasing  with  tlie  length  of  the  circuit. 

In  long  submarine  lines  the  dot  h:'s  to  be  made  longer  than  the  dash 
itself  on  short  open  air  lines,  raid  tlie  sr.ine  thing  occurs  in  working 
through  repeaters. 

Li  commencing  to  learn  telejrraphinr,  the  beginner  should  acquire  th« 
habit  of  making  short,  firm  dashes,  instead  of  iisht,  quick  dots. 

In  the  valuable  Manual  of  Prof.  Smith,  published  by  L.  C.  TiHotson  & 
Co.,  New  York,  sLx  elementary  principles  are  laid  down  as  the  basis  tot 
practicing  the  alphabet,  viz  : 

1st  PErN-ciPLB. — Dotd  close  together: 

I  S  H  P  6 


2d  PKDfciPLE. — Dashea  close  together; 
M  5  T 


3d  Prlnciple. — Lone  dots: 
E 

4th  PRTKcrPLE. — Long  dashes: 

T  L  or  cipher. 


6th — PRi2s"crPLE. — A  dot  followed  bv  a  dash: 
A 

6th  PRrsciPLE. — A  dash  followed  bv  a  dot: 
X 

To  send  messages,  pLice  the  first  two  fingers  upon  the  top  of  the  bnttoa 
of  the  key,  with  the  thumb  partly  beneath  it,  the  wrist  being  entirely  free 
from  the  table;  the  motion  being  made  by  the  hand  and  wrist,  the  thumb 
and  fingers  being  employed  merely  to  grasp  the  key.  The  motion  up  and 
down  rnust  be  free  and  firm.  Tapping  on  the  key  must  be  strenuously 
avoided. 

The  doirnwai-d  movement  of  the  key  produces  dots  and  dashes;  tha 
upward  movement,  spaces. 

The  beginner  should  fin^t  practice  the  l?t  principle,  maVrng  dots  at 
tegular  intervals,  of  definite  and  uniform  dimensions. 

2d  Principle. — Make  da.-;hes.  first  r.t  the  rate  of  one  per  second,  and 
slowly  increase  to  three,  the  space  between  the  dashes  to  be  as  short  as 
pos,sible. 

3d  Principle. — Letter  E,  formed  by  a  quick,  but  firm,  downward  mores 
ment  of  the  key. 

4th — The  usual  tendency  is  to  make  T  too  long  and  L  too  short.  The 
came  character  is  used  for  L  and  the  cipher,  or  0:  occurring  by  itself,  or 
among  letters,  it  is  translated  as  L  ;  when  found  among  figures  it  be* 
comes  0. 

5th — The  Letter  .\  may  be  timed  by  the  pronimciation  of  the  word 
again,  strongly  acceutiu?  the  second  syllable. 

eth— The  dash  ioUow^  by  a  dot ;  usoaJly  the  student  separates  tke  pia«> 


FHOTOGRAPHT   MADE   EAST. 


779 


tice  The  lever  of  the  Morse  instrument  makes  a  sound  at  each  movement, 
the  downward  motion  producing  the  heavier  one,  or  that  representing  dota 
and  dashes  ;  L  e.,  the  heavy  stroke  indicates  the  commencement  of  a  dot 
or  dash  and  the  lighter  one  its  cessation.  A  dot  makes  as  much noiseas 
a  dash,  the  only  difference  being  in  the  length  of  time  between  the  tw« 
sounds. 

Technical  Terms  Used  in  the  Telegraph  Service. 

Xme  —The  wire  or  wires  connecting  one  station  with  another. 

Circuit.— 'l\\B  wires,  instruments,  etc.,  through  which  the  circuit  passe* 
from  one  pole  of  the  battery  to  the  other.  ...  , 

Metallic  Circuit.— A  circuit  in  which  a  return  wire  is  used  in  place  of 
til  G  6ft rth 

lA)cal  Circuit.— One  which  includes  only  the  apparatus  in  an  office,  and 
is  closed  by  a  relay. 

/voca/.— The  battery  of  a  local  circuit. 

Loop.— A.  wire  going  out  and  returning  to  the  same  point,  as  to  a  brancn 
oflRce,  and  forming  part  of  a  m.ain  circuit.  ^   v,  u- 

Binding  Screws  or  rerminais.— Screws  attached  to  instruments  holding 
the  connecting  wires. 

To  Cross  Connect  Wires.— To  interchange  them  at  an  mtermediate 

station.  ,  ^    .     •  j 

To  Put  Wires  S^raight.-To  restore  the  usual  arrangement  of  wires  and 

instruments.  ,  x.      i.  i. 

To  Ground  a  Wire,  or  Put  on  Ground.— To  make  a  connection  between 
the  line  ^vire  and  the  earth. 

To  Open  a  Wire.— To  disconnect  it  so  that  no  current  can  pass. 

Reversed  Batteries.— Two  batteries  in  the  same  circuit,  with  like  poles 
towards  each  other.  .,     ,. 

To  Reverse  a  Battery.— To  place  its  opposite  pole  to  the  line  ;  or,  m 
other  words,  interchange  the  ground  and  line  wires  at  the  poles  of  the 
IwittGrv 

Escape.— The  leakage  of  current  from  the  line  to  the  ground,  caused  by 
defective  insulation  and  contact  with  partial  conductors. 

Cross.-A  metallic  connection  between  two  wires,  ansmg  from  tUeu 
coming  in  contact  with  each  other,  or  from  other  causes. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC   PORTRAITURE   MADE   EASY 

By  C.  J.  P.  Handev. 

Author  of  "  Puzzle  Writing,"  &c.,  &c. 

Instructions. 

Pictures  produced  by  the  agency  of  light  are  called  photographs,  whether 

taken  on  glass  or  paper     These  are  divided  into  two  classes— negatives 

and  positives  ;  negatives  being  pictures  with  the  lights  and  shades  of  the 

object  reversed,  while  positives  represent  the  lights  and  shades  as  m 

Pictures  taken  on  glass  are  called  positives,  which  are  complete  in  thenv 
se' ves  The  negative  process  is  that  pursued  when  the  intention  is  to  pro-, 
duce  a  paper  proof.  Paper  portraits  are  not  obtained  like  positives  by  ope 
onfti-ation  in  the  camera,  but  a  negative  is  taken  from  which  the  copies 
an>  procured  bv  photographic  printing.  To  take  a  portrait  on  glass— 
eitlier  a  negative  or  positive— requires  five  operations.  First,  givmg  the 
glass  plate  a  collodion  coating  ;  second,  exciting  the  glass  plate  ;  third, 
exposure  in  the  camera-  fourth,  developing  the  latent  image;  fifth,  flnog 
tiie  picture. 


780  PHOTOGRAPHY    MADE    EAST, 

APP.VEAXrS. 

A  camera  is  the  first  requisite.  The  most  convenieBt  form  consists  of 
two  ftortioiis  of  boxes,  one  sliding  within  the  other. 

The  double-combination  lens  is  used  for  portraiture.  It  consists  of  a 
set  of  three  glacises,  mounted  in  a  brass  tube,  with  a  rack  and  pinion  ad- 
justment 

A  camera  etand  is  requisite,  Trhich  should  be  from  four  to  five  feet 
high.     A  tripod  stand,  with  a  screw  to  fb:  the  camera  with,  is  the  best 

A  porcelain  bath  is  required  to  hold  the  silver  solution  for  exciting  the 
coUodionized  plate. 

One  or  two  graduated  glass  measures,  to  measure  the  solutions,  esti- 
mated by  fluid  measure. 

A  set  of  scales  and  weights  for  weighing  the  chemicals. 

Two  or  three  porcelain  dishes,  for  holding  solutions  of  silver,  toning 
bath,  &c. :  &c. 

A  printing  frame  will  be  required,  after  taking  a  negative  picture,  to 
ptoduce  the  paper  coi.ies. 

A  few  packets  of  dtSfereut-sized  glass,  a  piece  of  wash-leather,  and  a 
linen  cloth,  will  complete  tlie  requisites. 

DABK  ROOM. 

It  will  be  necessary  for  the  succc.-ns  of  the  second,  third,  and  fourth 
operations  in  producing  a  collodion  picture,  that  they  should  be  per- 
formed in  a  dark  room.  The  best  av.d  easiest  way  will  be  to  obtain  a 
trmall  room  or  closet  with  a  window,  and  to  cover  the  window  with  several 
sheets  of  yellow  paper,  which  will  exclude  the  chemical  rays.  A  table  or 
shelf  should  be  fixed  under  the  window,  and  a  pail  kept  at  tiie  side,  con- 
taining water  for  washiug  the  pictures. 

If  a  glass  room  cannot  be  had.  the  ihotncrrapher  must  arrange  an  ai)art- 
ment  according  to  his  raeau.s.  lu  selectin^r  a  room,  he  must  bear  in  mind 
that  it  shoidd  not  only  have  a  pood  side  light,  but  a  slcy-light,  if  possible. 

In  taking  a  )>ortrait,  tl.e  sitter  should  not  be  opvK)site  the  window,  but 
a  little  behind  it — a  more  even  focus  is  thus  secureKi. 

A  proper  background  is  of  some  imwrtance.  A  white  wall  will  do 
very  well,  but  something  a  shade  darker  will  be  better. 

In  focussingthe  lens  have  the  stand  and  camera  placed  seven  or  eight  ft. 
from  the  sitter.  The  better  to  obser\e  tl.e  image,  a  dark  cloth  is  thrown 
over  the  camera  and  head  of  tlie  operat^T.  The  proper  attitude  of  the 
person  sitting  for  the  portrait  must  be  left  to  the  taste  of  the  operator 
Allow  the  sitter  time  to  get  seated,  aud  accustomed  t<j  the  light,  before 
removing  the  cap  off  the  lens.  And  now.  having  concluded  these  pre- 
liminary remarks,  we  will  proceed  to  take  a  picture. 

POSITIVE  PEOCESS. 

Chemicals. — The  most  important  chemical  used  in  photography  is  col- 
lodion. As  it  is  extremely  volatile,  it  should  be  kept  in  a  stoppered 
bottle. 

Excitinq  Bath — Nitrate  of  silver,  2  drachms;  distilled  water,  4  ounces; 
iodized  coUodion,  6  minims.    Filter  before  using. 

Developinrj  SohiHon. — Protosulphate  of  iron,  2  drachms  ;  acetic  acid,  2 
drachms  :  methylated  alcohol,  2  drachms  ;  water  10  ounces. 

Fixinr/  Solution. — Cyanide  of  potassium.  2  drachms  ;  water,  6  ounces. 
This  solution  will  keep  for  months  without  losing  its  strength. 

MAXIPrXATlO.V. 

The  Collodion  Coatinff. — Having  selected  a  piece  of  gla.<s.  entirely  free 
from  blemishes,  and  quite  clean,  hold  it  as  level  as  possible  by  the  left- 
hand  comer,  then,  in  the  centre,  form  a  good  p(X>l  of  collodion.  Slant  the 
glass  so  that  the  collodioa  may  cover  all  portions,  taking  care  that  it  does 


PHOTOGRArHY    MADE    EASY.  781 

fiot  touch  the  handj.  Pour  the  superfluous  quantity  back  iuto  the  bottle. 
The  ghiss  is  dow  ready  for  iuijiiersiou  ia  the  silver'bath,  wlacli  is  called 

E.f'(V,)('/  tliK  Plaie.-'-Ti\&  mampul;i:ioii  may  be  conducted  in  daylight  up 
to  this  point ;  but  as  the  iiumer.sion  oi  tlie  collodionized  plate  renders  it 
Fcusitive  to  light,  recourse  uiasit  be  had  to  a  dark  room.  Having  the 
bilver  solution  i-eady,  place  tiie  prepared  glass  on  the  dipper,  and  im- 
merse in  the  solution.  When  the  plate  has  remaine-d  in  tlie  bath  about  a 
minute  it  should  be  withdrawn,  tlieu  immersed  for  half  a  minute  longer, 
then  drain  the  glass  plate,  place  it  in  the  dark  slide  of  the  camera,  and 
proceed  with  tlie  third  operation — 

Exposure  in  (Iw  Camera.  —  Assinning  that  the  camera  has  been  prepared, 
and  the  image  properly  focussed,  remove  the  grouud  gla.s.s  screen,  and 
insert  the  slide  couUiiuiug  the  plate.  Desire  the  sitter  to  keep  perfectly 
Btill.  and  look  at  some  dark  object  ;  then  take  the  cap  off  the  lens  aua 
allow  the  plate  to  be  exi)0sed  for  twenty  or  thiity  seconds,  then  close  the 
abutters  of  the  dark-slide,  and  return  to  the  dark  room  to 

Bacelop  the  Picture. — Hiiving  e.xcluded  all  white  light  from  the  dark 
room,  remove  the  glass  plate  from  the  slide.  Holding  it  by  tlie  left-hand 
comer,  proceed  to  yyonr  on  the  developing  solution.  Bejin  by  pouring 
on  at  one  edge,  inclining  the  plate  so  as  to  euable  the  liquid  toflow  luii- 
formly  over  the  surface.  The  first  effect  will  be  the  appearance  of  white 
lights,  then  the  half  tones,  and.  finally,  the  darker  shades.  When  this 
is  obtiiined,  the  plate  must  be  thoroughly  washed.  It  can  then  be  passed 
on  to  the  next  and  last  operation — 

Fixing  the  Picture.— Uaxing  well  washed  the  picture,  th.e  door  of  the 
dark  room  may  be  opened  to  observe  the  action  of  tlie  fixing  agent. 
Pour  tills  mLxture  over  the  plate  until  the  creamy  appearance  is  dissolved. 
Wlifiu  this  is  the  case,  it  must  be  again  washed  and  set  on  edge  to 
dry.  As  the  picture  is  now  finished,  it  should  be  varnished  with  jet 
varnish,  which  should  be  poured  on  the  plain  side  of  the  glass.  In 
mounting  the  picture,  put  it  into  a  gilt  mat  and  preserver  ;  and  when 
finished,  the  lights  and  shades  will  be  shown  to  perfection. 

NEGATIVE  PROCESS. 

Chemicalf. — Negative  collodion  differs  slightly  from  positive  in  Hip 
preoaration  of  the  iodized  solution. 

Ejtcittnfj  Bath. — Nitrate  of  silver,  2  drachms;  distilled  water,  3^  ounces; 
iodized  collodion,  3  minims. 

U'vlopinn  Solution. — No.  1.  Protosulphate  of  iron,  1  drachm  ;  acetic 
acid.  2  drachms  ;  methylated  alcohol,  2  drachms  ;  water.  4  ounces.  2^o. 
2.  Pyrogallic  acid,  13  grains  ;  citric  acid,  15  grains  ;  distilled  water,  i. 
oances. 

Fixing  Solution. — Cyanide  of  potassium,  2  drachms  ;  water,  3  ounces. 

MANIPULATION. 

The  Collodion  Coating  is  applied  in  the  sam^  manner  as  for  positives, 
and  then 

Sensitized,  which  is  accomplished  by  immersion  in  the  nitrate  bath. 
The  plate  should  remain  in  the  bath  from  two  to  three  minutes.  Wlien 
the  collodion  surface  presents  a  nice  even  film,  drain  off  the  excess  of 
silver,  and  lay  the  glass  i)late  carefully  in  the  dark  slide,  talciug  care  not 
to  allow  any  specks  of  du.st  or  dirt  to  get  near  it.     It  is  then  ready  for 

Expo.<)ure. — After  exposing  the  i^late  for  the  necessary  time,  which  will 
be  doable  that  required  for  a  positive,  proceed  to 

Develop. — Having  removed  the  dark  slides  in  the  dark  room,  pour  the 
developer,  No.  1,  evenly  over  th.e  plate.  As  the  picture  will  appear  sud- 
denly, it  must  be  w.atched.  Continue  the  action  of  the  iron  developer 
vntil  there  i^  lear  of  the  dark  shadows  becoming  veiled.    Wbeu  the  glass 


7^  PHOTOeBAPST  Ki.DE  BAST. 

plate  has  been  washed,  pour  into  a  measure — which  must  be  petfectlj 
clean — sufiScient  of  the  developer  No.  2  to  cover  the  surface  of  tne  plate, 
to  this  add  ten  minims  of  the  silver  bath.  This  mixture  must  be  used 
immediately  by  pouring  it  over  the  plate.  "Wlien  sufficiently  intense,  the 
surface  must  be  again  washed.     It  is  now  ready  to  be 

Fixed,  using  the  cyanide  solution.  This  i.<  to  be  poured  over  the  plate 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  developer,  and  the  surplus  rebottled.  It 
should  now  be  thoroughly  washed  to  remove  all  traces  of  chemicals, 
which,  if  allowed  to  remain,  would  eventually  spoil  the  picture.  The  nega- 
tive will  now  require  to  be 

Varnished. — The  most  convenient  varnish  for  a  tyro  to  use  is  amber  or 
crystal  varnish  ;  it  is  simply  poured  on  the  plate,  and  tlien  drained  off  at 
the  lower  end. 

PRINTING  PROCESS. 

Chemicals. — Exciting  bath ;  nitrate  of  silver,  120  grains ;  distilled  water, 
2  ounces. 

Toiling  Bath. — Acetate  of  soda,  30  grains ;  carbonate  of  soda,  10  grains; 
chloride  of  gold,  1  grain ;  distilled  water,  -i  ounces.  This  solution  will  keep 
ior  a  considerable  length  of  time,  and  may  be  used  over  and  over  again 
until  the  gold  is  thoroughly  exhausted,  when  more  must  be  added,  if 
again  required. 

Fixing  Bath. — Hj-posulphate  of  soda,  1  ounce  ;  distilled  water,  10 
ounces.  This  solution  may  be  made  up  for  a  fortnight  before  using,  aa 
it  is  much  better  for  keeping.  It  must  not,  however,  be  used  a  second 
time,  but  a  fresh  one  made  for  every  batch  of  prints. 

MA^^Pt^LATIo^^ 

Sensitizing. — ^Filter  the  silver  solution  into  a  shallow  dish,  then  take  a 
piece  of  albumenized  paper  cut  to  the  size,  and>.holding  the  two  ends,  let 
the  centre  drop  until  the  albumeniied  face  touches  the  solution ;  then 
lower  the  ends,  and  leave  the  paper  floating.  When  it  lies  flat,  and 
ceases  to  curl  up,  it  should  be  removed,  and,  when  perfectiy  dry,  it 
may  be  passed  on  to  the  next  operation. 

Printing  the  Positive. — Take  a  printing  frame  and  remove  the  back 
board ;  then  lay  the  negative  in  the  rabbits  of  the  frame  with  the  collodion 
side  upwards,  and  cover  the  face  with  a  sheet  of  sensitized  paper,  re- 
place the  back  board,  turn  up  to  the  frame,  and  exjxise  to  the  light. 
When  the  desired  strength  of  picture  is  obtained,  remove  the  paper,  and 
proceed  with  the 

Toning  Process. — Having  removed  the  prints  into  a  dark  comer  of  the 
room,  wash  them  in  several  changes  of  water  to  remove  the  nitrate  of 
silver.  They  are  now  ready  for  the  toning  bath,  therefore  immerse 
them  in  a  porcelain  dish,  filled  with  the  solution.  When  the  color  of 
the  prints  change  'from  a  brown  to  a  purple  black,  remove  them  to  the 
last  operation,  the 

Fixing  Process. — The  pictures  are  immersed  in  the  hyposnlphate  solu- 
tion for  about  five  minutes,  then  washed  in  running  water  for  at  least  ten 
minutes.  As  the  fixing  solution  will  greatly  reduce  the  depth  of  tiie  print, 
it  should  be  over-printed,  to  allow  of  the  reduction,  else  the  detail  of  the 
picture  will  be  entirely  lost. 

Mounting  Prints. — Starch  is  the  most  suitable  adhesive  substance.  It 
is  prepared  by  mixing  a  small  quantity  with  sufficient  boiliug  water  to 
work  into  a  stiff  paste. 

Apply  the  starch  to  the  back  of  the  picture  by  means  of  a  brush,  then 
carefully  lower  the  prints  on  to  the  card,  lay  a  piece  of  blotting  papsr 
over  it,  and  rnb  to  expel  the  air  bubbles.  When  nearly  dry,  plaoB 
yuder  preseuie  for  a  few  hoozs.    Th«  pictuie  is  now  finished. 


PHOTOGKAPMT   MADE   EIST.  ?8J 

CONCLUDING  BEHASK8. 

In  purchasing  appamtn«!,  it  is  advisable  that  the  tyro  should  be  ac-com- 
yanied  by  one  who  is  experienced  in  such  matters  ;  any  mistakes  as  to  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  the  articles  required  is  thus  prevented. 

The  «imera  may  be  made  either  square,  oblong,  or  bellows  body,  ac- 
cording to  taste.  The  former  is  considered  the  most  serviceable  and  the 
cheapest. 

The  lens  may  be  had  \<ithout  a  rack  and  pinion  if  desired.  A  better 
focus,  however,  is  obtained  by  having  the  rack  adjustment ;  it  is  also 
much  easier  to  work,  and  it  is  not  liable  to  shift  when  the  cap  is  removed. 
Some  lenses  are  provided  with  diaphragms  or  stops,  but  as  these  are 
rather  expensive,  I  should  advise  the  young  tyro  to  make  his  own.  which 
he  can  easDy  do  by  cutting  different  sized  holes  in  several  pieces  of  stifE 
cardboard,  and  tlien  making  xhem  to  fit  the  interior  of  the  lens  tube. 
These  diaphragms,  it  must  Imb  borne  in  mind,  are  only  to  be  used  on  cer- 
tain occasions"  as,  for  instance,  when  tlie  sun  is  shining,  the  light  of 
course  is  much  too  powerful  for  the  open  aperture  of  a  lens.  It  is.  there- 
lore,  requisite  that  it  should  have  a  stop  inserted  in  order  to  retard  the 
lapid  action.  A  diaphragm  with  an  opening  of  about  one  inch  diameter 
■wiil  be  sufficiently  large  for  a  quarter-plate  leus. 

Camera  stands  are  made  of  various  shapes  and  material  :  the  one  most 
recommended  is  the  plain  ash  tripod,  that  being  both  light  and  useful, 
and  the  most  portable. 

The  sensitizing  bath  should  not  measure  less  than  seven  by  five  inches, 
as  that  is  the  proper  size  for  quarter  plates. 

The  graduated  measures  should  hold  at  least  five  and  ten  ounces  re- 
Bpectively. 

The  f  imnel  may  be  either  six  or  eight  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  long, 
marrow  neck. 

The  toning  and  fixing  dishes  should  be  as  large  as  possible,  in  order  to 
allow  the  prints  plenty  of  room,  and  preventing  them  adhering  to  each 
other. 

Chemicals  may  be  purchased  in  small  quantities,  but  it  is  not  advisable 
to  buy  collodiouin  less  quantities  than  five  ounces,  as  it  is  extremely 
TolatUe,  and  soon  loses  its  power  of  action. 

Nitrate  of  silver  may  be  bought  either  in  crystals  or  blocks  :  the  former 
is  preferable,  as  it  can  be  obtained  in  smaller"  quantities  than  the  latter, 
■which  is  only  sold  in  one  ounce  boxes. 

Hyposulphate  of  soda,  protosulphate  of  iron,  and  methylated  alcohol  are 
exceedingly  cheap,  as  are  also  most  of  the  other  chemicals. 

The  tyro  must  be  very  careful,  when  usin^  cyanide  of  potassium,  not 
to  allow  the  least  drop  to  enter  any  cuts  in  the  flesh,  for,  being  a  most 
deadly  poison,  it  is  likely  to  cause  death,  if  the  part  is  not  immediately 
•washed  in  warm  water  and  the  poison  thereby  removed.  As  cyanide 
possesses  an  odor  something  like  peppermint,  il  is  advisable  not  to  place 
it  within  the  reach  of  children. 

The  silver  bath  should  be  filtered  at  .least  three  times  before  using  ; 
this  will  ensure  the  removal  of  every  paiticle  of  collodion. 

The  tonins  and  fixing  Ixiths,  after"  beine  made  up.  should  be  allowed  to 
Btand  for  atleast  four-and-twenty  hours  before  being  used.  The  longer 
these  solutions  are  kept  the  better  thev  work. 

If  the  tyro  wishes  to  become  a  firstAJass  portrait  taker,  he  must  study 
the  following  rules,  and  strictly  adhere  to  them  : — 

KCLES. 

1.  Never  allow  taj  one  bat  the  sitter  to  be  present  when  taian^  a  pa«* 
tmiu 


784  CBEMICAL    NOMESCLATURE. 

2.  Always  make  it  a  mlfe  to  have  a  place  for  everything,  and  even-thing 
in  its  j'lr.ce. 

3.  Never  open  the  door  of  the  dark  room  when  exciting  or  developing 
a  plate. 

4.  The  camera  and  daxk  slide  should  be  dusted  out  every  morning  pre-, 
vious  to  beinp  used. 

6.  Never  allow  any  one  to  meddle  with  your  apparatus,  as  it  is  very 
easily  put  or.t  of  order. 

6.  Do  not  handle  your  sitter  more  than  you  can  help,  but  tell  him  in 
what  }X)sitic>n  you  wish  him  to  stand,  aud  he  will  pose  himself  much 
better  than  yoii  can. 

PHOTOGR.VPHIC  KEQnsmS. 

The  foUowini:  is  a  correct  list  of  all  articles  required  in  photographic 
portraiture  :  Square  mahogany  camera,  double  conibination  lens,  tripod 
stand,  screw  stand,  screw  top,' porcelain  bath  and  dipper,  two  gradoated 
glass  measures,  set  of  scales  and  weiglits,  a  glass  or  jKircelain  funnel,  one 
deep  and  two  shallow  dishes,  a  tent,  i^rinting  frame,  a  packet  of  quarter-size 
glass,  some  filtei-ing  paper,  a  wash-leather,  and  a  linen  cloth,  negative 
and  positive  collodion,  crystallzed  nitrate  of  silver,  pn  tcs,uiihateof  ircn 
glacial  acetic  acid,  methylated  alcoh.ol,  chloride  cf  gold,  hy]X)8nlphate 
carbonate,  and  acetate  of  soda,  cyanide  of  potassium,  distille-d  water,  &c. 
See  also  page  552. 

CHEMICAL  NOMENCLATURII. 

For  an  intelligent  apprehension  of  the  meaning  of  chemical  terms  we 
will  define  several  relating  to  sulphur,  which,  combined  with  oxygen, 
produces  an  acid.  This  acid  exists  in  two  states  of  s;ituration,  possessing 
different  properties-  It  is  necessary  to  f*esignate  all  the  safine  compo- 
nents of  these  two  acids  aud  to  trace  sulphur  in  its  vaiions  combinations 
■with  alkalies,  eart?is,  and  metals.  The  five  following  terminations  de- 
scribe these  five  states  of  the  same  principle.  1.  Sulphuric  acid  .-iignifies 
snlpluir  in  the  greatest  degree  of  .satui-atiou  with  oxygen.  2.  Sulphtiro7« 
acid  signiifies  sulphur  combined  with  a  smaller  proportion  of  oxygen.  3. 
Sulph«?e  is  the  generic  name  of  the  s^iUs  compo.'sed  by  the  sulphtiriV  acid. 
4.  Sulphj7?  is  the  name  of  the  .=^ilts  formed  by  tlie  sulphurot^s  acid.  5. 
Sulphuret  s  the  name  of  the  various  combinations  of  sulphur  not  acidu- 
lous. 

In  union  vrith  oxygen,  carbon  is  carbonic  acid  <nrabined  with  ga.s,  it 
forms  carbouic  acid  gas.  Oxydized,  and  corfiposing  *alts  with  bases  of 
iron,  minerals,  or  alkiili,  it  becomes  carbonate  of  lim&.  iron,  or  potash. 
In  union  with  oxygen,  it  fprms  with  iron  carburet  of  iron,  &c.  Salts  are 
discrimUiatea  by  two  .lames,  the  one  denotes  the  acid,  tf^  other  the  base. 
For  example  suli)ha;e  of  iron  Ls  a  combination  of  sulphun-'  iidd  and  iron, 
sulpha^^  of  soda  is  a  union  of  sulpluu-ic  a'id  and  s<xla,  maIt'^te  of  soda  is 
a  compound  of  mnria^fc  acid  and  soda.  S.alts  composed  of  >»^ids  ending 
in  oiis,  have  the  termluation  ite  instead  of  ate.  See  the  following  cxam« 
pies  in  sulphur. 


Tri7-oxide  the  third  degre*. 
Per' -oxide  many  degrees. 
Snlpha^-e  is  the  salt  of  s"^^urte 

acid. 
Sulphi?^  the  salt  of  sulpherot«»  *'d. 
Bi  sulphate  the  salt  of  a  douMe 
dose. 

JI?/po-sulphurous  acid. — less  oxygen  than  sulphut0U8acid(l  to  2i,    Hyfxt 
sulphuric  ftcid— less  than  sulphurie. 


Sulphur/c  acid,  a  strong  acid. 
Siillipur/c  acid,  a  weakacid. 
Sulphured  of  iron.  Sulphur  and  iron. 
Proi-oxide  of  sulphur  is  the  fii-st 

degree. 
Dei/t-oxide,  the  second  degree. 


ON   HUNTING    AND    TRAPPING.  783 


ON  HUNTING  AND  TRAPPING. 

To  Trap  the  Common  Black  Beak— Select  a  suitable  spot  for  the 
trap  between  logs,  trees,  or  hills,  close  to  their  suspected  haunts,  and 
eecure  it  veil  with  a  short,  stout  cluiin.  Bait  the  trap  with  a  piece  of 
pork,  mutton,  or  beef,  and  if  tlie  bait  is  scented  with  honey  it  will  prove 
a  ix)werful  attraction  ;  the  bear  will  push  himself  f orwaidVhere  there  is 
any  thine  t<i  cat,  being  dominated  more  by  grreed  and  voracity,  than  by 
craft  and  cunning.  He  is  a  No.  1.  contractor  at  a  job  for  taking  a  fat 
jwrker  from  the  farmer's  pen  off  to  the  woods,  and  will  squeeze  himself 
intj  a  deadfall  or  figure  4  trap,  intent  only  on  getting  at  the  bait,  but  ia 
decidedly  dangeroiu*  to  attack  single-handed  with  a  guji,  as  he  Ls  perfectly 
furious  when  wounded.  On  one  occa.sion,  a  bear  emerged  from  the 
vroods  and  destroyed  a  sheep  belonging  to  the  writer.  One  of  the  farm 
hands,  a  veteran  hunter  and  trapper,  took  the  remains  of  the  sheep  to 
the  woods  and  placed  them  in  such  a  position,  near  some  fallen  trees, 
tliat  the  bear  would  be  compelled  to  go  through  a  passage  way  between 
two  logs  in  order  to  reach  the  carcass.  At  right  angles  with  this  pa,<sage 
way,  but  back  from  it,  he  secured  a  Spencer  m\e  (loaded  with  slugs)  in  a 
firm  position,  go  as  to  sweep  the  pa-^sage,  and  arranged  a  small  co!d  ex- 
tending across  the  narrow  avenue,  with  one  end  fastened  to  the  trigger 
of  the  ritle,  and  the  otlier  to  the  timbers  opposite  its  muzzle.  The  result 
■was  a  loud  bang  from  the  rifle  in  the  evening,  a  lantern  hunt  in  Uie 
■woods  at  night,  and  a  dead  bear  sliot  through  the  heart  behind  the  fore- 
legs, within  a  few  feet  of  the  rifle.  The  black  bear  is  usually  less  than  6 
ft.  in  length,  domiciles  under  the  snow  and  in  hollow  logs  during  winter, 
and  produces  from  1  to  5  at  a  birth,  genemlly  in  January. 

The  Grizzly  Bear  is  a  huge  brute  of  va.-t  size,  sometimes  as  much  as 
8  or  P  ft.  in  length,  and  of  prodigious  .strength.  He  is  of  massive  build, 
has  a  thick  stout  nock,  shaggy  hair,  coarse  £or:nidable  tusks,  and  power- 
ful claws  of  great  length  ;  is  altogcthor  an  ugly  customer  and  requires 
lor  his  capture  the  large.«t  size  ti-an  that  is  made.  In  the  Nortliwesteru 
(British)  Territory,  on  sighthig  the  hunter  he  generally  makes  for  his 
enemy,  and  has  a  curious  habit  w  lien  dO  or  70  yards  distant  of  sitting  up 
erect  on  his  haunches  and  taking  a  sui-vey  of  the  field,  as  if  calculatiijg 
his  chances  in  the  coming  fray,  and  will  rei>eat  the  eiamination  at  inter- 
vals of  nearly  20  yards  as  he  approaches.  TJie  hunter  will  do  well  U) 
reserve  his  fire  until  the  bear  comes  -within  a  few  yards'  distance,  when, 
if  he  suddenly  extends  his  arms  the  animal  will  come  to  a  full  stop  and 
erect  himself  again.  Tliis  is  the  time  to  take  unerring  aim  atclo.se  quar- 
ters and  make  sure  work,  for  if  he  fails  he  will  never  hunt  another  bear. 
In  the  Sierras,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  in  Califoi-nia.  no  animal  roam- 
ing his  native  wilds  surpasses  the  grizzly  in  savageness  and  strength. 
Hia  weight  is  ufjou  the  average  from  1(Xk1  to  1200  lbs.,  and  one  bite  of 
luB  jaws  or  one  etrok*  of  his  paw  u  certaiu  death.     On  the  Pacific  eoast 


786  ON   HUNTIKG  ANi)   TRAPPING. 

he  is  often  hunted  by  mounted  Vaqueros,  -who  usually  go  five  in  a  com-' 
pany  ;  four  use  the  lasso,  which  they  tlirow  over  the  bear  at  opposite 
angles  from  each  other,  and  while  he  is  thus  held  tight  from  four  oppo- 
site directions,  it  is  possible  for  the  fifth  man  to  approach  and  finish  him 
witli  a  knife.  It  is  extremely  dangerous  work,  for  if  one  or  more  of  the 
ropes  should  slip,  unless  it  is  immediately  secured  by  another  successful 
throw,  there  is  danger  of  instant  death  to  the  nearest  man  if  his  horse  is 
not  smart  enough  to  c:irry  him  off  in  safety.  The  grizzly  makes  jumps 
of  10  feet,  and  when  he  has  a  chance  to  charge  it  requires  immense  agil- 
ity to  dodge  or  escape  him.  All  of  the  vaqueros  have  a  number  of  lassos, 
and  in  case  of  a  slip  make  prompt  action  with  another  throw.  In  nearly 
every  case  the  griz.-^ly  in\-ites  attack,  he  will  run  from  men  at  an  extreme 
distance,  but  never  fails  to  make  a  savage  charge  if  he  comes  within  hail- 
ing distance. 

Baits  for  Tkappees'  use. — 1.  Fish  Oil,  is  made  by  mincing  eels,  bass, 
trout,  or  other  small  fish,  and  allowing  the  pieces  to  remain  in  a  loosely 
corked  bottle  exposed  to  the  ravs  of  the  sun  for  2  or  3  weeks  during  the 
heat  of  summer,  until  a  sort  of  cQ  is  generated,  which  owing  to  its  very 
intense  odor,  is  perceived  by  wild  animals  at  an  immense  distance  and 
forms  a  most  attractive  scent.  2.  Oil  of  Anise.  3.  Oil  of  Rhodium.  4. 
Assafoetida.  5.  Oil  of  Amber.  6.  Oil  of  siccct  fennel.  The  last  noted 
articles  (five  in  number)  are  procured  in  drug-stores.  7.  ifuskrat-tnusk, 
a  most  powerful  scent,  is  an  oil  obtained  from  that  animal,  and  is  con- 
tained in  glandular  sacs  situated  near  the  anus.  8.  Castoreum,  called 
Bark-stone  by  the  fur  traders,  is  a  fotty  substance  of  an  intensely  strong 
odor  contained  in  similar  sacs  in  tl;e  back  parts  of  the  Beaver.  It  forms 
a  more  attractive  scent  for  that  animal  than  any  other.  9.  Otter  mvsk,  de- 
rived in  a  similar  way  from  the  otter,  is  very  successful  in  attracting  that 
animal.  JO.  A  mixture  composed  of  equal  parts  of  fish-oil ,  assafoetida,  musk- 
rat-musk,  and  oil  of  anise,  is  said  by  old  trappers  to  be  the  most  attractive 
scent  obtainable  for  almost  any  animal.  The  odor  reaches  far  and  wide, 
forming  what  a  Frenchman  would  call  "one  grand  stink"  of  the  first 
magnitude.  It  is  used  on  baits  for  trap?,  and  for  scenting  trails  leading 
to  the  traps  by  sprinkling  it  in  successive  drops  on  the  ground.  11.  A 
rank  codfish  drawn  along  on  the  earth  by  means  of  a  string,  in  a  direction 
leading  to  the  traps  will  also  answer  this  last  named  purpose  very  well. 
12  Musk-rat  musk  and  skunk  musk  mixed.  This  receipt  has  been  sold 
for  $75.  13.  Unslaked  lime  h  lb.,  salammoniac  3ozs.,  or  muriate  of  ammo- 
nia, 3  ozs.  Mix  and  pulverize,  keep  in  a  corked  bottle  a  few  days  until  a 
thorough  admixture  takes  place.  ¥ot  mink,  sirinkle  on  the  bait  around 
the  trap.  Keep  in  a  closely  stoppered  bottle.  Ihis  receipt  has  been  sold 
for  §50.  lu  using  these  compounds  on  baits  for  traj  ])ing  foxes  and  other 
Ely  game,  it  is  often  advisable  to  smear  a  little  en  the  trap  in  order  to 
overiwwer  the  human  scent  arising  from  handling  them  ;  it  would  be  a 
better  way  to  wear  gloves  when  handling  traps,  and  employ  a  Blight 
smearing  of  beeswax  or  blood  to  overcome  the  odor  of  the  iron. 

To  protect  the  hen  roost  from  these  depredators,  saw  out  an  aperture 
large  enough  to  admit  the  fox  on  a  level  with  the  ground.  Inside  the 
roost  place  a  box  without  a.  lid  and  open  at  one  end.  This  open  end  must 
be  placed  agaiB.st  the  aperture  in  the  wall,  on  the  ground,  so  that  the  fox 
•will  pass  into  it  on  his  entrance  into  the  roost  and  the  side  without  tbeUd 
will  be  uppermost.  Set  your  trap  in  the  box  jus-t  opyio^ite  the  entianco 
to  the  roost,  secure  it  with  a  chain  and  lightly  cover  with  dried  leaves, 
grass,  or  other  material  adapted  to  conceal  it.  Neit,  place  a  chicken  in- 
side a  smaller  box  and  nail  slats  on  one  side  instead  of  a  cover,  and  plac« 
this  box  with  the  slatted  side  downward^;,  on  the  top  of  the  first  box,  im- 
mediately over  the  trap  and  exposed  to  the  view  of  the  fos.    The  temp- 


ON   HUNTING   AND    TRAPPING.  787 

tation  will  prove  too  macli  even  for  a  fox  to  resist,  and  he  will  enter  only 
to  be  caught  in  tlie  trap.  Mink,  raccoons,  weasels,  skunks,  &c.,  may  bo 
caught  in  the  same  manner.  Close  up  every  entrance  to  the  roost  except 
the  one  just  described. 

In  trappin;!  Mhik  in  the  water,  the  trap  should  be  set  in  a  shallow  part, 
not  more  th;in  one  or  two  inches  deep,  with  the  bait  suspended  about  18 
inches  above  it ;  this  compels  the  animal  to  erect  itself  on  its  hind  legs,  or 
leap  upwards  to  get  the  bait,  and  thus  to  tread  on  the  trap  and  get  caught. 
Traps  may  also  be  set  sunk  in  their  beaten  tracks,  or  at  the  mouths  of 
their  holes,  and  concealed  by  dried  grass,  leaves,  &c.,  with  excellent 
effect. 

In  trapping  Wolves  or  Foxes,  use  a  trap  well  cleaned  with  weak  lye; 
after  drying,  oil  or  grease  it  well,  and  smoke  it  over  burning  hair  or  feath- 
ers. In  handling  it  use  clean  buclcskin  gloves  to  avoid  imparting  the  least 
human  odor  Make  the  bed  for  the  trap  about  3^  ft.  in  diam.  so  that  the 
jaws  when  set  will  be  on  a  level  with  the  ground.  Cover  with  fine  dried 
grass,  wheat,  oat,  or  buckwheat  chaff,  secure  it  well  with  a  chain,  level 
all  neatly  to  a  natural  appearance,  and  bait  with  fresh  meat  or  roasted 
cheese.  In  going  and  coming,  your  chances  will  be  increased  by  rubbing 
fish  oil,  or  some  other  pow6rf  ul  odor  on  the  soles  of  your  boots,  to  scent 
the  way  leading  to  the  trap.  Wolves  and  foxes  are  easily  destroyed  by 
mixing  a  little  strychnine  with  grease  and  concealing  it  in  pieces  of  meat 
BCiittered  around  in  places  where  they  haunt.  It  destroys  animal  life  in 
a  very  few  mmutes  after  it  is  t;iken,  but  it  is  injurious  to  the  fur. 

In  trapping  the  Ottek,  take  a  large  sized  steel  trap,  set  it,  hang  it  over 
a  fire  2  or  3  hours,  then  take  a  stick  or  board,  and  get  into  your  boat  or 
canoe,  go  to  the  place  most  frequented  by  them,  and  place  the  trap  about 
3  inches  under  water  and  carefully  cover  it  with  leaves,  light  trash  or 
grass  gathered  from  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  aud  chain  it  securely.  Be 
very  careful  not  to  touch  the  bank  above  water,  if  you  do,  your  labor  is 
gone  for  nothing.  The  otter  will  leave  at  once  for  a  quieter  home  many 
miles  distant  from  the  scene.  In  visiting  your  trap  never  go  nearer  than 
the  opposite  side  of  the  stream,  or  go  by  means  of  a  boat.  When  caught, 
the  otter  will  point  directly  for  his  den  ;  if  the  trap  is  not  heavy  enough 
to  drown  him,  a  weight  can  be  attached  to  the  chain. 

Raccooxs  maj'-  be  caught  in  a  steel  trap  set  on  the  edge  of  a  swamp,  IJ 
ins.  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  secured  by  a  chain  to  a  stake. 
Suspend  the  bait — a  piece  of  a  chicken,  fish,  or  frog — 2  ft.  above  the  pan  of 
the  trap.  The  raccoon  will  leap  for  it,  and  when  he  comes  down,  up  goes 
the  trap  and  holds  him  a  prisoner.  Another  plan  is  to  set  the  trap  on  an 
old  log  in  or  near  the  swamp,  then  get  two  long  poles  or  old  limbs,  set 
one  on  each  side  of  the  log  over  the  trap,  cro.ssing  it  like  the  letter  x,  so 
that  the  coon  will  have  to  go  under  them  and  over  tlie  trap.  Bait  the 
trap  if  you  wish,  but  the  coon  is  certain  to  run  the  old  log  if  he  comes  in 
the  neighborhood.  One  of  the  surest  ways  to  catch  raccoons  is  with  a 
good  cur  dog,  one  that  will  not  give  tongue  on  track,  but  will  bark  at  the 
tree. 

MusKKATS  may  bo  taken  in  large  numbers  by  sulking  an  old  barrel 
with  its  top  on  a  level  with  the  ground  on  the  edge  of  a  stream  near  their 
haunts.  Half  fill  it  with  water,  put  in  a  couple  of  shingles  or  light  strips 
of  board  to  float  on  the  water,  on  these  plact^  small  bits  of  sliced  apples, 
potatoes,  or  carrots,  and  place  some  more  in  the  rims  of  the  muskrats,  so 
as  to  lead  them  towards  the  barrel.  The  rats  will  leap  into  the  barrel 
after  their  food  and  cannot  get  out.  A  cheaper  and  more  effective  con- 
trivance could  not  be  imagined.  In  using  a  trap,  note  a  tree  or  old  log 
with  recent  droppings  on  it  leading  from  the  bank  into  the  stream.  On 
Ikis  eet  your  trap,  say,  2  ins.  oudei:  water,  place  a  bait  on  a  proj«ctiag 


788  ON   HrXtING   AND   TRAPPING. 

rtick  abont  G  or  8  ins.  above  the  juin  of  the  trap,  gecnring  the  latter  •wiii 
a  chain  sufficiently  long  to  pennit  access  to  deep  water,  but  not  to  go 
ashore.  By  this  means  the  fur  is  preserved  in  good  order  and  the  animal 
is  .safely  secured.  In  winter  it  is  quite  common  for  trappers  to  tiike  the 
muskrats  by  approaching  quietly  on  the  ice  and  driving  a  spear  ijito  their 
house.  They  mus^t  be  approached  with  the  greiitest  caution,  as  they  take 
to  the  water'at  the  shghtest  noise.  Another  way  is  to  make  an  oi>ening 
in  the  side  of  their  house,  set  the  trap  hi  their  bed,  lightly  cijvering  it  with 
moss,  &c. ;  allow  a  sufficient  length  of  chain  to  permit  the  animal  to  leap 
into  the  water,  secure  the  chain  by  a  fastening  outside  the  house,  plaster 
up  the  aperture  with  mud,  retire,  and  await  results. 

Squirrels  may  be  taken  by  setting  a  steel  trap  on  the  upper  rail  of  a 
fence  where  they' frequent  ;  set  a  ix>le  with  an  ear  of  com  iastened  to  it 
8o  that  the  bait  may  be  susiiended  G  or  bios,  over  the  pan  of  the  trap, 
and  in  reaching  for  the  bait  the  squuTcl  will  get  caught. 

Badgers  may  be  caught  by  setting  the  traps,  carefully  covered,  at  the 
mouth  of  their  holes,  or  in  their  tracks  or  resorts  about  cultivated  fields. 
They  may  also  be  taken  in  deadfaUs.  iising  a  piece  of  meat  for  a  bait, 
and'if  the  ground  is  hard  frozen  during  early  spring,  they  may  be  ex- 
pelled by  fiSing  their  holes  with  water.  In  summer  the  water  would 
soak  away  through  the  earth,  during  hard  frost  it  cannot  do  so,  and  the 
animal  is  compelled  to  come  out  of  its  hole  or  drown. 

In  trapping  Beavers,  the  best  place  to  set  the  trap  is  right  at  th« 
entrance  to  their  holes  in  the  banks,  a  few  inches  under  water.  Get  % 
small  stick,  and  batter  or  bruise  the  thic'vCst  end  soft,  smear  it  with  bait 
No.  8,  and  stick  the  small  end  in  tlie  liank  so  that  the  baited  end  willpro- 
je.ct  a  few  inches  above  the  water  right  over  the  jian  of  the  trap  ;  the 
beaver,  in  raising  himself  to  get  the  bait,  will  get  caught.  Another  way 
is  to  break  an  aperture  in  the  dam  a  few  inches  below  the  surface  of  tlie 
■water,  set  the  trap  on  the  upper  side  of  the  break,  and  the  beaver  will 
pet  caught  when  he  comes  to  investigate  and  rei^air  the  damage.  The 
trapper"  will  usually  secure  his  prize  by  jilacing  his  trap  a  few  inches  below 
the  surface  of  tlie  water  at  those  places  where  they  make  their  landings 
by  springing  from  the  stream  onto  the  bank. 

The  Pine-Marten  or  American  Sable  lives  in  the  trees  and  preys 
on  partridges,  mice,  squirrels,  hares,  &c.  A  piece  of  either  of  these  may 
be  used  as" bait,  or  the  head  of  a  fish,  pheasant,  or  a  piece  of  meat,  and 
the  trap  may  be  placed  in  a  hollow  tree,  in  any  natural  or  artificial  en- 
.  closure,  or  in  the  track  of  a  deer  :  in  each  case  let  it  be  well  covered  with 
light  grass,  decayed  moss,  or  rotten  wood,  so  as  to  present  a  natural  ai>- 
pearance. 

The  Fisher -Marten  is  attached  to  low.  swampy  ground,  is  partially 
web-footed,  and  subsists  on  fish,  mice,  rabbits.  &cC  It  may  be  caught  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  last-named  animal.  Be  careful  to  scent  the  trap 
and  conceal  it  properly,  also  attach  it  to  a  spring  pole  or  twitcb-np  con- 
trivance, so  that  when  caught  it  be  elevated  out  of  the  way  of  becoming 
a  prey  to  larger  animals,  and  prevented  from  dismembering  itself  to  get 
clear  of  the  trap.  The  Pine-Marten  and  the  FL«her  both  hve  and  breed  in 
hollow  trees:  they  are  by  no  means  very  cunning  or  difficult  to  trap,  but 
are  absolutriy  furious  when  caught. 

The  WooDCHUCK,  or  Ground  Hoc;,  as  it  is  styled  in  Canada,  constmrts 
burrows  in  the  ground,  extending  20  or  30  feet  usually  entering  the  sloi>e 
of  a  hill,  at  the  root  of  a  tree  or  stump,  under  a  fence,  or  in  crevic^  be- 
tween rocks.  They  are  very  destructive  to  croi>9  in  cultivatpd  fields. 
Sometimes  they  are  drowned  or  flooded  out  of  their  holes  by  means  of 
water,  at  other  times  they  are  shot,  but  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
they  are  caught  by  traps  set  without  bait,  (although  they  will  take  roots, 


ON    HUNTING    AND    TRAPPING. 


789 


iom,  or  breaa),  and  carefully  covered  with  paper,  sand,  &c.,  at  the  mouths 
of  their  holes- 

GoPHKRs  may  be  caught  by  making  a  slight  excavation  at  the  mouth 
of  their  hole  and  placing  a  trap  po  that  the  pan  and  jaw?  will  be  on  a 
level  with  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  covered  as  above  described. 

HUNTERS'    AND    TRAPPERS'    TABLE, 

BHOWISO  THE   VAKIOl'S  SIZES  OF  NEWHOTSE  TKAPS  ADAPTED  TO  THK 
CAPTURE  OF  DIFFERENT  KIXDS  OF  GA3IE. 


Kind  of  Animal. 

No.  of  Trap. 

Bait  required. 

SqxiArie\, 

0 

Grain,  nuts,  or  ear  of  corn. 

Gopher, 

1 

do.       do.              do. 

Muskrat, 

1 

Carrots,  potatoes,  apples,  &c. 

"Woodcbuck, 

1  or  l\t 

Hoots,  fruit,  corn,  or  bread. 

Mink, 

ly. 

Fowl,  flesh,  or  roasted  lish. 

Fifiber-Marten, 

l^or2 

Meat,  muskrat  or  deer  flesh,  fish. 

Skvink, 

Mice,  meat,  piece  of  a  fowl. 

Fox, 

2 

Fowl,  flesh,  fish,  toasted  cheese. 

Oposeum, 

2  or  3 

Nuts,  corn,  mice,  piece  of  fowl. 

Raccoon, 

2  or  3 

Chicken,  fish,  or  frog. 

Badger, 

3 

Mice,  or  flesh  of  any  kind. 

Otter, 

3 

Fish   piece  of  a  bird,  or  otter  musk. 
Head  of  a  fli^b,  piece  of  meat,  or  fowl. 

Marten, 

3 

Beaver, 

4 

Fresh  roots,  castoreum  on  the  end  of 
a  stick. 

Wolf, 

4 

"Waste  parts  of  tame  or  wild  fow!. 

Common  Black  Bear, 

5 

Pork,  beef,  ear  of  com,  honey. 

Grizzly  Bear, 

6 

do.      do.           do.            do. 

Note.— The  numbers  0,  1,  and  ]ii,  respectively,  are  siuele  spring  traps ; 
No.  0  is  the  smallest  size  ;  all  the  others  are  double  spring  traps,  No.  6  being 
the  largest  trap  made.  The  above  baits  should  be  scented,  where  necessary, 
by  a  proper  selection  from  the  preparations  p^eviou^-ly  describecl.  'Wildcatfl, 
foxes,  wolves,  and  all  the  weasel  triUe  will  take  flesh  aiul  fish  of  all  kinds, 
with  this  exception,  that  foxes,  wolves  and  dogs  will  not  eat  their  own  kind  j 
weasels  of  every  kind  will. 

All  furs  are  best  in  winter,  but  trapping  may  be  done  with  profit  from 
the  first  of  October  to  the  beginning  of  April.  All  fur-beariug  animals 
lose  the  best  part  of  their  fur  as  the  warm  weather  ai>proaeliPs,  and 
regain  it  as  the  cold  weather  sets  in  during  the  fall,  so  tliat  from  the  first 
of  May  to  near  the  eud  of  September  trapping  is  but  labor  lo.'-t.  This 
process  is  indicated  in  the  case  of  the  muskrat  and  some  otlicr  animal.'*, 
by  the  color  of  the  inside  part  of  the  skin.  Towards  summer  it  becomes 
brown  and  dark,  a  sign  that  the  best  fur  is  gone.  Afterward  it  grows 
li'^ht-colored,  and  in  winter,  when  the  fur  is  iu  the  best  order,  it  is  alto- 
gether white.  When  the  pelt  is  v/hite  it  is  called  prime  by  the  fur  dealers. 
The  fur  is  then  glos.sv,  thick,  and  of  the  richest  color  and  tlio  fcnls  ot  such 
animals  as  the  minlc,"  marten,  and  fisher,  are  full  and  heavy  Beavers  juul 
muski-ats  are  not  thorouglilv  prime  till  about  the  middle  of  wijitcr ;  otI)cr 
animals  are  prime  alxiut  the  first  of  November.  The  sknis  of  annuals 
trap]>od  are  always  valued  hisher  than  those  shot,  as  shot  not  only  mnkcs 
holes,  but  frequently  i)low  along  the  skin,  making  f  nrrows  as  well  as 
Bhaving  off  the  fur.  Newhouse  gives  the  foUowiug  rules  to  trappers  ts 
the  result  of  much  exnerience :  ,       i  •       -n      * 

1.  Be  careful  to  visit  vour  traps  often  enongh,  so  that  the  skui  will  not 
fiave  time  to  get  tainted'.  2.  As  soon  as  possible  after  an  animal  is  dead 
Kod  dry,  atteud  to  the  ekiiming  and  curing.    3.  Scrape  off  all  superfluooa 


790  ON  HUNTING  AND   TRAPPING. 

flesh  and  fat,  and  be  careful  not  to  go  so  deep  as  to  cut  the  fibre  of  the 
skip  4.  Never  dry  a  skin  by  the  fire,  or  in  the  sim,  but  in  a  cool,  shady 
place,  ..b'^ltered  from  rata.  If  you  use  a  bam  door  for  a  stretcher,  a«  boys 
sometimes  do,  nail  the  skin  on  the  inside  of  the  door.  5.  Never  use 
"  prepairttions  "  of  any  kind  in  curiug  skins,  nor  even  wash  them  im 
■water,  but  simply  stretch  and  dry  them  as  taken  from  the  animal. 

To  Deodorize  Skuxk  Skixs,  or  Scented  Clothixg. — Hold  them 
over  a  fire  of  red  cedar  boughs,  and  sprinkle  with  chloride  of  lime  ;  or 
wrap  them  m  green  hemlock  bouglis  when  they  are  to  be  had,  and  in  24 
hours  they  will  be  cleaned. 

For  arsenical  soap  for  preserving  slrins,  see  page  124.  Skulls  of  animals 
may  be  rapidly  prepared  by  boiling  in  water  for  a  few  hours  ;  a  little 
potiish  or  lye  will  facilitate  the  removal  of  the  flesh.  A  mixture  of  erjual 
parts  of  good  glycerine  and  water,  to  every  gallon  of  which  is  added  loz. 
of  the  crystals  of  carbolic  acid,  constitutes  a  good  preserving  liquid  for  all 
animal  substances.  The  use  of  pure  glycerine,  with  about  h  pt  alcohol, 
and  \  oz.  carbolic  acid,  added  to  each  gal.,  makes  an  excellent  mixture  for 
preserving  the  tissues  of  soft  animals,  where  it  is  desired  to  preserve  the 
color  as  well  as  the  tissues. 

According  to  M.  Devergie,  of  the  Paris  School  of  Practical  Anatomy,  a 
mixture  of  3  pts  of  glycerine,  and  one  of  carbolic  acid,  injected  into  dead 
bodies,  will  prevent  any  unpleasant  odors  emanating  from  them  for  sev- 
eral months.  Another  high  authority.  Dr.  Lowell,  of  Brooklyn,  recom- 
mends as  a  preservative  tkiid,  the  use  of  zinc  chloride.  The  quantity 
used  for  a  human  subject  is  5  gals.  Tlie  apparatus  rea.uired  consists  of  a 
porcelain  lined  vessel,  which  is  elevated  to  such  a  height  that  the  solu- 
tion is  injected  into  the  artery  by  the  simple  graAity  of  tlie  liquid,  as  it 
descends  through  glass  and  rubber  tubing.     Dr.  Lowell  \vrites  :   "  TV.e 

injection  may  be  made  by  either  artery  or  vein I  prefer  the  brachial 

artery  above  the  elbow  as  the  point  for  iutroduction  of  the  glass  tube,  for 
the  primary  incision  is  sUghter,  and  consequently  divides  smaller  and 
fewer  veins  than  when  I  expose  the  femoral  artery.  I  use  the  gravity 
method,  and  introduce  about  five  gallons  of  tiie  antiseptic  fluid.  Tha 
effects  are  eminently  satisfactory.  The  color  of  the  iut«gument  is  im- 
proved." 

To  Preserve  Ixsects. — After  killing  the  insect  with  chloroform,  paint 
it  with  a  solution  of  carbolic  acid  in  alcohol — t  gi-ains  to  the  ounce — 
then  dry  in  the  sun.     This  will  keep  it  fresh  and  beautiful. 

To  Trap  H.^wkh  or  Owls. — Take  a  pole  20  feet  long.  Set  it  a  short 
distance  from  the  house  or  bam,  or  on  the  poultry  house.  Split  the  top 
go  as  to  admit  the  base  of  a  common  steel  trap,  which  should  be  secured. 
When  the  trap  is  set  the  depredators  \vill  be  jiretty  certain  to  alight  on  it 
and  get  caught,  as  tliey  usually  select  a  lofty  perch  from  which  to  pounce 
VL^on  their  prey. 

The  SHi'OTixG  of  Bihds. — Tlie  wanton  shooting  of  harmless  birds, 
merely  for  sport,  is  a  nio.-t  hearties*  and  cruel  recreation.  The  plea  of 
commercial  necessity  and  self-preserv.ition  may  be  urged  in  behalf  of  the 
ehooting  and  trapping  of  ■nild  animals,  but  no  such  excuse  can  be  alleged 
'fi>r  the  extermiTiation  of  harmless  birds.  Let  them  sing  in  the  broad 
vault  of  lieaven  to  their  heart's  content,  and  tenant  the  fields  and  their 
fore.*t  home?  without  molestation.  A  himtor  narnites  that  he  once  tired 
at  a  bird  which  lie  followed  up  as  it  fluttered  away.  He  said,  "  I  saw  a 
piaht  I  never  will  forget.  Tnere  it  was,  with  its  vsings  broken,  and  all 
bespattered  with  blood,  i-.t  the  nest  with  its  young,  1  felt  so  bad  that  I 
vowed  never  to  shoot  another  bird  ! "  Again  we  say,  spare  the  innocents. 

To  Sr.LY.CT  YvRS. — A  sure  test  of  what  dealers  call  prime  far  is  the 
teugtli  wi  density  ol  the  down  next  the  &kiu.    Tliis  can  be  d^teruuxie4 


ON    BOOK-KEEPINO.  79 

Tby  blowing  a  brisk  current  of  air  from  the  mouth  against  the  set  of  the 
fur.  If  the  fibres  open  readilj-,  exposiug  the  skin  to  the  view,  reject  the 
article;  but  if  the  down  is  so  dense  that  the  breath  cannot  penetrate  it,  or 
at  most  shows  but  a  small  iwrtion  of  the  skin,  it  is  all  right. 

To  Clkan  Fuks.— Strip  the  fuvg  of  their  staffing  and  binding,  place 
them,  if  jwssible,  in  a  flat  position,  and  brush  them  briskly  with  a  stiff 
clothes-brushil  Cut  out  all  moth-eaten  [)ortions,  and  replace  by  new  bita 
of  fur  to  match.  Sable,  chinchilla,  squirrel,  fitch,  &c.,  should  be  treated 
by  nn  apulicjxtion  of  hot  bran  (warmed  in  a  pan),  weJl  rubbed  into  the  fur 
with  the  hand.  Repfattliis  two  or  three  times,  shake  the  fur,  and  give  it 
A  good  brushing,to  free  it  from  dust.  White  furs  may  be  cleaned  by  lay- 
ini  the  furs  on  a  table,  and  rubbing  them  with  bran  made  moist  by  warm 
water.  Rub  until  quite  dry,  then  apply  dry  bran.  The  wet  bran  should 
be  put  on  with  flaimel,  the  dry  with  book  muslin.  In  addition  to  the 
above,  light  furs  should  be  well  rubbed  with  magnesia,  or  a  piece  of  book 
muslin,  after  the  bran  process. 

0:?r  BOOK-KEEPING. 

In  Book-Keeping,  lie  wlio  buys  what  he  does  not  pay  for  at  the  time,  is 
Raid  to  go  in  debt  fur  it,  and  is  called  a  debtor,  and  he  who  sells  the  goods 
and  gives  credit  for  them  is  called  a  creditor.  In  entering  accounts  it  ia 
usual  to  abridge  the  terms  and  write  Dr.  for  Debtor,  and  Cr.  for  Creditor. 
In  every  case  the reciver  is  always  tlie  Debtor,  and  the  sellei-  is  always 
the  Creditor.  In  Book-Keeping,  the  thing  received  is  Dr..  the  thing  de- 
livered is  Cr.  ;what  yoii  owe  isCr.,  what  owes  you  is  Dr.  The  whole 
system  of  Book-Keeping  rests  upon  charr/es  and  crediU;  when  you  sell 
to  your  neighbor,  it  is  a  charge  against  him,  and  you  must  charge  him 
•with  it  on  the  del)it  side  of  the  account  ;  when  you'receive  anythint^  from 
him,  it  is  a  credit,  and  you  miist  credit  him  with  it  on  the  credit  side  of 
the  account. 

The  word  To,  in  keeping  accounts,  denotes  that  the  debtor  owes  for 
what  lias  been  Fold  t^  him,  and  tlie  word  By,  is  an  indication  that  the 
debtor  has  made  a  payment  by  which  he  has  paid  a  part  or  the  whole  of 
the  debt  charged  to  him. 

There  are  two  methods  of  book-keeping.  Single  and  Double  Entry  ;  the 
last  is  employed  in  extensive  and  complicated  mercantile  business,  where 
a  check  is  required  upon  each  entry,  to  prove  that  it  has  been  properly 
recorded.  Tlie  first  is  generally  nsed  by  persons  engaged  in  ordinary 
business,  as  it  is  more  simple  and  sufficiently  correct  for  such  purposes. 
It  requires  br.t  three  boolc:-— the  Day-Book,  Ledger,  and  Cash-Book  ;  to 
these  may  be  added,  a  Bill-Book,  in  which  all  notes,  received  or  given, 
are  recorded,  showing  when  drawn,  by  whom,  in  whose  favor,  length  of 
time,  when  due,  amount  of  note,  and  any  explanatory  remarks  required  ; 
f.l.-^o,  a  Sales-Boolj,  in  which  orders  for  goods  or  the  details  of  sales  are 
entered,  and  a  Receipt-Book,  where  receipts  can  be  permanently  kept 

DAY-BOOK. 

The  Day-book  should  contain  statements  of  every  business  transac- 
tion, which  gives  rise  to  pcr;ions  owing  ua  or  to  our  omng  them,  prop- 
erly arranged  under  the  head  of  debtor  or  creditor.  The  accoimts  should 
be  entered  iji  this  book  at  the  time  they  were  created,  or  in  the  order  in 
which  thev  occurred  in  business. 

The  book  should  bo  commenced  by  stating  the  name  of  the  owner  and 
his  residence.  The  day,  mouth,  and  year,  should  then  be  written,  and 
repeated  ;it  the  liead  of  "earli  page  corresponding  with  the  date  of  the  first 
transaction  on  the  pace,  the  subsequent  dates  on  the  page  may  stand 
above  the  transaction  to  which  tl;ey  beUuig.  In  making  an  entrj'  the 
name  of  the  person  with  wliom  wo  deal  is  v.ritten,  with  Dr.  or  Cr.  at  th© 
right  of  tlja  nftme,  to  Bhow  whether  be  bewn^  debtor  or  creditor  Py  wt 


792  ox  BOOK-KKEPma. 

transaction.  Then  a  statement  should  follow  of  the  business  dona.' 
specifying  the  articles  bought  or  sold,  and  the  price  of  each.  The  total 
amount  snould  be  added  up  and  entered  in  the  dollar  and  cent  columns. 
The  person  with  whom  you  deal  is  debtor  for  whatever  he  receives  of  you, 
and  creditor  for  whatever  you  receive  of  him,  is  the  rule  for  determining 
how  an  entry  must  be  made.  The  entries  in  the  Day-book  are  trana^ 
ferred  to  the  Ledger,  where  all  the  transactions  relating  to  an  individual 
are  recorded  on  a  page  devoted  to  his  account.  The  figure  at  the  left  of 
an  entry  indicates  the  page  of  the  Ledger  to  which  it  has  been  carried. 
If  a  mistake  is  made  in  an  accoimt,  it  should  not  be  corrected  b? 
altering  the  original  entry,  but  a  new  entry  made  debiting  or  crediting 
the  amount  of  the  error,  thus,  "  Jolm  Smith,  Cr.  by  [or  Dr.  to]  error  in 
account  of  Oct  6,  Si- 50."  This  will  enable  a  person  to  swear  before  a 
court  that  his  book  contains  his  original  entries  without  an  alteration. 

LEDGER. 

The  Ledger  is  employed  for  collecting  the  scattered  accoimts  of  th« 
Day-book.  The  accounts' which  relate  to  the  same  individual  are  brought 
together  on  one  page,  showing  all  the  debits  and  credits,  thus  enabling 
the  owner  to  teU  at  a  glance  the  state  of  his  account  with  any  person. 
Tlie  Dr.  accounts  are  placed  on  the  left  hand  of  the  page,  and  the  Cr.  on 
the  right.  The  Ledger  may  be  ruled  according  to  the  example  on  page  794, 
Every  Ledger  shoiud  have  an  index,  in  which  all  the  names  it  contains 
are  alphabetically  arranged,  with  the  page  of  the  Ledger  on  which  the  ac- 
count can  be  found. 

Posting  Accocjtts. — Transferring  accoimts  from  the  Day-book  to  the 
Ledger  is  called  posting.  Commence  with  the  first  name  in  the  Day-lxwk, 
which  in  our  example  is  M.  Marshall  ;  begin  by  writing  his  name  in  a 
fair  hand  at  the  top  of  the  page,  with  his  residence,  if  different  ^rom  your 
own,  placing  Dr.  on  tlie  left,  and  Cr.  on  the  right  of  the  name.  As  he  ia 
debtor  to  us  we  commence  at  the  left  hand,  wr'ting  in  the  first  column  the 
year,  month,  and  day,  in  the  second  the  page  of  the  Day-book  on  which 
the  original  entry  can  be  foiuid,  in  the  third  the  name  of  the  article,  or 
if  several  articles  are  record  d  under  one  date,  they  may  be  entered  with 
the  general  designation  of  sundries  or  n.ereh.nndise,  and  hi  tlie  fourth 
colunm  the  total  amount  of  tlie  transaction.  Against  the  account  in  the 
Day-book  mark  the  page  of  the  LotJger  to  which  it  has  been  ;  osted  ;  a 
mark  «in  also  be  made  to  show  that  it  has  been  tmnsferrt-d  to  the 
Ledger.  Now  take  the  second  transaction  in  the  Day-book,  and  if  it  \si 
another  name  take  a  new  page  in  the  Ledger,  and  proceed  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  first.  In  this  way  all  the  entries  in  tlie  Day-book  are 
posted  to  each  person's  account,' every  week  or  month  as  o'ppoi  tunity 
may  occur.  By  subtracting  one  side  horn  tlie  other  the  balance  which  is 
due  Avill  be  found.  The  specunen  page  represent:*  three  pages  of  A 
Ledger,  to  correspond  with  three  persons  who  have  transactions  in  the 
Day-book 

Balance  Sheet. — This  may  be  made  to  accomplish  a  double  purpose, 
as  it  will  exhibit  the  state  of  "the  owner's  accounts,  by  determmiug  the 
amounts  owing  him  and  that  he  may  owe,  and  also  prove  that  t!.e  ac- 
counts have  been  correctly  posted  and  added.  The  method  is  as  follows  : 
rule  a  sheet  of  paper  simiifar  to  ledger  page,  for  debtor  and  creditor  ;  add 
np  all  the  items  of  crediton  a  page  of  the"  Day-book,  and  enter  the  amount 
on  the  sheet,  then  add  the  debits  m  the  same  manner,  and  proceed  in  this 
■way  for  whatever  time  it  is  wished  the  proof  should  cover,  add  up  the 
two  columns  and  subtract  one  total  from  tlie  other,  and  the  difference 
•will  be  the  balance  of  tlie  Day-book.  Turn  to  the  Ledger  and  obtain  the 
l)alance  of  each  person's  account,  and  place  it  under  its  proper  head  ;  add 
^ese  up,  and  the  difference  will  be  the  Ledger  balance.  If  tha  two  bftW 
■Dces  Agree,  it  proves  tbe  eatriea  Lave  beea  correctly  posted. 


FOSU   OF   I>Ar-BOOK. 


m 


BOOK-K  E  EPrSO  . 

DAT-BOOK. 
SOBEBT  BAJUERj  St.  Johx,  N.  B.,  Octobeb  2,  1877. 


M.  MarehaU  Dr. 

To  8  yds.  of  muslin,  at  9  cts.  a  yd i  0.72 

To  4  yds.  of  cloth,  at  §3  a  yd 12.00 

To  1  scythe 1-10 


James  Browu  Dr. 

To  1  pr.  of  shoes fl.40 

To  1  lb.  of  tea 75 


David  ^loore 
By  1  yoke  of  oxen . 


Cr. 


James  Brown  Di. 

To  14  lbs.  nails,  at  6  cts ' *0.8» 

To 5  galls,  molasses,  at  32  cts .v. . .  > . .      1.60 

To  12  lbs.  cheese,  at  10  cts 1.20 

Cr. 
By  8  lbs.  wool,  at  36  ct« 


Cr. 


M.  Marshall 

Bylloadof  hav ?6.00 

By  12  lbs.  butter,  at  9cta 1-OS 


$13 

2 
115 


David  Moora 
To  Cash 


Dr. 


X  2 
X  1 


M.  Marshall  Dr. 

Tolstove $14.00 

ToSyds.  cloth, at§3 24.00 

To  1  horse 42.00 


David  Moore  Dr. 

Tolset  ofhamess $20.00 

To  1  wagon 64.00 

5  — 


James  Brown  Dr. 

To  28  lbs.  sugar,  at  8  cts $2.24 

To  1  barrel  of  flour 7.00 

To  3  brooms  at  14  cts .42 


David  Moore  Cr, 

By20  bushels  com,  at  62  cts $12.40 

By  Cash ' 30.00 

By  order  on  Peter  Wilkins 21.00 

7 


David  Moore 
To  check  to  balance  account. 


Dr. 


James  Brown 
By  Cash  to  balance  account. 


Cr, 


12 


M.  Marshall 
By  tus  uotd  at  3  mouths  from  date' 

34 


Cr. 


364 
288 


60 


oa 


80( 


84 


00 


1U 


rOBM   OF    LEDGE*. 


Dr. 


BOOK-KEEPiyG. 

LEDGER. 
M.  Marshai-L 


Cb. 


Oct.  2 
"    4 


To  Snndries 
>•   Sandii«i 

To  Balance. 


1877.  : 
Oct.  3    1 
"  12    1 


By  hay  and  butter.  5  7  (» 
'■noteatSmos — i  To'OO 
"  Bcilance 11,74 


Da. 


Jajies  Bbow>-. 


Ch. 


isrr. 

Oct.  2 
"  3 
"   6 


To  Stmdries 
'•  Sondries 
<•  Sundriee 


1 

\^1. 

«2 

15 

Oct.  3 

1 

3 

&4 

"  10 

1 

9 

66 

15 

5 

1  ,By  wool. 


S8 


44 


Db. 


Datid  Moore. 


Ca. 


1877. 

Oct,  3 
"  4 
"   7 


To  Cash $50  00 

harness  &  wagon        84  00, 
checlk  to  balAQce 


Oct   2 


By  oxen 

"  suudrics. 


$115 


178  40 


Db. 


Cash-Book. 
Cash- 


Cr. 


1877. 

Oct.  2 
"    5 
"    9 
"    5 

To  cash  on  hand '. . . . 

Received  of  M.  Marehall 

Order  on  I.  Rose 

Receipts  of  store 

$15f 

21 
lOi^ 

3yT 

X) 
)0 

r5 

15 

57 

1877. 

Oct.  2 
"  S 
"  7 
"  9 
"     9 

Paid  rent  of  store  6  mos. 

'•    David  Moore 

"    David  Moore 

"    expenses  in  store. 

3  75^ 

CO'OO 

44  40 

8  20 

130  15 

•307,75 

Oct.  9 
'•  10 

To  cash  on  hand 

Received  of  J.  Brown.. 

«130 
12 

INTEREST  TABLES, 


795 


A  complete  balance-sheet  should  be  made  out  once  or  twice  a  year, 
when  an  inventory  of  stock  on  baud  is  taken  and  added  to  the  debtor  bal- 
mnces  of  accounts,  and  the  original  capital  is  added  to  the  credit  balances, 
(or  balances  we  owe, )  these  compared  will  give  the  amount  of  profit  or 
loss.  It  will  be  remembered  tliutthis  sheet  is  an  account  between  our 
selves  and  our  books. 

All  the  accounts  in  the  Ledger  ought  to  be  balanced  twice  a  year.  To 
do  this  add  up  each  coliunu  and  find  the  difference,  and  make  an  entry 
of  this  balance  on  the  side  that  is  smallest  (this  should  be  made  with  red 
ink  to  distinguish  it  from  other  entries)  ;  both  sides  now  being  equal, 
draw  a  line  under  them  to  show  the  fact.  Kow  place  tlie  balance  on  the 
opposite  side,  so  that  it  will  exhibit  the  true  state  of  the  account.  (See 
M.  Marshall's  account  of  the  Ledger  page. ) 

CASH-BOOK. 

The  Cash-book  records  the  payment  and  receipt  of  cash.  Cash  is  mads 
debtor  to  the  cash  on  hand  and  cash  received,  and  credited  with  whatia 
paid  out.  At  the  close  of  each  day  or  week,  the  cash  on  hand  is  counted, 
and  the  amount  entered  on  the  credit  side.  This  should  make  the  debits 
and  credits  equal ;  the  amoimt  of  cash  on  hand  is  then  entered  on  the 
debtor  side.  If  money  is  jiaid  to  or  received  from  a  person  who  has  an 
account  with  us  it  is  also  entered  in  the  Day-book  ;  the  total  receipts  and 
expenditures  are  carried  to  the  Day-book  as  often  as  the  Cash-book  ia 
balanced.    (See  form  of  Cash-book.) 

As  a  help  to  compute  interest  we  append  the  following  Table  to  show 
the  time  required  for  a  given  number  of  dollars  to  draw  an  equal  number 
of  cents  at  various  rates  of  interet^t.  The  rule  is  to  strike  off  the  odd 
cents  from  the  principal  and  you  have  the  interest  at  the  following  rates : 
Interest  Interest  Interest 


per  cent 

No.  Days. 

per  cent. 

No.  Days. 

per  cent 

No.  Days. 

4 

90 

7 

52 

10 

35 

4i 

80 

'i 

48 

10-40 

35 

5 

72 

7-30 

50 

5-20 

70 

8 

45 

6 

GO 

9 

40 

Per  cent. 

Amount. 

4 

552 

4i 

50 

5 

48 

5-20 

45 

6 

40 

Per  cent. 

Amount. 

Per  cent. 

7 

S36 

10 

7-30 

35 

10-40 

7i 

30 

12 

8 

24 

15 

9 

The  next  Table  shows  the  various  sums  of  money  which  draw  1  cent 
interest  per  day,  calculated  at  different  per  cents,  so  that  the  number  of 
cents  will  always  be  found  equivalent  to  the  number  of  days  the  money 
has  been  drawing  interest 
Amount. 


$90 
80 
72 
70 
60 

Valuable  Interest   Rules,  B.^sis  30  days  per  month  or  360 
PATS  TO  THE  COMMERCIAL  YEAR.    Multiply  the  principal  by  the  re- 

? aired  number  of  days,  and  for  4  per  cent,  divide  by  9,  and  point  off  ; 
or  5  per  cent  divide  by  72  ;  for  6  per  cent,  divide  by  6,  and  point  off 
three  figures  from  the  right:  for  eight  per  cent,  divide  by  45;  for  9  percent 
divide  by  four,  and  pomt  off  tliree  figures  from  the  right ;  for  10  per  cent 
divide  by  36  ;  for  12  per  cent,  divide  by  3,  and  point  off  three  figure* 
from  the  right ;  for  15  per  cent  divide  by  24 ;  for  eigliteen  per  cent  divide  by 
2,  and  point  off  three  figures  from  the  right,  for  20  per  cent,  divide  by  18. 
A  new  way,  called  "  a  rule  for  reckoning  interest  on  odd  days,  at  any 
nte  per  cent,  which  iuvAlves  uo  subdivMoa  whatever,"  ia  as  lollowKl 


736 


IXTEEEST    TABLE3,    AC. 


Multiply  the  pnncipal  by  the  number  of  days,  and  for  6  per  cent  diride 
by  GO  ;  for  7  per  cent  by  51  ;  for  8  percent,  by  45  ;  for  9  per  cent  bj 
40  ■  for  10  per  cent,  by  36,  for  6  taice  over  f  for  12  per  cent  by  30. 
F'>r  further  information  refer  to  interest  Tahlea. 


IXTEBEST 

TABLE.      TE: 

»-   PFK  CEXT. 
4i>>  «lo!  $40|  950 

TIMK. 

51 

»2 

*3 

H 

551  ?S    ?/     91 

3100 '  fiooo 

>  D.vVS. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

M     1 

1 

1 

4 

5 

U  1     1  11 

s        •• 

0 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

21     2 

2 

2 

8 

n 

22  1    3::3 

i2    '■ 

0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2  ;    3 

3 

3 

12 

IS 

23  !    3  33 

.5    " 

0 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3      4 

4 

4 

16      22 

44  1     4  44 

J9    H 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4       4 

5 

fi 

24      2S 

56       5  56 

24    " 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5      5 

6 

7 

2S       33 

67  !     6  67 

2^     » 

1 

2 

2 

3 

4 

S 

5       6 

7 

8 

32  1    39 

78  ;     7  78 

1  Mox. 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

5 

6       7 

S 

8 

32      42 

83       8  33 

2    '* 

2 

3 

5 

7 

8 

10 

12     13 

15 

17 

68  1    83 

1  67      16  67 

3    " 

3 

5 

« 

10 

12 

15 

1«.  a") 

23 

25   100    125 

2  50     25  00 

4    « 

3 

7 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23,  27 

3.) 

33   132  ,165 

3  33  !  33  33 

5    " 

4 

8 

13 

17 

21 

25 

25  [  33 

3.^ 

42  |lG3    2  OS 

4  17     41  67 

6    " 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30  1  35  !  40 

4") 

5«)  2  00  i2  50 

5  00     50  00 

1  Yk\r. 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

'"I 

70  1  60 
1 

9J 

*'l 

400 

" 

«10      9100 

TABLE,  SHOWING  THE  >"T-5IEER  OF  DAVS  FEOit  A>"V  DAT  IX   0>'E    MONTH 
TO  THi;  SAILE  CAY  tS"  A2>"OTHEK. 


From 


To 


;»ofaif«;j-<!;i»isi'^i'-5 


!s 


OtJz;  tq 


Jamiarv '\sso'  31   53 

Febraarr ^^i  s.--.    c-; 

Alarch . .'. "     ■  - 

April -■ 

May _.: 

June j214 

July |1S4 

^ng |lo: 

Sept 12; 

Oct 

Nov 1 ... 

Dec 


61 


90  120  151  181 '212  243  2^3  304'334 

-'  5y'  S^  120  15-3-1^  212  242'2:3-303 

■    SI'  eii  92  122  153  1*4  214  245'275 

4  3Ai    S^J    61 1   91  122  15o  l.So  214  244 

---.      -     -1     61,   92  12il  153  184  214 

-     SOi  61'  93:122153  183 

05,  31    62    92.123  153 

^  "-?    31    61    92  123 

^3C^    30    61 1  91 

4  33.5  365,  31    61 

73  3<-4  33i  3^5  Jfl 


31t  62!  »';12l:  151'1*2 1:!:.' .1^  274  301  335  365 
ExPL.\3.-ATiox.— To  find  the  number  of  davs  from  Jannarv  20  to 
Dec.  20.  follow  the  horizontal  line  opposite  January  until  you  reach  the 
column  headel  by  December,  when  yvi  will  find  3;>4,  reoresenting  the 
required  number  of  days,  and  so  on"  with  the  other  months.  Daring 
leap  year,  if  Februaxy  enters  into  the  calculation,  add  one  day  to  tho 
result 

HOW  TO  coxDrcT  A  sTTccEssFCL  Brsns"Esa. 
That  short  credit  and  small  profits  forms  the  golden  rule  for  gncce«3  in 
trade  may  he  seen  from  the  following  table,  exhibiting  the  amounts  re- 


alized  for  8IOO  at  various  percentages  during  various  i>eriods 
Am't  at     Am't  at       Am't  at 
3_pr.  ct      5  per  ct      8  pr.  ct 


If  turned  over  every  3  months,    §326.20 
"         "        "     5      '•  lanr.i 

ti  K  ft      a 

"         «        '«    12 

"         ••        "     2vears 


180.61 
155.79 
l:y.39 
115.92 
106.03 


S703.99 
2C5.:32 
207.89 
162.88 
127.62 
110.28 


$2172.45 
46*3.09 
317.21 
215.89 
146.93 


Am't  at 
10  pr.  ct 
S4525.93 
672.75 
417.72 
259.37 
161.05 
12L00 


MERCANTILE    ITEMS. 


797 


Tases  ALLOTTEr*  nv  the  Jobbers  ep  Nkw  Yoiik  City. — It  is  under- 
atood  thiit  if  a  retail  merchant  orders  les3  tl;an  an  ori'imal  ]Kickage  on 
which  the  jobber  gets  tare  that  no  tare  is  allowed  bj-  the  jobber  to  the 
retailer. 


Arools — Actual  tares. 

Bakt-Ey,  &c.— Come  100  lbs.  lu  keg 
—all  Tiet. 

Bird  Seed— 2  perct. 

Butter— 1  lb.  on  tubs  as  sookage  ;  2 
lbs.  on  firkins  ;  pails  not  weiglit. 

C-VLiFoK.M.v  lloNEY — cased — (.\Teit;li- 
ingVO  to  75  Ibs.l,  14  lbs. 

Caraw.vy  Seed— 2  per  ct. 

Cheese- Always  net  or  nirkd  tares. 

Chicory — Caiks,  marked    tares,  ID 
per  ct.  additional. 

CiTROX,  and  all  Peels — 2Vj  lbs.  per 
box. 

Coffees— 1  per  ct.  on  everything  ex- 
cept as  below. 

Jamaica  and  St.  Domingo,  2  per 
ct. ;  Savanilla,  in  double  bags,  and 
Laguayra,  in  heavy  bags,  2  per  ct. 
Costa  Rica,  in  heavy  bags,  2  per  ct. 
Old  Qoverument  Java,  iu  mats,  1 
per  ct. 

Mexican  coffee- In  bales,  15  lbs. 
Mocha  Coffee— ».;  bales,  6  lb. ;  V*,  4 
lb. ;  Vg,  21/2  a.  3  lbs. 

CuBRANTS- Bbls,  27  to  29  lbs.  aver- 
age;  in  box,  41b9. 

Dates— In  frails,  9  per  ct. 

Figs— Drums,  10  per  ct. ;  in  kegs,  10. 
Layer  figs.  Boxes,  12. 

HoMixv— 200  lbs  net. 

Lektils — 2  perct. 

MoLAftSEs  AND  SYR0PS — Always  al- 
low 14  cfal.  out. 

Nutmegs- Cases  and  casks  marked 
tares. 


PRrN'E.s — Oerman,  4  lbs.  per  box. 
Fre;icU — Marked  tares.  Turkish, 
in  c.Tsks,  marked  tares. 

Raisins — Sultana,  iu  boxes  10 per  ct. 

IlK'E— 1  lbs.  per  baj;  tierces  10  i)Cr 
ct. 

Rook  Candy— In  bxs  marked  tares. 

S.a.lSod.v — Casks,?  per  ct. 

Soda — English,  mrkd  English  tires. 

Spices — 2"i>er  ct.,  except  Clunaui«u 
and  Clovei. 

Cassia  —  9    per   ct.  on   bales    and 
mats  ;  and  I'/i  lbs.  e>:tra  lor  bale  ; 
cases  17  lbs. 
Cloves— 9  lbs.  per  bale. 

SroAR— Hhds.,  12  per  ct.  ;  Refined 
Sugars  always  ji€<  or  marked  tares. 
Boxes — 15  f'ev  ct.  ]\Iats  and  Bagti 
— 1  pcT  ct.  Barrek — Deinar.ira,  ex- 
cept whore  marked  net,  12  per  ct. 
The  per  cent  for  b.ags  and  mat3 

with  thi3  tradj  applies  only  to  East 

India  sugars.    On  bags  and  mats  im- 
ported from  other  countries  tho  tar« 

is  aroording  to  agreemeut  between 

buyer  and  seller. 

Tapioca— 1  per  ct.    Sago — 2  per  ct. 

TiiA — Invoice  weight  aseeitaincd  as 
follows:  three  to  four  pkgs  are  ta- 
ken out  of  each  60  or  6t)  (usually 
those  numbered  th-3  same),  the  tea 
tirned  out,  and  the  pkgs  weighed  ; 
the  average  of  the  three  or  four  is 
taken  as  the  tare  of  the  whole- 

Valencia  Raisins — 5  lbs.  per  box, 
usually. 


K0TS— 2  lbs.  per  bag. 

Ite-ms  Reg.vrding  Fisn. — ^lackerel  comes  in  barrels,  half  anrl  quar- 
ter barrels,  and  kits,  containing  full  weight,  respectively,  200,  10<),  50, 
and  20  lbs.  No  1  mackerel  should  not  be  less  tlian  lo  inches  iu  leugth, 
from  the  extremity  of  the  liead  to  the  fork  of  the  tr.il,  fat,  free  from 
rust,  taiut,  or  damage.  No.  2  mackerel  should  not  be  less  thnn  11  ins. 
in  length,  fat,  and  free  from  rust,  &c.  No.  3  mackerel  sliould  not  be 
less  than  10  ins.  in  length.  No.  3,  large,  should  not  be  le.ss  than  13  ins., 
and  iu  quality  are  those  that  reinaiu  after  the  selection  of  No.  1.  No.  4. 
mackerel  comprise  all  not  in  the  above,  and  should  be  free  from  taiut  or 
damage. 

The  above  is  the  standard  established  by  law  in  Mas.sachusetts,  and  is 
generally  accepted  by  the  trade  elsewhere.  Mackerel  should  be  kept 
covered  with  brine  and  not  exposed  to  the  air  as  they  become  nxncil  or 
"  rusty,"  after  a  few  days.  Mess  mackerel — the  finest  fish,  with  heiul 
and  tail  removed.  Extra  No.  I's  are  selected  fish.  Large  No.  2's — Fish 
over  13  ins.  in  lenj^h,  and  not  good  enough  iu  quality  for  No.  I's. 

Scaled  herrings  should  be  fat  fish,  free  from  scalers,  and  when  smoked 
be  of  a  bright  golden  color.  No.  1  herring  are  generally  small  and  i>oot 
fish.  The  complaints  of  short  weight  packages  of  fish  are  very  m.-uiy, 
some  of  which  exceed  tlie  entire  profit. 

Hints  to  Grocers. — To  kecj)  ants  out  of  sugar,  fcike,  say,  3  ozs. 
cam  camphor,  wrap  it  in  one  thickness  of  tea-paijer,  lay  it  ou  the  sugat 
m  the  barrel  and  they  ■\Tili  leave  at  once.    Keep  your  tea  in  a  cloee  chest 


798  MERCANTILE   ITEMS. 

or  canister,  and  keep  coffee  by  itself,  as  its  odor  affects  other  article* 
Look  after  the  number  of  oranges  and  lemons  in  a  box  and  see  if  they 
hold  out.  If  not,  claim.  Oranges  and  lemons  keep  best  wrapped  bj 
soft  paper,  and  if  possible  laid  in  a  drawer.  Keep  bread  or  cake  in  a  tin 
box  or  stone  jar.  Cranberries  will  keep  all  winter  in  a  firkin  of  watei 
in  a  cellar.     September  and  October  butter  is  the  best  for  winter  use. 

Flavohikg  Extkacts,  27  Ki>-D3.— The  formulae  given  below  repra- 
sent  the  average  standard  strength,  but  they  may  be  reduced  if  required. 
1.  Extract  of  Lemon,  oil  of  lemon,  2  ozs.,  freshly  "grated  lemon  peel,  1  oz., 
alcohol,  2  pts.  2.  Ezt.  of  Orange,  oil  of  orange,  12  drs. ,  fresnly  grated 
lemon  peel,  4  ozs.,  alcohol  2  pts.  3.  Another,  Valencia  oranges,  1  doz., 
alcohol,  2  pts.  Carefully  detach  the  yellow  portion  of  the  rind,  and 
macerate  it  for  ten  days  in  tlie  alcohol.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  pro- 
curing fresh  oil  of  orange,  this  formula  ia  generally  preferred.  4.  Ext 
of  Rose.  Red  rose  leaves,  2  ozs.,  oil  of  rose,  1  dr.,  alcohol,  2  pts.  5. 
Ext.  of  Celery,  celery  seed,  bruised,  2  ozs.,  alcohol,  1  pt  6.  Ext.  of 
Ginger,  tincture  of  ginger,  1  pt,  alcohol,  from  i  to  1  pt.  Some  use  the 
tincture  without  dilution.  7.  Ext.  of  Bitter  Almonds,  oil  of  bitter  al- 
monds, 1  oz.  alcohol,  13  ozs., water,  6  ozs.  Some  color  it  with  ^oz.  tincture 
of  turmeric.  8.  Ext.  of  Cinnamon.  Oilof  cinnamon,  2  drs., Ceylon  cinna- 
mon, bruised,  4  ozs.,  diluted  alcohol,  2  pts.  9.  Ext.  of  Peppermint.  Es- 
sence of  peppermint,,  U.  S.  P.,  1  pt,  alcohol,  from  \\q  1  pt.  Some  pre- 
fer the  essence  without  dilution.  10.  Ext.  of  Coriander.  Powdered  co- 
riander, 4  ozs.,  oU  of  coriander,  1  dr.,  alcohol,  21  ozs.,  water,  8  ozs.  11. 
Ext.  of  Nutmeg.  Oil  of  nutmeg,  2  drs.,  powdered  mace,  1  oz. ,  alcohol, 
2  pts:  12.  Ext.  of  Vanilla.  Vanilla  be.in,  1  oz.,  loaf  sugar,  1  oz.,  alco- 
hol, 70  i)er  cent.,  sufficient.  Triturate  the  vanilla  with  the  sugar  until  a 
No  20  powder  is  obtiined.  Introduce  iuto  a  2  pt.  stone  jug  with  two  ozs, 
of  the  menstruum,  cork  tightly,  and  digest  several  hours  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  about  150".  Allow  the  mixture  to  cool,  transfer  it  to  a  percolator, 
pack  it  firmly,  and  pour  enough  alcohol  on  it  to  make  the  percolate 
measure  1  pt  13.  Ext.  of  Spearmint.  Essence  of  spearmint,  U.  S.  P., 
1  pt.,  alcohol,  from  J  to  1  pt  Some  use  the  essence  without  dilution. 
14.  Ext.  of  Anise,  .^ise  seed,  2  ozs.,  oil  of  star  anise,  1  oz.,  alcohol,  2 
pts.  15.  Ext.  of  Pine  Appjle,  ArtijiciaL  Chloroform,  1  fl.  oz.,  aldehyde, 
1  do.,  butyric  ether,  5  fi.  ozs.,  butj-rate  of  amyl,  10  do.,  glycerine,  3  fl. 
ozs.,  alcohol,  100  do.  16.  Ext  of  Sassafras.  Oil  of  sassafras,  1  oz.,  sas- 
safras in  coarse  powder,  2  ozs.,  alcohol,  2  pts.  17.  Ext.  of  Peach,  Arti' 
fieial.  Oil  of  bitter  almonds,  2  ozs.,  acetic  ether,  1  oz.,  alcohol  3  pts, 
18.  Ext.  of  Nectarine.  Extract  of  vanilla,  1  pt.,  extract  of  lemon,  1  pt., 
extract  of  pine  apple,  8  ozs.  19.  Ext.  of  Wintergrecn.  Oilof  wintergreen, 
1  oz. ,  alcohol,  1  pt. ,  cudbear,  or  cocluueal,  10  ozs.  20.  Ext  of  Clove. 
Powdered  clove,  4  ozs.,  diluted  alcohol,  1  pt.  21.  Ext.  of  Blackberry, 
Artificial.  Tinct  of  orris  root,  (l-S)  1  pt.,  acetic  ether,  30  drops,  buty- 
ric ether,  GO  drops.  22.  Ext.  of  Tonka  Bean,  Tonka  bean,  coarsely 
groimd,  4  ozs.,  dUuted  alcohol,  1  pt.  23.  Ext.  of  Allspice.  Allspice, 
corsely  ground,  4  ozs.,  diluted  alchohol,  1  jt.  24.  Ext  of  Pear,  ArtijiciaL 
Acetic  ether,  5  fl.  ozs.,  acetate  of  amy!,  10  do.,  glycerine,  10  fl.  ozs.,  alco- 
hol, 100  do.  25.  Ext.  of  Apple,  Artificial.  Chloroform,  1  fl.  oz.,  nitric 
ether  1  do.,  aldehyde,  2  fl.  ozs.,  aceticether,  1  do.,  valerianate  of  amyl,  10 
fl.  ozs.,  oxalic  acid,  2  drs.,  glycerine  2  fl.  ozs.,  alcohol,  100  do.  26.  Ext. 
of  Strawberry,  Artificial.  Nitric  ether,  1  fl.  oz.,  acetic  ether,  5  do.,  for- 
mic ether,  1  fl.  oz.,  butyric  ether,  5  do.,  salicylate  of  methyl,  1  fl.  oz., 
acetate  of  amvl,  3  do.  ,butvrateof  amyl,  2  fl.ozs.,  glycerine,  2  do.,  alcohol, 
100  do.  27,  'Ext.  of  Ra^bernj,  Artificial  Nitric  ether  1  fl.  oz.,  alde- 
hyde, 1  do.,  acetic  ether,  5  fl.  ozs.,  formic  ether,  1  do.,  butyric  ether,  1 
fl.  oz.,  benzoic  ether,  1  do.,  cenanthylic  ether,  1  fl.  oz.,  sebasic  ether,  1 
do.,  salicylate  of  methyl,  1  fl.  oz.  acetate  of  amyl,  1  do,  butyrate  of  ainji, 
Ifl.  oz.,  tartaric  acid,  2  ozs.,  glycerine,  4  fl.  ozs.,  alcohol,  105  do.  Fpy 
©ther  receipts,  consult  pp.  30, 159,  iind  207, 


>^l        'V  '■'-''*'  ^- 
8UCCESS  IN  BUSINESS.  790 

•Rie  credit  system  has  bankrupted  more  people  than  perhaps  all  othe* 
causes  put  together.  The  most  rigid  scrutiny  should  therefore  take  place 
in  every  insfcmce  where  credit  is  solicited.  A  good  way  is  to  make  the 
party  sign  a  stiitement  of  his  assets,  debts,  means  of  f)ayment,  &c.,  and 
grant  a  limited  credit  on  that  basis.  If  tlie  result  proves  iuteutiCual 
fraud  then  you  have  your  remedy  at  law.  Cash  down  is  the  only  abso- 
lutely safe  rule.  Curtail  every  possible  expense.  Let  the  profits  accumu- 
late, hold  on  to  them,  and  avoid  uucert;iin  outside  speculations.  Sea 
table  of  daily  savings  on  page  587,  and  profit  by  its  suggestions.  Attend 
to  the  detaili  of  your  business,  see  tiuit  the  store  is  opened  in  good  time, 
goods  dusted,  lloor  swe;)t,  paper,  twine,  nails,  &c,  picked  up  and 
everything  ke^t  in  trim  order.  In  establishing  a  business  it  is  not  alwaya 
the  best  pT:m  to  open  out  in  a  new  locality  wliere  rents  are  low  and  ex- 
penses liglit.  The  result  will  be  in  many  cases,  that  before  the  new  local- 
ity acquires  the  ability  to  render  adequate  support  to  a  respectable  busi- 
ness (after  an  unavuit'ng  struggle)  the  funds  of  the  merchant  will  gradu- 
ally give  out,  and  he  will  be  obliged  to  close  his  doors  at  the  very  time 
when  he  should  have  opened  them.  If,  however,  he  succeeds,  the  dealer 
will  do  well  to  confine  his  attention  more  to  the  supply  of  the  necessaries 
than  the  luxuries  of  life,  until  a  more  general  demand  arises  for  the  lat- 
ter as  the  neighborhood  grows  older. 

Taking  everything  into  account,  the  best  locality  for  business  purposes 
is  in  a  city  orto\vu  in  a  prominent  throughfare  where  tliose  whose  trade 
you  desire  can  most  easily  find  you.  A  suitable  place  being  secured, 
mount  a  proper  si^n  board  in  a  prominent  manner,  and  make  sure  to  pre- 
sent an  imposing  display  of  your  choicest  goods  in  your  store  windows. 
This,  of  itself,  is  a  powerful  attraction  to  passers  by,  who  will  frequently 
Bee  just  the  article  they  require  and  ca,ll  for  it  at  once.  This  accommoda- 
tion, conpled  with  civil  treatment  on  your  part,  will  often  secure  you  a 
permanent  customer,  for  people  are  boiuul  to  go  where  they  are  welfused. 
A  notable  and  most  successful  metliod  of  attracting  customers  lud  build- 
ing up  a  lucrative  business,  is  to  sell  a  few  of  the  leading  staples  at  low 
figures,  and  obtiin  a  fair  profit  ou  the  rest.  Th.e  moi-t  sagacious  and 
far-seeing  merchants  do  this,  with  the  most  astonishing  financial  results. 
In  fact,  thousands  who  are  indepen;:lently  rich  would  now  be  bankrupt 
but  for  this  system  of  transn -t  iig  busiue.ss. 

The  following  directions  desen  e  a  wide  circulation  : — 

"  Enter  into  a  business  of  which  you  have  a  perfect  knowledge.  In  your 
own  right,  or  by  the  aid  of  friends  on  long  time,  have  a  cash  capital  suffl- 
eient  to  do  at  least  a  cash  busin?ss.  Never  venture  on  a  credit  busmess 
it  the  commencement.  Buy  all  your  goods  or  materials  for  cash;  you 
£an  thus  take  every  advantage  of  the  market,  and  pick  and  chose  where 
ind  when  you  will.  Be  careful  not  to  overstock  yourself.  Rise  and  fall 
>vith  tiie  market  on  short  stocks.  Always  stick  to  those  whom  you  prove 
to  be  strictly  just  in  their  transactions,  and  shun  all  others  even  at  a 
temporary  disadvantage.  Never  take  advantage  of  a  customer's  ignor- 
ance, nor  equivocate  nor  misrepresent.  Have  but  one  price  and  a  small 
profit,  and  you  will  fhid  all  the  most  profitable  customei-s — the  cash  ones 
— or  they  will  find  you. 

"  If  ever  deceived  in  business  transactions,  never  attempt  to  save  your- 
self by  puttinq;  the  deception  upon  others  ;  but  submit  to  the  loss,  and  be 
more  cautious  in  future.  According  to  the  character  or  success  of  your 
business,  set  aside  a  liberal  percentage  for  printing  and  advertising,  and 
do  not  hesitate.  Never  let  an  article,  jiarcel.  or  package,  go  out  from  you 
without  a  n:uiusomely-printed  wrapper,  card,  or  circular,  and  dispense 
them  continually.  Keeii  youi-self  unceasingly  before  the  public  by  judi- 
ciously advertising  ;  and  it  matters  not  what  business  of  utility  you  make 


dOO  BAfE  BUSINESS  BDLE3. 

chdce  of,  for  if  intelligentiy  and  industriously  porsned,  a  fortune  will  b« 
the  result. 

"Learn  to  say  'No'  with  decision;  'yes'  with  caution— 'No' 
with  decision  whenever  it  resists  temptation  ;  *  yes '  tvith  caution  when 
it  implies  a  promise,  A  promise  once  given  is  a  bond  inviolable.  A  man 
is  already  of  consequence  in  the  world  when  it  is  kuown  that  we  can  im- 
plicitly rely  upon  him.  Such  a  one  is  often  preferred  to  a  long  list  of  ap- 
pUoauts,  for  some  imix)rtaut  change  w  hich  l£fts  him  at  once  into  station 
and  fortmie  merely  because  he  has  tliis  refiufcition.  that  when  he  says  he 
will  know  a  thing  he  knows  it,  aud  when  he  says  he  wiU  do  a  tiling  he  will 
do  it  Reflect  over  these  maxims  ;  you  will  lind  it  ea<y  enough  to  prac- 
tice them." 

Rest  assured  industry  and  economy  will  be  sure  to  tell  in  the  end.  Waste 
not  want  not  go  hand  in  liand.  If  iii  early  life  these  habits  become  con- 
firmed, no  doubt  can  exist  as  to  the  ultimate  triumph  of  the  merchant  in 
attaining  a  competency. 

Be  self-reliant  and  punctual.  As  you  gain  experience  in  business 
you  can  form  your  own  judgment  and  act  on  it  with  more  safety  than  you 
could  on  outside  advice,  and  let  no  effort  be  considered  too  great  which'  re- 
sidts  in  fultilliug  your  engagements  and  keeping  your  word.  A  good  char- 
cter  for  pimcuiaiitj-  is  in  itself  a  valuable  capital,  as  it  makes  one  in  a  largo 
measure  the  master  of  anothei^s  purse.  In  expressing  yourself,  be  fi-ank, 
speak  to  the  point  ;  form  a  habit  of  thinking  vigorously  and  speaking 
correctly  ;  say  what  yon  mean:  and  d«  what  yon  say. 

In  buying  goods  never  tiike  advantage  of  another's  necessities  to  beat 
i)im  do\'m  to  a  fijrure  which  leaves  him  little  or  no  profit,  perhaps  a  loss, 
because  he  must  have  money.  There  is  no  manhood  in  such  transactions, 
it  may  enhance  your  immediate  profits,  but  will  be  disastrous  to  you  in 
the  eiid,  besides  being  most  unjust  to  the  immediate  sufferer.  Let  all 
your  actions  in  buying  and  selling  conform  to  the  requirements  of  the 
golden  rule. 

Be  ahvays  alert  to  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  relating  to  your  busi- 
ness, tills  may  be  eained  by  conversation  with  experienced  merchants,  by 
the  attentive  reading  of  practical  books  treating  on  mercanttle  matters, 
and  by  taking  trade  papers,  which  in  these  stirring  times  have  attained 
great  perfection,  embracing  as  they  do  an  immense  range  of  subjects, 
treating,  each  in  its  respective  sphere,  subjects  of  immense  importance, 
relating  to  the  hardware,  grocery,  dry  goods,  drug,  and  other  mei-cantile 
trades,  besides  full  reports  of  the  markets  pertaining  to  each  business,  an 
item  which  in  itself  no  business  man  can  afford  to  lose  sight  of.  In  thia 
place  the  advice  of  the  American  Grocer  to  its  subscribers  to  Conrr, 
MEAsrus,  Weigh,  axd  Gafck  EvEEVTHrxG  Yof  Bit,  caimot  be  too 
strongly  urgued  u^wn  the  notice  of  business  men.  Profits  will  be  greatly 
enhanced  by  taking  advantage  of  the  discounts  which  nearly  all  business 
men  offer  for  cash  pajTuents.  Keep  your  creditgood  and  use  it  sparingly 
and  discreetly. 

A  noted  merchant  amas^sed  an  immense  fortune  by  the  observance  of 
toese  four  simple  rules  :  1.  Obtain  the  earliest  and  fullest  information 
possible  in  regard  to  the  matter  in  hand.  2.  Act  rapidly  and  promptly 
upon  it.  3.  Keep  your  intentions  and  means  secret.  4.  Secure  the  best 
employees  you  can  obtain,  and  reward  them  liberally.    See  pp  590. 

Rothschild's  rules  were.  "1.  I  combined  three  profits  I  made  the 
manufacturer  my  customer,  and  the  one  1  bought  of  my  customer  :  that 
ie,  I  supplied  the  manufacturer  with  the  raw  material  and  dyes  :  on 
each  of  which  T  made  a  profit,  and  took  his  manufactured  goods,  which 
I  sold  at  a  profit,  and  thus  combined  three  profits.  2.  Make  a  bargain  at 
Mice,  be  an  off-handed  man.    3.  Never  have  aitything  to  do  with  an 


lAPS  ST78tKB88  &!n.B8.  80t 

aalQcky  man  ot  pl»c«.  1  hare  wen  many  elevei*  nje»  x»ho  h«4  oat 
ihow  to  their  (Mt  I  never  act  wlt)i  them  ;  thfirRdvico  ►ouads  very 
trc'J,  but  fttte  in  asniuit  th«m  ;  U>ey  do  imt  pot  on  themdelv**,  iio\^^ 
cau  they  do  good  to  mt  ?  4.  Be  cautious  Riid  b(>ld.  It  requires  a  s>^at 
deal  of  caution  and  a  great  deal  of  boldness  to  luake  &  groat  lortiine, 
uud  when  you  have  got  it,  it  requires  ten  times  Rs  much  wit  to  keep  it." 

Rules  of  Juhu  McDonouph  tlie  nvillionsiire  of  New  Orleans.  "1.  Be- 
ineml)er  always  tliat  labor  is  one  of  the  conditions  of  our  existence.  2. 
Time  is  gold  ;  throw  not  one  miuute  away  but  i)lace  each  one  to  account.' 
3.  Do  unto  all  men  as  you  would  be  done  by.  4.  Never  put  off  till  to- 
morrow what  you  can  do  to-day.  5.  Never  bid  another  do  what  you  can 
do  yourself.  6 .  Never  covet  what  is  not  your  own.  7.  Never  tlunk  any 
matter  HO  trivial  as  not  to  deserve  notice.  8.  Never  give  out  that  whicu 
does  not  first  come  in.  9.  Never  spend  but  to  produce.  10.  Let  the 
greatest  order  regulate  all  the  actions  of  your  life.  11.  Study  in  your 
course  of  life  to  do  the  greatest  amount  of  good.  12.  Deprive  yourself  of 
nothing  necessiiry  to  vour  comfort,  but  live  in  an  honorable  simplicity 
and  frugidity.    Labor  then,  to  the  last  moment  of  your  exi.<tence." 

Render  yourself  familiar  with  your  business  and  br  olis,  and  do  not  be 
unduly  anxious  to  extend  your  trade,  remembering  th;it  a  »mall  business 
on  cash  capital  yields  better  profits  than  a  large  business  conducted  oit 
credit  ;  also  remember  that  the  goods  on  your  shelves  are  much  better 
than  having  them  charged  up  in  bad  debts.  If  it  lianpens  that  you  run 
an  accoiuit  with  a  doubtful  customer,  prudence  requires  that  you  should 
close  the  account  at  once  and  use  every  possible  n:cans  to  collect  it  witli- 
out  delay.  It  frequently  happens  in  cases  of  this  kind  that  prompt  action 
will  result  in  the  recovery  of  the  whole  debt,  wlien  a  very  slight  delay 
■will  entiiil  a  total  loss.  Every  populous  comrauuity  is  infested  by  sucl^ 
a  vast  number  of  incorrigible  rascals  who  never  intend  to  pay  their  debts, 
that  dealers  are  justified  in  rejecting  every  application  for  credit  where 
the  financial  ability  of  the  applicant  is  in  the  sliglitest  degree  doubtful. 

Avoid  selfishness,  niggardliness  and  parsimouiousness  in  the  use  of 
money  or  means.  True  nobility  of  character  always  finds  its  greatest  plea^i- 
nre  in  a.ssistiug  and  uplilting  humanity.  Viewed  in  this  light  it  requireB 
hut  slight  exertion  to  solve  the  riddle  propounded  by  old  Mr.  Honest  in 
the  Pilgrim  : — 

"  Tliere  was  a  man,  thongh  some  did  count  him  mad, 
The  more  he  threw  away  the  more  he  had." 
tlie  world  presents  many  notable  instances  of  a  generous  pohcy,  It  Is 
tnfe  to  say  that  Peter  Cooper,  by  his  generous  consecration  of  $2,000,000 
to  the  up-building  of  tlie  Cooper  Institute,  not  to  mention  his  other  bene- 
factions, has  conferred  more  substantial  benefits  on  humanity  than  whole 
dynasties  of  tyrants  who  misgovern  empires,  and  render  themselves  a 
terror  to  peaceable  nations. 

In  mercantile  juatters  courage  is  indispenable,  slackness  is  absolute 
ruiu.  It  requires  courage  to  tell  a  man  you  will  not  credit  him,  courage 
to  insist  on  promfit  payments  from  customers,  courage  to  speak  your 
miud  candidly  at  all  times,  courage  to  deny  yourself  the  possession  of 
many  things  yon  want-  It  requires  courage  to  refuse  to  conform  to  the 
al)9urd  demands  of  fashion,  to  show  respect  for  real  worth  even  if  it 
appears  in  humble  garb,  and  to  discountenance  unprincipled  rascality  in 
fine  clothes.  It  requires  courage  to  act  justly  without  fear  or  favor,  to  live 
within  vour  means,  to  pay  your  debts,  to  collect  your  accounts,  to  with- 
0tand  ridicule  while  acting  righteously  ;  in  one  word,  if  you  lack  courage 
never  go  into  business  at  all. 

In  mercantile  circles  tlie  commercial  traveller  occupies  a  most  import- 
ant position  and  in  many  caeet  proves  himself  a  mo*t  valuable  auziUary 


602  ON  MASEINa  GOODS. 

to  the  merchant.  To  become  a  successful  traveller  it  requires  prolonged 
service  on  the  road,  a  vast  amount  of  shrewdness,  and  a  profound  knowl- 
edge of  haman  nature.  He  must  possess  a  clear  head,  a  good  temper,  a 
ready,  easy,  and  natural  aptitude  for  making  profitable  bargains,  with 
a  good  gift  for  mental,  oif-hand  calculations  in  all  possible  emergencies. 

In  a  work  treating  of  commerdal  travellers  in  France,  we  find  the 
following  description  of  one  of  them  :  "  Witli  his  customers,  as  every 
•where  else,  he  is  polite  aud  obliging  ;  he  kisses  the  baby,  pats  the  spaniel, 
pays  a  compliment  to  the  young  lady  behind  the  counter,  and  offers  a 
pinch  of  snuff  to  the  master  of  the  shop.  He  inquires  respecting  the 
Etate  of  the  vintage,  foretells  the  result  of  the  season,  speaks  at  somo 
length  on  the  state  of  the  grain  market,  obligingly  inquires  after  ma« 
dame's  health,  and  invites  her  hus!j:iud  to  call  and  see  him  in  Paris. 

•  We'll  dine  at  the  Rocher,'  laughs  the  traveller,  adding,  in  a  lower  key, 

*  and  discuss  a  bottle  of  A  1,  eh  ? '  Briefly,  he  obtains  an  order,  and 
often  a  very  extensive  one." 

In  marking  goods  it  is  usual  with  merchants  to  make  use  of  a  private 
mark,  phrase,  or  key-word  to  designate  the  cost  and  selling  price  of  their 
goods,  the  object  being  to  conceal  these  points  from  aU  except  their  own 
salesmen.  The  following  words  and  phrases  present  a  choice  from  which 
to  make  a  selection. 

GAS  FIXTURE.        FISH  TACKLE.  BROWN  SUGAR. 

BLACK  HORSE.      CASH  PROFIT.  NOW  BE  SHARP. 

MISFORTUNE.         SO  FRIENDLY.  ELUCIDATOR. 

IMPORTANCE.        GAINFUL  JOB.  OF  INDUSTRY. 

It  win  be  noticed  that  each  word  or  phrase  contains  ten  letters,  no 
two  alike,  the  object  being  to  use  letters  iustead  of  figures  in  marking  the 
goods.    For  instance,  take  the  phrase 

GAS    FIXTURE. 
123     4567890 

In  marking  the  cost  and  selling  price  on  a  ticket,  we  assume  that  the 
cost  is  $3.25  and  the  selling  price  §4.37;  this  would  be  represented  by  th«» 
dumb  letters  s  a  J— /si.    The  cost  price  is  generally  placed  uppermost  o« 

tlie  tag,  the  selling  price  below  it,  thusj:^.  An  extra  letter,  styled 
a  repeater,  is  used  to  obviate  the  repetition  of  a  letter  or  figure  as  well  as 
to  prevent  the  disclosure  of  the  private  mark,  for  instance  instead  of  writ- 
ing 366  by  the  key-word,  which  would  be  s  a;  X,  use  as  a  repeater  th« 
letter  0,  and  make  it  read  sxo.  Fractions  may  be  written  thus :  458  §=/ 1  x 
— .    For  further  information  on  marking  goods  see  page  210. 

In  advertising,  let  your  announcements  be  short,  spicy,  attractive,  and 
prominently  displayed ;  study  brevitv,  using  as  few  words  as  possible  td 
express  your  meaning.  A  long,  diffuse  advertisement  kills  its  object, 
people  will  not  read  it.  Let  an  advertisement  be  truthful,  free  from 
senseless  bombast,  circulate  them  widely,  and  when  j^our  new  customers 
come  in,  fulfil  to  the  letter,  the  promises  made  in  your  announcements , 
you  will  thus  obtam  their  confidence,  retain  their  custom  and  their  efforP 
to  obtain  more  customers  for  you.  Remember,  judicious  advertising 
always  pays;  but  it  requires  judgment  to  advertise  aright.  Select  tha 
channels  which  circulate  most  widely  among  the  class  of  customers  vou 
desire  to  reach,  and  advertise  persistently  and  liberally.  Every  dollar 
expended  will  bring  tenfold  profits.  In  advertising  on  printed  cards  or 
circulars,  it  is  an  impoitaut  object  to  connect  them  with  some  matter 
-valuable  to  the  receiver,  such  as  a  calendar,  a  railwa}'  time  table,  an  ele- 
gant picture,  or  any  other  matter  that  will  be  preserved  for  its  inherent 
Talue.  Lithographed  circulars,  in  imitation  of  the  handwriting,  sent 
(Urect  to  ^rtieS)  are  a,  first  daea  advertising  media,    Never  q^uit  advet* 


Btrsofsss  FORifS.  80S 

Vsing  until  yon  qnit  bosiness.  The  most  successfal  merchants  in  New 
York  are  the  ones  which  advertise  largely,  and  consider  their  outlay  in 
this  manner  just  as  uecossarj-  as  tlie  payment  of  their  rent  or  clerk  liire. 

Next  to  prominence  in  aunoimcing  your  business  is  civility,  politeness, 
and  honest  treatment  of  customers.  These  elements  of  character,  which 
can  never  be  ignored  without  serious  detriment  to  any  one  engaged  in  pub- 
lic business,  cost  nothing,  and  will  often  enable  the  sriiall  dealer  to  outstrip 
his  rich  rival.  A  cheerful,  civil,  and  polite  manner  is  all-powerful  in 
obtaining  and  retaining  customers,  and  a  grand  mistake  is  often  made  by 
men  on  the  road  to  fortime,  in  forgetting  or  neglecting  to  exercise  this 
cheap  and  pleasant  means  of  its  ultimate  attainment. 

In  opening  an  account  with  a  bank  provide  yourself  with  a  proper  in- 
troduction. Never  draw  a  check  for  a  larger  sum  than  the  amount  at 
your  credit,  and  do  not  send  your  check  to  a  remote  person  with  the  ex- 
pectation of  depositing  funds  to  meet  it  before  it  gets  back  :  the  telegraph 
maj-  explode  that  bubble.  Never  exchange  checks  with  any  one,  or  give 
X  check  under  the  stimulation  that  it  is  not  to  be  used  iintila  given  time. 
Never  take  a  di.stant  check  from  a  neighbor  to  pass  it  free  tlirough  your 
bank,  giving  him  your  check  for  it  Never  give  your  check  to  a  straiiger; 
it  is  liable  to  be  raised,  and  passed,  thus  entailing  a  heavy  loss  on  the 
bank.  In  sending  a  check  to  a  distance,  with  the  name  ioid  residence  of 
the  payee,  thus  ;  John  Kamsden  &  Co.,  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  This  will  give 
a  clue  to  the  bank  when  it  is  presented  for  payment  lu  ]  resenting  anac- 
comnodation  note  for  discount,  teU  your  bank'the  real  nature  of  the  paper. 
It  is  much  better  to  act  in  this  candid,  imreserved  manner  than  otherwise 
Never  consider  your  bank  arbitrary  if  it  declines  to  discount  an  accommo- 
dation note  ;  in  any  event  never  wrangle  or  contend  with  it  but  act 
Bquarely  with  them  by  settling  in  full,  and  then  go  elsewhere  if  discourte- 
ouslv  treated.  If  you  wish  to  get  a  customer's  note  discounted  to  obtain 
funds  to  take  up  a  prior  note  by  the  game  customer,  inform  your  bank 
lolly  about  it.  Don't  waste  arguments  to  induce  your  bank  to  discount 
paper  which  it  has  already  declmed,  it  may  have  the  best  of  reasons  for 
guch  action.  In  your  dealings  with  bank  officers  never  exhibit  asperity  of 
temper,  but  study  politeness,  civility,  candor  and  courtesy  under  all  cii- 
camstancea. 

COMMERCIAL  AND  LEGAL  FORMS. 

No.  1.  Negotiable  Note. 
$400  Montreal  Jan.  1,  18—. 

Three  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  Oliver  Cromwell,  or  order, 
Foot  Hundred  Dollars,  lor  value  received. 
Note.  John  Howakd. 

For  an  interest-bearing  note,  add  "  with  interest"  after  "value  re- 
ceived." 

No.  2.  Joint  Note. 
$430  -fii,  St  John,  N.B.,  Jan.  4.  18—. 

Six  months  after  date  we  jointly,  but  not  severally,  promise  to  pay 
liomas  Bruce,  or  order.  Four  Hundred  and  Thirty  f?a  Dollars,  for  value 
Joeived,  with  interest  Johx  Spexcek, 

David  Thomsox. 
No.  3.  Note  payable  at  a  Bank. 

f  1000  New  York,  Jan.  11,  18 — 

Three  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Hiraia 
Brown,  the  Sum  of  One  Thousand  Dollars,  value  received,  at  Park  Na- 
tional Bank,  New  Yotk. 

P£I£fi  Pkutgul  , 


M4  B«iiNBM  HiHlM. 

Ko.  4.  HoUpa^ahU,  b^  Jmialnwdix 

$100  ^  Toronto,  t^b.  16, 18-.. 

For  ralue  received,  i  promise  to  i-.ay  to  .Tohn  Fleming,  or  order.  Oh* 
Hiuidred  Dolliirs,  in  the  way  and  manner  following,  to  wit  :  Filtv  IVjlLars 
in  three  months  from  date,  and  Fifty  Dollars  in  four  months,  with  interest 
on  the  several  aiuus  ae  they  become  due. 

Ausx.  AsxsTso>'a. 

No.  5.  JVbte  not  ISegotiahU. 
$800  Syracuse,  N.T.,  July,  15,  18—. 

Three  months  after  date,  for  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  Thomaa 
Bonner,  Five  Hundred  Dollars. 

William  T.  Bell. 

No.  6.  Note  on  Demand, 
S300  Hamilton,  March  14.  18—. 

On  demand  I  promise  to  paj-  John  Rose,  or  order,  Three  Hundred 
Dollars,  value  received,  with  uiterest. 

William  Wallack. 

No.  7.  Note  payable  in  Merchandise. 
$700  Fredericton,  N.B.,  June  1,  18—. 

For  valne  received,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  November  next,  I 
promise  to  pay  to  A.  Gibson,  or  Order,  Seven  Hundred  Dollars  in  gx>od 
merchantable  Spruce  Logs,  at  his  Sawmill  near  this  city,  at  the  market 
Talue  on  tlie  maturity  of  this  note. 

JOHIT  StREAMDRIVBR, 

No.  8.  Due  Bill  for  money. 

London.  Ont,  June  20,  18—. 
$140  ^  Due  to  John  Baxter,  or  order,  on  demand,  One  Hundred  and 
forty  ,%  Dollars,  value  received. 

J.  B.  Pekki>-8. 

No.  9.  Due  Bill  payable  in  Goods. 
$200  Chicago.  111.,  July  14,  18—. 

Due  on  demand,  to  R.  Wyllie,  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  in  merchandise 
from  our  store. 

T.  M.  HrirrER  &  Co. 

No.  10.  Check  on  a  Bank. 
No.  IG.  New  York,  July  20.  18- 

Ninth  Natiokal  Bank. 

Pay  to  Bradford  &  Parker  or  order,  Three  Thousand fSs  DoUara. 

$3,000  G.  BCKKHAM. 

No.  11.  Form  of  a  Bank  Draft. 

$6,300  Bank  of  the  Metropolis  No.  197, 

New  York.  Aug.  5,  18 — . 
Pay  to  the  order  T.   M.  Banker  Six  Thousand  and  Three  Himdred 

Dollars. 

Duplicate  unpaid 
G.  A.  COPELAND,  Caahier. 
T*  Eliot  Nat.  Bank.  Boston. 


Mo.  Vt  Siffht  ;}>y^. 

$eeO  }?ew  Yctk.  Aug.  10,  IS-. 

At  Sight,  pay  to  the  otder  ol  R.  Pitm&tt  &  Co..  Six  fituidtsd  dcilat^ 
value  receiTed,*  and  charge  the  same  to  our  account. 

George  Root  &  Co. 
To  Jam£s  ALLisoy,  Chicago. 

Xo.  13    Time  Draft. 

5:200  R,xhester,  N.T.,  At^.  11.  IS—. 

Thirty  days  after  date,  i>ay  to  the  Order  of  John  Hall,  Two  Hundred 
and  Fifty  Dollars,  value  received,  and  charge  to  our  account. 

T  Ba>-xi>g  &  Co. 

No  14  Set  of  Fm'eign  Bills  of  Exchange 

Exchan-e  for  £5,000  New  York,  Aug.  10.  18— % 

Ten  days  after  sight  of  this  First  of  Exchausre  (our  Secoud  and  ThinJ 
nnpaid ).  pay  to  tlie  Order  of  David  P^rry,  Five  Thousand  Pounds  Sterling, 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  without  f  urtlier  advice,  to, 

JOSETH  SeLIGMAX  &  CO, 

To  Bakisg  Brothebs. 

No.  220  London,  Eng. 

Exchange  for  £5.0CO  New  York,  Aug.  10, 18—. 

Ten  days  after  Sight  of  this  Second  of  Exchange  (First  and  Third  un» 
paid;,  pay  to  the  order  of  David  Perry.  Five  Thousand  Pounds  Sterliugi 
value  received,  and  charge  the  same  without  further  advice,  to 

Joseph  Seuoua^  &  Co. 
To  B-ABtfrG  Brothers.  l' 

No.  220,  London,  Eng. 

Exchange  for  £5.000  New  York.  Aug.  10.  18—. 

Ten  days  after  Sight  of  this  Thini  of  Exchange  i  First  ancl  Second  un- 
paid), pay  to  the  order  of  David  Perry.  Five  Taousiind  Pounds  Sterling-, 
value  recei\Ted,  aod  duurge  the  same  without  further  advice,  to 

Joseph  Seuqman  h  Co. 
To  Baiukg  Brothers 
No  220.  London,  Eng. 

Na  15.  Fonn  of  a  Protest. 

S2.000  NewYorit.  Aag.  15.  1877. 

Plesse  to  take  notice,  that  a  Promissory  Note  for  Two  Thousand  Dollars, 
raude  by  Robert  Brown,  May  12,  lt<7T,  and  endorsed  by  you,  having  been 
duly  presented  and  jviyment  thereof  demanded,  which  was  refu&ed,  iji 
taerefore  protested  for  non-payment,  and  that  the  holders  look  to  you  for 
Mvment,  interest,  costs,  and  damages. 

To  U.    Look  oit.  I.  L.  Ketchxtm. 

Jiotary  Public. 

No.  16.  Receipt  for  Money  on  Accotmi. 

Received,  New  York,  March  23,  1878,  of  Thomas  Parwell,  Seventy-fir* 
dolkus  on  acGoouL 
175  K.TaA2<XFUL. 


806  BUSIl^ESS   FORM^S. 

No.  17.  Receipt  in  Full. 

Fredericton,  N  B.,  March  12,  18—, 
Receired  of  John  Mnrray.  One  Hundred  Dollars,  in  full  of  all  demands 
to  date. 
$100.  Hexry  Blackburn. 

No.  18.  Receipt /or  Money  advanced  on  a  Contract. 

J>1,000  Woodstock,  Ont  ,  May  1,  18-. 

Received  of  A.  Campbell,  One  Thousand  Dollars  in  advance,  on  a  con* 
tiact  to  build  for  him  a  Frame  house  on  Dundaa  street. 

R.  TCKKBCUfc 

No.  19.  Receipt /or  Rent- 

§200  Gait.  Ont,  June  1,  18.— 

Received  of  A.  Thomson,  Two  Hundred  Dollars  la  full  for  one  year'* 
rent  for  dwelling  on  Water  Street. 

Charles  Wilsok. 

No.  20.  Receipt /or  a  Kote. 

§400  New  York,  June  2,  18—. 

Received  of  Hiram  Edsoo,  his  note  for  Tour  Hundred  Dollars  at  three 
%ionth8,  in  foil  of  account 

Thomas  Habrison. 

Na  21.  Order /or  Money. 

Baltimore,  June  5,  18 — . 
Air.  RoBEBT  Hnx, 

Please  pay  Thomas  Jamison,  or  Bearer,  Fifty  dollars  on  my  account 

DaYID  HrLT.MAN. 

No.  22.  Order /or  Merchandise. 

Ifs.  R.  T.  Bo>-XEK. 

Please  deliver  to  the  bearer,  Joseph  Fallett,  snch  goods  as  he  may  de- 
sire from  your  store  to  the  amoont  of  Sixty-five  dollars,  and  charge  the 
game  to  my  account 

;  John  Gabdikeb 

No.  23.  Letter  o/  Credit. 

Toronto,  October  5, 18—. 
Gentlemen  .-—Allow  me  to  introduce  to  your  firm  the  Bearer,  Mr.  J. 
8.  Harper  ;  should  he  make  a  selection  from  your  stock  to  the  amount  of 
One  Thousand  Dollars,  I  will  be  answerable  for  that  sum  in  case  of  his 
non-payment. 

Yours,  truly, 

RUFUS  BABIiOir 

To  LoBD  &  Taylob,  New  York, 

No.  24.  Landlord's  Agreement. 

This  certifies,  that  I  have  let  and  rented,  this  first  day  of  June,  1878, 
•onto  Robert  Walker,  my  house  and  lot  No.  150,  Dundas  street,  London, 
Ont.,  and  its  appurtenances  ;  he  to  have  the  free  and  uninterrupted  oc 
copation  thereof  for  one  year  from  this  date,  at  the  yearly  rental  of  Oa^ 


Brsnnss  forms.  807 

Thomand  Dollars,  to  be  paid  monthly  in  advance  ;  rent  to  ceaM  if  do* 
■troyed  by  fire,  or  otherwise  made  untenantable. 

J  AS.  KiKOUAK. 

No.  25.  Tejiant's  agreement. 

This  certifies  that  I  have  hired  and  taken  from  Joseph  Kingman,  his 
house  and  lot  No.  150,  Duudas  street,  London,  Ont. ,  with  appurtenances 
thereto  belonging,  for  one  year,  to  commence  this  day  at  a  yearly  rental 
of  One  Thousand  Dollars, '  to  be  paid  monthly  in  advance,  unless  said 
house  becomes  iiuteuautable  from  fire  or  other  causes,  in  which  case 
rent  ceases  ;  and  I  further  agree  to  give  and  yield  said  premises  one  year 
from  this  first  day  of  June,  1878,  in  as  good  condition  as  now,  ordinary 
wear  and  damage  by  the  elements  excepted. 

Given  under  my  hand  this  day. 

ROBEBI  Walsbk. 

No   26.  Notice  to  Quit. 

To  A.  B.  Palmeb. 

Sir : — Please  observe  that  the  term  of  one  year,  for  which  the  hooM 
and  land,  situated  at  47  Pearl  street,  and  now  occupied  by  you,  were 
rented  to  you,  expired -on  the  first  day  of  June,  1878.  and  as  I  desire  to 
repossess  said  preniises,  you  are  hereby  requested  and  required  to  vacate 
the  same. 

Yours  truly, 

T.  H.  Cabtkb. 

No.  27.  Tenant's  Notice  of  leaving. 

Dear  Sir:  The  premises  I  now  occupy  as  your  tenant,  at  No.  56,  Main 
street,  I  shall  vacate  on  the  first  day  of  May,  1878.  You  will  please  take 
Dotice  accordingly. 

Dated  this  26th  day  of  March,  1878. 

WiLXIAM  Gl-LBEKT 

To  John  Lawrsxcb,  Esq. 

No.  28.  Common  Form  of  Bond. 

Know  all  Men  by  these  presents,  that  I,  David  Wilson,  of  Fredericton, 
York  County,  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  am  held  and  firmly  bound  unto 
John  Scott  of  the  place  aforesaid,  in  the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars,  to  be 
paid  to  the  said  John  Scott,  his  heirs  or  assigns  ;  for  which  payment  to  be 
well  and  truly  made,  I  bind  myself,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  by  these  pres- 
ents. 

Sealed  with  my  seal,  and  dated  this  first  day  of  August,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sevent\--eight. 

The  condition  of  this  obligation  is  such,  that  if  I,  David  Wilson,  my 
heirs,  assigns,  or  executors,  shall  promptly  pay  to  the  said  John  Scott,  hij 
heirs  or  assigns,  tlie  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars  in  three  equal  annual  in- 
stalments from  the  date  hereof,  with  annual  interest,  then  the  aboT* 
obligation  to  be  void  ;  otherwise  to  be  in  full  force  and  virtue. 

DAVID  WILSON,  /I*S), 
Sealed  and  delivered  in  \ 
Presence  of  > 

AdaxCuouc     \ 


No,  30.  Form  qf  Bill  qfSali, 

wiovr  all  men  vy  these  Presents,  that  I,  Peter  Dearaafl,  of  the  city  of 
Boitciu,  iu  the  County  of  Middlesex,  and  State  of  ilassachusetts,  of  the 
first  part,  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars, 
lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  to  me  in  hand  paid,  at  or  before  the 
ensealing  and  delivery  of  these  presents,  by  Robert  Eusifm  of  the  same 
place,  of  tiie  second  part,  the  receipt  whereof  is  heitby  acknowledged, 
nave  bargained  and  sold,  and  by  these  presents  do  grautand  convey,  unto 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors,  administrators,  and 
assigns,  one  six  year  old  dark-bay  horse  Ji/tecn  hands  high,  one  black 
horse,  one  double  harjiess,  one  carriucie,  tico  coics  undjloe  pk/s,  to  have 
AND  TO  HOLD  the  6ame  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs, 
administrators  and  assigns  for  ever. 

And  I  do  for  myself,  my  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators,  covenant 
and  agree,  to  andwith  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  to  warrant  and 
defend  the  sale  of  the  said  (/oods  aiid  chottels  hereby  sold  unto  the  said 
party  of  the  second  part^  his  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns, 
against  all  and  every  person  and  persons  whatsoever. 

ly  WITNESS  •WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal,  thia 
Biith  day  of  April  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-eight. 

PETER  DE^^IAN,  (LS). 
Sealed  and  delivered  in  presence  of  1 
Peter  Wilson,  > 

J.  GODDAKD.  j 

No.  30.  Chattel  Mortgage. 

This  indenture,  made  this  fifteenth  day  of  April,  one  thonsand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-eight,  between  David  Allan  of  the  town  of  Guelph, 
County  of  Wellington,  Province  of  Ontario,  p<'u-ty  of  tlie  first  part,  and 
Alfred  Baker  :>f  die  same  town,  county  and  Province,  party  of  the  second 
part. 

WixNBSSEi'H,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for,  and  in  consid- 
eration of  the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars  iu  hand  iiaid,  tlie  receipt  of 
■which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  does  hereby  grant,  sell,  convey  and  con- 
firm unto  the  said  party  of  tlie  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever, 
all  and  singular,  the  following  described  goods  and  chattels,  to  wit  : 

1  Weber  piano,  4  black  walnut  bedsteads,  1  stove,  2  mahogany 
bureaus,  2  sofas,  1  dozen  chairs,  etc. ,  now  in  i)Ofsessiou  of  said  Allan,  in 

his  dwelling  at  No.  street,  Guelph.    To  have  a>-d  to  hold 

ail  and  singular  the  goods  and  chattels  above  bargained  and  sold,  or  in- 
teuileil  so  to  be,  unto  the  said  jiarty  of  the  second  part,  his  executors, 
admiuistraturs  and  assigns  forever.  AxD  the  said  party  of  the  first  part, 
f  jr  himself,  his  heirs,  assigiu,  and  administrators,  all  and  singular  the 
g  )aJs  and  chattels  above  bargained  au.i  sold  unto  the  said  party  of  the 
first  p-'irt.  and  ag;unst  all  and  every  person  whomsoever  siiall,  and  will, 
•warrant  and  forever  defend 

Upoy  coNDmox,  that  if  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  shall  and  do 
well  and  truly  pay  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors, 
administrutof?.  of  assigns,  the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars  lawful  money  of 
this  Province,  with  interest  thereon,  one  year  from  this  date,  thence  tliese 
presents  shall  be  void.  Akd  tho  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  himself, 
his  executors,  and  assigns,  doth  covenant  and  agree  to  and  with  tlie  eaic 
partv  of  the  second  nart,  his  executors,  administi-ators  and  assigns,  that 
la  case  default  shall  be  made  in  the  payment'of  th«  said  »uia  abov« 


BUSES'ESS   FOKMS.  809 

mentioned,  then  it  stall  and  inar  be  lawful  for,  and  I,  the  said  party  of 
the  fir<:t  part,  do  her  .\ze  and  empower,  the  said  party  of  "tie 

second  part,  his  ext  uistrators,  and  assigns,  with  the' aid  and 

assibtauce  of  any  pei;.  -  -  ^  -.;^as,  to  enter  my  dvrelling-house.  or  such 
other  place  or  places  as  tue  aaid  goods  and  chatiels  are  or  may  be  placed, 
and  take  and  convey  away  tLe  gaid  g<x>d3  and  chattel*,  and  to  sell  or 
dispose  of  the  same  for  the"  bc-t  ;  .in  obtain,  and,  out  of  the  pro* 

oeeds  thereof,  tj  retain  and  jvi .  :  :ri  above  mtmirned,  and  all 

charges  teaching  the  game,  ren/.  erfJa3(if  any)  unto  me,  orto 

my  ekeoutors,  administrators  or  ai«-^-ns. 

A>-D.  r>TrL  DZFArtT  be  made  in  tfee  payment  of  the  said  sum  of 
money,  I  am  to  remain  and  continue  in  the  qrJc-t  possession  of  the  said 
goods  and  chattels,  and  in  the  full  and  free  enjoyment  of  the  same. 

Ix  wrrxEss  vheheof.  I.  the  said  party  of  tlie  first  part,  have  here* 
tmto  set  my  hand  and  seal  the  day  and  year  first  abore  written. 

Signed,  sealed  and  deliv-  ] 
ered  in  presence  of         !     '  rnvrn   iTTiV  rr  <i  A 

George  RoBSoy,     f  DA^  ID  ALLA>,,  (L.S.) 

Thomas  Xetlsok.  J 
Note. — The  law,  both  in  Canada  and  the  United  State?,  reqnires  that 
ail  chattel  mortgacre?  shonld  be  filed  in  the  Clerk's,  Register's,  or  R*. 
corder  s  office  of  the  town,  city,  or  county  where  the  mortiragor  resides, 
and  the  property  is,  when  mortgaged.  Unless  the  same  is  renewed  at 
or  before  the  clo.«e  of  the  year,  its  virtue  ei^ire?.  and  every  creditor  will 
have  the  same  right  to  the  property  as  the  mortgagee 

No.  31.  Claim  to  be  filed  by  Lien  Creditor's  in  Clerfs  Office. 

Henry  Wilson,  of  Buffalo,  in  the  County  of  Erie,  and  State  of  New 
York,  lumber  merchant,  files  his  claim  for  five  hundred  ?.nd  sixty  dollars 
against  a  certain  house  and  lot  of  ground,  belonging  to  John  Eodgers, 
situated  on  the  south  side  of  Clinton  street.  Xo.  27,  in  the  plan  of  said 
city,  containing  in  front  on  Clinton  street,  forty  feet,  and  in  depth  one 
h'.indred  feet,  boimded  on  the  north  by  the  said  Clinton  street,  on  the 
'vest  by  ground  of  John  Smith,  on  the  "ea?t  ground  of  Thom.-is  Nelson, 
and  on  the  soutli  by  ground  of  Tliomas  Carter,  for  that  sum  due  him  for 
lumber  and  other  materials  furnished  by  bim.  in  erecting  the  aforesaid 
house  in  October,  1S77. 

HENRY  \nLS02T. 
November  4,  iSTT. 

KoTE. — ^Tli©  above  form  is  applicable  for  any  claim  whatever  that  mar 
be  due  to  lumber  merchants,  brick-makers,  cai^nters.  painters,  mason*, 
plumbers,  or  others  engaged  in  famishing  materials  or  labor  in  erecting 
imildings. 

No.  32.  Form  of  Jud'jment-Xote. 

For  valne  received  I  promise  to  pay  to  Henry  Jordan  of  Lockport,  or 
Order,  four  hundred  dollars,  with  interest,  on  the  first  day  of  June  next ; 
and  1  hereby  nominate,  constitute,  and  appoint,  any  attomey-at-law  of 
this  State,  my  true  and  lawf  ol  attorney,  irrevocable,  for  me  and  in  my 
name  to  appear  in  any  court  of  record  of  tliis  State,  at  any  time  after  the 
above  promisso^  note  becomes  dxie,  and  to  waive  all  process  and  service 
thereof,  and  to  confess  judgment  in  favor  of  the  holder  hereof  for  fte 
•um  that  may  be  due  and  owing  hereon,  with  interest  and  costs,  waiving 


8lU  BUSINESS   FORMS 

all  errors,  etc,  with  stay  of  execution  until  the  first  day  of  April  next 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  at  Lockport,  N.  Y. ,  this  first  day  of  Decern* 
ber,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-seven. 
Signed,  sealed,  and  deliv- ) 
eredinp-esence^of^^^    [  THOMAS  WEBSTER,  (L.S.) 

RoBEBT  Kerr.    J 
Note. — The  above  note  enables  the  holder,  in  several  States,  to  enter 
up  judgment  thereon  without  suit,  if  not  paid  when  due. 

No."  33.  Form  of  Note  for  Indiana. 
$200.  Richmond,  Ijo).,  April  1, 18 — . 

On  demand,  for  value  received,  I  promise  to  pay  Charles  Marsh,  o* 
Order,  two  hundred  dollars,  with  interest,  payable  without  any  relief 
whatever  from  valuation  or  appraisement. 

ROBERT  MILLER, 

No.  34.  Form  of  Note  of  Pennsylvania. 
$600.  PHiLADBLPraA,  Pa.  ,  April  8,  18—. 

Three  months  after  date,  I  promise  to  pay  to  the  order  of  Thomaa 
Maxwell,  five  hundred  dollars,  without  defalcation,  for  value  received. 

ALEXANDER  REID. 

No.  35.  Form  of  a  Bill  of  Lading  for  Timber,  <Cc. 
Shipped,  in  good  order  and  condition,  by  Robert  Godfrey  &  Co.,  on 
board  the  good  ship  "Dominie  tiampson,"  whereof  P    M.  Marshall  ia 
master  for  this  present  voyage,  now  lying  in  the  port  of  St.  John,  N.  B., 
aaid  bound  for  Liverpool,  England.    To  say  : — 

66,760  feet  Mer.  Spruce,  all  luider  deck. 
100  M.  Spruce  laths,  all  under  deck, 
90  M.  ft.  Mer.  Pine,  all  on  deck, 
being  marked  and  numbered  in  the  margin  ;  and  are  to  be  delivered,  in 
like  good  order  and  condition,  at  the  aforesaid  port  of  Liverpool  (the 
danger  of  the  seas  and  fire  always  excepted),  unto  Thomas  Adams  & 
Co. ,  or  to  assigns,  he  or  they  paying  freight  for  the  said  timber  at  the 
rate  of  ten  dollars  per  M.  feet,  and  one  dollar  per  M.  for  laths,  without 
primage  and  average  accustomed. 

In  loitncss  whereof,  the  master  of  the  said  vessel  hath  affirmed  to  three 
bills  of  lading,  all  of  this  tenor  and  date  ;  one  of  which  being  accom- 
plished, the  others  to  stand  void. 

^  '  P.  M.  MARSHALL. 

Dated  at  St  John,  N.  B.,      ) 
June  the  6th,  A.D.  1878.  J 

No.  36.  Form  of  a  Survey  Bill  of  Lumber,  &c. 
Surveyed  from  Alex.   Gibson  of    Nashwaak,   New  Brunswick,   t« 
Schooner  "Inflexible"  Captain  Duncan.    To  say  : — 

43,600  ft.  2x8,  from  12  ft.  long  up  (Mch. )  Spruce. 
37,300  "  No.  1  Pine  boards. 
19,400  "  10  X  12  Mer.  Pine  timber, 
24,500  "  Hemlock  boards  (Jlch  ). 
159  M.  No.  1  Pine  Shinslcs. 
Nashwaak,  N.  B.,  \  DAVID  MORRISON, 

Ju«e  5,  Anno  Domini  1878.  I  Surveyor 


BUSINESS   FORJIS.  8ll^ 

No.  37.  Form  of  Agreement  and  Wairant/or  the  Sale  of  Hone. 

This  agreement,  madQ.this  eighth  day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-eight, 'between  Robert  Piingle  of  the  village  of 
Stanley,  county  of  York  and  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  of  the  first 
part.,  and  Davii  Brown  of  said  place,  of  the  second  part. 

"WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  Robert  Pringle  hereby  agrees  to  sell  to  the 
said  David  Brown  his  dark-bay  horse,  with  a  white  star  in  the  forehead, 
and  black  mane  and  tail,  and  to  warrant  the  said  horse  to  be  well  broken, 
to  be  kind  and  gentle,  both  under  the  saddle  and  in  single  and  double 
harness,  to  be  sound  in  every  respect  and  free  from  vice,  for  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  dollars,  to  be-paid  by  the  s.iid  David  Brown,  on  the  seventh 
day  of  June  next 

'in  consideration  whereof,  the  said  David  Brown  agrees  to  purchase 
the  said  horse,  and  to  pay  therefor  to  the  said  Robert  Pringle  the  sum  of 
le  hundred  dollars  on  the  seventh  day  of  June  next. 

In  ■vriTNESS  whereof,  &c  (as  in  No.  29). 

No.  38.  Agreement  to  Cultivate  Land  on  Shares 

This  agreement,  &c.  (as  in  No.  30). 

"WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  Robert  Pringle  agrees  with  the  said  David 
Brown,  that  he  will  properly  plough,  harrow,  till,  fit,  and  prepare  fo 
sowing,  all  that  certain  field  of  ground  belonging  to  the  said  Brown, 
which  field  hes,  etc.  (he7-e  bisert  descriptioji  of  field)  containing  about 
ten  acres,  and  to  sow  the  same  with  good  fall  wheat,  finding  one-half  the 
seed  wheat  necessary  therefor,  on  or  before  the  fifteenth  day  of 
September  next  :  and'  that  he  will,  at  the  proper  time,  cut,  harvest, 
and  thresh,  the  said  wheat,  and  winnow  and  clean  the  same,  and 
deliver  the  one-half  part  of  the  said  wheat  to  the  said  David  Brown, 
at  his  bam,  on  his  premises,  in  the  village  of  Stanley,  aforesaid, 
near  his  dwelling  house,  within  ten  days  after  the  same  shall  have  been 
cleaned  ;  and  will  carefully  stack  the  one-half  of  the  straw  on  the  prem- 
ises of  the  said  David  Brown,  near  to  his  bam  aforesaid. 

And  the  said  David  Brown,  in  consideration  of  the  foregoing  agree- 
ment, promises  and  agrees,  to  and  with  the  said  Pringle,  that  he  may 
enter  in  upon  said  field  for  the  purpose  of  tilling  and  sowing  the  same, 
and  of  hars^esting  the  crop  ;  and  free  ingre.^s  and  egress  have  and  enjoy 
for  the  purpose  aforesaid  ;  and  that  he  will  furnish  to  the  said  Pringle 
one-half  of  the  seed  wheat  necessarv  to  sow  the  same,  on  or  before  the 
fifteenth  day  of  September  next,  and  permit  the  said  Pringle  to  thrash 
and  clean  the  wheat  upon  the  premises  of  the  said  David  Brown. 

In  -witness  whereof,  &c.  (as  in  No.  29),  both  parties  will  sign. 

No.  39.  Lease  of  a  Farm. 

This  Indenture,  made  this  first  day  of  March,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-eight,  between  Peter  Marshall,  of  the  township  of 
Dumfries,  coimty  of  "Waterloo,  and  Province  of  Ontario,  of  the  first  part; 
and  Robert  Walker  of  the  said  township  and  county  of  the  second  part. 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  Said  Peter  Marshall,  for,  and  in  consideratiou 
of  the  vearlv  rents  and  covenants  hereinafter  luenlioned,  and  reserved  on 
the  part  and  behalf  of  the  said  Peter  Marshall,  his  heirs,  executors  and 
tdmini^trators,  to  be  paid,  kept,  and  performed,  hath  demised,  set,  and 
to  farm  let,  and  bv  these  presents  doth  demise,  set,  and  to  farm  let,  unt» 
the  Baid  Robert  Walker,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  certain  piec«, 


h2 


BUSDTESS   FORKS. 


paroel  or  tract  oi  lana  situate,  lying  and  being  in  tbe  townslu'p  of  Dura* 
fries  aforesaid,  known  as  lot  No.  {heir  describe  land)  now  in  the  posse* 
Bion  of ••  containing  one  liundred  acres,  together  with  all  and  sin- 
gular the  buildings  and  improvements,  to  have  and  to  hold  the  same 
unto  the  said  Robert  Walker,  bis  heirs,  executors  and  assigns,  from  t'le 

daj-  of next,  for,  aud  during  the  term  of  five  years,  thence 

next  ensuing,  and  fully  to  be  complete,  and  ended,  yiel3ing  and  paying 
lor  the  same,  unto  tlie  said  Peter  Marshall,  his  heirs  aud  as.«ignsj  the 

yearly  rent,  or  sura dollars,  on  the  first  day  of iu  e^ich  and 

every  year,  during  the  term  aforesaid,  and  at  the  expiration  of  eaid 
term",  or  sooner  if  determined  upon,  he  the  said  Robert  Walker,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  shall  and  will  quietly  and  peaceably  surrender  aud  yield  up 
the  g.iid  demised  premises,  with'  the  apnurteuances,  imto  the  said  Peter 
Marshall,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  in  as  good  order  and  repair,  as  the  same 
now  are,  reasonable  wear,  tear,  and  casualties,  which  may  happen  by 
fire,  or  otherwise,  only  excepted. 

Ix  WITNESS  WHEEEOF  we  have,  etc.  (as  in  No.  29). 

No.  40.   Warranty  Deed  by  Husband  and  Wi/e,  tciih  Covenants. 

This  Lnt)ENTCRE,  made  this  eighteenth  day  of  June,  in  the  year  o£ 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  aud  seventy-eight,  between  John 
Wilson,  of  Newton,  coujitj'  of  Sussex,  State  of  New  Jersey,  aud  Charlotte, 
his  wife,  of  the  first  part,  and  Peter  Cunningham  of  tlie  same  place,  of 
the  second  part. 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  i^art,  for  and  in  consider- 
ation of  the  simi  of  two  thousand  "doiLirs  in  hand,  well  and  truly  paid 
by  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  tlie  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  ac- 
knowledged, have  grauted,  bargained,  aud  sold,  and  by  these  presents  do 
grant,  bargain,  aud  sell,  imto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs 
and  assigns,  all  the  following  described  lot,  piece,  parcel  or  tract  of  land 
eituated  in  the  town  of  Newton,  county  of  Sussex,  and  State  of  New 
Jersey,  to  wit:    {Here  describe  the  property.) 

Together  with  all  and  singular  the  hereditaments  and  appurtenances 
thereunto  belonging  or  in  any  wL'<e  apjierUiiuing,  and  the  reversion  and 
reversions,  remainder  aud  remainders,  rents,  issues,  and  profits  thereof  ; 
and  all  the  estate,  right,  title,  interest,  claim  and  demand  whatsoever,  of 
the  said  i^arty  of  the  first  part,  either  in  law  or  equity,  of,  in,  and  to,  the 
above-bargained  premises,  with  t;ie  hereditaments  and  appurtenances: 
To  HAVE  AND  TO  HOLD  the  Said  premises  above  bargained  aud  described, 
with  the  appurtenances,  unto  the  said  party  of  the  second  part.  hi.s  heirs 
and  assigns,  for  ever.  Aud  the  said  Jolm  Wilson,  .'And  Charlotte  Wilson, 
his  wife,  parties  of  tbe  first  part,  hereby  expressly  waive,  release,  and 
relinquish  unto  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  ad- 
ministrators and  assigns,  all  right,  title,  claim,  benefit,  and  interest  what- 
ever, in,  and  to  the  above-described  premises,  and  each  and  every  p.irt 
thereof,  which  is  given  by  or  results  from,  all  laws  of  this  State  pertain- 
ing to  the  exemption  of  homesteads. 

And  tlie  said  John  Wilson  and  Charlotte  Wilson,  his  wife,  party  of  tVe 
first  part,  for  themselves  and  their  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators, 
do  covenant,  grant,  bargain,  and  agree,  to  and  with  the  ."said  part\-  of  tbe 
second  part,  his  heir.s  and  assisms,  that  at  the  time  of  the  ensealing  rud 
delivery  of  these  presents  they  were  well  seized  of  tbe  premi.se.s  abovo 
conveyed,  as  of  a  good,  sure,  perfect,  absolute  and  indefeasible  estate  of 
inheritance,  in  law  and  in  fee  simple,  aud  have  good  right,  full  power, 
and  lawful  authority  to  grant,  liargain,  sell,  and  convey  the,«ame.  in  man- 
ner and  form  aforesaid,  aud  that  tbe  same  are  free  and  clear  from  aU 
former  and  other  grants,  bargains,  sales,  liens,  taxes,  judgments,  assess- 


BDSINESS   FORMS.  813 

mentii,  and  incumbrances  of  what  kind  or  nature  soerer;  and  the  abovA« 
bari^ained  premises  in  the  quiet  and  j^aceable  pcwseesion  of  the  said  jjarty 
of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  asain>l  all  and  everv  or  persona 
lawfully  chiiming  or  to  claim  the  whole  or  auv  part  tiiereof,  the  said 
party  of  the  first  part  shall  and  will  warrant  and  foi-ever  defend. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  said  parties  of  the  fiitt  jiart  have  hereunto 
eet  their  hands  and  seal^  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

JOHN'  WILSOX.  (L.S.) 
CHARLOTTE  WU.SON,  (L.S.) 
Signed,  sealed  and  deliT-  ' 
ered  in  presence  of 
Henky  Nelson. 
Robert  Reid. 

Ko.  41.  Acknowhdgmetit  of  Deed. 

Sussex  Cocnty,  N.  J. 

On  the  eighteenth  day  of  Jnne,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eeventy -eight,  personally  appeared  before  me  .lohn  Wilson,  and  Chariotte, 
his  wife,  whom  I  know  to  be  the  persons  deserilied  in.  and  who  executed 
the  within  instriunent,  and  who  severally  acknowledged  that  they  execu- 
ted the  same:  the  said  Charlotte  being  by  me  examined  separate  and  apart 
from  her  husband,  acknowledged  that  she  executed  the  same  freely,  and 
without  fear  or  compulsion  from  him. 

PHILIP  HUNTER,  J.  P. 
ATmute  qf  Record. 

Becorded  in  the  Clerk's  oflSce  of 
the  County  of  Sussex,  in  Liber 
45,  p.  81,'of  Mortgages,  18th 
June,  1878,  at  30  minutes  past 
2  p.m. 

RoBEBT  Watts,  Register. 

No.  42.  Mortgage  qf  Land  to  secure  Payment  of  Monty. 

This  Isdentube,  made  the  tenth  day  of  April,  one  thonsand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy-eight,  between  John  Himtcr.  of  Dorset,  county  of 
Bennington.  State  of  Vermont,  merchant,  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  of  "tb.a 
first  part,  and  William  West,  of  the  .=ame  place,  agent,  of  the  second 
part:  Whbbe.^s,  the  said  John  Hunter  is  ju,«tly  indebted  tothesaid  party 
nf  the  second  part,  in  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  lawful  money  of 
t'le  United  State."?,  secured  to  be  paid  by  his  certain  bond  or  obligation, 
l»::iriu2  even  date  with  tliese  presents"  in  the  i<enal  sum  of  ten  thon- 
wnd  dollars,  lawful  money  as  aforesaid,  conditioned  for  the  payment  of 
the  first-mentioned  s;i;n  of  five  thousand  dollars,  as  liy  the  said  bond  or 
obliaatiou,  and  the  condition  thereof,  reference  l>einglliereunto  had,  may 
more  full v  appear.  Now  this  IxDEvrrKE  Witnessetii,  that  the  «aj4 
parties  of  the  first  pnrt.  for  the  bett'-r  securing  of  the  said  sum  of  money 
mentioned  in  the  condition  of  the  said  Iwnd  or  obligation,  with  interest 
thereon,  accordimrtothetrue  intent  ,Tnd  meaning  there<if.  and  also  for  and 
in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  one  dollar  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  the  said  party 
of  the  second  part.  at.  or  before  the  ensealing  and  delivery  of  these. pres- 
ents, the  receipt  where<if  i.^  hereby  acknowle-leed.  have,  granted,  bargained, 
sold,  aliened,  release*!,  conveved.  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  jresenta 
do  grant,  bargain,  sell,  alien,  release,  convey,  and  confirm,  unto  the  said 
party  o|  the  eecoiid  part,  and  to  hia  heirs  and  assigiu  for  eyer,  kll  that 


^14  BUSINESS   FORMS. 

certain  piece,  parcel,  or  lot  of  land,  situate,  lying,  and  being:  (Here  de$cr3>9 
premises. )    To  have  and  to  hold  the  same,  together  with  all  and  singular 
the  tenements,  hereditaments,  and  appurtenances  thereuuto  belonging, 
or  in  any  wise  appertaining,  and  the  re\ersion  and  reversions,  remamder 
and  remainders,  rents,  issues  and  profits  thereof;  And  also,  all  the  estate, 
right,  title,  interest,  dower,  property,  possession,   claim,  and  demand 
"whatsoever,  as  well  in  law  as  in  equity,  of  the  said  parties  of  the  firt-t 
part,  of,  in,  and  to  the  sjime,  and  every  part  and  parcel  thereof,  with  the 
appurtenances.     To  have  and  to  hold  the  above  granted  and  described 
premises,  with  the  appurtenances,  uuto  the  said  parly  of  the  second  j^art, 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  to  his  and  their  proper  use,  benefit,  and  behoof  for' 
ever.    Provided  always,  and  these  presents  are  upon  this  express  con- 
dition, that  if  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors  and 
assigns,  shall  well  and  truly  pay  or  cause  to  be  paid  unto  the  said  party 
of  the  second  part,  his  executors,  administrators  or  assigns,  the  said  sum 
of  money  mentioned  in  the  condition  of  the  said  bond  or  obligation,  and 
the  interest  thereon,  at  the  time,  and  in  the  manner  mentioned  in  the 
eaid  condition,  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  that 
these  presents  and  the  estate  hereby  granted  shall  cease,  determine,  and 
become  null  and  void.    And  the  saiH  John  Hunter,  for  himself,  his  heirs, 
executors,  and  administrators,  doth  covenant  and  agree  to  pay  unto  the 
said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 
the  said  sum  of  money  and  interest,  as  mentioned  above  and  express^  in 
the  said  condition  of  the  said  bond.    And  if  default  shall  be  made  in  the 
payment  of  the  said  sum  of  money  above  mentioned,  or  the  interest  that 
may  grow  due  thereon,  or  of  any  part  thereof,  that  then,  and  from 
thenceforth,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his 
executors,  admmistrators  and  assigns,  to  enter  into  and  upon  all  and 
singular  the  premises  hereby  granted,  or  intended  so  to  be,  and  to  sell 
and  dispose  of  the  same,  and  all  benefit  and  equity  of  redemption  of  the 
said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns, 
therein,  at  public  auction,  according  to  the  act  in  such  case  made  and 
provided :  And  as  the  attorney  of  the  said  party  of  the  first  i^art,  for  that 
purpose  by  these  presents  diily   authorized,  constituted,  and  appointed, 
to  make  and  deliver  to  the  purchaser  or  purchasers  thereof,  a  good  and 
BuflScient  deed  or  deeds  of  conveyance,  in  the  law  for  the  same  in  fee 
simple,  and,  out  of  the  money   arising  from  such  sale,  to  retain  the 
principal  and  interest  which  shall  then  be  due  on  the  said  bond  or  obhga- 
tion,  together  with  the  costs  and  charges  of  advertisement  and  sale  of 
the  premises,  rendering  the  overplus  of  the  purchase  money  (if  any  there 
shall  be)  unto  the  said  John  Hunter,  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs,  ex- 
ecutors, administrators,  or  assigns,  which  sale  so  to  be  made  shall  for- 
ever be  a  perpetual  bar,  both  in  law  and  in  equity,  against  the  said  party 
of  the  first  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and  all  other  persons  claiming  or  to 
claim  the  premises,  or  any  part  thereof,  by,  from,  or  under,  him,  them, 
or  either  of  them. 

In  witness  whereof,  the  parties  of  the  first  part  have  liereunto  set 
their  hands  and  seals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

JOHX  HUNTER.  (L.S.) 
MARGARET  HUNTER,  (L.S.I 
Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered ") 
in  presence  of 

Thomas  Bates, 
William  Bhll, 


BUSINESS  FORMS. 


No.  4S.  Form  of  Saiiafaciion  Piece. 


815 


I  William  "West,  of  Dorset,  Bemiington  County,  Vermont,  do  herebr 
certify  that  a  certain  mortgage,  bei»riug  date  the  tenth  day  of  April  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-eiglit,  made  and  executed  by  John 
Hunter,  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  of  the  same  place,  and  recorded  m  the 
office  of  the  Clerk  of  the  countv  of  Bennington,  in  Liber  45,  p.  7o,  of 
Mortgaees,  on  10th  day  of  April,  1S78,  is  paid.  Dated  1st  May,  1878. 
*  ^    '  WILLIAM  WEST,  (L.S.) 

Bexningtok  Cou>Ty,  Vermont,  SS. : 

Ou  the  first  day  of  Mav,  1878,  before  me  came  William  West,  to  me 
personally  known'to  be  tfie  individual  described  in,  and  who  executed 
the  above  certificate,  and  acknowledged  that  he  executed  the  same. 

JOHN  HAMPDEN,  J.  P. 
No.  44.  Assignment  of  Mortgage. 

Know  all  irEN  by  these  Presevts,  that  I,  William  West,  of  Dor- 
set, county  of  Bennington,  State  of  Vermont,  agent,  of  tlie  first  part,  for 
and  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars,  lawful  money 
of  the  United  States,  to  me  in  hand  paid  by  John  Howard,  of  the  same 
place,  farmer,  of  the  second  part,  at  or  before  the  ensealing  and  delivery 
of  these  presents,  the  receipt  whereof  is  hereby  acknowledged,  have 
granted,  bargained,  sold,  assigned,  transferred,  and  set  over,  and  by 
these  presents  do  grant,  bargain,  seU,  assign,  transfer,  and  set  over,  unto 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  a  certain  inden- 
ture of  mortgage,  bearmg  date  the  10th  day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy -eight,  made  by  John  Hunter,  and  Margaret,  his 
wiie,  and  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  Register  of  the  county  of  Benning- 
ton, State  of  Vermont,  in  Liber  3(5,  of  Mortgages,  p.  50,  together  with 
the  bond  or  obligation  thereto  belonging,  and  the  money  due,  and  to  be- 
come due  thereon,  with  the  interest.  To  have  axd  to  hold  the  same 
unto  the  said  partv  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs,  administrators  and 
assigns  for  ever,  subject  onlv  to  the  proviso  m  the  said  Indenture  of 
Mortgage  mentioned.  And  I  do  hereby  make,  constitute,  and  appoint 
the  said  party  of  the  second  ijart,  my  true  and  lawful  attorney  irrevocable, 
in  m  V  name  or  otherwise,  but  at  liis  own  proper  costs  and  charges,  to  have, 
use  and  take,  all  lawful  ways  and  means  for  the  recovery  of  the  said 
money,  and  interest,  and,  in  case  of  payment,  to  discharge  the  same  as 
luUv  as  I  might  or  could  do  if  these  presents  were  not  made. 

in  WITNESS  WHEREOF,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  Beal,  the 
first  day  of  Mav,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-eight. 

WILLIAM  WEST,  (L.S.) 
In  presence  of 

Duncan  Forbes, 
John  Reid, 

Note. — Deeds,  mortgages,  and  assignments  of  mortgages  should  be 
put  on  record  in  the  Register's  office  without  delay  after  being  executed. 
The  foregoing  forms  (as  well  as  the  followmg)  are  suitable  for  either 
the  United  States  or  Canada. 

No.  45.  Form  of  JFUl  for  Real  and  Personal  Property. 

I,  Joseph  Knight,  of  the  city  of  Toronto,  county  of  York,  and  Province 
Ot  Oiitario,  grocer,  realizing  the  uncertainty  of  life,  and  being  of  feeble 


'•I 


816  BUSINESS   FOBXg. 

health,  but  of  sound  mind,  memory,  and  judgment,  do  make  and  declare 
this  to  be  my  last  will  and  testament  in  manner  and  form  following,  to 
wit: 

First,  I  give,  riemise,  and  bequeath  unto  my  eldest  son,  Robert  Knight, 
the  sum  of  four  thousand  dollars,  now  on  deposit  in  the  Bank  of  Mon- 
treal, together  with  my  grocery  store  at  No. street,  with  all  the 

tenements  and  improvements  thereto  belonging:  to  have  and  to  hold 
imto  my  said  son,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

Second,  I  give  and  bequeath  unto  my  beloved  wife,  Charlotte,  abso- 
lutely, the  house  in  which  I  now  reside,  at  No. street,  together 

with  all  the  furniture  therein,  including  piano,  organ,  linen,  china,  the 
plate,  wearing  apparel,  etc. ,  together  with  ten  thousand  dollars  in  Bank 
stock  and  Railway  bonds,  now  lodged  in  ray  safe;  the  same  to  be  in  lieu 
of  her  dower  at  common  law. 

Third,  I  give  and  bequeath  to  my  invalid  mother,  Ellen  Knight,  the 
income  and  rents  from  my  farm  in  Scarboro  during  the  term  of  her  natu- 
ral life.  Said  farm  to  revert  to  uiy  sous  and  daughters  iu  equal  propor- 
tion upon  the  demise  of  my  said  mother. 

Fourth,  I  give  and  bequeath  unto  my  youngest  sou,  Joseph  Knight, 

three  thousand  dollars,  also  my  tenement  house  on street,  with  all 

the  improvements  thereto  belonging;  to  have  and  to  hold  imto  my  said 
son,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever. 

Fifth,  I  give  and  bequeath  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  my 
executors,  to  be  equally  divided  between  them,  in  full,  for  all  services  in 
the  matter  of  tlie  execution  of  this  my  last  will  and  testament. 

Sixth,  I  direct  that  my  debts  and  funeral  e.xpenses  be  paid  from  moneys 
now  on  deposit  to  my  credit  in Savings  Bank  of  Toronto,  the  bal- 
ance of  such  money,  together  with  all  the  re.«t  and  residue  of  my  estate, 
to  my  three  daughters,  Mary,  Ellen,  and  Isabella,  to  be  equally  divided 
between  them  for  their  use  forever. 

I  hereby  nominate  and  appoint  David  TTaterson,  Robert  Ford,  and 
James  Thomson,  the  executors  of  this  mv  last  will  and  testament,  and  re- 
voke all  other  and  former  wills  made  and  executed  by  me. 

In  wrrNESs  whkreof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  tenth 
day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight  himdred  and  seventy-eight. 

JOSEPH  KNIGHT,  (L.S.) 
Signed,  sealed,  published,  ) 
declared  and  acknowl- 
edged, by    the    aboTe- 
uamed  testator,  to  be  his 
last  will  and  testament, 
iu  our  presence,  and  we 
each,  at  his  request,  and 
iu  his  presence,  and  in 
the   presence   of    each 
other,     subscribe     our 
names  as  witnesses. 
Alexaxder    Adam,    75 

King  St. ,  Toronto. 
Thomas     Roeson,     214 

Yonge  St. ,  Toronto. 
Adam  Clabk,95  Adelaide 
St.,  ToroQto, 


BUSINESS   FORMS.  Sl7 

Note. —The  provisiong  of  a  will  should,  in  every  cai,e,  be  so  clearly 
defined  that  there  cau  be  no  mistake  about  the  meaning.  Any  person  of 
proper  age,  and  sound  judgment  may  convey  property  by  will.  All  Ie"-;i- 
tees  are  debarred  by  law  from  witnes.sing  wills  in  which  they  are  inter- 
ested ;  their  signature  would  nullify  the  wliole  mstrument,  and  no  person 
can  serve  as  executor  if  he  be  under  21  years  of  age,  a  lunatic  convict 
imbecile,  or  au  alien  at  the  time  of  proving  tlie  will.  The  father  may  ap- 
point his  wife,  sou,  brotlier,  or  any  other  relative  as  executor,  and  each 
in  their  turn  may  do  likewise,  as  confidence  m.ay  exist.  An  addition  to 
ilie  will,  called  a  codicil,  designed  to  modify,  add"  to,  or  change  previous 
bequests,  may  be  executed  at  anytime,  but  in  every  case  it  must  be  ren- 
dered as  definite  and  precise  as  the  will  itself,  witnessing  included. 

No.  46.  Agreement  for  the  Sale  and  Purchase  of  Land. 

Thls  aoreement,  made  and  executed  the  first  day  of  May,  ono 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-ekht,  between  Charles  Giles,  of 
Kingston,  UZstex  county.  State  of  New  York,  farmer,  of  the  first  part, 
and  Thomas  Kingman,  of  the  city  of  New  York,  milkman,  of  the  second 
part 

WiTjTESSETH,  that  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  for  and  in  consider- 
ation of  tlie  sum  of  three  thousavid  dollars  (to  him  promised  to  be  paid), 
of  which  the  sura  of  five  huhdred  dollars  is  now  paid,  the  receipt  of 
tt'hich  is  hereby  acknowledged,  and  the  remaining  twenty-five  hundred 
doUars  is  hereljy  agreed  to  be  paid  at  the  time  tlie  deed  hereinafter  men- 
tioned is  given,  hath  contracted  and  agreed  to  sell  to  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part,  all  that  certain  jjiece,  parcel,  or  tract  of  land  situate  in  the 
town  of  Kingston,  county  of  Ulster,  and  State  of  New  York,  aforesaid, 
known  and  described  on  the  map  made  by  Thomas  Adams,  surveyor,  and 
filed  in  tlie  Clerk's  office  of  the  said  county.  October  5,  1830,  [by  the 
number  (47)  forty-seven,]  and  bounded  and  described  as  follows  :  (Here 
desmbe  property).  And  the  said  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  execute 
and  deliver  to  the  s;iid  party  of  the  second  jjart,  a  warranty  deed,  witli 
full  covenants,  for  the  .said  described  lands  :  Pkovided,  and  upon  condi- 
tion nevertheless,  that  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  pay  to  the  said  party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  for  the 
eaid  land,  the  sum  of  three  thousand  dollars,  lawful  money  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  way  and  manner  following,  to  wit: 

(//ere  specify  the  amount  and  dates  of  payments.) 

And  the  said  party  of  the  second  part,  for  himself,  his  heirs,  execu- 
tors, and  administrators,  doth  covenant  and  agree,  to  and  with  the  said 
party  of  the  first  part,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  the  said  party  of  the 
second  part  will  pay  the  said  several  sums  as  they  become  due,  without 
any  deduction  for  taxes  or  assessments  whatever :  And  it  is  further  agicud 
between  the  parties  to  these  presents,  that,  if  default  be  made  in  fulfilling 
this  agreement,  or  any  part  thereof,  on  the  part  of  the  said  party  of  the 
eecond  part,  then,  and  in  such  case,  the  said  ])arty  of  the  first  pnrt,  his 
Leirs  and  assigns,  shall  be  at  liberty  to  consider  this  cancelled,  and  the 
money  already  pftid  forfeited,  and  to  dispose  of  the  said  land  to  any  other 
IJerson  in  the  same  manner  as  if  this  contract  had  never  been  made. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereimto  set  our  hands  and  seals  tlia 
day  and  vear  first  above  written. 

CHARLES  GILES,  (L.S.) 
eigned,  .seiiled.  iind  doliv- )  THOMAS  KINGMAN,  (LS. 

ercd  in  presence  of  V 

Stepue:^  UamiltoMi  } 


818  lUSIWESS   FORMS. 

N<?.  47.  Power  of  Attorney,  General  Form, 

KxoTT  ATL  3IE>-  BT  TFTESE  pRESE^TTs,  that  I.  Kobert  Gmnt,  of  Brook* 
lyn.  in  the  county  of  Ejngs,  and  State  of  New  York,  merchant,  have 
made,  constituted  and  apjwinted,  and  by  these  presents  do  make,  consti- 
tute and  appoint,  Thomas  Baunerman.  of  the  city  of  Hamilton,  in  tho 
county  of  Wentworth,  and  province  of  Ontario,  a  true  and  lawful  attor- 
ney for  me,  and  in  my  name,  place  and  stead,  and  in  my  behalf,  to  (here 
insert  the  duties  to  be  performed),  hereby  giving  and  granting  nnto  my 
said  attorney  full  power  and  authority  in  the  premises  to  use  all  lawful 
means  in  my  name  and  for  my  sole  benefit,  for  the  purposes  aforesaid. 
And  generally  to  do  and  i)erform  all  and  every  act  and  thing  whatsoever, 
requisite  and  necessary  to  be  done  in  aud  about  the  premises,  as  fully  to 
all  intents  and  purposes  as  I  might  or  could  do  if  personally  present,  with 
full  power  of  substitution  and  revocation,  hereby  ratifying'  and  confirm- 
ing all  that  my  said  attorney,  or  his  substitute,  shall  lawfully  do,  or  cause 
to  be  done,  by  virtue  hereof. 

Ix  "wrr>'Ess  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  this  first 
day  of  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-eight 

ROBERT  GR-iXT,  (L.S.) 
Signed  and  sealed  in  presence  of  ) 
David  Scott.  ( 

XoTE. — In  cases  where  the  attorney  is  empowered  to  sell  land  and 
grant  deeds,  the  power  of  attorney  must  be  placed  on  record  m  tho 
County  Register's  oflBce. 

Xo.  48.  Agreement  for  Building  a  Souse. 

Articles  of  Agreejlent,  made  the  first  day  of  June,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seventy-eight,  between  John  Hall,  of  Lockport,  in  the 
county  of  Niagara,  and  State  "of  New  York,  of  the  first  part,  and  George 
Hunter  of  the  said  town,  county  and  State,  of  the  second  part. 

WiTXESSETH,  that  the  said  John  Hall,  party  of  the  first  part,  for  con- 
siderations hereinafter  noted,  contracts,  bargains,  and  agrees  with  the 
said  George  Hunter,  party  of  the  second  part,  his  heirs,  assigns,  and  r.d- 
ministrators,  that  he  the  said  Hall,  will  within  four  months,  nest  follow- 
ing this  date,  in  a  good  and  workinanUke  manner,  and  according  to  his 
best  skill,  well  and  .'uihstantially  erect  and  finish  a  three-stor>-  brick 

dwelling  house  on  lot  No. street,  which  said  house  is  to  be  of 

the  following  dimensions,  with  brick,  stone,  lumber,  and  other  materials, 
as  described  in  the  plans  and  specifications  hereunto  annexed- 
(Here  describe  buildings,  material,  plan.  Ac,  in  full. 

In  consideration  of  which,  the  said  George  Hunter  doe.«,  for  himself 
and  legal  representatives,  promise  to  pay  to  the  said  .John  Hall,  his  heirs, 
executors,  and  assigns,  the  sum  of  six  thousand  dollars,  in  the  way  and 
manner  following,  to  wit:  One  thousand  dollars  at  the  beginning  of  said 
work,  one  thousand  dollars  on  the  first  day  of  August  next,  one  thou- 
sand dollars  on  the  first  day  of  September  next,  and  the  remaining  three 
thousand  dollars  on  the  completion  of  the  building. 

It  is  also  agreed  that  the  s.".id  John  Hall,  or  his  legal  representativeff, 
shall  furnish,  at  his  or  their  expense,  all  brick,  stone,  lime,  lumber,  doors, 
blinds,  glazed  sash,  window  frames,  nails,  paint,  and  other  materials  re- 
quired for  the  building  and  finishing  of  s-^id  house. 

It  is  further  stipulated  that  in  order  to  be  entitled  to  said  payments, 
the  said  John  Hall,  or  his  legal  representatives,  shall,  according  to  the 
architect's  appraisement,  have  expended,  in  labor  and  material,  thf 
mine  of  said  pavmeuts,  ga  ti^  bQa3e>  at  time  oi  pajiaeat 


BUSINESS    FORMS.  819 

And  for  thfe  true  and  faithful  performance  of  all  and  every  of  the 
eovenants  and  agreements  above  mentioned,  the  parties  to  the^e  presents 
covenant  and  agree,  each  with  the  other,  that  the  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars,  as  fixed,  settled,  and  liquidated  damages,  shall  be  paid  to  the 
other  by  the  failing  party  within  one  month  from  the  time  of  so  failing. 

Ix  wiTXEss  WHEREOJF  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  the  year  and 
dav  first  above  written. 

JOHN  HALL, 
GEORGE  HUXTER. 

Note.  — Agreements  should  he  executed  in  duplicate  so  that  each  party 
may  hold  a  copy.  If  era.<!ures  or  interlineations  are  made  in  agreements, 
contracts,  deeds,  mortgages,  etc.,  the  fact  should  be  stated  on  the  paper 
that  they  were  so  done  before  the  parties  signed  it.  Amoimts  and  dates 
should  always  be  written  out,  and  not  expressed  in  figures.  Fraud  viti- 
ates every  contract  into  u-hich  it  enteis.  See  legal  brevities  on  pag* 
587. 

No.  49.  Assignment  of  a  Patent-Big}^. 

Whereas  I,  David  Ritcliio,  of  the  city  of  Newark,  in  the  cotmty  of 
Essex,  and  State  of  New  Jersey,  engineer,  did  obtain  letters-patent  of 
the  United  States  for  improvoments  in  steam-engine  governors,  which 
letters-patent  bear  date  the  first  day  of  April,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  seventy-eight ;  and  whereas  Peter  Jackson,  of  the  city  of  To- 
ronto, in  the  county  of  York,  and  Province  of  Ontario,  is  desirous  of  pur- 
chasing from  me  all  the  right,  title,  and  interest,  which  I  have  in  and  to 
said  invention,  in  consequence  of  the  grant  of  letters-i^ateut  therefor  : 

Now  THIS  IxDENTCRE  wiTXESSETH.  that  for  and  in  consideration  of 
tlie  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars,  lawful  money  of  the  United  Suites,  to 
me  iu  hand  paid,  the  receipt  of  which  is  hereby  acknowledged,  I  have 
assigued,  sold,  and  set  over,  and  do  hereby  assign,  sell,  and  set  over  imto 
the  said  Peter  Jackson,  all  the  right,  title  and  interest  which  I  have  in  the 
gaid  invention,  as  secured  to  me  iu  the  said  letters-jviteut  (for.  to,  and  in 
the  several  provinces  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  in  no  other  place, 
or  places- ) 

The  same  to  be  held  and  enjoyed  by  the  said  Peter  Jackson,  for  hia 
own  use  and  behoof,  and  for  the  use  and' behoof  of  his  legal  representa- 
tives, to  the  full  end  of  the  term  for  which  the  said  lettei-s-patent  are  or 
may  be  granted,  as  fully  and  entirely  as  the  same  would  have  been  held 
and  enjoyed  bv  me  had  this  assignment  and  sale  not  been  made. 

In  TESTIMONY  WHEREOF.  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  thia 
first  dav  of  Mav,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-eight. 

DAYID  EITCHIE,  (L.S.) 
Signed,  sealed,  and  deliv- 
ered in  presence  of 

Robert  Log.\n, 
John  A.  Bruce. 

No.  50.  Form  of  Affidavit, 
State  of  Vermont,    )  .^  —j^. 
Countv  of  Rutland.  \^^^^- 

Robert  Dawson,  of  the  town  of  Whitehall,  in  the  county  aforesaid, 
bein<'  duly  sworn,  says  (here  statt  (he  facts),  and  further  says  not. 
Sworn  to  thi^  fifth  dav  of        1  ROBERT  DAWSON. 

October,  AD.,  1877,  before 

»e-  f 

John  Wallace, 
Otmmiitimtr  of  Dt^ds.  j 


820  BUSINESS   rOEMS. 

No.  5L    Partnership  Agreement 

This  AGREE5rE>*T  made  this  first  day  of  January,  1878,  between 
Thomas  Murray  of  Toronto,  York  county,  Province  oi'Ontario,  Domin- 
ion of  Canada,  of  the  first  part,  and  Joim  Campbell,  of  tlie  same  place, 
of  tlie  second  part  :  witnej»seth  :    That  the  said  parties  agree  to  associat  ^ 
themselves  as  co-partners,  for  a  period  of  seven  years  from  tliis  date,  in 
the  business  of  buying  and  selling  groceries  and  such  other  goods  ai^ 
commodities  as  belong  in  that  line  of  business  ;  tlie  name  and  style  c 
the  firm  to  be  "'Murray  &  Campbell"     For  the  purpose  of  conduct;:;, 
the  business  of  tlie  above  named  partnership,  tie  said  Murray  has  ;. 
the  date  of  this  agreement,  invested  four  thousand  dollars  as  capit;-. 
stock,  and  the  said  Campbell  has  paid  in  tlie  like  sum  of  four  thousriud 
dollars,  both  of  which  amounts  are  to  be  expended  and  used  in  common, 
for  the  mutual  advantage  of  the  parties  hereto,  in  the  management  of 
their  bu.*iness.    It  is  further  agreed  by  both  parties  hereto,  that  they 
Tvill  not,  while  associated  as  co-partners,  follow  any  avocation  or  trade 
to  their  own  private  advantage  ;  but  will  throughout  the  entire  period 
of  copartnersliip.  put  forth  their  utmost  and  best  efforts  for  their  mutual 
advantage,  and  the  increase  of  tlie  capital  stock. 

That  the  details  of  the  business  may  be  thoroughly  nnderstood  by 
each  other,  it  is  agreed  that  during  the  aforesaid  period,  accurate  and 
lull  book  accounts  shall  be  kept,  in  which  each  partner  shall  record,  or 
cause  to  be  entered  and  recorded,  full  mention  of  all  monies  received  and 
expended,  as  well  as  every  article  purchased  and  sold  belonging  to,  or 
in  any  wise  appertaining  to  said  partnership  ;  tha  gains,  profits,  expen- 
ditures and  losses  being  equally  divided  between  them. 

It  is  further  agreed  that  once  every  year,  or  ofteuer,  should  either 
party  desire,  a  full,  just,  and  accurate  exhibit  shall  be  made  to  each 
other,  or  to  their  executors,  administrators,  or  assigns,  of  the  losses,  re- 
ceipts, profits,  and  increase  made  by  reason  of,  or  arising  from,  such  co- 
partnership. And  after  such  exhibit  is  made,  tlie  surplus  profit,  if  such 
there  be,  resulting  from  the  business,  shall  be  divided  betw  een  said  part- 
ners, share  and  share  alike.  Either  of  said  parties  shall  be  allowed  to 
draw  a  sum,  first  year,  not  exceeding  nine  hundred  dollars  per  annum, 
from  the  capital  stock  of  the  firm,  in  mouthly  instabnents  of  seventy-five 
dollars  each,  which  amount  may  be  varied,  more  or  less,  by  subsequent 
agreement.  And  further,  should  either  partner  desire,  or  should  death 
of  either  of  the  parties,  or  other  reasons,  make  itnecessai^,  they,  the  said 
copartners,  will  each  to  the  other,  or.  in  case  of  deatli  of  either,  the  sur- 
viving partner  to  the  executors  or  administrators  of  the  party  deceased, 
make  a  full,  accurate,  and  final  accoimt  of  the  condition  of  the  partner- 
ship as  aforesaid,  and  will  fairly  and  accurately  adjust  the  same. 
And,  also,  upon  taking  an  inventory  of  the  said  capital  stock,  with  in- 
crease and  profit  thereon,  which  shall  appear  or  is  found  to  be  remaining 
all  such  remainder  shall  be  equally  apportioned  and  divided  between 
them,  the  said  copartners,  their  executors,  or  administrators,  share  and 
share  alike. 

It  is  also  agreed  that  in  case  of  a  misunderstanding  arising  with  the  |3art- 
ners  aforesaid,  which  c;mnot  be  settled  between  themselves,  such  differ- 
ence of  opinion  shall  be  settled  by  arbitrators  upon  the  following  condi- 
tions, viz.  :  Each  party  to  choose"  one  arbitrator,  which  two  thus  elect«d 
shall  choose  a  third  ;  "the  three  thus  chosen  to  determine  the  merits  of 
the  case,  and  adjust  the  basis  of  a  settlement. 

In  witness  wnereof  the  parties  aforesaid  hereunto  set  their  bands  and 
■eals  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

Signed  in  the  presence  of 

JoHy  Stewabt,  Thomas  Mitbray,  [L.  8.1 

Geo.  Sxjtb.  Joan  Cautbeu..    [L.  S.J 


BtrsnrESS  forms,  821 

No.  52.    Asfignmcnt  for  the  Benefit  of  Creditors. 

Know  all  men  by  these  jireseat's.  that  I.  John  Currie,  of  the  To^n  ol 
Bntland,  County  of  RiitUud,  p.ud  State  of  Vermont,  for  value  received, 
have  sold,  and  by  these  present*!  do  cmiit,  sell,  a-s^ign,  and  convey  unto 
John  Davidfion,  of  the  same  pliu-e,  all  the  accounts,  debtp,  due.*,  notes, 
bills,  and  demands  enumerated  and  s^iecified  in  tlie  schedule  hereunto 
annexed,  and  marked  "  Scliedule  A.  ;  "  (Ih?  sdicdule  should  slat':  (heas- 
signment  to  tohich  Uicy  beiony,  andbc  duUd  and  supicd  by  the  parties  for 
Vic  purpose  of  identification),  to  have  and  to  hold  the  same,  unto  the  said 
John  Davidson,  his  iieirs  and  ;i.«;sign.s  :  In  tru.st  to  collect,  sue  for,  de- 
raand,  receive,  and  lecover  i;ll  .<-ch  sums  of  money  as  may  be  due, 
owing,  and  payable  thereon  ;  and  after  paying  all  reasonable  and 
proper  costs,  chari^es  aud  espen.ses,  to  pay  to  each  and  all  of  ray  credi- 
tors the  full  su'Ti  that  may  be  due  and  owijig  to  them  from  me,  of  whom 
the  said  John  D.ivid.son  is  one,  aud  a  full  and  complete  list  of  whom  with 
tlie  true  amount  due  tt>  each,  is  contained  in  the  schedule  hereto  annexed, 
marked  "  Scfuhlule  D. ; ''  and  if  the  proceeds  of  the  said  note^,  accounts, 
bonds,  and  so  forth,  be  not  sufficient  fully  aud  entirely  to  pay  off  and 
satisfy  each  and  all  of  my  creditors,  then  to  pay  tliem  pf  rata  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  due  aud  owing  to'  eacu.  And  if  ine  proceeds  as 
aforesaid  shall  be  more  than  sufficient  to  pay  every  one  of  my  creditors, 
then  to  pay  and  return  to  me  the  balance  tliat  may  be  left,  if  any,  after 
payiujr  ali  my  creditors  as  aforesaid. 

And  I  do  hereby  nominate,  constitute,  and  appoint,  the  said  John 
Davidson  my  true  and  lawful  attorney,  irrevocable,  in  my  name  or  other- 
wise, for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  to  ask,  demand,  sue  for,  collect,  receive, 
and  recover,  all  aud  singular,  such  sum  or  suras  of  money  as  now  or 
hereafter  may  become  due,  upon,  for,  or  on  account  of  any  of  the  prop- 
erty, effects,  things  in  action,  or  demands  above  assigned  ;  giving  and 
g^mntiug  unto  my  said  attorney  full  power  and  authority  to  do  and  per- 
^.jrm  every  act,  deed,  and  thing,  requisite  and  necessary  in  the  premises; 
as  fully,  to  all  intents  and  purj>oses,  as  1  might  or  could  do  if  this  assign- 
ment had  not  been  made  ;  with  full  power  of  substitution  aud  revoca- 
tion, liereby  ratify iug  and  confirming  all  that  my  said  attorney  or  his 
snbstitute  may  lawfully  do,  pr  cause  to  be  done',  in  the  premises,  by 
virtue  hereof. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  bereonto  set  my  band  aud  seal  this  fifth  day 
of  October,  1878. 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered,  JOHK  CcRRis,  [L.  S.] 

In  the  pre^seuce  oi 
Robert  P.vlmeb, 
Peter  Sheldon. 

No.  53.    Form  of  Composition  tpith  Creditors. 

Note. — The  following  shows  the  form  of  a  contract  between  a  debtor 
T-ho  is  only  able  to  pay  a  portion  of  his  debts,  with  his  creditors,  where- 
liy  they  agree  to  accept  a  certaiji  sum  less  than  the  original  claim  ;  aud, 
upon  receipt  thereof,  not  to  prosecute  or  trouble  the  debtor  on  account 
of  his  debt. 

Know  All  Men  by  these  Presents,  that  w  hereas  John  Smashweil, 
^o  justly  indebted  to  us.  Robert  Rogers,  Andrew  J.  Reid,  and  Henry  Mid- 
dleton,  creditors  of  the  said  John  Smashwell,  in  divers  sums  of  money, 
which  he  has  become  unable  fully  to  pay  and  discharge:  therefore  we,  the 
said  creditors,  do  consent  and  agree  with  the  said  John  Smashwell,  to  de- 
mand less  than  the  full  amount  of  our  respective  claims,  and  to  accept 
9t  tea  ceuts  for  every  dollar  owing  to  each  of  us  tlie  said  croditon  of 


822  BUSINESS   FORMS 

ihe  said  Jolin  Smashwell,  in  full  satisfaction  and  discharge  of  onr  sev- 
eral claims  and  demands  ;  the  said  Bum  of  ten  cents  on  a  dollar,  to  be 
paid  to  each  of  us,  our  heirs,  executors,  and  administrators,  within  the 
space  of  thirteen  months  from  the  date  hereof.  And  we,  the  creditors 
aforesaid,  do  further  severally  and  respectively  covenant  and  agree  with 
the  said  John  Smashwell,  that  he  may,  within  the  said  term  of  thirteen 
months  from  the  date  hereof,  sell  and  dispose  of  his  goods  and  chattels, 
•wares  and  merchandise,  at  his  own  free  wiU  and  pleasure,  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  ten  cents  on  the  dollar  of  each  of  our  respective  debts,  and 
that  neither  of  us  will  at  any  time  hereafter  sue,  arrest  or  attach  the 
eaid  John  Smashwell,  or  his  goods  and  chattels,  for  any  debt  now  due 
and  owing  to  us  or  any  of  us,  provided  the  said  John  Smashwell  does 
well  and  truly  pay,  or  cause  to  be  paid,  the  said  ten  cents  for  every  dol- 
lar of  each  of  our  several  and  respective  claims  against  him.  And  all 
and  each  of  the  covenants  and  agreements  herein  contained  shall  extend 
to  and  bind  our  several  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals  this 
fifteenth  day  of  November,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eeventy- 
•ight. 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered,  Robekt  Rogers,  [L.S.] 

In  the  presence  of  Anbrew  J.  Reid,  [L.S.] 

Thomas  Barclat,  Henry  Mlddleton.  [L.S.] . 

John  Thompson. 

No.  54.    Agreement  for  ihe  Hiring  of  a  Clerk  or  Workman. 

This  agreement  made  the  first  day  of  October,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy -eight,  between  Andrew  Service  of  Niagara  Falls, 
in  the  county  of  Niagara  and  State  of  New  York,  of  the  first  part,  and 
I'homas  Merchant,  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  in  the  county  of  Erie  and  State 
jrforesaid,  of  the  second  part— 

WITNESSETH,  that  the  said  Andrew  Service  has  agreed  to  enter  the 
service  of  the  said  Thomas  Merchant  as  clerk  (jo^irneyman,  mechanic  or 
'jaborer,  as  the  case  may  be)  in  the  store,  (or  factory,  &c.)  of  the  said 
Thomas  Merchant,  and  faithfully,  honestly,  carefully,  and  truly  obey, 
^d  to  the  utmost  of  his  power  serve  tlie  best  interests  of  the  said 
Thomas  Merchant,  for  and  during  the  space  of  one  year  from  the  date  of 
this  agreement,  for  the  compensation  of  six  hundred  dollars  per  annum, 
•payable  quarterly. 

And  the  said  Thomas  Merchant  covenants  with  the  said  Andrew  Ser- 
Tice,  that  he  will  receive  him  as  his  clerk  (or  journeyman,  <6c.)  for  the 
♦erm  of  one  year  as  aforesaid,  and  will  ]iay  him  for  his  services  as  such 
clerk  (or  journeyman,  <f'c.  )the  sum  of  six  hundred  dollars  annually  in 
quarter  yearly  payments. 

In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals  the  day 
|Jid  year  first  above  written. 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered, 

In  the  presence  of 
John  W.  Watson,  Andrew  Service,  [L.  S.] 

William  Strong,  Thomas  Merchant.  [L.  ».] 

Note. — To  prevent  troublesome  /awsuits  and  quarrels,  it  is  often  da- 
table to  fix  the  damages  for  the  violation  of  contracts.  This  may  be 
done  by  inserting  the  following,  just  before  the  witnessing  clause. 

And  it  is  further  agreed  between  the  parties  hereto,  that  the 
party  that  shall  fail  to  perform  this  ugreement  on  his  part  will  pay  t<» 
the  otlier  the  fuil  Bwa  of  sixty  doltera,  as  Uqui^tedj  fixed,  »nd  «ettl94 
daaiag(«. 


BTTSniESS    FORMS.  82fl 

No.  55.    Apprentices'  Indentures. 

Tma  IxPKNTrRE  ■Witnksseth,  that  Robert  Hill,  now  aged  sixteen 
yeftr.><,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  hi.s  fathiT.  Thomas  Hill,  hath  volun- 
tarily, and  by  his  own  free  will  and  accord,  put  and  bound  himself  ap- 
preuiice  unto  Moses  (ioldsniith,  of  Nt).  —  Maiden  Lane,  I<ew  York, 
jeweller,  to  learn  the  art,  trade,  and  iny.«tery  of  the  business  of  working 
and  manufacturing  the  precious  luetiils,  and  as  an  apprentice  to  serve 
froui  this  date,  for  and  during,  and  until  the  full  end  and  term  of  six 
years  next  ensuing,  during  all  of  which  time  the  said  apprentice  his 
nui.-itcr  faithfully,  honestly,  and  industriously  shall  serve,  his  secrets 
keep,  all  huviul  commands  obej-,  and  atjill  times  protect  and  preserve  the 
ponds  and  property  of  his  said  master,  and  not  suffer  or  allow  any  to  be 
injured  or  wasted  ;  he  shall  not  buy,  sell,  or  traffic  with  his  own  goods, 
or  the  goods  of  others,  and  not  be  absent  from  his  master's  service  day 
nor  nigiit  without  lejive.  and  in  all  things  behave  liimself  as  a  faithful 
apprenti<e  ought  to  do  during  the  said  tenn.  And  the  said  master  shall 
use  and  employ  the  utmost  of  his  endeavors  to  teach  or  cause  him,  the 
said  api>rentice,  t<i  be  taught,  or  instructed  in  the  art,  trade,  and  mys- 
tery of  a  jeweller  as  aforesaid,  {here  insert  conditioiis  as  to  board  and 
lodyings,  rate  of  wages,  time  of  payment,  &c.,  as  agreed  between  the  par- 
ties. ) 

And  for  the  true  performance  of  all  and  singular  the  covenants  and 
agreements  aforesaid,  the  .«aid  parties  bind  themselves  firmly,  each  to  the 
other  firmly  by  these  presents. 

In  witness  wiierkof,  the  parties  aforesaid  have  hereunto  set  their 
hands  and  seals  the  twenty-fifth  day  of  October,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy -eight.  " 

Signed,  sealed  aiid  delivered,  Robert  Hill,  [L.  S.l 

In  the  presence  of  MosES  Goldsmith.  [L.  S.] 

William  Gordon, 
Thomas  Workman. 

i  do  hereby  consent  to  and  approve  the  binding  of  ray  son,  Robert 
Hill,  as  in  the  above  indenture  mentioned. 

Thomas  HrLt. 

No.  56.    Agreement  of  Teacher  with  School  Trustees. 

Thi^  arjrcemcnl,  made  tliis  first  day  of  November,  one  thonsand 
eight  luindred  and  seventy-eight,  between  Peter  Whacklwy,  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Stiinley,  county  of  York,  Province  of  New  lirunswick.  Dominion 
of  Canada,  school  teacher,  of  the  first  part,  and  David  Brown,  John  San- 
Bom,  aiid  AVilliam  Currie,  of  the  village,  county,  province,  dominion 
aforesaid,  school  trustees,  of  the  second  part. 

WiTNr.ssETii,  that  the  said  Peter  Wh.ickboy,  holding  a  certificat© 
from  the  i)roper  authority  as  a  duly  qualified 'first  class  teacher,  has 
agreed  to  enter  the  service  of  the  said  school  trustees  as  teacher  in  the 
ccvumon  school  in  said  village,  and  th.(t  he  will  faithfully,  honestly,  and 
diligently  remler  his  best  services  in  teaching  and  instructing  the  chil- 
dren, and  all  others  in  attendance  on  said  school,  imparting  to  them,  ac- 
cording to  the  best  of  his  ability,  a  thorough  knowledge  of  reading, 
writing,  arithmetic,  grammar,  and  the  other  English  branches  usually 
tauglitin  common  .schools,  and  further,  that  he  will,  by  every  means  in. 
his  power,  maintain  good  morals,  order,  and  discipline,  anddiscouute- 
nan -c  iunnorality  among  the  attendants  at  said  .school,  and  will  faithfully 
obey  all  reasonable  wishes  and  commands  of  the  said  trustees,  for  and 
during  the  space  of  one  year  fmm  tlie  first  day  of  December  next,  for  the 
ipmpen.sati(jn  of  twelve  hundred  dollar.-*  jier  annum,  payable  ((uarterly. 
Abd  the  said  David  BrowTi,  John  Saugom,  and  Williard  Currio,  co\9BA«t 


824  BUSHTESS   FORMS. 

•wltli  the  said  Peter  Whackboy  that  they  will  engage  him  as  teacher  in 
said  school  for  the  term  of  one  year  as  aforesaid,  aud  will  pay  him  for 
his  services  as  such  teacher  the  'sum  of  twelve  hundred  dollars  per  au- 
num,  in  quarter  yearly  payments. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set-our  hands  and  seals  the 
day  and  year  first  above  written.  ' 

Signed,  sealed,  and  delivered,  Peter  Whackboy,  [L.  S.] 

In  the  presence  of  David  Brown,  [L.  S.] 

David  K.  Moore,  John  Sansom,  [L.  S.l 

David  Potter.  "William  Currie,  [L.  S.] 

No.  57.    Form  of  Marriage. 

In  conformity  to  an  orderly  and  long  established  custom  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  is  usually  performed  either  by  a  clergyman  or  civil  magis- 
trate ;  the  latter  may  be  a  justice  of  the  peace,  a  justice  of  tlie  supreme 
court,  a  judge  of  an  inferior  court, the  mayor  of  a  city,  or  » jwlice  justice, 
as  the  law  of  the  laud  may  empower  aud  authorize  them  to  solemnize  mar- 
riage. In  Canada  and  some  of  the  Suites,  a  license  to  marry  must  first 
be  procured  of  the  city,  town,  or  county  clerk,  or  other  agent  appointed 
for  that  purpose,  duly  authorizing  the  clergyman  or  magistrate  to  marry 
the  affianced  parties.  Marriage  is  a  civil  contract,  and  may  be  entered 
into  by  parties  capable  of  consenting  thereto.  It  cannot  be  entered  into 
by  idiots  or  lunatics.  When  brought  about  by  force  or  fraud,  it  is  also 
void.  Marriage  is  likewise  prohibited  between  near  relations.  The  par- 
ties must  be  of  the  age  of  consent,  which  is  generally  fourteen  in  males, 
and  twelve  iu  females.  No  i)articular  ceremonies  are  enjoined  by  the 
common  law  to  the  valid  celebration  of  the  marriage  rite,  but  the  follow- 
ing form  is  iu  common  use  by  magistrates  iu  the  United  States. 

Form  of  Marriage. 
( Tlie  man  and  woman  standing,  the  justice  will  say  to  the  man :) 

"Will  you  have  this  woman  to  be  your  wedded  wife,  to  live  together 
after  God's  ordin.ance,  in  the  holy  estate  of  Matrimony,  to  love  her,  com- 
fort her,  honor  and  keep  her,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  and  forsaking 
all  others,  keep  thee  only  unto  her,  so  long  as  you  both  shall  live  ?  " 
(Next,  addressing  the  woman,  the  justice  icill  say :) 

"Will  yon  have  this  man  to  be  your  wedded  husband,  to  live  together 
after  God's  ordinance,  in  the  holy  estate  of  matrimony,  to  love,  honor, 
and  keep  him,  in  sickness  and  in  health,  and  forsaking  all  others,  keep 
thee  only  to  him  so  long  as  you  both  shall  live  ?  " 

(Each party  responding  in  the  affirmative,  th%  justice  will  tJien  direct 
them  to  join  hands  and  say :) 

"  By  the  act  of  joining  hands  you  take  upon  yourselves  the  relation 
f>f  husband  and  wife,  and  solemnly  promise  and  engage  in  the  presence 
of  these  witne.sses,  to  love,  honor,  comfort,  aud  cherish  eacli  otlier  ;is 
such,  so  long  as  you  both  shall  live  ;  therefore  in  accordance  with  thf> 

laws  of  the  State  of ,  I  do  hereby  pronounce  you  husband  and 

■wife." 

No.  58.     Short  Forin  of  Marriage. 

{On  the  contracting  parties  rising  and  joining  hands  the  justice  tcill 

toy  •■)  ,        ,    . 

"  By  this  act  of  joining  hands  yon  do  take  upon  yourselves  the  relatiou 
of  husband  and  wife,  and  solemnly  promise  aud  engage,  in  the  jjreseni  e 
o(  these  witn«siM,  to  love,  honor,  comfort,  aud  cherish  ettch  othor  aa 


FORM   OP   MABRIAGE    CERTIFICATB,    ETC,  82S 

Fiidi,  as  Ions  fis  yon  both  shall  live  ;  therefore  in  accordance  with  tho 

i.iws  of  tli^  State  of ,  I  do  heteby  i)rououuce  you  husband  and 

wife." 

The  form  used  by  clergymen  varies  but  very  slightly  from  the  fore- 
pr-ing  ;  to  all  intents  and  purposes  it  is  the  same,  although  the  woi-ding 
ni;i  •  lie  iii'idified  according  to  the  mode  i)rescribed  by  the  deuomiuation 
to  wliicli  tlu>  clergyinan  may  belong.  The  marriage  license  must  be  re- 
t.irned  by  the  clergvman  or  magistrate  to  the  issuing  clerk  for  record, 
v.liDsliould  also:it  the  time  of  issue,  furnish  a  blank  marriage  certificate  to 
be  filiod  by  the.  ni:igislvate  or  clergyman  at  the  conclusion  of  the  ceremo- 
ny. Tho  cerlilii'ute,  wliich  should,  for  obvious  reasons,  be  always  most 
carefully  preserved  by  both  husband  and  wife,  may  be  in  the  following 
form 

No.  59.     Marriar/c  Certificate. 

MARRIAGE  CERTIFICATE. 

Statk  of  Michigan,  Wayne  Cottkptt. 

This  certifies 
That  John  Oood fellow,  of  Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  Sarah 
Loveioy  of  Detroit,  Wayne  county,  State  of  Michigan,  were  at  the  house 
of  John  Splicewell,  in  the  said  city  and  county  bj'  me  joined  together  in 

HOLY  MATRIMONY, 

On  the  tenth  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  seventy-seven. 

IX  THE  rRESKNOE  OF  GAMALIEL  BANGTEXT, 

Timothy  CotTiTWRLL,  Pastor  of  the  First Cliurch, 

Thomas  Hopegood.  Detroit. 

Ox  Legal  AnvtrE. — Lord  Mansfield  considered  a  clear  nnderstand- 
ing  of  the  duties  of  men  in  sotnety  as  the  true  basis  of  legal  science.  Ho 
says  :  "  I  may  cite  one  of  the  .ablest  lawyers  of  this  century,  who,  to 
strong  natural  sense,  united  to  largest  experience,  for  .a  similar  opinion — 
my  honored  master,  the  I:'te  Mr.  Tidd.  I  well  remember  the  advice  he 
p.ave  to  <a  pupil  who  was  alxiut  to  commence  practice  :  '  \VTien  you  are 
called  upon  for  your  opinion,  make  yourself  perfectly  familiar  with  all 
tlie  facts,  and  then  consider  what  is  right.  You  m.ay  be  pretty  sure  that 
is  the  law,  without  looking  mncli  into  cases.  Wlien  once  the  facts  are 
well  ascertained,  few  persons  differ  in  opinion  as  to  tlie  result  of  a  civil 
action.'" 

Prayer  of  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  ivhen  he  wa.f  about  to  commence  the 
study  of  Law,  September  26,  1765. 

Almighty  God,  the  Giver  of  Wi.sdoin,  without  whose  help 
resolutions  are  vain,  without  whose  blessinc;  study  is  ineffectual, 
enable  me,  if  it  be  Thy  will,  to  attain  such  knowledge  as  may 
qualify  me  to  direct  thn  doubtful  and  instruct  the  ignorant,  to 
prevent  wrong  and  terminate  contention  ;  and  grant  that  T  may 
use  thnt  knowledg'^  which  I  shall  attain  to  Thy  glory  aud  my 
own  salvation,  for  Thy  blessed  Name's  sake.     Ameu. 


82« 


VALUE   OF   CURRENT    COINS. 


CraaxiTT  coiss   o»   thi    principal   COMKIRCIAL  COITSIEISS.  WITB   TEIIB  VALrs    of 
L.S.    DOLLABS,' CENTS    AXD    MILLS. 


AaclrU,  Gold,  Quadruple  Ducat,  9 

••      Ducat,  2 
"           "  SoTereigTi(forI/3mbanIy),6 

"  SUver,  Rix  Dollar,  0 

"      "        Florin,  0 

"      "       20  Kreutzers,  0 

"      "       Lira  (for  Lombard^)  0 

Baden,  Gold,  5  Gulden,  2 

"      Silver,  Crovro,  1 

"           "      Gulden,  or  Florin,  0 

Bavana,  Gold,  Dueai,  2 

'•        Silver,  Crown,  1 

Florin,  0 

"       "       6  Kreutzers,  0 

Belgium,  Gold,  20  Franc  piece,  3 

"           "       25  Franc  piece,  4 

•■        BilTer,  5  Francs,  C 

"           "       2k;  Franca,  0 

"           "       2  Francs,  0 

"           "1  Franc,  0 

Bolivia,  Gold,  Doubloon,  15 

Silver,  Dollar,  1 
••      X  Dollar  (debased  1S»).  0  37 
"           •'    _k  Dollar  (debated  18*1),  0  " 

Brazil,  Gold.  Kece  of  6,400  Reis, 


Silver,  1,200  Reis, 

800  Reis,  u 

"       •'       400  Reis,  0 

Bremen  Silver.  36  Grote,  0 

Britain,  Gold.  Sovereign,  4 

Sliver,  Half  Crown,  0 

••      Shilling.  0 

Bruniwick  Gold,  Ten  Thaler.  7 

Silver  Thaler.  0 

Central  America,  Gold,  Doubloon,        14 

"  "    £scudo,  1 

Silver,  Dollar.  0 

Coeta  Rica,  Gold,  Half  Doubloon,  1S50,  ' 

'■  Silver,  New  Real,  0 

Chili,  Gold.  Doubloon  (before  1S35),      15 

"        '•    Doubloon  (since  1h3o),         15 

••    Silver,  DoUar,  1 

"      VDoUur,  0 

"      «  Dollar  or  Real,  0 

Denmark,  Gold .  Doub Frt-d.  or  10  Thai.  7 

"   Silver,  Rigabank  Daler,  0 

•'        "      Specie  Daler,  1 

"        "      .■52  SkiUinps,  0 

Benador,  Gold,  >i  Doubloon, 

Silver,  ^Dollar, 
Igypt,  Gold,  ItX)  Piasters, 
• '      Silver ,  20  Piasters , 
France ,  Gold ,  20  F  rancs , 
Silver,  5  Franca, 
"         '•  Franc, 

Frankfort,  Silver.  Florin, 
Greece,  Gold,  20  Drachma, 

Silver.  Draehm. 
Guiana,  Br.,  Silver.  Guilder, 
H:ino\er,  Gold,  10  Thaler. 

•'  Silver,  Thaler  (flna  silver), 

•'       Thaler  (7aifinet. 
Havti,  Silver,  Dollar  (100  centimes), 
Hesse  Cassel,  Silver  Thaler, 
••      J  Thaler, 


.CM.  ■ 

12  0 

27  5  . 

75  0 

'J7   0 

4S  J 

16  0 

16  0 

04  0 

07  0 

39  5 

27  0 

06  5 

;»  5 

O-i  0 

83  2 

72  (I 

»  0 

46  5 

37  0 

18  5 

58  0 

00  6 

37  5 

18  7 

72  0 

VJ  0 

(»  0 

33  0 

.35  G 

H4  5 

54  0 

21  7 

89  0 

6S  0 

96  0 

67  (1 

67  0 

62  0 

05  8 

57  0 

66  0 

01  11 

22  4 

11 

88  0 
52  3 
04  7 

17  0 
(»  0 

18  7 
97  0 
96  0 
85  0 
93  0 
18  5 
39  5 
45  0 
16  5 
26  2 

89  0 
69  2 
63  0 
25  7 
67  5 
U  0 


l>.  C.  M. 

Hts-se  Darmslttdt,  Silver,  Florin,  C  39  i 

Hiudoostan,  Gold,  Mohur(£.  I.  Co.),    7  10  0 

••  Silver,  Rupee,  6  44  4 

Mecklenberg.  Gold.  10  Thaler,  7  S:i  0 

lleiico.  Gold,  Doubloon,  av.  15  5;;  i) 

Silver.  Dollar,  »v.  1  00  7 

Naples,  Silver,  .'cndo.  0  94  0 

Netherlaud,  Gold,  Ducat,  2  26  5 

••   10  Guilders,  4  00  7 

Silver,  3  Guilders,  1   20  0 

Guilder,  0  40  0 

"  "   Twenty-tivc  cents,      0  09  0 

',  "  2Ji  Guilders,  0  98  2 

NewGianada,  Gold,  Doubloon, 21  car.  15  61  0 

•'  "  including  the  silver,  15  66  0 

"  "  9-I0th3  the  stand.,    15  310 

-"  "  including  the  silver,  15  36  0 

"         Silver,  Dollar.  U.S.  weight,  1  02  0 

Dollar,  or  10  Reals,  0  98  0 

Norway  Silver,  Rigsdaler,  1  05  0 

Persia,' Gold,  Somann,  2  2?  0 

Silver,  Sahib  Koran,  0  21   0 

Peru,  Gold,  Doubloon,  Lima,  to  1833,  15  55  0 

Cuzco.  tolS33,        15  62  0 

"        "        Cuzco  to  1*37,  15  53  6 

"        Silver,  Dollar,  Lima  mint,        10  5 

"  "  "    Cuzco,  10  8 

"  "  KDoI., Cuzco. debased, 0  3 

"  *•  Jj  Dot..  Ai-equipa    "     0  36  0 

"  "V  Dollar  Pasco,  0  49  5 

Poland,  Silver,  2;lotv,  0  11  J 

1-ortugal,  Gold,  Half  Joe  (full  weight),  8  65  0 

"    Crown.  5  81  (J 

"   SUver,  Cruzado,  0  55  2 

"  "     Crown  of  1000  Reis,  1  12  0 

"  "      Half  Crown,  0  56  0 

Prussia,  Gold,  Double  Frederick,  8    0  0 

"        Silver,  Thaler,  average,  0  68  0 

"  "    ^  Thaler,  average,  0  U  0 

"  •'  D'ble  Thai.  3X  Gulden,  1  39  0 

Rome,  Gold,  Ten  Scudi,  10  37  0 

"    Silver.  Scudo,  1     0  5 

••  Seston  (S-10  Scudi),  0  30  0 

Rus.=ia.  Gold,  5  Roubles,  3  96  7 

••     Silver,  Rouble,  0  75  0 

Ten  Zloty,  1   13  I 

"       SOCopecs,  0  22  0 

Sardinia,  Gold,  20  Lire,  3  84  5 

Silver.  5  Lira,  0  93  2 

Saxony,  Gold,  10  ITialer,  7  94  0 

"        Ducat,  2  2«  0 

"   Silver   Speciei  Thaler,  0  96  0 

"       "    Thaler  (XIV  E.  M.)  0  6*   > 

Siam.  Silver.  Tical,  0  5S  » 

Spain .  Gold (Qr.  Doubloonl,  3  90  5 

■•  Silver.  Pistareen  (4  Reals  Valla),  0  19  5 

Sweden,  Silver,  Species  Thaler,  1  (M  0 

X  Daler.  0  52  i| 

Turkey,  Gold.  100  Piasters,  4  37  4 

"  "30  Piasters  (new),  0  82  0 

"      Silver,  20  Piasters,  "  0  82  0 

Tuscany,  Gold,  Sequin,  2  .30  0 

•'  Silver,  Lepoldone,  1  (B  0 

"  "       Florin,  0  26  2 

■Wurtemburg.  Silver.  Onldpn.  1gV4.        0  38  0 


The  quarter  of  wheat  is  equal  to  the  quarter  of  a  ton  of  2-'4it  lbs.  or  560  lbs. ; 
TO  lbs.  in  weight  are  an  English  bushel  of  wheat,  while  60  lbs.  of  wheat  make 
our  bushel  ;  so  that  the  V.  S-  wheat  bushel  is  jost  6-7th3  of  the  English  or 
imperial,  and  a  quarter  of  whe.it  in  Entrlaiid  is  equal  to  9^3  bushels  in  the 
United  States,  though  in  caraoitv  to  only  8»i  bushels. 

The  barrel  of  flour  contains  ,=5  tVinche.-ter  bushels,  and  weishs.  net  V€  m^. 
The  barrel  of  Indian  com  wntains  3  1-8  bushel?'.  The  weight  of  a  gallon  oj 
BioUdses  is  usually  11  lbs.  but  sometiiues  10  or  12. 


STATE   AND   PROVINCIAL   LATfS. 


827 


toXATE  Ayn  PROrnfCIAL  LATVS  KEGARDLXQ  legal  and  SPECIAIi 
IKTIREST,  TOB  LIMIT  OF  TIME  IN  ACTIONS  FOR  DEBT,  &C., 
TOGETHER  WITH  THE  LARGEST  SUMS  OBTAINABLE  BT  LEGAL  PRO- 
CESS BEFORE  A  JUSTICE  OF  THE  PEACE  IN  VARIOUS  STATES,  TEB- 
BITOBIES    AND    PROVINCES. 


f 


VtatM  ind  TMTitori«9 


Alabama, 

Arkansas, 

Arizona, 

California, 

Colorado, 

Connecticut, 

Dakota  Ter., 

Delaware, 

Ditt.  of  Columbia 

Florida, 

Georgia, 

Idaho  Ter., 

lllinoia, 

Indiana, 

Iowa, 

Kausaa, 

Kentuckj, 

Louisiana, 

Uaine, 

Maryland, 

MassachusettB, 

Michigan, 

Minnesota. 

MissiBsippi, 

Missouri, 

Montana  Ter., 

Nebraska, 

Kerada, 

New  Brunswick 

New  Hampshire, 

New  Jersey, 

New  Mexico, 

New  York, 

North  Carolina. 

Ohio, 

Ontario,  Can., 

Oregon, 

Penngylrania, 

Quebec,  Can., 

Khode  Island, 

South  Carolina, 

Tennessee, 

Te«a«, 

Uuh  Ter. 

Vermont, 

Virginia, 

Wash.  Ter.. 

West  Virginia, 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming  Ter., 


19100 
500 

300 
.300 
100 
100 
100 

50 
100 
100 
200 
200 
300 
300 

60 
100 

20 
100 
300 
300 
100 
150 
300 

100 
300 
20 
13.33 
100 
100 
200 
200 
300 

260 

100 

100 
100 
600 
100 
800 
200 
60 
100 
100 
300 
100 


10 
10 

5 
3 
17 
20 
20 
12 
20 
20 
5 

20 
10 
15 
15 
20 
20 
12 
20 
10 
6 
7 
10 
10 
10 
4 

20 

16 
10 
20 
10 
15 
20 
20 
20 
30 
20 
20 

6 

6 

7 

8 
20 

6 
10 
20 
16 


20 
10 

5 

3 

20 

20 

20 

12 

20 

7 

5 

20 

20 

20 

5 

15 

10 

20 

12 

^20 

6 

10 

7 

20 

10 

6 

6 

3 

20 

20 

10 

20 

10 

15 

20 

10 

20 

30 

20 

20 

10 

10 

6 

8 

10 

6 

lO 

20 

15 


1 
I 

1 
1 
3 

2 
1 
1 
2 

1 
2 
1 

2 
0 

1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 

^ 

2 
1 
2 
3 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1.2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 


3- 

■^  <i  K 


Fen«lt7  for  Utury. 


Forfeit  all  Int. 

For.  prin.  and  int. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

For.  excess  of  Int. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

Forfeit  prin. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

None. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

Fine  and  impris't 

Forfeit  all  int. 

Forfeit  ex.  of  int. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

For.  all  int.  over  12, 

Forfeit  all  int. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

None. 

Forfeit  ex.  of  int. 

None. 

For.  ex.  over  7  p.  0. 

None. 

For.  excess  of  Int. 

Forfeit  all  int. 

None. 

Forfeit  all  Int 

None. 

None. 

For  3t  the  ex  &  costi 

Forfeit  of  all  Int, 

None. 

For.  of  contract. 

Forfeit  of  all  int. 

For.  ex.  over  6  p. «, 

None. 

For.  prin.  and  int 

Forfeit  ex.  of  int. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

Forfeit  ex.  of  int. 

None. 

Forfeit  ex.  of  int. 

Forfeit  of  all  int. 

None. 

Forfeit  ex.  of  Int. 

Forfeit  of  all  int. 

None. 


B28  SPECIAL  LAWS   OF  ALABAMA. 

Condensed  synopsis  op  the  laws  pertaining  to  th* 

COLLECTION  OF  DEBTS, 

Throughout  the  United  States  and  Dominion  op  Canada, 

Presentiug  a  digest  of  tlie  laws  of  each  State,  Territory  aTid  Province.  relat« 
ing  to  Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale,  Mechanics  Lien,  Arrest  and  Attacli« 
ment  for  Debt,  Assignments,  Garnishment,  Bills  and  Notes,  Jnrisdiction-  of 
Courts,  Judgments,  Executions,  Chattel  Mortgages,  Deeds,  liights  of  Married 
Women,  Wills.  &c. 

Tlie  immense  utility  of  the  following  compilation  will  be  self  evident  to 
every  Mechanic,  Farmer,  Trader,  Merchant,  Business  Man,  Professional 
Gentleman  and  Householder,  whose  interests  are  in  the  slightest  degree 
identified  with,  or  dependent  upon,  the  supreme  rule  of  law  and  order 
throughout  the  community.  The  enormous  losses  resulting  from  ignorance 
of  the  law  on  the  aforesaid  subjects  are  absolutely  Incalculable,  and  the 
diffusion  of  information  bearing  upon  them  cannot  become  too  general.  The 
coercive  appliances  of  the  Law  are  regarded  with  much  disfavor  by  schem- 
ing and  dishonest  debtors,  for  it  is  well  settled  upon  sound  principles  and 
the  highest  authority,  that  every  bargain  to  do  anything  \Vhich  the  law  foiv 
bids,  or  the  omission  to  do  auj'thin»  which  the  law  enjoins,  is  null  and 
void.  No  contract  can  be  enforced  which  contravenes  the  principles  of  the 
common  law,  the  provisions  of  a  statute,  or  the  general  or  public  policy  of  the 
law.  In  Nellis  vs.  Clark  (4  I/ill's  JRep.  424),  it  was  held  that  the  vendor  of 
real  estate  sold  for  the  puqjose  of  defrauding  his  creditors,  could  not  re- 
cover the  price. 

Business  men,  and  all  others  having  outlying  debts  to  collect,  are  referred 
to  an  invaluable  work  entitled.  The  Collection  Compendium,  ijublished  by 
E.  A.  Smith,  516  Pine  st,  St.  Louis.  The  worli  presents  a  new  and  original 
system  for  the  collection  of  claims  by  means  of  local  agents  at  all  points  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  upon  very  low  stipulated  rates  of  percentages, 
without  the  intervention  of  third  parties.  With  this  work  at  hand  no  man 
need  be  at  a  loss  tc  collect  a  debt  in  any  part  of  the  country  (provided  the 
debtor  is  responsible/,  on  the  most  reasonable  terms,  and  with  very  slight 
loHs  of  time. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  ALABAMA. 

EsEMPTioNS .—JTome  irorth  ?2,000  and  Personal  Property.— By  the  Constltu-i 
tion  of  AlaViama  (186S),  The  personal  property  of  any  resident  of  this  State  to 
the  viihio  of  one  thousand  dollars,  to  be  selected  by  such  resident,  shall  be  exempt 
from  sale  or  execution,  or  other  linal  process  of  any  court  issued  for  the  collection 
of  any  debt  contracted  since  the  adoption  of  the  present  Constitution  (1868).  Every 
homestead,  not  exceeding  eighty  acres  of  land,  the  dwelling  and  appurtenances 
thereon,  to  be  s'  lected  by  the  owner,  and  not  in  a  city,  town  or  village,  or  in 
lieu  thereof,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  any  lot  in  a  city,  tovni  or  village,  with 
the  dwelling  and  appurtenances  thereon,  owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of 
the  State,  and  not  exceeding  the  value  of  $2,000,  shall  be  exempt  from  sale  on 
execution  or  any  other  final  process  from  a  court  for  a  debt  contracted  since  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution.  Such  exemption  does  not  extend  to  any  mortgage 
lawfully  obtained ;  but  such  mortgage  or  other  alienation  of  such  homestead, 
by  the  owner  thereof,  if  a  married  man,  shall  not  be  valid  without  the  voluntary 
signature  and  assent  of  the  wife  of  the  same.  The  homestead  of  a  family,  after 
the  death  of  the  owner,  is  exemiit  from  the  payment  of  debts  contracted  sine© 
ithe  adoption  of  this  Constitution  In  all  cases  during  the  minority  of  the  children  ; 
'or  if  the  owner  dies  leaving  a  widow  and  no  children,  the  same  shall  be  exempt 
for  her  benefit,  and  the  rents  and  profits  thereof  shall  enure  to  her  benefit. 
This  exemption  does  not  extend  to  cases  of  laborers'  liens  for  work  done  and 
performed  for  the  person  claiming  such  exemption  or  the  mechanics'  lien  tot 
Work  done  on  the  premises.    (Constitution  of  1868.) 


BPECTAL  LATTS   0»  ALASASCA,  ^ 

tn  Addition  to  th*  above,  the  Lecislatnro  passed  an  Act  (appirrrE4  April  23d, 

!»""    -^^  •  •  '  r  » -  •■  •»  »--■"-.■  .1  'ropertyof  anTresadeni  of  this  Siata 

r*«ident.  The  homegtead  ff  eveir 
•:tT  acres  of  land,  and  aiipiiru-uance* 

tl.  .  -.^u.,,^^*. -.  ■'"'"'■  in  liea  thereof,  at  ii;e  ci'Tk  n  ot 

the  C'  .  ;:i  a  citv,  town  cr  "i  liia  dwelling  aj;d  apiiurien- 

aao.  s  .  Kt  not  io  exceed -^  .-j. 

!  \y:c3  ii:  D  I  ' "  ""^"rcved  March  l?th,  177?.  a 

i;  -.rtrsaiidc"  o I  railroads  in  tla- ?';>;e, 

•  r  do:;ebyti.  --.nis  '.o  all  thfl  fp  i  vriy, 

I  =   u..a  credits   Cf   t.'  ...    ^  ■    -^    ■'-''"'-•-•  'Vil-:.      A 

;  van  to  all  ccutracior?, ;  ;sterer«. 

;  erprv  otliPr  person  wlir  ork  S'.id 

:*on  or  pe»flOT:S  for  •5^':.  .'.3 

i".  -  i>erty  npon  vhicli  6u^  :  a 

f.  .  iiioladin"  the  land  nr-vi.  .  ...  ..    ..-b 

J  .'1  th«  lior.i  g  Ten  under  this  act  yhaD 

i.  _s  are  conimer.i'ei  ^thin  six  mcth* 

t  .  vi  =  .  .1-.  roe  san.e.    Stich.  liens  are  enforced  by 

i  --.t.    (Ai.t,f  .1  Mar.  h,  1?:5.. 

."  Debt^ — -'..  ^-layL-sTie  for  the  collection  of  ade^t, 

■a1.  ..  ■  i  I.    .  >.r  ..■  :  fora:  ymo;.^  ■  •..     ..    "„  the  amount  of  which  cnn  be  cer:.-ui:ly 

ascertaintvi.  to  reocvcr  dr.rnagea  for  the  breach  Oi  a  CDrtrsct  where  the  dainrigea 

are  Tll^t  C' rain  orl;  v.::d.u<.d  ;  orr-i  ■where  the  ar-tfcnsc'tinds  in  damages  naerely, 

^,,    .-  ,-,  „      „„.•.„,.   e  bylhecrodiior,  cr  1   -  ->  -  ■  'or  attomey,  that  the  debtor 

",  or  rf  >■;<.'<. i  ouff'  0  that  ■orocess  cannot  b« 

r  "?or!t  to  remove "L  '  -:t  of  this  State,  whereby 

:  -  debt  or  ba  comp<ri;t^  ...■  .-  . ,:  i\  r  it  in  another  State  ;  or 

:  I-jlent^y  disposed  of,  or  is  abou'-  fraudulently  to  di? I'oea 

:  he  h  .'s  njcnr-y,  property  or  eiTects  liable  to  satisfy  hia 

•■-''■*'■'    "  '■'•  r.:A  Staling  the  amount  due,  aoid  that 

53  of  Toxins  cr  harrassL::g  the  debtor, 

".e  to  the  defendant  in  double  tha 

.;  u_..»l.le  to  give  bond  with  eufficient  surety, 

t,  an   atiachment  may  isaue  agair^t  the 

■  mal.    Anaehmer-ts  aixiliary  to  suits  peud- 

■  -•  '■  - ' "  -  -•  jinal  attachments,  in  which  casa 

.  ithment. 

■  5  or  ijr,p!ied,  must  be  prosecuted 

....-_;.;  '  ■•  ^  have  the  Ivgal  tiile  ornot, 

t  ■  ormay  La^  J  layee  or  creditor  pre>nou8 

:  .-  docs' tot  f-  5  of   exchanse,  or  irii^tru- 

?  -o  i.^Lc.^^r  „t  a  designate  a  i-.v^  vi  payment,  and  commercial 

.  civil  action  or  Imprisonment  for  debt  is  prohibited  in  this  State, 
1  -  ^  ^  -  i  persons  axe  Buljecstothe  pajTuent  of  all  debts  exeepi  ce-r- 

vai'.i  c  .  lavor  of  the  wido-.r  anl  children  of  the  deceased. 

Di  vGEs.  Eights  of  Markied  VToiiix.  ^^1LLS,  etc.— Acknowl- 

^  ; .  ^  ,  •- ,    .  T-..,-^-..-,-^  ^-  '-betaken  byjud^es  of  t^'^  cr,-.  ,      >.,(j 

~  ar.d  registers  m  chsu  ot 

-  public.    If  t.^ien  in  c  '  f 

.  .....I  ..  ■   1^  .  i.>...  .  .  .  the  judges  and  clerks  «.^  i^.  ^      -;al 

y  court  of  record  in  a;'. y  Sta:  ^,  ik  tary  pnllie  or  con-.rair"!  r-.r 

•vemorcf  Alaban-.a.    tey.- r.d  the  liiits  of  the  L'lated  .•<:.".'  s. 

i.  ....    ...  ^■■^r.-.i  vroot  may  be  "taken  by  the  ju'lje  of  «>.'i--.  ■-•  rf 

recor'l,  niii;.    -  r.te  of  ary  city,  town",  b<'rouch  or  •  y 

P'jb"-- ■.  t'ra  ■  -.lar  cr  commercial  STert  of  :!;■?  1 


A".l  converances  of  land  mnrt  be  written  or  printed  on  par<4»ment  or  pr.per. 

■   ■     '  ^"  ''  •  '    •  •'   '    ■  r  by  his  ajt-'    ■    •  "••  ■  ':thor::tt»d  5;i  writivr-.  a-sa 

<  name  ni  for  him.  -vvith  a  ■"r-fs  xr.d 

»rk  :  "  and  uted  must  be  attested  by 

V,  f-i..^v^  ^.*  v,>-    ■...-.,  who  mu6t  ■-i..^i  .^-^a  uamss  witararB  theT«t» 


880 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    ALABAMA. 


The  wife  may  relinquish  her  rirfit  to  dower  by  joining  with  her  huaband  in  a  cea. 
reyance  of  land,  and  acknowledging  same  as  above  provided.  Hosbandl  moat 
join  in  conveyance  of  wife's  separate  property. 

If  the  grantor  is  unknown,  his  identity  may  be  established  by  witneeees  8Tif&> 
cient  to  satisfy  the  officer  before  whom  the  acknowledgment  is  inade. 
[Acknowledgment  of  Husband  and  Wife.] 
[Form.] 
The  State  of  Alabama,     ) 
butleb  coo'tt,        ) 

I  (name  and  style  of  officer)  hereby  certify  that  Thomas  Clark  and  SaraK 
Clark,  his  wife,  whose  names  are  signed  to  the  foregoing  conveyance,  and  who 
»re  known  to  me,  acknowledged  before  me  on  this  day,  that  being  informed  of 
the  contents  cf  the  conveyance,  they  executed  the  "same  voluntarily,  on  th« 
day  tlie  same  bears  date. 
6iven  under  my  hand  this  the  day  of  ,  A.D.  187  . 

(Signature  and  title.) 

The  real  and  personal  property  of  any  female  in  this  State,  acquired  before 
marriage,  and  all  property  to  which  she  may  be  entitled  by  gift,  grant,  inher- 
itance or  devise,  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  debts,  obligations  and  engagements 
of  her  husband,  and  may  be  devised  or  bequeathed  by  her  as  she  were  a /emm« 
tole.  (Const,  of  1SC3).  A  conveyance  of  the  wife's  separate  estate  may  be  made 
by  the  husband  and  wife  jointly,  signed  in  the  presence  of  two  witnesses,  or  ac- 
knowledged before  any  officer  authorized  to  take  acknowledgments  of  deeds. 
The  husband  is  not  liable  for  the  wife's  debts  contracted  before  marriage  ;  but 
ehe  may  be  sued  alone  and  her  separate  property  is  liable  for  the  satisfaction 
thereof. 

When  no  officer  is  convenient  for  taking  acknowledgments,  a  deed  may  b« 
Attested  by  two  witnesses,  and  afterward  proved  in  the  following  form  : 

[Form.] 
T^  State  of  Alabaka,   ) 
Bentox  Coc>Tr.  J 

I  (name  and  style  of  officer)  hereby  certify  that  ,  a  subscribing  witneM 

to  the  foregoing  conveyance,  known  to  me,  appeared  before  me  this  day,  and  being 
eworn,  stated  that  ,  the  grantor  in  the  conveyance,  voluntarily  ex- 

«cuted  the  same  in  his  presence,  and  in  the  presence  of  "the  other  subscribing 
•witness,  on  the  day  the  same  bears  date  ;  that  he  attested  the  same  in  the  presence 
ef  the  grantor  and  of  the  other  witness,  and  that  such  other  witness  subscribed 
his  name  as  a  witness  in  his  presence. 

Given  under  my  hand  this  the  day  of  ,  A.D.  187 

(Signature  and  title.) 

The  examination  of  the  wife  separate  and  apart  from  her  husband  is  neces- 
sary to  convey  the  title  to  any  homestead  exempt  by  the  laws  of  this  Stat«. 
(See  Exemptions).  This  examination  may  be  had  before  a  circuit  or  supreme 
judge,  chancellor,  or  judge  of  probate  or  justice  of  the  peace,  who  most  endorse 
thereon  a  certificate  in  writing  in  the  folloTving  form  : 

[Form.] 
State  or  Alabama,  ) 
CocxTY  OF  Morgan*,  j 

I,  ,  judge,  (chancellor,  notary  public  or  justice  of  the  peace,  as  the  case 

may  be),  hereby  certify  that  on  the  day  of  ,  A.D.  18    ,  came 

before  me  the  within  named  ,  known  (or  made  known)  to  me  to  be  the 

wife  of  the  within  named  ,  who,  being  by  me  examined  separate  and 

apart  from  her  husband,  touching  the  signature  of  the  within  ,  acknowl- 

edged that  she  signed  the  same  of  her  own  free  will  and  accord,  and  without  fear, 
constraint  or  persuasion  of  her  husband. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  hereunto  set  mv  hand  this  the  day  of  , 

187    .  A.  B.  (judge,  chancellor,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be). 

The  widow,  (if  no  provision  is  made  for  her  by  will),  is  entitled  to  one-third 
part  of  the  real  estate  of  which  her  husband  died  seized,  and  to  which  she  haa 
not  relinquished  the  right  of  dower,  and  one-half  of  the  personal  property  if 
there  be  no  children  or  if  there  be  but  one  child  ;  if  there  be  more  than  one 
child,  and  less  than  five,  she  is  entitled  to  a  child's  part ;  if  there  be  five  children 
or  more,  she  is  entiiled  to  one-fifth  part  in  absnlute  right.  She  shall  be  endowed 
©f  O'le-half  of  her  husband's  absolute  estate  when  he  dies  l^avinz  no  lineal  des* 
cendants,  unless  the  estate  is  insolvent.  The  widow  may  dissent  from  or  waive 
provisiou  in  a  will,  and  claim  her  dower,  at  viy  time  within,  ope  y^ar  ftft«T  tbt 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    AIUiA>'SAS.  8S1 

BtDbate  of  the  wiil.  The  widow  may  retain  the  dwelling-place,  bonse,  plaatalion, 
ic.,  free  fr<^m  rent,  until  her  dower  is  assigned  her. 

Cy  "  '  ■  ~'  "  ■  are  legal  in  this  State  but  are  null  and  Tcid  as  to  creditor* 
and  .".  iiotjoe  tuitil  recorded,  unless  the  property  is  brought 

Into  .  .0  buch  incumbrance,  in  which  ca*e  they  must  be  regis- 

tencii  '  1  ii;n  i  .ir  i..'':iiii5,  aud  if  such  propertj-  be  removed  to  a  different  county 
fro  M  that  in  which  the  grantor  resides,  the  conveyance  must  be  recorded  within 
six  mAnths  from  the  remoTal,  or  it  ceases  to  have  "effect  as  to  creditors  and  pur- 
chasers from  the  grantee  without  notice.  All  such  mortgages  must  be  recorded 
in  the  county  where  the  grant^^r  reside.',  and  also  where  the  property  is. 

Wu.LS.— Everv  person  21  years  of  age,  and  of  sound  mind,  may  dispose  of 
la'iiis  by  will.  Wills  must  be  signed  by  the  testator,  or  bv  some  one  in  his  pres- 
ence a:id  at  his  request,  and  attested  by  three  or  more  witnesses.  Koncupativa 
wills  nia%  l>e  established  when  the  testator  in  his  last  illness  callB  on  persons  t* 
take  notice  that  such  is  his  will. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  ARKANSAS. 

EiEMPTioxs.— flbme  teorih  ?5,000,  and  personal  proptrtv  f  2,000, 160  acref  of 
land,  or  1  town  or  city  lot  being  the  residence  of  a  householder  or  the  head  of  a 
family,  the  appurtenances  and  improvements  thereto  belonging,  to  the  value  of 
$5,000*,  aiid  personal  property  to  the  value  of  ?i!,000. 

Mecka>'ic8' Lien. — Me<'hanic6.  material  men  and  laborers  have  a  lien  on 
land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  labor.  The  oriirinr.l  contractor  must 
file  his  iien  within  three  months  after  all  thefnings  shall  have  been  done  or  fur- 
nished. Sub-contractors  must  give  notice  to  owner,  proprietor,  aeent  or  trustee, 
oefore  or  at  the  time  he  furnishes  any  of  the  things  or  performs  services.  Tbeso 
have  precedence  over  all  other  subsequent  incumbrances. 

Collection  of  Debts. — Attachments  may  issue  against  a  defendant's  prop- 
erty upon  the  following  grounds  ;  In  actions  for  recovery  of  money  where  tho 
acjjon  is  against  a  non-resident ;  one  absent  four  montli  ;  has  left  the  county 
or  his  residence  to  avoid  the  service  of  summons  ;  about  to  remove,  or 
baa  remov.-d  his  property,  not  leaving  enough  to  satisfy  plaintiiTs  claim  :  con- 
ceals himself  ;  has  sold  his  property  with  fraudulent  intent  to  cheat,  binder  or 
delay  his  creditors,  or  is  about  to  do  s-o.  Bond  in  double  the  amount  claimed, 
with  good  securities,  residents  of  county. 

Boats  running  on  the  navigable  water  of  the  state  may  be  attached  for  debtt 
contracted  by  the  owner,  &c.,  on  account  of  work  or  supplies  furnished  the 
boat. 

Ko  arrest  is  allowable  for  debt  in  any  civil  action  or  mtsne,  or  final  proceat, 
nnless  in  cases  of  fraud. 

In  suits  on  open  claims,  the  affidavit  of  plaintiff,  legally  taken  and  certified, 
will  be  deemed  stiScient  proof  unless  the  defendant  sh.'Ul,  undtr  oath,  deny  the 
correctness  of  the  accotint,  either  in  \Th<-'le  or  in  part,  in  wl.icli  event  tho 
plai:'.t:  ~  :nu.^t  prove  the  disput-d  portion  of  his  account  by  other  evidence. 

A -15  Kivitj  miy  be  made  out  of  the  state  before  a  commission  appointed  by  the 
Goveni'-T  of  Arkansas  for  tliat  purpose,  or  before  a  mayor  of  a  city,  a  judge  of  a 
•o.irt,  notary  public,  or  justice  of  the  peace,  whose  certificate  shall  be  deemed 
proof  of  its  execution.  Tlie  af3davit  must  be  signed  by  the  affiant,  the  certi- 
ficate of  the  officer  shall  be  written  separately,  following  the  sigrtiature  of  tba 
affivit,  and  all  veritications  must  be  attached  to  the  instrument  verilied. 

Garnishment  can  be  issued  np<in  jad^meuts  or  attachments  against.any  per- 
•on  owing  the  debtor,  or  having  his  property  in  possession. 

Assi:niment3  of  bonds,  bills,  note.<.  agreements,  and  contracts  in  writing,  for 
the  payment  of  money  or  property,  are  i->ermi?sal  le  here.  Assignments  for  tha 
benotit  of  creditors  are  held  good.  Every  a.ssignmeut  of  every  instrument  of 
writing  must  bear  date  of  the  true  dav  on  which  it,  was  executed. 

Ever>-  protested  draft  or  bill  of  exchange  draws  10  per  cent,  interest  from 
date  of  pr-^test.  If  drawn  noon  any  person  in  the  st.ite,  it  is  in  addition  subject 
to  2  per  cent,  damages,  if  on  ajiy  person  and  pavable  in  Alabama.  Louisiana, 
Mi».~issippi,  Tennessee.  Kentucky,  C-hSn,  Indiana.  Illinoi'?,  and  Missouri,  or  any 
point  on  the  Ohio  river.  4  per  cent,  damages,  if  upon  anv  person  and  pavable 
at  any  o-her  place  in  the  T'nited  S:atos.  I'1  por  cent,  damages  on  amount  specified 
Ip  the  bill.  If  owned  bv  anv  persf^n  wiThin  this  state.  2  per  centum  ;  If  without 
lUa  state,  but  iu  tli«  U.  S.,  C  per  ceutuut,  if  wiUicut  tbe  limits  of  tlie  U.  S.,  M 


832  SPECLVL   LAWS.  OF   AEKAXSAS. 

per  ecntnin.  The  lioliler  shall  have  his  action  against  the  owner,  endorser,  of 
acceptor,  or  either  of  them,  and  the  protest  is  held  to  be  evidence  of  demand 
and  refusal  of  rayment. 

Judgments  in  circuit  courts  are  a  lien  np^n  real  estate  ia  county  f"5r  3  year?, 
and  may  be  reviveil  so  as  to  continue  lien  to  ]:>,  after  which  no  execution  can  i* 
sue.  Judgments  in  justice  courts  cau  form  a  lieu  by  CUiig  transcript  in  circuit 
•lerk's  oSice. 

Executions  cannot  issne  for  10  days  after  judgment  unless  ordered  by  the  court 
and  when  issued  to  the  proper  oiSoer  are  liens  upon  property  liable  to  seizure. 
If  no  goods  be  found  the  debtor  and  any  one  sapi.>osed  to  owe  him,  or  hare  his 
property  in  possession  can  be  made  amenable  to  answer  under  oath  what  prcpf- 
•rty  or  interest  hi  has  subject  to  execution. 

Jurisdiction  of  justice  of  the  j^jaoe  in  matter  of  contract  is  $100  exclusive  fa 
interest,  for  damages  ?10O  ;  in  replevin  JSOO;  and  iu  suits  concurrent  with 
the  circuit  court  when  amount  does  not  excee<l  $300.  Circuit  courts  have  Juris- 
diction of  aU  sums  over  §100,  boih  at  commuu  law,  and  in  equity. 

Deeds,  Mortgages,  a>"t>  CHAiTrL  Mortgages,  Kiguts  of  Maeried 
■NVoJrEX,  Wills,  &c. — r>ecil3  must  be  under  seal — a  svran  1  is  a  seal.    Acknow- 


of  any. Siate,  Kinjrd.im  or  Empire  having  a  seal,  or  any  mayor  or  chief  oSicer 
of  ai»y  city  or  town  having  au  oScial  seal,  or  before  any  officer  of  any  foreign 
ooitntrv,  who.  by  the  laws  of  such  country,  i-5  authorized  to  take  probate  of  the 
conveyance  of  real  estate  of  Lis  own  country,  if  such  oncer  has.  by  law,  an  olH-. 
cial  seal.  When  taken  out  of  this  State,  but  within  the  United  States  or  their 
tcrriiories,  before  any  court  «l  the  United  States,  or  any  State  or  territory  having 
a  seal,  or  the  ele-k  of  any  such  court,  or  before  the  mayor  of  any  city  or  town, 
or  chief  of  auv  citv  or  town  having  a  .^eal  of  offloe,  or  before  any  commissioner 
feppointed  by  the  Governor  of  this  State.  The  seal  must  be  artaclled,  wheu  theia 
is  o:ie,  and  the  deedrecorded  in  the  countv  where  the  land  lies. 

The  following  is  the  form  wheu  husband  and  wife  joui  in  the  deed,  the  latter 
releasing  dower.  It  is  necessary  for  husband  and  wife  to  join  in,  whether  hia 
own  or  her  property  :  . 

[Form  I.] 
State  of       »  K- 
CorxTY  OF      ,  i    "' 

Beit  remembered  that  on  this  day  of  ,  one  thousand  eight 

hundred  and  j-eventy  ,  Lefora  me.  the  undersigned,  ,  came  , 

who  are  personally  known  to  uie  to  be  the  same  persons  whose  names  are  sub- 
scribed to  the  foregoiUjj  instrumeut  of  writing,  as  parries  thereto,  and  severally 
l»c"knowle«.l§:cd  the  same  to  bs  act  and  deed  for  the  purposes  and  consider- 

ation therein  mentioned. 

And  at  the  same  time  the  said  wife  of  the  snUX  having  been 

by  me  first  made  acquainted  with  the  contents  of  said  instrument,  on  an  exam- 
ination separate  and  apart  from  her  siid  husband,  acknowledged  that  she  e.ve- 
cuted  the  same  and  relinquished  dower  in  all  the  property  therein  meutioued, 
freely  and  -.vithout  compulsion,  or  undue  inliueuce  of  her  said  husband. 

In  ter-timony  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  seal  of  onice.  the  day 
and  year  first  above  written.  (Sipi:ature.) 

Slarried  women  cau  hold  proi)err>-,  both  real  and  personal,  free  from  The  debts 
of  her  husband,  but  a  schedule,  under  oath,  ar.d  verified  by  the  oath  of  son.j 
Other  reputable  person  mnst  be  made  by  the  husband  and  wife,  and  filed  in  iha 
recorder's  office  of  the  County  where  the  property  is,  and  of  the  Connr'  where 
they  reside.  A  widow  shall  IJ6  enilowed  of  the  third  part  of  the  proi)€rtj  whero- 
of  her  husband  was  sei^^ed  of  an  estate  of  inheritance  at  any  time  during  the 
marriage,  u?ile?s  the  same  was  relinqtushed  in  legal  form. 

A  Chattel  m<^irt2age  is  of  no  avail  as  a  lien  unless  recorded  in  the  County 
where  the  pro-.erty  is. 

Wills  should  be  executed  a.s  shown  in  Business  Form  No.  45,  f^n  pp.  815-81f 
fcnd  established  by  the  disinterested  evidence  of  at  least  three  imimi>eachab) 
frituesses  to  the  liandwriting  and  eiguature  of  the  testator. 


BPKCIAL  LAWS  OF  CALIPOBNLA..  833 

SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

ExEMPTTONs  From  Forced  Salk — ITryuse  worth  95,000  and  personal propervf. 
VocBsary  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  one  sewing  machine  and  one  piai'4 
in  a.  ii.al  use;  wearing  apparel  and  one  month's  inovipions  for  the  family. 
Fanning  utensils  ;  also  2  oxen,  or  2  horsps,  or  2  mulos,  and  their  harnoss,  •n« 
cart  or  wagon,  and  fooil  for  suoh  oxen,  horses  or  mules  for  one  inonlh;  also 
setd  to  ?200  in  v»lue.  Tools  or  implements  of  an  artisan  necessary  to  carry  on  his 
traile;  '^  seal  of  a  notary  ;  the  instruments  of  a  physician,  denlistand  purveyor 
n^ci'Psa.^cO  the  exercise  of  their  profession,  ■willi  their  professional  lihraries.i 
«!id  the  professional  libraries  and  furniture  of  lawyers,  judges  and  mini,  ters  of 
the  gospel.  The  cabin  of  a  miner,  not  e.xceediiig  in  value  tho  sum  of  J!."fX),  also 
his  appliances  for  mining,  not  to  exceed  in  the  aggregate  the  sum  of  5300,  and  2 
horses,  mulesoroxen,  with  their  harness,  and  food  for  siuhosen,  horses  ormulea 
for  one  month.  Four  cows  with  their  sacking  calves,  and  4  hogs  with  their  Buck- 
ing pigs  ;  poultry  not  exceeding  in  value  k'^n.  The  earnings  of  the  judgment 
debtor  for  his  personal  services  ren<lered  at  any  time  within  30  days  next  jireced- 
ing  the  levy.  The  sh.ircs  hold  by  a  member  of  a  homestead  assoi  ialii>n,  not  ex- 
ceeding in  vnlue  51,onn,  if  the  person  holding  the  shares  is  net  the  owner  of  a 
homestead  under  the  laws  of  this  State.  All  moneys,  bcnelits  or  annuities  grow- 
ing out  of  any  life  insurance  on  the  life  of  the  debtor,  in  any  company  corporated 
under  the  laws  of  the  State,  if  the  annual  premiums  paid  do  uot  exceed  $500. 
Homestead  for  the  head  of  a  f;\niily,  not  to  exceed  4;r>,000  in  value. 

MEPHANifs' Lien". — Meohanicsand  materialmen  have  a  lien  for  labor  and 
materials  on  the  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  claims.  The  orig- 
inal contractor  must  tile  his  claim  within  CO  days,  and  the  laborera  viiliin  30 
days,  after  the  debt  accrued.  This  lien  attaches  from  the  commencement  of  tho 
work,  and  has  preceduro  over  any  subsequent  or  previous  unrecorded  encum- 
brance. 

Collection  of  Debts. — Attachment  may  issue  on  affidavit  and  undertaking 
with  two  sureties,  in  a  sum  not.  less  than  "^."OO,  or  greater  than  the  amount 
claimed,  in  action  upon  a  contract,  express  or  implieil,  for  tho  direct  payment  of 
money,  where  the  co)itract  is  made  or  U  jiuy.ible  in  this  State  and  is  not  secured, 
or  the  security  becomes  valueless  ;  and  in  an  action  upon  a  ci'ntract,  express  or 
implied,  against  a  defendant  net  residing  in  this  State.  Every  species  of  property 
not  exempt  is  sul  iect  to  attachment. 

Arrests  in  civil  actitins  are  not  allowable  in  this  State  except  as  follows: — 1. 
In  an  action  for  the  recovery  of  money  or  damages  on  a  cause  of  action  arising 
U[>o;i  a  contract,  express  or  implied,  when  the  defendant  is  about  to  depart  from 
the  Slate  with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors.  2.  In  an  action  for  a  tine  or  pen- 
alty, or  for  money  or  property  embezzled,  or  fraudulently  misappllt^d,  or  con- 
vort''d  to  his  own  use  by  a  public  oiKcer,  or  an  officer  of  a  corporation,  or  an  at- 
tor:iey,  or  factor,  broker,  agent  or  clerk,  in  tho  course  of  his  employment  as  such, 
or  by  any  other  person  in  a  liduciary  capacity,  or  for  misconduct  or  neglect  in 
ofTlc'/orin  a  professional  employment,  orfora  wOlful  violation  of  duty.  3.  In 
a'l  r.ction  to  recover  possession  of  personal  property  unjustly  detained,  when  tha 
1  -(.n,.riy  or  any  part  thereof  has  been  ooncealcil,  removed  of  disposed  of,  to  pre- 
v  ■:.!  is  being  found  Or  taken  by  the  sherilT.  4.  When  defendant  has  been  guilty 
■  ■'  tr.ind  In  contracting  the  debt  or  incumng  the  obligation  for  which  the  action 
i-  tir.  ■light,  01-  in  concealing  or  disposing  of  tho  property,  for  the  taking,  conceal- 
ii  ,'■  r  conversion  of  which  the  action  is  brought.  5.  Wien  the  defendant  hasre- 
in"v  '.l  or  disposed  of  his  property,  or  is  aboutto  do  so,  with  intent  to  <iefraudhia 
«r..li;ors.    No  female  can  be  arrested  in  any  action. 

Gariiishment  maybe  maile  under  execution  or  attachment  against  any  bailee  of 
the  i.ebto'-,  and  when  the  debtor's  interest  or  right  is  acknowledged  in  a  specified 
8;im  11!  article,  the  said  sum  or  article  may  be  paid  over  to  the  Sheriff  under  an 
cider  tif  court. 

•Iii'lgments  in  all  courts  of  record  and  in  the  justices'  court,  when  filed  in  th« 
county  cjurt.  are  liens  from  the  time  they  are  docketed,  which  must  be  within  24 
hours  af.er  tli-ir  rendition,  on  nil  real  o^Uite  owned  by  the  defendant  not  exempt 
and  situated  in  the  county  where  the  judgment  v.as  Vend<;red,  for  a  period  of  2 
years,  uidesa  the  defendant  stay  execution  by  an  appeal  bond.  In  which  case  the 
lieu  i-eases  By  recording  a  transcript  of  the  docket  In  any  other  county  the  lien 
attJiehes  f,.  all  "defendant's  real  estate  situated  therein  not  exempt.  No  Hen  la 
cretiited  by  judgineiaon  i»_-rs"nal  property. 

Executions  may  be  Issued  at  juiy  time  within  5  years  after  entry  of  judgment, 
•lu)  do  not  uSect  property  until  tkcre  Is  a  lew.    Out  of  juatieee'  courts,  as  oourtM 

_     5a 


m 


SPECIAL  LA^^^S   6T   CALIFOENIA. 


of  record,  Itey  may  be  levied  on  personal  or  real  property.  Real  «stat«  soM 
■under  execution  is  subject  to  redemption  witliin  six  months.  Judgment  debtora 
or  their  bailees,  after  the  return  of  execuiion  not  satisfied,  may  be  examined 
under  oath  concerning  their  property. 

Assignments  in  trust  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  are  null,  as  against  any  credi- 
tor not  assenting  thereto.  The  deed  of  assignment  must  be  in  writing,  acknowl- 
edged and  recorded  like  a  conveyance  of  real  estate.  Made  to  secure  indorsers 
or  sureties  are  valid.  Notes,  bills,  bonds,  accounts  and  almost  every  species  of 
contract,  is  assignable.    The  party  in  interest  must  sue  on  an  assigned  contract. 

Bolts  and  vessels  navigating  the  waters  of  this  Staie,  are  liable  for  debts  con- 
tracted by  the  master,  owner,  agent,  or  eor.signee  thereof,  for  work  done  or  sup- 
plies furnished,  or  for  fitting  out,  repairing,  or  equipping  such  bo.its  or  vessels, 
or  for  all  sums  due  for  anchorage  or  wharfage,  or  for  all  injuries  done  to  persons 
or  property  by  such  boat  or  vessel,  provided  the  wages  of  mariners,  boatmen,  and 
others  employed  in  theservieeof  euch  boatsor  vessels,  shall  have  the  preference, 
and  be  first  paid.  Vessels  are  also  liable  for  damages  accruing  from  the  non- 
performance or  mal-performance  of  contract  touching  the  transportation  of  per- 
sons or  property.  All  actions  agair.st  boat.:  or  vessels  must  be  commenced  within 
15  days  after  cause  of  action  accrues. 

Damages  are  allowed  on  bil  Is  of  exchange  protested  for  non-acceptance  or  non- 
payment in  favor  of  holders  for  value  only,  as  foUows  :  1.  If  drawn  upon  any 
person  in  this  State,  $-2  on  each  SlOO  of  the"  principal  sum  specified  in  the  bUl.  2. 
If  drawn  upon  any  person  out  of  this  State,  but  in  any  of  the  other  States  or  ter- 
ritory west  of  the"  Rocky  Mountains,  f. 5  on  each  $100  of  the  principal  simi  speci- 
fied In  the  bill.  3.  If  dra\vn  upon  any  person  in  the  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mcruntains,  §10  on  each  5100  specified  in  the  bill.  4.  If  drawn  upon  any 
I)er8on  in  any  place  in  a  foreign  country.  Sloon  each  SlOO  of  the  principal  sum 
specified  in  the  bill,  and  from  the  time  "of  notice  of  dishonor  and  demand  of  pay- 
ment, lawful  interest  must  be  allowed  upon  the  aggregate  amount  of  the  princi- 
pal sum  and  damages.  Notarial  protest  is  evidence  o  demand  and  refusal  of 
payment  at  the  time  and  in  the  mp  'vner  stated  in  the  protest. 

'Deeds.  Mortgages,  a^d  Chattel  ^Iortgages,  Rights  of  Married 
"WoMEX,  Wills,  &c. — Deeds  are  not  required  to  be  under  seal,  as  all  private 
seals  are  abolished  in  this  State.  Must  be  acknowledged  within  the  State,  before 
a  justice  or  clerk  of  the  supreme  court ;  or  a  judge  era  clerk  of  a  court  of  record; 
or  a  mayor  or  recorder  of  a  city  ;  or  acourt  canii:iissioner  ;  or  a  county  recorder; 
or  a  notary  public  :  or  a  justice"  of  the  peace.  Without  this  State  and  in"the  United 
States,  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  clerk  of  any  court  of  record  of  the  United 
States  ;  or  a  justice,  judge  or  clerk  of  any  court  of  record  of  any  State ; 
or  a  commissioner  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  this  State  for  Uiat  pur- 
pose ;  or  a  notary  public  or  any  oiber  officer  of  the  State  where  the  acknowledg- 
ment is  made,  authorized  by  its  laws  to  take  such  acknowledgment.  Without  the 
United  States,  before  a  minister,  commissioner  or  charge  d'affaires  of  the  United 
States,  resident  and  accredited  in  the  cotuitry  where  such  acknowledgment  ia 
made  ;  or  a  judge  of  a  court  of  record  of  the  country  where  the  acknowledgment 
Is  made,  or  a  commission  appointed  for  that  purpvose  by  the  Governor  of  tha 
State  pursuant  to  special  statutes  ;  or  a  notary  pubhc.  The  husband  or  wife, 
can  each,  without  the  consent  or  as.«istance  of  the  other,  convey  his  or  her  Bcpax* 
ate  property.    They  must  join  in  a  conveyance  of  their  community  propertj'. 

The  following  is  the  general  form  of  the  certificate  of  acknowledgment : 

St ATK  OF  California,  )  1 

COCNTY  OF  AilADOB.     )'  \ 

On  this  day  of  ,  in  the  year  of  ,  before  me,  John 

Simpson,  notary  pnblicj  personally  appeared,  ,  known  to  ma  (or 

proved  to  me  on  the  oath  of  )  to  be  the  person  whose  name  is  sub- 

ecribed  to  the  within  instrument,  and  acknowledged  to  me  that  he  (or  they)  exe- 
cuted the  same. 
,  JoHX  Simpson,  Notary  Public. 

The  form  of  certificate  when  grantor  is  a  married  woman  miist  be  substantially 
as  follows  : 

State  of  Califorxla.,   1 
County  of  Nevada.    ) 

On  this  day  of  ,  in  the  year  of  ,  before  me,  Joha 

Johnston,  notary  public,  personally  appeared  ,  known  to  nie  (ot 

proyed  to  be  on  the  oath  of  )  to  be  the  person  whose  name  is  subscrib- 

•d  to  the  within  ioBtromeut,  described  as  a  manied  woman,  aud  upon  an  ezamln* 


8PECIAX   tXVri    OP   COLOEXDO.  836 

fttion,  without  liie  hearing  of  hef  husband,  I  made  her  acquainted  with  the  co»« 
tents  of  the  instrunK-iits,  p.iul  thoreiiiHiji  she  acknowledged  to  tne  that  she  ex«« 
«at«d  the  eauie,  and  that  she  does  not  wish  to  retrart  such  execution . 

John  JoHNSToif,  Notary  Public. 
Property  of  rvfr'i  desoription  acquired  by  the  wife  before  marriage,  and  that 
acquired  aftcrwartl  by  gift,  bequost,  devise,  or  descent,  shall  be  hor  separate 

groperty,  and  will  in  iio  case  be  liable  for  the  debt*  of  her  husband.  The  hns' 
and's  property  of  every  kind  similarly  acquired,  will  be  his  separate  property, 
and  not  li-iblefor  debts  due  by  his  wife  previous  to  marriage.  The  properly  of 
each  shall  be  liable  only  for  the  debts  of  the  owner.  All  property  acquired  sub- 
sequent to  marriage,  aside  from  that  acquired  by  gift,  bequest,  devise,  or  descent, 
ehall  be  coinmou  properly,  but  under  the  husband's  entire  control.  Such  com- 
mon property  cannot  be  Void  unless  by  ai»  instrument  iu  writing,  signed  by  both 
husband  and  wife,  end  i'.e!:nowled„'ed  by  her  upon  an  examination  separate  and 
apart  from  her  husband,  b-fore  a  justice  of  the  supremo  court,  judge  of  the  dis- 
trict court,  county  judgo  or  notary  public,  or  if  without  the  State,  there  to  ac- 
knowledge beforesonie  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  or  .a  commissioner  appointed  by 
authority  of  the  Stale  to  take  acknowledgement  of  deeds. 

A  full  and  complete  inventory  of  the  wife's  separate  property  shall  be  made 
out  and  signed  by  the  wife,  and  proved  in  the  manner  required  by  law  for  proof 
of  a  conveyance  of  land  ;  the  li'.ing  of  this  inventory  in  the  recorder's  office  in  tha 
county  where  su<-li  i)roperty  is  situated,  shall  be  notice  of  the  wife's  title,  and  all 
eaid  property  shall  be  exempt  from  e^uzure  for  her  husbands  debts. 

Upon  the  de.ath  of  either  husband  or  wife,  one-half  of  the  common  property 
shall  go  to  the  survivor,  and  the  other  half  to  the  descendants,  of  the  deceased 
husband  or  wife,  subject  to  the  payments  of  the  debts  of  the  deceased.  If  there 
he  no  descendants  of  the  deceased  husband  or  wife,  the  whole  shall  go  to  the  sur- 
Tivor,  subject  to  such  payment. 

As  to  dower,  no  estate  shall  be  allowed  to  the  husband  as  tenant  by  court««y 
uvion  the  decease  of  his  wife,  nor  any  estate  in  dower  be  allowed  to  the  wife  upon 
the  death  of  her  husband. 

Chattel  mortgages  are  void  as  to  third  parties,  unless  jwssession  of  chattels 
passes  from  mortgagor,  albeit  the  mortgage  may  be  recorded. 

Any  married  woman  m.iy  dispose  of  all  her  estate  by  will,  and  may  alter  and 
revoke  such  will,  but  the  consent  of  the  husband,  in  writing,  must  be  annexed  to 
every  such  instrument,  and  it  must  be  subscribed,  attested,  proven,  and  recorded 
in  like  manner  as  a  will  is  required  to  be  witnessed,  proven,  and  recorded,  unless 
the  wife  has  power  to  make  a  will,  conferred  by  marriage  contract,  signed  by  her 
husband  before  ma^ri.^;:;e. 

No  wills,  except  rbucupative  wills,  shall  be  valid,  unless  in  writing,  and 
si^ed  by  the  test.ttor  or  by  some  person  in  hia  presence,  and  by  his  express 
direction,  and  attested  by  two  or  more  competent  witnesses  subscribing  their 
names  to  the  will,  in  the  presence  of  the  testator. 

No  noncupative  will  bequeathing  an  estate  over  $500,  shall  be  valid,  unless 
proved  by  two  witnesses,  who  were  present  at  the  makin^:  thereof  ;  nor  unless  it 
te  proved  that  the  testator,  at  the  time  of  pronouncing  the  same,  did  bid  soma 
•ne  present  to  bear  witness  that  such  was  his  will,  or  to  that  effect ;  nor  unless 
such  noncupative  will  was  made  at  the  time  of  the  last  sickness,  and  at  the  dwell- 
ing-house of  the  deceased,  or  where  he  or  she  had  been  residing  for  the  space  of 
10  days  or  more,  except  when  such  person  was  taken  eick  from  home,  and  died 
kefore  bis  or  her  return. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  COLORADO. 

EXEMPTIOITS  FROM  FORCED  SALE— ^om«  iflorth  $2000  and  Per.'fonal  Properly. 
Every  person  being  a  householder  and  head  of  a  family,  Is  entitled  to  a  nomo* 
stead  not  exceeiling  in  value  S2000.  To  entitle  such  person  to  this  exemption, 
he  must  enter  the  word  "  Homestead"  on  the  margin  of  his  recorded  title.  Tha 
following  property,  when  owned  by  any  person  being  head  of  a  family,  shall  be 
exempt :  Family  pictures,  school  books"  and  library,  pew  in  church,  biiriul  sites, 
all  wearing  apparel  of  family,  all  beds,  bedsteads,  (Stoves  and  cooking  uten- 
sils, kept  for  use  of  debtor  and  family,  and  other  household  furniture  not  ex- 
ceeding 8100  in  value,  provision  and  fuel  necessarj- to  the  family  for  6  months, 
tools,  etc.,  of  any  mechanic  not  exceeding  $300  in  value,  library  and  implements 
of  any  professional  man  not  exceeding  3.':00,  draft  animals  to  the  value  of  $200, 1 
cow  aud  calf,  10  sheep  and  the  necessary  food  for  them  for  6  months,  1  farm 
va^ou,  cart,  etc.,  1  plough,  1  harrow  and  wtUer  faxming  implouenta  uot  •xc««diB^ 


836  SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    COLORADO. 

t50,  In  Talue.  Persons  not  at  the  head  of  a  family,  only  entitled  to  WMoing 
apparel  and  property  to  the  value  of  SSPO. 

MrcHAXics*  LiEX. — Persons  who  perform  -work  or  fnmish  materials  to  th« 
r.mr.unt  of  more  than  5l5  for  the  construction  or  repairing  of  anv  building,  may 
have  a  lien  thereon.  Prindpal  coniractors  must  file  their  Ueii  i.i  4i',  and  f-.iI> 
rontrnrtors  within  20daysa{ier  last  work  done  or  material  furnished.  Action 
thereof  must  be  comraeuoed  v\-itliin  6  month-t  from  date  of  tiling  lien. 

CoLLEc riON  f  K  Debts. — Plaintiff  must  liie  a  bond,  with  BecoxitT,  payable  to 
(Icfe'i'iant,  in  double  the  amount  swore  to  be  due,  with  the  castomarv.  condi- 
tions, and  then  Hie  an  afSdavit,  alleging  pMjsitively  one  or  more  of  the  following 
car.scs  before  a;tachaie::t  can  be  iss^ued:  1.  That'th'?  debtor  has  departed,  or  i» 
a;  out  to  depart  from  the  State  with  intent  to  conceal  his  effects.  2.  That  he  ig 
a  n'^>n-rosident,  or  is  a  foreini  co;-poration,  or  conce.ils  himself.  3.  That  he  i» 
about  to  remove  or  dispose  or  his  vroperty  to  the  injury  of  his  creditors,  or  that 
he  fraud'ilenily  contracted  the  d  bi,  or  has  removed  away  any  of  his  property 
with  intent  to  "hinder  cr  defraud  !:ia  creditors. 

In  attachment,  replevin  ormeri"0rious  defence  maybe  made,  when  necessary, 
by  tl»e  affidavit  of  the  attorney  or  agent  for  the  jdaintjif. 

In  assi^unents  a  debtor  has  tho  ri^ht  to  prefer  one  or  more  creditors  to  the 
exciusion  of  others,  except  when  the  assignment  is  fraudulent,  or  where  bank- 
ruptcy interposes. 

Bills,  nojes,  bonds,  or  other  written  instruments  acknowledging  indebtednes*, 
and  maJe  payaMe  to  any  person  or  person.s,  are  aasijrnable  by  endorsement,  and 
the  assignee  may  sue  in  his  otrn  name.  Assignmeutda  e  ruled  by  the  common  law. 

Jurisdictirin  of  justices  courts  extends  to  $::0)  for  recovery  of  money  or  per- 
sonal property,  probate  courts  to  5C  00,  over  all  cases,  both  at  "law  and  in  equity, 
district  couria  are  without  limit  ns  to  amount  or  character  of  claim. 

Summons  to  justice  court  nivst  bo  issued  5  days,  aiid  served  at  least  3  day« 
befcre  trial;  in  probate  and  district  courts  they  must  be  issued  and  served  at 
least  10  days  before  the  return  t^ay. 

A  judgmer.t  ol  a  courtof  lecord  is  a  lien  on  an  estate,  real  or  personal,  of  the 
jmlrmeut  dcoior,  owned  f  raucrwards  acquired  by  him,  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  such  court,  for  a  period  of  seven  yeara  after  the  las:  day  of  the  term  of  court 
at  which  such  judnaentwas  rendered;  prodded,  execution  be  isstied  thereon 
within  one  year  from  the  time  such  judgment  lien  accrued;  judgment  before 
jasti'-es  of  tlie  peace  may  become  a  lien  on  real  estate  by  Cling  a  transcript  of 
such  judgment  in  the  of3ce  of  the  clerk  of  the  district  cotirt  of  the  county  in 
■whiih  such  jud<nne;:t  wcs  recderoA. 

I'xecutionfrom  justice  of  tho  pe.ice  can  be  issued  immediately  after  judgment 
snd  is  a  lien  on  personal  estate  cf  tho  del»t  r  from  the  time  of"  the  delivei-y  to 
the  constable,  Azicl  cxn  be  levied  only  on  personal  property.  Execution  from 
courts  of  recot.i,  bi:.d  the  property  of  debtor  from  tinie  of  delivery  to  sheriff. 
Every  species  <  f  |)ropert>%  real  and  personal,  and  every  intere.-t  in  real  estate, 
If  2a'i"or  cquit/iblc,  is  t-rubjeet  to  e:;ecution.  I-a;nhj  sold  on  execution  may,  within 
six  months  after  sttch  sale,  be  redeemed  by  the  execution  debtor.  Execittion 
creditor  shi'.l  receive  from  sheriff  a  cer  iScate  of  purchase,  which  should  be  re- 
corac'd.  After  expiration  of  six,  and  at  any  time  before  the  expiration  of  rune 
rioiitlis,  rt.:t/  juf^gment  creditor  may  redeem  sr.ch  land  by  sneing  out  execution 
PI  ?.i3  judgment  a^d  paying  to  the  oiiicer  the  amount  (with  ten  percent,  per 
oi.r\-:m  thereto,  from  date"  of  sale)  for  which  the  lands  were  sold. 

The  process  of  garnishment  may  be  exercised  either  on  execution  or  attack- 

El'-.t, 

.'.rre-t  and  imprisonment  on  civil  process  is  prohibited  in  this  State. 

l:i  6r.lt3  en  bills,  b  u.ls,  notes,  and  similar  instruments,  the  defendant,  before 
h3  v.iil  be  rermitted  to  p;_'ad,  demur,  &c.,  must  tie  an  affidavit  of  merit  that  he 
has  ;»3  he  believes,  a  g'xd  and  sufficient  defence  to  said  suit  or  some  part 
thor.:-of. 

A  oi davits  of  persons  without  the  State  may  be  inade  before  any  notary  public 
or  clerk  of  any  court  of  record  under  their  respective  seals. 

Bills  of  exchange  expresshig  "  Value  received,"  duly  presented  and  protested 
for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  entitle  holder  to  recover  from  drawer  or 
endorser  thereof ,  upon  due  notice  of  such  protest,  the  amount  of  stich  bill,  witfe 
legal  interest  from  time  when  same  should  have  been  paid,  and  ten  per  centtfln 
damag-^s  in  addition  thereto,  and  costs  and  charges  of  protest.  Parties  to  Buch 
Inst r'f'n.:'nts  a<  endorser--,  n.akers,  acceptors,  may  be  sued  separately  or  jointly. 
P.ecord  required  to  be  kept  by  notaries  public,  com|)etent  evidence  to  j.rove'im« 
and  mani^er  of  service  i>f  notice  of  protest,  uamaaof  parties,  and  descnptio'^  iod 
amouiit  of  instruiaeut. 


SPECIAL   LAWS    or    COLOEADO.  837 

Sherlffa  (ire  amenable  in  treble  damnces  to  aggrieved  party,  »nd  fine  not  less 
ttian  $2S  nor  more  than  .?250  for  any  malfeasance  in  otlice. 

Deeds,  i'\l(>KT<;A<;ES,  ("HATTEri'AlouroAOK.s,  Kights  of  Markied  "Womkn^, 
Wills,  &i'.— Conveyances  must  bo  under  seal  ;  a  scrawl  is  sufhcient.  A  con- 
Teyance  made  in  coiiipliance  witli  all  lequisites  carries  with  it  right  to  immediate 
possfff.ioi).  All  covenants  in  the  dec(l  nin  with  the  land  conveyed.  A  power 
of  attorney  to  convey  should  be  under  seal  and  recorded  with  the  deed  made 
thereunder. 

Acknowledgments  of  deeds  written  in  the  State  may  be  made  before  any  jus- 
tice or  judge  of  the  supreme  or  district  courts,  or  before  any  clerk  or  deputy 
cierk  of  snch  courts  under  the  peal  thereof,  or  before  any  probate  judge  under 
the  seal  of  his  court,  or  before  the  clerk  and  recorder  of  any  county  or  his  de- 
puty uniler  the  county  seal,  or  before  any  notary  public  under  his  notarial  seal, 
or  before  any  justice  of  the  peace. 

"Vi'ithoiit  the  State  and  within  the  United  States,  before  the  secretary  of  any 
Stat'.^  or  territ-ory,  the  clerk  of  any  court  of  record,  or  comuiissioner  of  deeda 
for  this  State,  or  before  any  officer  authorized  by  the  laws  of  the  State  wero 
taken  to  take  acknowledgments.  The  seal  of  any  of  the  above  ofhcersmust 
accompany  the  certificate,  and  when  not  taken  before  the  secretary  of  s 
State  or  territory,  or  clerk  of  a  court  of  record,  the  certifieate  of  the  clerk  of 
some  court  of  Record  where  the  officer  taking  tlie  acknowledgement  resides 
must  acconi'iiany  such  acknowledgement  that  such  officer  is  the  person  the 
assumes  to  be. 

"Without  the  United  States  before  any  United  States  consul,  mayor  of  any 
city  under  his  official  seal,  any  court  of  record  of  any  foreign  state,  under  the 
certificate  of  the  judge  thereof  and  the  seal  of  such  court. 

[Form  of  Acknowledgment  by  Unmarried  Grantor.] 
State  of  Colorado,    ) 
County  op  Boulder.   (  '  ' 

I,  (name  and  style  of  office)  in  and  for  said  county,  in  the  State  aforesaid,  do 
hereby  certify  that  A.  B.,  who  is  personally  known  to  me  to  be  the  same  person 
whose  name  is  subscribed  to  the  annexed  deed,  appeared  before  me  this  day  in 
person,  and  acknowledged  that  he  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  said  instru- 
ment of  writing  as  his  free  dnd  voluntary  act  for  the  uses  and  purposes  thereia 
set  forth. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  (style  of  seal)  this  day  of  A. 

D.  18  .  (Signature.) 

[OfQcial  seal.]  (Style  of  office.) 

Form  of  certificate  where  the  husband  and  wife  join  in  a  conveyance  is  the 
eame  as  the  foregoing  form,  except  that  after  the  name  of  the  husband  or  wife, 
A.  B,,  is  inserted,  "  and  C.  D.,  his  wife  "  (or  her  husband,  as  the  case  may  be), 
"  who  are  personally  known,  etc.,"  down  to  the  teste,  before  which  is  inserted 
the  following  : 

"  And  the  said  C.  D.,  wife  of  the  said  A.  R.,  having  been  first  examined  by 
me  separate  an<l  apart  from  and  out  of  the  hearing  and  presence  of  her  said  hus- 
banil.andthe  contents,  meaning  and  effect  of  the  within  deed  havint;  been  by 
me  fully  explained  to  her,  acknowledged  tome  that  she  executed  the  same  freely 
and  voluntarily,  and  without  any  coercion  or  compulsion  on  the  part  of  her  said 
h;is^:".nd,  and  that  she  docs  not  wish  to  retract  the  same." 

Teste  as  in  foregoing  form.  Witnesses  to  deeds  are  not  necessary,  but  are  de- 
sirable. . 

Any  married  women  may  bargain,  sell  and  convey  her  estate,  real  and  per- 
sonal, and  make  any  contract  with  reference  thereto,  as  though  a  fenime  sole. 
She  may  also  sue  and  be  sued,  contract  debts  in  her  own  name  and  upon  her  own 
credit,  execute  anyinstrument  of  writing,  and  judgments  maybe  pronounced 
and  enforced  against  lu;r  as  though  a/emme  sole. 

A  chattel  mortgage  shall  not  be  valid  as  against  third  parties,  unless  there  be  a 
delivery  to  the  mortgagee  of  such  property,  in  whose  possession  it  shall  remain 
until  the  lien  expires  ;  or  unless  the  mort;^ai'or  shall  acknowledge  such  mort- 
gage before  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  the  jastice's  district  where  such  mortgagor 
refiidss,  who  shall  keep  a  memorandum  of  the  same. 

If  the  mortgagor  retain  pos8essioi\  of  the  property  mortgaged,  the  mortgage 
must  expressly  provide  for  such  possession  ;  otherwise  it  is  void.  A  mortgage  of 
a  stock  of  foods  wherein  the  mort<Tai.'or  ha-s  the  rieht  to  sell  the  same  is  void. 
Chattel  mortgages  maybe  acknowledj^ed  in  any  township  in  which  ie  situated 
the  county  t^eat.  ^\^lere  the  mortgaror  resid.'s  iu  iuch  towuship,  before  •ny  lu*" 
Itot  uf  the  peace,  notAiy  public,  or  county  cleik. 


8d8  SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  CONNBCTICtTt* 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  CONNECTICUT. 

KxEMPTioJfS  FROM  FORCED  SALE.— ^To  ffome  exempted .—FeisoTial  property 
aa  follows,  viz.  Of  the  property  of  any  oue  ptrson,  his  necessary  apparel  ana 
bedding  and  household  furniture  necessary  for  supporting  life  ;  arms,  military 
«quipments,  uniforms  or  musical  instruments  owned  by  any  member  of  the  ndh- 
tia  for  military  purposes  ;  any  pension  moneys  received  from  the  United  Slates 
■while  in  the  hands  of  the  pensioner;  implements  of  the  debtor's  trade,  his  li- 
brary, not  exceeding  S500  in  value  ;  1  cow,  not  exceeding  SloO  in  value  ;  any 
number  of  sheep  not  exceeding  10,  nor  exceeding  in  all  S15U  in  value  ;  2  s\nne  and 
the  pork  produced  from  2  swine,  or  2  swine  and  200  lbs.  of  pork  ;  of  the  property  of 
any  one  person  having  wife  or  a  family,  25  bushels  of  charcoal,  2  tons  of  <  ther 
coal,  200  lbs.  of  wheat  flour,  2  cords  of  wood,  2  tons  of  hay,  200  lbs.  each  of  beef 
and  fish,  5  bushels  each  of  potatoes  and  turnips,  10  bushels  each  of  Indian  com 
and  rye,  and  the  meal  or  flour  manufactured  therefrom,  20  lbs.  each  of  woo!  and 
flax,  or  the  yam  or  cloth  made  therefrom,  and  1  stove  and  the  pipe  belonging 
thereto ;  the  horse  of  any  practicing  phyrtcian  or  surgeon  of  a  value  not  exceeding 
§200,  and  his  saddle,  bridle,  harness  and  buggy  ;  1  boat  owned  by  one  person  and 
used  by  him  in  the  business  of  planting  or  taking  oysters  or  clams,  or  takin|{ 
shad,  together  with  the  sails,  tackle,  rigging  and  implements  used  in  said  busi- 
ness, not  exceeding  in  value  $2ii0  ;  1  sewing  machine,  being  the  property  of  any 
one  person  using  it  or  having  a  family  ;  one  pew,  being  the  property  of  any  person, 
laaving  a  family  ordinarily  occupying  it,  and  lots,  in  any  barjing  ground  anpro- 
priatea  by  its  proprietor  for  the  b'oiial  place  of  any  pereon  of  family.  The  hus- 
band's interest  in  the  wife's  estate  cannot  be  taken  for  his  debts  during  the  Ufa 
of  the  wife  or  any  issue  of  their  m.arriage,  except  for  debts  contracted  for  the 
support  of  such  wife  or  issue.  Any  debt  that  has  accrued  for  personal  service  not 
exceeding  SlO,  or  if  the  debtor  haVe  a  wife  or  family  not  exceeding  §25,  and  aU 
■benefits  allowed  by  any  association  in  this  State  on  account  of  sickness,  are  ex- 
empt ;  provided,  that  in  suits  brought  for  a  debt  accruing  for  house  rent, 
provisions,  wearing  apparel  or  fuel,  furnished  to  the  debtor  or  for  the  use  of  bis 
family,  only  310  are  exempt,  and  no  exemption  is  allowed  for  personal  board  of 
the  debtor  or  his  family. 

JLechaxics'  Lien.— Material  men  and  mechanics  have  a  lien  on  hand  and 
buildings  for  the  amount  of  their  claim,  provided  the  same  exceeds  5?25.  To 
render  the  lien  valid,  the  claimant  must  file  a  certificate  of  the  claim,  verified 
by  oath,  with  the  town  clerk  within  60  days  from  the  time  when  he  commenced 
to  furnish  materials  or  render  services.  \Vhere  the  claimant  is  a  sub-contractor 
lie  must,  unless  his  contract  with  the  original  contractor  is  in  writing,  a.ssented 
to  by  the  proprietor,  give  nocice  in  writing  to  the  proprietor  within  CO  days  of 
the  time  he  commences  to  furnish  materials  or  render  services  that  he  intends 
to  claim  a  Uen,  otherwise  he  can  have  none.  This  lieu  takes  precedence  of  all 
■ubsequent  incumbrances. 

COLLECTiuK  OF  DEBTS. — Attachment  in  civil  actions,  may  be  issued  and 
levied  upon  any  property  of  the  debtor  that  is  not  by  statute  exempt  from  attach- 
ment and  execution.  An  attachment  may  be  dissolved  by  the  substitution  of  s 
bond.  No  action  lies  for  damages  arising  from  an  attachment,  unless  the  suit  was 
malicious.  Where  the  amount  attached  is  po  great  as  to  be  vexatiouG  or  oppres- 
^ve,  the  court  will  order  a  release  of  a  portion  of  the  property.  An  attachment 
remains  a  lien  for  sixty  days  after  the  rendition  of  judgment  in  the  case  of  per- 
sonal property-,  and  four  nionths  in  the  case  of  real  estate. 

The  debtor  is  exempt  from  arrest  in  all  actions  founded  on  contract,  express 
or  implied.  In  actions  sounding  in  tort  and  for  fraud  the  debtor  may  be  im- 
prisoned, but  can  obtain  a  discharge  on  taking  the  "  poor  debtor's  oath." 

Assignments  in  insolvency  are  made  to  a  trustee  and  in  use  to  the  benefit  of 
all  the  creditors.  A  transfer  of  property  made  60  days  before  the  assignment  is 
good.  Conveyances  made  in  the  regular  covxse  of  business,  or  for  a  present  con- 
sideration, are  valid  in  the  absence  of  fraud.  Jurisdicrion  of  justice  courts  ex- 
tends to  $100,  and  either  party  has  the  right  of  appeal  in  all  cases. 

Courts  of  common  pleas  and  the  district  court  have  original  jurisdiction  of  all 
causes  in  equity  where  the  matter  in  demand  does  not  exceed  S500  and  causes  in 
law  where  tbm  demand  exceeds  §100  and  does  not  exceed  S500,  and  appellate  jur- 
isdiction in  cases  brought  by  appeal  from  justices. 

The  superior  court  has  originally  jurisdiction  in  law  and  equity  of  all  case* 
•where  the  demand  exceeds  $500,  and  appellate  jurisdiction  where  there  is  n« 
«osuBOD  pleu  or  dJatiiot  eaart  tn  tb«  eouuty.    The  supreme  court  of  arrora  hai 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OP    CONKBCTICUl*.  S3d 

final  and  eoncluBive  jurisdiction  In  all  matters.    In  determining  th*  amount  ol 
the  demand,  interest  to  the  couinjencemeiit  of  the  suit  is  inchided,  bit  not  costs. 

Any  debt  owing  to  tlie  defendant,  or  any  poods  or  estate  iu  tbo  huuds  of  a 
third  party  may  be  taken  by  pioccBS  of  (rainisluitent. 

Execution  inay  be  taken  out  any  time  during  the  lives  of  the  parties.  If 
either  be  deiul,  scire  /aciits  on  the  judgment  must  be  brought.  A  judunicnt  that 
has  lain  dormant  for  iJO  years  is  presumed  to  be  satislied.  The  judgment  itself 
creates  no  lien,  but  any  properly  that  has  bjeu  attaehcd  in  the  suit  in  held  to 
respond  to  the  judgment. 

A  negotiable  nolo  must  be  for  the  payment  of  money  only,  payable  to  some 
person  or  his  order  or  bearer.  A  negotiable  pronii.ssory  nolo  on  demaiid  is  eou 
Bidered  over-duo  and  dishonored  after  four  months.  Days  of  grace  are  not  a> 
lowed  on  sight  or  demand  notes,  or  on  bank  checks.  Protests  of  inland  bills  of 
exchange  and  promissory  notes,  protested  without  this  State,  Are  prima  facie 
evidence  of  the  facts  therein  stated.  When  a  bill  of  exchanjje,  drawn  or  nego- 
tiated in  this  State  upon  any  person  in  any  other.  State,  territory  or  district  of 
the  United  States,  shall  be  returned  unpaid  and  duly  protested,  the  person  to 
■whom  the  same  is  payable  is  entitled  to  recover  the  damages,  according  to  the 
place  where  payable," over  and  above  the  principal  sum,  together  with  the  law- 
ful interest  on  the  aggregate  ajnount  of  such  principal  sum  and  damages  from 
the  time  at  which  notice  of  such  protest  shall  have  been  given,  and  pajment  of 
Bald  principal  sum  and  damages  demanded. 

SherilTs  refusing  to  pay  over  money  collected,  when  demanded,  are  liable  to 
pav  two  per  cent,  a  month  on  the  amount  received  from  time  of  demand  ;  fail- 
ing to  execute  process  or  making  false  or  illegal  returns,  are  liable  t«  pay  all 
damages.  Any  otheer,  ii\dorsing,  demanding  or  receiving  more  than  legal  fees 
on  any  civil  process,  is  liable  to  pay  to  the  person  against  whom  the  charge  was 
made  "threefold  the  amonr.t  charged. 

No  person  is  disqualitied  as  a  witness  in  a  civil  action  by  reason  of  any  inter- 
est in  the  case  or  conviction  of  any  crime,  but  the  fact  may  be  shown  todiscredit 
iis  testimony. 

Deeds,  MoRTG.^OES,  Chattki.  Mortgages,  Rights  of  married  women,  &c. 
Conveyances  of  real  estate  must  be  in  writing,  sealed  by  the  grantor  and  sub- 
scribed by  him  or  his  attorney  duly  authorized,  attested  by  two  witnesses,  with 
their  own  hand.-;,  and  acknowledged  by  the  grantor  as  liis  free  act  and  deed.  A 
scrawl  enclosing  the  letters  L.  S.  (L.  S.)  is  equivalent  to  a  seal.  The  acknowl- 
edgment, if  in  this  State,  is  m.ade  before  a  judge  of  a  court  of  record  of  this  Stnte 
or  of  the  United  States,  justice  of  the  peace,  commissioner  of  the  school  fund, 
commissioner  of  the  superior  court,  notaiy  public,  town  clerk  or  assistant  town 
clerk  ;  If  in  any  other  State  or  territory  of  the  Uniitd  States,  before  a  commis- 
sioner appointed  by  the  Governor  of  this  State  and  residing  therein,  or  any  offi- 
cer authorized  to  take  the  acknowlc<lgment  of  deeds  in  such  State  or  territory  ; 
and  if  in  a  foreign  country,  before  any  consul  of  the  United  States,  or  notary 
public  or  justice  of  the  peace  in  such  foreign  country. 

Conveyances  of  real  estate  si;uated  in  this  State  and  powers  of  attorney 
therefor,  executed  and  acknowledged  in  any  other  State  or  territory  in  conform- 
ity to  itd  laws  relative  to  the  conveyance  of  lands  therein  situated,  are  valid.  Tho 
vnfe  neetl  not  be  privately  examined  apart  from  her  husband. 

The  husband  joins  with  the  wife  in  the  conveyance  of  her  real  estate,  but  con- 
▼eys  his  own  without  her  signature.  Dower  attaches  only  to  the  real  estate  be- 
longing to  the  husband  at  his  decease. 

The  following  form  of  acknowledgment  is  used  in  all  cases  : 
State  ok  Connecticut.  )    .  .  t^  la 

County  of  ,  }  "•  '  ^-  °-  ^" 

Personally  appeared  ,  sigiier  and  sealer  of  the  foregoing  instro- 

ment,  and  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  nis  free  act  and  deed  before  me. 

(Signature.) 

Married  woman  may  hold  real  estate  to  their  separite  use  in  their  own  name. 
In  all  conveyanc-es  of  {he  same  the  husband  must  join.  The  husband  is  trustea 
of  the  wife's  persontil  estate,  and  accountable  to  her  for  the  avails.  He  may  bo 
removed  for  cause,  and*  another  trustee  aj)pointed.  She  may  be  sued  for  her 
contracts  and  acts  ;  her  husband  is  not  liable  upon  any  of  such  causes  of  anion. 
She  may  also  enter  into  a  contract  jointly  with  her  husband  for  the  bi^nellt  of  her 
Bole  estate,  or  their  joint  estate,  and  be  sued  on  the  same.  She  may  also  carry  on 
Lnsiness,  and  if  any  right  of  action  accrues  to  her  therefrom,  may  sue  upon  the 
came  as  if  she  were  unmarried.  The  widow  shall  have  the  right  of  dower  in  oua 
ttiird  of  the  real  estate  of  which  her  husbaitd  died  possesaed  iu  his  own  right,  ta 
b«  to  her  during  her  natural  life. 


840  SPECIAi  LAWS   OF   DISTRICT   OF  COLTTMBIA. 

A  i-lutttel  iiortgage  of  property  not  penshalf!e  in  its  nature  is  jKtod,  aJthoo^ 

tl  -  ..ra:  ..  .-  :e:a:7..~  p  ==-=<:>-.rr .  tut  the  leed  muse  be  execuied  -sviili  nil  -he  foriD- 
;i  :•  oase  of  real  esta;e      Pror>erty  exempt 

7  a  cliaiivl  mortgage.    Convevauces  of 
.  .  ■.-ompaii'  .-d  by  possession,  are  void  a:i 

ajaii.ct  '.r-uitors      V\  i.:i  ruui;  b-i  iu  •.■.ri.iiit,  subs^-riUed  by  the  testatori  »>i*i  *•• 
tested  by  the  wiiiie£8«s,  all  ci  them  subscriDlng  in  his  presenec 


SPECIAL   LAWS  OF  DISTRICT    OF    COLUM- 

BIA. 

■£y-               -  FROX  FoKCED  Sale.— -Vo  .H^  •                    '     Perscnal  ProperiTf 

vft'u  . ut  is  exempt  from  distraint                           -.r  sale  on  execntion, 

exc^:  ■- ._T  !fJ-r--r>  v.u^.^?  Jir :  V."                       --',  }..:u!v:..::i   funii- 

tare  :  ■       'Am 

orii.  .t ; 

the  :;  -  -0; 

a  fam:c>-':^  i-<rr  u'.tiiii^,  :•.■  tLc  vaiue  ox  jfl'.v,  laiiiLy  i.ii.;uxc»  and 
library  t^  '. 

y.T<~-.\  — ■^:  y  :.<r-^n  wl_.:..lr  \ir:ue  ^:  any  o.r.tra--:  v.ith  owner 
of  a"  •onsrrno- 
tioi.  r  >nprem« 
cour-  !..i  with- 
in t";.  ::cr  L.::.- -- ..  ■«!- 
lioi.  ■  upon  tLe  •  .-  to 
hin..  -:;i:;s  fL.r.  _  lild- 
ing  situat'co,  lor  iUii^  laiM^i  uoiic  or 
ma:  j>.  Any  so  b-i  on  tractor,  jonrney- 
ma:.  _  __  .  _  - -.air  of  any  bi:- :,  ir  ,'  i  r -i  fimish 
ing  .  ?<.uj^.  nj^iv  give,  at  ar-  -■eof 
not!'  -la  forth  amc-nnt  of  }    ■                              ;-■«• 

ren  1  lulebted  tohim.  and 'J _   ..    —     .    ner 

respor^iMc,  ui^^^  .                                   -ilding  shall  be  liable  ior  liic  cuuiiic  but  not 

to  exceed  the  an-  .  to  e  mptover  at  time  of  nodce,  or  8abee<iuently, 

■which  laav  I  -  r  11. 

<  —  A  writ  of  attachment  and  garnishment  may  bo 

ls6f  is  ager.t  or  attorney  shall  file  in  clerk's  oilice.  at 

I    :.  .•  ^  V  .f  -•:  =  -■. I,  ->,■',.,-  ^nnported  by  testimony 

he   bases  'action,  and 

defendant ;  and  also 

t  ■    ..r  .-v'.A.  K  serrioe  c£ 

or  11  -mp'Oraily, 

orL_  :  to  defeat 

iu^t  ,  „.j!  , ^.. .._,  .,.;„  .-_„^..;.:  surety, to 

be  r.  .  ■:  {<ood  ail  t.-veu  aini  daaiage«  by  xcaeon  of  wiongfal 
iui;  . 

J.  '  ■  ,- V.-7-,  >  -re. 

-^  :  ■.ii'les  of  poinmon  law. 

J  :;;  all  civil  cases  where  amotmt  claimed 

^l  ■  rf  ■■.  •  -— >/-i  rsprew  or  implied,  or 

dai;  rTnotexeeedSiai.es- 

cet-  .  -rdamage«for  assanl", 

or  t^- —  .  -ns  against  justices  or 

peace  yji  uiiicr  IIS  for  slander,  verbal 

cr  vritttn.    Sui:  --sses  same  nowers  and 

exer'i-    -   <'■.•-  ^-'.-^^      \'- ■■    .  •  ,>    of 

;us. ;  -'on 

pos-  ;.l  a 

cri:    : , ■....;.__....     Sn- 

pre.i.c  e<jaii  k>\.  I>i3iri»-l  La*  ja;i*«ti'-tii>ii  ot  cajyr*  arising  uiiiici  c\^py-rij:hi  and 
pAt^nt  laws ;  and  of  all  appUefttioai  for  dirorce ;  and  also  has  iaiuidictioa  M  a 
froba;«  court. 


SPECIAL   LATVS    OF   DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA.  841 

Judgments  axe  lien  on  real  estate  from  date  of  rendition  and  on  personal 
property  when  execution  is  issued  and  in  niarslial's  bands.  Execution  may  issue 
ttie  day  jud^Mneirt  is  rendered.    There  is  no  redemption  after  execution  sale. 

Dkeds,  Moktg.vges,  Kights  of  Markiki)  Women,  etc. — Acknowledsmenta 
of  deeds  may  be  m:uie  before  any  of  the  followinif  named  ofticers  of  State,  district, 
county  or  territory  within  United  States,  in  which  person  making  deed  may 
be  living,  namely  :  Before  any  judge  of  court  of  record  and  of  law  ;  any  chan- 
cellor of  State  ;  any  judge  of  supreme,  circuit,  district  or  territorial  courts  of  th« 
IJiuted  States  ;  any  justice  of  the  peace  ;  any  notary  public  ;  any  commissioner 
of  circuit  court  of  district  appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  officer  takins;  ac- 
knowledgment must  annex  to  the  deed  a  certiiicate  under  his  hand  and  sea!,  tc 
following  effect  : 

CorXTY  ^  ! )  ^^^  "'y-  ®''=-^'  *°-'^*  '■ 

I,  Joseph  Mercer,  a  notary  public,  (or  other  prescribed  officer,  giving  hia 
title)  in  and  for  the  county  (or  city,  or  parish,  or  district)  aforesaid,  in  tlie  State 
(or  territory,  or  district)  of  ,  do  hereby  certify  that  A.  B.,  a  party  (or  A.  B. 

and  C.  D.,  parties)  to  a  certain  deed  bearing  date  oh  the  day  of  , 

and  hereto  annexed,  personally  appeared  before  me  in  the  county  (or  city,  etc.), 
aforesaid,  the  said  A.  B.  (or  A.  B.  and  C.  D.,  etc..)  being  personally  well  known, 
to  me  as  (or  proved  by  the  oaths  of  credible  witnesses  before  me  to  be)  the  person 
(or  persons)  who  executed  the  said  deed,  and  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  hi* 
(her  or  their)  act  and  deed. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  this  day  of  ,  A.D,  18    . 

[Seal.]  JOSEPH  MERCER. 

The  following  is  the  form  where  husband  and  wife  join  in  the  deed,  the  lattet 
relinquishing  dower,  or  when  she  is  a  party  with  her  husband  t^  any  deed  : 

COUNTY^*"  :  1  (O"^  *>i^'  «*<=-^'  t«-^t  = 

I,  Joseph  Mercer,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  the  county  aforesaid,  do  hereby 
certify  that  A.  B.  and  C.  D..  his  wife,  parties  to  a  certain  deed  bearing  date  on  the 
day  of  ,  A,  D-  18    ,  and  hereto  annexed,  personally  appeared 

before  me,  in  the  county  aforesaid;  the  said  A.  B.  and  C.  D-,  his  vrife,  being 
personally  well  known  to  ms  as  (or  proved  by  the  oaths  of  credible  witnesses  b&- 
lore  me  to  be)  the  persons  who  executed  the  said  deed,  and  acknowleged  the  sama 
to  be  their  act  and  deed  ;  and  the  said  C.  D.,  wife  of  said  A.  B..  being  by  ma  ex- 
amined privily  and  apart  from  her  said  husband,  and  having  the  deed  aforesaid 
freely  explained  to  her,  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  her  act  and  deed,  ar.d  de- 
clared that  she  had  willingly  signed,  scaled  and  delivered  the  same,  and  that  she 
wished  not  to  retract  it. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  this  day  of  ,  A.D.  18    . 

JOSEPH  MERCER. 

"When  acknowledgments  are  made  beyond  limits  of  District,  within  United 
States,  the  certiticate  of  the  same  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certilicate  of  the 
t-egister  clerk  or  otlier  public  otlicer  having  cognizance  of  the  fact  under  his  offi- 
cial seal,  that,  at  the  date  of  the  acknowledgment,  the  officer  taking  the  same 
was,  in  fact,  the  officer  he  purported  to  be.  Deeds  made  in  a  foreign  country 
may  be  executed  and  acknowledged  before  any  judge  or  chancellor  of  any  court, 
mast^sr  or  master  extraordinary  in  chancery,  or  notary  public,  or  before  any 
tecretary  of  legation  or  consular"  officer  of  the  United  States. 

CHATTEL  Mortgages — Must  be  recorded  within  twenty  days  after  execution. 
No  bill  of  sale,  deed  of  trust  or  mortgage  for  property  exempt  by  law  from 
execution  is  binding,  tinless  signed  by  wif«  of  debtor.  The  right  of  any  married 
woman  to  property,  personal  or  real, "belonging  to  her  at  time  of  marriage  or  ac- 
quired during  marriage  in  any  other  way  t-han  by  gift  or  conveyance  from  her 
husband,  are  as  absolute  as  if  "she  were  unmarried  and  are  not  subject  to  disposal 
of  her  husband  nor  liable  for  his  debts.  Any  married  woman  may  convey,  deviso 
and  bequeath  her  property  or  any  interest  therein  in  the  same  manner  and  with 
like  effect  as  if  she  were  unmarried.  Any  married  woman  may  contract  and  sue 
and  be  sued  in  her  own  name,  in  all  matters  having  relation  to  her  sole  and 
separate  property,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  she  were  unmarried.  Neither  tha 
husband  nor  his  property  is  bound  by  any  such  contract  made  by  a  married 
woman,  nor  liable  for  any  recovery  against  her  in  any  such  suit,  but  judgment 
may  be  enforced  by  execution  against  her  gole  fiud  separate  estate  ia  same  maa- 
B«r  as  i£  eh«  were  unmarhod- 


842  SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   DELAWAEE. 

DAKOTA,  HOMESTEAD  LAW. 

Exemption  from  Forced  Sale. — Home  of  SO  Acres  with  buildings,  or  Hovetf 
and  one-lialf  acre  in  a  Vdtaji;  or  City,  and  Personal  Property.  The  nouseholdef 
la  entitled  to  a  homestead  consisting  of  not  more  than  80  acres  of  land  with  build- 
ings and  appurtenances  thereon,  and  personal  property  aggregating  in  value  not 
to  exceed  51o00,  which  personal  property  is  defined  by  statute. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  DELAWARE. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— JVo  Home  Exempted,  Personal  PropertVt 
?275. — Family  library,  school  bo  i!:?,  family  Bible,  family  pictures,  seat  or  pew 
In  church,  lot  in  burial  Krour.d,  all  wearing  apparel  of  debtor  and  family  ;  and 
in  addition  to  above,  tools,  implements  and  lixtures  necessary  to  carry  on  trade 
or  basiness,  not  exceeding  SV5.  Head  of  family,  in  addition  to  above,  or  other 
personal  property  not  excee  .inr;  $;200.  And  in  Newcastle  county,  wages  for  labor 
and  service  are  exempt  from  execution  attachment. 

5[echa:v":;s  Iaks — MecL-iiiics,  builders,  artizans,  laborers  or  other  persons, 
having  perxormed  or  furnished  work  and  labor  or  materials  or  both,  to  an 
amount  exceeding  Cc,),  in  or  f'jr  the  erection,  alteration  or  repair  of  any  house, 
building  or  structure,  in  persuance  of  any  contract,  express  or  implied,  witli  the 
owner  or  agent  of  sueh  building  or  structure,  may  at  any  time  within  six  months 
from  the  completion  of  .<aid  v.ork  and  labor,  or  the  furni.<hing  of  such  materials, 
file  in  the  office  of  the  prothonotary  of  the  county  in  which  said  building  is 
eituate  a  bill  of  particulars  of  his  claiin,  with  an  allidavit  setting  forth  that  the 
defendant  is  justly  iiidebted  to  the  plaintiflE  in  a  sum  of  SCS,  and  has  refused  or 
neglected  to  pay  or  secured  to  be  paid  to  the  said  plaiutlti  the  amount  due  on  hia 
claim.  The  affidavi;  must  identify  the  property  and  give  the  names  of  the  parties 
claimant,  and  the  o^Tier  or  reputed  owner  of  said  building.  Judgment  obtained 
shall  bo  a  lien  on  said  building  or  structure  and  the  real  estate  attached  thereto 
upon  which  the  same  is  erected,  and  shall  relate  back  to  the  day  upon  which  the 
■work  or  laborer  furnishing  of  materials  was  commenced,  and  shall  take  priority 
according.  Where  several  contractors  are  employed,  in  pursuance  of  any  con- 
tract with  the  owner  or  agent,  there  shall  be  no  priority  of  lien,  but  all  be  paid  pro 
Tata. 

Collection  of  BEr.Ts.— "Wli.it  is  known  as  a  "  domestic  attachment,"  may  be 
issued  against  anv  inhabiiaut  of  this  Stite  after  a  return  to  a  summons  or  capias 
issued  and  delivered  to  the  shcriif  or  a  coroner  ten  days  before  the  return 
thereof,  showing  that  tbe  defendant  cannot  be  found,  and  proof  satisfactory  to 
the  court  of  the  cause  of  action  ;  or  upon  alhdavit  made  by  the  plaintiff  or  some 
other  credible  pereon.  and  Clod  with  the  prothonotary  "  that  the  defendant  is 
justly  indebted  to  the  plaintilT  in  a  sum  exceeding  $50,  and  has  absconded  from 
the  place  of  his  usual  abode,  or  gone  out  of  the  State  -niih  intent  to  defraud  his 
creditors  or  to  elude  process,  as  is  believed."  All  creditors  share  in  proceeds  of 
sale  of  i>roperty. 

A  foreign  atiachment  niav  be  issued  against  a  person  not  an  inhabitant  of  this 
State,  after  a  return  to  a  summons  or  capias,  issued  and  delivered  to  the  sheriff 
or  coroner  10  days  before  the  return  thereof,  showing  that  the  defendant 
cannot  be  found,  and  proof,  -satisfactory  to  the  court,  of  the  cause  of  action  ;  or 
•upon  aftidavit  made  bv  the  plaintiff  or  some  other  credible  person,  and  filed  with 
the  prothonotary,  '•  tliat  the  defendant  retiilos  out  of  the  State,  and  is  justly  in- 
debted to  the  said  plaintiff  in  a  sum  exceeding  $'jO." 

Ko  capias  shall  be  issued  on  anv  judgment  in  a  civil  Jiction  (against  any  free 
white  person)  until  the  return  of  "execution  determines  that  the  defendant  has 
not  sufficient  real  or  personal  property  within  the  county  to  satisfy  the  debtor 
damage  therein  expressed :  or  until  tlie  plaintiff  in  such  judgment,  or  soma 
credible  person  for  liiui,  sh  11  mak  2  a  v.ritten  a.'Kdavit ,  to  be  filed  in  prothonotarj-'a 
office  before  the  issuing  of  the  writ,  to  the  same  effect ;  nor  th  ^n  unless  the  plain- 
tiff in  said  judgment  (or  decreed,  or  some  credible  person  f <  r  liim.  Fh:;ll,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  above  requirement,  make  n  written  atiidavit,  to  be  filed  in  the  protho- 
notary's  otfice  (  r  register  in  cha:i<'ery)  before  the  issuing  of  the  process  statine 
"  that  the  defendant  in  sn?  h  jr.dgmont  (or  decree)  is  justly  indebted  to  the  said 
plai  rtiff  in  a  sum  exceeding  S50,  .'ind  that  he  verily  believes  the  said  defendant 
BM  secreted,  conveyed  away,  designed,  settled  or  disposed  of  either  mOB«7t 


SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   DELA-WAEs"  843 

Mods,  cliattels,  stocks,  securities  for  money,  or  other  real  or  personal  estate  of 
the  value  of  more  th;in  $50,  with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors,  and  shall,  more* 
over,  in  such  affidavit,  specify  and  set  forth  the  supposed  fraudulent  transac- 
tions." 

As  to  remedy,  the  party  arrested  may  have  a  hearing  before  any  judge,  upon 
the  specilicatioii  of  fraud,  upon  petition  and  reasonable  notice  to  the  other  side. 

As  to  assignments,  all  bonds,  specialties,  and  notes  in  writing,  payable  to 
any  person,  or  order,  or  afsigns,  may  be  assigned,  and  the  assignees,  or  indorsees, 
or  their  executors  or  administrator.-*,  may  in  their  own  name  sue  for  and  recover 
the  money  due  thereon  ;  provided,  that  all  such  assignments  of  bonds  and  special* 
ties  t^hall  be  under  hand  and  seal,  and  betore  at  least  two  credible  witnesses. 

In  assicrnmeiitsfor  the  benetit  of  creditors,  the  assignee,  within  30  days  after 
the  execution  of  said  assicrnmeut,  shall  lile  i;i  office  of  the  register  of  chancery  o£ 
the  co:inty  in  which  tlio  real  an<l  personal  eMtato  of  the  assignor  is  situate,  an  in- 
ventory or  Bcheduloof  the  estate  or  effects  so  assigned,  together  with  the  affidavit; 
of  said  assignee  that  the  same  is  a  full  and  complete  inventory  of  all  such  estato 
and  effects,  so  far  as  the  same  has  coiae  to  his  knowledge.  The  chancellor  shall 
appoint  two  app  niaer?,  wlio  shall  appraise  the  same  and  make  return  thereof  under 
oath.  The  assignee  shall  give  bond,  wiih  at  loasttwosufflcicnt  sureties,  to  beap- 
provert  by  the  chancellor,  in  double  the  amount  of  the  appraised  value  of  the  es- 
tate so  assigned.  The  assignee  to  render  annual  accounts  of  his  trusteesliip  until 
his  final  account  is  rendered  ami  approved.  Exceptions  may  be  tiled  to  the  ac- 
couiit  of  eaid  a><s;gnee,  ai;d  a  hearing  be  had  npon  the  same  and  proceedings  bo 
Itad  upon  said  bom'.s  for  the  protection  of  inteiesied  parties. 

As  to  garnish'no'it,  in  v.-iits  of  attachment,  domestic  or  foreign,  to  compel  ap- 
pearance of  defendant,  there  is  a  clause  commanding  the  sheriff,  "  That  he  sum- 
mon tlie  defendant's  garnishees  to  appear  at  tho  next  superior  court,  to  declara 
what  goods,  chattels,  rights,  credits,  money  or  effects  of  tho  defendant  they  hava 
in  their  hands  respectively."  The  writ  is  llissolved  at  any  time  before  judgment, 
by  the  defendant  giving  special  bail  to  the  action,  and  the  garnishees  are  dis- 
charged. If  a  garnishee,  duly  euminoned,  docs  not  appear  as  required,  he  may 
be  compelled  by  attachment  to  .appear  and  answer  or  plead,  and  he  shall  be  so 
compelled  within  two  terms,  or  tho  attachment,  a  ;  to  him,  shall  be  dissolved.  If 
he  appear,  and  at  the  request  of  the  plaintiiT,  ansv.-era  under  oath  that  he  Jiad  no 
money,  goods,  chattels,  rights,  credits  or  effects  of  the  defendant  liable  to  attach- 
ment, in  his  hands  or  possession,  at  tlie  time  he  was  notified  of  the  attach- 
ment, or  at  any  time  after,  ho  shall  be  discharged.  But  if  the  plaintiff  shall  re- 
quire him  to  plead,  he  shall  plead  nulla  bona,  on  which  the  plaintiff  may  take 
issue  and  go  t)  trial ;  a;i<l  if  it  be  found  that  the  garnishee  had,  at  the  time  ha 
was  notified  of  the  attai  hment,  or  at  any  time  after  and  before  his  pica  pleaded, 
any  money,  goods,  chattels,  or  elTcts  of  the  defendant  in'his  hands  or  possession, 
the  jury  shall  render  a  verdict  for  the  plaintill  and  assess  damages  to  the  value  of 
euch  property,  and  judgment  shall  be  entered  against  such  garnishee  therefor, 
with  costs  ;  such  judgment  shall  be  pleadable  by  the  garnisnee  in  bar  to  any 
action  at  the  suit  of  the  defendant. 

Judgments  of  courts  are  liens  from  the  time  of  entering  upon  the  real  estat* 
of  defend;int  within  the  county  in  which  they  arc  rendered  ;  after  the  lapse  of  20 
years  tliey  are  presumed  to  be  paid,  but  this  presumption  may  be  rebutted.  Upon 
a  return  of  nulla  bnna,  on  execution  issued  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  when  the 
defend  mt  pleads  his  fre''hold,  a  transcript  of  said  judirment  may  be  filed  in  the 
Buperior  court  of  the  county,  and  the  judgment  made  a  lien  upon  land,  and  exe- 
cution then  issues  outof  said  superior  court. 

E.\e"i:tion8  may  issue  to  any  county  :  personal  preperty  must  be  first  ex- 
h.'Misted  before  real  estate  can  be  levied  upon.  Persojial  property  is  bound  from 
the  lime  tJie  writ  comes  into  the  hands  of  the  sheriff,  if  an  actual  levy  be  made 
wl'hin  GO  days  thereafter.  The  lien  of  such  a  levy  remains  in  full  force  for  X 
yt3ai-8,  .'IS  ag.iinst  a  subsequent  execution  levied  upon  the  same  goods.  Sale  at 
e.';i)ira'.ion  of  3i)  days  oft^x  levy.  Notice  by  advertisement,  postedat  least  lOdays 
in  Ave  or  more  public  places  in  th  j  (■■>unty,  two  of  which  shall  be  in  the  hundred 
of  1  ferida.'ifa  residence.  Goods  and  chattels  of  a  tenant  are  liable  to  one  year's 
re;it  in  tirrear  or  growingdue,  in  preference  to  execution. 

After  exhausting  personalty,  inquisition  is  held  on  lands,  upon  10  days'  no- 
ti<'.'.  If  the  rents  and  i>rofits  for  seven  years  are  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  debt  and 
C'>sf.i,  a  writ  of  eleffit  may  issue,  under  which  the  lands  are  delivered  to  theplain- 
titf,  to  i>e  held  until  the  debt  is  satisfied.  If  not  sufficient, a  writ  of  vtuditioni 
e^jj':'  !•■  issues  and  the  land  is  sold,  upon  10  days'  notice  by  advertisements  and 
pnMica'ion.  Wlien  the  sale  is  confirmed  by  the  court  the  officer  makes  a  deed  t9 
pu.xha»  :r,  capUin  ad  satitfucUndum, 


R44  SPECIAL   LAWS   OT   DELAWAKR. 

Property  of  the  debtor  in  the  hand?  of  third  persons  can  be  reached  either  hth 
fore  or  after  final  judgment,  and  under  attaoliment  by  process  of  garnishment, 
upon  an  atiidJivit  being  made  by  the  plaintiff,  his  agent  or  attorney,  that  ho  doei 
not  believe  the  debtor  will  have  in  hia  pobseesicn  visible  property  in  this  St*t9 
of  sufficient  value  to  satisfy  his  (iemantf. 

Damagt-a  for  non-payment  or  non-acceptance  of  foreign  bills,  bills  of  exchanga 
are  at  the  rate  of  5  per  cent,  on  tJie  bundled  of  the  principal  sum.  Xotes  and 
bills  in  this  State  are  assignable  as  at  common  law. 

Jurisdiction  of  justice  courts  extends  to  §50,  county  courts  to  S300,  besides 
probate  powers,  and  final  jurisdiction  where  amount  in  "controversy  does  not  ex' 
ceed  $100.  Circuit  courts  have  general  jurisdiction  in  both  law  and  equity  ca.sc», 
with  appellate  jurisdiction  from  cases  arising  in  the  county  courts,  and  final 
jurisdiction  in  such  cases.  The  supreme  court  has  appellate  jurisdiction  ia  all 
eases  in  equity,  and  all  cases  at  law  where  the  amount  in  controversy  exceeds 
.$300. 

Judgments  obtained  in  courts  of  record  are  liens  on  all  the  estate  of  ihe  defend- 
ant in  the  county  where  the  judgment  was  obtained,  from  its  date.  If  obtained 
in  any  other  county  in  the  State  thau  where  the  land  lies,  becomes  a  lien  on  the 
jand  of  the  defendant  from  the  time  it  is  recorded  in  said  county-  Judgments 
cbtained  before  a  justice  cf  ths  peace  can  be  made  a  lien  on  the  real  estate  of  the 
flefendant,  if  it  is  recorded  v.  ithin  ten  days  after  it  is  obtained,  in  the  county 
clerk's  office.  Judgments  from  other  States  can  be  used  only  as  evidence  in  a 
Euit  brought  on  them  i;i  tlud  State. 

All  the  lands,  gcous  and  chaltois  of  the  defendant  may  be  levied  on  and  sold 
under  execution,  and  is  a  lion  on  the  personal  property  of  the  defendant  from 
the  time  it  comes  to  the  hands  of  the  sheriff.  There  is  no  stay  of  execution  and 
no  redemption  of  ptoperty  sold  ui-.der  execution. 

Deeds,  Mr-RTGAGrs,  Kights  ojf  Makried  Wo3IE>-,  &c. — Deeds  must  be  in 
vrriting,  sealed  and  delivered  in  the  presence  of  not  less  than  two  witnes.se8 — a 
scr.awl,  with  the  word  soal  written  in  it,  issuilicier.t  sal.  If  a  deed  is  executed 
in  this  State  it  must  be  befo:e  t.vo  witnesses,  a::d  tiie  grantor  may  acknowledge 
the  execution  of  the  same  before  any  judge,  clerk  of  the  circuit  court,  notary 
public  or  justire  of  the  peace  within  the  State.  If  executed  out  of  the  State 
and  in  any  other  State  or  territory,  the  deed  maybe  executed  according  to  the 
]p  ws  of  the  State  or  territory  whcio  eseculed  and  the  execution  thereof  acknowl- 
edged before  any  judge  or  clerk  of  a  court  (if  record,  notary  public,  justice  of  the 
peace  or  otlier  olfi'-er  authorized  by  the  lav.s  of  such  Statebr  territory  to  take  the 
acknowledgment  of  deeds,  or  before  any  commissioner  of  the  State  of  Florida. 
If  executed  in  any  foreign  country,  it  may  be  executed  according  to  the  laws  of 
euch  country,  and  acknowledged  before  a"ny  notary  public,  or  any  minister  pleni- 
potentiary, extraordinary,  minister  resident,  charrje  d'affaires,  commissioner  or 
consul  of  "the  United  States — should  the  deed  be  acknowledged  in  any  other  State 
or  cou:itiy,  before  any  otiicer  not  having  a  seal  of  office,  he  should  have  attached 
thereto  a  certificate  <"f  the  clerk  of  a  court  of  record,  a  certificate  of  the  ."secretary 
of  state,  minister  v'ienipotentiary,  extra<irdinary,  miiuster  resident,  charge 
d'affaires,  comn\issioner  or  consul  (as  the  case  may  be),  that  the  person  whose 
nam.'  is  subscribed  to  the  certificate  of  acknowledgment  was,  at  the  date  thereof, 
euch  officer  as  he  is  therein  represented  to  bo,  that  he  believes  the  sigiiature  or 
Buch  persons  subscribed  thereto  to  be  genuine,  and  that  the  deed  is  executed 
and  acknowledged  according  to  the  laws  of  such  State,  territory  or  foreigu 
country. 

The  following  is  the  form  used  where  the  acknowledgment  is  taken  out  of  tb« 
State: 

State  of  ,\ ,.  * 

CO0KTY  OF  .  ) 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  this  day  of  187    ,  personally  ap- 

peared before  me,  a  notary  public,  duly  appointed  and  authorized  by  the  cs-ci  luiy-e 
authority  of  the  State  of  ,  under  the  laws  of  said  State,  to  trvl:e  \  ithin 

said  State  proof  and  acknowledgments  of  deeds  (or  other  officer  as  the  cns«  may 
be),  to  be  used  and  recorded  in  such  State,  A.  B.,  to  me  well  known  to  b*:;  the 
per-on  who  executed  the  foregoing  (and  annexed")  deed  by  him  .sealed,  .''ubsi'ribed, 
and  the  said  A.  B.  .^cknowleged  the  execution  thereof  to  be  his  free  actanddeed, 
for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  mentioned. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  my  official  saajf 
tlM  day  &ud  year  lirst  al>oY6  written. 

J.  Hill,  2,'otary  PuMie, 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    FLOEIDA.  845 

They  tal;e  pTiority  acordiiig  to  data  of  recording  in  proper  office,  and  are  liens 
ovljfiom  s.icli  d;itc.  'ili<jljv!:i  of  aj  uchase  money  niortgage  recorded  wi»Li.a 
sixty  dH)8  aiier  it  is  mnde  L;.3  iirct'>irc:ice  loany  judgment  asaidst  the  mortgagor, 
or  cihtr  lien  vf  a  d.ito  i>rior  lo  ilie  i:iorigag*j  cli:mel,  unknown. 

Tlie  real  .••.:id  ii.,raou;il  pioj-erty  ct  auy  married  woman,  acquired  prior  to 
jr.irrli  ;;,  isr.j,  or  wliivh  slietLen  held,  or  wlii<;h  the  may  ai-quire  after  that  date, 
i. I  ai'.rniani:cr  whatever,  from  any  pt;. sou  other  iLan  Ler  husband,  shall  be  her 
Sole  iind  ^e!laralo  pj-ooerty  ;  a;:d  the  rents,  issuer  and  profits  thereof  shall  not  b« 
sv.bjojt  to  the  disposal  of  herhuBbaiid  nor  liable  fi.r  hia  debts.  Married  woniRn, 
p. .releasers  of  real  iBWte,  n  ay  secure  pi-rtLase  money,  or  part  of  it,  by  recocniz- 
b;ioe.  bond,  mortgage  or  otherwise,  as  siny;le  women  ii'ay  ;  her  husband  neeti  not 
be  .1  party  or  eousent  to  such  act  of  giviifg  security,  and'  is  not  liable  unless  he  ia 
a  r.'irty  thereto.  ^Lay  give  bond  witli  or  wiibout  warrant  of  attorney.  Married 
Women  may  receive  WRtres  for  her  jiersonallubfT  and  maintain  an  action  thereforj, 
zii'iy  dejx).~iteai!io  or  otlior  moneys  belonging  to  her  in  brink,  etc.,  free  from  her 
h'.ib.uid"3  control.  May  prosecute  and  defeTul  siiiis  at  law,  or  in  equity,  for  pre** 
ervatioti  and  protection  of  her  property  ;  make  c»>ntracts  in  respect  to  her  prop- 
erty, upon  which  suits  maybe  brougl't  as  thor.eh  she  was/cmmi;  soV,  whether 
the  contracts  were  mada  before  or  after  niariiage,  and  her  property  shall  be 
diaried  therewith. 

Wills  must  be  in  writinp.  and  sicmcd  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  other  person 
BTibfcriMTr^  the  testator's  i:.ime,  i:i  his  prese:!ce  ar.d  by  his  express  direction,  and 
attested  and  subscribed  by  two  competent  witjiesses,  ia  the  presence  of  the  tee- 
tator. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  FLORIDA. 

Exemptions  From  FoncKD  SKiSE.—Hnnw,  Farm,  or  Hcmsf  and  Lot,  and  Per-' 
$onal  Proper!)/. — A  homestead  to  the  extent  of  160  acres  of  land,  or  the  hall  of  on« 
acre  within  tlie  limits  of  any  incorporated  city  or  town,  owned  by  the  head  of  » 
family  residing  in  this  S,aie,  together  with  Sl.iiOO  worth  of  personal  property, 
and  ;  he  improvements  on  the  real  estate,  shall  be  exempted  from  forced  sale 
under  any  process  of  law,  and  the  real  est.-iie,  shall  not  be  alienable  -without  the 
joint  consent  of  hu>band  and  wife,  when  thr.i  relation  exists.  *'  But  no  property 
shall  be  exempt  from  sale  for  taxes,  or  for  the  i  a\  nient  uf  obligations  contracted 
for  the  purchase  of  said  iiremises,  or  for  the  erection  of  improvements  thereon, 
or  for  house,  tield  or  other  labor  performed  on  the  same.  The  exemption  herein 
provided  for,  in  a  ci;y  or  town,  shall  not  extend  to  more  improvements  or  build- 
ings than  the  residence  or  business  liouse  of  tlie  owner." 

Mi^cnANirs'  Lu!N. — Mech.anics  and oJior persons  performinglabororfnmish- 
ing  materials  for  the  constrnction  or  ix>pairof  any  building,  or  who  may  have 
f  urn:^•hod  .-uiy  engine  or  other  machinery  f'.ir  any  niill.  distillery  or  manuf,ictory, 
may  have  a  lien  on  such  builduig,  tnill  or  distillerj-,  etc.,  for  tiio  same  to  the  ex- 
tent of  the  intort'St  of  the  tenant  or  contractor.  Sub-contractors,  journeymen  and 
laborers  have  also  lien,  upon  th>-ir  giving  notice  in  writingto  the  ownierthat  they 
hold  him  responsible  for  whatever  may  be  due  them. 

(.iiLLKCTKiN  OF  DEBTS. — There  is  no  imprisonment  for  debt  in  this  State. 
/.  "ai-hnient  may  be  had  of  the  debtor's  property  upon  athdavit  made  by  the 

■  ,  iiiitiff,  or  his  agent,  or  attorney,  that  the  defendant  is  removing  his  property 

■  .t  of  the  Stale,  or  about  to  remove  it,  or  is  a  non-resident  of  the  State,  or  is  re- 
moving or  about  to  remove  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State,  or  absconds  or  secretea 
hi-nself,  or  is  fraudulently  disposinc;  of  his  property,  or  is  concealing  the  same, 
or  is  removing  same  out  of  the  judicial  district  w  here  defendant  resides.  Before 
the  aiiachment  can  issue  the  plaintiff  must  enter  into  a  bond  with  sufficient 
S'H'uritics  in  an  amount  doi;l>le  the  sum  claimed  by  him.  An  attachment  will 
also  be  issued  .against  the  property  of  the  defendant  on  a  deht  that  is  not  due  ; 
vro  iiIk!,  it  falls  due  in  nine  months  from  the  time  it  is  asked  for— upon  an  af- 
ndi,  it  by  the  plaintiff  or  his  agent,  setting  forth  the  facts  of  the  case  ;  and,  also, 
thai  the  defendant  is  actually  removintr  his  property  from  out  the  State,  or  is 
fraudulently  concealing  or  disposing  of  the  same  for  the  purpose  cf  evading  hia 
justdebta.  A  bond  shall  aiso  be  given,  as  in  the  case  where  the  debt  is  actually 
due. 

Assiu'iuncn'.s.  unlc-s  fraudtdent,  are  good  in  this  State,  though  preference  b« 
giv.'ii  ;  .  T  ■•.!;;ii^  ;  v.'A  even  assipiufnts  made  in  another  .Slate,  conveying  prO|^ 
•rty  siiuttt-ed  iu  this  bUkie,  are  held  good  agaiust  an  aitacMug  creditor,' 


84« 


SPECIAL   LAWS   OF  PLOKIDA. 


Stay  of  exeoutian  on  judgment,  for  want  of  ftffldav^it  of  defsnae  ;  S  tSMithfl,  If 
•ecurity  be  given  20  davi  aiter  judgment.  On  judgments  before  justice  of  tbo 
peace  6  months'  stay  ondefeudant  pleading  his  f  reeliold,  and  ^months'  stay  on  hi» 
giving  security. 

All  checks,  notes,  drafts  or  bills,  inland  or  foreign  payable  -without  time  or  at 
Bight,  are  due  and  payable  on  prcj^nimeut,  without  grace  ;  days  of  grace  shall  be 
allowed  on  all  checks,  drafts  or  bills,  f'^reign  or  inland,  payable  at  a  future  or 
different  time  from  that  in  which  th„/  are  dated,  or  which  are  mad©  payable  on 
a  particular  day  after  date. 

The  damage's  on  bills  of  exchange  drawn  upon  any  person  beyond  the  seas, 
and  returned  with  legal  protest,  shall  as  to  the  drawer,  indorser  and  all  con- 
cerned, be  at  the  rate  of  20  per  centum  on  the  contents  of  such  bills  in  addition 
thereto-  Notes,  cheeks  and  other  negotiable  instruments,  becoming  payable  on 
Christmas  day,  fourth  day  of  July,  Thanksgiving  day.  first  day  of  tJannary.  and 
twenty-second  day  of  February,  shall  be  deemed  to  become  due  "on  the  secular  daj 
next  preceding  the  aforementioned  days  respectively. 

Summons  may  be  served  on  defendant  by  stating  the  substance  of  it  to  him 
personally,  or  by  leaving  a  copy  at  his  usual  place  of  abode,  in  the  presence  of  a 
•white  adult  person,  6  days  before  the  return  thereof  And  whenever  suit  is 
brought  against  persons  not  residing  in  this  State  but  doing  business  here,  either  by 
branch  establislunentoragency.itshall  be  sutiicientservice  of  writ  of  summons  to 
leave  a  copy  thereof  with  any  agent,  or  at  the  usual  place  of  business  of  such 
person  or  persons,  or  his,  her  or  their  agent.  10  daj^s  before  the  return  thereof. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Makeied  Women,  "Wills,  &c. — Acknowledgments  may 
be  taken  oat  of  the  State  before  any  consul-general,  consul  or  commercial  agent 
of  the  United  Staies,  duly  appointed  in  any  foreign  country,  at  the  places  of  their 
respective  official  residences,  or  before  any  judge  of  the  district  or  circuit  court 
of  the  United  States,  or  the  chancellor  or  any  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  or  the 
mayor  or  chief  officer  of  any  city  or  borough, "and  certified  under  the  hand  of  such 
chancellor,  judge,  mayor  of  officer  and  the  seal  of  his  office,  court,  cit\' or  borough; 
or  in  open  court,  certi'tied  under  the  hand  of  the  clerk,  and  the  seal  of  the  court: 
or  before  a  commissioner  of  deeds,  appointed  by  the  Governor  (whose  seal  shall 
be  so  engraved  as  to  make  an  impression  that  will  show  distinctly  the  name, 
official  title,  date  of  appointment  and  term  of  office  of  such  commissioner).  Only 
one  witness  is  necessary  to  a  deed.    A  scrawl  is  regarded  as  a  seal. 

The  certificate  of  acknowledtrment  must  show  the  wife  relinquishes  her 
dower,  and  the  private  examination  should  be  certified  in  the  words  stated  in  thai 
following  form : 

[Form  by  Man  and. 'Wife.] 
State  of  Delaware,  ) 

COtTNTT  OF  .  ( 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  the  day  of  ,  in  the  year  of  our 

Lord  one  thousand  eight  htindred  and  ,  personally  came  "before  th» 

subscriber  (name  and  title),  John  Wilson  and  Mary  Wilson,  his  wife,  parties  to 
this  indenture,  known  to  me  personally  ^or  proved  on  oath  of  Richard  Roe)  to  be 
cuch,  and  severally  acknowledged  said  indenture  to  be  their  act  ar.d  deed  re- 
spectively, and  the  said  Mary  Wilson  being  at  tlie  same  time  privately  examined 
by  me,  apart  from  her  husband,  acknowledged  that  she  executed  the"spid  inden- 
ture ■nillingly,  without  compulsion,  or  tlireata  or  fear  of  her  husband's  di^ 
pleasure. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  official  seal  the  day  and  year  aforesaid. 

(Signature  and  title.) 
[Form  of  Certificate  where  Grantor  is  Unmarried.] 
■tatk  of  Del  aw  ABE, ) 

COUXTY  OP  .  ( 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  the  day  of  ,  in  the  voar  of  or.r 

Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ,  person.illy  came  'before  th» 

subscriber  (name  and  titlei,  John  Wilson,  party  to  this  indenture,  known  to  me. 
personally  (or  proved  on  oath  of  Peter  Smith),  to  be  such,  and  acknowledged  said 
indenture  to  be  his  act  and  deed. 

Given  under  my  band  and  official  seal  the  day  and  year  aforesaid. 

(Signattire  and  title.) 
There  is  no  statutory  provision  for  proof  of  deed  by  subscribing  witness <iut  of 
the  State.    Deeds  must  be  recorded  ■within  one  year  after  the  sealing  and  delivery 
cf  the  instrument. 

Mortgages  are  executed  and  acknowledged  in  the  same  manner  asdeeds,  and  ar» 
foreclosed  by  proceedings  in  the  superior  court  by  writ  of  scire  J'acias,  and  attet 
|U(]£i&e&t|  Bftld  of  tL«  premises  im  loade  hj  writ  of  levari/aciat. 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   GEORGIA.  847 

The  wife  mtiBt  join  with  the  husband  In  the  execution  of  deeds  to  rt^linqniah 
h«r  dower,  and  the  following  should  be  in  the  certificaio  of  acknowludgment : 

"  Personally  came  C.  1).,  wife  of  the  said  A.  B.,  to  me  well  known,  etc.,  and 
Acknowledged  she  made  herself  a  party  to  and  executed  the  same  for  the  purpose 
of  relintiuishinc  har  dower,  in  and  to  tJje  lanils  and  tenements  therein  described  ; 
and  the  said  C  U.,  on  a  private  examination  taken  and  made  before  me,  separately 
and  apart  from  her  said  husband,  ackiiowh/dges  and  says  that  the  s;iid  relin- 
quishment and  renunciation  of  dower  Wiis  and  is  made  freely  and  voluntarily,  and 
Tithout  any  compulsion  or  constraint,  apprehension  or  fear  from  her  said  hus- 
i>and,  the  said  A.  B..  to  which  acknowledgmeut  the  said  C.  D.  has  in  my  presence 
And  this  day  set  her  handand  seal."  (Signature  and  title.) 

All  |)€i-8onal  and  real  property  owned  by  the  wife  before  tier  marriage,  or  to 
which  she  shall  become  entitled  by  inheritance,  gift,  purchase  or  devise  during 
marriage,  shall  be  and  remain  her  sole  and  separate  property,  and  free  from  the 
debts  of  the  husband.  But,  In  order  that  it  shall  be  free  from  his  debts,  an  in  ven- 
toryof  the  same  must  be  made  out  in  six  months  after  marriage,  or  after  the  same 
■ha'll  be  acquired  by  her,  and  recorded  in  the  circuit  court  clerk's  otlice  in  the 
county  in  which  it  is  situated.  A  married  woman  can  sell  and  convey  all  real 
estate  inherited  by  her  in  the  same  way  as  she  could  if  she  were  sole  ;  but  in  all 
conveyances  of  any  of  her  real  estate  her  husband  must  ioin  in  the  execution  and 
acknowledgment.  She  is  also  entitled  to  dower  in  one-third  of  all  the  real  estate 
seize<l  by  her  husband  at  the  time  of  his  death,  or  at  any  time  during  his  life, 
unless  she  has  relinquished  the  same  ;  and  she  is  also  entitled  to  oue-third  of  bis 
personalty. 

No  mortgage  of  personal  property  shall  be  effectual  or  valid  to  any  purpose 
•whatever,  unless  such  mortgage  shall  be  recorded  in  the  office  of  record  for  the 
county  in  which  the  mortgaged  property  shall  be  at  the  time  of  the  execution  of 
the  mortgage,  and  unless  the  mortgaged  property  be  delivered  at  the  time  of 
execution  of  the  mortgage,  or  within  twenty  days  thereafter,  to  the  mortgagee, 
and  shall  continue  to  remain  truly  and  bonajide  in  his  possession.  Mortgages  of 
personal  property  shall  be  admitted  to  record  upon  the  same  proof  as  rc^al  prop- 
erty, or  by  proof  being  made  upon  oath  by  at  least  one  credible  person,  before  the 
recording"  officer,  of  the  hand-writing  of  the  mortgagor,  in  eases  in  which  there 
Bhall  be  no  attesting  witnesses  to  the  mortgage. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator  or  by  some  other  person  In 
his  presence,  and  by  his  express  directions,  and  shall  be  attested  and  su'jscribe4 
in  tire  presence  of  the  testator  by  thres  or  more  witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  GEORGIA. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— ^  Uovie  worth  S2000,  ami  pi'rsonal  Prop, 
^ty  tfor/ASlOOO.  Each  head  of  a  family,  or  guardian  or  trustee  of  a  family,  ol 
m.'nor  children,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  homestead  or  realty  to  the  value  of  S2,noo 
Ik  specie,  and  personal  property  to  the  value  ofSl,000in  specie,  both  to  be  valued 
at  the  time  they  are  set  apart.  And  no  court  or  ministerial  othcer  in  this  Siate 
ehall  ever  have  jurisdiction  or  authority  to  enforce  any  judgment,  decree  or 
execution  against  said  property  so  set  apart— including  'such  improvements  as 
may  be  made  thereon  from  time  to  time — except  for  taxes,  money  borrowed  and 
expended  in  the  improvement  of  the  homestead,  or  for  the  purchase  money  of 
the  same,  and  for  labor  done  thereon,  or  material  furnished  therefor,  or  removal 
of  incumbrances  thereon.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Gener.il  Ass(?Mib!y  as 
•arly  as  practicable,  to  provide,  by  law,  for  the  setting  apart  and  valuation  of  said 
property,  and  to  enact  laws  for  the  full  and  complete  protection  and  security  of 
the  same  to  the  sole  use  and  benelit  of  s.aid  families  as  aforesaid. 

Mechanics' LiKV.— Laborers  shall  have  a  general  lien  upon  the  property  of 
their  employers  liable  to  levy  and  sale  for  their  labor,  which  is  superior  to  all 
other  liens,  except  liens  for  taxes,  the  special  liens  of  landlords  on  yearly  crops, 
and  such  other  liens  as  are  declared  by  law  superior  to  them.  Laborois  thaU 
also  have  a  special  lien  on  the  products  of  their  labor  superior  to  all  other  hens, 
except  liens  for  taxes,  and  special  liens  of  landlords  on  yearlv  crops,  to  which 
they  shall  be  Inferior.  All  mechanics  of  every  sort,  who  have  taken  no  personal 
security  therefor,  shall,  for  work  done  and  material  furnished  in  building,  re- 
pairing or  improving  any  real  estate  oi' their  employers,  all  contractors,  material 
men  and  persons  furnishing  material  for  the  improvement  of  real  estate,  all  con. 
tn<:t<;i8  i\it  building  factories,  furiiialiiug  toatoiiai  lor  Uie  wuao  or  iuxBiitbiag 


348  SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    GEOEGIA. 

lAachinerr  for  the  same,  and  all  macliiiusts  and  manufacturers  ot  macbinery  in- 

cludin?  oori>jraTioii8  engaged  ia  such  business,  w^o  ciay  furnish  or  put  up  iu  aay 
counr>".f  Tiiis  State  any  steam  mills  or  other  niaehintrry,  or  who  may  repair  tte 
i-iin  .':i!i.i  :.il  contrnctors  to  build  railroads  shall  each  have  a  special  lieu  oa  such 
Tea!  estate,  factories  and  railroads. 

(■■>Lr.ECTioX  OF  AccocNTS. — Attachment  may  issue  where  the  debtor  reeides 

c't  of  the  State  ;  v.-hen  he  is  actually  removing  or  about  to  remove  without  th<i 

•  ■  ,  -c  ,^r"  i)..^  county ;  when  he  absconds  ;  when  he  conceals  himself;  when  h* 

.  '.'i  arre.-t ;  when  he  is  ca''.sing  his  property  to  be  removed  beyond  lh« 

<tate  ;  when  the  debt  is  created  by  the  purchase  of  property,  upon 

•nii'isr  line  ;  wlieii    h-^  .;.-■  -r.r  who  created  such  debt  is  in  the  j«08- 

.     .       ■    '"rty  for  the  i  which  the  debt  was  created;  when  a 

-         r  convey  or  operry  liable  for  the  p>aynient  of  hia 

!  L,  i.ijse  of  avoiii...^  .-^  .  -..  ;.;c-nt  of  the  same,  orwhen"eif%r  a  debtor 

n  or  prcptire  so  to  uo-    Attachment  bonds  must  be  in  double  the 

.L-i  d'l.t.  and  conditioned  to  pay  the  defendant  all  damages  sustained 

ii.  .   ;ice  of  the  artachment.  in  The  event  the  plaintiff  shall  fsSl  to  recover. 

Arres:  and  imprisonment  for  debt  is  unknov-n  i:i  this  State. 

Au  assignment  or  transfer  by  a  debtor,  insolvent  at  the  time,  of  real  or  person- 
al pr<:'V^'"ty,  or  chos^'s  in  action'of  any  description,  to  aay  person,  either  in  trust 
or  f  r  :!ie  benefit  of  or  in  behalf  of  creditors,  when  any  trust  or  beneiit  is  reserved 
to  rite  :is>:  ."'CT.  or  any  j>erson  for  him.  i-  frattdnlcnt  in  law  asainsi  creditors,  and 
as  t  •  tiicu  null  and  void.  A  debtor  may  prefer  one  creditor  to  another,  and  to 
that  end  he  may  hr-nande  give  a  li^rn  by  mortgage,  or  other  lesral  means,  or  h» 
may  sell  in  payment  of  the  debt,  or  he  m.ay  transfer  negotiable  papers  as  col- 
lat^rial  security,  the  surplus  in  f;uch  cases  not  being  reserved  for  his  own  benefit, 
or  tfiit  of  any  other  favored  creditor,  to  the  excltision  of  other  crrditcrs.  All 
choses  in  action  arisiTig  upon  contract  may  be  assigned  so  as  to  vest  the  title  in 
the  3-~-  '•'-- ■  ^ -•  '  -  -^'-.-s  i{,  except  nPTOtiable  securities,  subject  to  the  eqtiities 
exis::  =  mor  and'debtor  at  the  time  of  the  assignment  and  until 

notic-  :  is  given  to  the  person  liable. 

In..^,-..~  ..ij.ic  r -it  is  pending,  or  where  jnc'gment  his  been  obtained, th« 
plaintiu  shall  be  entitled  to  the  process  of  garnishment  under  the  follcwiiig  rec- 
nlations-  The  plaintiJP,  his  agent  or  attorn ey-at-law,  shall  make  an  ailldavit 
■before  some  officer  ainhorized  to  jssr.e  an  attachment  by  this  code,  stating  the 
•mount  claimed  to  be  dne  in  such  action,  or  on  such  judgment,  and  that  he  haa 
reas<.^:i  to  a  nprchend  the  loss  of  the  same,  or  seme  part  thereof,  unless  the  process 
of  gamishiaent  do  issue,  and  shall  give  bond,  with  good  security,  in  a  stun  at 
least  equal  to  double  the  amount  sworn  to  be  due,  payable  to  the  defendant  in 
the  suit  or  judgment,  as  the  case  may  be,  conditioned  'to  pay  said  defendant  all 
costs  and  dr.'"-  ^  "-  "  '  he  may  sustain  ia  consoquei.ce  of  suing  out  ssid  aarniih- 
mor.i,  in  th-  -  the  plaintiff  fails  to  recover  m  the  stdt  p^ndii^-.  or  it 

ahonl  1  app  mo'iiit  sworn  to  be  due  on  such  judcnieiit  was  not  due. 

If  anybi:.  .  •  ■•  i. ,  :je, draft  ororder,  is  made  payable  at  any  piaceout  ot"  this 
State  and  within  the  United  St.ates,  and  the  same  is  retamed "under  protest  for 
non-3<vep)taiice  or  non-payment,  the  hoMer  thereof  shall  lie  entitled  to  recover 
Cf  the  drawer  and  endorsers  in  the  tir-t  case,  ari'.  •'•-  -  —-or  also  in  the  latter 
«?se,  in  addition  to  t|ie  principal,  interest  and;  ave  per  cent,  on  the 

princifral  as  damages  fsr  non-acceptance  or  i:  If  such  bill,  draft; 

or  order  is  payable  at  a  place  without  the  limits  .  i  i;.  -  l  -i.ed  i^tates.  the  holder 
may  recover  ten  per  cent,  damages  as  right  for  non-acceptance  or  nonpay- 
ment. 

The  snperj-r  courts  are  the  highest  conrts  cf  geneml  oriirinnl  jurisdiction. 
They  have  exclusive  jurisdi.-tion  of  divorce  suits,  cases  respecting  titles  to  land 
and  equity  cases.  The  pov.ers  of  a  court  of  ordinan.- and  probate  are  vested  in 
an  ordinary  for  each  county.  Justices  of  the  peace  have  jurisdiction  in  aU 
civU  cages'  whr-re  the  principal  sum  c?aimed  does  not  exceed  $100,  except 
where  jarisd;ction  i-i  excluiively  vested  in  other  courts. 

Writs  to  th?  superior  courts  must  be  filed  twenty  days,  and  served  flfteeen 
days  before  the  first  day  of  the  term  to  which  they  are  returnable.  Actions  are 
triable  only  at  the  second  term,  exc'-pt  suits  forren.t,  which  are  triable  at  th« 
first  term.  In  jttstices"  courts,  summonses  shall  b^ar  da'^e  15  davs  before  the 
time  of  trial,  if  the  amount  is  under  ^o"),  and  shall  bear  date  iX)  days  before  th» 
time  of  trial  when  the  amotuit  is  over  550,  and  shall  be  served  at  least  10  days 
bef  :r-e  the  time  of  trial. 

A^l  :  a  ism  en  ts  obtained  in  the  sni>erior.  inferior,  justices'  or  other  courts  of 
thi^  ■••a-e  shall  be  of  equal  digtdty  and  shall  bind  all  the  property  of  the  de- 
ltNadik&;,  bcUi  real  and  personal,  from  the  date  of  sach  judgment,  «xcept  m 


8Pi;ClAL   LAWS    OF    GEORGIA   AXD    IDAHO.  849 

Otherwise  provided  in  this  code.  ■VThen  any  person  has  bona  fide  and  for  a  val- 
uable coiisiileratioii  purchased  real  or  personal  propei-ty,  and  has  been  in  pos- 
session of  such  real  property  for  four  ycai-s,  or  of  such  personal  proporty  tv.o 
years,  tlie  sa::ie  shall  be  dischargeti  from  Uio  lien  of  any  judgment  apaiiist  the 
person  £r'ni  whom  he  h.as  parcha*.  il.  When  a  judgment  lieu  has  attached  ou 
personal  I  roperiy  which  is  removed  to  :r.u>:her  State  and  Sjjd.ii  bro>;ghL  back 
aeain  to  this  State  it  will  be  subjc't  to  ;l;o  jui'i^iment  lien.  Ko  judgment  here- 
luter  obtained  in  the  court-;  of  this  State  8h:>il  be  enforced  af  tor  the  expiration 
©£  seven  years  from  the  time  of  its  reudiiiois  v.>en  no  execution  has  be^^n  issrcil 
upon  it ;  "or  when  execi'.tion  has  been  issuo^l.  and  seven  jears  i»hall  have  expired 
from  the  tin;e  of  the  entr>-  upon  the  e.xocuiion.  made  byen  oficerantbori:'-ed  to 
execute  aiid  return  the  satne  ;  such  jadynonts  may  be  revived  by  scire  ficUt',  rv 
be  su-'d  on.  wiUiin  three  years  frtini  tiiiiimo  they  become  domiaut.  £xecuiion 
mav  issue  immediately  upon  the  rendition  tf  judfnient. 

1)EEDS,  .MoRTG.vGKS.  KioiiTs  OF  Mauiuei)  AVc3:en,  \^'ii.tj?,  &r.,  A  deed  to 
lands  in  this  Stat-e  must  be  in  writing.  und<r  soal.  s-'cmtdby  tha  maker,  attested 
by  at  l-'a-st  two  witnesses  and  delivered  to  the  p«rcha!=er,  or  some  one  for  hip\. 
and  be  made  on  a  valuable  or  gooil  cousideraticn.  2»o  prescribed lorm  is  Offsentiaj 
to  the  validity  of  a  deed  to  lands  or  personalty.  If  satiicicnt  in  it.'self  to  make 
known  the  transaction  between  the  parties,  no  want  or  form  w^ll  invalidatvS  it. 
A  deed  to  jiersonalty  needs  no  attesting  witness  to  make  it  valid  ;  in  other  le- 
Bpeots,  the  principles  applicable  lo  deeds  to  lands  are  applicable  to  it.  Gener- 
ally .*i  deed  is  not  necessarv  to  convey  title  to  personalty.  Evevy  deed  convv^'.ing 
laiids  ehall  be  recorded  in  the  ofiice  of  tl;e  clerk  of  "the  supbrior  coi;rt  of  the 
county  where  the  laud  lies  witl-.in  one  year  from  the  date  of  s;;ch  deed  ;  on  f.nil- 
ure  to  record  in  this  time,  the  record  may  be  made  at  any  t=me  thereafter  ;  but 
such  t!.i«?d  l"«es  its  priority  over  a  subsequent  deed  from  th;  same  vendor  re- 
corded in  time  and  taken  without  notice  of  the  existence  of  tlie  first.  To  au- 
thorize the  re<-ord  of  a  deed  to  realty  or  pcrjonalty,  it  mui^t  1  -j  attostcii,  if  execu- 
ted out  of  this  State,  bya  comniissionerof  deeds  for  the  S:.-\te  cf  Geoi-jda,  or  a 
consul  or  vice-consul  of  "the  Unitcil  States  (the  certilicates  of  tliose  officers  under 
their  seals  being  evidence  of  the  fact"*,  or  by  a  jitdge  c.f  a  court  of  record  ir  tho 
State  where  executed,  with  the  certiiicate  of  tJie  clerk,  under  tho  seal  of  such 
court,  of  the  genuineness  of  the  sicnature.of  such  jiidfre.  If  executed  in  this 
State,  it  must  be  attested  bv  a  judge  of  a  courr.  of  record  of  this  State,  or  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  or  Jiotary  public,  or" clerk  of  tl;e  superior  court  in  tha  county  in 
■which  the  la.«t  three  "mentioned  offi.cers  rosnec".ively  hold  their  appointments  ; 
or  if  subsequently  to  its  execution  the  deed  is  aotnowledt:ed  in  presence  of 
either  of  the  above-iumied  officers  that  fact  certified  on  the  deed  by  such  othcer 
eliaJl  entitle  it  to  be  recorded.  If  i  deed  is  neither  attested  by  nor  a.-knowledgcd 
before  either  of  the  otacers  aforesai<l,  it  m:-.y  be  admitted  to  record  upon  the 
:  affidavit  of  a  subscribing  witne-s  before  eiiher  of  the  above-named  officers  tes- 
tifying to  the  exc'-utioa  of  the  deed  and  its  attestation  according  to  law. 

All  property  of  the  wif  j  at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  whether  real  or  personal 
or  chores  in  action,  shall  be  and  remain  the  ejpnraie  proi>er!y  of  the  wife,  and 
all  oioperty  given  to,  inherited  or  acquired  by  the  wife  during  coverture,  shall 
ehaii  vest  in  and  belong  to  the  wife,  and  sh.oll'jiot  bo  liable  for  the  payment  of 
any  debt,  default  or  contract  of  the  husband.  The  wife  is  a/t/nme  sole  as  to  her 
separate  estate,  luilei^s  controlled  ly  the  settli  ment.  Every  restriction  upon 
Ler  power  in  it  mu>t  be  complied  with;  bun  wliile  the  wife"  may  contract,  fh'j 
cannot  bind  her  sepa  ate  estate  by  atiy  contract  of  suretyship,  nor  by  any  as- 
sumption of  the  debts  of  her  htisbaud.  and  any  sale  of  her  sejiarate  estate,  m:i<ie 
to  a  creditor  of  her  husband  in  extingi:ishmeut  of  Lis  debts,  shall  be  absolutely 
•\oid. 

Wills  must  1>e  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator  or  some  person  in  his  presenca 
and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed,  in  the  presence  of 
the  te'stator,  by  three  competent  wicuesses  if  to  paas  real  estate,  and  two  if  pec- 
aonal  property. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  IDAHO. 

EXKVPTIONS  FROM  FoRcED  SAr.F.— //.me  tPfirth  ?i?<ioo.  and  Personal  Prrtpfrtp 
m-orth  9'M*'>.  The  head  of  a  familv,  b^-ing  a  householder.  eiUier  husband  or  wife,  may 
■eleit  a  hi.in.-t.  :i.i  !  .t  exceeding  in  v:ilue  Jfjrxm  ;  while  furniture,  team?,  tools, 
litoik,  ain.1  ,.   1  property  cuuineraled  by  statute,  to  the  value  of  $3(J0  or 

wore,  ace  uation.  shall  be  exempt  from  execution,  except  upou  a 

jadgui«Di  I-         .         r  ltd  pric«,  or  ui>ou  a  uortgago  tl)er«ou. 

5-4. 


850  SPECIAL    LAWS    OF    ILLLXOIS. 

SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

ExEMPTioxs  FROM  FoECED  SALE.— ^(Wif  troT^ft  $1000,  and  Personal  Property. 
Exemptions  are  as  follows,  except  for  wages  of  any  laborer  or  serrsmt :  An 
estate  of  homestead  to  the  extent  iii  value^of  S  1,000,  and  proceeds  of  the  sale 
thereof  to  that  amuiuit  fiT  one  year  after  such  sale.  Insurance  on  homestead  is 
exempt  where  a  lo-s  occurs  thereon  to  the  extent  property  insured  would  have 
been  if  not  destroyed.  Ferroual  property  is  exempt  as  follows  :  1.  The  necessary 
wsarii'.sr  apyiarel  of  eTe>-T  person.  2.  One  sewing  machine.  3,  The  furniture, 
tools  aild  implements  of  any  person  necessary  to  cany  on  his  or  her  trad»  or 
bcsincps,  not  exceeding  iu  value  £100.  4.  Materials  "and  stock  desierned  ar.d 
procured  oy  him  or  her  and  necessary  for  carrying  on  his  or  her  trade  and  business, 
jmd  tntinded  to  be  used  or  wrought  "therein,  not  exceeding  $1(XI  iu  value.  5.  The 
impleraents  or  library  of  aay  professional  person,  not  exceeding  SlOO  in  value. 

And  in  adtliticn  to  the  above  property,  when  the  debtor  is  the  head  of  a  fam- 
ily and  resides  with  the  same,  thefol!ov,4nar :  1.  Necessary  beds,  bedsteads  and 
bedding,  ti.NO  stoves  and  jipe.  2.  Jseces.-^ary  household  furiiiture,  not  exceeding 
in  value,  §JC9.  3.-  One  cow  and  calf,  ar.d  "two  swine.  4.  One  yoke  of  oxen,  or 
two  horses  in  lieu  thereof,  used  by  the  d;^btor  in  obtaining  the  support  of  his 
family,  r.ot  exceeding  in  value  S2'i0,  and  the  harness  thereof,  not  exceeding  in 
TalueSlO.  5.  Kecessary  provisions  and  fuel  for  the  use  of  the  family  for  three 
months,  and  necessary  food  for  the  stock  hereinbefore  exempted  for  the  same 
tim3.  6.  The  bibles,  school  books  and  f.imily  pictures.  7.  The  family  library. 
S.  Cemetery  lots  or  righ's  of  burinl,  and  tombs  for  rei)ositories,  for  the  (lead.  "9. 
$100  worth  of  other  property  suited  to  his  or  her  condition  in  life,  gelected  by  the 
debtor. 

AVhen  the  head  of  a  family  dies,  deserts,  or  does  not  reside  with  same,  such 
family  is  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  e.^emptions  just  mentioned.  The  wages  and 
Benices  of  a  defendant,  being  the  head  of  a  family  and  residing  with  the  same, 
to  an  amount  not  exceeding  izo,  are  exempt  from  garnishment. 

Mecha^cics'  Liex. — Any  person,  by  con:raot,  express  or  implied,  or  both, 
with  the  o^mer  of  any  lot  "or  piece  of  "ground,  furnishing  labor  or  materials  in 
building,  altering,  rep.airing  or  oniamentin"  any  house  or  building  on  such  lot 
has  a  r:>?n  upon  such  lot  or  buikling  for  the  amount  due  him  for  such  labor  or 
materir.l.  To  the  extent  that  the  furnishing  ?uch  labor  or  materials  has  increased 
the  value  of  such  propeity.such  lien  ta'^es  precedence  over  prior  incum- 
brances. Proceedings  to  eriorce  a  raechauics'  lien  must  be  commenced  by 
the  original  contractor  within  blx  months  from  the  time  when  the  last  pay~ 
ment  for  Ir.bor,  or  materials  becomes  due,  in  order  to  enforce  such  lien  against 
ottier  creditors  or  incumbrances 

Collection  of  Debts. — Arrests  in  civil  actions,  maybe  made  under  a  Statute 
which  provides  that  when  any  person  rhall  be  about  to' commence  a  suit  iu  any 
court  OT  record  in  this  State  founded  upon  contract,  if  he  shall  file  an  affidavit 
eet'ing  fonh  the  cause  of  action,  the  amount  due  the  plaintiff,  and  facts  showing 
that  aefeni'.ant  fraudulently  contracted  the  debt,  or  that  he  has  concealed, 
assigned,  rer.ioved  or  disposed  of  his  property  with  intent  to  defraud  such  plain- 
tiif  ;  and  thr.il  present  such  af3davit  to  a  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  or  if  there  be 
no  such  judc:9  in  the  coiaity  at  the  time,  then  to  a  master  in  chancery  :  and  if 
eu3icicr.tc.iv.se  be  shown,  bail  may  be  given.  The  judge  or  officer  ordering  the 
issuingcf  such  crt/Jios  must  require  bond  from  the  plaintiff,  with  security  to  be 
approved  by  the  clerk  issuing  the  writ,  in  double  the  amount  sued  for,  con- 
diiionedforthe  effectual  pros-^cutinn  of  the  capiashy  plaintiff  and  payment  of  all 
dsm.'iges  defendant  by  him  sustained,  on  account  "of  the  wrongful  suing  out  of 
writ. 

Writs  of  attachment  mav  issue  for  the  following  causes :  1.  Where  the  credi- 
tor is  a  non-resident.  2.  When  the  debtor  conceals  himself  or  stands  in  de- 
fiance cf  an  officer  so  that  process  cannot  be  served  on  him.  3  WTiere  the 
debtor  has  departed  from  the  Stato  with  the  intention  of  having  his  effects  re- 
moved therefrom.  4.  Where  tie  debtor  is  about  to  remove  his  property  from 
this  State  to  th8  injury  of  creditor  seeking  to  lattaeh.  5.  Where  the  debtor  has 
within  two  yea:-s  preceding  the  tiling  of  the  aftuLavit  required  in  this  proceeding 
to  be  file  1  by  attaching  creditor,  fraudulently  conveyed  or  assigned  his  effects, 
or  a  part  thereof,  so  as  to  hinder  or  delay  his  creditors.  6.  ■\^'h ere  the  debtor 
Las,  within  two  years  prior  to  the  iUing  of  such  affidavit,  fraudulently  concealed 
OT  disponed  of  his  property  so  as  to  l-.inder  or  delay  his  creditors.  7."  When  th« 
debtor  is  about  fraudulentlv  to  conceal,  assign  or  otherwise  dispose  of  his  prop- 
9it7' or  eS«ct3  so  »9  XQ  luuder  or  delay  his  crfedliOTe.    S.    Wheu  Uie  debt  suatf 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OP  ILLriTOIS;  85t 

for  WM  fraudulently  contracted  on  the  part  of  the  debtor ;  provided,  th« 
statements  of  the  debtor,  his  agent  or  attorney,  which  constitute  the  fraud,  shall 
have  been  reduced  to  writing  and  bis  signature  attached  thereto  by  himself,  hit 
*gent  or  attorney. 

To  entitle  a  creditor  to  sue  out  an  attachment,  the  claim  which  he  seeks  to 
anake  the  b;isis  of  this  proceeding  must  exceed  $J0  in  a  court  of  record.  Plain- 
tiff, in  attachment  before  issuance  of  writ,  is  required  to  file  with  the  clerk 
issuing  sfime  a  bond  to  the  defendant  villi  sufTicient  surety  in  double  the  sum 
•worn  to  be  d\io  to  him,  conditioned  for  tlio  payment  of  all  d;lmage8  and  costs  re- 
covered against  him  for  wrongfully  Euing  out  such  attachment.  Att.achment8 
may  be  issued  by  justices  of  the  p-jace  where  tlio  amount  cl.Tinied  is  within  their 
jurisdiction  for  the  same  causes  whch  authorize  their  issue  from  courts  of  record 
and  under  substantially  the  same  restrictions. 

Assignments  for  thebenelit  of  creditors  may  be  made  so  as  to  prefer  one  or 
more,  or  a  certain  class  of  cr<  ditors. 

If  no  preference  is  matlo  by  the  debtor  the  creditors  have  an  equitable  lien  for 
their  pro  rata  proportions.  If  the  a-^sijrnment  is  made  with  tb.o  intent  of  delay- 
ing or  defrauding  creditors,  it  is  void — not  necessarily  so,  if  its  effect  is  to  delay 
creditors. 

One  partner  can  assign  all  the  partnership  assets  for  the  payment  of  firm 
debts.  Choses  in  ac'Mu,  except  negotiable  i!;st:"u:nents,  can  not  be  assigned 
here  so  as  to  give  assignee  a  right  of  action  on  them  in  hid  own  name. 

Garnishee  process  may  issue  both  from  justices  courts  and  courts  of  record, 
•ither  on  attachment  or"  after  judgment  ar.d  execution  returned  nulla  bona 
against  any  person  owing  debtor  or  having  money,  property  or  effects  belonging 
to  the  debtor  in  his  possession. 

The  acceptance  of  a  bill  need  not  be  in  writing.  ■VTherc  foreign  bills,  drawn 
■within  this  State  and  payable  out  of  the  United  States,  are  duly  protested  for 
non-payment  or  non-acceptance,  the  holder  is  entitled  to  ten  per  cent,  damages, 
in  addition  to  the  costs  of  protest,  from  the  d.-awer  or  indorser.  On  bills  drawn 
In  this  State  and  payable  out  of  the  State,  but  within  the  United  States,  duly 
protested  as  aforesaid,  to  five  per  cent,  dumages.  Any  note,  bond,  bill  or  in- 
strument iu  writing,  made  payable  in  money  or  articlea  of  personal  property  t<» 
any  person  named  as  payee  "therein,  is  assimable  by  Indorsement  under  the 
hand  of  such  person,  in  the  same  nianneras  all  biilsof  exchange.  Every  assignor 
or  indorser  of  such  instrument  is  liable  to  the  action  of  any  sub.sequent  assigned 
thereof,  if  such  assi-rnee  Las  used  due  diligence  by  the  institution  and  prosecu- 
tion of  a  suit  against  the  maker  thereof  for  the  recovery  of  the  money  or  proper- 
ty due  thereon,  or  damages  in  lieu  thereof,  ai'.d  has  obtained  judgment,  but  by 
the  use  of  due  diligence  has  been  unable  to  obtain  satisfaction  thereof.  A  note, 
bond,  bill  or  other  i:istri;ment  in  writing,  payable  to  bearer,  is  transferable  by 
delivery,  and  every  indorser  thereof  is  a  guarantor,  unless  otherwise  expressed  in 
his  indorsement. 

Justices  of  the  pence  have  jurisdiction  in  their  respective  counties,  where  th» 
amount  claimed,  including  interest,  does  not  exceed  $2M.  1.  In  all  action* 
arising  on  contract  for  the  recovery  of  money  only.  2.  In  actions  for  damage* 
for  injurjr  to  real  property,  or  for  taking,  detaining  or  iujuringpcrsonal  property. 
S.  In  actions  for  rent  and  distress  for  rent.  4.  In  actions  against  railway  com- 
panies and  those  operating  railways  for  killing  or  injuring  horses  or  other  stock  : 
for  loss  or  injury  to  bagjrage  or  freight ;  and  for  injury  or  damage  to  real  or  personal 
property,  caused  by  setting  fire  to  the  same  by  their  engines  or  otherwise.  5.  In 
replevin  when  the  val'io  of  the  property  claimed  does  not  exceed  ?200.  6.  In 
.•xc  I  ions  for  damages  for  fraud  in  tho  sale,  purchase  or  exchange  of  personal 
I.iop';rt-.-,  and  in  all  cases  wliero  the  action  of  debt  or  assumpsit  \nll  lie. 

Circuit  courts  have,  by  the  Constitution,  original  jurisdiction  of  all  causes  at 
J.Tiv  and  in  equity,  and  such  appellate  jurL^diction  as  may  be  provided  for  by 
law.  Appeals  lio  from  justices' courts  directly  to  these  courts,  defendant  to 
plciil  at  sa.Sa  term.  Before  justices,  summons  must  be  served  three  days  befor* 
returned. 

J-.idgments  from  courts  of  record  are  a  lien  on  the  real  estate  of  tho 
judgment  debtor,  Fituated  in  the  county  wherein  judgment  is  obtained 
from  the  time  same  are  obtained,  are  revived  for  the  perio<l  of  7  years. 
"When  execution  is  not  issued  on  a  judgment  within  one  year  from  the  time  th» 
sarao  becomes  a  lien,  it  shall  thereafter  c<;aso  to  be  a  lien  ;  but  execution  may 
issue  on  such  judgment  at  any  time  within  s:iid  7  years,  and  it  becomes  a  lien 
on  s-irh  r  -al  estate  from  the  timo  of  tlin  delivery  of  i"uch  writ  to  the  officer  for 
•ervice.  Such  judgments  may  be  sued  upon  or  revived  within  20  years  after  tho 
tete  tlMreof  »ud  not  aJ^Ur.    JudgmeuU  reud^rcU  by  justices  oi  the  peace  may 


S52  SPECIAL   LA'WS    OF    ILLINOIS. 

be  made  a  lien  on  real  estate  by  filing  a  transcript  thereof  in  the  offico  of  tk« 
clerk  of  the  circuit  court  for  the'coun^  in  vrhich  judgment  wa*  rendered.  Such 
transcript*  can  only  be  filed  when  it  appears  by  return  of  execution  on  judg- 
ment that  defendant  has  not  personal  property  in  the  county  where  same  was 
obtained  to  satisfy  such  judgment  and  costs. 

Executions  issiae  from  courts  of  record  immediately  after  rendition  of  judg- 
ment and  at  any  time  thereafter  for  seven  years,  nnd  to  any  county  in  the  Mate. 
Thev  are  alien"  ui^-n  ite  personal  propeirv  of  the  Judgment  d<'bt<  r  i:oin  the 
time  of  delivery  to  the  officer.  Real  estate  pold  underexecution  may  be  redeemed. 
in  twelve  months.  Executions  from  justices'  courts  cannot  be  levied  on  'real  es- 
tate, and  do  not  issue  until  twenty  days  after  judgment,  unless  the  jud'^ment 
creditor  or  his  agent  make  oath  that  the  benefit  of  the  judgment  is  in  danger  of 
being  lost  unless  execution  i>sue  immediately.  Executions  from  justices'  courts 
are  also  a  Uen  upon  the  perst>nal  property  of  the  defendant  from  the  tinie  of  their 
delivery  to  the  constable.  There  is  no  way  of  tta)"ing  executions  in  this  State  ex- 
cept by  appeal. 

Deeps,  Mortgages,  Rights  of  ALvrried  Wostex,  Wills,  &c.  Deeds 
and  other  conveyances  of  real  estate,  must  be  under  seal ;  any  scrawl  intended 
for  a  seal  is,  however,  suiKcient.  Iso  subscribing  vsntness  is  necessary,  either  to 
the  validity  of  the  instrument  or  to  entitle  the  same  to  record.  Such  instrunienta 
may  be  acknowledged  wiihin  this  State  before  a  master  in  chan<^ry.  a  notary 
public,  a  United  Stat«s  commissioner,  circuit  or  county  clerk,  justice  of  the  peace, 
or  any  court  of  record  having  a  seal,  or  any  judge,  justice  or  clerk  cf  such  court. 
Such  "acknowledgment  must  be  attested  when  taken  before  a  notary  public  or 
United  States  commiseioner  by  his  official  seal.  When  taken  before  a  court  or 
clerk  thereof,  by  the  seal  of  such  court  ;  and  when  taken  before  a  justice  of  th« 
peace  residing  out  of  the  county  where  the  land  conveyed  is  situated,  acertificata 
of  the  county  clerk  of  the  county  wherein  such  justice  n  sides,  must  be  abided, 
under  his  seal  of  otHce,  to  the  effect  that  the  person  taking  such  acknowledg- 
ment or  proof  was  a  justice  of  the  peace  in  said  county  at  the  date  thereof. 
"VThen  acknowledged  without  the  Slate,  but  within  the  Unicd  States,  such 
acknowledgment  may  be  taken  before  a  justice  cf  the  peace,  a  notary  public. 
United  States  commissioner,  commissioner  to  talie  acknowledgments  "of  deeds, 
mayor  of  a  citj',  clerk  of  a  county,  or  before  any  judge,  justice  or  clerk  of  th» 
supreme  court",  or  any  circuit  or  district  court  of'the  United  States,  or  any  judge, 
justice  or  clerk  of  the  supreme,  circuit,  superior,  district,  county  or  common 
pleas  court  of  any  of  the  United  States  or  their  territories'  'When  "such  aeknowl- 
•dgment  is  made  before  any  notary  public,  Uniteil  States  commissioner,  com- 
missioner of  deeds  or  clerk,  it  shall  be  certitied  by  such  officer  tinder  his  official 
seal :  if  before  the  mayor  of  a  city,  under  the  seal  of  the  city ;  if  before  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  a  certificate  must  be  added  as  in  ca=e  of  pr<  of  "or  acknowledgment 
within  the  State  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  residing  without  the  county  where 
the  land  conveyed  is  situated.  Acknowkd^-ments  may  be  made  in  accordance 
with  the  laws  of  the  State,  territory  or  district  where  made,  and  the  certificate  of 
a  clerk  of  a  court  of  record  in  sitch  jurisdiction  to  that  effect,  under  his  hand 
and  the  Sc-al  of  R.aid  court,  is  evidence  that  such  acknowledgment  was  so  made. 

When  acknowledged  without  the  L'nited  States,  such  acknowledgment  may 
betaken  before  any  court  of  any  rcp:blic.  State,  Kingdom  or  empire  having  a 
seal,  or  any  mayor  or  chief  ofiicerof  any  city  or  town  having  a  seal,  or  before 
any  minister  or  secretary  of  legation,  or  consul  of  the  Ui.itcil  States  in  any 
forei^  country,  attested  by  his  olnci.il  seal,  or  beff>ro  any  officer  authorized  by 
the  laws  of  such  foreign  countrv' to  take  acknowledgments  of  conveyanc  s  »u 
real  estate,  if  he  have  a  seal  ;  such  aiknowledgment,  in  all  cases,  must  be  at- 
tttsted  by  the  ofiicial  seal  of  such  court  or  officer  ;  and  in  ca^e  such  acki:ov.  ':•  •\j-. 
inent  or  proof  is  taken  other  than  before  a  court  of  record,  or  mayor,  or  <  '.-[■  f ' 
cffloer  of  a  town  having  a  seal,  proof  that  the  officer  taking  th?  same  wr.s  ■'.liY 
authorized  by  the  laws  of  his  country  so  to  do  must  accompany  the  certihca.e  of 
such  acknowledgment. 

The  following  in  the  statutory  form  of  certificate.    It  is  the  same,  substau* 
tially,  whether  grantor  is  iinmarried  or  deed  executed  by  husband  and  wife  : 
State  of  Illinois,  J 

CorxTV  OF  Saxgamox.  )   '• 

I,  (name  of  officer  and  titlel,  do  hereby  certify  that  (grantor  and  if  -nife  join 
lier  name  "his  wife  "),  pei-sonally  known  to  me  to  be  the  same  person  ^hos« 
name  is  sul>8cribed  to  the  foregoing  instruiii*nt,  appeared  before  me  this  Oay  io 
person  and  acknowledged  that  he  signed,  sealed  aiid  delivered  the  said  ins'tnt 
neat  m  kie  tree  Red  voluntiU'y  ixx,  for  the  uses  uid  purpoers  therein  eet  fortb. 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OP   rNT>LA.S-A.  85S 

Glren  tinder  my  hand  and  (private  or  official  as  the  case  may  bo)  seal,  thia  (daj 
of  mouth)  day  of  (moutli),  A .  1).  (year). 

[Skal.]  (Sifpiaturo  of  officer.) 

No  deed  or  other  instrument  can  he  construed  as  releasing  or  \raiving  the 
right  of  homi'Stead,  unless  the  same  shall  contain  a  clause  expressly  releasing  or 
waiving  such  right  ;  and  in  such  case,  the  certificate  of  acknowledgmi^'it  must 
contain  a  clause  substantially  as  follows  :  "  including  the  release  and  waiver  of 
the  right  of  homestead." 

Nochattfl  mortgage  or  trust  deed  is  valid  as  against  the  righb?  of  thirl  pe-.^on  is, 
unless  pos.^essioii  thereof  shall  be  delivered  to  and  remain  with  t!io  grantee,  or  tlio 
instrument  shall  provide  for  the  possession  of  the  jiroperty  wiih  the  grantor,  and 
be  properly  ac-knowledged  and  recorded.  Such  instruments  may  he  ackowlod^td 
as  deeds.  They  are  valid  for  any  period  not  exceeding  two  years.  After  the  ex- 
piration of  thi!  time  provided  m  the  mortgage  for  the  possesbion  of  the  mort- 
gaged property  by  the  mortgagor,  such  possession,  if  continued,  renders  the 
mortgage  fraudulent  and  void  as  to  thml  parties  with  or  without  notice,  actual 
or  constructive,  of  such  mort;;age. 

Married  women  may  own  in  "their  own  right  real  and  personal  property,  and 
manage,  sell  and  convey  the  same  to  the  same  extent,  and  in  the  same  manner 
that  a  married  man  can,  properly  belonging  to  him.  They  may  sue  and  be  sued 
•without  joining  their  husbands,  to  the  i^ame  extent  as  if  unmarried.  A  married 
woman  may  make  contracts  and  incur  liabilities  which  may  be  enforced  against 
her  to  the  same  extent  as  if  she  were  aofe,  but  she  cannot  enter  into  or  carry  on 
any  partnership  business  without  her  husband's  consent,  unlesshe  has  abandoned 
or  deserted  her,  is  idioiie  or  insane,  or  is  confined  in  the  penitentiary.  The  es- 
tate of  courtesv  is  abolished,  and  the  surviving  husband  or  -nife  is  endowed  of 
one-'.hird  part  of  all  lands  whereof  the  deeeasea  husband  or  wife  was  seized  of 
an  estate  of  inheritance  at  any  time  during  the  marriage,  unless  the  same  has 
been  relinquished  in  legal  form.  Dower  may  be  barred  by  release  thereof  in  due 
form  of  law,  and  by  jointure  or  devise,  accept  in  lieu  thereof. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  someoneinhispresenc« 
•nd  by  his  direction,  and  attested  by  two  credible  witnassea. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  INDIANA. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— flbmc  and  Persrmal  Property  of  the  fol- 
loxcing  value. — Any  resident  householder  has  an  exemption  from  levy  and  sale 
Under  execution,  of  real  and  personal  proi>ert)-,  or  both,  as  ho  may  select,  to  the 
value  of  S30<).  The  law  further  provides  that  no  property  shall  be  sold  by  virtue 
of  an  execution  for  less  than  two  thirds  of  its  appraised  cash  value,  The  pro- 
visions of  this  law  can  be  waived  in  contracts.  To  do  this,  the  note  or  contract 
should  read  :  "  Payable  without  any  relief  whatever  from  valuation  or  apprais- 
mentl.aws." 

Mi'.cnANnrs'  Lie:\. — Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and 
material  on  the  land  and  improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  cl:iims.  The  ori- 
ginal contractor  must  file  his  claim  within  tvro  months,  laborers  within  60 
days,  and  all  other  persons  claiming  a  lien  within  two  months  after  the  debt 
accrued.  This  lien  has  precedence  over  all  other  liens  or  encumbrances  placet! 
on  the  property  subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  building  or  ii'iprovo- 
ments.    Must  be  foreclosed  in  12  months. 

CoLT,ECTio>f  OF  Debts.— Xo  persons  can  be  aiTCSted  here  except  in  cases 
of  fraud,  actual. 

Writs  of  attai  hment.  which  may  be  obtained  hy  any  creditor,  can  only  be  issued 
on  the  following  grounds:—!.  Non-residence  of  any  of  defendants.  2.  Where 
any  of  defendants  i>  secretly  leaving  the  State,  or  has  left  the  State  with  intent 
to  defraud  his  creditors.  3.  Or  conceals  himself  that  summons  cannot  be  served 
upon  him.  4.  Or  is  removing,  or  about  to  remove,  his  property  subject  to  execu- 
tion, or  part  thereof,  out  of  tlie  State,  not  leaving  enough  to  satLsf  yplaintiff's  claim. 
6;  Or  has  sold,  conveyed  or  otherwise  disposed  of  his  property  subject  to  execu- 
tion, or  has  suffered  or  permitted  it  to  be  sold  with  the  fraudulent  intent  to 
cheat,  hinder  or  delay  his  creilitors.  fi.  ()r  is  abf>nt  to  gi'll,  convey  or  dispose  of 
same  witli  such  intent.    A  statutory  undertaking  m  all  '.-wses  in  attachment  niunt 

te  executed,  tii.j  meaeurc  of  damages  in  au  uctlgn  op  ■MrUicli  h  io  tli«  tiiscretio* 
of  tli9  jury. 


864  specull  latvs  of  i>t)ia>-a. 

In  attachments  leried  on  real  estate,  the  levy  and  dis  pendens  are  notloe  fof 
all  purposes.  In  attachmenta,  except  on  ground' of  non-residence,  caution  £koul4 
be  used. 

An  assi^ment  in  trust,  for  the  benefit  of  creditor?,  inure  for  the  benefit  of  all 
creditors  oi  the  grantor,  whether  named  in  the  deed  of  assignaent  or  not ;  th» 
rteed  of  assignment  must  be  acknowledged  ar.d  recorded  like  other  deeds.  Ona 
partner  cannot  assign  all  the  partnership  assets  for  the  payment  of  partner- 
ship debts,  but  only  his  own  share  of  them.  Assignments  made  to  seour* 
sureties  or  endorsers  prior  to  any  payment  by  them,  are  Talid.  >.ctes,  bills,  ac- 
counts and  every  species  of  contract  or  claim  arc;  assignable,  and  the  assignee  can 
sue  on  it  in  his  own  name. 

In  n'jtes  and  bills,  acceptors  are  charfreable  only  when  their  acceptance  is  in 
writing  on  the  Mil :  or,  if  ou  asef  .rr.io  piooe  of  paper,  when  the  party  who  gave 
the  credit  saw  the  seperate  paper  ;  or  if  a  promiseis  made  in  writing  to  accept 
a  dmft  bef^ra  it  is  drawn,  and  the  draft  is  in  the  hands  of  ar.y  person  who  gava 
credit  on  the  strength  of  of  this  writii'j. 

All  parties  to  notes  or  bills,  whctherlndovsers,  makers  or  acceptors,  or  parties 
In  any  manner,  can  be  sued  jcintly  or  Bcparatoly  in  tlie  same  or  in  several  ac- 
fions.  Drafts,  orders  or  bills  of  exchanrre,  payable  at  sight  or  en  demand,  are 
deemed  due  the  day  they  are  presented  for  pa"-ment,  ar.d'if  u-rpaid,  may  be  pro- 
tested. Notarial  protest' is  evidence  of  demand  and  refusal  cf 'payment,  at  the 
time  and  in  the  raamxPT  stated  in  f'  protrs*. 

A  bill  171  the  S'atc,  payable  out  of  the  State,  prot>"sted,  if  payable  in  the  United 
States,  is  entitled  to  eight  per  cent,  damages  ;  if  payable  or.t  cf  the  United 
States,  ten  per  cent,  damacesr  Shcn3~3  are  li-i.bl'j  to  pay  ten  per  cent,  damages 
on  failure  to  pay  over  any  money  collected  by  them. 

Justice  Coarts  have  exclusive  j-^risdictioa  cf  r.ll  snma  under  ?50,  and 
toncurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  cirr.it  courts  to  K-'^.  Service  of  s,immo7;8 
must  be  made  in  circuit  courts  10  days  bcforo  the  llrst  day  of  term,  and  in  jusdoe 
courts  C  days  before  tri.".l. 

Judgments  in  courts  of  record  are  liens  on  real  estate  for  a  x>eriod  of  ten 
rears  ;  the  judgment  may  then  be  revived  for  ten  years  longer  ;  judgments  are 
no  liens  on  personal  propetiv.  Transcripts  of  judgment  before  justice,  if  filed 
in  the  circr.it  court,  are  liens  on  rcr.l  estate. 

Executior.s  issti^,  on  plaintiff's  order,  the  day  a'ier  judgment,  and  are  a  lien 
on  personal  property,  \rhen  issuing  out  of  a  jr.stice'3  court,  ftoui  the  time  they 
are  delivered  to  thoofRcer  ;  when  is"j;;gfro;a  courts  of  record,  from  the  time 
they  are  issued-  Executior-jfrom  a  justice  cannot  ba  levied  on  real  estate.  Every 
epe'cies  of  property,  real  or  pcrsonr.!,  boots  of  account,  debts  and  judgmenrs, 
whether  the  interest  i:i  real  estate  be  a  legal  or  dinitable  title,  is  subject  to 
execution  and  sale  at  law.  Eedercption  after  e.xpcntion  sale  is  permitted.  If 
an  execution  from  a  cotirt  of  record  is  returned  ujisatisfied,  the  debtors  can  be 
eummoncd  and  req-:ired  to  state  under  oath  what  property  or  interests  they  have 
or  own  which  may  be  reached  by  execution. 

Deeds,  FaGirfs  of  ilARiiiEO  ^omex,  "\VrLT,5,  &:r. — ^Decds,  must  be  under 
8eal.  a  scrawl,  however,  is  regarded  as  a  seal-  Tba  rcknowletlgmor.t.  if  made  in 
this  State,  may  be  made  before  a  justice  of  the  pea'"©  cf  the  county  where  tba 
land  lies,  before  a  judge  or  before  a  nr-tary  publii; ;  if  out  cf  the  State,  before  a 
commissioner  of  this  State,  notary  prihlic,"or  before  the  chi-^f  otilcer  or  mayor  of 
a  t<^wn  or  ci*y  who  has  a  seal,  or  b'?fore  a  consul  or  minister  of  the  United 
States  who  has  a  seal.  The  seal  must  be  attached,  and  the  deed  recorded  in  the 
conuty  when;  the  land  lies. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  certificate  where  the  grantor  is  unmarried  : 
[Form-] 
State  of  Ixdiaxa,  \ 
CorxT\-  OF  Stakk.    j  ^■'' 

_Ecfcre  me,  ,  a  in  and  for  said  county,  this  day  of  , 

\^~    ,  personally  apr>eared  the  withiii-r.amed.  ami  acknowledged  the  execution 
of  the  ^rithin  and  foregoing  deed  of  conveyance. 

AVitness  rcy  hand  and  ciiicial  s^aL  '  (Sipl.•l^are  and  title.) 

Married  wom^'n  can  hoM  re.-a  or  personal  pro!>erty  to  ilieir  seperate  use.  A 
note  or  endorsement  by  a  marrie<l  woman  v.ill  not  bi'nd  her  seperate  estate  :  it 
will  be  a  nullity.  The  *idow  is  endowed  with  one  full  and  equal  third  part  of  all 
the  laiids,  the  legal  title  to  which  was  in  her  husband  dviting  coverture,  unless 
such  ri'^ht  c ;  dowjr  ^vaa  lecrallv  barred. 

A  ohattel  mortgage  of  perishable  articles  wlii  h  are  loft  in  the  hands  cf  the 
grantor,  with  right  to  use  the  same,  is  void  ;  eo  is  a  mortgage  cf  a  stock  of  g'X)d.^, 
In«  grantor  having  a  right  to  sell ;  so  La  any  mortgaje,  if  unregistered  and  th« 


SPECIAL   LAlfTS   OF   IOWA.  8o5 

tfhfittels  left  with  the  grantor  ;  a  chattel  mort^gage  nnrecoraea  more  tnan  tea 
da>s  is  void,  except  between  the  parties  ;  so  is  alio  a  recorded  mortgage,  if  the 
goods  are  left  unreasonably  long  with  the  grantor  after  default  is  made  in  pay- 
me-it. 

AVills  mu.":  be  in  writing,  and  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  peT»on  in  hi» 
presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  aiid  attested  and  mbscribea  in  the  pre- 
eeuce  of  the  testator  by  two  or  more  couii>etejit  wtnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  IOWA. 

ExESTPTiovs  FROM  FORCED  SALE. — rarm  ly' 40  Acres  or  Iljuse  and  Lot  in  n<f 
•«</  Pfrsona!  Proi'frtii. — "I  he  homestead  must  embrace  the  house  used  as  a  home  by 
the  owner  thereof ,  aiid  if  he  lias  two  or  more  hi>Tipes  thus  used  by  him,  at  differ- 
ent times  and  i  '"  ■ "  '  •"  •  "'■■  select  which  he  will  retain  as  a  homestead.  If  with- 
in a  town  plat  i;  -eed  ^2  acre  in  o:i:teui,  if  not  i5i  a  town  plat  it  mat 
not  embnue  in  ■  •  more'tlian  40  acres.  Bui  if  when  thus  limited,  in 
ciUier  case  its  vai..>.  .j.^oc  liiaa  $50u,  it  may  be  enlarged  until  its  value  reacbea 
that  .imount. 

Wearing apparelk.'ptforactTial  use;  tnmks  to  contain  same:  1  gun  ;private  li- 
■bra-.icsa:!"!  faii:ily  jK^Ttraiis  ;  musical  iiisrrunienis  not  kept  for  sale;  2  cows  ;  1 
horse  ;  5^  sin- -p  :'5  l.ot'S  ;  6  hives  of  bees  ;  I  bed  and  bedding  for  every  two  in  tho 
faiuily  ;  };o;;fi  !..  Id  and  kitchen  furniture  n>.>i  exceeding  5-'X> :  spinning-wheel,  loom 
and  sewing  inaoliiiie  ;  iinnWons  and  fuel  for  6  moiitLs  ;  the  tools,  instruments  or 
books  of  dobtor,  if  a  farmer,  mechanic,  surveyor,  lawyer,  cierpyman,  physician, 
teacheror  professor.  Jf  a  printer,  pri.iting-press,  and  tyiies,  etc.,  for  the  use  of 
each  newspaper  cfi-ce,  not  exceeding  £1200.  The  person:!  e.trnings  of  the  debtor 
and  his  fauvily  for  the  £0  days  prcniHtiti  the  execution.  To  an  unmanied  person, 
a  per-on  not  (he  hc."d  of  a  family,  ordinary  wearing  apparel  £nd  trunks  to  con- 
tain the  same  are  exempt.  Jf  a  debtor  absconds  and  leaves  his  family,  such  pro- 
pertv  allowed  to  the  heed  of  a  f.imily  shall  be  exempt  in  bands  of  his  wife  and 
children,  or  either.  A  sincle  man,  not  the  head  of  a  family,  non-residents,  and 
those  who  have  st.".rted  to  leave  the  State  are  excluded  from  the  above  exemp- 
tions ;  their  pr-^perty  is  li.ible  to  execr.tion,  with  the  e.xception  of  ordinary  wear- 
ing apparel,  ami  trunks  to  contain  the  s.^me;  value  not  to  exceed  S75. 

^o  exemption  shall  protect  property  against  execution  for  the  purchase  money 
thereof. 

Mech.\>"ics'  Lrrx. — Every  mechanic  or  other  person  doing  any  labor,  or  fur- 
mishing  any  material,  nischiiiery  or  fixtures  for  the  erection  or  improvement  of 
any  biulding,  by  virtue  of  any  contract  with  the  owner,  agent,  trustee,  contrac- 
tor or  sub-con tra<" tor.  shall  have  a  mechanics'  lien  on  the  buiblings,  fixtures  and 
real  estate,  llailways  are  liable  in  the  same  way  as  otlier  prt^perty  for  construc- 
tion and  impro\  enent?.  Ko  person  who  t.ikes  collateral  security  C'n  the  same 
contract  is  entitled  to  a  lien.  The  lien  must  l>e  filed  in  ninety  days  after  the  la- 
bor to  afTe**  purchasers  or  incumbrances  without  notice  ;  ai  between  the  ori- 
ginal parties,  it  can  be  filed  any  time  in  live  years. 

Collection  of  Debts.— Arrest  in  civil  action  is  unauthorized  by  law  in  this 
State. 

Writs  of  attachment  may  issue,  by  sworn  petition,  on  one  or  more  of  the 
following  proi.nds :  1.  That  Jiefendant  is  a  foreigtt  corporation  or  acting  as  such. 
S.  Th.'.t  he"  is  a  non-resident  of  theState.  3.  That  he  is  about  to  reniovehis  prop- 
erty out  of  the  State,  ^vithout  leaving  sufficient  remaining  for  the  payment  of 
d.'brs.  4.  That  he  has,  or  ii  about  to  dispose  if  hi.s  property,  in  whole  or  ir 
parr,  with  intent  to  defraud  creditors.  5.  Tliat  he  has  absconded,  so  that  onlin- 
»ry  process  cannot  be  ser»-ed  upon  him.  6.  That  he  Ls  al-out  to  remove  penn*- 
ne'.itlT  from  tlie  State  and  refuses  to  secure  the  debt.  7.  That  he  is  about  to 
convert  property  into  money  for  purpose  of  placing  it  beyond  the  reach  <if  credit- 
ors, f^.  He  has"proj>erty  and  rlehts  which  he  conceais!  9.  Tluit  the  debt  is  f  -r 
property  obtain*^  under  false  pretenses.  In  Ko.  4.  6.  .ind  9,  attachment  may  be 
Commenced  l«/i.Te  the  fftlt  ix  r'ue.  Bond  must  be  three  times  the  amoan; 
claimed,  and  'sheriff  may  attach  fifty  i-er  cent,  in  vali-.e  more  than  amount 
claime<L  j»ttachnient  cari  only  be  levied  on  property  not  exempt  from  execution. 
Assicmmenti  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  nmst  be  made  for  the  ben«St 
cf  all  ere.H.ors  prorata.  An  inventory  of  a.<»et8  and  liabilities  must  be 
ewom  to  bv  the  insolvent,  with  a  lint  of  the  cre<iit«r8  and  their  re«pe©- 
tlv«  de  iiauds       Assi^mneuyi  pavst    be    d'lly   a^tnowlc-d^^eil    sj    tianj^ors    v( 


856  SPECIAL  LAWS   OF   IOWA. 

real  estate,  and  recorded  in  the  coimty  where  the  insolvent  reeldes,  or  where  Hm 
busineas  in  respect  of  which  the  same  is  made  has  been  conducted.  The  assignee 
Bball  file  the  assignment  and  inventory  witli  the  clerk  of  the  district  court,  and 
shall  give  bond  for  the  performance  of  his  duty  in  double  the  amount  of  the  invent- 
ory and  valuation.  No  dividend  can  be  declared  in  less  than  three  months. 
Creditors  may  accept  their  pro  rata  of  assets,  and  take  judgment  for  the  remain- 
der if  they  choose. 

Garnishment  can  be  issued  either  on  execution  or  attachment  against  any 
person  owing  the  debtor  or  having  his  property  iu  possession.  The  garnishee  is 
entitled  to  compensation  for  his  trouble  and  expense  ;  this  is  payable  out  of  the 
fund,  if  any  is  found  in  his  hands,  or  it  nothing  is  duo  from  the  garnishee,  ther 
the  plaintiff  is  bound  to  pay  this  sum. 

Acceptors  of  notes  and  bills  are  liable  only  when  their  acceptance  is  in- 
dorsed in  writing  ;  or,  if  on  seperate  jiiece  of  paper,  when  the  party  who  gave 
the  credit  saw  the  seperate  paper  ;  or  if  a  promise  is  made  in  writing,  to  acoepl 
a  draft  before  it  is  drawn,  and  the  draft  is  in  the  hands  of  any  person  who  gave 
credit  on  Uie  strength  of  this  writing.  The  rate  of  damages  to  be  allowed  and 
paid  on  the  non-acceptance  or  uon-pajnnent  of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  or  en- 
dorsed in  this  State  is  as  follows  :  If  bill  be  drawn  upon  a  person  at  a  place  out 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  California,  Oregon,  Keveda,  or  any  of  the  territories, 
five  per  cent,  upon  principal  specified  in  the  bill,  and  interest  on  the  same  from 
the  time  of  protest.  If  drawn  upon  a  person  at  any  other  place  in  the  United 
States,  other  than  in  this  St-ate,  three  per  cent,  with  interest.  All  parties  to 
notes  and  bills,  whether  endorsers,  acceptors  or  makers,  «an  be  sued  jointly  or 
eeperately.  Notarial  protest  is  evidence  of  demand  and  refusal  of  payment  as 
stated  therein. 

Jurisdiction  of  Justices  of  the  peace,  tlOO,  but  by  agreement  of  parties  may 
te  extended  to  .S300. 

Circuit  court  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  probate  business  and  appeals  from 
justices  of  peace.  District  court  has  exclusive  criminal  jurisdiction.  The  iwo 
courts  have  concurrent  juristliction  in  civil  cases,  except  such  as  are  epecia*  to 
circuit  court  as  above.  Service  of  summons  must  be  ten  clear  days  iu  distnct 
and  circuit,  and  five  in  justice  courts. 

Judgments  in  courts  of  record  are  a  lien  from  their  rendition  and  for  10  ye&xs 
thereafter,  on  all  real  estate  owned  bv  the  defendant,  or  subsequently  acquiud 
"by  him,  and  situated  in  the  county  where  the  judgment  is  rendered.  The  ju/g- 
ment  can  be  revived  at  the  end  of  that  time.  No  execution  can  issue  on  a  judg- 
ment in  a  court  of  record  older  than  ten  years  ;  new  suit  has  to  be  brought  on,,"-he 
came.  Judgments  in  courts  of  record  create  no  lien  on  personal  property.  Wo 
execution  can  issue  on  a  justice's  judgment  five  years  after  its  rendition,  witli-  «ut 
revivor.  Judgments  before  justice  can  be  made  to  create  lien  on  real  estate  by 
filing  a  transcript  of  the  judgment  in  the  circuit  court. 

Execution  may  issue  as  soon  as  jud|?inent  is  obtained,  but  one  can  be  out  flt 
the  same  time.  Execution  from  a  couit  of  record,  may  issue  to  any  county  in  \.\9 
State.  From  a  justice,  can  be  levi;,-d  on  personal  property  only.  Keal  est*.to 
may  be  redeemed  within  a  jrear  after  sale  ;  but  if  defendant  files  stay  bond,  or 
appeals  to  supreme  court,  his  equity  of  redemption  is  cut  off.  If  the  defendant 
fails  to  redeem  in  six  months,  any  creditor  of  the  defendant,  whose  detnand  is  a 
lien  on  the  real  estate  sold,  may  redeem  within  nine  months  from  date  of  Sfle. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Markied  Wu.mex,  Wills,  &€. — Acknowledgment  of 
deeds,  made  in  the  State,  must  be  before  a  judge  of  any  court  of  record,  clerk  of 
supreme,  district  and  clrciut  courts,  or  their  deputies,  cotrnty  auditor  or  his 
deputy,  each  notary  public  and  justice  of  the  peace  in  his  own  eounty.  Acknow- 
ledgments out  of  State  must  be  before  some  court  of  record,  before  some  com- 
missioner for  the  State  of  Iowa,  or  before  a  notary  public  or  justice  of  the  peace. 
If  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  the  certiiicate  of  clerk  of  the  district  court  of  tha 
county  as  to  his  official  character  must  bo  attached. 

Chattel  mortgages  must  be  acknowledged  as  other  conveyances  and  recorded 
In  the  county  where  property  is  situate.  Foreclosures  can  "be  m.ide  by  sheriff 
without  action  in  court.  The  mortgaged  property  is  left  in  possession  of  mort- 
gagor, uidess  otherwise  provided.  Sales  under  chattel  mortgage  foreelusures 
■hall  be  in  the  same  manner  as  other  sheritT's  sales. 

j\fari-ied  women  can  hold  property  the  same  ;is  any  other  person,  and  are  lia- 
ble on  all  contr,acts  made  by  them,  but  her  o^vn  property  is  in  no  case  liable  for 
her  husband's  debts.    The  common  law  right  of  dower  exists  in  this  State,  and 
iu  executing  deeds,  she  must  acknowledge  separate  .ind  apart  from  her  huBbjk^v 
that  she  w»i^  made  acciuainled  with  the  contents  of  such  eonvevance,  aud  f^iily 

f «iib9^  her  49ffer  Ireeij  «ja  without  tjwupuisioR  frow  h»x  im^^i- 


SPECIAL   LAWS   07   KANSAS.  857 

All  WillB,  except  noncapative,  mnst  be  in  writing,  lii^ied  hv  the  testator,  or 
by  some  pereon  in  hia  presence  and  by  bis  oxpre^s  direction,  ana  attested  and  sub- 
Bcribert  in  bis  presence  bv  two  ormore  coinpfteiit  witnesses.  Subsequent  incom- 
petency of  tlie  witness  will  not  invalidate  ibe  will.  Noncupative  wills,  proTeU 
by  t-wo'con)p«.>tent  witnesses,  when  the  value  of  tbo  estate  docs  not  exceed  830(^ 
are  valid. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  KANSAS. 

ICxTM^TiONS  FROM  FORCED  SAiF..—/fom«  Of  Ifio  Acrfs  of  Farm  Land,  or  Houmi 
•nrf  One  Ar^re  ina  ViU-age  or  City,  ami  J'crsonal  Provtriy.  A  homestead  to  th«l 
extent  of  1G<)  acres  of  fanning  land,  or  of  one  acre  within  the  limits  of  an  incor- 
porated town  or  city,  occupied  as  a  r'>sidence  by  the  family  of  the  owner,  to- 
gether with  all  improvements  on  the  same,  of  whatever  vahio  is  exempt.  Exemp» 
tions  of  personal  property  allowed  a  resident,  being  the  head  of  a  family,  are  : 
the  f.amily  librarj-,  bible  and  school  books  ;  family  pictures  and  niusicariustni- 
ments  in  use  :  a  pew  ,a  a  church  and  lot  in  a  biirinl  crouiul;  all  the  wearing  ap- 
parel and  all  beds,  bedsteads  and  b  'ddin?  used  by  tiie  family  ;  cooking-stove, 
appendages  and  cookinjj  utensils,  and  other  stoves  and  appendages  necessary 
for  the  iise  of  the  family  j  a  sewing  machine  ;  all  spinning  wheels  and  looms, 
and  other  implements  of  industry  and  other  household  furniture  not  abre  enu- 
merated, not  to  exceed  f  riOO  in  value  ;  2  oows,  10  hogs,  1  yoke  of  oxen,  and  1 
horse  or  mule,  or.  in  lieu  of  the  yoke  of  oxen  and  horse  or  mule,  a  span  of  liorsoa 
or  mules  ;  20  sheep  and  vroo}  from  same,  either  raw  or  manufactured  ;  the  nece*- 
eary  food  for  the  stock  nunlioncd  above  for  one  year ;  1  w.itron,  carter  dray; 
2  plows,  one  drag  and  other  fanning  utensils  nof  exceeding  ^300  in  value  ;  pro- 
visions and  fuel  on  hand  sufficient  for  a  year  ;  the  necessary  tools  and  Imple- 
ments of  any  mechanic,  miner  or  other  pe'rson.  used  and  kept  for  tlie  purpose  of 
carrying  on  Ilia  traile  and  business,  together  with  stock  in  trade  not  exceeding 
8iO0  in  value  ;  tbo  library,  implements  and  ofiice  furniture  of  any  professional 
man.  Exemptions  of  personal  property  allowed  a  resident  of  this  Stat«,  not  tha 
head  of  the  family,  are  :  wearing  apparel ;  pew  in  a  church  and  lot  in  a  burial 
ground  ;  necessary  tools  and  instruments  of  any  mechanic,  miner  or  other  per- 
Bon,  used  and  kept  for  the  purpo.sa  of  carrying  on  Ids  trade  or  business,  together 
with  stock  in  trade  as  above.  Tha  earniTi'cs  <)f  a  debtor  also,  for  personal  ser- 
vices rendered  within  3  months  next  preceding  the  issuing  of  an  execution,  are 
exempt,  if  it  api>ear  they  are  neccstary.  in  whole  or  in  part  for  the  support  of  hia 
family.  No  personal  property  is  cxcnijit  from  attaclimeut  or  execution  for  tha 
wages  of  any  clerk,  mechai.ic,  laborer  or  servant. 

MECirAMas'  Lity. — llateri.il  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and 
material  on  the  land  and  improvemeiita  to  the  extent  of  iheir  claims.  The 
original  contractor  must  file  his  claim  within  four  uionlhs  ;  all  other  persona 
claiming  a  lien,  within  two  months  after  the  debt  accrued.  Tliis  lieu  has  preoe- 
denea  over  all  other  liens  or  encumbrances  placed  on  the  property  subsequent  t* 
the  conuumoncement  of  the  building  or  improvements. 

Collection  of  Debts. — Arrest  aud  bail,  iu  civil  actions,  are  provided  for  by 
the  laws  of  this  State. 

The  order  of  arrest  is  issued  by  the  clerk,  or  by  the  justice,  only  upon  positive 
aOldavit  showing  one  or  more  of  the  statutory  grounds  tlierefor  jSimilar  to  those 
on  which  wrrits  of  attachment  issue.  (See  Attachments.')  Before  the  order 
Issues,  the  plaintiff  must  also  file  an  undertaking,  with  sufficient  surety,  con- 
ditioned for  the  p.iyment  of  damages  occasioned  by  the  arrest,  if  wrongful.  Im 
practice,  this  remedy  is  schlom  resorted  to  in  Kansas. 

Attachment,  against  the  .property  of  defendant  may  issue  in  civil  cases,  when 
the  ilefendant,  or  one  of  several  defendants,  is  a  foreign  corporation  or  non-resi- 
dent (but  not  in  either  of  these  instances  fur  any  claim  other  than  a  debt  or  de- 
mand arising  on  contract,  judgment  or  decree,  unless  the  cause  of  action  arose 
wholly  «-itlun  the  limits  of  this  .State.  It  m.".y  also  issue  when  the  defendant  or 
one  of  several  defendants  has  absconded  with"  fraudulent  intent,  or  has  left  the 
county  of  his  residence  to  avoid  summons,  or  concealed  himself  to  avoid  sum- 
mons, or  is  about  to  remove  his  property,  or  a  part  thereof,  out  of  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  court  with  fraudulent  intent  ;  or" is  about  to  convert  It  into  money  to  put 
it  beyond  re.ich  of  creditors  ;  or  has  property  which  he  conceals,  or  has  assigned, 
removed  or  disposed  of  his  preperty  ;  or  is  about  to  do  so,  with  intentto  defraud, 
binder  or  delay  creditors  ;  or  fraudulently  contracted  or  incurred  the  debt, 
liatulity  or  obligatiou  ;  or  where  the  acUou'ia  brouglit  for  dAmagos  Ariaiog  tun^ 


•  868  SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   KANSAS. 

the  commlssios.  of  any  crime,  or  for  Fedu.-tion,  or  -srhere  tlie  debtor  fails  to  pay 
«n  delivery  where,  by  the  contract,  be  vxas  to  pay  ou  delirerj-.  The  order  ii 
Issued  (as  in  case  of  arrest  and  bail^  svpra\  only  upon  affidavit  and  undertaking. 
But,  where  the  defendant  is  a  foreign  corporation,  or  where  thedefemiart  <  :  ila- 
fendants  are  all  non-residents  of  the  State,  the  undertaUing  is  not  required. 

Garnishee  process,  in  afachment  proceedings,  is  also  provided  for  apr^irri  .•'ny 
person  or  corporation  having  possession  of  prcpertj-  orbeijig  indebted  to  tl;;^  ca- 
fendant. 

Assignments  in  trust,  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  inure  for  the  benefit  rf  all 
«reditors  of  the  grantor,  whether  naiaed  in  the  deed  of  assignment  or  not  ;  tha 
deed  of  assignment  must  be  ackiio\vledj.'ed  and  recorded  like  otlier  dceila. 
Assignments  made  to  secure  sureties  or  indotsers,  prior  to  any  ijayment  by  them, 
are  valid  here.  Assigmnent  of  every  species  of  contractor  claim  may  be  made  iu 
this  State,  and  the  assignee  may  sue' thereon  in  his  own  name. 

Acceptors  of  notes  and  bills  are  chargeable  oi'.ly  when  their  acceptance  is  in 
•writing  on  the  bill ;  or,  if  on  separate  piece  of  paper,  when  the  party  who  gava 
the  credit  saw  the  separate  paper ;  or  if  a  promise  is  made  in  writing  to  accept  a 
draft  before  it  is  drawn,  and  the  draft  is  in  the  hands  of  any  peison  who  gava 
credit  on  the  strength  of  this  writing.  (Bills  of  exchange  and  notes  duly  pro- 
tested for  non-payment  or  non-acceptance,  entitle  the  holder  to  recover  damages 
Be  follows  :  if  drawn  on  or  made  by  a  person  ouislde  the  State,  six  per  cent.  ;  if 
outside  any  of  the  United  States  or  territories,  ten  per  cent,  damages  on  the 
principal  sum).  All  parties  to  notes  or  bills,  whether  endorsers,  makers  or  ac- 
ceptors, or  parties  in  any  manner,  can  be  sued  jointly  or  separately  in  the  same 
or  in  several  actions. 

Justices  of  the  peace  have  jurisdiction  in  actions  on  contract  on  account,  bill, 
3iote  or  bond  where  the  amount  claimed  or  balances  due  does  not  exceed  S300,  in 
actions  on  undertakings  given  in  civil  proceeding's  before  them  where  the  sum 
due  or  demanded  does  not  exceed  S5(X) ;  in  replevin  where  the  value  of  the 
jjroperty  does  not  exceed  $100.  District  courts  have  general  original  jnristliction 
an  all  cases,  and  appellate  jurisdiction  from  inferior  courts.  I'pon  default,  judg- 
3nents  may  be  obtained  before  justices  after  three  days'  servif-e  of  summons,  but 
In  contested  cases,  a  delay  of  thirty  days  may  be  readily  obtained  before  judg- 
onent,  and  afterward  by  a  stay  of  execution  as  above  stated.  (See  Executions.) 
Jn  the  district  court,  if  in  session,  judgment  maybe  taken  upon  default  after 
lorty  days'  service  of  summons,  but  in  contested  case?,  is."nes  must  be  made  up 
ior  trial  ten  days  prior  to  the  term.  Terms  of  the  several  district  courts  of  the 
State  are  held  as  often  as  every  six  mouths. 

Judgments  are  a  lien  upon  the  real  estate  of  the  debtor  in  the  county  where 
Tendered,  for  the  period  of  five  years,  and  maybe  made  a  lien  niK>n  real  estate  in 
other  counties  by  filing  in  the  clerk's  office  therein  au  attested  copy  of  the  jour- 
nal entry  of  the  judgment.  Justices' judgments  mny  be  made  a  lion  upon  real 
estate  in  same  manner.  But  if  execution  be  not  taken  out  and  levied  within  one 
Tear  after  rendition  of  judgmant,  the  lien  becomes  inopc-ntive  as  ar;ainst  other 
judgment  creditors.  Judgments  which  have  become  dormant  may  be  revived 
by  the  court  upon  motion  of  the  judgment  creditor  and  notice  to  the  parties  in- 
terested. 

Executions  may  issue  the  day  judgment  is  rendered. — Kxcept'wnn.—Jt  the 
■word  "  appraisement  waived,"  or  words  of  timilar  import,  be  inserted  in  ai;y 
mortgage,  bond,  note,  bill  or  written  contract,  judgment  shall  ba  rendered  ac- 
cordingly, and  execution  shall  not  is-ue  thereon  for  0  days.  It  upon  th.e  docket, 
in  cases  of  judgment  rendered  by  justices  of  the  peace,"  any  person,  resii'.ojit  of 
the  county,  being  good  and  sufficient  security,  shall,  within  10  daya,  t-ndevtaVa 
that  the  "judgment  shall  be  duly  paid,  execution  shall  be  stayed  for  periods 
ranging  from  30  to  120  days,  accofiiing  to  the  amount  of  the  judcmcrt. 

Executions  are  a  lien 'on  personal  property  only  from  the  time  they  f.i« 
actually  levied.  Executions  from  a  justice  cannot  be  levied  on  real  estate. 
Kedemption,  after  execution  sale,  is  unknown.  If  an  execution  ^from  a  court 
of  record)  is  returned  uns.atisfied,  the  debtors  can  be  summoned  and  reov.'red 
to  state  under  oath  what  property  or  interest  they  have  or  own,  which  may  be 
reached  by  execution. 

Deeds',  Rights  of  MAEErED  Women,  &c.— Deeds  in  this  State  need  not  be 
under  seal.  'When  acknowledged  within  this  State,  it  must  bo  before  some  >  ourt 
Jiaving  a  seal,  or  some  judge,  justice  or  clerk  thi^reof,  or  some  jr.L-tiie  of  tha 
peace,  notary  public,  county  clerk  or  register  cf  dacds,  or  mayor  or  clerk  of  an 
incorporated  city.  When  acknowledged  without  this  State,  it  must  be  before 
come  court  of  record,  or  clerk  or  officer  holding  the  seal  thereof,  or  before  some 
sotary  public  or  justice  of  tlie  peace,  or  comoil^sicuer  to  take  acknowledgment^ 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   KENTUCKY.  859 

•ppoint«d  bv  the  Governor  of  this  State,  or  before  any  oonsul  of  the  United 
States,  resident  in  a  foreign  port  or  country.  If  taken  "before  a  jusiK  e  of  tii« 
peace,  the  acknowledgment  must  be  accompained  by  a  ceniiioate  of  his  oftieial 
character,  under  the  band  of  some  court  of  record',  to  which  the  seal  of  said 
«ourt  shall  be  affi.xed. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  acknowledgment  required  : 
State  of  , ) 

CotrsTY  OF  . )  "' 

On  thia  day  of  ,  A.  D.  157      ,  before  me,  a  in  and  iot 

•aid  ,  personally  came  .  to  nie  personally  known  to  be  the  same  per- 

son whose  name  affi.xed  to  the  foregoing  conveyance  as  grantor  and 

duly  acknowledged  the  execution  of  the  same. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  subscribed  my  name  and   affixed  mf 
seal,  the  day  and  ye-ir  last  above  written. 

(Htisband  and  w'ife  sliould  always  join  in  conveyances.)  No  separate  ao» 
knowledgment  is  required  on  the  part  oi  the  w  ife. 

Married  women  can  hold  real  or  personi-.l  property,  to  their  separate  use, 
the  same  as  unmarrried.  A  note  or  endorsement  made  by  a  married  woman 
will  bind  her  property  the  same  as  if  she  were  unmarried. 

Chattel  niortgagesof  perishable  articles,  which  are  left  in  the  hands  of  the 
mortgagor,  with  the  right  to  use  the  same  ;  or  of  a  stock  of  merchajidise  which 
is  left  in  the  hands  of  the  mortjagor  with  privilege  to  sell  in  due  course  of  his 
business,  or  in  any  manner  for  his  own  benefit ;  or  of  any  chattels  wliich  are  left 
in  the  possession  of  the  mortgagor,  the  mortgage  not  being  duly  registered,  ar« 
,void  as  to  the  creditors  of  the  mortgagor,  unless  they  have  notice  of  the  eame. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  KENTUCKY. 

EiF.vPTioxs  FROM  FoRCFD  S.Ki.r..—ff-ime  worth  Sl.OOO,  aTid  PTsonal  Prop- 
erty. To  tx>ua  jidf  housekeeper  with  a  family,  resident  in  the  State :  2  work 
beasts,  or  1  work  beast  and  1  >  oke  of  oxen  ;  2  plows  and  ^ear  ;  1  wagon  and  a  set 
©f  gear,  or  1  cart  or  dray  ;  2  cows  ar.d  calves  ;  10  head  oi  sheep ;  provisions  suf- 
ficient to  sustain  the  family  one  year,  and  provender  sufficient  to  support  the 
Bfock  one  year;  1  sewing  riiai  hine  ;  the  nsual  household  and  kitchen  furniture 
of  limited  value,  etc.;  the  tools  of  a  mechanic  not  exceeding  $1(>0  in  value;  the 
libraries  of  ministers  of  the  gAs;>el.  physicians  and  attomeys-ai-law  notto  ex- 
ceed in  value  $.'>00,  but  the  l;i.-;t  is  not  in  addition  to  the  two  work  beasts, 
■w.agon,  cart  or  dray.  In  adilition  to  the  personal  property  exempt  from  execu- 
tion on  all  debts  or  li.^biliries  created  after  the  1st  of  eTune,  ]^'.6,  somuch  land. 
Including  the  dwoll)ii'--h"-)V...e  and  appurtenances  owned  by  the  debtor  as  shall 
not  exceed  §1,000,  shall  also  be  exempt  to  the  bona  fide  housekeeper  with  a  fam- 
ily.  *^ 

MECHANIC!'  Liens. — Tliere  is  a  general  law  for  the  State  (not  applyin?j  to 
Jefferson  county,  which  has  a  special  act  in  eoiue  respects  dilTerent)  giving 
mechanics  and  material  men  liens  upon  the  improvements  and  interest  of  the 
employer  in  tb.e  land  for  work  done  and  material  fun.ished.  Sub-eontraotors 
and  laborers  may  acquire  a  lien,  by  living  the  employer  written  notice  of  their 
claim,  and  that  they  look  to  the  laiia  and  improvements  for  compensation.  Liens 
ninst  be  filed  in  sixty  days  and  suit  brought  in  six  mouths,  to  enforce  claims,  or 
thev  are  lost. 

C<^>i.LFrTinN  OF  Debts. — A  defendant  in  a  civil  action  mav  be  arrested  when' 
i«n  affidavit  is  tiled  and  bond  given,  for  causes  for  which  an  attachment  will 
!lie. 

The  defendant  may  give  bail,  or  in  lien  of  bail,  deposit  In  the  hands  of  tho 
■heriff,  or  rn  court,  the  amount  of  money  meniioned  ia  tii3  order  of  arrest.  In 
default  of  both,  he  will  be  committed  to  jail,  there  to  remain  until  ho  pays  the 
debt,  gives  bail  or  take  the  insolvent  debtor" .-^  oath. 

Attachment,  in  a  civil  action  for  the  recovery  of  monev,  mav  issue  against  the 
property  of  the  defendant,  or  a  garnishee  where  the  action  is'agauist:  1.  A  do- 
lendant,  or  several  defendants,  who,  or  some  one  of  whom,  is  a  foreign  corp<5ra- 
tion  or  a  non-resident  of  the  State.  2.  "Who  has  be<-n  absent  therefrom  four 
months.  3.  Has  departed  from  the  State  with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors.  4. 
VTho  haa  lelt  the  coiiuty  «f  his  residence  to  avoid  the  service  ol  a  summoBs.    flL, 


860  SPECIAL  LAWS   OF  KEN'TUCKT. 

So  conceal?  himself  <hat  a  euimnons  cannot  be  perved  on  him.  6.  Is  abont  *• 
remove,  or  has  removed  his  property,  or  a  matiriai  part  thereof,  out  of  this  Stattfh 
not  leaving  euough  therei»i  to  satisfy  the  plaintiff's  claim  or  the  claim  of  saia 
d-itVnd  .nt's  eredisors.  7.  Has  sold,  conveyed  or  otherwise  djsp<j»ed  of  his  property, 
or  r^-iff  rf-d  or  permitted  it  to  be  sold,  with  the  tra::dulent  intent  to  cheat,  hinder 
or  del.-iv  iiis  creditors.  ».  Is  about  to  sell,  convey  or  otherwise  diapoee  of  his 
p-operty  with  such  intent.  Au  atiachiiieiit  shall  nor  be  granted  on  the  ground 
that  the  defendant,  or  defendants,  or  any  of  them,  is  a  foreign  corporation,  or  a 
nou-residei.toi  this  Stati,  tor  any  claim  otIkt  than  a  debt  or  demand  arising  on. 
cvntraet.  To  obtain  "U  attachment,  the  plaintiff  must  file  an  atndavit,  showing  : 
1.  The  nature  of  his  claim.  2.  That  it  is  just.  3.  The  amount  which  the  athant 
I)  ;:".eves  the  plaintiff  ought  to  recover.  4.  The  existence  in  the  action  of  some 
one  of  the  protinds  above  enumerated.  Xo  atiacluuent  will  ledue  until  bond  aud 
fc'ic-.irity  in  double  the  amount  of  the  dfibt  is  given. 

A  defendant  may  be  arrested  in  a  <ivil  action  for  causes  for  which  an  attach- 
iu;ii:  may  is.~ne,  on  tiling  affidavit  and  giving  bond. 

Assignments,  sales,  mortgages,  judgments  suffered  in  contemplation  of  insol- 
vency aiid  with  a  design  to  prefer  ona  or  more  creditors  to  the  exclusion  in  whole 
or  in  part  of  others.  >hall  operate  as  an  assignment  and  transfer  of  all  the  prop- 
erty and  eHects  of  the  grantor,  and  shall  enure  to  the  benefit  of  all  hia  credit- 
ors. 

Garnishee  may  be  Bammoned  on  attachment.  He  ghall  not  be  subject  to 
costs  beyond  those  caused  by  his  res-.stance  of  the  claim  against  him.  After  re- 
turn of  execution,  endorsed  "no  property  found,"  an  equitable  action  may  ba 
brought  for  the  discovery  by  the  defendant  of  money,  choses  in  action,  equitable 
and  legal  interests,  etc.  Iii  such  an  ae'don,  any  one  Indebted  to  the  defendant  or 
holding  money  or  property  belonging  to  him  may  be  made  defendant.  Attach- 
ments may  iss'nd  without  affidavit  or'bond.  TLecnirt  shall  enforce  the  surren- 
der of  money,  property,  etc.,  and  may  commit  to  jail  any  defendant  or  gamiehee 
refusing  to  mate  such  surrender. 

All  bills,  bonds  or  notis,  for  money  or  property  shall  be  assignable  so  as  to 
vest  in  the  assignee  the  right  of  action.  Three  days  of  grace  are  allowed  on  bills 
of  exchange.  The  endorser  on  a  note,  ur.less  pnc  on  the  footing  of  a  foreign  bill, 
is  disch.irged,  unless  the  holder  brin-.'s  suit  acainst  the  maker,  if  note  remair3 
unpaid,  at  the  first  court  held  after  its  maturity,  and  prosecutes  the  maker  to  in- 
solvency. Promissory  notes,  payable  and  negotiable  at  a  bank  in  this  State, 
which  shall  be  endoreed  and  discotuited  V'V  said  bank,  or  by  any  other  bank,  shall 
and  are  placed  on  the  same  footing  as  foreign  bills  of  exchange. 

Justice  courtahavejarisdiciion  exclusive  of  the  Circuit  Court,  but  conctirrenfc 
■with  the  quarterly  court,  of  all  actions  and  procee<lings  for  the  recover>-  of  money 
or  personal  property,  whci-e  the  matter  i:i  controversy,  exclusive  of  interest  and 
costs,  does  !;at  exceed  §ro  in  value,  and  in  other  cases  sjvecially  provided  by  stat 
lite.  Justices  of  the  peace  in  Jeiferron  county  and  a  few  other  countiea  have 
jurisdiction  to  the  t  xtcut  of  §lfM),  exilu.«ive  of  interest  and  costs. 

Tne  Court  oX^-lpp>C''s  has  general  appellate  jurisdiction  over  all  conrta.  except 
■V7hcre  the  judgment  grants  a  divorce,  or  ii  rendered  by  a  quarterly,  county.  poU.e, 
city,  mayor's  or  jitsti -o's  cc>urt.  C'.rruit  ('o'r!s  have  general  ori^nal  jurisdic- 
t.  u  of  all  ai  tion.s  a  :<x  pro."rixling8  for  the  enforcement  of  civil  rights  and  redress 
«f  <,i.il  \vrt.njs,  ex"  •••,>c  v.l'.tn  exclusive  jurisdiction  is  given  to  other  courts. 
{f."i .  :1  Ccvls,  §  IS.)  Tbey  Lave  appellate  jttrisdiction  of  the  jutlgments  of  quarterly 
ccif  s  when  t'-;e  amount  in  controversy  exceeds  ?i.'0.  Quarterly  Crmrix  havo 
j  ::;s^liction  of  sctio::3  to  recover  mmtey  or  prr-'onol  projjerty  not  exceeding  in 
V.il-.ie  ^*i  .0.  1"h>  y  have  appellate  jurisdiction  from  judgments  of  justices  of  "tha 
pi.a>~e  for  .55  and  over. 

Summons  mi:st  bo  issued  and  served  10  days  before  return  day  thereof.  In 
equitable  prc>ceediugs  the  summons  is  returnable  in  twentj-  days.  In  justices' 
courts,  on  sums  less  than  55v»,  it  is  returnable  in  five  days,  and  on  sums  greater 
than  §  jit,  in  ten  days. 

Executions  issue,  from  raagistrates  courts  for  sums  less  than  $.50,  in  5  days, 
for  sums  over  §50,  in  10  days  ;  from  the  Jefferfon  court  of  common  pleas,  quar- 
terly courts  andcircuit  courts,  in  ten  days  ;  from  the  Louisville  Chancery  court 
in  15  days  after  judgment  rendered  ;  is  returnable  to  some  rule  day  of  the  court, 
not  under  3')  nor  ov'er  70  days  from  the  test,  and  binds  the  real  estate  but  not  the 
personal  estate  (until  levied^  of  the  defendant  only  from  the  time  the  same  is  de- 
livere<l  to  the  proper  officer  to  execute.  For  cause  shown,  the  court  may  order 
iauaediate  execution. 

A  judgment  is  not  a  lien  on  the  property  of  the  defendant.  A  judsment  may  b« 
«at9rc«d  by  Issuing  execution  at  any  time  within  15  years  fivtm  iu  r«Bditio^ 


SPECIAL    LAWS    OK   XKN'TUCKT.  861 

Each  renews!  of  csf^-iition  revives  the  jiidfrmriit  for  15  yearn  from  llie  defo  of 
etich  renewal.    Forei<;ii  jiulgmcnts  mu8t  be  proven  by  certificate  of  judse  and 

■Writs  of  provisional  Feiztire  may  also  issue,  withotit  the  plaintiff  pivin;^  bon.1, 

A  defeuuant  may  replevy  for  y  in<>::i'.---  r.  i-.<",:-:;;ent  or  exocuiion  _Rgai::!>t  Lin, 
at  anv  time  before  a  sale  of  prov  '     P'vii:;:  to  t'.ie  ol.iior  :iq 

©blieation,  payable  f<>  the  plaimi  the  auiour.t  tliereoi,  la- 

eluding  iiiten'-st,  costs  a:ialinif<  ,.:..  ^     ,,      , 

If  land  sold  under  e-Tecuti'ii  uo.--«r...-  i  n-  >  i  .■.--■  .i;-,.^  t  f  itsral-ie,  Ihode.flTid. 
aut  or  Ills  represeutatirca  eliall  Lave  tbo  li^^htto  reCcem  iLo  tamo  wiiLiu  « 
^  ar. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Makhikd  Womeij,  Wim.s,  &r.—Dee»ls  need  rot  b^  un- 
der seal.  Deedg  executed  in  this  Stato  by  per.oua  other  than  ri:..;j<..l  v.  n-.en, 
may  be  admitted  to  record:  lir.-t,  on  the  a.  knowledpnev.c  beioro  tl  o  clev'i  of  a 
county  court  bv  the  partv  makin-:  the  d>fd  ;  or  si'A.-ud,  bv  th"  proof  of  t.Mi  gub. 
Bcribing  witnesses,  or  by'the  proof  of  t'.i  ir  Fi  "laniros.  Doeils  excci;t>d  out  of 
theState,  and  within  the  Uniteil  States,  by  piioiis  other  than  narri  lv.o:.:en, 
mav  be  admitted  to  record  when  the  eanio  eh  U  bo  certlHcd  under  li:.*  B^::;!  of 
office  bv  the  clerk  of  a  court  or  his  deputy,  or  by  a  not.-iry  public,  ma-or  of  a  city 
orsecretarv  of  state,  orc<>nimi!«sioncr  to  taV.othe  ac'.riiowledrmonfc  cf  d.-Cf's,  or 
by  a  jud  je  "under  the  eeal  of  his  court  to  Lavo  b' en  a>knowlcdjTcd  or  rrovd  be- 
fore him  in  the  manner  hereby  required.  Peec^s  executed  ottt  of  the  Ui-Uod 
States  by  persons  other  than  married  womcti,  niny  bo  admitted  to  rocoid  ■when 
the  same  shall  bo  certified  by  anv  foreiTU  E.hn  tor  or  cons'tl,  secretary-  c  f  lopa- 
tion  of  the  Unit<;d  States,  or  by  the  s^-'cret-iry  of  foreicn  aH'airs,  certitled  u::aer 
hi§  seal  of  office  or  the  jud'Te  of  a  eupenor  court  of  tha  nation  T-h.cre  the  cl.ed 
Bhall  be  executed,  to  havolbecn  ackr.owledgcd  cr  proved  beioro  Llni  in  the  man- 
ner prescribed  by  law. 

A  deed  of  a  married  woman,  to  be  efTecttir.l,  shall  b9  ackr.owleilrcn  before 
iome  of  the  officeiTS  named  in  the  prci.ed:i;u  »■  clloi  s,  and  l.>.l,''ed  in  t;.e  p:uj>or 
Oilice  for  record.    rrevi<>t:a  to  such  ackno\vlf ''.(Ti:iei:t,  it  fb.all  Isthoduty  of  the 
officer  to  explain  to  htjr  the  contents  and  efu'ct  of  the  deed  sepa:at''ly  and  eiart 
from  her  husband,  and  thereupon,  if  el'.e  freely  and  voluntarily  acknowlcdj:e  the 
eame,  and  ia  willing  for  It  to  be  recorle.d.  the  oi^cor  shall  certify  the  er.me. 
(Privy  examination  need  not  be  stated  in  certificate.)    >\"hen  the  acknowh  dr- 
ment'shall  be  taken  by  an  officer  out  of  this  State,  the  eame  shall  be  acknowl- 
edged and  certified  to  the  eHect  following  : 
State  of  Kexticky,  1 
CorNTY  OF  Mekckr.     ( 
(or  town,  cltv,  department  or  parish  of  .) 

I,  A.  B.  (here  give  his  tille\  d.>  certify  that  this  Instniment  of  writing  from 
C.  1).  and  wife  (E.  F..  or  from  E.  F.,  wife  of  C.  D.\  was  this  day  produced  to  mo 
bv  the  parties,  and  whi<  h  was  ack;iowledc-?d  by  the  said  «'.  I),  to  bo  his  act  and 
deed,  and  the  contents  and  the  eiro<t  of  the  Inst rument  bcint!  explained  to  the 
eaid  K.  F.  by  me  separately  and  a'lart  from  her  h-isband,  she  thprcurxm  dc  lared 
that  she  did  fieelv  and  voluntarily  exocutf!  and  deliver  tha  same,  t<>  be  her  act 
and  deed,  and  cou'^ented  that  thosanie  might  bo  recorded- 

Given  under  my  band  aud  seal  of  oSco. 
[seal.]  a.  B.  (signature  and  title.) 

Proof  by  subscribing  witness. 
State  oFKENTcrKV,  \ 
C<jr>"TY  OF  Mekcer.    (  '*' 

I,  A.  B.  (here  Rive  the  title),  do  certify  that  this  day  came  before  roe  O.  IT.  and 
'i.  J.  the  subscribing  witnes.seB  to  the  fnregoinij  deed  (orotherinstrunu-.uhy  ;'.  i>. 
toL.  M.,  which  v.-itnesses  are  personally  known  tome  to  be  the  sajiio  w;i.>:.o  i'ar.\PE 
are  so  written  as  witnesses,  and  bein^  Rolemnly  sworn  by  me  in  d.^e  n.iui>  r,  di  i 
eeverally  declare,  on  their  oatlis,  Ujat  the  saidC.  I),  did  "acknowledge  th'^  irstru- 
ment  to  be  hisact  and  deed,  aud  that  the  si.;nature  thereto  was  i.uuhs  by  Yirn  ; 
that  they  know  liim  to  be  the  same  pci'son  who  is  named  as  iho  grantor  tiiJ?ri'jn, 
and  that  thev  did  sabscrlbe  said  deed  ua  witnesses  by  Ids  request. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  this  d.ay  of  ,1*? 

(seal.]  (Si-nn'nre  and  till"  ' 

Deeils  ni.ade  by  reeiileutB  of  the  Sta'  "  lodi,'ed  for  '.- 

In  sixty  days  from  thu  dale  thereof.     !  -id  in  tha  I 

within' four  months;  if  out  Of  tlie  I'ni:  ..  i-Ivemonfl-  > 

not  legnllv  r.'oorded  until  the  elerk'3  t;ix  i-<  lai.l.  I  lie  coiuity  clerk  i-  ii.i»- 
corder  of  deeds.  i>eetla  must  bfi  reeorded  in  the  county  where  the  land  Uo»,  au4 
l»k«  «ffc«t  in  Uie  order  lu  whicb  tbe?  ma  lecoaleU. 


862  SPECIAL    LAWS    OP    LOriSL^iTA. 

Chattel  mortgagca  muit  l)e  duly  acknowledged  and  roccrded-  The  poatm 
Bion  of  the  property  mortgaged  may  remain  In  the  mortgagor.  Five  years'  po«- 
eeseion  operates  as  a  bar  to  the  mortgagee.  A  mortage  on  a  stock 'of  gooos  if 
only  valid  as  to  the  goods  in  store  at  the  time  it  is  given,  and  is  not  good  aa 
to  luter-acquired  stock. 

The  real  estate  of  a  married  woman  owned  before,  or  acquired  after  marriage, 
shall  not  be  liable  for  the  debts  of  her  husband,  but  are  liable  for  debts  of  her 
and  her  husband  jointly  created,  in  ■writing,  for  necessaries  furnished  her  or  any 
member  of  her  family.  The  property  of  the  husband  shrill  not  be  subject  to  the 
payment  of  any  of  the  mie's  debts  incurred  previous  to  marriage. 

"AVills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator  or  bv  some  other  person  in  hiJ 
presence  and  by  his  direction  ;  and  if  not  written  wholly  by  himself,  must  be  at* 
tested  by  two  or  more  competent  witnesses,  subscribiug  their  names  in  hi« 
presence. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  LOUISIANA. 

EXE5ri'Tio>"s  FROM  FoKCED  SALE. — Home  of  lf<0  Arr^s  of  Land,  and  Personal 
Property,  in  all  tcorth  32,000.-160  acres  of  land,  with  bnildiriss  and  improvements 
thereon*,  occupied  as  a  residence,  and  bona  nde  owned  by  the  debtor,  having  a 
family,  a  person  or  pf  rsoas  dependant  upon  him  for  support  ;  together  with 
personal  property,  making  in  aU.  a  value  not  exceeding  $2,000.  'Tools  of  trade, 
salaries,  wages,  and  personal  services,  all  ^^  earing  apparel,  all  agricultural  im- 
plements, working  cattle,  and  provisions  and  su-  plies  necessary  for  carrying  on 
the  plantation  for  the  coming  year.  I^o  home  exempted  in  the  city  or  -nllagea, 
and  in  any  case  only  for  benefit  of  persons  having  a  family. 

;Mechaxics'  Lii:>". — The  contractor  has  a  lien  for  the  payment  of  his  labor  on 
the  building  or  other  work  which  he  may  have  constructed.  "Workmen  em- 
ployed immediately  by  the  owner  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  any  building 
have  the  same  privilege.  If  the  contractor  be  paid  bv  the  employer,  actions  for 
work  and  supplies  famished  the  former  will  not  lie  against  the  latter,  but 
moneys  due  the  contractor  by  the  employer  may  be  seized  and  applied  towards 
payment.  Xo  aarroement  for  work  exceeding  S5''^0.  unless  reduced  to  writing 
and  registered  with  the  recorder  of  mortgages,  shallbe  privileged  as  above.  For 
amounts  less  than  S.'jX>,  this  formality  is  dispensed  ■with,  but  the  privilege  is 
limited  to  6  months  from  the  time  of  completed  work.  Workmen  employed  on 
Tessels  or  b<:>ats  have  a  lien  on  the  same,  and  are  not,  in  any  case,  bound'  to  re- 
duce their  contracts  to  w:-itlng,  but  their  privileges  closes  if' they  allow  the  ves- 
sels to  depart  without  esercismg  their  right. 

CoLLZcTiox  OF  Debts. — Arrest,  in  civil  action,  may  be  made  of  a  debtor 
■who  is  about  to  leave  the  State  wi:hout  leaving  sufficlent'property  x.o  satisfy  the 
judgment  sought  to  be  obtained  by  the  creditor,  and  held  until  security  is  given 
that  he  will  not  dej^rt  from  the  State  ■without  leave  of  court  :  provided,  that 
no  citizen  of  another  State  sh.ill  be  arrested  at  snitcf  resident  or  non-resident 
creditor,  except  upon  oath  that  the  debtor  has  absconded  from  his  residence.  Ar- 
rest or  attachment  may  be  made  whether  the  debt  is  due  or  not,  and  agent  or 
attorney  may  swear  to  the  be  t  of  Lis  knowledjrsjpjid  be'ief. 

TTrit  of  attachment  may  issr.a  against  a  defendant  for  the  following  causes  : 

1.  "UTicre  the  defendant  is  "a  roji-residor.t.  ?.  Where  he  is  about  to  leave  th« 
Stats  permanent] V.  3-  Where  he  conceals  himself  to  avoid  bebig  cited.  4.  Whera 
he  Las  mortgaged,  assigned  or  disposed  of  Lis  property,  or  is  about  to  do  so,  with, 
intent  to  give  aa  uniair  preference  to  some  of  his  crediiors,  or  place  his  property 
or  evidence  of  debt  beyond  the  reach  of  his  creditors.    In  every  case  where  an 

, attachment  is  sought,  the  petitioning  cretUtor  must  give  a  bond,  payable  to  the 
clerk  of  the  court  ior  an  amount  <  ue-hali  over  the  claim  demanded,  with  surety 
te.-i  ling  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court.  Writs  of  sequestration  may  issue  in 
this  otate  upon  an  a^davit  made  by  party,  or  agent,  or  attorney  in  his  absence, 
ahowiag  one  of  the  following  crounds.  after  executing  a  bond  with  one  good  resi- 
dent Eurety  in  an  amount  to~be  determined  by  the  judge  ;  1,  Where  the  plaintiff, 
who  has  had  possession  of  the  property  fcT  one  year,  has  been  ejected  by  force. 

2.  Where  the  plaintiff  geeks  the  possession  cf  movable  property,  and  fears  tha 
par;y  having  possession  of  the  same  may  impair  its  value,  may  remove  it  beyond 
the  jurisdiction  of  th^  court,  or  may  conce-al  o.-  dispose  of  it  during  the  continu- 
ance of  tlje  suit.  .".  Where  a  wife  sues  for  separr>.*ion  ffom  bed  ana  board,  or  for 
separation  froni  property  alone,  and  has  re.iscn  that  her  husband  may  injure  her 
dotal  property  or  waste  the  fruits  and  revenues  produced  by  the  samo  during  th« 
peDdencT  of  iho  vaiu    4.  Where  the  defendant  h«s  asked  for  a  stajr  of  proceeei^ 


SPECIAL   LA\rS    OF   LOUISIANA.  868 

Ib^  apunst  him,  .ind  at  a  meeting  of  his  cretlitors  (hey  PhouUl  fear  ho  will  avnil 
hiin»elf  of  such  stay  of  pi  oceeding»  to  dispose  of  the  whole  or  part  of  his  property. 
6.  A\Tiere  (he  plain'dff  has  a  lien  or  privilege  c:i  pri-)j>er;y. 

"Writs  <.'f  f-einiostratiou  may  a'.!«)  issue,  wi;ho>:t  the  plaj^fifl  giving  bond,  in 
cased  whiTO  ho  seeks  to  enforce  a  landlorils,  eeamau'e,  nieciianic's  or  laborer'i 
lien. 

The  nssignmcnt  of  «<■•(«,'«,  bills,  accounts,  or  claima  of  any  kind  is  valid,  and 
thp  assignee  may  f'.io  in  his  owu  i.;ime,  but  (ho  as.-;g:inic«t  of  a  debt  must  be  no- 
tified to  tho  debtor.  Gamisliinent  can  issue  on  an  execution  or  attachment 
agriinst  any  person  owinc  the  debtor,  or  having  l-ia  property  in  possession. 

Justioeoi  the  iicace  has  jurisdiction  v\t  to  t<lw,  inohiding  pari«h  courts,  origl- 
r.al  jurisdiction,  froTn  ?1'>0  to  f  .V-O.  District  courts  on  ail  amounts  over  f  500. 
Ap.loals  from  jugti'-cs,  •when  ovor  ?10.  rctnrnfMe  to  the  parish  courts,  except  In 
the  parish  of  «;>rloaiia,  where  returnable  to  third  distrii-t  court  when  over  f  10. 
A  ppeals  lie  f-om  parish  court  on  sums  over  5100.  From  district  court  to  supreme 
court  over  S5U0.  Service  of  citation  mtist  be  made  for  ten  days  before  any  action 
can  be  taken. 

Jud^eiits,  to  operate  as  a  lien,  must  bs  recorded  in  the  mortgage  book  of 
the  parish  rf<.  order.  It  then  becomes  a  judicial  mortgage  on  a'.i  the  real  estate  of 
the  debtor  where  recorded. 

There  is  >io  stay  of  execution,  and  it  can  issue  at  any  time  after  judgment. 
Ko  redemption  of  "property  sold  under  execution  or  mortgage. 

Deeds,  laonTS  of  Markikd  Womln,  \Vii.ls.— Deeds  are  valid  without 
ecrawl  or  seal.  They  must  be  acknowU  J^;ed  in  the  State  before  a  notary  public 
or  recorder,  or  in  presence  of  two  witne-4es,  who  may  prove  tlie  signature.  If 
acknowledged  out  of  the  State,  before  a  couimisf  ioner  of  Louisiana,  or  in  confor- 
mity to  the  laws  of  tha  State  where  acknowledged,  and  in  the  latter  case  th« 
official  character  of  t!;e  ofu  er  berore  whom  thoacknowj^dgmont  is  tak^n  must  be 
properly  verified.  The  hfsband  must  j.  in  in  the  execution  of  a  deed  made  by  the 
wife  conveying  her  rc:il  est.v.e,  and  autliorize  her. 

When  tlie  bus  jand  sell.-«  his  own  real  estate,  the  wife  must  join  him  and  re- 
nounce all  her  rights,  and  she  must  be  examined  ap.iri  from  her  husband  and 
duly  informed  of  the  nature  of  the  act.    Is  o  p.".rticular  form  of  words  is  necessary, 
except  the  above  must  be  shown.    This  form  is  used : 
State  of  ,  1  ,, 

COINTY  OF  .  i  "• 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  this  day  came  before  me,  John  Hampden,  a  notary 
public  within  and  for  the  county  aforesiud,  duly  commissioned  and  acting  as  such, 
A.  B.  and  his  wife,  C-  D.,  tome  known  i>ersonally  (or  proved  such  by  two  credible 
witnesses)  to  be  the  persons  whose  names  are  subscribed  to  the  foregoing  deed  ; 
and  the  said  A.  B.  acknowledged  thit  he  had  exe.'ut^d  the  said  con\  eyanee,  for 
the  consideration  atid  purposes  the;ein  mentioned  ajid  set  f ortli  ;  and  the  said 
C.  D.,  being  by  me  first  madj  ac<n:aiiite<l  with  the  contents  of  said  instrument, 
in  an  examination  apart  from  her  husband,  and  fully  advised  of  the  nature  of 
her  rights  upon  his  property,  ac'.vnowled<xed  tha:  she  executed  the  same  freely, 
and  without  compulsion  or'tindue  influence  of  her  said  husband. 

Witness  my  hand  and  seal  of  office,  on  this  dav  of  ,  187  . 

JOHN  HA:\iPDEN,  Xotary  Public. 

The  estate  of  a  marT;ed  woman,  whetlier  acquired  before  or  after  marriage, 
remains  her  separate  estate,  and  cannot  be  sold  by  her  husband.  All  property 
acouired  during  marriage  from  the  joint  or  separate  earnings  of  husband  ana 
wife,  and  the  revenues  of  the  separate  properly  of  each,  is  equally  divided  be. 
t'r>e.-n  them.  A  married  woman  h.as  no  dower  in  her  husband's  estate,  but  it  is 
best  for  her  to  join  in  any  conveyance  made  by  him,  in  order  to  renounce  anf 
claims  she  may  liave  on  his  estate.  (She  lias  no  clnim  unless  her  lien  or  moi*- 
gago  is  lecorded.)  The  husband  must  join  his  wife  in  any  conveyance  of  her 
»ej"'arale  estate. 

There  is  uo  chattel  mortgage  in  tliis  State,  but  the  law  creates  certain  privi- 
leges upor.  movables,  which  a:e  as  follows  :  1.  The  vendor's  privilege  on  the 
n.ovaUles  not  paid  for ;  i;.  For  debts  duo  for  neeessaiy  supplies  furnished  to 
any  farm  or  plantation  ai^d  fomoney  actually  advanced  for  the  supplies  and 
riecessary  cpenses  for  any  fana  or  plantation  on  the  crops  of  the  year  or 
tho  proceeds  thf  r"of  ;  3.  'The  lessor's  privilege  on  tl-.e  crops  and  movable* 
on  the  property  leased  ;  4.  Architects,  undertakers,  furnishers  of  material,  etc., 
on  the  cdiiices  or  other  works  built  or  repaired. 

ThjS"?  jiriTile;'>-s  are.  however,  pre5er\  eJ,  andean  be  acquired  only  by  having 
recorded  in  the  paric'.i  where  the  prc.i>erty  is  the  account  containing"  the  Stat** 
BMQl  of  iudcbtcdneiw  in  detail,  and  tuo  b*i^ce  due.  under  the  oath  of  the  DaiW 


864  SPECIAL  LAWS    OF    MAINE. 

doing  or  liaring  the  work  done,  and  this  to  be  recorded  the  day  the  contract  •wai 
entered  into,  to  have  effect  against  third  parties. 

The  estate  of  a  married  woman,  whether  acquired  before  or  after  marriage, . 
remains  her  separate  estate,  and  cannot  be  sold  by  the  husband-  All  property 
acquired  during  marriage  from  the  joint  or  separate  earnings  of  husband  and 
"wife,  and  the  revenues  of  the  separate  property  of  each,  is  equally  divided  be- 
tween them.  A  married  woman  has  no  dower  in  her  liusband's  estate,  but  it  is 
best  for  her  to  join  in  any  conveyance  made  by  him,  in  order  to  renounce  any 
claims  she  may  have  on  his  estate.  (She  has  no  claim  unless  her  lien  or  mort- 
gage is  recorded.')  The  husband,  must  join  his  wife  in  any  conveyance  of  her 
•eparat«  estate.  The  wife  may  make  her  last  will  vrithout  the  authority  of  ber 
husband. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MAINE. 

EXEMPTlOirs  FKOM  FORCED  SALE. — Home  worth  §500  and  Personal  Property. 
Homestead  to  the  value  of  f  500,  or  lot  purchased  from  the  State,  for  a  homestead. 
After  the  death  of  the  debtor,  his  widow  and  minor  children  are  entitled  to  the 
eame  exemption.  A  lot  in  a  burying-ground  ;  wearing  apparel ;  necesi<ary  house 
hold  furniture  not  exceeding  §50  ;  1  bed,  bedstead  and  bedding  for  every  two  in 
the  family;  all  famUy  portraits  ;  bibles  and  school-books  in  use;  copy  of  the 
Btatutes,  and  a  library  not  exceeding  §150 ;  one  cooking-stove,  12  cords  wood,  5 
tons  anthracite  coal  and  50  bushels  bituminous  coal ;  SIO  worth  of  liuuber,  wood 
or  bark  ;  all  produce  until  harvested ;  1  barrel  of  flour  ;  30  bushels  corn  and 
grain  ;  all  potatoes  ;  all  flax  raised  on  1  acre  of  land  and  all  articles  manufactured 
therefrom  for  the  family  ;  tools  in  trade ;  1  sewing  machine  worth  §100 ;  1 
pair  working  cattle  or  mules  ;  1  or  2  horses,  not  exceeding  in  value  ?300.  and  hay 
to  keep  them  through  the  winter  ;  one  cow  and  heifer  ;  10  sheep,  and  the  lambs 
and  wool  raised  from  them,  and  hay  to  keep  them  during  the  winter  ;  1  plow  ; 
a  cart  or  truck  wagon  ;  harrow  ;  yoke  with  bow  s,  ring  and  staple  ;  2  chains  ;  a 
mowing  machine,  and  one  boat  of  2  tons. 

Meoiianics'  Liex. — ^Mechanics  have  a  lien  oq  buildings  for  labor  and  mate- 
rials furnished  for  erecting  or  repairing  same,  which  may  be  enforced  by  attach- 
ment in  ninety  days  after  same  are  furnished  or  labor  done,  and  against 
vessels  for  four  day's  after  game  is  launched. 

CoLLECTioK  OF  DEBTS. — Arrests  in  civil  actions  can  be  made.  In  actions  of 
tort,  the  body  is  committed,  unless  bail  is  given.  In  actions  on  contract  over 
ten  dollars,  and  the  debtor  is  about  to  depart  from  the  State  to  reside  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  State,  and  carries  with  him  property  more  than  sufficient  for  hia 
support,  he  can  be  arrested. 

Every  assignment  made  by  a  debtor  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  shall  provide 
for  a  proportional  distributiou  ot  ail  his  real  and  personal  estate,  except  what  is 
by  law  exempt  from  attachment,  among  all  his  creditors,  becoming  parties 
thereto,  and  in  whatever  form  made  Hhall  have  the  effect  aforesaid,  and  be  also 
construed  to  pass  all  such  estate,  wliethur  specified  therein  or  not-  A  release  may 
be  inserted  in  the  deed  of  assignment,  which  shall  forever  discharge  the  assignor 
from  the  claims  of  such  creditors  as  become  parties  thereto.  The  assignor  bhall 
make  oath  ns  to  the  truth  of  the  assignment.  The  assignee  must,  within  fourteen 
Jays  after  the  assignment  is  made,  give  public  notice  of  his  appointment  in 
some  newspaper  printed  in  the  county  where  the  assignor  lives,  such  notice  to 
bv  continued  three  weeks  successively.  Three  months  from  such  assignment  is^ 
allowed  creditors  to  become  parties  thereto.  If  the  assignment  is  not  sworn 
to  and  notice  not  given,  then  the  same  is  voidagainst  attaching  creditors.  All 
property  conveyed  by  the  assignor  previous  to  and  in  contemplation  of  the 
assignment,  with  the  "design  to  delay,  hinder  or  defraud  creditors,  or  to  give 
preference  to  one  creditor  over  another,  shall  pass  to  the  assignee  not\Tlthrtand- 
ing  such  transfer. 

Writ  of  attachment  may  be  issued  in  any  civil  action  and  can  be  levied  on  all 
property  not  exempt,  which  creates  a  lien  that  continues  for  30  days  after  exe- 
cution issues. 

Negotiable  notes,  bills,  and  bonds  are  a.=signable,  so  that  assignees  may  sue  in 
their  own  name.  Any  person  who  holds  any  goods,  effects  or  credits  belonging 
%o  a  debtor  may  be  required,  under  the  "  tru.'^tee  process,"  to  deliver  up  the  same 
for  the  credtitor  to  reach,  except  §20  due  the  debtor  for  wages,  and  even  then 
when  tho  debt  is  for  necessaries. 

,▲•  to  notes  and  billa,  on  auy  p romiseory  note,  inland  bill  of  exchange.  dia& 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   MAINB/  86S 

or  order  for  payment  of  money,  payable  in  this  State  at  a  f nture  day,  or  ut  slg^t^ 
and  not  on  demand,  a  praco  or  thre*  days  shall  be  allowed.  In  an  action  on  S 
promissory  note,  payable  at  a  certain  vi'lace,  either  on  demand  or  on  duuiand  at; 
or  after  .itiuio  spoeilied  therein,  the  idaintifl'  sIkiU  not  recover  iinlc.'«s  he  proves 
a  demand  made  at  the  place  of  payment  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  suit, 
Ko  person  phall  be  chargod  as  an  acceptor  <)f  a  bill  of  exchange,  draft  or  writteix 
order,  unless  his  acceptance  shall  bo  in  writing,  signed  by  him  or  his  lawful 
agc:it ;  and  no  waiver  of  demand  and  notice  by  an  indorser  of  any  promissory- 
note  or  bill  of  exchange  shall  be  valid  unless  it  is  in  writing  and  signed  in  liko 
manner.  No  action  can  be  maintained  upon  any  note  or  other  security  given  for 
Intoxicating  liquors,  sold  in  violation  of  the  act  relating  to  sales  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  unless  the  security  is  negotiable  paper  in  the  hands  of  an  innoceiife 
bolder,  and  for  value.  No  agreement  that  personal  property,  bargained  and  de- 
livoreil  to  another,  for  which  a  note  is  given,  shull  reniaintho  property  of  tha, 
payee  till  the  note  is  paid,  is  valid,  unless  it  is  made  and  signed  as  a  part  of  th» 
note  ;  nor  when  it  is  so  signed  in  a  note  for  more  than  $30,  unless  it  is  recorded  likw 
mortgages  of  personal  property.  Damages  on  protest  of  bills. of  exchange,  of 
^lOi)  or  more,  payable  by  the  acceptor,  drawer  or  indorser  of  one,  in  this  Stat© 
are,  if  payable  at  a  place  75  miles  distant,  one  per  cent. }  if  payable  in  the  Stat» 
of  New  York,  or  in  any  Stale  northerly  of  it,  and  not  m  this"  State,  three  petf 
cent. ;  if  pavable  in  ajiy  Atlantic  State  or  territory  soiitherly  of  New  York  and 
northerly  of  Florida,  six  per  cent.  ;  and  in  any  other  State  or  territory,  nine  per 
cent. 

The  jurisdiction  of  justice  courts  extends  to  520,  supreme  judicial  court,  of 
all  civil  and  criminal  matters,  and,  except  in  county  of  Cumberland,  exclusivo 
of  all  sums  over  $20  ;  in  county  of  Cumberland  over  ^500,  concurrent  jurisiUction. 

Service  must  b»  had,  in  cases  before  justice  of  the  peace,  7  days  before  the  re- 
turn day.  In  the  courts  of  record,  on  individuals,  14  days,  and  on  corporatioufl, 
30  days,  before  the  return  day. 

Judjjments  are  liens  for  30  days  where  it  is  created  by  attachment,  but  not 
otherwise.  Execution  can  issue  on  judgments  after  term  of  the  court  expires  ati 
•which  judgment  was  obtained  for  3  years,  and  for  the  same  length  of  time  after 
the  last  exe<ution.  Judgments  can  "be  sued  on  for  20  years.  The  execution  can- 
not be  stayed  unless  it  is  issued  wrongfully,  and  '  then  only  upon  giving  bond  to 
the  j  udgmcnt  creditor. 

1>EEI)S,  KiGHTS  OF  MARRIED  "WOMEN,  TViLLS,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  under  seal ; 
&  scrawl  is  not  sufllcient.  It  is  not  necessary  to  have  witnesses,  but  it  must  be  ac- 
knowledged in  the  State  before  a  justice  of  the  peace.  Out  of  tlie  State,  before  any 
justice  of  the  peace,  magistrate,  notary  public,  commissioner  for  the  State,  or  by 
any  United  States  minister,  consul,  or  any  notary  public  in  any  foreign  country. 
The  wife  must  join  in  the  deed  to  relinquish  dower,  or  she  may  do  it  by  a  separata 
<leed.  When  she  joins  with  her  husbaud  in  the  same  deed,  either  can  acknowl- 
edge the  instrument.    No  separate  examination  of  the  wife  is  necessary. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  acknowledgment  to  be  used  in  this  State  • 
St.vxe  of  Jf  aine,        1 
County  of  Waldo.   ) ' 

On  this  day  of  ,  187  ,  personally  appeared  the  above-named 

grantor,  and  aknowledged  the  foregoing  instrument,  by  him  signed,  to  be  his  frea 
act  and  deed. 

Before  me,  Sam  Johnson, 

Justice  of  the  Peace, 

Jf  acknowledged  out  of  this  State,  use  this  form  : 
SrATii  OF  Vermont,      ) 

Coi  NTV  OF  WiNDUAM.    ) 

On  this  day  of  ,  187  ,  personally  appeared  before  me  R. 

An<icr8on,  notary  public,  the  above-named  ,  the  grantor,  and  ac- 

knowledt;ed  this  instrument  to  be  his  free  act  and  deed. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  my  of&cial  seal 
the  day  and  year  aforesaid. 
_     fsKAt..]  K.  Anderson,  A7><arw/'ji6Jtc. 

As  to  propertv,  both  real  and  personal  not  obtained  by  them  from  their  hus- 
bands, married  women  can  control,  disiKieepf,  and  encumber  as  though  they  were 
famine  sitl'\  a:id  free  froni  the  debts  of  their  husbands.  They  can  make  contracts, 
lor  which  (hey  and  their  property  are  liable,  whether  notes  or  otherwise,  ana 
t^oir  property  may  be  attaclied  and  taken  on  execution  to  B.itisfy  any  .iudgnient 
received  against  them.  Thev  cannot  be  arrested.  A  wife  must  join  in  a  deed 
f rom  tho  husband  in  selling  nis  real  estate,  to  relinquish  dower,  and  he  ma4| 
joia  wi*Ji  her  iu  selling  her  real  estate  only  when  it  oomcs  to  ber  frov  )um. 


866  SPECIAL  LAWS   OP  MAfiTLAiro. 

Allchattel  mortgages  made  to  Becure  ever  $30  are  void,  unless  possessioti  JC 
given  to  the  mortgagee,  or  rather  taken  out  of  the  posaession  of  the  mortgagor, 
and  the  mortgage  recorded  ir.  the  town  where  the  mortgagor  lives. 

In  this  State  all  wilU  Kiaet  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  some 
pereon  in  his  presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  shall  be  attaated  and 
•ubscrlbed  in  his  presence  by  three  credible  witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MARYLAND. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale — Xo  Homestead  Exemption,  but  PersontA 
jproperty.  The  property  exempted  is  the  personal  property  actually  necessary 
for  the  sustenance  of  the  family  and  the  implements  or  tools  necessary  to  earn 
a  livUhood,  and  wearing  apparel.  The  Constitution  of  the  State  directs  the  Leg- 
islature to  pass  laws  exempting  from  judicial  sale  property  not  exceeding  $500. 
^100  is  the  amount  fixed  and  exempted  Vn  pursuance  of  this  constitutional  re- 
quirement. The  exact  language  of  tJ^is  law  is,  "  all  wearing  apparel,  books, 
and  the  tools  of  mechanics."  ; 

Mecha>'ics'  Liex. — Every  building  erected,  and  every  building  repaired,' 
lebuilt  or  improved  to  the  extent  of  one-fourth  of  its  value,  shall  be  subject  to 
a  lien  for  the  payment  of  all  debts  contracted  for  work  done  or  material  fur- 
nished for  or  about  the  same;  also  vessels,  boats  or  machines  constructed  or 
lepaired  within  this  State  are  subject  to  mechanics'  lien.  The  lien  must  be  filed' 
in  the  record  o23ce  within  six  months  after  the  work  has  been  finished  or  mate- 
rials furnished.  If  the  contract  shall  have  been  made  with  an  architect  or 
builder,  or  any  person  other  than  the  owner  of  the  ground  on  which  the  building 
is  erected,  or  his  agent,  notice  of  intention  to  claim  a  lien  must  be  given  to  the 
owner  within  sixty  days.  The  mechanics'  lien  has  priority  over  all  other  liens  or 
incumbrances  placed  on  the  property  after  the  commencement  of  the  building, 
and  over  mortgages  to  secure  futirre  advances,  where  the  loan  or  advance  is  not 
actually  made  until  after  the  commencement  of  the  building. 
H  Collection  of  Dnnrs — Xo  person  can  be  arrested  in  civil  action  here.' 
"Writs  of  attachment  may  be  obtained  on  the  following  grounds :  Non-residenca 
©f  the  defendant,  absconding  or  secretly  removing  from  his  place  of  abode,  with 
intention  to  evade  payment  of  his  debts.  When  two  summons  have  been  re- 
iturned  non  est  in  any  action.  No  bond  is  required  before  issuing  in  the  foregoing 
jCases.  Attachment  may  be  had  on  any  debt  due  by  a  married  woman  trading  as 
<Skfemme  sole.  Upon  affidavit  and  approved  bond  in  double  the  debt  claimed, 
attachment  for  fraud  will  be  issued  where  debtor  is  about  to  abscond  from  the 
State  ;  or  has,  or  is  about  to  assign,  dispose  of,  or  conceal  his  property,  or  some 

fiart  thereof,  or  to  remove  the  same  ^vith  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors  ;  or  has 
raudulently  contracted  the  debt.  lu  these  cases  caution  should  be  used  notto 
resort  to  attachment  unless  the  proof  of  the  alleged  fraud  is  such  as  would  satisfy 
a  jury  upon  trial. 

Every  species  of  property,  or  legal,  or  equitable  interest  in  property,  is  sub- 
ject to  attachment  and  execution  at  law. 

''  Assignments,  in  trust,  for  ih&  benefit  of  creditors,  are  not  regulated  by  any 
special  enactments  and  are  common  in  use.  The  debtor,  so  far  as  the  State"  laws 
are  concerned,  may  prefer  any  creditor  or  class  of  creditors,  or  may  exact  releases, 
if  he  assigns  all  his  property.  Any  chose  in  action,  judgment,  bond,  legacy  or 
distributive  share  of  an  estate  mav  be  assigned  in  writing,  signed  by  the  person 
authorized  to  assign  the  same,  and  the  assignee  may  sue  in  his  own  name. 

As  to  garnishment,  attachments,  either  on  judgment  or  on  original  process,  in 
ilhose  cases  where  attachments  are  autliorized,  may  be  laid  in  the  hands  of  any 
person  or  corporation  who  may  then  be  made  to  disclose  under  oath  whether 
they  owe  or  are  indebted  to  the  defendant  or  have  any  property  of  his  in  their 
possession.  §100  of  the  wages  due  to  any  laborer,  or  employee  is  exempt  from 
attachment  or  garnishment. 

As  to  notes  and  bills,  a  protest  made  by  a  notary  public  for  non-payment  or 
non-acceptance,  is prima/acJe  evidence  of  the  i^resentment  and  non-payment  or 
non-acceptance  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  stated  in  the  protest,  and  that  notices 
thereof  have  been  sent  or  delivered  in  the  manner  therein  stated.  The  holder 
of  a  protested  bill  of  exchange,  drawn  in  this  State  on  a  foreign  country,  shall 
recover  so  much  current  money  as  will  purchase  a  good  bill  on  the  same  country, 
and  fiften  per  cent,  damages,  and  costs  and  legal  interest.  If  the  billis  drawn 
}tf»  »ioj  penoQ  In  any  other  State,  district  or  tonitoxy  «f  th«  United  8tat«^ 


iPEClAL   LAWS   OF   MAftTLAlrt).  867 

the  holder  shall  recover  so  much  current  money  as  will  produce  t  good  bill  on 
.tb«  same  plaoo  ami  eij^Ut  per  cout.  damages,  and  costs  and  logal  ixitcvs;. 

Justices  of  tlie  pcaco  have  jurisdiction  iu  cases  where  tlie  dotii  or  damage 
•laimed  doea  not  exceed  one  hundred  dollars,  aud  In  all  cases  of  pioatcr  amount 
'the  circuit  courts  of  the  several  counties  Ikivo  jurisdiction,  and  in  Jfialtiiviore  city 
either  tho  superior  court,  court  of  common  pleas,  or  city  court. 

An  execution  or  attachment  may  i.ssuo  at  any  time  within  13  years  from  the 
dato  of  such  judgment,  or,  if  thero  be  a  stay  thereon,  at  any  timo  witliin  li;  years 
after  tho  expiration  of  Buehstuv,  whore  thoro  I'.as  been  no  change  of  parties  to/ 
such  judgment.  In  tho  city  of  "Baltimore,  execution  can  issue  on  the  day  judg 
ment  is  rendered.  In  some  of  the  counties,  when  judgment  is  renilered  at  tha 
first  trial  tenn,  thero  is  a  star,  by  rule  of  court,  until  the  next  term.  Kvery 
kind  of  property  can  be  reached  either  by  execution  or  attachment.  Kedemp- 
tiou  after  salo  upon  execution  is  not  allowed.  Execution  may  bo  stayed  for  six 
months  by  superseding  the  judgment  within  sixty  days  after  it  is  entered,  by 
giving  two  securities  who  must  confess  judgment- 

Judijmenis  are  a  lien  upon  the  real  estate  of  the  defendant  from  the  date  of 
the  judgment,  and  upon  all  leasehold  interests  and  terms  for  years,  except 
leases  for  not  more  than  five  years  and  not  renewable.  But  a  judgment  is  not 
a  lieu  upon  personal  property  until  execution  is  put  into  tho  hands  ot  tho  sherill. 
Execution  may  i^ue  at  any  time  within  twelve  years,  but  after  twelve  yeara 
the  judgement  is  barred  by  limitations,  unless  previously  renewed  by  scire/cwias. 
Judgmentsof  justices  of  the  peace  can  be  made  a  lien,  on  real  estate  by  being 
recorded. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Maiiried  "Women,  "Wills,  &c.— The  form  of  convey- 
ances have  been  simpliiied  by  the  code.  Ko  words  of  inheritance  are  neces- 
sary. A  fee  simple  estate  passes,  unless  a  contrary  intention  shall  appear  by 
,expros8  terms  or  be  necessarily  implied.  Deeds  must  bo  under  seal  (a  scrawl 
is  sulUeienti,  and  the  signat-.ire  must  be  attested  by  at  least  one  witness.  A  con- 
sideration must  bo  stated.  In  doeds  of  fee  simple  property,  the  wife  must  joiu 
to  release  her  ri?;ht  of  dower.  No  special  form  of  acknowledgment  or  separat* 
examination  is  necessary  for  a  m.arried  woman. 

The  following  is  tho  form  of  certificate. 
State  of  Maiivland,  ) 
COCXTY  ofCakuol.      )    *• 

I  hereby  certify  that,  on  this  day  ,  in  tho  year  ,  before  tha 

Bubscriber  (here  insert  the  ofUcial  style  of  the  Officer  taking  the  acknowledgment), 
personally  api)eard  (here  insert  the  name  of  person  or  persons  making  the  ac- 
knowledgment\  and  acknowledged  the  aforegoing  deed  to  be  his  act  (or  did  each 
acknowledge  the  aforegoing  deed  to  be  their  respective  act). 

[Seal.]  (Signature.) 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  affixed  my  oUicial  seal 
the  day  and  year  aforesaid. 

The  aeknowled;,'ment,  jf  made  within  the  State,  may  be  made  before  a  justice 
of  the  peace  for  any  county  or  city,  or  a  judge  of  a  court  of  a  county  or  city 
having  a  seal.  If  acknowledged  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  within  the  State, 
but  out  of  the  county  or  oily  in  which  the  real  estate  lies,  the  ofBeial  character  of 
the  justice  of  tho  peace  must  be  certitied  by  the  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  or 
•uperioi  court  under  his  oiHcial  seal. 

If  acknowledged  without  the  State,  but  within  the  United  States,  the  acknowl- 
edgment may  be  made  before  :  First,  a  notary  public  (who  must  atlix  his  notarial 
leal);  second,  a  judge  of  any  court  of  the  United  States;  third,  a  judge  of  any 
court  of  any  State  or  territory  having  a  seal ;  fourth,  a  commissioner  of  Mary- 
land to  take  acknowledgment  of  deeds. 

If  acknowledged  witliout  the  United  States,  tho  acknowledgment  may  be 
made  before  :  First,  any  ministeror  consul  of  tho  UnitedStat«s  ;  second,  a  notary 
public  ;  third,  a  commissioner  of  Maryland  to  take  acknowledgments.  To  every 
eerliticate  before  a  judge  tho  seal  of  the  court  must  be  affixed. 

Married  women  hold  their  real  and  personal  property  for  their  own  separate 
use  and  entirely  protected  from  the  debts  of  tho  husbaiul,  aud  there  is  no  neees- 
■ity  for  a  trustee.  They  may  devise  tho  game  as  fully  as  a  femme  sole,  or  may 
♦onvey  the  same  by  a  joint  deed  with  the  husband.  If  the  wife  dw  intestate, 
leaving  children,  her  husband  has  a  life  estate  in  her  pro])erty  ;  if  she  die  in- 
tostato  leaving  no  children,  her  husband  has  a  life  estate  in  h-'r  real  estate  and 
her  personal  property  vests  ia  him  absolutely.  .•^.  married  woman  may  be  sued 
jointly  with  her  luisband  on  any  note,  contract,  or  agreement  which  she  has  ex- 
ecuted jointly  with  him,  and  tho  judgments  recovered  in  such  cases  are  liens  ou 
th«  property  of  both,  and  may  b«  collected  in  the  same  manner  as  if  th«  defeiwi* 


S68  SPECIAL' LA-WS   0?   ItASSACHt-SETTS'. 

«nt3  were  n6t  husband  and  wife.  A  woman  becomes  of  legal  age  to  cinVer  ro4 
estacd  at  twemT-one,  but  laav  receive  her  property  anO  release  her  guardian  at 
eighteen,  or  upon  marriage. 

Dills  of  sale  or  chattel  mortgages  ate  valid,  although  the  vendor  or  mortgagor 
«f  the  chartels  remains  in  possession  ;  prorid^d.  they  are  properly  acknowledged 
and  rtcorded.  and  the  vendee  or  mortsagee  sbill  make  oath  at  the  time  of  es- 
ects'.ion  bsfore  some  person  na:horized  to  take  the  a-^knowledgmeut.  that  the 
coniideratioa  stated  in  the  bUl  of  sale  or  niort;^age  is  tine  and  bona  fide.  They 
may  be  acknowledged  out  of  the  State  bc-f  .re  a:iy  person  authorized  to  take  ao- 
tacwle'lgmeiit  of  deeds,  and  must  be  recorded  in  the  county  or  city  where  th« 
render  resides,  wi:iin  twen', v  d.ivs  from  date.  If  acknowledge<i  within  the  State, 
it  must  be  before  a  justice  of  the' peace  or  judge  of  the  orph^os'  court  of  the  city 
cr  countr  vrhere  the  vendor  resides. 

■Wills'should  be  in  writing,  and  signed  by  the  party  making  them,  or  by  som« 
other  person  in  his  presence  and  by  his  express  directions,  and  shall  be  attested 
and  subscribed  in  the  presence  of  the  testator,  bv  three  or  four  credible  wit- 
nesses. A  wife  may  make  a  will  and  give  all  her  property,  or  any  part  thereof 
to  her  husband,  or  any  one  other  person,  with  the  consent  of  the  husband  sub- 
Bcribe<l  to  said  wilL  Provided  the  wife  shall  have  been  privately  examined  by 
witnesses  to  said  will,  apart  out  of  the  presence  and  hearing  of  her  hnabaiid,  Ac 
(in  the  same  manner  as  provided  for  in  deeds),  and  provided  alao  said  wiU  b« 
made  ft)  davs  before  death  of  the  testatrix. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

ExEsrPTioKs  rKOii  Forced  Sale.— JT^m^trortA  5iW,  and  Personal  Property, 
Bvery  hou»eholder  having  a  family  shall  be  entitled  to  an  estate  of  homestead 
to  the  extent  la  value  of  ^^'^O,  in  the  farm  or  lot  of  land  and  buildings  thereon 
owned  or  ri;rhtly  possessed  by  lease  or  otherwise  and  occupied  by  him  as  a  resi- 
dence, and  such  homestead  and  all  right  and  title  therein  shall  be  exempt  from 
attachment,  levy  or  execution,  sale  for  the  payment  of  his  debts  or  other  ptir- 
po5^s.  To  cc'nstltuta  Buch  estate  of  homestead  and  to  entitle  property  to  such 
exemption,  it  shall  be  set  for.h  in  the  d?ed  of  conveyance  by  wldch  the  property 
is  a,-quired  t^t  it  is  designed  to  be  held  as  a  homestead,  or  after  the  title  has 
been  acquired  Bcch  d;-:ign  Bhall  be  deel.-.red  by  a  writln^  duly  signed,  sealed, 
acknowledged  and  recor  led  on  the  registry  of  deeds  for  the  countv  or  district 
whsre  the  property  is  Eituated.  Personal  property  is  exempt  as  follo^-s  :  The 
necessary  wearing  apparel  of  the  debtor  and  his  family ;  1  bedstead,  bed,  and  the 
necessary  bedding  for  every  two  persons  of  the  family  :  stove  and  fuel  not 
exceeding  tV)  in  value ;  o.her  necessary  household  furhiruxe  not  exceeding 
In  value  f  SOj  ;  the  f ami'.y  library  not  exceeding  f  50  in  value ;  1  cow,  6  sheep, 
1  swine  and  2  tons  of  hay  ;  tools,"  implemeu:3  and  lixtures  for  carryiAg  on  trade 
or  business  not  txoeediug  flCOia  value;  materials  and  stock  designed  for  his 
trade  or  business  not  eroeeding  $100  in  value  ;  necessary  provisions  not  exceed- 
ing ?.!r)  in  value  ;  the  boat,  tshin^  tacl-le  and  nets  of  fishermen,  actually  in  usa 
in  their  business,  nob  exceeding  f  100  in  value  ;  the  uniform,  arms  and  accoutre- 
ments required  bv  law  to  be  kept  by  the  citizens  ;  1  sewing  machine  to  th© 
value  of  -ll'X*.  and  the  wages  fo^r  personal  labor  are  exempt  from  attachment  to 
the  extent  of  ?C0  for,  a  debt  or  demand  other  than  for  necessaries  furnished  to  th« 
debtor  or  his  family. 

MecH-Ocics*  Lies'. — Anv  person  famishing  labor  and  mat-erials  for  the  erec- 
tion, alteration  cr  repairs  of  any  buildiu",  shall  have  a  lien  on  the  same,  but  no 
lien  for  the  materials  shall  a;ta'"h  unless  he  shall  notify  the  owner,  in  case  he  \m 
not  the  purchaser,  in  writing,  that  he  intends  to  claim  a  lien  for  the  same  befor* 
tkev  are  furnished,  "Where  uie  contract  fcr  furnishing  labor  and  materials  is  for 
an  entire  sum,  a  lien  will  atta-  h  for  the  labor,  if  its  value  can  be  ascertained 
separate  from  the  ruaterials,  b-.t  not  beyond  such  entire  sum.  Kotice  In  writing 
from  the  o\^nerof  su-h  buibling,  that'he  will  not  be  responsible  for  the  labor 
and  materials  to  be  f  umishod  to~the  party  furoishing  or  performing  the  same, 
wUl  prevent  the  lien  from  attaching. 

Coixzcriox  OP  DzETS. — ^Vheu  an  arrest  of  the  defendant  in  a  civil  action, 
•n  J7j?.jnf  process,  in  an  action  cf  contract,  is  desired  by  the  plfdntiff.  the_  plain- 
tiff, or  some  person  in  his  behalf,  maces  a-iadavit,  and  proves  to  the  eatisfaetiom 
of  some  justice  of  a  court  of  re  ord.  jjolice  court,  jud^e  of  a  probata  court.  n-&ster 
in  chancery,  commissioner  of  injolvency,  and.  except  iu  the  county  of  SuiTolk, 
trial  jn»ti<»  or  of  anv  j'j-ti<^  of  the  peace', — 1.  That  he  has  a  good  cause  of  action, 
aadroaaonable  expe<xatica  of  recovering  a  sum  ajnoantingto  §20,  exclusivo  of  all 


SM2CIAL   LAWS   OF   MASSACfiUSEl'TS.  869 

coots  ^-liich  have  accrwod  in  finv  former  action.  2.  ITiat  ho  b«ll«!Tos.  and  haa 
reartoii  t-i  bolicvo,  iho  Uoicndant  h:i.s  proin^rly  not  exempt  from  lirinj;  taken  oa 
c.oiuiu.ii,  wl.ich  he  4loc8  notlnumi  to  fqnily  to  iiaymenfc  of  the  plantili's  claim  ; 
nuvl,  ;>.  Th.a  ho  believes,  ami  has  iv^asi'U  to  believe,  that  tlio  defendant  Intends 
to  leave  the  Slate,  bo  that  oxccutlon,  II'  obtained,  cannot  be  served  upon  hini ; 
or  (i.istead  of  tho  eecond  or  third),  that  tlio  U«fo.;daut  is  an  attomey-at-laiv  ; 
tha.  tlio  d;  'it  sought  to  bo  recovered  is  for  money  collected  by  tlio  d-fendant  for 
the  i.luiiiiiir,  and  that  the  defendant  u:ireasonablv  jioglect".  to  pav  \,he  rame  to 
tin  itlaiuiiif.  And  such  affidavit,  aiid  tl'.o  certilieato  of  tlij  ma  '.'i.tr  i -j  u^i^i-  lie  iC 
6;t.is:iod  tho  same  istrue,  Ehall  bo  annexed  to  llie  viit. 

i.i  actions  of  tort,  tho  arrest  of  the  defenuaat  may  ijo  procina  W«n  thf 
plaintiif ,  or  some  ono  in  his  behalf,  makes  oalli,  to  the  satiHlacliou  o"  xny  one  of 
said  ma-'istratos,  that  ho  believes,  and  has  reason  to  believe,  tha-  a  a  8  a  good 
ca-.is>j  dl  action  agalr.st  the  defendant;  that  ho  has  icasonablo  expectation  of 
rc::o-.erin!T  a  6nra  e'ii,;al,  at  least,  to  one-third  tho  damajfes  claimed  in  tho  writ ; 
and  Ihat  ho  believes,  and  hasrearon  to  believe,  that  tho  defendant  intends  to 
leave  tho  Stat  ^  8o  that  if  cxecniioii  bo  ohtainodit  cannot  bo  served  on  him.  An 
©ril-.T  for  arrest  on  an  execution  issued  on  a  jiul'jine'.it  for  debt  or  damages  in  a 
civil  action,  except  in  ac, ions  of  tort,  may  bo  obtahiedwhen  tho  plaintift,  or  somo 
one  in  his  behali,  makcsaiadaviland  luovesto  tlio.«alisfactioii  of  any  one  of  said, 
magistrates  :  1.  That  ha  bolievcs,  and  has  pf>od  reason  to  believe,  that  the  debt<jr 
h;is  pi  opertynotexemp'fiom  being  taV;enoi'.©?^eeul  ion,  wliich  ho  does  not  intend  to 
app'y  to  tho  payment  of  tho  plainiili'a  claim  ;  or,  2.  That  tsineo  tho  debt  was  con- 
tracted, or  tho  canse  of  ac;  ion  accrued,  t!io  debtor  lias  fraudnlen  ly  conveyed,  con- 
cealed, or  otherwise  dispoiied  of  son;©  part  of  his  estate,  w  ith  a  design  to  secura 
the  eanio  to  his  own  uso  and  defraud  his  creditors  ;  or,  3.  That  since  the  debt 
vas  contracted,  or  canr.o  of  action  accrued,  tho  debtor  has  hazarded  and  paid 
money  or  other  property  to  tho  valno  of  §100  ornioro  in  some  kind  of  gaming 
prohibited  by  tho  laws  of  this  State  :  or,  4.  That  since  the  debt  was  <;ontraeted 
tho  dffbtor  has  w  ilf  iilly  expended  and  misused  his  goods  and  estate,  or  somo  part 
thereof,  for  the  pnrpur.o  of  enabling  himself  toswoar  that  ho  has  not  any  estate  to 
thearaon-.it  of  ?i.'0,  except  smh  a"^3  is  exempt  from  being  taken  on  execution; 
or,  .'">.  (If  tho  action  was  fonnded  on  contraet.)  That  tho  debtor  contracted  tho 
debt  with  an  intention  not  to  pny  tho  sanio  ;  or,  6.  'j'hat  the  debtor  is  an  attorncy- 
at-huv  ;  that  tho  dehtnpon  which  tho  judgment  on  whieli  the  execution  issued 
■was  for  money  collected  by  tho  debtor  for  tho  creditor,  aiu'.  that  said  attorney 
viueasonably  nc^Tlocts  to  pay  th.o  same.  And  pneh  aflidavit  and  the  certilicate  of 
tho  magistra', 0  that  ho  is  ratislied  thoro  is  reasonable  cause  to  helicvo  the  charges 
therein  contained,  or  somo  ono  of  them,  are  true,  shall  bo  annexed  to  the  execu- 
tion. 

No  woman  shall  bo  arrested  on  any  civil  process  except  for  tort.  But  when- 
ever any  person  shall  obtain  a  judgment  aMinst  any  woman,  whether  married 
or  unmarried,  for  tho  sum  of  ?20  anil  upwards, exclusive  of  all  costs,  which  make 
a  pr.-.t  of  se.id  judgment,  and  while  so  much  ns  tliat  amount  remains  uncollected, 
an  l  shall  ta!:o  any  execution  upon  tho  same,  he  may  demand  payment  of  tho 
same,  and  upon  failure  to  satisfy  said  execution,  the  judgment  creditor  may  cita 
tlnv.KV;incnt  debtor  to  appear  before  the  court  and  submit  to  an  examination] 
tounin'g  her  estalo  and  tlie  disposition  of  the  same.  i 

Y»'hen  a  person  is  arrested  on  »??t'.':»(!;)rofrss  in  actions  of  contract,  as  above 
tje-clbed,  ho  may  obtain  his  relea.'-o  I  y  prosing,  to  the  satisfaction  of  any  one  o£ 
said  magistrates,  that  ho  does  not  iuteiia  to  leave  tho  State,  so  that  execution,  if 
obtained,  cannot  ho  p.-rved  on  him,  or  by  taking  tho  oath  for  the  relief  of  poor 
dciiorH,  or  by  giving  bail  either  to  pay  tho  judgraent  or  to  answer  to  the  exocu- 
ti  :i.  When  a  per.-,ou  is  arrested  omufsiie procss  in  an  action  of  tort,  ho  may 
obtain  hli  release  by  giving  bail.  When  arrested  on  c::eeution,  the  defendant 
may  obtain  li's  discharge  by  t.aking  tho  oath  for  tho  relief  of  poor  debtors,  bcfora 
any  ono  of  paid  magistrates,  andsatlsfying  said  magistrates  of  itsti-uth.  The  oath 
is  as  f<)lLe.vs  :  ."  I,"  A.  15.,  "  do  solemnly  swear  that  I  liavo  not  any  estate,  real 
or  person.".!,  to  the  av.iount  of  thi'ty  dollars,  except  tho  estate,  goods  juid 
chattels  wiiicli  aro  by  law  exempt  from  being  taken  on  execution,  and  that  I 
havo  notany  other  estate  now  conveyed,  concealed,  or  iu  any  way  disposed  of 
with  the  design  to  secura  tho  same  to  my  own  use  or  to  defraud  my  creditors. 

When  any  of  the  charges  of  fraud  iiforesaid  are  proved,  the  debtor  sh.-vll  have 
no  henelit  from  the  provisions  for  tho  relief  of  poor  debtors,  and  maybe  sentenced 
to  conlinemcnt  at  hard  labor  in  the  house  of  correction.  If  the  debtor  Is  di«- 
char:ed  on  execution  by  taking  the  poor  debtors'  oath,  the  judgment  remains  In 
fuJl  force  against  his  good*  aud  estate,  but  he  is  not  liable  to  a  second  arrett  oCl 
Am  body. 


870 


SPECIAL   LAWS   OT  MASSACHtJSKTTS. 


An  attacliinent  of  the  property  of  defendant  is  permitted  in  all  cases  In  wtesn* 
process ;  either  by  direct  attachment  or  by  trustee  or  garnishee  process.  And 
•when  the  property  of  the  defendant  cannot  be  reached,  so  a ;  t.j  be  attached  in  a 
euit  at  law,  it  may  be  reached  hi  equity.  In  cases  of  doubt  as  to  the  ownership 
of  the  property  to  be  attached,  the  officer  requires  a  bond  of  indemnity. 

Besides  the  courts  of  minor  jurisdiction,  as  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  outside 
of  Suifolk  county  having  a  jurisdiction  not  exceeding  $100,  and  of  police,  dis- 
trict, and  municipal  courts  having  jurisdiction  not  exceeding  5300,  and  establish- 
ed in  the  larger  towns  and  cities  of  the  State,  there  are  two  courts  establi-shed 
having  jurisdiction  throughout  the  State.  First— The  superior  court  holds  terms 
in  most  of  the  counties  every  three  months.  It  has  concurrent  jurisdiction  with 
the  first-named  courts  from  $20  to  their  limit,  and  exclusive  jurisdiction  of 
claims  exceeding  S300  and  not  exceeding  §1000  in  all  counties  except  Suffolk 
county.  In  the  latter  county,  the  jurisdiction  extends  to  §4000,  and  concurrent 
jurisdiction  with  the  supreme  jucficial  court  of  all  claims  exceeding  said  sums 
of  §1000  and  §4000.  Service  of  proeeSB  must  be  made  in  the  superior  court  14 
days  before  return  day.  Second — The  supreme  judicial  court  has  jurisdiction  in 
equity,  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  superior  court  as  above  described,  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  of  libels  for  divorce,  and  jurisdiction  of  questions  of  law 
brought  up  from  the  superior  court. 

Judgments  are  not  a  lien  upon  property,  but  when  an  attachment  has  beea 
made  on  mesne  process,  fiiQ  lien  holds  for  30  days  after  judgment,  in  which  to 
make  a  levy  on  the  execution.  Xo  execution  will  be  issued  within  24  hours 
after  judgment  has  been  entered,  and  all  original  executions  must  be  issued 
•within  one  year  after  the  party  is  entitled  to  sue  it  out,  and  no  successive  execu« 
tion  will  be  issued  unless  within  five  years  after  the  return  day  of  the  one  preced- 
ing it.    All  executions  are  returnable  in  sixty  days  from  their  date. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Married  Womex,  "Wills,  &c. — Conveyances  of  lands,  or 
of  any  estate  or  interest  therein,  may  be  made  by  deed  exectited  by  any  person 
having  authority  to  convey  the  same,  or  by  his  attorney,  and  acknowledged  and 
xecorded  in  the  registry  of  deeds  for  the  county  or  district  wTiere  the  lands  lie, 
Kithout  any  other  act  or  ceremony. 

A  wafer,  or  other  ten'cious  substance  upon  which  an  impression  may  be 
made,  is  a  valid  seal  in  this  State.  The  acknowledgment  of  deeds  shall  be  by 
the  grantors,  or  one  of  them,  or  by  the  attorney  executing  the  same,  aujj  may  be 
made  before  any  justice  of  the  peace,  magistrate  or  notary  public,  or  tommis- 
cioner  appointed  for  that  purpose  by  the  Governor  of  this  State  within  tha 
United  States,  or  iu  any  foreign  country,  or  before  a  minister  or  consul  of  the 
United  States  in  any  forign  country.  No  subscribing  witness  is  required 
when  the  deed  is  acknowledged  by  one  of  the  grantors.  In  case  the  grantor 
refuses  to  acknowledge  the  same,  it  may  be  proved  before  a  justice  of  the  peace 
in  the  county  where  the  land  lies,  or  where  the  grantor  or  any  subscribing  wit- 
ness to  the  deed  resides,  by  the  testimony  of  the  subscribing  witness,  an<Uie  shall 
certify  the  due  execution  of  same.  In  signing  deeds  it  is  not  necessary  that  the 
■wife  be  separately  examined ;  it  is  sufficient  to  bar  her  dower,  if  she  "join  witli 
ter  husband  in  the  conveyance. 

A  married  woman  may  hold  real  and  personal  property.  May  convey  the 
eame,  make  contracts,  sue  and  be  sued  in  the  same  manner  as  if  she  were  'sole  ; 
but  her  separate  conveyance  of  her  real  estate  shall  be  subject  to  her  husband's 
tenancy  by  the  courtesy.  Conveyances,  contracts  and  suits  are  not  authorized 
between  husband  and  wife.  Every  woman  shall  be  entitled  to  her  dower  at 
common  law  in  the  lands  of  her  husband,  to  be  assigned  to  her  after  his  decease, 
unless  she  is  lawfully  barred  thereof. 

Chattel  mortgages  of  personal  property  shall  be  recorded  on  the  records  of 
the  city  or  town  where  the  mortgagor  resides  when  the  mortgage  is  made,  and  on 
the  records  of  the  city  or  town  in  which  he  then  principally  transacts  his  busi- 
Bess,  or  follows  his  trade  or  calling.  If  the  mortgagor  resides  without  the  State, 
his  mortgage  of  personal  property  within  the  State  when  the  mortgage  is 
made,  shall  be  recorded  on  the  records  of  the  city  or  town  where  the  property 
then  is  ;  unless  a  mortgage  is  so  recorded  within  fifteen  days  from  the  date 
thereof,  or  the  property  mortgaged  is  delivered  to  and  retained  by  the  mort- 
gagee, it  shall  not  be  valid  against  any  person  other  than  the  parties  thereto, 
except  in  the  case  of  a  mortgage,  contract  of  bottomry  or  respondentia. 
or  any  transfer,  assignment  or  hypothecation  of  a  ship  or  vessel,  and  also  except 
In  case  of  any  transfer  or  mortgage  of  goods  at  sea  or  abroad,  if  the  mortgagee 
taies  possession  of  such  goods  as  soon  as  may  be  after  their  arrival  in  this  State. 
When  it  is  required  that  a  mortgage  of  personal  property  shall  be  recorded  in 
%tK  records  of  two  municipalities,  sucli  mortgage  shall  lie  coaeidered  as  d«iS| 


BtECIAL  LAWS   OS'  anCHlGAN'.  871 

'Meordcd,  when  recorded  In  the  record  of  one  of  them  ,  proviaed,  it  is  recorded  Tn 
the  records  of  the  other  within  ten  days  from  the  date  of  such  first  record. 

Wills  must  bo  in  writing,  and  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  other  person 
In  his  presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  in  th« 
presence  of  the  testator  by  three  or  more  competent  witneBses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MICHIGAN. 

ExKMPTlOKS  FKOM  FoilCKD  ^KLT-.—Home  Worth  $1600  and  Personal  iV*. 
perty.  A  homestead  consisting  of  any  quantity  of  land,  not  exceeding  40  acrea 
«nd  dwelling  house  thereon  and  its  appurtenances,  not  included  in  any  recorded 
town  plat  or  city,  or  village  ;  or  instead  thereof,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  one 
lot  in  a  recorded  town  plat  or  city,  or  village,  and  the  dwelling  houR<!  thereon 
and  its  appurtenances.  Said  property,  however,  must  not  exceed  51,500  in 
value  ;  if  eo,  it  may  be  sold  and  the  excess  applied  in  jiayment  of  the  judgment. 
Personal  property  is  exempt  as  follows  :  All  spinning  wheels,  weaving  loom 
■with  tl»o  apparatus,  and  stoves  put  up  a:iil  kept  for  use  in  any  dwelling  house.  % 
Beat,  pew  or  slip  occupied  by  a  person  or  family  in  any  place  of  public  worship,  &U 
cemeteries,  tombs  and  rights  of  burial,  all  arms  and  accoutrements  required  to 
bo  kept  by  any  person,  all  wearing  a;)p:iri>l  of  every  person  or  family,  libr-iry 
and  school  books  of  every  individual  and  family  not  exceeding  $150  in  value, 
and  all  family  pictures.  To  each  householder  10  sheep  with  their  fleeces,  and 
the  yarn  or  cloth  manufactured  from  the  same,  2  cov/s,  t>  sw  ine,  and  provision 
and  fuel  for  six  months'  use,  all  household  gooils,  furnitr.-.-e  and  utensils  not  ex- 
ceeding in  value  §250 ;  tools,  implements,  material;;,  stock,  apparatus,  team, 
Tehicle,  horses,  harness  or  other  things  to  enable  any  person  to  carry  on  the 
profession  or  trade,  occupation  or  business  in  which  lie  is  wholly  or  principally 
engaged,  not  exceeding  in  value  §250  ;  and  a  sufiicient  quantity  of  hay,  grain, 
feed  and  roots  for  i)roporly  keeping  for  six  months  the  animals  hercmbeforo 
specified  ;  1  sewing  machine  for  family  use  is  also  exempt.  No  portion  of  tha 
property  above  specifled,  however,  is  exempt  from  execution  upon  a  judgment; 
lor  the  purchase  money. 

Mechaxics'  Liex.— Any  person  who  shall,  by  contract  with  the  owner,  parti 
owner  or  leasee  of  any  piece  of  land,  furnish  labor  or  materials  for  constructing; 
or  repairing  any  building,  wharf  or  appurtenances  on  such  laud,  has  a  lienj 
therefor  upon  said  building,  wharf,  machinery,  appurtenances,  the  entire  in- 
terest of  .<:aid  owner,  part  owner  or  lessee  in  and  to  said  land  not  exceeding  onal 
quarter-section  ;  or  if  in  the  limits  of  an  incorporated  village  or  city,  in  the  lot! 
or  lota  on  which  s.aid  building,  wharf,  machinery  or  appurtenances  are  situated,' 
to  the  extent  of  his  claim.  He  must  file  a  verilied  certilieate  with  the  register 
of  deeds,  containing  a  copy  of  the  contract,  if  in  writing,  or  if  not  a  statement 
of  its  terms,  with  a  descnption  of  the  Land,  and  a  statement  of  the  amount  duai 
and  to  become  due,  with  all  credits  to  which  the  owner  may  be  entitled. 

The  owner,  part  owner  or  lessee  must  be  notilicd  of  the  filing  of  the  certifl-' 
cate.  In  order  to  have  the  benellt  of  the  lien,  proceedings  to  foreclose  must  be 
taken  within  six  months  after  the  last  installment  shall  become  due.  A  tfub-| 
contractor  has  a  lien  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  of  the  original  contractor, 
upon  complying  with  substantially  the  same  i)rovisions  as  in  case  of  an  original 
contractor.  Mechanics,  workmen",  and  other  persons,  also  have  a  lien  in  certain 
cases,  for  performmg  labor  or  furnishing  materials  in  buikling,  altering,  repair- 
ing, beautifying  or  ornamenting  any  house  or  other  building,  machinery  o^ 
appurtenances  to  any  house  or  building. 

CoLLEcriON  OF  Debts. — Persons  may  be  arrested  hy  capias  ad  respondendum^ 
in  actions  arising  on  contract,  to  receiver  damages  "for  breach  of  promise  to 
marry,  for  moneys  collected  by  a  public  oflicer,  for  any  misconduct  or  neglect  inJ 
office,  or  in  any  professional  employment,  and  in  other  actions  than  those  aris-' 
ing  upon  contract,  where  an  order  for  bail  shall  be  indorsed  ou  the  writ  by  Si 
judge  of  the  court,  or  by  a  circuit  court  <'oniinii;sioner. 

Arrests  may  also  be  made  in  other  actions  upon  contract  than  those  abova 
epeciiied,  if  it  be  made  to  appear  that  the  defendant  fraudulently  contracted  tha 
debt  or  incurred  the  obligation,  or  that  he  has  jiropertj- which  ho  has  removed, 
or  is  about  to  remove,  out  of  the  jurisdicti<.>n  of  the  court,  with  intent  to  defrauaj 
his  creditors,  or  which  he  fraudulently  conceals,  or  which  he  unjustly  r<;f uses  tOj 
apply  to  the  payment  Qi  any  Judgmeut  which  shall  havo  been  leadered  against 


872 


SPECX4.L   LA  ""9    OP  MICHIGAN. 


At'.achments  may  issue  in  favor  of  any  creditor  against  any  debtor  ha-ring 
proiicrtT  i:i  the  county  in  Tvhlch  the  creditor  or  debtor  may  reside,  subject  to  the 
attachment,  in  the  circuit  court  of  said  county;  or  in  case  the  debtor  ha-  no 
prorarty  in  the  county,  or  is  a  non-resident  of  the  State,  then  nu  attachment  may 
iEs;:e  in" the  circuit  court  of  any  county  where  the  property  of  the  debtor  may  be 
found. 

The  following  are  the  principal  causes  of  attachment :  1.  Thit  tho  defend- 
ant has  absconded  or  is  about  to  abscond  from  this  State,  or  that  he  is  concealed 
thertin,  to  the  injury  of  his  creditors.  2.  That  the  d-jfendant  has  assigned,  dis- 
posed of,  or  concealed,  or  is  about  to  assign,  dispose  of,  or  conceal  any  of  his 
property,  •v\  ith  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors.  3.  That  tl;e  defendant  hr'.s  re- 
moved or  is  aV)out  to  remove  any  of  his  property  ont  of  the  State,  with  inter.t  to 
defran  I  his  creditors.  4.  That'he  has  fraudulently  contracted  the  debt  or  iu' 
currad  the  oMicratiou  respecting  v.hiih  the  suit  i-j  brought.  6.  That  he  is  a  i;on- 
xesideni  of  tiie  State  end  has  not  resided  therein  for  three  months  immediately 
preceding  tlie  tlma  of  commencing  the  suit;  or,  6.  That  the  defendant  in  a 
ior;?i»n  corixiration. 

Ko  bond  is  required  on  commencement  of  suit,  but  the  defendant  may  re- 
cover tha  possession  of  the  p^operty  taken  by  virtue  of  the  ■writ  by  delivering  to 
the  caicer  a  bond  conditioned  f  .t  the  payment  of  any  judgment  or  the  return  of 
the  property.  Unless  this  is  done,  the  property  must  remain  in  the  hanils  of  tho 
officer.  Attachments  maybe  dissolved  by  a  judiie  of  the  court,  or  by  a  circuit 
court  commissioner,  upon  application  of  the  defendant,  if  he  ehall  be  Batislled 
that  the  plaintiff  had  not  a  good  and  legal  cause  for  sain.:?  out  the  vrrit. 

Assignments  of  bonds,  notes,  and  other  choses  in  r.ction  i:ot  negotiable  under 
existing  laws,  are  valid,  and  the  assignee  may  sue  for  and  recover  the  same  iu 
Lis  ov\-n  name. 

A  writ  of  garnishment  may  iss'.ie  in  a  personal  r.ction  arising  upon  contract. 

As  to  notes  and  bUls,  no  person  in  this  State  can  1  e  charged  as  an  acceptor 
on  a  bill  of  exchange,  imless  his  a-'eeptaiiee  is  in  viritiTip,  signed  by  himself  or 
lis  lawful  agent.  BiUi  of  eichanue.  duly  protested  for  non-acoeptance  or  non- 
payment, if  drawn  or  endorsed  within  this  State,  parable  aS  any  place  without 
the  State  but  in  the  United  States,  entitle  the  holdcr'to  recovor  damages  in  ad- 
dition to  the  contents  of  8ui  h  bill,  with  interest  and  costs,  as  follows  :  "^Tiea 
payable  wi ihin  either  of  the  States  of  Wisconsin.  Iliiuois,  Indiana,  Pemisylvania, 
Ohio  and  New  York,  three  per  cent,  on  the  contents  of  the  bill;  when  "payable 
within  cither  of  the  States  of  Missouri.  Kentucky,  Mr.ine,  New  Hampshire,  Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts,  P.hcxie  Island,  Connecticut,  Kew  Jersey,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  nve  per  cent.,  and  if  payable  else- 
where wi.hin  any  of  tha  United  States  or  territories  thereof,  ten  p.r  cent.  Ko 
damages  are  allowed,  if  payable  within  t'lis  Stats.  If  payable  outside  of  tho 
United  States,  live  per  cent,  is  allowed,  besides  the  current  rate  of  exchange  at 
time  of  demand-  All  parties  to  notes  or  bills,  v.hether  drawers,  makers,  guaran- 
tors of  payment,  endorsei-a  or  aeceptorfl,  may  be  sued  iu  oi'.e  action,  and  judg- 
ment may  be  rendered  and  execution  issuedin  the  same  manner  as  though^ 
were  joiilt  contractors.  Any  bill  of  exchange,  note,  or  draft  payable  on  demand, 
and  aiiy  chcj-k,  bill  of  exchange,  or  draft  drawn  upon  any  bank'or  banking  insti- 
tution,"is  deemed  to  be  due  on  the  day  mentioned  for  the  payment  of  the  same, 
witl-.out  any  dive  of  grace  being  allowed.  Giiarautees  of  payment  or  of  the  col- 
le.tion  are  "negotiable,  and  pass  to  the  holder  of  the  note.  Kotarial  protest  is 
e-.i.l  r.ie  of  non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner 
jraifl  in  the  protest,  unless  the  defendant  shall  annex  to  his  plea  an  affidavit 
dci)y;;ig  the  fact  of  having  received  such  notice. 

justices  of  the  peac?  h.-vve  jurisdiction  in  all  civU  actions  wherein  the  debt  or 
darnaies  do  not  exceed  Sli^O,  aid  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  courts  of 
record  in  all  actions  upon  contract  wherein  the  debt  or  damages  do  not  exceed 
$:m.',  except  actions  for  a  disturbance  of  a  ricrht  of  vay  or  other  easement ;  ac- 
tio; .»  fiir  lib  1,  slamder,  or  for  malicious  prosecutions,  and  actions  against  execu- 
tc;rs  or  aAlministrators  as  such,  except  ia  cases  6:?ecially  provided  by  law.  Cir.. 
cuit  courts,  in  their  respective  counties,  have  and  exercise ori.Tinal  and  exclusive 
jurisiiiction  of  all  civil  actioi  s  and  remedies  of  whatever  name  and  description. 


and  i:sa$res  of  law.  Said  court  has  such  appellate  jurisdiction  and  p^jwcrs  r.s  are 
p^c>^■ided  by  law.  Service  of  summons  may  be  made  at  ajiy  time  before  return 
day. 

A  judgment  has  no  eSect  upon  the  property  of  a  judgment  debtor,  either  re«l 


SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   MICHIGAN.  873 

•r  pereonal,  until  the  issue  and  levy  of  an  execution.  A  certified  transcript  of 
the  judgment  of  a  justice  of  tlie  peace  for  twenty  dollars  and  over,  exclusive  of 
costs,  on  certain  conditionsi,  may  bo  filed  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  cirouib 
court  of  the  county  ill  vhich  tlie  judirnient  shall  have  been  rciulered.  in  whicb 
«a8e  tlie  judgment  sliall  be  of  the  Biiiiie  eltoct  as  a  judgment  rendered  in  said  cir- 
cuit court.    Judgnieulrt  may  bo  eulcrod  In  any  court  upon  confession. 

Executions  in  courts  of  record  may  is-;ue  upon  the  rendition  of  judgment  to 
the  proper  ofiloer  of  any  county  in  the  Stale,  and  successive  or  alias  executions 
may  issue  one  after  another  upon  the  return  of  any  execution  unsatisfied  in 
whole  or  in  part.  They  are  not  a  lien  upon  property  tintil  a  levy  is  made.  Exe- 
cutions in  justices'  court,  except  in  certain  ppr-oilicd  oases,  may  issue  at  the  ex- 
piration of  five  days  from  the  rendition  of  j'ulcrmcnt,  unless  tlie  execution  be 
Stayed.  The  defendant  in  the  execution  in  justices'  court  may  stay  the  sai-.ie, 
except  in  certain  epecified  cases,  by  filing  proper  soeurity  for  the  payment  of  the 
money,  witli  interest  and  costs  for  four  months  from  the  commencement  of  suit, 
if  the  iud,'mont  shall  not  exceed  fifty  dollars,  and  for  six  months  if  the  jiulgment 
exceeds  fifty  dollars. 

I^and  sold  under  execution  may  be  redeemed  within  one  year  from  the  time 
of  sale.  Every  species  of  property,  real  or  pergonal,  and  the  interest  of  the  de- 
fendant in  any  property,  except  such  as  is  exempt  from  execution  by  statute,  is 
subject  to  execution  ami  sale. 

Dei'ds,  KioiiTS  OK"  BIAKRIED  WoMEX,  WiLL-s,  &C — Deeds  must  be  under 
seal,  with  two  witncfisos  ;  a  scrawl  is  rc/arded  as  a  seal.  Tho  execution  of  deeds 
must  be  acknowledged  before  anjr  judco  or  comuiis.«iouer  of  a  court  of  record,  or 
before  any  notary  puldio  or  justice  of  tlio  peace  within  the  State.  Tho  deed 
must  be  reconlod  in  tho  county  where  tlie  land  lies.  Doeds  executed  in  any 
other  State  must  be  executed  according  to  tho  laws  of  such  State,  and  tho  execu- 
tion thereof  may  bo  acknowledjjed  before  any  o:}iccr  authorized  by  th.o  law*  of 
such  State  to  tal^o  ack:iowlcd!iment8  ;  or  they  mav  be  acknowledc;o<l  before  any 
commJRKioncr  apnointod  by  the  Oovemor  of  this  ^tato  for  such  purpose. 

If  made  before  anyoflu^r  oflieer  than  a  commissioner  of  thi.^  State,  the  deed 
muithavoattaehed  tliereto  aeertiiicato  of  tho  clerk  of  a  court  of  record  of  the 
county  or  district  witliin  which  such  acknowledijment  was  taken  under  his  seal 
of  oflico  ;  that  the  person  whose  naine  is  suliscribcdto  tho certificat'i  of  acknowl- 
edgment was.  at  tho  date  thereof,  such  oiilcer  as  ho  is  therein  represented  to 
be,  that  he  believes  the  signature  of  such  i)cr8on  subscribed  thereto  be  genuine, 
and  that  the  deed  is  executed  and  acknowledged  according  to  the  laws  of  such 
Stat*. 

The  acknowledgment  of  a  deed  by  a  married  woman,  when  she  joins  with  her 
buBband  in  a  deed  of  conveyance,  must  be  taken  separately  and  apart  from  her 
liueband,  and  she  must  acknowledge  that  she  executes  the  same  freely  and  with- 
out any  fear  or  compulsion  from  any  one. 

A  husband  is  not  required  to  join  in  a  deed  by  the  wife  conveying  her  prop- 
erty. No  particular  form  of  ccitilicate  of  acknowledgment  is  required,  but  it 
Bhould  appear  from  such  eertificato  that  tlie  pei-aon  malting  the  same  was  legally 
•uthori/.ed  to  take  such  acknowledgment  ;  that  the  grantiir  or  grantors  were 
personally  known  to  him,  and  that  they  appeared  before  him  and  acknowleilged 
the  deed  to  be  his  or  their  free  act.  Wlien  executed  by  a  married  woman.  It 
should  show  that  she  executed  the  same  freely  and  without  fear  or  compuLsion 
from  any  one. 

Married  women  may  hold  real  and  personal  estate  to  their  separate  use.  and 
may  coutract  in  reference  to  the  same,  and  in  the  same  manner,  and  with  the  liko 
effect,  as  if  they  were  unmarried.  And  they  may  sue  and  be  sued  in  relation  to 
their  sole  property  in  the  same  manner  as  if  tliey  were  unmarried.  Pealinga 
directly  between  husband  and  wife  are  permitted-  Tho  husband  has  no  interest 
in  the  property  of  the  wife  as  tenant  by  th<'  curtesy,  Separate  property  a-quired 
by  females  before  or  after  marriage  is  not  liable  for  tho  husband's  debt.  Thu 
wito  is  entitled  to  dower  in  all  lands  owned  by  her  husband  during  coveilure. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  subscribed  by  the  testator  or  by  some  person  in  his 
presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  attested  and  subscribed  iJ\  th«  prea«n<S< 
of  tb«  t«st«tor  by  two  or  more  comuct^nt  wituMses. 


874  SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   ULNTTESOTl 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF    MINNESOTA. 

y:xElrPTlO^•s  FKO-M  Forced  Sale.— 5bnif  of  Eighty  Acres  in  Farm  Lands,  anA 
I.-4  ii  Villapi  or  City,  with  Personal  Property.  Eighty  acres  of  land  and  dwell- 
ing house  thereon,  or  instead  thereof,  one  town  or  city  lot  and  the  dwelling 
hous<33  thereon,  re'^rardless  of  value.  Family  Bible,  books,  pictures  and  musiraj 
inotruraents  ;  church  pew  and  cemetery  lot ;  wearing  apparel  of  debtor  and 
fainily,  al£o  beds,  bedsteads  and  bedding ;  stoves  and  appendages,  cooking 
r>ton£ils,  and  furriiti:re  not  enumerated  not  exceeding  §500  in  value  ;  3  cows,  10 
»'s-in.?.  1  yoke  of  o.\en,  and  a  horse  (or  a  span  of  horses  or  mules\  20  sheep  •.  neces- 
sary food  for  stock  for  one  year ;  1  wagon,  cart  or  dray,  1  sleifrh,  2  ploughs, 
1  drag,  and  other  farming  utensila  not  exceeding  SooO  "in  xalue  ;  one  sewing 
machine  ;  seed  grain  for  one  year  ;  one  year's  provisions  for  debtor  and  family  ; 
one  year's  f;;-:!;  toils  or  instruments  used  for  carrying  on  trade,  and  stock 
in  trade  not  exeeeiling  $400  ;  library  and  implements  of  any  professional  man; 
80  acres  of  land  and  dwelling  house  "thereon,  or  instead  thereof,  one  town  or  city 
lot,  and  the  dwelling  houses  thereon,  regardless  of  value.  Also  the  wages  of 
any  laboring  man  or  woman  or  their  minor  children,  not  exceeding  §50,  due  for 
services  rendered  during  the  ninety  days  preceding  the  issue  of  the  process. 

MucnA^ncs'  Lmx. — Mechanics  and  material  men  have  a  lien  for  labor  done  or 
material  famished  on  land  and  improvements.  Such  lien  is  subject  to  the  rights 
of  prior  lonajide  lieu  holders.  The  claim  must  be  filed  within  one  year,  and  this 
gives  a  lien  for  two  years.  Sub-contractors,  laborers  and  persons  furnishing 
materials  to  the  contractors,  may  acquire  a  lien  on  the  payments  due  to  the  orig- 
inal contractor  by  serving  an  attested  account  on  the  owner. 

Collection  of  Debts. — Arrest  in  civil  action  is  unknown  here- 

"Writs  of  attachment  may  issue  on  the  following  groiuids  :  Defendant  being  a 
non-resident  or  a  foreign  corporation,  or  has  departed  from  the  State  with  intent  to 
delay  or  defraud  his  creditors,  or  keeps  himself  concealed  with  like  intent ;  that 
the  '  debt  was  fraudulently  contracted ;  or  that  defendant  has  assigned, 
secreted  or  disposed  of  his  property  with  intent  to  delay  or  defraud  his 
creditors  ;  or  that  he  is  about  to  do  so.  Attachments  are  levied  on  bulky  articles 
of  persc'ual  property  without  removal,  by  filing  a  copy  of  the  ■writ  with  the  town 
or  city  clerk,  and  on  real  estate  by  recording  the  writ  in  the  office  of  the  register 
of  deeds.  I 

Assignments  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  are  not  governed  by  statute  and  fol- 
low common  law  rules.    Ko  tiling  or  record  is  necessary. 

Garnishment  may  issue  at  the  time  of  filing  the  complaint,  or  issuing' 
svanmons,  or  at  any  time  thereafter.  The  indebtedness  of  the  garnishee,  or  the 
value  of  prooertyin  his  hands,  as  well  as  the  indebtedness  of  the  defendant, 
mi!-.t  not  be  less  lian  S-5,  besides  costs,  to  entitle  the  plaintiff  to  judgment  in  tha 
district  court,  and  not  less  than  §10  in  the  justice's  court. 

On  notes  and  bills  grace  is  allowed,  unless  the  contrary  is  expressed,  on 
all  time  paper,  and  on  that  payable  at  sight,  but  not  on  that  payable  on  demand. 
Liability  of  indorsers  is  fixed"  by  protest  and  notice,  same  as  "at  common  law.' 
Demand  paper  must  be  presented  within  sixty  days  from  its  date  to  charge  the 
Indorser.  Acceptances  must  be  in  writing,  and'  signed  by  the  acceptor  or 
Lis  duly  anthoriied  agent. 

District  Courts  and  Courts  of  Common  Plsas  have  original  jurisdiction  in 
a''!  cqt:i:able  actions  where  a  justice  of  the  x>eace  has  not  jurisdiction,  regardless 
of  amount ;  and  iu  all  civil  actions  where  the  amount  exceeds  $100,  and  below 
that  sum,  vrith  certain  provisions  a.^  to  costs.  Justices  of  the  peace  have  juris- 
diitlonof  ail  amounts  under  SlOO  in  ci\-il  actions,  except  cases  involving  title 
to  real  ^tate,  false  imprisonment,  lib*>l,  slander,  malicious  prosecution,  crim. 
f-iJi.,  seduction,  or  promise  to  marry  ;  or  for  an  action  against  an  administrator, 
or  fx-jontor. 

•Jud^'ments  upon  being  docketed  in  the  office  of  the  court  of  record,  become  a 
lien  oa  all  real  property  of  the  jiidj^ment  debtor  in  the  countj'  where  docketed, 
£i>r  ten  years.  Ko  lien  oa  personal  j>rop«rty  is  created  by  a  judgment.  Justice^ 
jnd7r::ent8  become  liens  when  a  transcript  is  liled  in  the  "district  court 

lixooiitions  issue  from,  district  courts  when  d'.  manded.  or  any  time  within  ten 
years  after  judgment  is  rendered.  They  are  returnable  in  district  courts  within 
sixty  diyg  ;  fiersonal  proi)erty  i~  first  levied  np<>n,  and  is  sold  at  ten  days'  notice  ; 
real'  estate  is  sold  on  a  notice  of  six  weeks,  published  in  a  newspaper  of  tha 
CO mtr,  anifnoriccs  ])osted  in  three  public  place."  for  the  same  time.  Be&l  estaw 
Bold  on  execution  mav  bv  redeciaijU  vitiiia  one  year 


SFECIAL   LAWS   OP   MISSISSIPPI.  ftJ 

Deepb,  Riohts  of  Marrikd  "Womkn,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  9ijni«rt,  sealed  (^ 
■crawl  answering  for  a  seal)  and  acknowledged  by  the  grantor,  attested  by  two 
witnesses,  and  recorded  in  the  county  where  the  lands  are  situated.  Acknowl- 
edgments in  this  State  may  be  made  "before  a  judge  of  the  supreme,  district  ot 
probate  court,  or  a  clerk  of  said  courts,  notary  public,  justice  of  the  peaco, 
or  court  commissi  >npr.  Out  of  this  State,  ivcknowledgments  of  deeds  to  lands  in 
this  State  may  be  iiade  before  a  judge  of  a  United  States  court,  judges  or  justices 
of  any  Stale  or  territorial  court  of  record,  clerks  of  any  of  said  courts,  justices  of 
the  peaoe,  notaries  public,  or  commisHioncrs  appointeil  by  the  Governor  of  thia 
State  for  that  purpose.  Justicosof  the  peace  or  other  oiUcers  not  using  a  seal, 
must  have  their  ofli<ial  character  certified  to  by  the  cl'^rlc  of  a  court  of  reoord. 
No  se;i.ar;ite  acknowledguient  to  a  deed  is  required  by  a  wife,  but  she  must  join  hi 
her  husbauirs  acknowledgment. 

The  following  form  of  ackuowledgment  is  used  hulilleieully  for  single  persona 
and  for  husband  and  wife  : 
ST-vric  OF  Minnesota,) 
County  of  .  ( 

Be  it  known  that  on  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  187  ,  personally  appeared 

before  me  ,  to  me  personally  known  to  bo  the  same  person 

described  in  ,  and  who  executed  the  foregoing  instrument  and  acknowledged 

that  executed  the  same  freely  and  voluntarily,  without  any  fear  or  com- 

pulsion from  any  one,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  expressed. 

Married  women  may  hold  projierty,  real  or  personal,  in  their  own  name  and 
for  their  own  use,  whether  acijuired  before  or  after  marriage.  She  may  make 
contracts,  and  her  property  is  liable  for  her  debts  ;  but  no  conveyance  of  her 
eeparate  real  estate  is  valid  unless  her  husband  join  therein. 

Chattel  mortgages  ,T!0  void  as  against  creditors  and  subsequent  mortgagees  and 
purchasers  in  good  faith,  when  the  mortgaj;or  retains  possession  of  the  property, 
unless  duly  acKnowledged  and  tiled  in  the  office  of  the  town  or  city  clerk,  both 
where  the"  mortgagor  resides  and  where  the  property  is  located.  They  cease  to. 
l>e  uotice  after  two  years  from  the  date  of  liliug. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

ExF.MPTiON.s  FKOM  FORCED  SALE.— //omfi  Worth  32,000  and  Pergonal  Properiv' 
On  debts  contracted  after  Sept.  1, 1870,  only  80  acres  of  land  to  the  head  of  each 
family,  being  a  housekeeper,  to  a  resident  of  any  incorporated  town,  being  the 
head  of  a  family,  and  a  housekeeper,  S2,nO0  worth  of  real  property,  comprising 
the  proper  homestead.  The  exempt  personality  is,  1.  The  tools  of  a  mechanic 
necessary  for  carrying;  on  histra<lo.  2.  The  agricultural  implements  of  a  farmer 
necessary  for  two  male  laborers.  3.  The  iniplomeuts  of  a  laborer.  4.  The  books 
of  a  student  required  for  the  com-iletion  of  his  education.  5.  The  wearing 
apparel  of  every  person.  6.  The  libraries  of  licensed  attorneys-at-law,  practicing 
physicians  and  ministers  of  the  gospel,  not  exceeding  in  value  .§250.  7.  The  arms 
and  accoutrements  of  every  person  enrolled  in  the  militia  of  the  State.  8.  All 
books,  globe  and  maps  used  by  teachers  of  schools,  academies  and  colleges  ;  also, 
the  following  property  of  each  head  of  a  family  or  housekeeper :  one  work  horse 
or  mule,  or  1  yoke  of  oxen ,  2  cows  and  calves,  .■>  head  of  stock  hogs  and  .'5  sheep, 
CO  ijushels  of  corn,  10  bushels  of  wheat  or  rice,  200  lbs.  of  meat,  1  cart  or  wagon, 
not  to  exceed  in  value  SlOO,  household  and  kitchen  furniture  not  to  exceed  $100 
in  value ;  and  SIOO  of  the  wages  of  laborers  is  exempt  from  garnishment,  iu 
the  hands  of  their  employers. 

Liens — Judgments,  when  enrolled,  arc  lions  on  all  property  in  the  county 
■whore  rendered  ;  may  bo  made  liens  in  any  county  ky  having  abstract  enrolled 
there.  Mortgages  and  deeds  in  trust  are  also  liens."  They  must  be  acknowl- 
edged and  recorded  in  the  same  nuvnner  as  ordhiary  deeds  of  conveyance. 
Mechani'.-s  have  a  lien  for  labor  done  and  materials  furnished  in  the  erection  and 
repair  of  buildings,  but  suits  to  enforce  a  mechanic's  lie!i  must  be  commenced  in 
eix  months. 

CoLLfTTioN  OP  Debts.— No  person  can  be  arrested  for  debt  in  this  State. 
"Writs  of  attachment  may  bo  issued  on  one  or  more  of  the  following  grounds: 
1.  That  the  defendant  is  a  foreign  «-orporation,  or  is  .a  nou-rcsideutof  this  State  ; 
or,  2.  That  no  has  removed  or  is  about  to  remove  himself  or  property  out  of  this 
State;  or,  3.  That  he  so  absconds  or  loucnals  himself  that  he  cannot  be  served 
with  .1  summons  ;  or,  •!.  That  he  has  properly  or  rights  in  actious  which  he  con- 
C«»m  luui  unjus'vlj-  refuses  to  upply  l^o  t^<^  payment  of  his  debts  ;  or,  5.  That  h9 


B76 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   iOSSISSIPPI. 


bai  assigned  or  disposed  of,  or  ia  about  to  assign  or  dieposc  of  his  property 
or  rights  in  actloB.  or  some  jiart  thereof,  with  iiiteut  to  defraud  hi«  creditors,  or 
jive  an  unfair  preference  to  some  of  them  :  or,  6.  That  he  has  conyened  or 
18  about  to  convert  his  property  into  raonev,  or  evidences  of  dobr.  with  intei'.i;  to 
place  it  beyond  the  reach  of  "hia  creditors :  or.  7.  That  he  has  frandulonily 
contracted  the  debt,  or  incurred  the  obligation  for  which  the  suit  has  been,  or  is 
about  to  be  brought. 

Before  any  writ  of  attachment  shrdl  i3?Tie,  the  creditor,  his  agent  or  attorney. 
must  make  an  arndavit  as  to  the  amount  and  character  of  his  debt  or  claim,  rvnd 
the  existence  of  one  or  more  of  said  ground?  of  attachment,  and  give  bond  iu 
doable  the  amount  of  the  principal  of  the  claim,  conditioned  to  pay  all  damage* 
which  the  defendant  n\ay  sustain  ty  reason  of  the  wrongful  suiiig  out  of  iha 
attachment. 

Writs  of  garnishment  may  issue  on  suggestion  that  any  party  is  indebted  to  or 
bas  property  of  t'ae  defendant  in  Lis  hands- 

The  assignment  of  notes,  bills,  ac-counts.  and  other  legal  or  equitable  demands 
is  valid,  and  when  the  assignment  is  in  writing,  the  assi;rnee  mav  sue  in  his  own 
name.  Ko  particular  form  of  words  is  necessary  to  constitute  a  vaUd  assignment. 
The  maker  of  any  bill,  note,  etc.,  mav  plead  any  payment,  off-set  or  other  equity 
In  defease  of  the  s.-ime  a-rainst  the  essi'.niee,  had  or  possessed  by  him  against  the 
assignor  previous  to  notice  of  th>  assigiiment. 

Justices'  courts  have  jurisdiction  up  to  §1.50  ;  Circuit  courts  over  that  amount. 
Chancery  courts  hare  jurisdiction  in  the  administration  of  estates,  all  probata 
matters  over  miTiors  and  lunati'  s.  in  matters  of  dower  and  divorte,  and  the  fore- 
closure of  mortgages,  and  they  have  nearly  all  the  jurisdiciiou  of  English  chan- 
cery courts. 

Executions  are  required  to  be  Li^sued,  unless  otherwise  ordered  by  the  plaintiiF, 
vrithin  20  days  after  tie  adjournment  of  the  tenn  of  court  at  which  the  judgment 
is  rendereii. '  Ko  stay  law  for  staying  executions  except  iu  jusUce-.'  courts,  and 
only  then  upon  giving  bond.  Parts^  may,  by  consent-,  howeyer,  have  Judgment 
entered  up.  with  stay  of  execution  for  any  specified  time. 

d.-ums  againit  deceased  persons  must  be  probated  in  the  of&ce  of  the  clerk  of 
the  chancery  court  having  charge  of  the  estate,  witlii:i  one  ye;ir  from  the  date  of 
the  first  notice  to  credito'.^  to  present  their  claims,  otherwise  they  aie  barred.  If 
the  evidence  of  debt  is  a  bond,  note  or  bill,  it  must  be  filed,  with  the  affidavit  of 
the  credit-:>r  attached  that  no  portion  of  the  money  intended  to  be  secured  by  ic 
has  been  received,  ar.d  no  security  or  satisfaction  given  for  the  same  except  the 
amount  credited,  if  anr .  If  it  is  an  open  account,  the  ajfidavit  must  set  out  that 
the  amount  stated  is  "just  and  true,  and  that  no  part  of  the  money  stated  to 
be  due,  nor  any  6?  ^urity  or  satisfaction  for  the  same  has  been  received  except 
what  is  cre-lited,  if  a-iy.  If  it  is  a  judgment,  a  certified  transcript  must  be  filed, 
mccompanied  with  a  eimilar  oath. 

The  above  affidavits  may  be  ma<le  by  non-resident?  before  a  commissioner  for 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  a  judse  or  clerk  of  any  court  of  reconh  a  notary  public, 
or  justice  of  the  peace,  with  the  certiiieate  of  a  judge  or  clerk  of  some  court  of 
record  as  to  his  oScial  character. 

Deeds,  RniHTS  of  3rAERi>:i>  "WorEX,  "Will.'!,  &o.— Deeds  to  land'  mustbs 
recorded  m  the  oSce  of  the  chancery  clerk,  i:i  the  county  where  the  lanila  lie. 
Before  being  recorded  they  must  be  acknowledged.    The  ackaowleoguicuii  must 
be  substantially  as  follows': 
State  of  Mississippi,  ) 
Coryrr  of  Map.ion".    j 

Personally  appeared  before  the  undersigned  (here  follows  the  nanie  and  titla 
of  the  oflScen,  John  Leslie,  who  acknowledged  that  he  signed,  seal*!  and  deliv-« 
ered  the  foresoing  deed  of  conveyance  as  his  own  act  and  deed,  on  the  day  aai 
year  and  for  the  purposes  therein  mentioned. 

Given  under  my  hand  this  day  of  ,    A.  D.,  1*7  . 

(Signature  and  title  ot  ordC«r.> 

If  a  married  woman  is  a  p.-vrtv  to  the  deed,  the  following  should  be  added  to  iha 
loregoinsr  loiiu  of  ackuowle<lrJient,  immediately  after  the  word  "  mentioned  :  " 
Also  personally  appeared  before  i;;e,  Mary  LesJie.witeof  the  said  Joh:«  Leslie,  wl.o, 
on  a  private  examination  before  me,  separate  and  apart  from  her  said  husband, 
acknowledged  that  she  signe<i,  sealed  and  delivered  the  foregoing  deed  of  con- 
Teyance,  as  her  ovm  voluntary  act  and  deed,  freely,  without  any  fear,  threats  or 
compulsion  of  her  said  husband,  on  the  day  and  year  and  for  th«  purpoea  thereiu 
mentioned.    Given  under  ray  hand,  etc.  (aa  abo\ei. 

The  foregoing  acknowledgments  may  be  taken  before  any  jud^  of  tha 
iupreme  court,  or  aty  judge  of  the  circuit  court,  aay  chancellor,  any  clerk  ot  • 


SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   MISSOURI.  87T 

court  of  peooTd,  or  any  justice  of  the  peace  or  member  of  tho  board  of  «upervl« 
BorSi  wbethor  tlio  Injid  couveyed  lie  in  or  out  of  Ixid  county. 

Jftbe  iiorty'Onvi'jiiig  land  in  this  St.iie  is  a  non-resident,  his  acknowledge 
mr.it  may  bo  nwdo  before  any  of  tho  judgiviof  tho  supreme  com  t  of  tlio  Unitcil 
SlftlKS,  or  a3ud;.;o  of  the  di  >trict  oourt  of  tho  United  States,  or  justice  of  the  su- 
pri'mo  court  or  superior  court  of  any  Stat  o  or  tarri  i  cry  of  tlie  V  uion,  or  any  jusl  i<:o 
of  the  peace  whns-e  ollirial  character  shall  l>e  certilicd  to  under  the  seal  of  soma 
court  of  record  in  his  county,  or  before  any  commissioner  residing  in  such  Stalo 
ortciTitory  who  may  he  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  this  .State  toT,ake  ack^owl- 
cdgme-its  and  pr»">tof  deeds  and  other  conveyam-.ts.  Every  deed  nuist  be  sealed, 
bat  a  mere  scrawl  answers  for  a  seal. 

I'roper:y  ar(iuired  by  married  wt>mQn  either  before  or  after  marriage,  anurcs 
with  the  iiiconie  fiolely  to  tho  wife's  bcnolit.  She  uiiiy  soil  llio  suuk!,  j)ro\ideil 
bar  husband  joins  in  tho  deed  of  conveyance  ;  and  she  may  dispose  of  it  by  last 
will  and  testament.  She  cannot  bind  her  property  for  her  uusbaud's  dobt« 
beyond  its  income. 

All  contracts  n\ade  by  tho  husband  and  wife  or  cither  of  them,  for  supplies  for 
the  plantation  of  the  wife,  may  bo  enforced  and  (>atisiactiiin  had  out  of  her 
eepirate  estate.  All  contracts  ina<\e  by  the  wife,  or  by  tho  husband  wi(h  her  con- 
sent, for  family  Pup\iUe8  or  necessaries,  wearing  apparel  of  herself  and  children, 
or  for  their  education,  or  for  materials  used  or  work  done  for  tho  benefit  of  her 
separate  estate,  or  for  household  furniture,  arc  binding  ou  her,  and  satisfactiou 
may  be  hadout  of  her  separate  estate. 

A  married  woman  may  engarre  in  trade  as  a,  femme  sole.  WTien  she  does,  shs 
is  bound  A8  thoujcli  unmarried  for  all  contracts  made  in  the  course  of  her  trade. 
She  is  liable  for  <lcbt3  contracted  before  marriage.  Tho  husband  is  not  li.'xblo  for 
ante-nuptial  debts.  All  other  contracts  than  thoso  euumerated,  made  by  a  mar- 
ried woman,  are  absolutely  void. 

A.s  to  dower  the  widow  is  entitled  to  one-third  of  all  lands  of  which  her  hus- 
band died  seized  and  poFsosscd,  or  which  he  had  conveyed  durinj;  his  lifetima 
otherwise  tlian  in  good  fr.ith  or  for  8  valuable  couLiideratiou,  during  her  life.  If 
tliere  are  no  children,  she  inherits  all  of  her  husband's  estate. 

The  husband  is  entitled,  in  courtet^y,  to  o.ie-half  of  all  his  deceased  wifo*- 
lan<l3  during  his  life,  dependant,  however,  upon  tho  common  law  prerequisites. 

Wills  should  bo  in  writinff,  subscribed  by  the  testator,  and  attested  by  threa 
credible  witnesi^os.  If  the  will  is  wholly  wTitten  by  the  testator,  and  subscribed 
by  him,  it  need  uot  be  attested  by  any  witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MISSOURL 

ExriirxroMS  FROM  Foi'.fKn  Sai.k.— i?i>n'cs<eaii  51500 /o  Sr.O0O,  ««(?  Personal 
Propertu.  Homestead,  if  in  the  country,  not  to  exceed  ?loOO  in  value,  and  la 
cities  of  over  40,000  iuhabitauts,  i\oi  to  exceed  S-'JOOO  in  value.  Personal  prop- 
erly is  exempt  as  follows:  Kor  hcail.s  of  families,  all  wearing  apparel,  usual 
boiVichold  furniture  not  to  exci'ed  *iliiO  in  value,  provisions  in  the  house  and  the 
us^ial  tools  of  trade  of  a  mcchuniit ;  for  farmers,  working  and  other  kind  of 
animals  amounting  in  Viilue  to  about  S^iOO.  Persons  may  d.-iini,  in  iilai'e  of  Iha 
aforesaid  animals,  any  kind  of  property,  ro;d  or  p(a.-<onal.  Wontcn,  lieing  aban- 
doned by  their  husbands,  and  being  he'ads  of  families,  may  claim  the  same  ex- 
emptions as  tho  liusbands.  Persons,  other  tliau  heads  cf  fainili'S,  are  allowed, 
as  exemptions,  th'ir  wearinjj  ."vpparel  and  the  ncticssary  tools  of  a  mechanical 
tra.ie.  The  last  numth's  wages,  regardless  of  amount,  are  exempt  from  execur 
tion  and  attachment. 

Mi;rnAXics'  LiF.x. — 'Material  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and 
material  on  the  land  ami  iiaprovcmonts  to  the  extent  of  ihoir  claims.  Tlie  orig- 
inal contractor  mu-^t  I'.le  hii  claim  within  six  months,  labotcrs  within  thirty 
days,  and  all  other  pe'.-sons  claiming  a  lien  within  four  months  after  the  debt 
accrued.  This  lien  has  precedence  over  all  other  lions  or  encumbrances  placed 
on  the  property  subsequent  to  the  commencement  of  the  building  or  improvo- 
injuts.' 

CJoLLECTiox  OF  DEBTS.— Arrest  for  debt  is  unknown  here.  Writs  of  attach- 
ment m.iy  be  obtainevl  on  the  following  erounds  :— Non-residenco  ;  beipg  about 
to  remove  from  the  State  ;  concealment  with  view  to  avoid  service;  removal  of 
propertv  from  St.ite,  or  concealraonc  of  the  same,  with  a  view  to  hinder  and  de- 
lay orediU>rs  ;  where  debt  is  coutracted  out  of  the  State,  and  dublor  abaooud# 


878  SPECIAL. LAWS   OF   SnSSOUBL 

from  there  and  eecretly  removes  his  property  into  this  State  ;  for  debt  contracted 
fraudulently  or  from  commission  of  felony ;  or  ■where  goods  were  bought  and 
payment  is  to  be  made  in  cash  and  the  same  is  not  done  ;  bond  must  be  in  double 
the  debt  claimed,  -with  one  or  more  sureties,  who  must  be  resident  householders 
in  the  county  where  suit  is  brought.  Attachments  should  be  resorted  to  in  this 
State  with  great  caution,  and  only  where  the  proof  is  strong  and  clear.  Every 
epecies  of  property,  whether  it  be  legal  or  equitable,  is  subject  to  attachment 
»nd  execution  at  law.  When  attachment  is  levied  on  real  estate,  notice  is  to  bo 
filed  at  the  recorder's  office,  and  this  fixes  legal  notice  of  the  encumbrance. 

Assignments,  in  trust  for  the  bonetit  of  creditors,  inure  for  the  benefit  of  r.ll 
(Creditors  of  the  grantor,  whether  named  in  the  deed  of  assignment  or  not ;  the 
deed  of  assignment  must  be  acknowledced  and  recorded  like  other  deeds.  One 
partner  cannot  assign  all  the  jiartuership  assets  fcr  the  payment  of  partnership 
debts,  but  only  his  own  share  of  them.  A  creditor,  if  he  attacks  an  assignment 
ai  fraudulent,  and  is  defeated,  cannot  afterwards  claim  the  benefit  of  the  a-j- 
Bignment  and  be  allowed  to  prove  his  debt  before  the  assignee.  Assignments, 
made  to  secure  sureties  or  endorsers,  prior  to  any  payment  by  them,  are  valid 
here.  Notes,  bills,  accounts  and  eveiy  species  of  contract  or  claim  is  assignable, 
and  the  assignee  can  sue  on  it  in  his  own  name. 

Garnishment  can  be  issued,  either  on  execution  or  attachment,  against  any 
person  owing  the  debtor  or  having  his  property  in  possession.  The  garnishee  is 
entitled  to  compensation  for  his  trouble  and  ejf^iense,  including  attorney's  fees  ; 
this  is  payable  out  of  the  fund,  if  any  is  foimd  in  his  hands,  or  if  nothing  is  due 
from  the  "garnishee,  then  the  plaintiff  is  bound  to  pay  this  sum. 

Acceptors  of  notes  and  bills  are  chargeable  op.ly  when  their  acceptance  is  in 
■writing  on  the  bill ;  or,  if  on  separate  piece  of  paper,  when  the  party  who  gav© 
the  credit  saw  the  sepai-ate  paper  ;  or  if  a  promise  is  made  in  writing  to  accept  a 
draft  before  it  is  dra\«i,  and  the  draft  i'^  in  the  hands  of  any  person  who  gave 
credit  on  the  strength  of  this  ■writing. 

Bills  of  exchange  and  notes  dra'svn  and  negotiated  in  this  State  or  on  any 
person  vrithin  the  State,  expressing  on  their  face  for  "  value  received,"  and  duly 
protested  for  non-payment  or  non-acceptance,  entitle  the  holder  to  recover  dam- 
ages as  follows  .  If  "dravra  on  a  pei-sou  residing  iu  this  State,  four  per  cent. ;  if 
outside  the  State,  ten  per  cent.  ;  if  outside  an-y  of  the  United  States  or  territo- 
ries, twenty  per  cent,  damages  on  the  principal  sum.  These  damages  are  not 
recoverable  if  the  bill  is  drawn  by  and  on  a  person  residing  in  this  State,  and 
payment  of  the  principal  is  made  'within  twenty  days  after  dishonor.  All  parties 
to  notes  or  bills,  whether  endorsers,  makers,  or  acceptors,  or  parties  in  any  man- 
ner, can  be  sued  jointly  or  separately  in  the  same  or  in  several  actions.  Drafts, 
orders  or  bills  of  exchange,  payable  at  eight  or  on  demand,  are  deemed  due  the 
day  they  are  presented  for  payment,  and  if  tmpaid,  may  be  protested.  Notarial 
protest  is  e^vidence  of  demand  and  refusal  of  payraent,  at  the  time  and  in  tha 
manner  stated  in  the  protest. 

Sheriffs  are  Uable,  for  failure  to  p.iy  over  money,  to  pay  five  per  cent,  dam- 
ages per  month  from  the  time  demand  is  made  of  them,  in  addition  to  legal  in- 
terest. They  are  also  liable  for  the  full  value  of  propertj-  in  replevin  or  attach- 
ment suits,  when  they  have  taken  insufficient  bond. 

The  jurisdiction  of  justices'  courts,  in  counties  having  over  50,000  inhabitants, 
on  bonds  and  notes  for  the  payment  of  money  up  to  $300,  on  other  contracts  up 
to  §200,  on  actions  for  torts  up  to  §100.  In  cotuities  having  under  50,000  inhal>- 
itants,  on  notes  and  bonds  for  payment  of  money  up  to  $150,  on  other  contracts 
up  to  $90,  and  in  torta  up  to  $50.  In  actions  for  recovery  of  specific  personal 
property,  up  to  5200,  in  the  former,  and  up  to  $100  in  the  latter  class  of  counties. 
All  these  amounts  are  exclusive  of  interest.  Circuit  courts  have  concurrent 
jurisdiction  ■with  justices'  courts  as  follows,  in  counties  irrespective  of  popula- 
tion :  On  ■written  or  verbal  contracts,  in  sums  over  $50,  and  in  the  former  class 
of  counties  for  torts,  in  sums  over  ^25,  and  for  recovery  of  specific  personal  prop- 
erty up  to  $200  ;  in  the  latter  class  of  counties  for  torts,  in  sums  over  $25,  and 
for  recovery  of  personal  property  in  sums  not  exceeding  $100. 

Service  of  summons  must  be  made  iu  circuit  courts  15  days  before  return  day, 
and  all  actions  are  triable,  in  counties  having  over  40,000  inhabitants,  at  the  re- 
turn term";  in  other  counties,  actions  on  notes  and  bonds  are  triable  at  the  re- 
turn term,  and  other  actions  at  the  next  term. 

Before  justices,  service  must  be  made  15  days  before  trial,  in  cases  where  they 
have  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  circuit  courts  ;  iu  other  cases  6  days  is  suffi- 
cient ;  but  in  St.  Louis  county  15  days  is  required  iu  all  cases. 

Judgments,  in  courts  of  record  are  a  lien  from  their  rendition,  and  for  thre« 
snmia  thereafter,  ou  ail  res^  estate  owned  by  the  defendant,  or  snbseqneutly  ao> 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   MISSOUKL  879 

tulT«d  by  him,  and  Bltuated  in  the  county  where  the  judgment  la  rendered.  Th» 
judgment  can  be  revived  so  that  the  lieu  c.nn  bo  kept  up  for  ten  years  after  iii 
rendition.  Iso  execution  can  issue  o:i  a  jiulgiuoit  in  a  couri,  of  record  older  Ihiiii 
ten  years,  new  euitlias  to  be  brought  on  tlic  same.  Judgments  in  courts  of  rec- 
ord create  no  lien  on  personal  property.  2<(u  execution  can  i6sn,e  on  a  jusiive'n 
judgment  thrao  years  after  its  ronuitioti,  T.itliout  revivor.  Judgments  brfiVQ 
justice  can  be  made  to  create  lien  on  rv-al  estate  by  liling  a  feanscriijt  ot  the 
judgment  in  the  circuit  court. 

Execution  issues  the  day  jud{;ment  is  rendered,  and  aro  a  lien  on  persorjs.! 
property,  ^\hcn  issuing  out  of  a  justice's  court  from  the  time  they  are  dc;livort;d 
to  tho  otliccr  ;  when  issuing  from  courts  of  record,  only  from  the  time  they  aro 
actually  lovied.  Executioi-.s  from  a  justice  car.not  be  levied  on  real  estate. 
Every  species  of  property,  real  or  personal,  books  of  account,  debts  and  jujg- 
menta,  Nvhether  the  interest  in  real  cFtate  be  a  loy;al  or  equitable  title,  is  subjcci 
to  execution  and  sale  at  law.  Itcdt  mption,  after  execution  sale,  is  unknown 
here.  If  an  execution  from  a  court  of  record  is  returned  unsatisfied,  the  debtoiB 
©an  be  Bummonod  and  required  to  state  under  oath  vhat  property  or  interests 
thev  have  or  own,  which  may  be  reached  by  execution. 

i)EKi)3,  RidUTS  OF  Makhikd  WiOiijx,  "WILIS,  &c.— I>ecds  must  he  under 
Beal,  a  scrawl  is  resjarded  as  a  seal.  'Iho  aeknowledgment,  if  made  in  this  State, 
may  be  made  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  cor.nty  where  the  land  lies,  be- 
fore a  court  or  judge,  the  court  having  a  seal,  or  before  a  notary  public  ;  if  out  of 
this  State,  before  a  commissioner  of  this  State,  notary  public,  or  before  a  court 
or  judge  or  clerk  of  a  court  having  a  seal,  or  before  tlie  chief  otlicer  or  mayor  of 
a  town  or  city  who  has  a  seal,  or  before  a  consul  or  minister  of  the  United  States 
tiho  has  a  seal.  The  seal  must  bo  attached,  and  the  deed  recorded  in  the 
county  where  tlio  land  lies. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  certiiicate  where  the  grantor  is  unmarried  : 

[Form  of  Acknowledgment. ] 
State  of  Missouei,  1 
Cou>TV  OF  Pike,      j 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  tliis  day  of  ,  A.  D.  18    ,  before  tho 

undersigned,  a  ,  within  and  for  the  county  of  ,  and  State  of 

Missouri,  personally  came  ,  who  are  personally  known  to  me  to  be  the 

same  persons  whose  names  are  subscribed  to  the  foregoing  and  annexed  instru- 
ment of  writing  as  parties  thereto,  and  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  their  act 
and  deed  for  the  pisrposes  therein  mentioned- 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  sat  my  h,^nd,  and  affixed  my  ofQcial 
•eal,  at  my  office  in  ,  the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

[L.  S.]  (Signature  and  title.') 

The  following  is  the  form  where  husband  and  wife  join  in  the  deeds,  the  latter 
releasing  dower.  Husband  and  wife  always  must  join  in  deeds,  whether  her  or 
his  real  estate  are  to  b^  conveyed  : 


(State  of  Mi^ssouri,  ) 


[Form  of  Acknowledgment.] 


;C"ou}JTY  OF  Pike. 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  this  dav  of  ,  A.  D.  18    ,  before  the 

xindersi^ed,  a  ,  within  and  for  the  county  of  ,  and  State  ot 

Missouri,  personally  came  ,  who  are  personally  kno^vn  to  me  to  be  13io 

same  persons  whose  names  are  subscribed  to  the  foregoing  ami  annexed  instru- 
'nient  of  writing  as'  parties  thereto,  and  acknowledged  tlie  same  to  be  their  act 
and  deed  for  the  purposes  therein  mentioned.     And  the  said  ,  being  by 

me  first  made  acquainted  with  the  contents  of  said  instrument,  upon  an  examin- 
ation seimrate  and  apart  from  husband  ,  acknowledged  that  ex- 
ecuted the  same,  and  relinquishes  dower  in  the  real  estate  therein  men- 
tioned, freely  and  without  fear^  compulsion  or  undue  iuliuence  of  said 
husband. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand,  and  affixed  my  official 
seal,  at  my  office  in  the  day  and  year  first  al>ovo  written. 

[SEAL.]  (Signature  and  title.) 

Married  women  can  hold  real  or  personal  property  to  their  separate  u»«, 
tlirough  a  trustee.  A  note  or  endorsement  made  by  .i  niarried  woman  will  bind 
Iter  separate  estate  ;  it  will  not,  however,  bind  her  ;  •T'.eral  estate,  and  will  be  a 
'UuUity  unless  she  has  a  separate  estate  to  be  bound  uy  the  paper,  if,  however, 
iier  note  is  for  puxuiiase  money  of  property,  then  it  ^^  111  biiid  even  her  geuaiM 


880         SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    MOXTAN'A    AND    NEBRASKA. 

The  wife's  separate  property,  whether  acquired  before  or  previous  to  inaj^ 
riage,  is  not  liable  for  her  husband's  debts.  The  wife  is  endowed  of  one-third  of 
all  the  lauds  of  whioh  her  husband,  or  any  one  to  his  use,  was  seizf-d  of  an  estat« 
of  inheritance,  at  any  time  during  the  marriage  ;  also,  of  leasehold  estate  for 
the  term  of  20  yeai3  or  more. 

A  chattel  mortgage  of  perishable  articles,  which  are  left  in  the  hands  of  th« 
grantor,  with  right  to  use  the  same,  is  void  ;  so  is  mortgage  of  stock  of  goods, 
the  grantor  having  right  to  Bell ;  so  is  any  mortgage,  if  uure^tered  and  th« 
chattel  left  with  the  grantor  ;  so  is  also  a  registered  mortgage,  if  the  goods  ara 
left  unreason.ibly  long  with  grantor,  after  default  is  maile  in  payment. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  person  in  hia 
presence,  and  at  his  request,  and  attested  by  two  competent  -wntnesses,  who 
ehall  subscribtt  their  names  as  witnesses  in  the"  presence  of  the  testator.  Wills 
must  be  recorded  oci  days  after  probate  :  if  lands  in  different  counties  are  devised 
a  copy  of  the  will  will  be  recorded  in  the  recorder's  office  in  each  county,  withia 
6is  months  after  probate. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  MONTANA. 

ElEMPTIOXS  FROM  FORCED  S.VXE.— Some  irorth  $2500.  anff  Perxmal  Prnp. 
erty.  A  homestead  not  exceeding  in  value  $2.5iiO ;  in  a  city  or  village  not  to 
exceed  one  ouarter  acre,  or  farm  land  not  exceeding  gO  acres,  the  debtor  taiin^  hia 
choice  selecting  either,  with  all  improvements  thereon  included  in  the  valuation. 
The  lien  of  a  mechanic,  laborer,  or  mortgage  lawfully  obtained  upon  die  same  i3 
not  affected  by  such  exemption.  In  addition  to  the  homestead,  personal  pronerty 
to  the  value  of  #1400,  and  mo-e,  according  to  value  of  articles  enumerated  by 
fctatat«,  is  allowed  to  the  hoviseholder  occupying  the  same. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NEBRASKA. 

EirirPTioxs  rROM  Forced  Sale.— flbm#  ^rorih  fSOO,  and  Personal  Prop- 
erty- A  homestead  containing  any  quantity  of  land  not  exceeding  160  acres,  and 
the  dwelling  house  thereon,  and  its  appurtenances,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner 
thereof,  and  not  included  in  any  incorporated  city  or  village  ;  or  instead  thereof, 
St  the  option  of  the  owner,  a  quantity  of  contiguous  land,  not  exceeding  two  lots 
in  any  incorporated  town,  city,  or  village,  and^according  to  the  recorded  plat  of 
eaid  incorporated  town,  city,  "or  village  ;  or.  in  lieu  of  the  above,  a  lot  or  parcel 
of  contiguous  land,  not  exceeding  20  acres,  being  within  the  limits  of  an  incor- 
porated town,  city,  or  village,  the  said  parcel  or  lot  of  land  not  being  laid  off  into 
Btre  'ts,  blocks,  and  lots,  owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of  the  State,  being 
the  head  of  a  f.imily,  sli.all  not  be  subject  to  attachment,  levy  or  sale  upon  ex- 
ecution, or  other  process  issuing  out  of  any  court  in  this  State,  so  long  as  tha 
eame  .shall  be  occupied  by  the  debior  as  a  homestead.  All  heads  of  families, 
vho  have  neither  lar.tls,  town  lots,  nor  houses  entitled  to  exemption  as  a  homa- 
Bieiid,  under  the  ]aw.s  of  this  State,  shall  have  exemption  from  forced  sale  on 
execution  th3  sum  of  f  5<>1  personal  property. 

MErnAxifS'  LiEx.— Any  person  who  shall  have  performed  any  labor,  or 
furnished  any  material  or  machinery  for  the  erection,  reparation  or  removal  of 
*.;iy  house  or  other  buiiriing  or  purtenances.  by  virtue  of  a  eontruct,  expressed  or 
implied,  with  the  OTvner  there- >f.  or  his  agent,"6liallhave  a  lien  thereon  to  secure 
the  payment  for  such  lab<3r  performed  or  materials  furnished.  Said  lien  shall  be 
obtained  by  filing,  in  the  ofSce  of  the  county  clerk  for  record,  an  account,  in 
writing,  of  the  items,  and  making  oath  thereto,  within  four  months  after  furnish- 
ing such  materials,  or  work  and  labor.  Tlie  lien  shall  operate  from  the  date  of 
the  fir? t  item  till  two  years  from  the  date  of  the  last  item. 

CoiiECTiox  OF  Debts. — An  order  for  the  arrest  of  the  defendant  mav  be  ob- 
tained on  affidavit  by  the  plainti:i,  his  agent,  or  attorney,  that  the  claim"  is  just, 
and  that  one  or  more  of  the  following  p.-.rticulars  are  true  :  that  the  defendant 
has  begun  to  remove  any  part  of  his  property  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court 
with  intent  to  defraud  :  that  he  has  begun  to  convert  the  same  into  mc>ney  to 
place  it  beyond  tlie  reach  of  his  creditors  ;  that  hehasproperty  of  rights  of  action 
which  he  fraudulently  conceals  ;  that  he  has  assicrned,  remrived  or  disposed  of 
his  property  or  .any  part  thereof  witli  intent  to  defraud ;  that  he  has  fraudulently 
«eBtract«d  the  debt  or  inavBred  the  obligation  on  which  the  action  is  based.  Tbi9 


SPECIAL    LA\^■S    OF    >-EBKA6KA.  881 

a^Pflnrit  TV?*  f  irtTier  contain  K  statement  of  tho  {.ictfl  claimed  to  juff Iiv  ft  belief 
■  1  '  ^  abovu  parUcuIare.    A  bond  muet  be  execut^xl  lil-ic  tLat  ia 

■  iril  jv^n'i  mnT  nhfoin  n  writ  "f  attao^m<>T1t  «?nh'8t.  all  The 

1. 
f 

•when  he  r.l*'  '  o  lias  left  t!ie  county  to  avoitl 

aerrice,  or  6>>  .  ot  be  S'-rved  npou  liim.   "VMien 

the  ground  o£  a::  ic-iuiu  :u  1-  i.i:-.v  i..:<j  u-..'i   ..'i    is  a  non-rcfident  or  f  "reign  cor 
poratiou,  the  claim  ^lu^t  bo  a  d<.-bt  or  demand  arising  on  contract,  judrment  or 
decree.    A  lv>nil,  in  not  int>ro  than  double  the  anioimt  claimed,  with  one  or  more 
furetiea  to  be  apprnvcd  by  tlio  clerk,  is  reijuired,  except  when  the  defendant  is  a  . 
non-resident  or  fonMgn  coriHiration. 

In  cases  of  att.-vohnient,  "  when  the  plainilff,  his  agent  or  attomer,  shall  make 
oath  in  writing  that  he  has  pftod  rea^^on  to,  and  does  belieTe,  that  any  person  or 
corporation,  to  be  named  and  within  tho  county  where  tlio  actioii  is  brought,  has 
property  of  the  di-fendant  <^ileei'ribing  tlie  same)  in  his  foi?segsion,"  the  said  prop- 
ertv,  whether  debts,  choses  in  action,  cliattclsor  other  prr^pertj-,  may  be  garnished 
and  held  tlie  saiuo  as  property  otherwise  attached.  In  all  ca*'  s  where  an  execu- 
tion shall  be  returned  unfaiisiicd,  and  the  judgment  creditor,  his  ngx-nt  or  at- 
torney, shall  file  an  aiJidavit,  that  any  person  or  corporation  (naming'the  same) 
has  pixjpertT  of,  and  a.-o  indebted  to  the  judgment  debtor,  such  person  or  corpo- 
ration may  be  summoned  as  garnishee. 

All  bonds,  promissory  notes,  bills  of  exchange,  foreign  and  inland,  drawn  for 
any  sum  or  sums  of  money,  cei  tain  and  made  payable  to  any  person  or  order,  or 
assigns,  shall  be  negotiable  by  endorsement ;  made  payable  to  bearer,  shall  be 
transferable  by  doliVery  ■without  endorsement.  AH  such  negotiable  paper  shall 
be  entitled  to  throe  days'  grace.  January  1st,  February  22d,  July  4th.  December 
25th,  and  any  day  appointed  or  recommended  by  the  goVemorof  this  St.it e,  or  the 
President  of  the  L'nited  States,  as  a  day  of  faster  thanksgiving,  are  legal  holi- 
days for  commercial  purposes  ;  when  such  day  comes  on  Monday,  then  the  day 
after  is  when  the  act  is  to  be  performed.  WlJen  any  bill  of  exchange  shall  be 
drawn  for  the  payment  of  any  such  sum  of  money,  and  such  bill  shall  be  legally 
protested  for  non'-acceptance'or  non-paj-ment,  the  drawer  or  drawers,  endorser  or 
endorsers,  shall  be  subject  to  payment'of  twelve  per  cent,  damages  thereon,  if 
drawn  on  anv  person  or  i>ersonp,  or  body-corporate,  without  the  jurisdiction  of  tho 
United  States,  and  six  per  cent,  damages  thereon  if  dravrn  \1p3n  persons  or  body- 
corporate  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  and  without  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  this  Slate. 

Tho  supreme  court  has  appellate  jurisdiction  only  except  in  cases  relating  to 
rrr-enuf,  mandamun.  quo  vnrranto.  habeas  cnrpu-f,  and  such  cases  of  impeachment 
as  may  bo  required  to  be  tried  before  it ;  and  both  the  supreme  and  district  courta 
shall  have  b(.>th  chancery  and  common  law  jurisdiction.  The  district  court  haa 
original  ajid  exclusive  "jurisdiction  over  all  matters  and  suits  at  law  and  in 
chancery  arising  in  each  county  in  their  respective  districts,  except  whi»n  justices 
of  the  peace  have  jurisdictJon, "and  concurrent  jurl'^diction  with  suid  justices  of 
the  pe.\ce,  in  cas^s  whf^rothe  cause  of  action  exceeds  fifty  dollars,  and  not  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  dollars,  and  has  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of  appeals  frora_  a 
justice  of  the  peace  or  judgf  of  j>robate.  Justices  of  the  peace  have  jurisdic- 
tion co-extensive  with  their  counties,  and  extends  to  all  cases  wherein  the  sum 
involved  does  not  exceed  6100.  'When  action  is  rightly  brought  in  anv  county, 
a  8umm'^ns  may  issue  to  any  other  county,  and,  unless  otherwise  preivided  for, 
■hall  be  returnable  on  second  Monday  from  its  «late,  but  when  issued  to  ancther 
county,  it  may  be  made  returnable,  at  the  option  of  the  party  having  it  issued,  on 
the  third  or  fourth  Montiay  after  its  date.  Personal  service  before  justices  of 
the  peace,  three  days  before  trial ;  constructive  service  may  also  be  made  in 
certain  cases  bv  publication. 

Judgrnents  In  district  court,  are  liens  upon  the  lands  of  the  judgment  debtor, 
situated  in  the  s.ime  county,  from  the  first  day  of  the  term  at  which  judgtuent  is 
rcTiJer. -l  ;  but  judgments  ty  confession,  and  those  rendered  at  the  same  term  in 
whirh  th«;  a.  -ion  i*  commenced,  are  liens  onlv  from  the  day  on  which  such  judg- 
ments are  rendered.  To  create  a  judgment  lieu  in  other  counties,  a  transcript 
must  be  .iieil  3T  levy  made. 

Judgments  in  pr'oliate  and  justices'  courts,  operate  as  a  Hen  upon  the  realty  of 
the  debtor  when  at  rauscript  thereof  is  file<l  and  Uockcte4  ly  tb<}  office  of  th9 
•itrk  of  tba  OtfWJct  courl.  r« 

3Q 


882  SPECLAX   LAWS   OF   JTEBEASKA, 

Lands,  tenements,  goods  and  chattele,  not  exempt  by  law,  ar*  enbject  to  lery. 
Executions,  unless  staved,  issue  at  any  timo  after  judgment  on  order  therefor. 
May  issue  to  any  county  in  the  State,  and  simultaneously  to  any  other  counties  ; 
must  first  exhaust  goods  and  chattels,  and  afterwards  rtalty.  "Are  not  liei-s  on 
personalty  or  realty  in  counties  other  than  the  one  in  whioh'judgmeut  is  obtain- 
ed, tmtU  levy  has  beeu  made  or  transcript  filed.  Ko  redemption  of  property  sold 
on  execution  or  order  of  sale  on  fureclosure  of  mortgage  ;  title  becomes  absoluta 
on  confirmation  of  sale.  Judgments  become  dormant  and  cease  to  be  a  Hen  on 
debtors'  property  if  execution  is  not  issued  within  five  years  from  rendinon  of 
jadgment,  or  if  five  years  intervene  between  the  issuing  of  two  executions. 
Judjmeuts'cease  to  operate  as  a  lien  on  the  debtor's  estate  to  the  prejudice  of  any  i 
subsiiiuent  6c«a.rif/3  judgment  creditors,  unless  execution  is  issued  within  one 
year  from  date  oi  said  jLidgment  ;  but  when  the  issuing  of  an  execution  is  pre- 
vented by  stay,  appeal,  proceedings  in  error,  etc.,  such  year  does  not  begin  to 
run  until  after  the  rem^jval  of  6;iid  disability.  If  an  execution  be  rettimed 
unsitisfied,  the  debtor  can  be  summoned,  and  be  required  to  state  under  oath 
wh.";:;  property  or  iiiterests  he  has  or  owns,  which  may  be  reached  by  execution. 

Chattel  mortgages  are  valid  against  bonaf.de  purchasers  and  creditors,  if  tha 
instrument  shall  be  filed  and  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  county  clerk  ;  but  cease 
to  be  valid  against  creditors,  purchasers  and  subsequent  mortgageesin  good  faith 
after  the  expiration  of  one  year  from  the  filing  thereof,  unless  within  thirty  days 
next  preceding  the  termination  of  said  year  a  true  copy  of  the  mortgage,  together 
with  a  Etatem  ;nt  exiiibiting  the  interest  of  the  mortgagee  iu  the  mortgaged  prop- 
eity,  shall  agai'i  bj  filed  and  recorded.  Sale  or  mortgage  of  chattels,  uxiless  ac- 
companied by  immediate,  actunl  delivery  and  continued  change  of  possession, 
are  prima  f'tcie  fraudulent  and  void  as  against  creditors  and  subsequent  bona 
f.de  purchasers,  niiless  the  instrument  has  been  duly  filed  and  recorded  in  the 
©Ihce  of  the  cotmty  clerk. 

ErsDS,  Rights  op  Mabkizd  ■VTomex,  &c.— All  deeds  affecting  the  title  to 
real  property,  or  any  interest  therein,  iu  this  State,  except  leases  for  one  year  oc 
for  a  less  time,  must  be  signed  by  the  grantor,  of  lawful  age,  in  the  presence  of  at 
least  one  competent  witness,  who  shall  subscribe  his  name  as  a  witness  thereto, 
and  be  duly  acknowledged  or  proved  and  recorded.  Aclinowledgments  or  proofs 
may  be  ta^en  in  the  State,  before  a  judge  or  clerk  of  any  court,  justice  of  the 
peace,  or  notary  public ;  no  oSicer  can  tike  any  such  acknowledgment  or  proof 
out  of  his  State  jurisdiction. 

The  certilicate  of  acknowledOToent  must  be  indorsed  on  the  instrument,  and 
show  tliat  the  grantor  acknowledged  the  same  to  be  his  voluntary  act  and  deed, 
and  that  the  oiiicer  before  whom  the  same  was  taken  knew  him  to  be  the  ident- 
ical person  whose  name  was  aSixed  as  grant<:.r,  or  had  satisfactory  evidence  of  the 
fact.  If,  after  the  iastrtunent  is  executed  but  not  acknowledged,  the  grantor  die, 
or  if,  from  any  cause,  his  attendance  cannot  be  procured  in  order  to  make  the 
eamo,  or,  having  appeared,  he  refuses  to  acknijwledge  it.  proof  of  the  execution 
and  delivery  of  tha  deed  may  be  made  by  any  competent  subscribing  witness 
thereto,  before  a:iy  otucer  authorized  to  take  the  acknowledgment ;  such  witness 
must  b3  iiersonally  known  to  the  oflicer,  or  such  officer  must  have  satisfactory 
evidence  that  the  witness  is  the  person  who  subscribed  the  instrument  as  a  wit- 
ness. If  all  the  subscribing  witnesses  are  dead,  or  out  of  the  State,  the  execution 
of  the  deed  may  be  proved  by  proving  the  handwritin"  of  the  grantor  ai^d  of  any 
subs.-ribiag  witness  thereto.  All  deeds,  duly  executed  and  acknowledged,  must 
be  r?co:dea  in  the  o'Jice  of  the  clerk  of  the  coimty  in  which  the  land  lies  ;  in  case 
th*  land  is  situated  in  an  imorganized  distrijt.  tHe  deed  is  to  be  recorded  in  the 
ouice  of  the  clerk  of  that  county  to  which  sail  district  is  attached  for  judicial 
p  :rposes.  All  deeds,  mortgages  and  other  written  instruments  take  effect,  and 
are  ia  force  as  to  third  parties,  from  and  after  the  time  they  are  delivered  to  the 
c!?rk  for  record.  Xo  separate  examination  is  reqiured  ia  taking  a  wife's  ac- 
kr.jv.ledgment ;  to  convey  her  right  of  dower  she  must  execute  a  deed  with  or 
wi  Jiout  lier  htisband.  All  deeds  should  have  at  least  one  subscribing  witness. 
Private  seals  are  abolished,  not  even  scrawls  are  required. 

[Form  of  Certiflc-at*  of  Acknowledgment  of  Husband  and  "Wife-l 
State  of  ,  I 

Corh-TY  OF  .  I  '  • 

On  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  IS"      ,  before  me  (here  insert  name 

ard  title  of  officer^,  duly  appointed,  commissioned  (or  elected)  and  qualified  for, 
and  residing  iu  said  cotinty,  personally  appeared  and  , 

his  -(vife,  to  me  personally  known  lor  by  the  oaths  of  one  or  more  witnesses 
whose  names  are  hereto  subscribed,  satisfactorily  proved)  to  be  the  identical 
ponoos  deccribed  in,  and  wUce^  pam«s  are  affiled  to.  the  foregoing  inatroxaest 


iPBCIAL    LAWS    OF   NEVADA.  883 

OS  grantors,  and  they  severally  acknowledged  the  same  to  bo  their  voluntary  act 
and  deud. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  official  seal,  at  , 

in  said  county,  the  day  and  year  last  above  written. 

[SKAL-I  (Signature  and  title.) 

Ilie  property,  real  and  personal,  which  any  woman  in  this  State  may  own  .t* 
the  limo  of  lior  marriage,  the  rents,  issues,  profita  or  proeeetls  thereof,  ami  any 
real,  person.Tl  or  mi.\ea  property  which  shall  come  to  her  by  descent,  devise  or 
bo(i;ie.~t,  or  the  gift  of  any  person  except  herliusband,  shall  remain  her  solo  and 
eeparale  properly,  and  not  bo  subject  to  the  disjiosal  of  hor  husband,  or  liabla 
for  his  debts.  She  may  bargain,  sell  and  convey  her  real  and  personal  property, 
and  enter  into  any  contract  in  reference  tliereto,  in  the  same  manner,  to  the 
sanio  extent,  and  with  like  effect  a.-?  a  married  man.  She  may  sue  and  be  sued 
as  if  nnmarrieil,  and  carry  on  trade  or  business  on  her  separate  account.  Her 
earnings  are  her  sole  property.  If  married  out  of  the  State,  she  may  here  enjoy 
nil  rights  to  property  there  acquired. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NEVADA. 

ExEMiTioJfs  From  Forced  Salf.. — A  TTnmestead  icorth  ?500O,  and  Perxonal 
Property.  A  homestead  owned  by  a  head  of  the  family,  worth  9.5000,  and  the 
following  personal  property  :  household  f  umituro  to  the  value  of  SlOO  ;  provis- 
ions and  fire- wood  for  one  month  ;  farming  utensils  of  a  fanner  not;  exceeding  in 
value  $200  ;  two  horses,  two  oxen  or  two  mules,  and  two  cows,  one  cart  or  wa;^on, 
mechanics'  tools  ;  a  miner's  dwelling,"  in  v.ilue  §500,  and  his  mining  tools  ;  a 
library  of  a  dentist,  physician.  Lawyer  or  surgeon  ;  one  sawing  machine  worth 
?15l».  A  mort::ago  or  other  security  on  the  homestead  is  void,  unless  for  puichasa 
money  or  mechanics'  lien. 

IvlKcnAxics' J.i;:n". — Persons  who  perform  labor  or  furnish  materials  for  the 
erection  or  improvement  of  any  building  his  a  lien  on  tho  same  for  such  work 
and  materials  for  all  amounts  over  S2o.  And  so  have  all  laborers  on  all  work 
done  b}'  them  on  any  railroad,  toll-road,  car.il,  water-ditch,  mine  or  mining-shaft, 
or  tunnel,  or  building  lot  in  a  city  or  town  ;  prodded,  tho  original  contractor 
shall  file  lii.s  lien  in  Bi.\tydays,  and  the  sub-cont'actor  or  laborer  in  thirty  days 
after  the  work  is  completed,  and  suit  commenced  in  sLx  months. 

CoLiiKCTTOX  OF  DEBTS. — A  debtor  may  bo  arrested  and  held  in  custody  or  r.?- 
leascd  on  bail,  upon  an  affidavit  being  made  by  the  plaintiff,  or  his  a::ent  or  .ittor- 
ney,  that  the  defendant  is  fraudulently  disposing  of  his  property,  or  is  absconding 
from  the  Stat"";,  or  where  tho  debt  was  contracted  in  some  fiduciary  capacity,  or 
where  the  action  is  for  libel  or  slander,  or  where  the  debtor  is  coii«eaiing  his  prop- 
ertv  to  deframl  his  creditors. 

NVrit  of  alUxchmcnt  may  issue  against  any  property,  whether  real  or  personal. 
of  the  debtor  may  bo  attached  upon  the  plaintiff  enteiinginto  a  bond,  as  required 
by  the  statute,  not  to  be  less  than  Sl'oO  in  ^old  coin,  with  sullicient  sureties,  and 
ni.Tlilng  an  atUdavit  that  the  debt  claimed  is  an  actual  bona  fide  debtdue  to  plain- 
tiff from  the  defendant :  tliat  the  attachment  is  not  asked  to  hinder,  delay  or  dc- 
frar.d  the  defendant  or  iiis  creditors  ;  that  the  action  brought  is  on  a  contract 
for 'bo  direct  p.ayment  of  money,  and  which  is  not  secured  by  a  mortgage  or 
other  lien,  or  upon  a  contract  executed  by  a  i)arly  not  in  this  State.  And  the 
prcncr' y  to  attached  will  be  held  to  abido'tho  judgment  the  plaintiff  may  recover. 

A  debtor  may  prefer  one  or  more  of  his  creditors,  by  assigning  his  property  for 
their  benefit;  prodded,  the  assignment  is  bona  fide,  and  bankruptcy  does  not  iik- 
tcrvone. 

Kotes  and  bills  for  the  payment  of  money  are  negotiable  like  bills  of  exchange. 
Acceptance  n»ust  be  in  writing,  on  the  bill  or  on  separate  paper;  it  shall  no! 
bind  the  accentor,  except  in  favor  of  the  person  to  whom  such  acceptance  waa 
fhown,  and  v/ho  gavo  value  for  the  same  on  the  strength  of  the  acceptance. 
Katjs  of  dani.Tgcs  for  non-payment  or  non-acceptance  are  as  follows  :  On  bills 
drawn  ory  persons  in  the  United  States,  ea^t  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 815  on  tho 
$t00  ;  if  drawn  on  Europe  or  other  foreign  co'.ntrj-,  .?2f)  on  tlie  ©100  ;  these  dania^ 
ges  arc  in  lieu  of  protest  fees.  Paper  maturi:ig  on  any  legal  holiday  must  be  jiro^ 
tested  the  day  previous.  Legal  holidays  are  :  Sundays.  January  Ist.  February 
2i:d,  July  4th,  Christmas  and  ThanK8gi\4ng  D.ay.s.  Sight  bills  or  drafts  are  not 
enti  led  lo  gr:'><  e. 

The  jurisdii'titm  of  justices'  courts  extends  to  5300,  except  when  suits  concern 
land  or  mining  claltns.    District  courts  have  general  jurisdiction'  of  all  matter*. 


884  SPECIAL   LAWS    OF   XEW    HAMPSHERB. 

either  of  a  legal  or  equitable  Jiatare,  wher  the  amount  exceeds  $300,  and  appellat* 
jurisdiction  in  all  caees  which  originates  before  a  justice  of  the  peace.  The 
•upreme  has  appellate  jurisdiction  from  district  courts. 

Judgments  from  courie  of  record,  are  liens  on  the  debtor's  lands  in  th« 
county  "where  obtained,  and  upon  his  land  in  any  other  county  where  taanscript 
of  same  is  tiled  :  and  judgments  before  jnstica  of  the  peace  become  liens  on  tho 
debtor's  land,  where  a  traihscript  of  the  Bame  is  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the  di:^trict 
court  of  the  county. 

Execution  may  "be  stayed  by  the  court  in  which  the  judgment  was  obtained  a 
reasonable  time  :  and,  tuilcss  same  is  thus  stayed,  it  can  issue  at  any  time  within 
the  limitation,  five  years,  and  may  be  levied  "on  any  of  the  prorverty  of  the  de- 
fendant not  exempt  by  lav,-.  It  is  not  a  lien  on  po"rsonalty  until  an  actual  lev. 
Am  the  judgment  is  a  lien  on  the  debtor"j  land,  it  can  be  enforced  by  the  execu- 
tion. 

Deeds,  Bights  of  Married  Womt:??,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  in  writing,  a  scrawl 
will  answer  for  a  seal.     Witnesses  are  not  neces&iry  to  its  valiciity. 

If  proTen  or  acknowledged  in  thi.<  State,  it  must  bo  before  a  judjre,  or  clerk  of 
a  court  having  a  seal,  a  notary  ptiblic,  or  a  j-a.>tice  of  the  pv  ace.  If  without,  the 
State,  before  any  judje.  clerk  of  a  court  haviiig  a  seal,  notary  public  or  justice  of 
th«  peace,  or  a  commissioner  of  this  State.  If  before  a  jitstice  of  the  peace,  it 
must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  the  clerk  of  a  court  of  record,  ccrtifyinz 
to  the  official  capacity  and  signature  of  the  justice.  If  taken  without  the  Uiiited 
itates,  before  some  jiidffe  or  clerk  of  a  court  of  a  State,  Kingdom  or  Em  jure  hav- 
ing a  seal,  a  notary  public,  or  by  a  minister,  commissioner  of  consul  of  the  United 
States.  If  the  grantor  does  not  acknowledee  the  execution  of  thi  deed,  the  wit- 
ness may  prove  his  signature ;  but  if  the  witnesses  are  dead,  or  cannot  be  had, 
proof  by  competent  parties,  under  oath,  of  the  signature  of  the  grantor  and  at 
least  one  witness. 

The  wife  must  join  the  husband  in  the  execution  of  a  deed,  and  this  form  can 
be  used  for  the  certiScate  of  acknowledgment  by  husband  and  wife,  or  without  » 
wife,  and  can  be  changed  to  suit  the  circtunstances  : 
State  of  New  Tokk,  1 
Cou>-TY  OF  Orange.    )   ** 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  IS7    ,  pierson- 

ally  appeared  before  me,  J.  Gordon,  a  notary  public  in  and  for  said  coiuity  and 
State,  duly  appointed  and  qualified  to  rake  a'cknowledgrnents  of  deeds,  etc.,  A.  B. 
*nd  (.'.  D.,  his  wife,  whose  names  are  subscribed  to  the  conveyed  instrument  a» 
parties  thereto,  personally  known  to  me  to  be  the  individuals" described  in  and 
■who  executed  the  said  annexed  instrument  as  parties  thereto,  who  each  acknowl- 
edged to  me  that  they  each  of  them  respectively  executed  the  same,  freely,  vol- 
untarily and  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  mentioned.  And  the  said  "c.  D., 
wife  of  the  said  A.B..  having  been  by  me  fir^t  made  acquainted  with  the  contents 
of  said  instrument,  aeknowledgeil  to" me,  on  examination  apart  from  and  without 
the  hearing  of  her  said  htisband,  that  she  executed  the  same  freely  and  voluntarily, 
without  fear  or  compulsion  or  undue  influence  of  her  said  husband,  and  that  slia 
d»es  not  wish  to  retract  the  execution  of  the  same. 

In  witness  whereof.  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  alnxed  my  official  seal, 
the  day  and  year  first  above  written. 

J.  GoRDOK,  Notary  Public- 

All  the  property  owned  by  the  wife  at  the  time  of  her  marriage,  or  to  which 
Bhe  acquires  after  marriage  by  inheritance,  devise,  gift  or  bequest,  belougs  to 
and  remains  her  separate  estate  which  she  can  sell  and  convey  without  the  con- 
i«nt  of  her  husband.  And  all  property  acquired  liy  purchase  by  husband  and 
wife  during  the  coverture  belongs  to  them  in  comroon  ;  and  upon  the  death  of 
the  husliaud,  one-half  goes  to  the  wife  :  btit  during  coverttire,  is  tuider  the  abso- 
lute control  of  the  husband.  He  can  convey  the  same  without  the  joining  of  his 
wife  in  the  execution  of  the  deed.  A  married  woman  has  no  dower  in  the  raal 
estate  of  her  husband,  neither  has  he  any  courtesy  in  hers. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NE^V  HAMPSHIRE. 

BjtEMPTioxs  From  Forced  S.\LE.— f/bme  irortA  $50<),  anrf  Personal  Prnprrtf. 
Homestead  to  the  value  of  Sotm,  for  the  benefit  of  wifs,  widow  or  ohiUlren. 
Koue^hold  furnitar*  to  value  of  #l(,fi ;  books  and  librarv  in  use  by  the  debtor  and 


SPECTAL   LAWS    OF   NEW    nAMPSIIIRE. 


88§ 


MceM&ry  bed,  bedsteads  and  bfed-olothin? ;  1  cookJnj;  store  and  Its  fumlttire  ; 
tools  of  his  occupation,  4=100  ;  ])rovi8ionsaiid  fucl,?uO  ;"beast3  of  the  plovr,  not  ex- 
ceeding 1  yoke  of  oxen  or  C  horso  ;  scwinf;  machine,  1  cow,  (!  eheep,  1  pijjor  hog. 

Mechanics'  I.iln. — Laliorcis  and  jiorsons  f  ;iriiisliing  materials  have  a  lien  on 
the  bulldijiK  and  the  land  on  v.-hich  Iti^  ptit,  to  the  amonnt  of  fl."!,  and  for  tha 
fpaco  of  sixty  days  after  tlie  labor  was  p'>rfrirniO(l  or  materials  furnished. 

CoLLEriioN  OF  L>i;rTS — A'.rcptfor  debt  can  bo  made  upon  afildavit  of  the 
plaintiff,  or  hia  a,:;ent,  that  defendant  owes  more  than  fsl.T.fS,  and  conceals  his 
property  so  that  rio  attaclimcr.t  or  levy  can  be  made,  or  is  about  to  leave  the  Stat» 
lo  avoid  the  payment  of  his  debts. 

Writs  of  attachment  may  issue  for  the  following  causes:  Non-residence; 
baing  about  to  remove  from  the  State  ;  coiicealmont  with  view  to  avoid  service  ; 
removal  of  property  from  Stale,  orconeealmen*,of  the  same,  with  a  view  to  hinder 
and  delay  crcililoi-s;  whore  debt  is  .ontraclcd  o  itof  the  Stale  and  debtor  ab- 
sconds from  there  and  secretly  Tcmoveslusi)roi>erty  into  this  State  ;  for  debt  con- 
tracted fraudulently  or  from  commission  of  felony  ;  or  where  goods  were  bought 
and  payment  is  to  bo  made  in  cash  niid  the  pamo  is  not  done  ;  bond  must  be  in 
double  the  debt  claimed,  ■«  ith  one  or  more  sureties,  who  must  bo  resident  Louse- 
holders  of  the  county  where  suit  is  brouglit.  Every  species  of  property,  whether 
It  be  lejTal  or  equi.able,  i.s  i.  .bject  to  attachment,  and  constitutes  a  valid  lien  on 
the  property  for  thirty  days  afier  judgment,  within  which  period  the  execution 
must  bo  levied  to  preserve  aiuljirotect  the  lien. 

Assijrnmenta  in  trust,  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  inure  for  the  benefit  of  all 
creflitorsof  the  grantor,  whether  named  in  the  dee<l  of  assignment  or  not ;  tho 
deed  of  assignment  must  be  acknowledged  and  recorded  like  other  deeds.  One 
partner  cani»ot  assign  all  the  partnership  assets  for  tho  payment  of  partnership 
debts,  but  only  his  own  sliare  of  them.  Assignments  made  to  secure  sureties  or 
endorsers,  prior  to  any  payment  by  them,  are  valid  here.  Notes^  bills,  accounts, 
and  every  species  of  contract  or  claim  Is  assignable,  and  the  assignee  can  sue  on 
it  in  his  own  name. 

Garnishment  can  be  issued  on  attachment,  against  any  person  owing  the  debt- 
or or  having  his  property  in  possession.  The  garnishee  is  entitled  to  compensa- 
tion for  his  trouble  and  expense  ;  this  is  payable  out  of  the  fund,  if  any  is  found 
in  his  hands,  or  if  nothing  is  due  from  the  garnishee,  then  the  plaintiff  is  bound 
to  pay  this  sum. 

All  botes  and  bills,  payable  in  easT*  to  order  or  bearer,  are  negotiable  ;  on  de- 
rtand.  are  dishon(iied  and  overdue  CO  days  from  their  diite.  Grace  i;^  allowed  on 
all  notes,  dtiif  ts  and  bills  payable  on  time,  unless  expressly  excluded  by  terms  of 
tli6  Contract.  , 

The  jurisdiction  of  justice  and  police  courts,  extend  only  to  f  13.33.  The  cir- 
cuit court  has'jurisdiction  beyond  that  sum,  and  of  all  apjjoals  from  the  justics 
an<l  police  courts.  Superior  court  of  judicature  has  only  appellate  jurisdiction, 
end  may  issue  writs  of  error. 

Judi^ments  may  be  obtained  at  the  first  term,  unless  defendant  make  affidavit 
of  defense,  in  winch  case  he  is  entitled  to  continuance  unless  the  plaintiff  hag 
givcTi  him  30  days  previous  notice  to  be  prepared  fi>r  trial. 

Executions  may  issue  the  d.'iy  judizmcnt  is  rendered,  and  are  a  lien  on  personal 
properly,  when  issuing  out  of  a  justice's  court  from  the  time  they  are  clelivered 
to  tlie  oilicer  ;  when  issuing  from  courts  of  record,  only  f  nim  tlie  time  they  are 
actually  IcTled.  Executions  from  a  justice  cannot  bo  levied  on  real  est.ate. 
Every  species  of  rroperty,  real  or  personal,  books  of  account,  debts  and  judg- 
ments, v.hether  the  interest  Li  real  estate  be  a  legal  or  equitable  title,  is  8.ubject 
.^  execution  and  sale  at  law.  IJedemption  after  execution  sale  can  be  liad  for 
one  year.  Slay  of  execution  is  only  had  when  jilaintiff  is  Insolvent  and  defeaidant 
lumi.shes  bond  to  pay  the  amount  of  judgment  in  review.  ( 

Dei:i>3,  Rights  of  M.\Riui:D  Womtn,  Wills,  &c-.— Deeds  must  be  under  seal ' 
and  atti;sted  by  two  witnesses.  The  acknowledgment,  if  made  in  this  State,  may 
be  made  h-fore  a  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  county  where  the  land  lies,  before  a 
court  or  judge,  the  court  having  a  seal,  or  before  a  notary  public  ;  if  out  of  th« 
State,  before  a  commissioner  of  this  State,  notary  public,  or  before  a  court  or 
Judi,'u  or  clerk  of  a  court  h.iving  a  seal,  or  before  the  chief  officer  or  mayor  of 
a  town  or  city  who  h.as  a  seal,  or  before  a  consul  or  minister  of  th» 
United  Stales  who  has  a  seal,  or  a  justice  of  the  peace,  his  otlicial  character  duly 
certified  by  the  clerk.  The  seal  must  be  attached.  w.A  the  deed  recorded  In  the 
county  where  the  kind  lies.  Ko  separate  acknowledgment  is  required  to  bemada 
Dy  the  wife,  nor  need  she  be  examined  separate  and  apart  from  Uet  bu»band,  bati 
■Ee  uiubt  join  iu  the  deed  i<o  bar  ber  dower  or  homesteaU. 


B86  SPECIAL    LA-WS    OF   NEW   JSB8ET. 

The  following  is  the  form  to  be  used  of  certiflcate  of  acknowledgtewit  e€  la» 

band  and  wife  : 

State  of  New  Hampshire,  1 

COTJXTT    OF  CABROLL.  f 

Personally  appeared  the  above-named,  A.  B.  and  C.  D.,  his  wife,  and  acknowV 
edged  the  foregoing  instrument  to  be  their  voliuitary  act  and  deed.  Baion 
me,  this  day  of  ,  187    , 

I  JoH>'  Gardner,  Commissioner. 

No  necessity  for  the  certificate  to  state  the  wife  releases  her  dower.  Th« 
aboTe  is  sufficient-  Proof  of  subscribing  witnesses  must  be  made  by  depositions, 
and  upon  due  notice  to  the  parties  interested.  And  if  the  identity  of  the  grantor 
is  denied,  it  must  be  proven  by  deposition- 
Married  women  hold  all  property  owned  by  them  before  marriage,  or  acquired 
after  in  any  way,  except  through  property  of  the  husband,  to  their  sole  and  sepa- 
rate use  as"  if  sole.  All  their  acts  in  reference  to  such  property  are  valid  and 
binding  apon  them  and  their  property.  All  other  contracts  void.  The  wife  is 
entitled  to  homestead  and  dower  in  all  the  property  of  her  husband,  unless  she 
release  the  same  by  joining  her  husband  in  its  conveyance.  In  most  respects  tho 
wife  is  equal  to  the  husband  before  the  law.  The  husband  cannot  convey  real 
estate  to  the  wife. 

A  chattel  mortgage  of  perishable  articles  which  are  left  in  the  hands  of  the 
grantor,  with  right  to  use  the  same,  is  void  ;  so  is  mortgage  of  stock  of  goods,  the 
grantor  having  right  to  sell ;  so  is  any  mortgage  if  unregistered  and  the  chattels 
Jeft  with  the  grantor,  save  as  between  the  parties  thereto,  unless  the  above  pro- 
visions are  complied  with  and  an  oath  taken  by  both  parties  made  on  the  mort- 
gage, to  the  effect  that  the  debt  accrued  therein  is  just,  honestly  due  and  owing. 

Wills  should  be  in  writing,  signed  and  sealed  by  the  testator,  or  bv  some  per- 
«on  in  his  presence,  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  in 
Ilia  presence  by  three  or  more  credible  witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NEW  JERSEY. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— Z^mc  vorih  81,500  and  Personal  Prop- 
erty. Lot  and  buildings  thereon,  occupied  as  a  residence  and  owned  by  the 
debtor,  being  a  householder  and  having  a  family,  to  the  value  of  $1,500.  Per- 
Bonal  property  to  the  amount  of  $200.  owned  by  a  resident  head  of  a  family, 
appraised  by  three  persons  ••  ppointed  by  the  sheriff  ;  and  the  widow  or  adminis- 
trator of  a  deceased  person  may  claim"  the  same  exemption  of  §200  as  against 
creditors. 

Mechanics'  Liens. — Persons  who  perform  labor  or  furnish  materials  for  the 
erection  and  construction  of  buildings,  have  a  Uen  on  the  same  for  such  labor 
and  materials,  including  the  lot  on  which  such  buildinep  are  erected  ;  provided, 
the  lien  is  filed  in  one  year  after  the  labor  is  performed  or  materials  furnished, 
and  the  summons  issued  in  the  year. 

Collection  of  Debts. — A  defendant  may  be  arrested  for  debt,  on  affidavit 
being  made  that  he  is  either,  1.  About  to  remove  his  property  oat  of  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  court,  for  the  purpose  of  defraudinghis  creditors  ;  or,  2.  Fr.iudulently 
conceals  his  property  or  rights  of  action ;  or,  3.  He  has  assigned,  removed  or 
concealed,  oris  about  to  assign,  remove  or  conceal  his  property,  with  intent  to 
defraud  his  creditors ;  or,  4.  That  he  has  fr.iudulently  contracted  the  debt  or 
incurred  the  obligation  about  which  the  suit  is  to  be  commenced. 

Writ  of  attachment  by  the  creditor  or  his  agent  making  affidavit,  to  be  filed 
with  the  clerk  of  the  court  out  of  which  the  writ  is  to  issue,  stating  that  th« 
debtor,  according  to  his  knowledge  and  belief,  is  not  a  resident  of  this  State  ; 
that  he  owes  the  plaintiff  (.specifying  the  amount),  or  that  the  debtor  abscond* 
from  his  creditors.  All  property  of  the  defendant  may  be  seized  under  attach- 
ment, and  his  debtors  ganiisheeit,  but  the  real  estate  seized  under  attachment 
cannot  be  sold  for  twelve  months  after  seizure. 

Every  assigiunent  for  the  benefit  of  the  creditors  of  the  assignor,  whither  of 
real,  personal,  or  miiced  property,  must  inure  to  their  mutual  benefit  without  any 
preference  or  priority,  and  all  preferences  by  which  one  or  more  creditors  are  to 
be  first  paid,  or  any  other  preferences,  are  fraudulent  and  void,  excepting  only 
creditors  holding  mortgages  and  judgment  creditors.  The  debtor  making  the 
assignment  must  attach  to  the  deed  of  assignment  an  inventory  of  all  his  estate, 
•ad  a  Wl  list  of  cretiiton,  tJiesQ  tc  l>t  T^rifieA  \>j  tit«  af&dAYit  q(  tiM  ^\itm>. 


BPECLAX   LA-rS    OF    XEW   JERSEY.  887 

The  said  inventory  is  not  conclnsire  upon  creditors  or  their  assignee  ;  tho  latter 
can  recover  any  other  property  belonging  to  the  assignor  and  not  embraced  in 
the  schedule. 

Notes  for  the  payment  of  money,  pavablo  to  the  order  of  any  person  or  corpo- 
ration, are  negotiable  and  assignable  by  endorsement,  like  inland  bills  of  ex- 
change ;  bills  of  exchange,  for  the  sum  or  ei^jht dollars  and  upwards,  drawn  upon 
ai;y  person  in  this  State,  can  be  protested  fcir  non-acceptance  or  non-payment, 
and  1)6  poverned  in  every  respect  bv  tho  law  governing  foreign  bflls  of  exchange. 

All  checks,  drafts  or  bills  of  exchange  (other  tlian  those  drawn  upon  banKs  or 
bnn'.in.^  houses)  whether  drawn  on  demand  or  otherwise,  are  entitled  to  threo 
dn.y.V  grace.  Bills  of  exchange,  taken  for  a  pro-exi.-»ting  debt,  will  extingui.sli 
tlie  dobt,  if  s'Kh  jterson  aocopting  sr.ch  bill  for  I'.Lj  d^'btdoth  not  take  due  course 
to  obtain  payment  thereof,  by  endeavoring  to  get  the  same  acceptod  and  paid, 
and  make  his  protest  thereof  in  case  of  non-aci-cptance  and  non-payment 
Koaries  pnWic  are  anthori^od  to  make  protest  of  negotiable  paper:  but  for 
want  or  in  default  of  a  notary,  a  justice  of  the  peace  may  inako  lawful  protest. 
The  following  are  lejal  holidays,  for  purposes  of  protest ;  Christmas  day,  first 
day  of  .lanuary,  fourth  of  July,  and  any  day  specially  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor for  a  day  of  fasting  or  thanks^xiving,  a:id  paper  falling  due  on  such  legal 
holiday  shall  become  due  and  may  be  protested  on  the  day  preceding  the  holi- 
dav  ;  noti  -e  of  protest  need  not  be  sent  till  following  such  holiday. 

Jurisdiction  of  justices'  courts  in  civil  actions,  on  amounts,  or  debt  claimed  or 
matters  in  disp_iite,  which  does  n'^t  exceed  $100,  exce^.t  in  actions  of  replevin. 
Blander,  trespass,  for  assault,  battery  or  imprisonment,  and  actions  wherein  the 
title  to  lands  cpnio  into  question.  .Instices'  courts  are  courts  of  record.  Court 
qf  Common  Pleas. — Concurrent  vri.h  circuit.  Appellate  from  justice  of  tlia 
peace.  Circuit  Couf's. — Have  concurrent,  civil,  original  jurisdiction  with  su- 
preme court,  and  appellate  from  t';3  common  picas  court.  Court  of  Chanccrv  . — 
Exclusive  juri.-dictibn  in  all  equity  and  divorce  cases.  Supi-eme  Court.— ^as 
oripiiml  and  appellate  junsv.ictir.;i  of  all  civil  suits  at  law.  Court  of  Errors  and 
Appca'.'^. — IIa3  only  appellate  jurisdiction,  and  is  the  court  of  last  resort. 

Judj-ments  coi'stif.ites  liens  on  all  tl.e  lands  of  the  defemlant  in  the  county 
■where  obtained,  if  obtained  in  tho  circuit  or  chancery  courts  ;  but,  if  obtained 
in  tlie  supremo  court,  or  docketed  there  from  tho  circuit  or  chancery  courts,  a 
lien  on  all  the  lands  of  the  defendant  everywhere  in  the  State.  The  liens  con- 
tinue during  the  period  of  limitation. 

Executions  may  i^suo  immediately  after  judgment,  and  at  any  time  within  the 
period  of  liuiitations,  airainst  the  body  of  the  defendant,  or  against  his  property, 
any  kind  of  which  can  bo  levied  upon.  There  is  no  stay  of  execution,  except  for 
a  short  period  on  judrments  obtauicd  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  where  good 
security  is  given,  unless  an  appeal  or  writ  of  error  is  taken.  There  is  no  redemp- 
tion after  salo  under  execution. 

Deeds,  Kights  of  JLuiUiro  'Womex,  'Wills,  &c.— All  deeds  must  be  written 
in  the  common  law  form,  under  seal ;  an  impression  on  wafer  or  wax  is  sufficient, 
attested  by  at  least  ono  witness,  and  have  the  word  heirs  incorporated  to  con- 
vey a  fee.  Both  husband  and  wife  muot  join  in  a  deed  conveying  the  estate  of 
either,  the  wife  to  relinquish  her  dower  in  her  husband's  estate,  and  the  husband 
to  give  his  assent  to  the  wife's  convcvance.  If  the  deed  is  acknowledged  in  this 
Stat?,  it  must  be  done  before  the  cliancellor  or  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  a 
maser  in  chancery,  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  picas,  or  a  commissioner  of 
dceils. 

If  out  of  the  State,  before  a  judge  of  the  supreme,  superior,  circuit  or  district 
court  of  tho  State  or  United  Slates  witbout  any  seal  of  such  court  or  judge  ; 
before  a  mnyor  or  other  chief  ma;.:istrate  of  a  city,  under  the  seal  of  such  city ; 
before  a  maiUcr  in  chancery  of  Now  Jersey,  or  a  commissioner  of  deeds  for  New 
Jersey,  ur.der  his  seal ;  before  a  judgo  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  or  any 
o.nccf  authorized  bv  the  laws  of  tha  State  where  taken,  to  take  the  acknowledg- 
ments of  deeds,  and  in  the  latter  cases  there  shall  be  annexed  a  certificate  under 
the  great  seal  of  such  State  or  territory,  or  under  the  seal  of  the  county  court 
where  the  same  is  taken  that  such  ofiicer  is  such  as  he  claims  to  be,  and  as  Buclt 
or.lcer  aut'.iori^cd  to  take  the  acknowledgments  of  deeds  in  such  State  or  terrlp, 
toi-y.  and  that  his  signature  is  gennine. 

The  following  is  tlie  form  of  certilicate'to  be  used  : 
St.\tk  of  Ni:w  York,     ) 
CorNTT  CF  Okange.        ) *  ■ 

Be  it  remembered,  that  on  this  day  of  ,  187      ,  before  me,  th« 

pubscriber,  John  Curria,  a  notary  public,  personally  appeared  A.  B.  and  C.  D., 
liil  vU^  wbo,  1  WD  laUaQ^  orQ  the  ^autors  niiiQ«<\  In.  tnd  wbo  «x«cut«4  th« 


888  SPECIAL   LAWS   OP   NEW   TO»K. 

■within  instrument  of  conveyance,  and  I  having  first  made  known  to  them  the 
contents  thereof,  thev  did  therefore  severallj;  acknowledge  before  me  that  they 
signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  same  as  their  voluntary  act  and  deed,  for  the 
uses  and  purposes  therein  expressed. 

And  iho  said  C.  B.,  wife  of  the  said  A.  B.,  heing  hy  me  privately  examined 
•eparate  and  a^^art  from  her  said  husband,  did  farther  ackuowledi;e  thnt  sho 
Bigned,  sealed  and  delivered  the  eame  as  h-r  voluntury  act  and  deed,  freely, 
■without  anv  fear,  threat  or  compulsion  of  or  from  her  said  husband. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and  aiiixed  my  official  seal 
the  day  and  vear  aforesaid.  Joiiyr  Cuehie,  Notary  J'aiUc- 

A  niarrieil  woman  cp.n  hold,  to  her  sole  and  scparn.te  use,  all  property-,  both 
real  and  personal,  whit h  phc  owned  .at  t!>e  time  of  hcr_marr)a.;e,  or  which  she 
^acquired  diiriug  marriaj;©  by  gilt,  grant,  descent,  devise  or  bequest,  ai;d  the 
rents,  profits  and  issues  thereof  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  disposal  of  her  nus- 
band,  nor  lialde  for  hia  debts.  She  can  be  sued  wi'Ji  her  husband  for  debts  con- 
tracted for  her  own  boneUt,  and  which  cannot  be  enforced  a^^aiust  her  in  equity. 
"Widow  is  entitled  to  dower  in  one-third  of  all  the  rial  estate  of  vrhich  the  hus- 
band (lied  seized,  and  to  the  mansion  house  until  dower  is  assigned  licr. 

All  chattel  mortgafres  to  be  valid  as  to  creditors  and  subsequent  bona  fide 
purchasei-s,  nmst  be  tiled  with  the  clerk  or  register  v.here  th.e  mortgaror  resides, 
and  if  a  non-resident,  where  the  property  is  "situated,  or  the  possession  of  the 
property  mortgaged  must  be  immediately  delivered  to  tho  mortgagee,  and  this 
possession  be  continued.  And  thirty  days  before  the  expiration  of  one  vear  from 
the  first  filing  of  sitch  mortgage,  a  true  copy  of  same  niiist  be  again  filea  with  the 
clerk  or  register,  accompanied  with  a  st.itement  showing  the  interest  of  the 
mortgagee  in  the  property.    The  same  becom  2S  void  as  to  creditors. 

All  wills  shall  be  in  writing,  and  shall  be  sicned,  or  acknowledged  to  hav« 
been  signed,  by  the  testator,  and  declared  to  be  his  or  her  last  •will,  in  the  pres- 
ence of  at  least  two  credible  witnesses  present  at  the  eame  time,  who  shall  sub^ 
scribe  their  names  as  witnesses  in  the  presence  of  the  testator. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ex^EMPTiONS  FROM  FoROED  Salf,. — Home  iverth  $1000,  and  Personal  Prop- 
erii/.  llomestead  to  the  value  of  3101!!) ;  but  not  as  against  an  execution  upon  a 
judgment  recovered  for  fraud.  Burial  plat  not  to  exceed  one-fourth  of  an  acre. 
Personal  property,  when  owned  by  a  householder,  is  exempt  as  follows  :  Spin- 
ning wheels,  looms  and  stoves  in  us(!  in  dwelling  house,  pictures  and  bool;s  in  use 
to  the  value  of  §50  ;  a  pew  in  a  church,  10  sheep,  1  cow,  2  swines  and  their  neces- 
sary food,  necessaiy  household  furniture  and  libr.ary  to  value  of  $250  ;  working 
tools,  professional  instruments,  a  team  and  necessary  food  therefor  for  ninety 
days,  and  a  se'wing  machine,  except  on  execution  for  purchase  money  for  such 
things. 

Mechanics'  Liex. — The  laws  on  this  subject  are  not  uniform  throughout  the 
State.  IMaterial  men  and  mechanics  have  lien  for  labor  and  materials  on  land 
Improvements  to  the  extent  of  their  claims.  The  claim  must  be  lib  d  wi'ihin 
thirty  days  after  completion  of  labor  and  furnishing  of  materials  ;  and  in  the 
county  of  New  York,  and  some  other  counties,  within  three  months.  The  lieu 
continues  for  one  year. 

Collection  OF  Pebts. — Tlie  defendant  is  liable  to  be  arrested  and  held  to 
bail,  at  any  time  before  judgment,  in  an  action  for  injury  to  person  or  charact;^r, 
or  wrongfully  taking,  detaining  or  converting  personal  property  ;  in  an  action 
for  money  received  or  projierty  embezzled  or  fraudulently  misapplied  by  a  publig 
officer  or  attorney,  or  by  an  o.fiicer  or  agent  of  a  corporation  or  banking  associa- 
tion in  the  course  of  "his  employment  as  such,  or  by  anv  other  person  in  a 
fiduciary  capacity  ;  in  an  action  to  recover  the  possession  of  personal  property 
unjustly  qetained,  where  the  property  lias  been  concealed  or  disposed  of  so  that 
it  cannot  be  found  by  the  sheriif ;  when  the  defendant  has  been  guilty  of  a  fraud 
in  contracting  the  debt  or  incurring  tho  obligation  for  which  the  action  is 
brought,  or  ia'concealing  or  disposing  of  the  property  for  the  fairing  of  ■VThi:h  tho 
action  is  brought ;  or  when  the  action  is  brought  to  recover  d.amages  for  fraud 
or  deceit,  and  when  the  defendant  has  remove;!  or  disposed  of  his  property,  or 
is  about  to  do  so  with  intent  to  deframl  his  crerlitors. 

Tlie  plaintiif  is  required  to  give  n,  bond  in  at  lenst  SJOO,  wi^h  on"  or  mors 
ire«ldeut  eurotlos,  householdeis.    The  alfidavlt  to  obtain  ai-rebt  umy  bo  umJ4, 


SPECIAL  LA-W-S   OP   NEW   TOKK.  889 

by  any  one  with  kuowlodge  of  the  facts.  ^Vrrest  may  be  ma<Ia  by  uon-regi- 
dcnts. 

Writ  of  attachment  may  issne  on  aoooimt  of  non-residence  ;  departure  from 
the  Stale  with  int4?nt  to  defraud  creditors,  or  to  avoid  service,  or  coucealiuont 
with  like  iiucnt  ;  n-uiovtu  or  iiuendod  removal  of  property  from  this  State  with 
intent  to  defraud  creditors,  or  the  aasignuieiit,  di«posivion  or  seoretion,  actual  or 
iiitcndi  il.of  prop<>rty  withtutent  to  dotraud  creditors.  The  plaintiff  gives  a  bond 
in  at  le;ist  S-'xi,  with  one  or  more  resident  sureties,  householders.  Everj-  Bpeeiei 
of  property  is  bubioct  to  attachment  and  execution  at  law.  Attachment  on  real 
estatj  beooiueja  ueu  on  filijagof  notice.  Attachments  maybe  made  by  non- 
residents. 

Assii;nir.en*3  f«)r  the  benefit  of  creditors  must  be  acknowledged  and  recorded. 
One  pa?*.!!er  car.i'ot  aisi,:n  tbo  tirra  assots  for  the  partnership.  A  debtor  may 
prefer  bi3  surety  or  endorse  on  an  e.xitftuis;;  indebtedness,  although  not  vet 
mature;!.  AH  claims  on  contract  are  assignable,  and  the  assignee  can  sue  in  liia 
own  name.    No  fuaicular  form  of  assignment  neoessarv. 

Garnishment  can  be  had  either  on  execution  or  attachment  against  any  person 
owing  the  debtor  or  havi  .y  j>roperty  in  his  iK'saession. 

Acceptors  of  notes  and  bills  are  charcreable  only  when  tlieir  acceptance  is  ia 
writing  on  the  bill ;  or  if  on  separate  T'i oca  of  paTTcr,  when  the  party  who  gava 
the  credit  saw  the  paper  ;  or  if  a  promise  is  made  in  writing  to  accept  a  draft  be- 
fore it  is  drav:n,  .'■ndtho  draft  is  in  the  hands  of  any  person  who  gave  credit  oa 
th«  strength  of  the  writing. 

Justices'  Courts  have  jurisdiction  in  actions  on  contract  and  for  damages  for 
fraud  in  sale  of  property  up  to  §200,  and  for  recovery  of  personal  property  to 
value  of  $200.    Pr<  cess  rvturnable  in  frim  6  to  12  days. 

The  supreme  court  is  a  court  of  general  jurisdiction  in  every  county  having 
eogiuzance  of  all  actions.    Process  returnable  in  20  days. 

There  are  various  local  courts  in  the  cities  with  general  concurrent  jurisdic- 
tion with  the  supreme  court.  The  marine  court  of  the  city  of  KewYork  haa 
jurisdiction  inactions  on  contract  where  the  recovery  sought  is  not  more  than 
$1000.  Process  returnable  in  six  days,  and  in  case  of  non-resident,  plaintiff  or 
defejidant,  may  bo  in  2  days. 

Judgments  are  liens  for  10  years  on  all  real  estate  owned  by  the  judgment 
ereditor,  or  suK-^equcntly  acquiixd  by  lum,  in  the  county  where  the  judgment  ia 
docketed.  At  the  expiration  of  the  ten  years,  the  judgment  can  be  revived  by 
action.  Judgments  of  inferior  courts  are  made  liens  on  real  estate,  by  filing  a 
transcript  in  county  clerli'soCice. 

Execution  i.<sucs  the  day  jud;Tnent  is  rendered.  Personal  property  is  bound 
from  the  time  of  the  delivery  of  the  execution  to  the  sheriff,  exceirt  in  the  hands  of 
bonajide  purchasers.  All  personal  property,  except  such  as  is  exempt  by  statute 
(see  Kxcmptions),m3ybe  levic<lupon  and  sold.  All  interests  in  real  estate,  except 
a.mere  equitable  interest,  is  subject  to  execution  and  sale.  And  within  one  year 
from  the  sale  thereof,  the  property  may  be  redeemed  on  payment  of  the  bid, 
with  interest,  at  ten  per  cent.  If  an  execution  is  returned  unsatisfied,  the  debtor 
can  be  examin-  d  under  oath  to  discover  property  liable  to  execution.  And  any 
one  owini;  the  debtor,  or  h.aving  property  of  the  debtor  in  his  possession,  may  be 
liiiewise  examined  for  the  same  purpose. 

Deeps,  Ivionrs  of  M-VKnmDAVojii;:-,  'W^ills,  &c.— Peods  must  be  under  seal ; 
a  serawl  is  not  suflicient.  There  must  be  a  subscribin :;  witness,  unless  the  deed 
is  acUnowledcrod  by  the  grantor.  Witl.in  the  State  the  acknowledgnient  must 
be  made  by  judicial  ofScers  generally,  by  notaries  public  and  commissioTiers  of 
deeds.  Without  the  State  the  acknowledjnnent  may  be  taken  before  any  Xe^v 
York  commissioner,  or  before  any  officer  of  the  State  or  territory  where 'made, 
authorized  by  tho  laws  thereof  to  take  acknowledgments. 

The  o'hcer  must  be  authenticated  by  the  certificate  of  the  county  clerk  under; 
his  oflicial  seal. 

*  Tho  following  is  the  form  of  acknowledgment,  where  the  grantor  is  unnuj-> 
ried  : 

State  of  Txdtax.v.     ) 
County  of  Jackson.  )     • 

On  this  day  of  ,  in  the  year  ,  before  me  personally  c«m« 

A.  P>.,  to  me  known  to  be  the  individual  described  in  and  who  executed  th« 
within  lor  annexed,  or  above)  conveyance,  and  acknowledged  that  he  execute^ 
ttM  Mma  for  the  purx>oees  therein  nventioncd. 

Pkteb  Wll30ir,  Notary  Public. 


890        LAWS    OF   NEW   MEXICO   AND    NORTH    CAEOI-INjt. 

The  following  is  the  form  where  husband  and  wife  join  in  the  deed. 

State  of  I>diaxa,   ) 
CouuTY  OF  Jackson,  J 

On  this  day  of  ,  in  the  year  ,  before  me  personally  cam« 

A.  B.  and  C-  B.,  his  wife,  to  me  known"  to  be  the  individuals  described  in  and 
who  executed  the  within  (or  above,  or  a;inexed)  conveyance,  and  severally 
acknowledged  that  they  executed  the  same  for  the  purposes  therein  mthtioned. 
And  the  said  C.  B,,  on  a  private  examination  by  me  made,  apart  from  her  hus- 
band, acknowledged  that  she  executed  the  same  freely,  and  without  any  fear  or 
«ompulsion  of  her  said  husl.and.  Petkk  Wilson,  Notarij  Fublic. 

Married  women  can  hold  real  and  personal  property  to  their  sole  and  separate 
TiBe.  A  wife's  obligatioii  maybe  recovered  out  of  her  separate  property  when 
given  with  intent  to  charge  it.  Property  acquired  before  or  subsequent  to  mar- 
riage is  in  no  cases  liable  for  her  husband's  debts,  but  for  her  own  debts  only. 
A  widow  shall  be  endowed  with  oue-thiid  of  all  the  lands  owned  by  her  husband 
during  his  lifetime. 

To  render  a  chattel  mortgage  valid  as  against  creditors  and  purchasers,  there 
must  be  actual  possession  by  iha  mortgagee,  or  the  mortgage  or  copy  must  be 
filed  in  the  town  or  city  where  the  mortgagor  resides.  The  mortgage  must  bo 
refiled  every  year. 

Every  will  must  be  subscribed  by  the  testator,  and  shall  be  acknowledged  by 
him  to  be  his  will  to  each  of  at  least  two  attesting  witnesses,  each  of  whom  shall 
eign  his  name  at  the  end  of  the  will,  at  the  request  of  the  testator.  The  witnesses 
to  any  will  shall  write  opposite  to  their  names  their  respective  places  of  residence  ; 
if  residing  in  a  city  the  street  and  number  of  the  house  should  also  be  given. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

Exemptions  from  Torced  Sale.— ^one  vorth  ?1000  ;  Provisions,  $25  ; 
Furniture,  $10  ;  Tools,  $20.  Real  estate  to  the  value  of  §1,000  is  exempt  in  farm, 
if  the  heads  of  the  families  reside  on  the  same  ;  also  the  clothing,  beds  and  bed- 
clothing  required  for  the  use  of  the  family,  and  firewood  requisite  for  30  days, 
when  actually  provided  and  intended  for  use.  All  Bibles,  Testaments,  hymn 
books,  and  school  boolis  useil  by  the  family,  and  family  and  religious  pictures  ; 
provisions  on  hand  to  the  amount  of  S25,  and  kitchen  furniture  to  the  value  of 
?10,  both  to  be  selected  by  the  debtor  ;  also  tools  and  implements  belonging  to  the 
debtor  that  may  be  necessary  to  enable  him  to  carry  on  his  trade  or  business, 
whether  agricultural  or  mechanical,  to  be  selected  by  him,  and  not  to  exceed  §20 
in  value.  Keal  estate  when  sold  must  bo  first  appraised  by  two  freeholders  of 
the  vicioity  and  must  bring  two-thirds  of  the  appraised  value. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

EXEMPTIOKS  FROM  FORCED  SALE.— -Hbr/Ji?  worlh  Sl000.a?)rf  Personal  Property 
9/forth  5500.  Every  homestead,  and  dwellings  and  buildings  connected  there- 
with, not  exceeding  in  value  §1000,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner  thereof,  or  in  lieti 
thereof,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  any  lot  in  a  city,  town,  or  village,  with  the 
dwellings  used  thereon,  owned  and  occupied  by  any  resident  of  the  State,  and 
not  exceeding  $1000  in  vale.e.    Personal  property  to  the  extent  of  §500  in  value. 

Mechanics'  Lien. — All  laborers,  material  men  and  mechanics  have  liens  on 
the  houses  built,  improved  or  repaired  by  them,  and  on  the  lots  on  which  they 
are  built,  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  of  the  party  who  had  the  improvements  or 
repairs  done.  But  they  must  take  the  necessaiV  steps  to  enforce  this  lien,  by 
filing  same  and  bringing  suit  within  ninety  days  after  the  work  is  finished. 

Collection  of  Debts. — The  defendafit  may  be  arrested  and  held  to  bail,  on 
the  following  grounds  :  "Where,  as  an  attorney,  solicitor  or  asent  of  any  kind, 
he  has  collected  money  and  failed  to  account  for  it,  or  professional  misconduct 
or  neglect  in  office  ;  where  he  has  unjustly  detained  personal  property,  or  whera 
he  conceals  or  disposes  of  his  property  wiih  intent  to  deprive  the  plaintiff  of  tha 
benefit  of  the  same  ;  whare  he  has  been  guilty  of  fraud  in  contracting  the  debt 
for  which  the  action  ia  brought ;  where  he  has  removed  or  disposed  of  his  pr<^ 


BPECIAL  LAWS  OV  NOBTH   CjLfiOLIKA  891 

•rtr.  or  is  ftbout  to  do  bo,  with  intent  to  defraud  bis  creditors ;  where  he  is  a  ami*, 
Tesideut  of  the  Stale,  or  is  nboat  to  remove  therefroiri.  or  where  the  action  is  for 
breach  of  promise  to  marry.  The  court,  or  judge  of  the  court  iu  which  the  artloirf 
is  brought,  must  order  the  arrest  of  the  defendant.  No  female  can  be  •rjested 
in  any  action,  except  for  a  wilful  injury  to  person,  character  or  property. 

Writs  of  attachment  may  issue  on  making  athdavit  to  one  or  more  of  the  taU 
lowing  reasoiw  :  1.  Where  the  defendant  or  corporation  is  anon-resident-  2. 
Where  the  defend.int  haa  absconded,  or  conceals  himself.  3.  Where  any  person 
or  corporation  is  about  to  remove  any  of  his  or  its  property  from  the  State.  4. 
Where  any  person  or  corporation  h.as  assigned,  disposed  of  or  concealed,  or  is 
about  to  dispose  of  or  conceal,  any  of  his  or  its  property,  with  intent  to  defraud 
Lis  or  its  creditors.  5.  Where  the  defendant  haa  wrongfully  converted  property 
to  his  own  ose. 

Garnishment  in  this  Stato  is  not  regulated  by  statute,  but  is  governed  by  tho 
rules  of  conuuou  law. 

Bills  and  notes  for  the  parment  of  money  are  negotiable,  like  inland  bills  o£ 
exchange,  whether  expressed  to  be  payable  to  the  order  of  a  person  or  not.  Billfl 
of  exchange  payable  at  sight  are  entitled  to  grace  ;  but  bills  and  notes  payabla 
on  demand  are  not  entitled  to  grace. 

Damages  on  protested  bills  are  as  follows  :  When  drawn  or  endorsed  in  this  State, 
and  on  a  per8o:i  outside  the  State  but  within  the  United  States,  three  per  cent.  : 
where  it  is  drawn  on  pe.sons  in  any  other  place  in  North  America,  or  in  the  West 
India  or  Bahama  Islands,  ten  per  cent. ;  when  drawn  on  persons  in  the  Madeira, 
Canaries,  Azores  or  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  or  in  Europe  or  South  America,  fif- 
teen per  cent. ;  and  any  other  place,  twenty  per  cent.  In  default  of  a  notary,  s 
justice  of  the  peace  or  a  clerk  of  a  court  of  record  may  protest  paper.  When  any 
check,  negotiable  or  promis.^ory  note,  is  endorsed,  the  endorser,  unless  he  in  tha 
endorsement  stipulates  to  the  contrary,  becomes  surety  on  the  paper,  and  liabla 
to  the  holder  without  any  demand  on  the  maker  ;  this  rule,  however,  does  not 
apply  to  bills  of  exchange,  either  inland  or  foreign. 

Aseignmenls  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  are  governed  by  the  rules  of  common 
law.  The  debtor  has  the  ripht,  therefore,  to  prefer  one  or  more  of  his  creditors, 
firwided  it  is  a  bona  fide  transaction. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  justices'  courts  extends  to  $200,  the  probate  court  baa 
authority  over  probate  of  deeds  and  general  probato  business,  the  superior 
court  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  all  demands  over  $200,  and  the  supreme  court 
has  only  appellate  jurisdiction. 

Jud>rments  are  liens  on  the  land  of  the  debtor,  from  the  time  they  are  docketed 
In  the  clerk's  office  when  the  same  are  obtained  in  the  superior  court,  and  from 
the  time  a  transcript  from  the  justices  of  the  peace  is  filed  with  the  clerk  of  tha 
superior  court.  Transcripts  of  judgment  thus  docketed  may  be  filed  in  any 
county  where  the  defendant  has  land ;  and  from  the  time  the  same  is  so  tiled 
with  the  clerk  of  the  court,  it  operates  as  a  lien  on  defendants  lands. 

Eicculiona  may  be  levied  on  real  as  well  as  personal  property,  whether  the 
realty  is  simply  an  eiuity  of  redemption,  or  whether  it  is  in  the  name  of  afraud- 
uleirt  vendee ;  leaseholds  of  three  years,  or  more  duration  are  treated  as  real 
property.  Executions  from  a  justice  of  the  peace  are  a  lien  on  personal  property 
from  the  time  of  the  actual  levy.  Executions  from  courts  of  record  issue  in  six 
weeks  from  the  rendition  of  the  judgment. 

Deeds,  Kights  ok  Married  Women,  Wills,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  acknowl- 
edged by  the  grantor,  or  proved  by  the  subscribing  witness,  before  clerks  of  the 
superior  courts,  or  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  or  notaries  public,  within  the 
State  where  the  grantor  or  ^vitnesses  reside  ;  beyond  the  State,  their  handwriting 
may  be  proven  in  this  State  before  either  of  llie  above  oflB.cer8,  or,  where  they 
reside  beyond  the  State,  the  acknowledgement  of  the  grantor  can  bo  taken,  or 
proof  by  subscribing  witnesses  can  bo  made,  before  a  8peei.il  commissioner  ap- 
pointed under  the  seal  of  the  probate  Judge  having  jurisdiction,  authorizing  such 
commissioner  to  take  the  acknowledgment  of  the  grantor,  or  examination  on  oath 
of  the  witnes.-ies  to  the  deed,  and  the  proceedings  of  such  commissioner  shall  be 
returned  to  the  probate  judge  issuing  Uie  commission,  who  may  adjudi^ethe  deed 
duly  acknowledged  or  proven,  and  order  it  registered.  Or,  the  deed  may  b« 
acknowledged  or  proven  by  witnesses  before  any  regular  commissioner  of  thlfl 
State  reside:it  in  the  State  or  territory  where  the  grantor  or  witnesses  reside. 

Where  the  grantor  and  witnesses  reside  beyond  the  limits  of  the  United  States, 
the  acknowledgment  or  proof  may  be  taken  or  made  before  the  chief  magistrata 
of  any  city  where  they  reside,  or  any  minister,  ambassador  or  consul  of  th« 
United  .States,  under  the  official  seal  of  such  magistrate  or  other  officer,  and  the* 
ttw  certificate  so  made  must  be  exiubitcd  to  the  probate  judge  haring  juri«<mi 


892  SPECL/LL   LAWS    OF    OHIO. 

tjon,  who  will  adiadge  fhe  Jirr.e  duly  .lo'Krf.r'eijed  or  proven,  aad  otder  Um 
eame  to  bt*  recorded  r.'i '  t  •  ^^e. 

The  wife  miist  join  rL  'ii  of  all  dee^is  concerning  real 

esra:-.  -  •  r  .r  hjr  d:  a  or.   .  :  l-o  r'tover..  b,it  her  separate 

a  .  ,.t  apart  from 

1  r.     Where  th« 

f-  -     ;      ;  .  may  be  mad« 

J  pii-vir.^  is  ha:-.d-.vr.:::-g  cf  tlis  grajitor  or  cL.e  w;rn-;s3es. 
Use  tils  form  in  taking  the  acknowledgemerit  of  htiM>aDd  and  wif«  : 
State  or  ,) 

Cor^TT  OF  .  ( 

Before  ms  (here  insert  n."una  and  title  of  o3cer).  this  day.  pe.sonally  appeared 
A.  B.  aiii  C.  D..  his  ■B'ife.  printor'  named  in  the  fopegoijig  deed  of  conTeyance, 
and  the  said  deed  bsiui.' 8  1  a:id  exhibited  before  me,  the  8Md  A.  B. 

and  C.  D.  acknowledged  . -  :;  thereof  by  them  as  their  a>:t  and  deed  for 

the  p.irp.>ses  therein  ex; .  .  :'.j  sa!  1  r.'p.  1  .el;;  j  1  y  n.e  p: Ivi: .  eiamined 

86pfira:e  and  apart  from  hcrs'..  -the  ex- 

ei:uti.->n  of  the  saidde-d  cf  cov  •  ::ie  that 

she  oiecntedthesanieireely.v-'  .  .;:anpon 

the  part  of  her  faid  husband,  or  ar.y  j.'  rson  wha'-joever,  dr.. I  d:rl  sti'.l  T..'1'.'.ntarilT 
assent  thereto  ;  and  this  she  does  in  relinquishment  of  her  dower  in  tho  land 
mentioned  in  said  deed. 

Ill  witness  whereof,  I  have  set  mv  hand  and  affixed  my  o£cial  seal  this 
day  of  ,187    . 

(Signatiire  and  tille.) 

There  i3  no  necessity  of  a  seal  to  a  deed,  a  scrawl  j?  saliicient. 

The  property  aequLrl'd  by  the  wife  either  before  or  afttr  luarriace,  either  by 
Inheritance,  derise,  gift  or  btherwi^-^,  BLall  be  and  re:;'!ain  her  sole  rJcid  Ksparate 
property,  free  from  t»e  debts  or  control  of  her  husbanii,  and  she  can  convey  the 
same  wii  the -fatten  consent  of  her  husbai:.L  Shi  has  di^er  in  all  the  real 
estate  c  f  her  husbar.d.  o.vned  or  acquired  duxi:ig  iho  covortuTii,  and  join  in  cou- 
Teyances  made  I  y  him  to  release  tl.e  fame. 

Ko  chattel  m  Vrtaafire  of  personal  property  is  valid  tmlesa  the  e.ajno  is  duly  re- 
cordeil  i:i  the  coinry  where  the  grant-^r  resides,  or  tlie  pi>S5os.iicn  of  tliepropeny  i3 
remo^  ed  from  the  '^Tantor,  and  is  oalv  authorized  oii  property  to  iha  value  of 
♦300. 

The  wfll  maet  be  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  other  person  in  bis  presenca 
and  by  his  expre-s  diree:io:i,"and  subsorlbed  ia  hnj  presence  bytv.-o  v.-iun.8ses. 
no  one  of  whom  shall  be  interested  in  the  devise.  Or.  if  found  among  his  paper* 
must  be  in  his  own  handwriting,  and  his  name  subecribed  thereto,  inscribed  in 
come  part  thereof,  and  the  handwriting  generally  known  to  his  acquaintances, 
and  proved  by  three  witnessea  to  be  every  part  ia  the  testator's  o^9ra.  hand* 
writing. 


SPECIAL  LAWS   OF. OHIO. 

ExEMPTio>"S  FK'>M  Fonrr.D  Sale. — H/nm  TTorth  Sl.i>v>.  on/f  Prrs:onnlJ*r»- 
ptT'y. — ^Every  head  of  a  f.amily,  resident  in  Ohio,  shall  hold  exempt  from  exe- 
cation,  his  Ixon-estoad,  r.r>t  to'oxceed  -^^  ■>■•'  ''■  f"  •  ii  •'TT'?t''ad  exceed  $1,000, 
the  property  will  be  partitioned  and  r.  '■  •  rf  to  the  debtor.  If 
he  l^ve  no  homestead,  he  shall  hoM  property  not  to  ex- 
ceed $->A  exclusive  of  general  exen.,    .   ....     .  .  „ ^  cJs  and  bedstead;  1 

stove;  1  coo*dnt:  s:ove  Tf-el  for  60  day.-,  ;  ti'-v  of  weariiig  apparel:  1  cow,  or 
instead  §3.5  of  household  furniture  :  0  "ho.:^.  or  instead  §15  of  household  furni- 
ture; 6  she^p.  or  inste;vi  €i5  of  honsehojd  f umitnre  ;  ail  BiW'--<  ^•■'-  'ivrnn 
books  ;  family  pictures  ;  provisions  not  excee<li:i^  ?50,  and  such  <   ':  ">f 

household  or  kitchen  fnmirare  as  may  be  neede<^n  not  exceeding  >  g 

machine;  ak-—'-  i' ■"^•^■^hine  :  tools  of  his  trade,  not  exceeding   -  -r- 

eonaleamir.-  '.jor  children's,  for  not  more  than  three  :  "• 

judgment  :  -  of  natural  history,  if  not  kept  for  pec-  :- 

tion  :  a  doct  »  ^ .. ..  .J  his  horse,  saddle."  instruments  and  books. ;..    : .er 

T.c  t  to  exceed  «1  0.  exempt :  a  d'^vman,  his  horse  and  dray  :  a  farmer,  his  horse, 
vae  n.  and  yoke  of  oxen.  'Widowers  having  unmarried  minor  children, 
widows  and  married  people  having  no  cliildren,  may  have  the  benefit  of  this  act. 
S2ie  wife  may  cUum  exemptiOB  ^hen  the  huaband  will  or  cannot,  but  the  two 


SPECTAL   LATTS   OF   OHIO.  S93 

mmy  not  clAini  exemrtlon  at  Oie  same  time.  Unmarried  women  may  hold  $100 
of  wearing  apparel,  $25  c(  books,  a  sowing  and  a  knitting  macliine,  exempt. 

MEcnANics'  l.iEN. — ilatcrial  men  anil  meihai-.ics,  whether  they  bo  r(i:.tra©- 
t/>rs.  sub-i^onlrsctors  or  1  ''^■"'■•-  «  mny  have  a  lieu  upon  the  buildings  erected,  and 
the  laud  on  which  the  t  ■•  erex-ied,  if  wiihin  four  months  of  the  com- 

pletion of  the  labor  or  ;  I'f  the  materials  they  tilo  an  account,  under 

oath,  of  their  claim,  ;. ;  ^    -;ity  recorder's  office.    This  account  must  b« 

Itemized.  If  the  work  bo  di-ue  or  mat  rinla  furnished  under  a  written  contract, 
inch  contract,  or.a  copy  thoreof,  niuri  I'o  tiled  with  tho  account.  The  lien  thus 
obtained  dates  hick  to  the  commencement  of  the  labor  or  the  furnishing  of 
materials,  and  exietids  to  two  years  after  the  completion  of  tie  labor  or  the 
furnishing  of  matt  rials. 

CoLLSoTios  Or"  UirnTs. — Arrest  in  civil  actions  can  only  be  made  in  cases  ot 
i'raud.  The  plaintiH  mr.y  sot  forth,  by  ai/idaTit,  fraud  in  the  removal  or  conceal- 
iBLUt  of  property,  in  the  contracting;  of  the  debt,  or  of  the  conversion  of  the  pro- 
perty i'.ni  ■•.■>•.  Tscape  of  the  prisoner,  without  the  consent  of  the  creditor, 
Is  1''  '.  1  cf  the  debt,  but  non-pnyment  of  jail  fees,  which  jailer  may  dc- 

ina:   i  .  advance,  r.t  the  rate  of  fnrty  cents  a  day,  is  constructive  consent. 

Thib  ;   .„    ...c  rarely,  if  ever,  resorted  to. 

■\V.j.d  vt  i-.iiachnicut  may  bo  obiaiucd  on  one  or  more  of  the  follo^ving 
groanils  :  1.  VThen  tho  defendant,  or  otiO  of  several  defendants,  is  a  non-resident 
or  &  foreipi  corporation  ;  or,  i'.  lias  absconded  with  intent  to  defraud  creditoi  s; 
or,  3.  has  left  the  cotu-.ty  of  Lis  refidenta  to  avoid  serrice  ;  or,  4.  So  conceaJa 
li:m.«elt  that  service  caunc't  bo  made ;  or,  5.  Isabort  to  remove  his  property  out 
of  the  ill' i«iii,  liiin  With  Intent  to  dofratid  his  creditors ;  or.  6.  Is  about  to  con- 
vert '  V  into  money  witli  like  i.iteut :  or,  7.  Fraudulently  or  criminally 
COM'  Vt  or  incurred  the  oMi^zation. 

A: .  ion  the  lirstigroundis  only  prajited on  claims  founded  on  Judg- 
ment, eoii;:.i.  w  it  decree.  Qhe  ai.ld.ivk  i-.iattr.ihmentmny  be  made  ct  or  after 
commencement  of  any  sttit  by  plairitiii,  his  agent  or  attorney.  Bond  in  attach- 
ment is  iu  double  the  aincuntof  the  debt  (except  when  obtained  on  the  first 
gro'.md,  when  i-.o  bo"d  is  reqtiired\  executed  by  one  or  more  stiroties — it  is  th» 
practice  to  fcava  two  euretics— need  not  be  "hoi'.seholdors.  There  is  no  duty 
imposed  npon  the  creditor  to  publish  any  notice  of  att.ichment  on  real  estate; 
that  is  the  sberi;i's  dv.ty.  Attachment  may  be  had  before  the  debt  L«  due,  when' 
the  defendant  has  disj^osed,  or  is  ab.>ut  to"di~pose,  of  hJB  property  with  intent  to 
defraud  or  delay  his  crediiois.    Same  law  as  above. 

Assi^rnmenLs  i:\trust,  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  innre  to  the  benefit  of  all 
creditois;  tho  deed  of  a.=signment,  or  a  copy  thereof,  mu^t  be  filed  wiihin  ten 
days  of  its  execution,  it)  the  probate  court  cf  the  assignor's  countr  of  re- 
sidence, by  Ihe  af sipnee.  After  all  liens  and  mortgsttes,  the  wa<res  of  laborers 
and  o;>erali.-JS,  performed  wi'Jiin  six  month?,  a^^.d  rot  exceeding  one  hundred 
dollars,  are  to  be  first  paid.  Assignment  made  to  secure  sureties  or  endorsers  are 
valid  in  any  case,  if  for  value.  Krery  species  of  contract  or  claim  is  assignable; 
the  hold  r  of  it  must  sue  in  his  own  name. 

Garnishme!'. t  can  be  issued  on  attachment,  av.d  a  process  analogous  to  it  on 
execution,  ajrair.st  any  person  or  corporation  ov.ir.g  the  debtor  any  moneys,  or 
having  his  ti-f  .;ierty  in  possession.  In  no  case  is  the  garnishee  allowed  anything 
but  his  cnst*  in  the  c;ise. 

All  bills,  notes,  or  other  instruments  payable  to  order,  bearer,  or  a-ssignor  are  ne- 
coti.ible.  Tliey  mn?t  be  put  i:i  tttit  i;i  tho  name  of  the  real  party  in  interest.  Xo 
damages  or  attorney's  fees  can  I'e  recovered  in  an  action,  save  when  there  is  an 
express  and  written  clause  in  the  note  or  bill,  allowing  the  recovery  of  such 
d.imageaor  fees,  in  oas<3  itsball  have  to  be  sued  upon.  Notarial  protest  is  evi- 
dence of  demand  and  non-payment,  in  the  manner  and  at  the  time  stated  in  the 
protest. 

Justice*  of  the  peace  have  exclusire  jurisdiction  up  to  $100,  and  concurrent 
i'l-:-  li  :.. .11  \\  :ii  common  jdeas  and  superior  courts  up  to  f;>00.  They  have  jur- 
is for  trespass  on  real  estate  where  the  dam.oges  do  not  exceed 
"S  for  forcible  entry  and  detention  of  real  estate.    Summons 

—  .„  -  -  A  ot  tho  peace  must  be  returned  within  twelve  days  of  their 
l»ae,  aiid  iiiiij-i,  be  servi^l  on  the  defendant  at  bast  three  days  before  trial. 

Courts  of  common  pleas  have  original  juristlietion  in  all  civil  st.its  where  tl.a 

Bn'.i:iiit  eT.i-i-.!s  i!ie   iiiri-.H  ;i,,ii  n£  justices,  ill  EUits  affecting  real  estate,  iu 

•  ,  and  api>ellate  jurisdiction  of  cases  before 

;ud;.'es.    The  y:ixri..r  curts  of  Cincinnati, 

^.  -.      .   -  — -aiue  jurisdiction  as  courts  of  common  pleas,  eX« 

o*Vt  iauivsfce,  criifiiaiii  law,  aud  justicee'  appeals.    The  diatrict  courts  luky% 


"104  SPBCUX   LAWS    OF   OHIO." 

appellate  jurisdiction  of  common  pleas  courts.  The  superior  courts  in  gen» 
TM.  term  review  the  superior  courts'  decisions  in  special  term.  The  supreme 
court  has  appellate  jurisdiction  of  district  court  and  general  term  of  superior 
court  decisions,  and  original  jurisdiction  in  mandamus,  quowarramfo,  habeas  cor-\ 
fus  and  procedendo. 

Service  of  summons  must  be  made  and  returned,  in  common  pleas  courts,  on  or 
before  the  second  Monday  after  their  date.  Actions  are  triable  the  term  after 
the  issues  are  made  up,  or  if  they  be  made  up  during  a  term,  at  that  term. 

Judgments  of  courts  of  record,  execution  having  issued  on  them  within  one 
year  of  their  rendition,  are  a  lien  upon  all  real  estate  of  the  judgment  debtor's, 
situate  in  the  county  where  the  the  judgment  is  rendered,  and  owned  by  him  at 
that  time,  from  the  first  day  of  the  term  at  which  such  judgment  is  obtained,  and 
for  five  years  thereafter.  Every  issue  of  execution  extends  the  lien  for  five  years, 
and  a  judgment  lien  may  be  extended  indefinitely.  Judgments  by  confession, 
end  judgments  obtained" during  the  same  term  at  which  the  action  is  commenced, 
date  from  their  rendition  only.  If  execution  be  not  issued  in  one  year,  the  judg- 
ment, though  still  a  lien,  dates  only  from  actual  levy  of  execution.  JudgmenMi 
are  no  lien  on  personal  property  and  on  real  estate  acquired  subsequent  to  the 
date  of  judgment.  Dormant  judgments  may  be  revived  by  new  actions  founded, 
,on  them.  Judgments  obtained  before  justices  of  the  peace  may  be  made- 
iliens,  by  filing  a  transcript  of  same  in  the  court  of  common  pleas. 
'  In  order  to  prevent  the  priority  of  a  judgment  lien  on  lauds,  execution  must 
;be  issued  within  one  year  after  the  rendering  of  judgment.  Actual  levy  must  be 
imade  on  personal  property  to  create  a  lien.  Executions  from  justices  of  the 
Ipeace  cannot  be  levied  on  real  estate. 

All  property,  legal  and  equitable,  is  subject  to  execution,  except  as  qualified 
by  the  exemption  laws.  Proceedings  in  aid  of  execution  may  be  instituted  at 
any  time  after  judcrment  and  execution  by  which  the  debtor,  and  any  one  hav- 
'ing  property  of  the  debtor's,  may  be  compelled  to  disclose  its  nature  and 
[amount. 

I  Before  the  return  of  an  execution  issued,  an  order  may  be  granted  by  the 
court  upon  proper  affidavit,  which  will  have  the  force  of  an  attachment,  and  a 
copy  served  on  any  third  party  is  analagous  to  the  proceedings  in  garnishment. 

Deeds,  Eights  of  Married  Women,  Wills,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  under 
Beal,  a  scrawl  is  a  seal,  and  must  be  signed  and  sealed  in  presence  of  two  wit- 
nesses, who  sign  also  as  attesting  the  execution  of  the  instrument,  and  acknow- 
ledged in  presence  of  any  officer  empowered  to  take  depositions.  If  the  grantor* 
be  non-residents,  their  deed,  etc.,  maybe  executed  according  to  the  laws  of  this 
State,  or  according  to  the  laws  of  the  State  where  it  is  executed  and  acknow- 
ledged. Mortgages  in  this  State  date  and  become  liens  only  from  the  time  of 
.their  entry  for  record.  All  other  deeds  are  to  be  recorded  within  six  months  of 
their  execution,  in  order  to  become  notice  as  to  subsequent  purchasers  without 
notice. 

This  is  the  form  where  the  grantor  is  unmarried  : 
State  of  Indiana,  ) 
County  of  Staek.  ) 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  (the  date)  before  me.  the  subsa^iber  (title  of  oflacet) 
personally  came  (the  name  of  grantor)  the  grantor  named  m  the  foregoing  in- 
strument, and  acknowledged  the  signing  and  sealing  thereof  tobe  his  voluntary  act 
and  deed  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  mentioned.  Witness  my  hand  and  (if 
tie  ofdcer  have  a  seal  of  oflice  he  will  here  state  :  official)  seal,  on  the  day  and 
year  first  above  written. 

[seal.]  John  Harper,   Notary  Public. 

The  wife  must  join  her  husband  in  a  deed  or  power  of  attorney,  whether  the 
land  be  in  her  own  right,  or  she  have  but  a  dower  interest  therein. 

This  is  the  form  when  the  gmntor  is  married  : 
State  of  Indiana,  I 
County  of  Stark.  ) 

B3  it  remembered  that  on  ,  before  me,  the  subscriber  (John  Harper, 

^notary  public)  personally  came  and  his  wife,  the  grantors  mentioned 

In  the forogoinn; instrument,  and  acknowledged  the  signing  and  sealing  thereof 
to  bo  their  voluntary  act  and  deed  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  mentioned. 
And  the  said  ',  wife  of  the  said  ,  being  by  me  examined  separate 

and  apart  from  her  said  husband,  and  the  contents  of  said  instrum«nt  by  me  ex- 
plained and  made  known  to  her,  as  the  statute  directs,  declared  that  she  did  Tol- 
imtanly  sign,  seal  and  acknowledgo  the  eame,  and  tbat  she  is  stlU  satisfied  thes^' 


SPECIAL   LA-^S   OF   OREGON.  895 

with  as  her  act  and  deed  for  tlie  use  and  purposes  therein  mentioned.    AtteetH' 
tlon  same  as  in  unmarried  fomi. 

A  married  woman  miy  own  proiiorly,  real  or  peifional,  in  her  own  right,  with- 
out tlie  intervciilion  of  a  trustee.  Siie  may  manage  it  herself,  but  cannot  dispose 
of  it  for  any  term  longer  tlian  three  ycirs.  witJiout  her  husband  joining  her. 
She  may  1)0  sued  or  sue  alone,  in  at-Uons  enneernin};  her  seporatc  property,  or 
upon  a  written  obligation,  contrai-t'or  agreement  signed  by  her,  or  if  she  be 
er^<agod  in  any  bnsineos,  and  the  c;>,uso  of  action  grows  out  of  sucli  business, 
and  in  all  such  eases  a  i>erson.il  judgment  ran  bo  had  against  her,  and  her  separ- 
ate property  will  bo  liaVdo.  In  no  cases!iall  she  bo  required  to  prosecute  or  do- 
fend  by  her  next  friend.  If  her  hu:  band  has  abandoned  her,  she  will  be  con- 
jiidered  as/.-mme  xole-  The  widow  sliall  be  endowed  with  ono-lhird  part  of  all  the 
lands  owned  by  her  husband  during  coverture. 

Chatttd  mortg.ages  of  every  kind  are  valid,  if  the  instrument  itself,  or  a  tru« 
copy  thereof,  be  deposited  with  the  elerk  ot  township  where  the  mortgager  re- 
sides ;  or  if  ho  be  a  non-resident,  where  the  property  is  situate  at  the  time  of  th* 
execution  of  the  mortgage. 

On  every  mortgage  so  filed  the  mortgagee  shall  make  the  following  state-' 
ment : 

[Form.] 
State  of  , ) 

County  ok  . ) 

,  niorlgagee,  named  in  this  mortgage,  being  duly  sworn,  makes  oath 
an  1  says  that  his  claim  against  ,  mortgager,  of  which  a  true  statement  is 

hereto  annexed,  amounts  to  the  sum  of  ,  and  that  said  claim  is  just  and 

unpaid. 

Sworn  to   before   me  and   subscribed    in    my  pressnce    this  day  of 

,  A.D. 

Every  mortgage  so  filed  shall  be  valid  one  year,  and  may  be  renewed  within 
thirty  days  of  tlio  expiration  of  the  year,  by  reiiling  the  original  mortgage,  or  a, 
copy  of  it,  with  the  statement  as  above.  Each  renewal  is  valid  one  year, 
and  the  mortgage  may  bo  so  renewed  indefinitely. 

Wills  mu*;t  be  in  writing  and  f-igncd  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  person  in  his 
presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  in  th"  pres- 
ence of  the  testator  by  two  or  more  competent  witnesses.  See  form  No-  46  on, 
page  815. 


SPECIAL   LAWS  OF   OREGON. 

ExEMPTIOXS  FROM  FoRCKD  fixt.K.— Personal  Proptrfy.  The  following  ar«: 
exempted  :  Books,  pictures,  and  music.il  instruments  to  the  value  of  ?75  ;  neces- 
•ary  wearing  apparel  owned  by  any  person  tc>  the  vah:o  of  $100,  and  if  such! 
person  be  a  householder,  for  each  member  of  his  family  to  the  vaPue  of  S.W  ;  tho 
tools,  implements,  appaiatus,  team,  vehicle,  harni'f.s  or  library  necessary  to  en- 
able any  person  to  carry  on  the  trade,  occupation  <ir  profession  by  which  such 
person  habitually  earns  his  living,  to  the  value  of  §400  ;  also  suflicient  quantity 
of  food  to  support  such  team,  if  any,  for  sixty  days.  The  word  team  includes  only 
one  yok-i  of  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  mules  or  horses,  as  the  case  may  be  The  follow- 
ing property,  if  owned  by  a  householder  and  in  actual  use,  or  kept  for  use  by  and 
for  his  family,  or  when  being  removed  from  one  habitation  to  another  on  al 
change  of  residence  :  10  sheep,  with  one  year's  fleece  or  the  yarn  or  cloth  manu- 
factiired  therefrom;  2  cows  ?nd  5  swine;  liousehold  goo<ls,  furniture  and 
ntonails  to  the  value  of  ?3U0  ;  also  suflicient  food  tosupport  such  animals,  if  any, 
for  three  months,  atid  provisior.s  actually  provided  forfamilv  use,  and  necessary 
for  the  support  of  such  hous'-hold  and  family  for  six  montlis;  the  seat  or  pew 
occupied  by  a  househokh^r  or  his  family  in  a  place  of  public  worship  ;  all  property 
of  the  State,  or  any  county,  i:icorpi>rati"<l  city,  town  or  village  therein,  or  of  any 
other  public  or  municiiial  corpor.'.tion  ot  like  charact^^r.  No  article  of  profierty, 
or  if  the  snme  has  been  sold  or  exchanged,  then  neither  the  proceeds  of  such  sale 
or  tha  article  rcci'ived  in  e.\ciiungo  therefor,  shall  be  exempt  from  execution 
issued  on  a  judgment  recovered  for  its  i>rize. 

Mechankj.s'IjIEX. — Cfin  tractors  for  material  or  labor  on  any  building  have, 
from  the  time  work  is  eonimcnced  thereon,  a  lien  on  the  building  an<l  theground 
on  which  it  is  situated,  prior  to  all  other  liens  on  the  same  premises  placed  thero- 
ou  after  th9  coauaoucement  of  wo:  k  ou  the  building.    Suits  must  be  broufht 


S9^  SPECIAL   LA"VrS    OF    0EEG02T. 

within  six  months  after  payments  are  due  under  the  contract,  but  no  credit 
given  on  payments  can  extend  the  lien  beyond  two  years  from  the  completion  of 
the  work.  The  lien  extends  in  favor  of  the  workmen  to  the  extent  of  the  eon- 
tract  price  :  if  before  payments  are  due,  they  give  written  notice  of  their  inten- 
tion to  hold  the  ow-ner.  And  no  payments 'made  to  the  contractor  before  they 
are  due,  under  the  contract,  can  defeat  thia  lie:;. 

OoLLEi-Tiox  OF  DEBTS. — Arrest  in  civil  actions  is  unknown  here,  except  in 
♦ases  of  fraud  or  of  alsooudiug debtors. 

in  actions  for  debt  or  tort,  the  goods  of  defendant  may  be  attached,  whenerer 
the  plaintiff,  or  his  agent,  shall  make  and  file  an  affidavit  that  a  cause  of  action 
exists  against  the  defendant,  and  the  grounds  thereof,  and  that  the  defendant  i  5 
either  a  foreign  corporation  or  a  non-resident  of  this  State,  or  has  departed  t  he;  - 
from  with  intent  to  delay  or  defraud  his  creditors  or  to  avoid  service  of  siinin;i  i  s 
or  keep  himself  concealed  therein  with  like  intent,  or  has  removed  or  is  abcr.t  to 
remove  his  property  from  the  State  with  intent  to  delay  or  defraud  his  creditors  ; 
that  be  has  assigned,  secreted  or  disposed  of.  or  is  about  to  assign,  secrete  or  dis- 
pose of  any  of  his  property  with  intent  to  delay  or  defraud  his  creditors,  or  thnt 
the  defendaiit  has  been  guilty  of  fraud  in  contractiucj  the  debt  or  incuiring  the 
obligation  for  which  the  action  is  brought.  The  affidavit  may  be  in  the  alter- 
native as  to  any  of  these  causes,  and  may  be  either  positive  or  upon  information 
and  belief.  But  upon  information  and  belief,  the  n.iture  and  sources  of  the  in- 
formation upon  which  (he  belief  is  founded  must  be  stated.  All  property,  or 
right  or  interest  therein,  not  exempt  from  execution,  may  be  attached. 

The  assigiunent  of  notes,  bills,  accoTints,  and  every  kind  of  contract  or  claim 
arising  out  of  contract,  is  valid,  and  action  thereon  must  be  brought  in  the  name 
of  the  real  jiarty  in  interest ;  but  the  action  by  the  assignee^  except  in  case  of 
ncTOliable  promiisory  note  or  lill  of  exrbange,  transferred  in  good  faith  for  a 
Tamable  consideration  lefore  due,  s1k\11  be  ■without  prejudice  to  any  set-off  or 
other  defense  existing  at  the  time  of  or  before  notice  of  the  assigimient. 

Garnishment  can  be  issued,  eithet  on  execution  or  attachment,  against  any 
person  owing  the  debtor  or  Laving  his  property  in  possession. 

As  to  bills  ar.d  notes, no  person  is  chargeable  as  an  acreptor  of  a  bill  of  ex- 
change unless  lis  acceptance  ii  in  writing,  signed  by  himself  or  his  lawful  agent. 
Grace  is  allowed  on  all  bii]s  and  notes,  ur  kss^they  contain  an  express  stipulation 
to  the  contrary.  On  bOls  of  er.change  drawn  or  endorsed  within  this  State  and 
payable  vrithout  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  duly  protested  for  non-accept- 
ance or  non-payment,  on  due  noiice  and  denruid  thereof,  the  party  liable  for  the 
contents  of  such  bill  shall  pay  tlio  same  at  the  current  rate  of  exchange  at  the 
time  of  the  demand,  and  daniartcs  at  the  rate  of  ten  per  centum  upon  the  con- 
tents thereof,  together  with  interest  on  such  contents,  to  be  computed  f  i  om  the 
•date  of  protest ;  said  amount  of  contents,  damages  and  interest  to  be  in  full  of 
all  damages,  charges  and  exr>enses.  On  bUls  of  exchange  drawn  within  thia 
State,  pay-ble  without  this  Slate,  but  within  the  United  States,  and  protested  for 
non-accept.ance  or  non-paymert,  the  drawer  or  endorser  thereof,  iv.p  notice 
Ijciug  given  of  such  non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  shall  X'^y  ^^i ^  hill  with 
legal  interest,  accoriling  to  its  tenor,  and  live  per  centum  damages,  together  with 
cos'.s  and  charges  of  protest". 

The  jarisdiciion  of  justices  of  the  peace,  in  actions  for  the  recovery  of  money 
or  damagesionly,  extends  to?2."0  ;  for  the  i-ecovery  of  specific  personal  property, 
■when  the  value  thereof  and  the  damages  for  the  deten.tion  do  not  exceed  S2."0  ; 
for  the  recovery  of  any  penalty  or  forfeiture,  whether  given  by  statute  or  arising 
out  of  contract,  not  exceedhig  ?2 50. 

The  count V  court  has  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  the  first  instance  of  probate 
matters,  and  has  jurisdiction,  but  not  e.x<  lusive,  of  actions  at  law,  and  all  pro- 
ceedings therein  and  connected  therewith,  when  the  claim  or  subject  of  con- 
troversy does  not  exceed  the  value  of  ^'X>0,  and  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  actions 
of  forcible  entry  and  detainer,  vithnut  reference  to  the  value  of  the  jiroperty. 

The  circuit  "court  is  clothed  v.  ilh  all  the  judicial  power,  jurisdiction  and 
authority  not  vested  exclusively  in  some  other  court. 

Service  of  the  summons  in  county  ai.d  circuit  courts,  if  made  within  the 
county  where  action  is  brought,  must  be  made  ten  day.s  before  judgment  can  be 
obtained ;  or,  if  served  witlun  av.v  ether  comity  in  the  State,  twerity  days.  Ee- 
for-e  justices,  service  most  be  made  not  less  than  live,  nor  more  than  twenty  days 
before  day  set  for  trial. 

Judgments  in  courts  of  record  are  a  lien  from  their  rendition,  and  for  ten 
years  thereafter,  on  all  real  estate  owned  by  the  defendant,  or  subsequently 
acquired  by  him,  and  sittiated  in  the  courtv  ■where  the  judTiaent  is  rendered.  Ko 
execution  can  issue  on  a  judgment  older  titan,  teu  yeaie-  uiiless  ou  cause  ebovn. 


SPECIiX   LAWS   OF    OREGON'.  897 

Judgments  create  no  lien  on  personal  projiorly.  .Judgments  before  juatlco  can 
be  niacle  to  create  lion  on  real  estate  by  liling  a  transcript  of  tlie  judgpieut  in  tlia 
circuit  court. 

Kxccutioiis  may  issnn  tlio  day  judgment  i3  rendered.  They  are  a  Hen  oulv 
from  the  time  actually  levied.  Kxeculions  froui  justit'cs'  courti  cannot  bo  levied 
on  ri;al  estate.  Kvery  siieeios  of  property,  or  right  or  interest  therein,  is  sulijeet 
to  execution,  except  the  exemption.  Redemption  of  real  estate  sold  under  ex- 
ecution may  be  made  at  any  time  within  sixty  days  after  the  confirmation  of  tlia 
sale,  but  the  redemptioner,  in  addition  to  the  X)rice  paid  by  the  purch.iaer,  must 
pay  interest  thereon,  at  tho  rate  of  two  per  cent,  per  month,  from  tho  date  of 
Bale  to  tlio  date  of  redemption. 

Deeds,  Kigixts  ok  I\Iaukied  "Women,  &c. — Deeds  must  be  tmder  seal,  but  a 
•crawl  with  tho  pen,  a  wafer,  or  other  adhesive  substance,  is  regarded  as  a  seal. 
They  must  have  two  witnesses ;  and,  to  be  entitled  to  record,  must  be  duly 
aeknowledjjed. 

Acknowledgment,  if  made  in  this  State,  may  be  made  before  any  iudgo  of  tho 
supreme  court,  county  court,  justice  of  tho  peace  or  notary  public  ;  if  out  of  tlia 
State,  before  any  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  notary  piildic,  justice  of  the  peace, 
or  any  other  oilicer  authorized  by  the  laws  of  such  State  or  territory,  or  country, 
to  take  acknowledgment  of  deeds  therein,  or  before  a  commissioiicr  of  thisSlate. 
Unless  the  acknowledgment  be  before  a  commissioner,  when  taken  out  of  thii 
State,  there  must  be  a  certillcato  of  the  clerk  or  other  proper  certifying  officer  of 
a  coiirt  of  record,  under  the  seal  of  his  ofuce,  th?t  the  person  whose  name  is  sub- 
scribed to  tlie  certilicate  of  acknowledgment  was,  at  the  date  thereof,  such  othcer 
as  he  is  therein  represented  to  be  ;  that  he  believes  tho  signature  of  such  persoit 
subscribed  thereunto  to  be  genuine,  and  that  the  deed  is  executed  and  acknowl- 
edged according  to  tlie  laws  of  such  Slate,  territory  or  district. 

The  followiiig  is  the  form  of  certiticate  of  acknowledgment  when  th»  grantor 
is  unmarried : 
State  op  .  I    ,, 

COtTNTY  OP  ,  J  **• 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  this  day  of  >  18    ,  before  me,  th^ 

njidersigned,  a  within  and  for  ,  personally  appeared  A.  B,  to  me 

personally  known  to  be  the  identical  person  described  in  and  who  executed  tho 
foregoing  deed,  and  to  me  acknowledged  that  he  executed  the  same  for  the  \\»e* 
and  purposes  therein  expressed. 

The  following  is  the  form  where  husband  and  wife  join,  the  wife  releasing 
dower  or  conveying  her  own  lands  : 
State  of  Ohio,  1 

County  of»Butler,    ) 

Be  it  remembered  that  on  this  day  of  ,  18    ,  before  me,  the  under- 

Bigiied,  a  notary  public  within  and  for  said  county  and  State,  personally  appeared 
A.  B.  and  his  wile,  C.  D.,  to  me  personally  known  to  be  the  identical  persons  de- 
scribed in  and  who  executed  the  foregoing  deed,  and  to  me  acknowledged  that 
thev  executed  the  same  for  the  uses  and  ptu-poses  therein  expressed,  and  tlie  said 
C.  1)..  wife  of  the  said  A.  B.,  on  a  separate  examination  by  me  made,  separato 
ojid  apart  from  and  without  tho  hearing  of  her  said  husband,  tome  acknowledged 
that  she  executed  the  same  freely  and  voluntarily  and  without  fear  or  compul- 
eion  from  any  one. 

[Seal.]  John  Mobgan,  Notary  Puhhc. 

la  this  State  mrflried  women  can  hold  real  or  personal  property  in  their  own 
names,  a:id  free  from  control  or  or  liability  for  the  debts  of  theirhusbands,  butm 
the  <asc  of  personal  property  a  schedule  must  be  filed  with  the  countv  clerk. 

Chattel  mort<Tages,  to  be  a  lawful  lien,  must  be  filed  in  the  county  clerk's  office, 
and  are  in  force'for  one  vear  only  from  tho  date  when  so  filed.  They  may  be  re- 
turned for  a  furtlier  period  of  one  year  by  the  mortgagee,  withni  thnty  days 
next  preceding  the  expir.ation  of  the  year,  making  and  annexing  to  the  instru- 
ment on  file  an  aliidavit  setting  forth  the  interest  which  the  mortgagi'c  lias  by 
virt;io  of  such  mortgage  in  the  property  therein  mentioned.  Withiu  thirty  dayB 
of  tho  expiration  of  the  second  year,  another  affidavit  may  be  made  in  lik« 
auinu«r  and  with  like  effect. 

6T 


.398  SPECIAL    LAWS    CP    PKX^TSTLVAKLl, 

SPECIAL   LAWS  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— TfmZ  or  Personal  Proper^/,  ?30<1.  Red 
or  personal  property  to  the  extent  of  S3O0,  besides  wearing  apparel,  bibles  and 
•chool  books  and  gewiug  machines  in  the  use  of  the  family,  and  the  arms,  ac- 
coutrements, and  uniform  of  a  soldier.  The  exemption  may  be  waived  in  nota 
or  contract. 

SlECHA>'ics'  Lien. — These  bind  houses  and  lands  from  the  date  of  the  com- 
mencement of  work  on  the  building  (usually  the  cellar  digging) ;  for  all  work 
done  and  materials  furnished  toward  the  erection  and  construction  of  the  build- 
ing ;  provided,  a  lien  for  the  same  be  filed  within  sLs  months  after  the  wg^  has 
been  done  or  the  materials  fm-nished.  Liens  may  also  bj  filed  for  alterations  or 
repairs  ;  they  bind  the  property  from  the  date  of"  filing. 

The  debts  of  a  deceased  person  are  a  lien  on  his  real  estate  for  5  years  after 
his  death  ;  the  lien  may  be  continued  by  suit  brought  within  that  time.  The 
lien  of  judgments  operates  for  5  years  from  date  of  entry,  when  they  must  be 
revived  by  scire  facias.  The  lien  of  a  mortgage  for  purchaje  money  is  gocnl  from 
date  of  mortgage  if  rendered  within  60  days  ;  other  mortgages  from  date  of 
record. 

Collection  of  Debts — Arrest  and  imprisonment  for  debt  is  abolished  in 
all  actions  founded  on  contract,  except  where  such  actions  arise  from  breach 
©f  a  fiduciary  relation,  and  in  cases  of  fraud.  In  cases  where  imprisonment  still 
exists,  the  debtor  may  be  committed  to  prison  until  he  pays  the  debt,  or  givea 
bond  to  take  the  benefit  of  the  insolvent  laws. 

The  property  of  a  non-resident  debtor,  who  is  not  within  the  county  at  the 
time  the  writ  is  issued,  may  be  attached  in  ci\'il  actions.  The  property  of  a  resi- 
dent debtor  may  be  attached  upon  affidavit,  that  the  defendant  is  justly  indebted 
to  him  in  a  sum"  exceeding  SlOO,  and  setting  forth  the  nature  of  indebtedness, 
and  that  the  defendant  is  about  to  remove  his  property  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  court  with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors,  or  that  the  defendant  has  trans- 
ferred, assigned  or  removed,  or  is  about  to  transfer,  assign  or  remove  his  proper- 
ty with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors,  or  that  he  has  property,  rights  in  action, 
interest  in  any  public  or  coi-porate  stock,  or  evidences  of  debt  "which  he  fraudu- 
lently conceals  and  refuses  to  apply  to  the  payment  of  his  debts.  Plaintiff  must 
giv«  bond  of  indemnity  in  double  the  amount  claimed,  with  sufficient  sureties,  to 
ite  approved  by  the  court  before  the  attachment  issues.  Attachments  may  be  ia- 
Bued  in  the  nature  of  an  execution,  after  final  judgment,  which  is  a  mesms  of 
reaching  the  property  of  the  defendant  in  the  hands  or  custody  of  another. 

Assignments  for  the  b juellt  of  creditors,  must  be  recorded  within  30  days  after 
date,  or  they  become  void  as  to  creditors.  Preferejice  in  assignments  are  void, 
and  fall  into  the  general  fund,  except  as  to  wages  due  laborers,  miners  and 
operatives,  who  are  preferred  to  the  extent  of  $100.  One  partner  may  make  gen- 
eral assignment  of  partnership  property  for  benefit  of  creditors. 

A  judgment  is  a  lien  on  all  the  realestate  of  the  defendant  within  the  county 
In  which  it  is  obtained.  Its  lien  continues  5  years,  after  which  itmustbe  revived 
,or  continued  by  scire  facias.  Does  not  bind  after-acquired  property  unless 
levied  thereon  or  revived.  An  execution  binds  personal  property  of  the  defend- 
ant from  the  time  it  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  sheriff,  but  executions  issued 
by  a  justice  of  the  peace  only  bind  from  time  of  actual  levy.  When  personal 
property  or  any  leased  premises  is  t:iken  in  execution,  the  landlord  is  entitled  to 
one  year's  rent  out  of  the  proceeds  of  sale.  • 

To  stay  execution  defendant  may  plead  his  freehold,  that  is,  allege  his  owner- 
ehip  of  unincumbered  real  estate,  or  put  in  special  bail,  and  thereupon  shall  be 
entitled  to  stay  of  execution  as  follows  :  If  under  §200,  six  months  :  if  over  S20O 
and  less  than  §500,  nine  montlis  ;  if  over  $.->oo,  twelve  months.  Tliis  does  not 
apply  to  actions  on  judgments,  mortgages  or  bail  for  stay  of  execution  on  former 
judgments. 

In  tax  sales,  unseated  lands  may  be  sold  after  one  year's  taxes  are  due,  but 
may  beredeemed  by  owner  •>viTliin"2  years  on  payment  of  amount  of  sale,  costs, 
Interest,  and  25  per  "cent,  penalty.  Improved  lands  may  be  sold  for  non-payment 
of  2  years'  taxes,  but  must  be  redeemed  within  one  year  after  notice  of  sale.  In 
Philadelphia.  2  years  are  allowed  to  redeem  debts,  not  of  record  on  a  lien  on  tha 
estate  of  the  deceased  person  for  five  years,  and  may  be  continued  for  five  year* 
longer  by  suit  commenced  within  that  time.  In  case  the  persoi^al  estate  of  a  de- 
cedent is  not  sufficient  for  the  payment  of  his  debts,  the  orphans'  court  will 
direct  the  sale  of  the  realty.  The  widow  and  children  of  a  deceased  person  »r« 
c»tUl9d  to  $990  oat  of  his  real  or  persona^  estate. 


8PECIAL  LAWS  OP   PEIfWSYLVjjrtA.  899 

DbedS,  Rights  of  Married  Women,  Wills,  &r.— Deeds  mast  be  under  •aal, 
»  scrawl  is  not  sufliiient,  auil  should  be  attested  bv  two  witnesses.  Acknowl- 
©dgnaent  of  deeds  may  bo  taken  in  lh<  State,  by  juslices  of  the  Supreme  court  of 
Peunsylvauia,  judges  oi  the  courts  of  common  pleas,  mayor,  recorder,  and  alder- 
man of  Phihulolphia,  I'itlsbuig,  Allogliany  and  Carbondalo,  the  recorders  of 
deeds,  the  noUirits  puL>lic,  and  all  justices  of  the  peace. 

Out  of  the  State  acknowledgment  may  be  taken  by  the  mayor  or  -chief  magis- 
trate of  the  city,  town,  or  place  where  the  deed  is  executed  (under  th'.-  publio 
•eal)  ;  any  justice  or  judge  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court,  or  court  of  common 
pleas,  or  of  any  court  of  probate,  or  court  of  record,  or  any  State  or  territoy  in 
fho  United  States  (certuied  under  the  hand  of  the  judge  and  the  seal  of  the 
court) ;  by  any  judge  of  the  United  States  supreme  court,  or  of  any  United  Stat«3 
district  court  ;  by  an  olHcer  or  magistrate  of  any  State  or  territory  in  the  United 
States  who  is  authorized  by  the  laws  of  his  own  Stale  or  territory  to  take  m- 
Jcnowledgmenta  therein.  The  proof  of  such  autliority  is  the  certiticate  of  the 
clerk  or  protlionotary  of  any  court  of  record  in  such  State,  under  seal  of  the 
court,  that  tlie  officer  taking  such  acknowledgment  is  duly  qualified  to  take  the 
■ame  ;  by  ambais.ndors  and  oiher  public  ministers  of  the  United  Slates  (under 
official  seal)  ;  consuls  and  vice-consuls  of  the  United  States  (under  con.^ular 
eeal) ;  by  any  notary  public  in  any  State  or  territory  in  the  United  States,  or  io 
any  foreign  country  ;  by  tomniis.-ioners  appointed  by  tlie  Governor  in  any  State, 
territory  or  foreign  country,  whose  commissions  last  five  years  unless  sooner  re- 
voked. And,  where  the  person  making  the  acknowledgrhent  is  in  the  military 
•ervice  of  the  United  States,  before  any  person  holding  the  rank  of  major,  or  any 
higher  rank,  in  saiil  military  service.  "Proof  of  the  e.xecution  of  a  deed  may  be 
made  by  the  athdavit  of  a  subscribing  witness.  Powers  of  attorney  relating  to 
real  estate  must  be  acknowledged  the  same  as  deeds.  Acknowledgments  tuea 
by  notaries  public  or  commissioners  i>f  deeds  need  not  be  certified. 

No  deed  or  contract  relating  to  the  real  estate  by  a  wife  is  binding  upou  ker, 
■unless  acknowledged  substantially  aa  below  : 

[Certificate  of  Acknowledgment  by  Husband  and  Wife.] 
State  of  Pexksylva>-ia,   ) 
Couxxy  OF  Lehigh.  ] 

Beitremembered  that,  on  the  day  of  ,A.D.  187    ,  before 

me  (here  insert  name  and  title  of  ofTiciali,  duly  commissioned  in  and  for  said 
county,  came  and  ,  his  wife,  and  acknowledged  indenture  to  be 

their  act  and  deed,  and  desired  the  same  to  be  recorded  as  such.  She,  the  said  , 
teing  of  lawful  age,  and  by  me  examined  separate  and  apart  from  her  said  hus- 
l>ana,  and  the  contents  of  said  deed  being  first  fully  made  known  to  her,  did 
thereupon  decl.are  that  she  did,  voluntarily  and  of  her  ov/n  free  will  and  accord, 
sign  and  seal,  and  as  her  act  and  deed  deliver  the  same,  without  any  coercion  or 
compulsion  of  her  said  husband- 
Witness  my  hand  and  seal,  the  day  and  year  aforesaid. 

[SEAL.]  (Signature  and  title.) 

[Proof  by  Subscribing  Witness.] 

BtATE  op  PENNS\'LVAIfIA,  ) 
CODNTY  OF  LeAIGH.  f 

Be  it  remembered  that,  on  the  day  of  ,  A.  D.  187    ,  be- 

fore me  (here  insert  name  and  title  of  official),  duly  commissioned  in  and  for 
toid  county,  personally  appeared  ,  one  of  the  subscribing  witnesses  to 

the  execution  of  the  above  indenture,  who  being  duly  sworn  (or  atftrmed>  accord- 
ing to  law,  doth  depose  and  say  that  he  did  see  ,  the  grantor  above  named, 
■ignand  seal,  and  as  liis  act  and  deed  deliver  the  above  indenture  (deed  or  «on- 
Teyance)  for  the  use  and  purposes  therein  mentioned,  and  that  he  did  also  see 
subscribe  his  name  thereto  as  the  other  witness  of  such  sealing  aniJ 
delivery,  and  that  the  name  of  this  deponent,  thereunto  set  and  subscribed  as  a 
witness,  is  of  this  deponent's  own  proper  hand-writing. 

Sworn  (or  affirmed)  to  and  subscribed  before  me  the  day  and  year  aforesaid- 
Witness  my  hand  and  official  seal. 

[seal.]  (Signature  and  title.) 

A  married  woman  may  hold  and  enjoy  as  her  own  separate  property  all  sucli 
as  she  owned  at  the  time  of  her  marria^'e,  and  all  such  a.s  may  descend  to  or  vest 
in  her  during  her  coverture,  and  such  is  not  liable  for  any  debts  or  eugauemonts 
of  her  husband.  A  married  woman  may  petition  the  court  for  leave  to  enjoy  her 
pwn  earnings,  which  will  be  allowed  ;  lier  separate  estate  is,  however,  liable  for 
Xieceesaries  purchased  by  herself  for  the  use  of  her  family.  She  cannot  make  a 
valid  contract  except  for  tho  improvement  of  her  separate  estate  and  for  Be 


900  SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   BHODB   ISLAND. 

earies.    She  may  make  a  will  of  her  e^arate  estate,  subject  to  her  husband's 
rights  as  tenant  by  the  courtesy. 

Wills  must  ia  writing  :  and,  uiileps  the  person  making  the  same  shall  be  pre- 
vented by  the  extremity  of  his  last  sickness,  shall  be  signed  by  him  at  the  end 
thereof,  or  by  some  person  in  his  presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  in 
all  cases  shall  be  proved  by  the  oaths  or  affirmation  of  two  or  more  competent 
witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 

Exemptions  From  Fokcf.d  Salt:.— -A'n  irome  Exempted,  but  Personal  Projt' 
trty. — Householders  are  entitled  to  hold  the  following  exempt  from  execution; 
The  necei^sary  wearing  apparel  of  the  debtor  and  Ms  family  ;  his  necessary  work- 
ing tools,  to  value  of  §200  ;  his  household  furniture  and  family  stores,  to  the  valu« 
of  $301) ;  one  cow  ;  one  hog  and  one  .pig,  and  the  pork  of  the  same  ;  debts  secured 
by  bills  of  exchange  on  negotiable  piomissory  notes. 

Meohaxics'  Lien. — Mechanics  have  a  lien  for  labor,  or  labor  combined  with 
matci'ials  furnished,  v.hich,  iu  the  ease  of  an  original  contractor,  must  be  prose- 
cuted within  six  months,  and  in  case  of  a  sub-contractor  or  day  laborer,  within 
thirty  days  after  commencing  the  work;  but  no  landlord  is  bound  for  the  im- 
provements made  by  the  tenant,  nor  a  married  woman,  under  any  circumstances, 
unless  the  contract  Li  in  writiug,  assented  to  by  them,  and  is  clearly  intended  to 
bind  them. 

Collection  of  Debts.— The  defendant  may  be  arrested  in  all  cases  of  torts, 
where  the  form  of  the  actions,  as  trover  or  trespass,  or  the  necessai-y  allegations 
of  the  writ,  make  Aprimi  facie  case  of  tort  ;  in  actions  of  debt,  convena'nt  and 
assumpsit,  which  cover  almost  all  collections.  Ko  arrest  of  females  can  be  had, 
on  original  writs,  but  males  maybe  arrested  on  original  writ  in  the  following 
cases:  1.  Incaseof  claims  originating  before  July  1,  IsTO.  2-  'Where  the  plaiutilr, 
his  agent  or  attornev,  makes  affidavit,  on  the  back  of  tlie  writ,  "  that  the  plaiutifiE 
has  a  just  claim  against  the  defendant,  upon  which  the  plaintiff  expects  tore- 
cover,  iu  the  action  commenced  by  eurh  writ,  a  sum  sutricient  to  give  jurisdiction 
to  the  court  to  which  such  writ  is  returnable  ;  and  also,"  eitheV  "  that  the  de- 
fendant, or  some  one  of  the  defendants,  is  about  to  leave  the  State,  without  leav- 
ing therein  personal  or  real  estate  upon  which  an  execution,  that  may  be  obtained 
in  sucn  action,  can  ba  served  ;"  or,  "  that  the  defendant,  or  some  one  of  the  de- 
fendants, has  committed  f .  aud  in  contracting  the  debt  uxion  which  the  action  is 
founded,  or  in  the  conceahuent  of  his  property,  or  iu  the  disposition  of  the 
same." 

To  obtain  a  writ  of  attachment,  the  plaintiff  must  m.-ike  affidavit  that  the  de- 
fendant owes  him  j -.stly  the  claim  set  forth,  aud  which  must  be  a  sum  sufficient 
to  give  the  court  jurisdiction  ;  that  defendant  resides  out  of  the  State,  or  has  left 
the  State,  and  is  not  expected  to  return  in  season  to  be  served  with  procei<s  before 
tha  next  term  of  the  court ;  or  that  he  has  committed  fraud  in  contracting  the 
debt  sued  on,  or  in  concealing  his  property,  or  in  disposing  of  the  same  fraudu- 
lently, and  all  the  legal  interest  of  the  defendant  iu  property  can  be  attached, 
except  what  is  exemptfrom  execution. 

Assignments  made  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  are  valid  whether  a  preferenca 
Is  shi-.vn or  not,  except  where  the  grantor  is  imprir,oned  on  execution.  Assign- 
ments or  other  conveyances,  given  as  security  for  past,  present  or  future  endorse- 
ments, if  made  in  good  faith,  are  valid,  subject,  of  course,  to  the  provisions  of  the 
bankrupt  act- 
Assignees  of  contracts  or  claims,  other  than  bills  of  exchange  or  negotiable 
promissory  notes,  must  sue  in  the  name  of  the  assignor,  unless  they  can  prove  a 
rspecial  promise  by  the  defendant  to  pay  to  them. 

The  usages  relating  to  notes  aud  bill's  are  governed  by  the  common  law.  For- 
eign bills  drawn  or  endorsed  withm  this  State  and  returned  protested  from  with- 
out the  United  States,  are  subject  to  10  per  cent,  damages  and  interest.  The 
holder  of  such  protested  bill  may  sue  the  drawers  and  endorsers  jointly-  Foreign 
bUls  of  exchange  dra^vn  or  endorsed  in  this  State  and  returned  to  this  State  pro- 
tested for  non-acceptance  or  non-payment,  from  any  place  without  the  limits  of 
the  United  States,  are  subject  to  payment  of  10  per  "cent,  damages,  besides  protest 
fees.  Inland  bills  drawn  or  endorsed  in  this  State  are  subject  to  5  per  cent, 
damages,  besides  protest  fees.  Billa  drawn  at  sight,  payable  in  this  State,  ar« 
Aa«  ou  pree«nt6Uiou,  without  grace.     Not««,  for  the  payment  of  money,  only  «• 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OV   RHODE   ISLAND  901 

•Hflffnabl"  nnd  negotiable  like  bills  of  exchange.  Legal  holidays  are  4th  of  July, 
C'hrfatnias  (lay  and  Kobcuary  22iiil :  also,  any  days  nppointtvl  by  the  (lovemor, 
Legislature  or  iTesiilent  of  the  United ,Statos"as  ila>3<)f  thankKgiviiif;or  lu>lidays, 
raverniatiiring  on  any  ol'  those  days  mi'.st  bo  protested  tlie  ilay  pre<<'din>;  iliosq 
liolidays,  sovorally,  athia  election.  I'liroi;:!!  bills  drawn  orendor><ed  in  lliiMStato 
and  retnrned  protestiil  I'roni  without  the  State •^  wiiliin  the  United  Slates.  ar» 
subject  to  live  per  eent.  dainag'S  and  interest,  ^ght  bills  are  without  grai-e. 
Other  bills  and  notes  have  threedays'  grace,  except  the  Lata  day  be  Sunday  or  a 
holiday  they  are  payable  the  la.st  secular  day  preceding.  Holidays  are  .tuly  4, 
Christmas,  February  22,  atul  all  duly  appointed  thanksgivinc  aiid  fa.'^t  davg. 
Corporations  are  authorized  to  issue  promissory  notes  signed  oy  their  prope» 
officers. 

The  jurisdiction  of  justice  court*  extend  to  SlOO ;  the  court  of  common  pleas 
has  original  jurisdiction  in  actions  for  510U  and  upwards,  and  ha.s  exclusive  juris- 
diction o:i  appeals  from  justice's  courts.  The  supremo  court  has  exclusive  juris- 
diction in  ecjuity  causes  a:'pel!ate  from  the  court  of  common  pleas. 

Judgments  are  not  a  lieu  on  real  estate,  and  only  Vindd  the  property  seized  by 
the  attachment. 

Executi  in  issues  after  the  rising  of  the  court,  or,  In  the  county  of  Providence, 
Ave  days  after  judgment,  except  on  motion,  when  they  may  bo  granted  inuno- 
diatidy.  They  are  to  be  levied  ou  property  previously  aitached,'bet(.>re  the  return 
d;iy  (the  first  day  of  the  next  term"),  or  the  attachiuents  are  rclea-sed.  But  whero 
the  properly  is  replevied,  and,  by  the  final  jud  ,'meut  in  replevin,  is  restored  to  tha 
officer,  it  must  be  levied  on  v.  ithin  20  days  aucr  ic  is  roturneil  and  becomes  sub» 
lect  to  levy.  Execiitiou.s  bind  nothing  except  what  they  are  levied  upon. 
They  may  bo  levied  upon  anything  that  may  be  attached  ou  original 
■writ,  and  executions  of  justices'  courts  may  belevivd  ou  real  estate,  but  no  exe- 
cution can  be  served  by  garnishment  or  trustee  process.  In  such  cases,  where 
there  has  been  no  previous  attachment,  the  only  available  mode  of  procedure  is 
by  a  new  suit  on  the  judgment.  Executions  niay  also  be  served  by  arrest  of  tha 
body  of  a  defendant,  not  exempt  from  arrest,  in  actions  for  tort,  or  for  the  recov- 
ery of  debts  incurred  before  March  31,  bSTi),  or  where  the  defendant  was  arrested 
on  the  original  writ  or  on  a  writcf  mesne  process,  or  whero  proof  is  made  show- 
ing, to  the  satisfaction  of  tlio  court  or  some  justice  thereof,  facts  which  would 
have  authorized  an  arrest  in  the  fir  t  instance,  but  no  female  can  be  imprisoned 
on  a  debt  less  tiiati  $50,  not  under  seal.  There  is  no  rederaptioa  loi  exocutioa 
eales. 

Dkeds,  Eights  of  Marrikd  ■VComex,  Wills,  &c,— Every  deed  of  real  estata 
requires  a  seal  (not  a  scrawl)  but  not  witnesses  are  essentially  necessary  to  their 
yalidity.  Svithin  the  Stale,  tliev  may  bo  aeknowledscd  before  a  senator,  judge, 
justice  of  the  peace,  notary  public  ortown  clerk.  Without  the  state,  and  within 
the  United  States,  acknowledgments  may  be  taken  by  any  judr;e,  justice  of  tha 
peaee,  mayor  or  notary  public,  or  any  coumiissioner  appointed  by  the  Governor 
of  the  State  and  duly  qtialified.  As  it  has  never  been  determined  how  long  such 
an  api)ointment  as  commissioner,  and  as  some  presume  to  actbv  virtue  of  old  or 
uncertain  appointment,  it  is  better  to  resort  to  someo'ieof  tho  local  ofiidala 
named  above — of  course,  selecting  one  whose  official  character  could  bo  easily 
prov3d.  Without  the  United  States,  deeds  may  be  acknowiedsed  before  any 
minister  or  consul  of  the  United  States,  or  any  commissioner  appointed  by  tha 
Governor  and  duly  qualified. 

Tba  following  form  is  used  in  taking  the  ackuo-vledcrment  of  a  deed  where  It  la 
nacef.sary  for  husband  and  wife  to  aeknowled'To  1  lie  same,  and  cau  easily  ba  iue4 
whore  a  single  man  or  woman  makes  the  acknowledgment; 
State  op  Ehodk  Island,  ) 
COUXTY  ofProyidexce.  J     * 

Be  it  remembered  that,  on  this  day  of  ,  A.  P.  1R7    ,  befor* 

me,  Joseph  Perkins,  a  notary  public  duly  qualified,  etc.,  personally  appeared  \. 
B.  .and  C.  D.,  liis  wife,  and  the  s.aid  A.  B.  acknowledged  the  foregoing  instru- 
ment, by  him  signed,  lo  be  his  free  and  volunt-ary  act  an.l  deed ;  and  the  said  0. 
P..  being  by  me  examined  privily  and  ai>art  from  her  said  husband,  and  having 
•aid  instrument  shown  and  explained  to  her  by  me,  declareil  to  mo  that  it  ia  her 
Toluntary  act,  and  that  she  does  not^v^sh  to  retract  tho  same. 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  set  my  hand  and  seal  at  Providence,  R.  I.,  the  day 
and  year  above  written. 

Joseph  Perkins,  Xoiaty  Public. 

The  wife  must  join  in  the  execution  of  a  deed  ntade  by  the  husband,  to  i»ita> 
f^ush  dower ;  yet  the  husoaud  alone  ia  required  to  acknowled^  H, 


902  SPECIAL    LAWS    OF    SOUTH    CAEOLDTA. 

Married  women  hold  real  and  personal  estate,  not  coming  from  the  IiU£lMnd« 
free  from  all  interference  of  the  husband's  creditors,  and  free  from  thehusband'B 
interference  by  means  of  trustees  appointed  in  the  ordinary  manner,  or  by  the 
supreme  counon  petition.  They  are  not  authorized  to  do  business  as  traders. 
They  may  sell  their  personal  estate  in  the  same  manner  as  their  real  estate,  and 
certain  unimportant  kind<.  such  as  clothing,  books  and  similar  personal  articles, 
except  jewels,  they  may  sell  as  if  single.  Their  other  contracts,  except  their 
warranties  in  conveyances  of  real  estate,  are  utterly  void  and  do  not  bLud  their 
separate  estate. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  bv  the  testator,  or  by  some  one  in  hia  pres- 
«Dce,  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  in  the  presence  of 
tbe  testator,  by  two  or  three  competent  witnesses. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Exemptions  from  Forceb  Sale.— fibme  rrorth  SlOOO.  Personal  Property 
$500.  A  homestead  to  the  head  of  each  family,  his  widow  or  the  orphan  mmors, 
not  to  exceed  SlOW.  Also,  personal  property,  as  follows  :  "  Household  furni- 
ture, beds  and  bedding,  family  library,  arms,  carts,  wagons,  farming  implements, 
tools,  neat  cattle,  work  animals,  swi'ne,  goats  and  sheep,  not  to  exceed  in  value 
ju  the  aggregate  $.5<)0. — except  the  homestead  cannot  be  held  exempt  from  exe- 
cution issued  on  a  judgment  obtained  for  the  purchase  money  of  the  game,  or  for 
Improvements  made  thereon,  or  taxes  due  thereon."  One-third  of  yearly  pro- 
ceeds of  persons  not  the  head  of  family  is  exempt,  except  as  against  takes. 

JlECHAXics'  LiEX. — All  persons  who  furnish  materials  or  perform  labor  in 
the  erection,  improvement  or  repairing  of  buildings,  have  a  statutory  lien  on  the 
same,  to  the  extent  of  the  interest  of  the  party  who  had  the  bnildings  erected  or 
improvements  done  ;  provided,  that  within  ninety  days  after  he  ceases  to  labor 
a  proper  accotint  be  filed  with  the  clerk  of  the  cotirt  and  suit  thereon  be  begun  in 
six  months. 

Collection  of  Debts. — A  debtor  may  be  arrested  upon  an  order  from  the 
court  where  the  action  is  pending,  upon  an  affidavit  that  he  has  removed  or  di»- 

Ced  of  his  property,  or  is  about  to  do  so  with  intent  to  defraud  his  creditors,  or 
been  guilty  of  a  fraud  in  contracting  the  debt  sued  for,  or  is  concealing  or 
disposing  of  the  property,  for  the  taking,  detention  or  conversion  of  which  the 
action  is  brought ;  or  where  the  action  is  brought  for  damages  for  fraud  or  de- 
ceit, or  for  money  received  and  embezzled  or  fraudulently  misapplied  by  a 
public  officer,  agent  or  officer  ot  a  corporation,  factor,  agent,  broker,  attomey- 
at-law,  or  one  acting  in  any  fiduciary  capacity,  or  for  misconduct  or  neglect  in 
office  or  professional  employment,  or  where  heis  anon-resident  of  this  State,  or  is 
about  to  remove  therefrom';  or  when  the  action  is  for  injury  to  person  or  char- 
acter ;  or  for  injuring  or  for  wrongful  taking,  detaining  or  converting  property. 
Ko  female  can  be  arrested,  except  for  wilf ul'injury  to  property,  person  or  char- 
acter. 

A  writ  of  attachment  may  issue  for  the  following  causes  :  1.  When  the  de- 
fendant is  a  non-resident,  of  a  foreign  corporation.  2.  Or  where  he  has  abscond- 
ed or  concealed  himself  to  avoid  service  of  summons.  3-  Or  is  about  to  remove 
his  property  from  the  State  with  intent  to  defraud  creditors.  4.  Or  has  assigned, 
or  disposed"  of,  or  secreted,  or  is  about  to  assign,  dispose  of  or  secrete  his  property, 
for  the  purpose  of  defrauding  his  creditors. 

Debtors,  in  making  assignments,  can  prefer  any,  or  any  class  of  creditors,  and 
make  any  provisions  for  the  administration  cf  the  property,  only  cannot  retain 
any  advantage  or  benefit  to  himself.  The  assignee  must,  within  ten  days,  call  a 
meeting  of  creditors,  to  appoint  an  agent  of  creditors  to  act  with  him,  who  has 
joint  control  of  the  property.  If  no  agent  is  elected,  the  assignee  is  both  assignee 
and  agent.  Assignments  to  secure  sureties  or  endorsers,  prior  to  any  pa>-ment 
by  them,  are  valid.  In  fact,  assignments,  free  from  fraud,  for  any  purpose,  are 
valid,  and  can  be  set  aside  onlv  in  bankruptcy,  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
bankrupt  act.  Notes,  bills,  acco'mits  and  all  choses  in  action  are  assignable. 
The  assignee  should  sue  in  his  own  name. 

As  to  notes  and  bills,  the  principles  of  the  common  law  apply  to  notes  and 
bills  of  exchange,  and  negotiable  papers  of  all  kinds,  as  to  endorsement,  presen- 
tation and  protest.  2<o  protest  is  necessary  on  a  bill  for  less  than  $100,  and  all 
bills,  foreign  and  domeitic,  pavable  at  sight,  are  entitled  to  days  of  grace. 

iMoner  or  acceptor  not  liable  unless  the  andoisemeut  oi  aocepUnoe  De  to 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OP    SOUTH    CAROLliTA.  903 

writing  on  the  note  or  draft,  or  protest  bo  made  for  non-accoptanco.  Drawertf 
and  endorsers  may  be  sued  jointly  ami  severally.  All  bills  or  promissory  notc^ 
payable  to  order  or  boarer  iiudor  Si,  are  void. 

Justices'  courts  have  jurisdii'tiou  to  the  extent  of  $100,  and  have  concurren* 
jurisdiction  with  the  court  of  common  tiloas.  The  court  of  common  pleas  has 
exclusive  jurisdiction  in  all  cusps  appealed  from  justioe^^  of  the  ncace,  and  orig- 
inal and  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  all  actions  at  law  or  equity  where  the  amount 
sued  for  exceeds  $100.  If  the  debt  recovered  in  the  common  picas  Courtis  lesa 
than  $50,  the  plaintiff  must  pay  costs.  The  Supreu>e  Cou;t  has  appellate  juris- 
diction of  all  cases  in  equity  from  court  of  common  pleas  ;  corrects  erroi-s  of  lavr 
in  cases  at  law  from  such  courts,  ami  has  oiigin.al  power  to  Issue  writs  of  injunc- 
tion, mandnrmis,  q^uo  warranto,  habeas  rorpug,  and  such  other  remedial  writs  as 
are  necessary  to  give  it  a  general  supervisory  control  overall  the  courts  in  the 
,SUte. 

Judgment,  as  soon  as  entered,  binds  all  real  estate  in  that  county,  and  can  b« 
entered  at  same  time  in  several  counties,  but  binds  personal  proj)crty  only  on 
levy,  constructive  or  actual. 

Execution  may  issue  at  once  after  judgment,  unless  the  court  open  a  special 
day  for  the  entry  of  judgments,  or  unless  a  notice  of  an  appeal  is  given,  and  then 
it  can  issue,  if  plaintitf  will  execute  to  the  defendant  a  bon<l,  with  good  sureties 
In  double  the  value  of  jud:,'mer.t,  to  pay  all  danir.ges  sustained  by  the  defendant 
in  case  the  judgment  is  reversed.  Even  then  the  defemlant  can  still  secure  the 
stay  of  the  execution  until  the  appeal  is  disposed  of,  if  ho  will  execute  a  counter 
bond  to  plaintiff  to  pay  him  the  debt,  costs  and  daniafjes,  if  the  judgment  be  sus- 
tained.    There  is  no  redemption  of  propcrtv  sold  under  execution. 

Deeds,  Rights  of  Marrikd  Womi^x,  \\'ili.s,  &c — Deeds  of  conveyance  of 
real  estate  must  be  in  writing,  and  signed  in  the  presence  of  at  least  two  witnesses, 
and  must  be  recorded  in  the  county  wht^re  the  land  lies  in  tliirtv-three  days  after 
eame  is  acknowledged.  If  acknowledged  in  this  State,  it  mus"t  be  done  befora 
a  notary  public  or  trial  justice  ;  without  the  State,  before  a  commissioner  of  this 
State  only.  Before  the  deed  can  be  properly  admitted  to  probate,  one  of  tha 
Bubscribing  witnesses  must  go  before  a  notary  public  or  trial  justice,  if  he  is  In 
this  State,  or  before  a  commissioner  for  this  State  if  he  is  without  the  State,  and 
make  affidavit  that  he  saw  the  grantor  sign,  seal  and,  as  his  act  and  deed,  de- 
liver that  deed,  and  that  he,  \viththe  other  subseribing  witness,  naming  him,  did 
-witness  the  execution  thereof.  Aiid  the  officer  before  whom  such  affidavit  Is 
made  must  add  this  certiticate,  which  must  be  signed  by  the  witness  ; 
State  of  Soith  Caroli>'A,  ) 
County  of  Charleston.        ) 

Personally  appeared  before  me  A.  B.,  and  made  <^'«th  that  he  saw  C.  D.  sign, 
seal  and  deliver  the  within  conveyance,  for  the  uses  and  purposes  therein  men- 
tioned.  and  that  he,  vrith  E.  F.,  in  the  presence  of  each  other,  witnessed  the  dua 
execution  thereof.  A.  B. 

Sworn  to  before  me  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  187    . 

(Signature  and  title  of  officer.) 

If  the  grantor  has  a  wife,  she  should  renounce  her  dower  before  a  notary  pnb* 
Uc  or  trial  justice,  if  within  the  State,  or  before  a  commissioner  of  deeds  for  th« 
■tate  if  outside  of  it,  and  the  officer  will  use  this  form  : 
State  of  South  Carolina,  ) 
County  of  Charleston.        (     • 

I  (here  insert  name  and  title  of  officer),  do  hereby  certify  unto  all  whom  it 
may  concern,  that  G.  H.,  the  wife  of  the  within-named  C.  D.,  diil  this  day  appear 
before  me,  and  upon  being  privately  an<l  separately  examined  by  me,  did  declara 
that  she  does  freely,  voluntarj'.  release  and  forever  relinquish  unto  tin  within- 
Eamed  John  Smitli,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  all  her  intenst  and  estate,  a;i<l  also  all 
her  right  and  claim  of  dower,  of,  in,  or  to  all  and  singular  the  premised  within 
mentioned  and  released. 

(Signed  by  wife.) 

Given  under  my  hand  and  leal  this  day  of  ,A.I>.  1^7    . 

[Seal.]  (Signature  and  title  of  officer.) 

All  tfce  property,  both  re.al  and  personal,  belonging  to  a  woman  at  the  time  of  hef 
marriage,  and  all  which  she  acquires  during  coverture  by  gift,  grant,  iidioritancs 
or  devise,  shall  remain  her  sole  and  separate  property  free  from  the  deles  of  her 
husband,  and  may  be  <!isposed  <  f  by  her.  bvdeed,  will  or  othenvi-e,  in  the  sama 
manner  as  if  she  were  unmarried  :  prnriihil,  no  gift  from  husband  nliall  injura 
tha  just  cUdms  of  her  creditors,    Shemu::t,  aj)  previously  atatod,  ruliaauiih  hut 


904 


SPECIAL   LA-WS    OP    TEJTXESSEE. 


Chattel  mortgages  of  perishable  goods,  of  goods, -wares,  and  mcrcbandlfle,  i« 
fact,  of  any  iiersonal  property,  are  valid,  if  recorded  within  ^ixty  days  in  th« 
otfioe  of  the  registrar  of  ?«<'s«e  conveyances  iu  the  county  wherein  the  propeity 
Is  situated.  In  all  counties,  except  Charleston,  the  clerk  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  is  ex  officio  registrar. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  si^nedby  the  testator,  or  some  persouinhis  presence 
and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  in  the  presence  of  the 
testator  by  three  or  more  competent  witnesses.  See  Business  Form,  Ko.  45,  p. 
815. 


SPECIAL   LAWS  OF  TENNESSEE. 

ExEnrPTioxs  FROM  FoRCKD  SALE.— /Tome  u-orfJi  51000,  and  Personal  Prop- 
trty.  The  following  property  is  exempt  for  garnishment,  execution,  or  attach- 
ment :  Thirty  dollars  of  the  wages  of  mechanics  or  other  lab(iring  men  in  the 
hands  of  heads  of  families,  two  beds,  bedsteads  and  necessary  clothmg  for  each, 
and  for  each  three  children  of  one  family,  one  additional  bed,  bedstead  and 
clothing,  the  value  of  such  bedsteads  in  no  case  to  exceeil  ?25  ;  2  cowy  and  calves, 
and  if  the  family  consist  of  G  or  more  person;;,  3  cows  and  calves,  etc.  ;  2  horses  or 
2  mules,  or  1  horse  and  1  mule,  and  1  yoke-of  oxen  ;  1  wagon  or  cart,  etc.,  not  to 
exceed  in  value  S75 ;  25  lbs.  corn;  20  bushels  wheat;  500  bundles  oats,  etc.; 
3,000  lbs.  pork,  or  COO  lbs.  bacon  ;  a  homestead  carpet,  manufactured  by  the  wife 
for  family  use  ;  6  cords  wood,  or  100  bushels  coal ;  1  sewin?  machine,  if  used  for 
livelihood,  etc. ;  in  the  hands  of  mechanic,  who  is  engagetl  in  the  pursuit  of  his 
trade,  one  set  of  mechanics'  tools  ;  a  homestead  in  tlie  possession  of  each  head 
of  the  family  and  the  improvements  thereon  to  the  value  of,  in  all,  $1000.  Per- 
sons who  are  not  the  heads  of  families  are  not  entitled  to  the  beueht  of  exemp- 
tions. 

MiCHAxics'  Lien.— Material  men,  contractors  and  mechanics  who  furnish 
•work  or  materials  to  aid  in  the  construction  or  repair  of  any  building  or  buildings, 
Bhall  have  a  lien  on  the  same  for  1  year  after  the  work  is  done,  provided  notice  m 
■writing  of  said  lien  be  first  given  to  the  owner,  or  his  agent  at  the  time  sai'l 
work  is  begun,  or  materials  furnished.  All  debts  incurred  for  repairing,  fitting, 
building,  navigating,  or  furnishing  steam  or  keel  boats,  shall  be  a  lien  on  sudi 
vessels  provided  suit  be  commenced  within  three  months  from  the  time  the  debt 
ts  incurred. 

CoLLixTioN  OF  DEBTS. — Arrest  in  civil  actions  is  unknown  in  this  State. 
Writs  of  attachment  on  atlidavit  bein^  made  to  either  of  the  following  causes.  1. 
"UTiere  the  debtor  resides  out  of  the  State.  2.  Where  he  is  about  to  remove,  or 
has  removed  himself  or  property  from  the  State.  3.  Where  he  has  removed,  or 
Is  removing  himself  out  of  the  county  privately.  4.  "Wliere  ho  conceals  himself, 
60  that  the  ordinary  process  of  law  cannot  be  "served  upon  him.  5.  Where  ho 
absconds,  or  is  absconding  or  concealing  himself  or  property.  C.  Where  he  has 
fraudulently  disposed  of,  or  is  about  to"f raudulently  dispose  of  his  property.  7. 
Where  any  person,  liable  for  any  debt  or  demand,  residing  out  of  the  State,  dies, 
leaving  property  in  this  State.    (Code,  §  3155.) 

Bond,  w'ith  good  security,  mui^t  be  given  in  all  cases  before  an  attachment  can 
Issue.  And  all  property,  both  real  and  personal,  legal  and  equitable,  ot  the 
debtor,  can  be  seized. 

All  assis;nnients  for  the  benefit  of  creditors  inure  for  ftie  benefit  of  only  those 
creditors  of  the  grantor  named  in  the  deed  of  assignment ;  the  acceptance  of  the 
creditor  is  presumed,  unless  proof  to  the  contrary  is  made.  Assignments  can  be 
made  to  secure  endorsers  or  sureties.  Assignments,  like  other  deeds,  must  be 
acknowledged  and  recorded. 

Garnishment  can  issue  on  executions  or  attachments,  and  holds  all  the  prop- 
erty of  the  defendant  iu  the  hands  of  the  garnishee  from  the  date  of  the  service 
of  garnishment  to  his  answer.  The  garnishee  is  entitled  to  the  payment  and 
privileges  of  a  witness  and  his  costs. 

Every  bill,  note,  or  bond,  whether  sealed  or  not,  whether  payable  to  order  for 
value  received  or  not,  shall  be  ncMtiable  as  inland  bills  of  exchange  by  the 
custom  of  merchants.  And  the  holder  of  any  such  instrument  may  maintain  a 
joint  action  against  the  maker  and  any  one  or  more  of  the  endorsers,  or  a  joint 
and  several  action  against  any  oi;e  or  more  of  the  endorsers.  The  holder  of  a  bill 
of  exchange,  drawn  or  endorsed  in  this  State  upon  any  person  or  corporation  of 
©r  in  any  other  State,  territory  or  place,  and  which  is  protested  for  non-pavment, 
may  recover  from  the  drawer  or  eudor&er,  besides  the  principal  and  interest^ 


SPECIAL  LAWS    OF   TENIffESSES  905 


damages  as  follow- 

tbe  United  Status 


8  :  Three  per  cent.,  if  drawn  on  any  person  or  corporation  in 
or  territories  ;  fifteen  per  cent.,  If  in  any  other  place  in  North 
Amenea  ;  and  twenty  per  cent,  on  any  person  in  any  other  part  of  the  woilil. 
Days  of  grace  are  not  allowed  on  hills  pavablo  at  sicht.  Tho  certilicato  of  a 
notary  public  in  or  ou  his  protest  i^  priiin  facit;  evidence  of  the  facts  stated 
therein. 

The  jurisdiction  of  justice  courts,  extends,  against  nial<er8  of  notes  and  accep*. 
ors  of  drafts,  to  tho  extent  of  ?5«ii).  On  accounts,  obligations,  conlracts,  and 
other  evidences  of  debt,  ?L'50.  Damages  and  replevin  suits,  {S'.oO.  The  cin-uit 
and  equity  courts  have  }^t;neral  jurisdiction,  and  circuit  courts  liavo  Jurisdiction 
appellate  from  justices  of  tlic  peace  on  all  cases  before  them.  The  supreme  court 
has  appellate  jurisdiction  only. 

Executions  may  issue  from  a  justice  after  two  days,  and  from  a  court  of  r^'cord 
after  30  days  from  date  of  judgment.  An  execution  from  a  justice  is  a  lien  only 
on  pers(Mial  property  from  tho  day  of  its  teste,  and  it  becomes  a  lieu  on  nal  ef  lata 
only  from  the  day  of  its  levy  thereon.  The  lien  ou  real  estate,  under  an  execu- 
tion from  a  jnstice,  can  be  enforced  onlybyan  orderof  !<ale  from  tliocircuit  court, 
which  is  made  upon  the  return  of  the  execution,  with  the  levy  thereon,  and  all 
the  paysers  into  th-i  circuit  court.  The  legal  interest  of  the  defendant  in  all  kinds 
of  personal  or  real  property,  also  in  stoclc  ofa  coriioration,ca  be  levied  ou  under 
an  execution.  All  j\i(li;mcnts  before  a  justice  of  the  peace  can  bo  stayed  for 
eight  months,  upon  entering  good  and  suJlicient  security  on  tlie  justice's" docket 
for  debt,  interest  and  costs,  if  same  is  done  in  two  days  jiftt-r  judgment.  Ko  stay- 
allowed  on  judgment  obtained  in  court  of  record.  Real  property  sold  under 
execution  can  be  redeemed  in  two  years  by  the  debtor,  or  by  a  judgment  cre<iitor 
of  the  debtor.  In  case  the  debtoraoes  not  redeem  until  otlier  judgment  creditors 
redeem,  he  shall  pay  all  the  judgments  which  have  secured  a  lieu  by  reilemntion. 
The  lc>j»al  ti.le  only  can  be  subjected  toan  exc<'ution  at  law.  An  oiiuitablc  iu- 
terftst  m  lands  can  only  bo  reached  by  bill  in  chancery. 

t>EEDS,  Rkjuts  of  IM.vuKirD  WoMT-N,  WiLLS,  &c.— Deeds  are  valid  without 
being  under  seal.  Not  good  as  to  strangers,  unless  duly  acknowledged  by  tho 
grantor,  proved  by  two  v.itne^ses  under  oath  and  recorded.  Deeds  must  be  ac- 
knowledged, if  the  giantor  is  in  the  State,  before  the  clerk  or  legally  appointed 
deputy  clerk  of  the  county  court,  or  before  a  notary  pu'jiic.  If  before  a  notary 
public,  the  clerk  of  the  county  court  where  ho  received  his  appoLutment  shall 
certify  as  to  his  oflicial  capacity. 

If  the  grantor  is  ^Yilhout  the  State,  but  in  the  United  States  or  territories— 1. 

Before  any  court  of  record,  or  before  the  clerk  of  any  court  of  record  in  any  of 

the  States  of  the  Union  ;  or,  2.    Before  a  commissioner  for  Tennessee.  appointi-<i 

.  by  the  Governor,  in  ajiy  State  or  territory  ;  or,  3.    Before  a  notary  public  of  such 

State  or  territory. 

If  the  grantor  is  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Union  and  its  territories — 1.  Before 
a  commisi^ioner  for  Tejuiessee  ap_cintcd  in  tho  country  where  the  acknowl- 
edgment is  made.  2.  Before  a  notary  public  of  such  country.  3.  Before  a 
consul,  minister  or  ambassador  of  the  United  States  in  the  country  whore  the  ac- 
knowledgment is  made. 

The  certirteate  of  the  officer  before  whom  the  deed  ia  acknowledged  must  b« 
under  seal,  unless  acknowledgment  is  made  in  the  Slate  before  a  justice  or  judge 
of  some  court,  and  then  the  ccrtili<'ate  of  the  clerk  of  the  county  court,  certifying 
to  the  signature,  etc.,  of  the  justice,  or  of  the  clerk  of  the  coiirt" certifying  to"  tho 
•ignature  of  the  judge,  must  be  under  8i;al. 

"  The  following  is  the  fonn  of  the  certilicato  necessary  where  the  grantor  make* 
the  acicnowledgmeut  in  person  and  in  this  State  : 
State  of  Tknkessee,    1 

Cot^NTY  OK  llAKDIN.  ) 

"  Personally  appeared  before  me,  clerk  (or  deputy  clerk)  of  the  county  court  of 
said  county,  the  wiihin-named  bargainer,  with  whom  I  am  personally  acquainted, 
and  who  acknowledged  that  he  executed  the  within  instrument  for  tho  put- 
poses  therein  contained. 

"  Witness  my  hand,  at  office  tliis  day  of  ,  A.  D.  187    ." 

fsEAL.]  (Signature  and  title.) 

As  the  wife  has  no  dower  in  land  granted  in  fee  by  the  husband,  It  is  not 
r>'ces8arv  for  her  to  join  in  tho  deed,  but  if  a  trust  deed  is  given,  then  the  wifa 
must  relinquish  dower  by  joining  in  the  deed.  When  the  land  conveyed  is  tho 
separate  estate  of  the  wife,  the  husband  must  always  join  her  in  the  deed,  lii 
any  deed  where  the  wife  has  to  acknowledge  thesann-,  the  certillcate  of  theolilcer 
or  court  before  whom  it  is  taken  nuist  contain  this  a<lditioual  clause  :  "  Aud  r. 
v.,  wi£«  ©f  tie  said  A,  B.,  having  appsared  before  lae,  privately  and  apart  from 


906  SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   TEXAS. 

ier  husband,  the  said  A.  B.,  acknowledged  the  execution  of  the  said  deed  to  h»T* 
'l»een  done  by  her  freely,  voluntarily,  and  nnderstaiidingly,  -without  compuLsion 
«r  constraint  from  liur  said  husband,  for  the  purposes  therein  expressed." 

It  is  not  necessaiy,  to  tlie  validity  of  a  deed,  that  it  should  be  signed  in  pres- 
ence of  witnesses,  where  the  grantor  makes  the  acknowledgment  in  person.  But 
tniless  grantor  does  acknowleago,  it  must  be  signed  in  presence  of  witnesses — two 
are  sufficient,  who  may  probate  the  same  before  either  of  the  above-named 
officers,  and  in  :uch  case  the  following  form  must  be  used  : 
Statk  of  IMaixe,  1 
County  of  Waldo.  ) 

Personally  appeared  before  me,  John  Campbell,  commissioner  for  Tennessee, 
etc.,  C.  and  f)-,  subscribing  witnesses  to  the  wiihiii  deed,  who  being  just  sworn, 
deposed  and  said,  that  they  are  acquainted  with  A-  B.,  the  bargainer  (or  as  th« 
case  may  be),  and  that  he  acknowledged  the  sanie  in  their  presence,  to  be  his  act 
and  deecl  upon  the  day  it  bears  date  (or  stating  the  time  as  proved  by  the  wit- 
nesses).   Witness  my  hand,  at  oilic-..',  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  167    . 

JoUN  Campbell,  Commissioner  for  Tennessee. 

A  married  woman  can  hold  real  nnd  personal  property  to  her  sole  and  sepa- 
rate use,  without  or  through  a  trustee.  She  can,  if  over  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  own  the  land  in  fee,  or  equitably,  convej'  same  without  her  husband  joining 
•with  her  by  deed  or  will.  And  if  settled  upon  her  after  marriage  for  her  sole 
and  separate  use,  at  any  age.  A  note  or  any  other  obligation,  made  by  a  married 
■woman,  will  not  bind  her  separate  estate,  u)ile8S  it  was  executeil  with  the  express 
intention  to  bind  the  tame  ;  or  unless  it  was  given  for  necessaries  for  herself  or 
her  minor  children. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator,  or  some  other  person  in  his 
presence  and  by  his  express  di'recrion,  and  subsciibed  in  the  presence  of  the  te»- 
*tor  by  two  witnes#eK,  no  one  of  whom  is  interested  la  the  will. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  TEXAS. 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale — Home  worfh  S500n,  ayid  Personal  Prop- 
erly. To  every  citizen,  householder,  and  head  of  a  family,  not  to  exceed  200 
acres  of  land  (not  included  in  a  city,  town  or  village),  or  any  city,  town  or  vil- 
lage lot  or  lots,  not  to  exceed  SaOUO  in  value  at  the  time  of  their  designation  as 
a  homestead,  and  without  reference  to  the  value  of  any  improvements  thereon. 
Also,  all  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  all  implements  of  husbandry,  all 
tools  and  apparatus  belonging  to  any  trade  or  profession,  and  all  books  belong- 
ing to  private  or  public  libraries  ;  five  milch  cowa  and  calves  ;  2  yoke  of  work 
oxen ;  2  horses  and  1  wagon,  1  carriage  or  buggj' ;  1  gun  ;  20  hogs  ;  20  head  of 
eheep  ;  all  provisions  and  forage  on  hand  for  home  consumption  ;  all  saddles, 
bridles  and  harness  necessary  for  the  use  of  the  family  ;  and  to  every  citizen, 
not  a  head  of  a  family,  one  horse,  bridle  and  saddle,'  all  wearing  apparel,  all 
tools,  apparatus  ancl  books  belonging  to  his  or  her  private  librarj-. 

Mechaxics'  Lien. — Any  person  or  lirm  who  may  labor,  furnish  material, 
machinery,  fixtures  and  tools  to  erect  any  house,  improvement,  or  any  improve- 
ment whatever,  shall  have  a  lien  on  such  "article,  hou.=e,  building,  fixtures  or  im- 
provement, and  also  on  ihe  lot  or  lots  or  land  necessarily  connected  therewith, 
to  secure  payment  for  labor  done,  material  aiul  fixtures  furnished  for  construc- 
tion or  repairs.  Such  person  or  firm  shall,  within  six  months  after  such  debt 
become  due,  file  his  contract  in  the  office  of  the  district  clerk  of  the  county  in 
which  the  property  is  situated,  ajid  have  the  same  recorded  in  a  book  kept  for 
that  purpose  by  the  cleric.  If  the  contract,  order  or  agreement  be  verbal,  a  du- 
plicate copy  of  the  bill  of  particulars  must  be  made  under  oath,  one  to  be  filed 
and  recorded  by  the  clerk  as  provided  for  written  contracts,  the  other  to  b» 
served  on  the  party  ov/ing  the  debt,  ^^^len  the  contract  or  account  is  filed  and 
recorded,  they  must  be  accompanied  by  a  description  of  the  property  against 
which  the  lien  is  claimed.  The  filing  and  recording  fixes  the  lien  from  the  day 
it  is  filed.  The  lien,  if  against  laiid  in  the  country  upon  which  said  improve- 
ments have  been  made,  shall  extend  to  and  include  fifty  a<?res  ;  if  in  a  city, 
town  or  village,  it  extends  to  and  includes  such  lot  or  lotsupon  which  said  im- 
provements are  situated.  The  lien  m:iy  be  enforced  against  the  land  and  im- 
provements, or  the  improvements  alone.  The  purchaser  having  a  reasonabte 
time  to  remove  the  same.  The  sale  to  be  upon  judgment  and  order  of  sale. 
This  lien  extends  as  well  to  homesteads  as  to  other  property  ;  also,  to  all  boMi 


B1»ECIAL   LAWS   OF    TEXAS.  DOT 

kAvlgating  the  waters  of  this  State.  All  actions  to  enforce  li  ?ns  mast  be  broaglifl 
vrithin  two  years. 

Collection  of  Dkbts.— Arrest  for  debt  is  unknown  hero.  Writ  of  attach- 
znent  may  issue  for  the  following  causes,  viz.  :  When  the  defendant  is  not  a 
resident  of  the  State,  or  is  about  to  remove  himself  or  properly  out  of  the  Stato, 
or  has  abandoned  the  country,  or  secretes  himself  so  that  the  ordinary  process  o( 
law  cannot  bo  served  on  him,  or  is  about  to  remove  his  projxjrty  beyond  tlirt 
county  in  which  suit  has  been  oris  to  be  instituted,  or  is  about  to  transfer  oe 
Becrete,  or  has  transferred  or  secreted  his  properiv.  for  the  purpose  of  defraud- 
ing his  creditors,  so  that  the  plaintilT  will  probably  lose  his  debt.  Attachment 
bond  must  be  double  the  amount  claimed,  with  two  or  more  approved  securities. 
Aihdavit  made  to  facts  claimed  as  ground  of  attachment.  Kverything,  except 
choses  in  action  and  property  exempted  by  law,  lidonging  to  the  defendant  in 
execution,  may  be  levied  upon  and  sold  asliis  goods  and  chattels.  An  attach- 
ment levied  upon  real  estate  is  a  lien  thereon  from  date  of  levy. 

An  assignment  in  trust,  for  the  benelit  of  creditors  generally,  Ir.ure  for  th« 
benefit  of  all  the  creditors  of  the  grantor,  whether  named  in  the  iieed  of  a8si?n> 
ment  or  not ;  t>nt  a  failing  debtor  may  prefer  his  creditors.  Assignments  can  l)« 
made  in  this  State  to  secure  sureties  or  endorsers  prior  to  any  payment  by  tlu'm. 

Notes,  bills,  accounts  and  every  species  of  contract  or  claim  are  ass'ignablo 
here,  and  the  assignee  can  sue  in  his  own  name.  An  assignment  proves  itself  in 
Texas,  and  can  only  be  put  in  issue  by  a  plea  of  non  est /actum.  A  parol  assign- 
ment 18  good  here,  hut  must  bo  proven. 

Garnishment  may  be  issued  upon  attachment,  judgment,  or  upon  original 
Buit,  upon  filin^proi)er  bond  and  atlidavit.  Maybe  issued  either  by  district  or 
justice  court.  I)efen<iant  may  replevy  property  seized  in  hands  of  garnishee  by 
filing  proper  boiuls.    Garnishee  is  entitled  to  his  reasonable  costs. 

As  to  notes  and  bills,  acceptors  are  chargeable,  either  upon  written  or  verbal 
acceptance.  A  holder  of  a  bill  of  e.xchange  drawn  by  merchants,  resident  in 
tills  State,  upon  their  agents  or  factors  out  of  tlie  State,  having  fixed  the  liabil- 
ity upon  the  drawer  or  endorser,  are  entitled  to  recover  and  receive  ten  per 
cent,  damages,  and  all  cost.s  of  suit  thereon  accruing.  An  assignee  can  sue  any 
assignor  of'any  bill  or  note,  but  cannot  sue  any  two  or  more  of  them  in  the  same 
Buit,  unless  they  are  joint  asf^ignees.  When  suit  is  brought  against  a  remote  as- 
eignor  by  an  assignee,  he  caimot  only  set  up  any  defense  he  may  have  against 
the  plaintiff,  but  any  he  may  have  against  any  of  the  intermeiflate  assignors. 
Three  days  of  grace  are  allowed  iiero  upon  all  bills  of  exchange  and  promissory 
iiot«s  assignable  by  law.  A  notarial  protest  or  copy  of  record,  certified  to  under 
the  hand  and  seal  "of  the  notary  public,  is  admitted  in  all  the  courts  of  this  Stato 
aa  evidence  of  the  facts  therein  set  forth. 

Tlie  jurisdiction  of  justice  court*,  extends,  against  makers  of  notes  and  ac- 
ceptors of  drafts,  to  S500.  On  accounts,  obligations,  contracts  and  other  evi- 
dences of  debt,  Si;50.  Damages  and  replevin  suits,  ?250.  The  circuit  and  equity 
courts  have  general  jurisdiction,  and  circuit  courts  have  jurisdiction  appellate 
from  justices  of  the  peace  on  all  cases  before  them.  The  supreme  court  has  ap- 
pellate jurisdiction  only. 

Judgments  and  decrees  in  any  court  of  record  shall  be  .a  lien  on  the  debtor's 
laud  from  the  time  the  same  is  rendered  in  the  county  where  the  debtor  resides  ; 
if  rendered  in  any  other  county  than  where  debtor  resides,  from  the  time  when  a 
certified  copy  of  the  same  is  registered  in  the  county  where  the  land  lies.  But 
this  lien  only  exists  for  twelve  "months.  Such  judgment  or  decree  does  not  give 
a  lien  on  the  debtor's  equitable  interest  in  land,  unless  within  sixty  days  after 
Tendition  of  same  a  memorandum  of  the  same  is  registered  in  the  county  whera 
the  land  lies.  A  lien  on  the  legal  title  of  tue  debtor  in  real  estate  can  also  ba 
fixed  under  an  execution  from  a  justice  of  the  peace,  by  filing  the  execution, 
•with  the  levy  of  the  same,  and  all  the  papere  in  the  case  before  the  justice,  with 
the  circuit  court  from  which  an  order  of  sale  issues. 

Executions  in  district  court  issue  immediately  upon  the  adjournment  of( 
court,  unless  court  is  in  session  twenty  days  after  rendition  of  judgment,  or  tha 
defendant  is  about  to  remove  his  projlerty  out  of  the  county  when  they  can  iseua 
•ooner.  In  justice  court  ten  d.ay3  after  reiuiition  of  judgment.  Executions  ar» 
not  liens  on  any  property  in  this  State  until  levied.  No  stay  laws  here,  except 
in  justice  court  for  three  months'  time.  Everything  except  choses  in  action  and 
property  exempted  by  law  belonging  to  the  defendant  in  execution,  may  1>» 
levied  on  and  sold  as  his  goods  and  chattels.    No  redemiition  haws  here. 

Deei>9,  Rights  of  MAnuiEn  Wi^mex,  Wills,  &»•.— Deeds,  mortgages  and 
de«ds  of  trust  are  not  required  to  be  under  seal.  Proof  or  acknowledgment  ot 
9JVTJ  iaetrunieat  of  writing  for  rpcord  may  be  taken  before  some  one  of  tb«  foV 


908  SPECIAL  LAWS   OP   UTAH. 

lowing  officers  :  TVhen  acknowledged  or  proven  within  this  State,  hefore  B0m4 
notary  public,  district  clerk  or  daputy  clerk,  or  judge  of  the  supreme  or  distrirt 
e-iurt  in  this  State  ;  when  acknowledged  or  proven  without  tliis  State,  and  within 
the  United  States  or  their  territories,  before  some  notary  public,  commissione* 
of  deeds  for  this  State,  or  before  some  judge  or  clerk  of  a  court  of  record  having 
a  seal  ;  when  acknowledged  or  proven  withotit  the  United  States,  before  Bome 
public  minister,  charge  d'affaires,  consul  or  consular  agent  of  the  United  States, 
or  notary  public  :  in  "ail  cases  the  certificate  of  such  acknowledgment  or  proof 
•hall  be  attested  under  the  official  seal  of  the  otticer  taking  the  same,  and  th* 
deed  recorded  in  the  county  where  the  laud  lies. 

The  following  is  the  form  of  the  certilicate  where  the  husband  and  \nlQ  joi» 
in  the  deed  : 

State  of  Texas,   1 
CorxTY  OF  Tratts.  1  "• 

Before  me  personally  appeared  and  ,  his  wife,  parties  to  tha 

foregoing  attached  "      ,  bearing  date  the  day  of  ,  A.  D.  187  j 

both  of  whom  are  known  to  me,  who  acknowledged  severally  that  they 

had  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  same  for  the  purposes  and  considerations 
therein  stated.    And  the  said  haviu_'  been  examined  by  me  privily  an* 

apart  from  her  husband,  and  having  hail  the  same  fully  explained  to  hei ,  she, 
the  said  ,  acknowledged  the  same  x<^  tie  her  act  .ind  deed,  and  declared  t* 

ine  that  she  had  willingly  signed,  sealed  and  delivered  the  s.ime  of  her  own  fret 
will  and  accord,  \\-ithout  fear  or  compulsioa  on  the  part  of  her  said  husband,  an( 
that  .«he  wished  not  to  retract  it. 

Witness  my  oflicial  seal  and  signature  at  my  office,  this  day  of 

A.  D.  1S7  .  (Signature  aLd  title.) 

[Certificate  when  the  Grantor  is  Unmarried.] 
State  of  Texas,      I 
County  of  Teavis.  J  **" 

Before  me,  Joh>"  Smith,  clerk  of  the  district  court  in  and  for  said  connti 
personally  appeared  ,  who  is  to  me  known,  and  acknowledgec 

that  signed,  executed  aud  delivered  the  foregoing  deed  for  the  purpose* 

therein  specitfed.  ^ 

"Witness  my  official  seal  and  signatTire,  at  mv  office,  in  the  city  of  Austin,  thii 
day  of  ,  A.  D.  187  . 

(Signature  of  ofiicer.) 

Deeds  may  be  authenticated  for  record  by  affidavit  of  one  or  two  attesting 
witnesses.    Two  witnesses  required  to  every  deed  unless  acknowledged. 

Jl.irried  women  can  hold  real  est:^te  or  personal  property  to  their  separate 
use.  A  married  woman  can  bind  herself  on  a  note,  draft  or  endorsement,  whe* 
for  necessaries  for  herself  or  children,  or  for  the  benefit  of  her  separate  prop' 
erty . "  All  property  acquired  by  husband  and  wife  during  marriacre  is  their  ccnv' 
inon  proprr'i/,  except  that  acquired  by  gift,  devise  or  descent,  which  is  his  or  he* 
separate  property.  The  husband's  consent  i.s  neeessaiy  to  the  alienation  of  th« 
wife  s  separate  property.  The  husband  cannot  alienate  the  homestead  withoul 
the  consent  of  the  Vl'e.  The  Avidow  is  entitled  to  tl.e  use  of  one-third  of  th4 
real  estate  for  her  life. 

A  chattel  mnrtgage  is  valid  here  between  the  parties  thereto,  but  void  at 
against  creditors  and^fojia  rfrfe  purchasers  without  notice,  unless  recorded  in  ths 
«ounty  where  the  mortgagor  resides. 

Wills  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  testator  or  by  some  other  person  in 
iis  presence  and  by  his  directio^n  ;  and,  moreover,  if  not  "wholly  written  by  him- 
•elf.  be  attes-.ed  by  t-vo  or  more  credible  witnesses  above  the  age  of  foiirt^ea 
years,  subscribing  their  names  in  his  presence. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF   UTAH. 

SXEMPTIOXS  FROM  FORCED  SALE.— Home  vorth  SlOOO,  and  Perannal  rroperty, 
T»  each  mem^r  if  thefami'y^'JiSO.  To  the  head  of  the  family  i.j  allowed  a  home- 
stead not  exceeding  in  value  .?  1000.  to  be  selected  by  the  debtor,  and  personal 
Eropettv  to  the  value  of  ?700  or  more,  according  to  the  value  of  articles  exempt 
V  statuts  :  aside  from  the  homestead  each  member  of  the  family  is  allowed  ^250. 
J»o  property  shall  be  exempt  from  sale  on  a  judgment  receivedfor  its  pric»,  oa 
a  mechanic's  lien,  or  a  mortgage  thereon. 


SPECIAL    LA-nS    OF    VERMONT.  909 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  VERMONT. 

KxrjrPTiONS  rnoM  FoTtrrn  SA\.v..—Homf  tccr.'!i  S'iifi,  «).-/  Pfrsnncl  Proprri^ 
Horirstoail  tn  the  value  ff  SOtlO,  and  products,.'  ■  af'par<.'l,  boliliujTt 

looie,  ar!!is  find  artii'.os  of  furuiluro  a^  maybe  i  v  iiiihfildiujif  lilo  ;  I 

eewiiiu  machine  kept  for  use,  1  <ow,  tlio  K'st  sv  .  meat  cif  1  swino,  10 

Fheep.  and  one  year's  produrt  of  said  t^becp  in  Woul,  yarn  it  clollx ;  forage  scffi- 
cient  f«ir  keepiiia;  rot  exceeding  10  sliccp  ard  oiio  cow  through  on«  winter  ;  10 
cords  of  fire  wooil,  or  5  tons  of  coal;  2*  busbe's  of  pot.-itoi^F.  pn -h  nii'.irarjarms 
and  accontremenls  r.s  tho  debtor  is  required  by  li  ■•, 

10  busliols  of  grain,  1  barrel  of  fli'ur,  S  s\va:in';  <  •  i 

thoir  prcnliu  e  in  li^^ney  ;  200  Ib^:.  of  m  -ar.  n     '.  a'  s 

and  other  bool'.s  used  in  a  family;  o.  :   in 'a 

of  reliirious  worsldp  ;  live  poultry  ii'  '.  -urn  of 

$10;  the  professional  books  a:id  lutii  -sional 

books  of  cle:-(r>-n^}n  and  attornej-8-r.t-Iu\.-,  \  .  i-  .1  a.-u  1  yoke  of 

oxen  or  strersas  thed  btorniay  P-^leet,  w'..  f  'rtlio  keeping  of 

the  sains  tliro'itch  tha  wi'.it.?r  ;  oriu  15^n  t'  i  and  used  fcrte;im 

work  not  to  exceed  in  val;n  ?l  '  '  t.  ■;;:'•>  Lr  keeplTi^r  ?ame  ;  also 

pistolr..  s-dv'-anns  and  equipm.  1  by  any  soldier  of  tho  United 

States  a  id  kept  by  liir.i  or  his  1^ 

JiLi  ii  a:\Ii -s'  LlEX. — Material  i.  '  :i  ;.  .a  n:  1  ;udcs  have  alien  for  lal>or  ami 
material  in  building,  repairing,  tilting  or  furnishing  any  v<'ss'il  until  eight 
months  Jifter  such  vetsel  is  completed.  It  niav  be  Be^iired  by  jiiiacliuient,  and 
has  precedence  of  all  otiier  claims.  They  a]?o  liavo  a  lien  UfK-n  a  building,  and 
tb.«  lot  on  which  it  staiids,  for  ercctiv.g  or  repairing  such  building.  The  li  mi  con- 
tinues three  niOTiths  after  payment  conies  due,  bat  docs  not  ntt.ieh  until  tho  i>er- 
son  claiming  it  has  filed  and  caused  to  be  recorded,  in  tl.o  towu  clerk's  otUce,  a 
written  memorandum,  by  him  signed,  asserting  such  claim. 

Coi.LECTio^f  OP  Debts. — ^Xo  female  can  be  arrested  on  any  prooei^s  in  an  ac- 
tion founded  on  contract.  Ko  resident  citizen  of  this  State,  or  any  of  tho 
ITnited  .States,  can  be  arrested  on  any  process  issued  on  any  contract,  unless  ths 
plaintilT,  his  agent  or  attorney  fde,  with  the  authority  signing  tho  writ,  an  aiiida- 
vit,  stating  that  b.e  has  good  reason  to  believe,  and  does  believe,  that  the  defend- 
ant is  almut  to  abscond  or  remove  from  the  Slate,  and  has  propiTty  secreted 
about  his  person  <;t  elsewhere  to  the  amouTit  of  $:;0,  or  sullicient  to  sati?f^■  the 
demand  in  suit ;  or  file  an  affidavit  stating  that  the  defendant  neglects  or  refuses 
to  pay  over  on  demand  money  which  ho  holds  for  the  plaintiff  in  a  fiduciary  ca- 
pacity. 

In  actions  of  contr.-ict.  writs  of  attachment  may  issue  against  the  goods,  chat- 
tels or  estate  of  the  defendant ;  and  in  actions  founded  on  tort,  for  want  thereof, 
against  tlie  defendant  s  botly. 

Assignments,  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  arc  regulated  by  statute.  To  pro- 
tect the  property  in  the  hand?;  of  t!<e  assiu-nee,  it  must  bo  for  "the  benefits  of  all 
the  cri  ilitors.  (I'hoses  in  action  may  be  a,-^igned,  but  tho  assignee  cannot  sub  in 
Lis  own  name,  unless  there  has  been  a  s^n'cial  promise  to.  pay  bim,  or  the  de- 
mand is  what  is  known  as  "  negotiable  paper." 

In  actions  on  contract  a  person  having  goods,  effects  <Tr  credits  of  the  defend- 
ant in  his  hands,  may  be  summoned  as  trustee  in  the  suit,  and  ho  is  required  to 
atten<l  and  discl(>se.  Jud^rment  is  rcndercil  against  him  in  favor  of  the  plaintiff 
for  the  amount  of  his  indebtedness  p.-  liability  to  the  defendant,  to  the  extent  of 
the  judgment  agains-t  the  defendant.  Tliis  jirocess  cannot  bo  sustained  unle«9 
the  debt  due  the  plaintiff  from  the  defemkint,  as  well  aa  that  from  the  trustee  to 
the  defendant,  exceed  SM.  It  does  ni't  re.'icli  debts  due  on  a  contingency,  or  duo 
on  a  judgment  where  the  judgment  debtor  is  liable  to  an  execution  on  tlio  judj;- 
ment. 

As  to  notes  and  hills,  &c.,  a  promisseiry  note  payalde  on  demand  is  considered 
overdue  at  the  exi'liation  of  sixiy  days  from  dat'."      '  itment  and  demand 

ol  pavment  must  be  made  within  that  time  t")  <li  .   r.ser.    All  nig'al- 

able  paper,  except  that  pay.Hble  on  demand  or  at .-  ie<l  tothreeilays  of 

grace.  Neirotiable  paper  may  be  endorsed  for  coiii  •  uon  and  sued  in  tho  name 
of  the  agent  or  attorney,  though  lie  is  not  the  real  party  iu  interest,  and  holda  it 
for  collection  merely.  ^  ^      ^ 

Judgments  are  not  alien.  Real  estate  and  cev  '  '  *"  '  -  '•'''•  -  ■  r\I 
are  attached  by  leaving  a  copy  of  t  b-,'  original  »  i 

tion  may  issue" from  county  court  tweniv.four  h^i  't, 

fxiA  by  a  justice  of  the  peace  two  hours  after  judgmeui  is  n.u«.i«;n.u.     ii^c;  wu  i«i 


SlO  SPECIAL  LAWS'OJ   tiBGDOA. 

tamable  in  surtr  days,  and  mtist  be  issaed  and  placed  in  the  h&nas  of  tho  offloei 
"within  thirty  day?  after  jndgmeut.  to  hold  personul  proi>orty  attached  on  metne 
process,  and  T»it"hin  iiTe  inonilis  to  hold  real  estate  so  attached.  Keal  estate  set 
off  on  execution  (there  is  no  power  to  sell  real  estate  on  execution^  may  be  re- 
deemed within  six  months,  otherwise  it  passes  to  the  creditor.  Personal  prop- 
erty taken  on  execution  is  sold  to  the  highest  bidder. 

A  justice  of  the  p<.'ace  has  jurisdiction  in  all  actions  of  a  civil  nature  where 
the  matter  in  demand  does  not  exceed  $200,  except  actions  for  slander,  false  im- 
prisonment, and  replevin  for  goods  and  chattels  where  the  value  thereof  exceeds 
♦20,  and  where  the  title  to  land  is  concerned.  A  justice  also  has  jurisdiction  in 
actions  of  trespass  on  the  freehold  where  the  sum  demanded  does  not  exced  §20. 
The  county  courts  have  jurisdiction  of  cases  appealed  from  the  justices'  courts, 
and  of  all"  actions  where  the  justices  have  not  jurisdiction.  The  municipal 
•onrts  of  Burliiisrton,  Rutland  and  St.  Albans  have  concurrent  jurisdiction  with 
the  county  court^,  to  the  extent  of  $500.  Suit  may  be  brought  in  the  town  where 
either  partv  resides,  and  if  neither  parrv  resides  in  the  State,  iu  any  town  in  tho 
atate. 

Process,  returnable  before  supreme  or  county  court,  must  be  served  at  least 
twelve  days  before  the  session  of  court  to  which  "it  is  returnable. 

■Writs,  returnable  before  a  justice,  must  be  served  at  least  six  days  before,  «md 
not  over  sixty  days  from,  the  retiLni  day  ;  if  against  a  party  in  another  county, 
twelve  days  must  intervene  between  day  of  service  and  retnni  day ;  and  in  any 
case,  if  the  defendant  is  a  corporation,  thirty  days  must  intervene. 

Deeds.  Rights  of  Mahkeed  W"omex."^ili.s,  &r.— De»;ds  must  be  under 
Beal  (not  a  scrawl),  signed  in  the  presence  of  two  subscrlbins;  witnesses,  acknowl- 
edged before  a  proper  oiiicer,  ajMl  recorded  in  tlie  clerk's  otiiceof  the  town  whero 
the  land  lies.  In  this  State,  deeils  may  be  acknowledged  before  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  a  notary  public,  or  a  master  in  chancery.  Acknowledgments  out  of  this 
State,  may  be  taken  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  notary  public,  commissioner 
from  Vermont,  or  such  officer  as  is  authorized  to  take  acknowledgment  of  deeda 
in  that  place. 

[Form  of  Certificate  of  AcknowledgmentJ 
State  of  , )    , 

CotrjfTY  OF  . )  **■ 

At  this  day  of  ,  A-  D.  187  ,  personally  appeared  (and 

his  wife),  the  signer  and  sealer  of  the  above-writte"n  instnunent,  and  ac- 
[knowledged  the  same  to  be  his  (or  their)  free  act  and  deed. 

Before  me.  (Signature  and  title.) 

Married  women  cannot  make  contracts.  Thev  may  in  some  instances  change 
their  separate  property  so  th.it  it  may  be  reached  in  e'quiry.  Her  real  estate,  and 
the  rents  and  profits  thereof,  are  exernpt  from  attachment  for  the  husband's  debts ; 
and  also  the  husband's  interest  in  the  same  during  coverture,  except  for  debts  for 
necessaries  for  wife  and  family,  or  for  labor  or  materials  furnished  upon  such  real 
estate.  Amarried  woman  may  disp<'Se  of  her  property  by -will.  The  widow  is  en- 
titled to  dower,  during  her  natural  life,  of  oue-tliird  of  "the  r.?al  estate  of  which  her 
husband  died  seized,  during  his  natural  life  unless  she  shall  be  barred.  Chattel 
mortga^s  do  not  protect  the  mortgagee  against  bona  fide  purchasers  or  attach- 
ing creditors  if  the  property  is  allowed  to  remain  in  th'e  possession  of  the  mort- 


.rUls  must  be  in  writing,  andsimied  by  the  testator  or  br  some  other  person 
in  his  presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  subscribed  by  thre« 
»r  more  credible  witnesses  in  the  presence  of  the  testator,  and  of  each  o*ier. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  VIRGINIA. 

ExiMPTioxs  FBOM  Forced  Sale. — Bbmestead  and  Personal  Property  to  ih* 
Valae  of  $2000.  In  case  of  a  husband,  parent,  or  other  person  who  is  a  hous«- 
holder  and  head  of  a  family,  the  law  exempts  from  distress  or  levy  divers 
enumerated  articles  of  household  and  personal  use,  furniture,  bedding,  etc., 
ranging  in  value  from  fifty  to  five  hunc&ed  dollars,  according  to  the  condition 
and  size  of  the  family. 

Besides  the  foregoing,  everv  householder  or  head  of  a  family  is  entitled  to  fi 
homestead  exemption  of  two  thousand  dollars,  to  be  set  apart  out  of  any  property 
which  be  may  select. 

MscfiA^ca'  LiEK.— All  artisans,  bollden,  mechanics,  lumber  daalen  aoi 


SPECTAL   LATTS   OF    TTRGnnA.  $11 

•ttew  p«rforming  labor  or  furnishing  materials  for  the  constrnctior,  repair  of 
ImproTement  of  any  buildin"  or  other  )>roperty,  are  allowed  a  lien  upon  piu-h  prop4 
«rty  for  the  work  done  ana  material*  furnished.  It  must  be  asserted  by  lult 
within  six  months  from  the  time  the  lien  is  secured. 

CoLLECTiO'  fiF  Debts.— Arrest,  in  civil  actions,  is  permitted,  when  the  plain- 
tiff, by  affidavit,  shows  to  the  court  in  which  the  suit  is  pending,  or  to  any  judg9 
or  justice  of  the  peace,  that  he  has  cause  of  action  or  suit  against  the  defendant, 
and  that  th*e  is  probable  cause  for  believing  that  the  defendant  is  about  to  quit 
the  State,  unless  forthwith  apprehended. 

The  defendant  may  be  discharged  from  arrest  by  giving  good  bail,  the  condi- 
tion of  the  bail  bond  being,  in  substance,  that  in  case  judgment  is  rendered  for 
the  plalntiflf,  the  defendant  will,  if  thereto  required,  within  four  ii)oiith.i  after  tho 
Judgment,  discover  and  surrender  whatever  estate  he  may  then  have,  for 
the  satisfaction  thereof. 

Writs  of  attachment  may  be  issued  :  1.  Against  the  estate  of  a  non-resident 
defendant.  2.  Against  the  "estate  of  any  defendant  who  is  removing  or  intends 
to  remove  the  specific  property  sued  for".  "  or  his  own  estate  or  the  proceeds  of 
the  sale  of  his  property,  or  a  niaterial  part  of  such  estate  or  proceeds,  out  of  the 
State,  so  that  process  of  execution  on  a  judgment,"  when  obtained,  will  be 
unavailing.  3.  Against  the  estate  of  a  debtor,  whether  the  clai;n  be  payable  or 
Dot,  when  the  debtor  intends  to  remove  or  is  removini;,  or  has  removed  hia 
effects  out  of  the  State  so  that  there  will  probably  not  be  therein  BufScient  effecta 
of  the  debtor  to  satisfy  the  claim,  should  only  tho  ordinary  prtx-ess  of  law  be 
used  to  obtain  such  judgment.  4.  Against  the  estate  of  a  tenant  liable  for  rent, 
who  intends  to  remove  or  is  removing,  or  has,  within  thirty  days,  removed  his 
effects  from  the  lea-sed  premises,  so  that  there  will  not  be  left  oii  such  premisea 
property  liable  to  distress,  suUieient  to  Baa.sfy  the  rent  to  become  payable — not 
exceeding  one  year's  rmt  in  all.  5-  Against  steamboats  and  other  vessela,  for 
materials,  supplies,  work,  etc.,  furnished  and  done,  and  damages  for  certain  tort* 
%nd  breaches  of  contract. 

The  foundation  of  the  attachment  in  each  case  is  the  affidavit  of  tlie  plaintiff 
or  of  his  agent,  setting  forth  not  only  tlie  iiarticular  ground  of  the  attachment,  aa 
above  given,  but  also  divers  particulars  as  to  the  amount  of  the  claim,  whether 
4ue  or  not,  etc.  If  the  plaintift" desires  that  the  property  to  bo  attached  t-hall  bo 
>ken  into  the  possession  of  the  officer,  tho  pl.iiutLlf,  or  somo  one  for  him,  must 
give  bond,  with  good  security,  in  a  penalty  e'lual  t<i,  at  least,  double  the  amount 
Bued  for,  conditioned  to  pay  all  costs  and  damag.'S  occasionc  d  by  the  suing  out  of 
the  attachment.  The  sureties  must  either  reside,  or  must  have  estate  equal  to 
the  penalty  of  the  bond,  within  tlie  jurisdiction  of  tho  court.  Ko  b^md  is  nece»- 
eary,  except  in  the  ca.^e  above  epecilied.  Every  species  of  property,  legal  or 
equitable,  is  liable  to  seizure  and  sale,  under  attachment. 

Assignments,  for  the  benetit  of  creditors,  with  preferences,  are  allowed  bv  the 
law  of  this  .State.  Bonds  and  notes,  not  negotiable,  are  assignable,  ami  the 
assignee  may  sue  ui^on  them  in  his  own  name.  Open  accoui;ts  may  also  be 
assigned ;  but  suit  must  be  brought  upon  them  in  tlie  same  of  the  original 
creditor. 

Process  of  garnishment  may  issue,  either  on  execution  or  attachment,  so  aa 
to  reach  debts  due  to  the  defendant. 

Every  promissory  note  or  check  for  money  payable  in  this  State,  at  a  partio- 
nlar  bank,  or  .at  a  particular  office  thereof,  fcr  discount  and  deposit,  or  at 
the  place  of  business  of  a  savings  institution  or  savings  bank,  or  at  the  place  of 
business  of  a  licensed  broker,  and  every  inland  bill  of  exchange  payable  in  thia 
State,  is  deemed  negotiable,  and  may,  upon  being  dishonored  for  non-a^-ceptunea 
or  non-payment,  be  protested,  and  the  protest  be  in  such  case  evidence  of  dis- 
honor, in  like  manner  as  in  case  of  a  foreign  bill  t  f  c  xchange.  The  protei-l,  buth 
in  the  case  of  a  foreign  bill  and  in  the  other  cases  above  mentioned,  is  u:ado 
i>rijRa/acMX  evidence  of  what  is  stated  therein,  or  at  the  foot  or  on  tho  back 
thereof,  in  relation  to  presentment,  dishonor  and  notice  thereof.  I)amage8  ar* 
recoverable  on  bills  of  exchange — three  per  cent,  if  the  bill  be  payable  out  of 
Virginia  and  within  the  United  States,  and  tea  per  cent,  if  payable  without  tho 
United  States. 

The  juriadietion  of  justice  courts  extends  to  ?50.  Civil  jurisdiction  of  the 
county  courts  is  confined  chiefly  to  matters  of  pro"..ate  and  gnaroiansliip  ;  with 
perhaps  a  few  unimportant  exceptions  they  have  no  jurisdiction  of  suits  for  the 
collection  of  debts.  Circuit  and  corporation  courts  have  general  juri-diction  iu 
all  civil  actions.  Fh-ocess  in  these  courts  is  commonly  made  returnable  to  rulea 
—held  on  the  first  Monday  in  each  mouth— and  two  rule  days,  at  leaat,  muat  iutat* 
reoe  between  eervioe  and  trial. 


912  SPECIAL   LAWS    OF    VIRGINIA. 

Jtidj^iDents  are  a  lien  on  all  the  real  estate  o£,  or  to,  whicli  the  dofendwt  ia  ojf 
■hftll  be  possessed  or  entitle*!  at  or  after  tbe  >laie  of  the  judijtneut,  or  the  coin- 
menceineut  of  the  term  at  which  it  is  rendered.  They  create  no  lien  on  perpoual 
festat*. 

Lxecutioiis  may  issue  within  a  year,  and  a  si  ■■■'jncias  or  action  may  be  brought 
Trithin  te:i  yeais  afer  the  date  of  the  judgment.  Jtlxecutioiis  create  a  lien  \; pen 
thi  persin'.al  prop^jrty  of  the  debtor  from'tlio  date  of  the  delivery  of  tlie  writ  to 
the  o:iieer,  whether  the  property  consists  of  chatcelsorof  choscs  inaction-  As 
,to  the  latter,  however,  the  lien  does  not  take  effect  against  au  assignee  for  valu- 
ahla  consideration  without  notice,  nor  against  a  person  niatting  payment  to  thiS 
j.i:1^Tment  debtor  without  nodce.  Keal  estate  cannot  be  sold  or  levied  on  under 
e'.ecution.  An  execution  debtor  may  be  required  to  disi-ovcr,  under  oath,  hia 
whole  estate,  real  and  personal,  aiiJ  to  convey  and  tranffer,  for  the  sati5=facti3n 
of  the  execution,  Ids  personalty  and  any  realty  which  he  may  have  out  of  th« 
State. 

If  execution  be  issued  within  the  year,  other  executions  may  be  is.-ued,  or  a 
scire /'icias  or  aetiou  may  be  brought  within  tea  years  from  the  return  day  of  *n 
execution  on  which  thne  is  no  return  by  an  oliicer,  or  within  twenty  years  from 
the  return  day  of  an  execution  on  which'there  ia  such  return. 

iJEEDs,  KiGHTS  OF  Mareied  Womex,  Wills,  &c.—Deeils  may  be  admitted 
to  record  as  to  any  party  thereto,  -when  proved,  as  to  s-.eli  party,  by  two 
•witnesses,  or  aclinowledgea  by  him,  before  the  court  of  the  cotinly  or  corporation 
in  whiL-h  it  io  to  be  recorded,  or  b<;fore  thaclvrkof  sttch  court,  in  ids  oHice. 
Also,  upon  a  certificate  of  lu.^  acknoivledgraeut  v,  ithiu  the  United  States,  befora 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  a  comniistioncr  i;i  chancery  of  a  court  of  record,  a  notary 
public  or  any  commis. doner  appointed  by  the  Governor;  or,  upoii  the  certiiicate 
of  the  ciert  of  any  county  or  corporation  court  in  this  State,  or  of  the  clerk  of 
any  court  out  of  this  Siate  a;;d' within  the  Tnited  States,  th::t  the  deed  was 
ackiiowled^od  bv  such  person  or  proved  as  to  hira  by  two  witnesses,  before  such 
clerk  or  I'ef.ire  tlie  court  cf  which  he  is  clerk,  or  upon  certilicaLe,  under  the  ofil- 
eial  seal  of  any  miidstcr  plenipotentiary,  cAar^e  d'a^ahs,  consul  general,  consul, 
vice-coc.sul,  or  commercial  agent,  nnpoiined  by  the  Government  of  the  Uiated 
States  to  any  foreij;n  country,  or  of  the  proper  officer  of  any  court  of  such  coun- 
try, or  of  the  mayor  or  otheV  chief  magistrate  of  any  city,  town  or  c< 'rporr.tion 
ther.^in,  that  the  s.ud  writing  was  acknowledged  by  such  person  or  proved  as  to 
Liiu  by  two  witnesses,  before  any  person  having  such  appointment,  or  before  Bucli 
«ourt,  mayor  or  chief  ma^'istrate. 

[Form  of  Certificate  of  Acknowledgment  in  case  of  3  party  other  than  a 
Married  Woman.] 

State  of  ,  ) 

COUXTY  (OR  COErOKATIOX)  OF  .  /  ^*- 

If  ,  a  justice  of  the  peace  (or  commissioner  in  chancery  of  the 

court,  or  notary  public),  for  the  county  (or  corporation)  aforesaid. 
In  the  State  (or  territf>ry,  or  district)  of  ,  do  certify,  tljat;  K.  F.  (or  E.  F. 

and  G.  H.,  etc.),  whose  name  (or  names')  is  (or  are)  signed  "to  the  writing'  abova 
(or  hereto  annexed),  bearing  date  on  the  day  of  .has  (or 

have)  ai'knowledgod  the  sanie  before  me,  in  mv  county  (or  corporation)  aforesaiL 
Given  under  my  hand,  this  day  of  ,  A.  D.  It7  . 

(Sign&tirre  and  title.) 

The  acknowledgment  of  a  married  woman  must  be  certified  by  two  justices  of 
the  i>eace,  <t  by  some  one  of  the  other  functionaries  authorized  to  certify  tha 
aekuowledgmeut  Of  other  persons. 

The  certificate  must  be  to  the  effect  following  : 

State  of  •  ,\ 

co'cxtv  (or  cori-oratiox)  of  .  j  **" 

I,  ,  a  commissioner  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State  of  Vir- 

ginia for  the  said  State  (or  territory,  or  district)  of  ,  or  and 

,  jusriees  of  the  peace,  ov  I,  ,  a  com-.nissioj'.er  in  chancery 

of  court  (or  notary  public)  for  the  county  (or  corporarion)  of  ,  in 

the  State  (or  territory,  or  district)  of  ,  do  certify  th:it  IL.  F.,  the  wife  of 

G.  H.,  whose  names  Are  signed  to  the  writing  above  (or  hereto  annexed',  bearing 
date  on  the  day  of  ,  personally  appeared  before  me  (or  us),  m 

tie  county  (or  corporation)  aforesaid  (or,  if  it  be  a  conunissioner,  in  the  State, 


LAWS   OF    TTASn.    TKR.   AND    WEi5T    TITIGIXIA  91S 

territory  or  district  aforesaid),  and  being  oxnroined  bv  n>o  (or  U9\  privilj-  and 
apart  from  ber  hiiBbaiul,  ami  liiiviiig  tbe  writiu!;  aforesaid  fully  explained  tobcr, 
Bhc,  tbo  said  E.  F.,  acknowlpd-jed  (no  said  writing  to  bo  lior  act,  and  dpclarod 
tbat  Blie  hiid  williii'^lv  oxofuf  (>(1  tho  i^anii'  nml  does  not  wish  to  retract  it. 

Given  under  ".my  liand  (or  our  liaiids)  this  day  of  ,  Anno 

PoTnini.  '  (SiKn.•^tur^^) 

Married  women  can  bold  real  or  personal  property  to  tboir  BeimMlc  uso 
through  a  trustee.  To  bind  tho  Beparalo  c;;tatc  of  a  married  woman  by  her  con- 
tract, the  Intention  po  to  bind  it  should  bo  expressed  on  tho  fare  of  th("  contni'-t. 
The  widow  is  entitled  t.'>  one-tbivd  purt  of  all  tho  real  estato  o'vned  by  her  hu> 
band  during  coverture,,  unlos-?  rlio  liar-  baiTod  or  relintinlshed  t'lo  eamo. 

Chattel  niort';;af;os  arc  unknowu  in  this  State,  though  tli"ir  equivalent  is 
found  in  deeds  ci  trust  of  po:sonal  propcr.y,  by  whieh  perfional  properly  of  iwy 
description  maybe  conveyed  for  tho  bouoii'.,  and  thus  mmlo  available  [or  tl.o 
Becurlty  of  creditors.  Sneli  deeds  aro  not  olTectlve,  a-i  to  other  croditord  and  sub- 
sequent puroujipers  for  valp.c  without  notice,  except  from  the  time  of  thoil  admis- 
6ion  to  record  in  the  v>roiier  clerk's  oflice. 

A\illR  should  bo  in  wiilinj;,  and  si'^ncd  by  the  testator,  or  by  some  one  in  Lis 
presence  and  by  his  express  direction,  iii  su<h  manner  us  to  make  il  uianifest 
tiiat  the  name  is  intended  as  a  siftnaturo,  and,  moreover,  unle;i3  it  bo  wholly 
written  by  tho  test:itor,  the  si<,niaturo  shall  be  made,  or  tho  will  acknowleiiijt'd  by 
him  in  tlie  presence  fcf  at  1  nst  two  compet!?nt  witnesses,  present  at  the  sarao 
time,  and  such  witnesses  shall  subscribe  the  will  in  tho  presence  of  the  testator, 
but  no  form  of  Attestation  shall  be  necessary. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  WASHINGTON   TERRI- 
TORY. 

ExE>irTIO?fS  FTIOM  FORCED  SALE.— //'mf  icorfh SIOOO  and  Personal  Properfi/. 
To  each  householder  lieing  the  head  o£  -i  family,  a  homestead  worth  SlOdO,  whilo 
occupied  by  such  faraiiv.  All  wearing  apparel,  private librari>!S,  family  i>i<'t,ure9 
and  keepsakes  ;  to  eacli  houi^cholder,  1  beil  and  bedding,  and  1  additi(,'nal  bed 
nnd  bedding  for  every  two  additional  members  <if  tho  family,  and  oll'.er  lioiise- 
hold  poods  of  tho  coin  v:il:;e  of?15;»0;  2  cows  ai.d  their  <'alvcs,  5  Bwino,  1!  hives 
cf  bees,  25  domestic  fowls,  and  provisions  and  fuel  for  (J  months.  To  a  farmer,  I 
piian  of  horses  and  harness,  or  2  yoke  of  oxen,  and  1  wagon,  wifh  fanning  utiMi- 
Silg  not  exceeding  S'2W  coin  value.  To  attorneys  and  clc.  gyuK-n,  their  libraries 
Talued  at  not  to  exceed  §500,  wi'.h  oITico  furniture  and  fuel.  Small  boat;*  an<l 
fire-anns  kept  for  use.  not  exceedin':  .^-'O  in  coin  value  ;  parties  engaj^i'd  in  light- 
string,  2  lighters  and  1  small  boat  valued  at  §250  ;  tho  team  of  a  drayman. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  WEST  VIRGINIA. 

Exemptions  iitoMFoHrrn  HALV..—IJoinevnrlh$lWO,mi'!Pi'i:'!iiifil  Properly. 
Homestead  to  tho  value  of  ?rUlUO,  U  excmi.t,  where  tho  property  of  thai  value  i« 
demised  or  gra)ited  bv  <lebtor,  being  a  husband  or  parent,  and  nsi.lcnt  in  tho 
State,  as  ahomestead";  and  w}i"rebi>;  provioady  to  contracting  the  debt  or  liability 
ha.s, placed  a  declaration  <  f  his  inten.ilinito  keep  the  property  as  a  homoRtead  on 
tbe  land  records  of  ihi?.  iimntv  in  which  tho  real  estate  is  situate.  Personjd 
property  to  the  value  of  §3U0  io  also  e.xompted,  provided  debtor  ia  a  resident  and 
A  parent.  ,  ,        ,    „ 

M  i:r II  ANics' Lien.— A  mechanic  or  workman,  or  any  person  who  shall  per- 
form any  labor  upon  or  furnish  material  to  erect,  repair,  alter  or  imi)rov«  any 
building,  has  a  lion  on  the  same,  which  can  be  enforced  by  suit  in  chancery  in  six 
months  ;  provided,  ho  tiled  his  account  under  oath  with  the  clerk  of  the  county 
court  in  thirty  days  after  the  work  wr.s  done  or  material  f  unnsheil.   _ 

Coi.LF.rTiON  OP  DKirrs.— The  d<:btor  mav  be  arrested  lu  an  at  tion  pending 
against  lilm,  until  ho  give  security  that  lie  shall  answer  sueU  interrogatori.,,  ail 
eliall  be  propounded  V<)him,or  filed  within  four  months  after  judgment  and 
perform  the  leijuiremcnts  of  the  judgment  or  decree.  Hut  before  tlie  opU.t  for 
nrrost  will  be  made,  the  plaintlil'  must  nniko  alidavit— 1.  Tbat  thecbi.ni  is 
Just  and  that  (he  ,lefen<laiit  is  about  to  leave  the  State.  U>  reside  perinaiintly 
!u  another  Sta;',  wiilmnt  tiaving  Ih-  debt  for  wliieli  th  ■  aciiou  v,-a»  brouidit.  V. 
Or  that  he  fraudulentlv  coutraet*d  the  debt  for  wliicb  theactioTi  was  bioui.ht 
A.  OttbSt  he  frauduUnily  conceals  hla  proporty  or  righu  of  avtiou.    4.  Or  tu«t 

6d 


614  gPECTAL    LATTS    OF    VrTST    TIRGDnA. 

te  has  removed  or  is  about  to  remore  his  property  beyond  the  State  with  leMl 
to  defraud  his  creditors.  5.  Or  that  he  has  converted' or  is  about  to  conve/t  his 
property  into  money  or  securities,  or  that  he  has  assigned  or  removed  his  prop- 
ertv  with  like  intent.  And  the  plaintiff  will  also  be  required  to  give  bond  and 
good  security,  to  indemnify  the  defendant  in  case  the  order  of  arrest  was  mar 
ficiously  made. 

■Writ  of  attachment  may  issue  upon  the  pLointiff  eiving  bond,  for  the  samo 
causes  that  rn  order  of  arrest  will  be  made,  and  the  f oTlowing  additional  causes  : 
1.  That  the  defendant  is  a  non-resident,  or  a  f'^reizn  corporation.  2.  Or  that  tho 
defendant  br.a  left  or  is  r.bout  to  leave  the  State  with  intent  to  defraud  his 
creditors,    o.  Or  that  he  conceals  himself,  s-o  that  a  Bummons  cannot  be  served. 

Assignments,  for  the  benefit  of  creditors,  are  not  regTilated  by  statute  j  the 
debtor  can  prefer  one  or  more  of  his  creditors,  if  the  transaction  be  not  tainted 
with  fraud. 

As  to  notes  and  bills,  every  note  or  check  made  payable  at  a  particular  bank 
of  discount  and  deposit,  or  at  any  savings  bank,  and  every  i;!laiid  bill  cf  eiohange, 
is  negotiable,  and  may  b?  protested,  and  t lis  protest  is  evidence  of  the  same  f  icta 
as  in  case  of  foreign  bills  of  exchange.  EUIs  of  exchanie,  drawn  or  negotiated 
In  this  State,  duly  protested,  entitle  the  holder,  ia  addition  to  the  tisual  protest 
fees,  to  the  following  damag-'S :  Three  per  cent,  if  payable  ov.t  cf  tliis  State  and 
within  the  United  States,  and  ten  per  cent,  if  payable  out  of  the  ITEited  States. 
Paper  payable  on  Sunday,  Chris-mas  day,  1st  ci  "January  or  4th  of  July  must  b« 
protested  on  the  day  prefious  and  noti.  e  of  dishonor  given  on  the  day  following 
such  holiday.  Anv  paper  not  negotiable  as  above  stated,  is  subject,  in  the  handS 
©f  the  holder,  to  aQ equities  existing  a■:ainstt^  j  assignor ;  the  equities,  however, 
must  have  existed  before  the  defendant  liad  notic"e  of  the  assignment  of  the 
papers. 

I'he  jurisdiction  of  justice  courts  extends  in  civil  actions  to  $100,  exclusive 
of  interest.  The  circtdt  courts,  is  appellats  fn.ni  inferior  courts,  and  has  original 
and  general  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  at  law  where  the  amotmt  exceeds  §."0. 
The  supreme  court  cf  appeals  has  appellate  jurisdiction  from  inferior  court* 
where  the  amottnt  exceeds  §li  0. 

Judgments  are  a  lien  on  th3  real  estate  of  the  defendant  from  the  fjst  daj-  of 
the  term,  if  rendered  in  a  cour^  of  record  ;  but  'o  make  this  lic-n  available  against 
s  purchaser  for  value,  ard  without  actual  notice,  an  abstract  of  the  judgment 
must  be  filed  in  the  recorders  oa,ce  of  tho  county  where  the  land  lies  ninety 
days  after  the  rendition  cf  the  judgmea'  iT  before  the  deed  to  the  real  estate  is 
delivered  to  the  pttrchaser.  Judgments  ^f  justice's  courts  also  give  a  lien  on 
real  estate  if  an  abstract  of  the  same  is  recorded  in  the  proper  county. 

Executions  are  a  lien  on  personal  pro'^ert-r  fro:n  the  date  the  same  is  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  officer,  and  may  be  l-jvic-d  on  a:'.y  property  of  the  defendant 
not  exempt  by  law.  Executions  C3r.:i'^'  be  stayctl,  except'when  obtained  before 
a  justice,  and  only  th  n  for  a  limited  'ime.  not  more  than  four  months,  upon  de» 
f  endant  giving  s<:-"onrity.    No  redemption  of  property  sold  un'ler  execution. 

Deeds,  Kigets  of  JIakried  "VToslex,  WrLL.s,  &c. — Deeds  m';st  be  in  writing 
and  under  seal ;  a  scrawl  will  answer  tor  a  seal  if  deed  be  mads  by  an  indi- 
vidual, but  not  if  by  a  corporation.  TLiey  must  be  acknowledged  before  a  re 
corder,  prothonotary,  clerk  of  any  court,  a  jtistice  of  the  peace,  notary  public, 
commissioner  of  deeds,  or  proved  by  tw  o  witnesses  before  the  recordercf  the  court 
m  the  county  where  the  same  is  to  be  recorded.  If  acknowledged  out  cf  the 
United  States,  before  a  minister  plenipotentiary,  charr-i'd  affaires,  consul-general, 
consul,  vice-consul  or  commerrial  agent,  or  before  the  proper  officer  cf  any  court, 
or  before  the  mayor  of  any  city  or  town,  under  the  official  seal  of  suohotiicer. 
The  wife  mnst  join  with  the  hv.sband  in  the  deed  to  relinquish  her  dower. 

The  following  is  the  prescribed  form  of  certificate  of  acknowledgment : 

State  of  "West  Vikgixia,  1 
CocsTY  OF  Wood.  j  *^* 

I;  (giving  the  name  and  official  character  of  the  officer^,  do 

certify  that  A.  B.  and  C.  D.,his  wife,  whose  nau'.cs  are  signed  to  the  writing  above, 
bearing  date  on  the  day  of  ,  A.  D.  1-7  ,  have  thi.-!  day  a^-knowledged 

the  same  before  me  :  Mid  C.  t>.,  the  wife  of  the  said  A.  B.,  personally  appeared 
before  me,  in  the  county  aforesaid,  and  being  examined  by  me.  privately  and 
apart  from  her  husband,  and  having  the  said  Vvritlng  fully  explained  to  Ler.  she, 
the  said  C.  D.,  acknowledged  the  said  writing  to  be  her  act,  and  declared  tUat 
8b«  had  willingly  executed  the  tame  a:;d  does  not  wish  to  retract  it. 

Oiren  under  mf  band,  thia  daj  o£  ,  A.  D.  \?r;  . 


SPECIAL  LAWS   OP   WlSCOXSra".  015 

A  BifUTied  woman  has  dower  ii\  all  the  real  estate  her  hiuband  id  seized  of 
daring  eoverrnre.  ai'd  she  must  join  her  husbnnd  in  the  execution  of  all  deeds  to 
the  same.  She  may  hold  her  separate  property  free  from  the  lontrol  and  debt* 
of  her  husband,  and  may  convey  the  ?anie  as  if  she  were  unmarritd  ;  provided, 
her  husband  j?in8  in  the  deed  with  her.  Her  peparato  prof>orty  is  Ixmnd  for  her 
debts  contiaeted  befon?  marria;*e.  and  her  husband  is  not  lial>le  for  such  <lebt8. 
She  may  deposit  her  separate  funds  in  bank,  and  withdraw  the  same  on  hef  oww 
check.  WTiore  the  husband  acquires  any  of  the  wife's  separate  property,  hf 
ante-nuptial  contract  or  otherwise,  he  becomes  liable  for  her  debts  contracted 
before  marriago  to  tha  extent  of  the  property  so  acnuired  by  hta,  but  no  fur- 
ther. 

Chattel  mortpratres  are  governed  by  the  common  law;  and  the  mortgage  will  hm 
void  unless  losse.-sion  of  the  mortgage  chattels  is  delivered  to  and  couUnuooslr 
remains  with  the  mortgag.'c. 

Wills  Ehould  be  dra^v^l  and  attested  according  to  form  No.  45,  p.  815. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  WISCONSIN. 

ExEsrPTioxs  FROM  FoRrm  R.vlf.. — Farm  of  Forty  Acres,  or  House  and  L*it  i« 
Villaf/e  or  City,  and  Pergnnnl  Propi  rtij.  A  homestead,  consistiug  of  land  not 
exceeding  40  aires,  used  for  farming  purposes  ;  or  in  liouof  the  above,  at  the  op- 
tion of  tlie  debtor,  a  lot  in  any  to\ra  or  city  not  to  exceed  one-fourth  of  an  acre. 
Family  Bible,  pictures,  school  books  and  private  library  ;  church  pew  ;  all  wear- 
ing apparel ;  usual  household  furniture,  not  to  exceed  If  i;uO;  gun  or  rifle,  not  to 
exceed  850  in  value  ;  2  cows,  10  hogs,  vokc  of  oxon  and  horse  or  mule  ;  10  sheep 
and  wool  therefr  im,  and  necessary  food  for  s;ud  ammals  and  for  the  debtor's 
family  for  one  year  ;  v.ajon  and  other  farming  utensils  not  to  exceed  SoO  ;  also, 
all  insurance  n'lonoy  arising  from  the  destruction  of  property  exempt  from  exe- 
cution ;  also,  the  earnings  for  the  past  sixty  days  of  persons  who  have  families 
to  support. 

The  tools,  implements,  and  stock  in  trade  of  a  mechanic  or  miner,  or  other 
person,  not  exceedijig  SlOO  in  value;  library  or  imvilement.*  of  any  professional 
man  not  exceeding  $i00  in  value.  All  sewiiigmachineskeptfor  use  ;  any  swords, 
plate,  books,  or  other  article  presented  by  Congress  or  tlio  members  thereof. 

JLechamcs'  Likx. — All  persons  who'perrorm  labor  upon  or  furnish  materials 
for  the  builcling,  improvingcr  repairiiig  of  buildinj^s,  have  a  lion  tliereon  for  the 
Bame,wluch  must  be  enforced  by  filing  a  petition  for  the  lien  in  six  months  in  th« 
circuit  court  and  an  action  to  foreclose  in  one  year. 

CoLLECTiox  OF  DEBTS.— In  civil  actions  a  defendant  is  liaWe  to  arrest  in  the 
following  cases :  1.  In  an  action  for  the  recovery  of  damages,  on  a  cause  of  ac- 
tion not  ari  >ing  out  of  contract,  where  the  defendant  is  not  a  resident  of  the  Stat«, 
or  is  about  to  remove  therefrom,  or  where  the  a- lion  is  for  injury  to  person  or 
character,  or  for  Injuring,  or  for  wrongfully  taking  or  converting  property,  and 
in  actions  to  recover  damages  for  tlie  value  of  property  obtained  by  the  «hf.'nd- 
ant  under  false  pretences.  2.  Iji  an  action  for  a  fine  or  penalty,  or  for  money  or 
property  embezzled  or  f  randulantlv  mis-appliod  bv  a  public  ofiiccr  or  an  attorney, 
or  by  an  agent  of  any  ccirporaiion  in  the  course  of  his  emplo}-mentas  such,  or  by 
a  factor  or'ag-'it,  or  any  other  person  in  a  fiduciary  capacity,  or  for  any  miscon- 
duct in  oiHce  or  professional  omnloymcnt.  3.  In  an  action  to  recover  fKjssesgion 
of  personal  proper^.'  unjui'tlv  dptai:ie<l,  where  tlio  propcrtj-,  or  part  thereof,  has 
been  concealed,  so  that  it  cannot  be  taken  bv  the  sherilT  ;  but  no  female  can  be 
arrested,  cxcejt  for  wiifid  i.ijurv  to  person,  cliaracter  or  property.  4.  ASHien  the 
defendant  has  been  guil'y  of  fraud  in  contracting  the  obligation  for  which  the 
euit  is  brought.  -c  ,     - 

Wri;  of  attachment  rav issue  on  the  plaintiff  givin;: bond,  and  making  aind-vit 
that  his  debt  is  just,  end  that,  cue  or  more  of  the  f.aiowing  reasons  for  attach- 
ment exists  :  1,  Thai  the  defendant  h.ts  absconded  or  is  about  to  abscond  from 
the  State,  or  is  concealed  therein,  to  Uie  injury  of  his  creditors.  2.  ITiat  he  ha«. 
assignc-.!,  dl';:>03ci  cf,  or  co:«cc3lod,  or  is  about  to  as.si?n.  dispose  of,  or  con- 
ceal hii  prono"rt-.-,with  intent  to  defraud  his  crediixirs.  .1.  That  he  ha«  removed  or 
is  aboui  to  re:n6ve  his  properlv  from  the  State  with  the  same  intent.  •l;That  ho 
frau  lulontlr  contracted  tlio  d  "bt  upon  which  the  action  is  brought.  5.  That  he  !• 
A  non-r9?-;dcnt.  e..  That  the  (h-fendaiit  is  a  foreign  corporation  ;  or,  7.  That  he 
has  frftuuale:iilv.ii>;p'.s.d  ot  his  property  with  intent  to  defraud  lu*  creditom. 
Attachment  caiinoi  i^ue  unless  debt  exceed**  $50. 

^  awtgiuuduu  lot  Ui4  t)«a«&t;  al  creditors  ai«  void,  m  aguast  creoltoni  wr 


916  SPECIAL   LAWS   OF   WISCONSIN-, 

less  the  assignee  is  a  resident  of  the  Stato  and  gives  bond,  to  the  value  of  Hbm 
jirouerty  assigned,  for  the  faithful  porformance  of  his  trust. 

All  notes  or  certilioates  of  deposit,  pay?,ble  to  riny  person  or  his  order,  are  nego- 
tiable. Bills  of  exchange,  payable  at  sight,  are  entitled  to  grace  ;  but  vrhcn  pay- 
able on  demand  they  are  not  entitled  to  grace.  Protested  bills  of  e.xchaiige. 
drawn  or  negotiated  in  this  State,  entitle  the  holder  to  the  followir.g  damages:  It 
<ii-a\\Ti  on  ajiy  person  residing  out  of  the  United  States,  or  in  some  oiie  of  iha» 
Vnited  States  which  adjoins  this  State,  five  per  cent.;  if  drawn  on  a  person  in 
some  one  of  the  United  States,  but  which  is  not  adjoining  this  State,  ten  percent. 
Leual  holidays  are  January  Ist,  February  21.'d,  July  4th  and  December  2.3th.  Pa- 
per maturing  those  days,  or  on  Sunday,  must  be  proter-ted  the  day  previous. 
And  when  any  of  those  days  fall  on  Sunday,  then  the  IVIonday  following  is  alcg.-\l 
holiday,  and  paper  maturing  on  that  Monday  must  be  protested  the  Satui-day 
preceding. 

Judgments  are  a  lien  on  all  real  estate  in  the  county  where  obtained,  and  in 
the  county  where  a  transcript  is  liled  and  docketed  in  the  circuit  court  clerk's 
oiEco,  and  the  lien  remains  on  such  real  estate  for  ten  years. 

A  transcript  from  a  judgment  before  a  justice  may  be  also  docketed  and  filed 
in  the  circuit  court  clerk's  office,  and  likewise  becomes  a  lien,  same  as  a  circuit 
court  judgment. 

Execution  may  issue  at  any  time  within  five  years  after  rendition  of  judg- 
ment as  of  course,  and  where  an  execution  was  so  issued  within  that  period,  ihen 
an  alias  may  be  issued  at  any  time  within  twenty  years  from  the  date  of  the 
judgment  ;  but  when  no  original  execution  within  the  first  live  years,  then  an 
Alias  will  only  be  granted  on  afiidavit  that  the  judgment  is  unsatisfied.  Execu- 
tions are  of  three  kinds— against  the  property,  against  the  person  of  the  debtor, 
and  for  the  delivery  of  personal  or  real  property  detained  by  the  defendant. 
Execution  gives  a  lien  on  personal  property  only  from  the  time  of  actual  levy. 
Heal  estate  sold  under  execution  can  be  redeemed  by  the  debtor  in  two  yeai-s 
from  the  date  of  sale,  or  by  his  creditors  in  two  years  and  three  months  from  that 
time. 

Dkeds,  Rights  of  Married  "Women,  "Wills,  &c. — ^Deeds  must  be  in  writing, 
and  it  is  only  necessary  that  they  be  in  the  form  of  a  quit  claim,  as  no  covenantis 
absolutely  necessary  or  implied  ;  not  necessary  to  be  under  seal,  a  scrawl  will 
answer,  aiidmust  be  executed  in  the  presence  of  at  least  tv.o  wit;;esses,  and  must 
"be  acknowledged  in  the  State  before  any  judge  or  court  commi-sioner,  clerk  of  cir- 
cuit or  county  court,  justice  of  the  peace  or  notary  public.  But  if  acknowledged 
out  of  the  State,  may  be  acknowledged  before  any  person  authorized  to  talte  the 
acknowledgment  of  deeds  under  the  laws  of  the  State  where  taken,  or  before  a 
commissioner  of  deeds.  But  unless  the  acknowledgment  is  taken  before  a  com- 
missioner of  deeds,  or  a  notary  public,  there  must  be  attached  to  the  deed  a  certifi- 
cate of  the  clerk  of  a  court  of  record,  under  seal  of  his  office,  that  the  person  who 
took  the  acknowledgment  was  at  the  date  thereof  such  oflicer  as  he  represent* 
liimself  to  be,  that  he  believes  the  signature  of  such  officer  to  bo  genuine,  and  th« 
acknowledgment  is  according  to  the  lav,  s  of  the  Stat«  where  taken. 

A  married  woman  must  join  in  the  execution  of  a  deed  to  her  husband's  prop- 
«rty  to  bar  her  dower.    She  can  do  this  by  an  attorney  duly  appointed. 

The  fonn  of  certificate  of  acknowledgment  u.ay  be  the  one  in  use  in  tha 
State  where  taken. 

All  the  wife's  separate  real  and  personal  property  whether  owned  by  her  at  the 
time  of  her  inarriacje  or  acquired  by  her  after  in  ;:ny  way,  remains  the  sole  and  t  epa- 
Mte  estate  of  the  \vife,  free  from  the  control  and  debts  of  her  husband.  She  can 
convey  the  same  as  if  xole,  and  withf>ut  the  written  consent  of  her  husband. 
She  is  liable  tor  all  debts  contracted  by  her  before  marriage.  And  after  on 
aceoitnt  of  her  separate  property,  and  can  be  sued  for  the  same.  She  can  sue 
without  joining  her  husband,  but  if  sued  he  must  also  be  sued. 

She  has  dower  in  all  the  real  estate  of  her  husband,  owned  by  him  during 
coverture,  unless  she  relinquishes  the  same. 

A  chattel  mortgage  is  not  vaUd  as  to  third  parties,  unless  the  property  beda- 
livered  to  the  mortgagee  aiid  remain  in  his  possession,  or  the  mortgage  be  filed 
with  the  clerk  of  the  town  where  the  mortgagor  resides,'  or  where  the  proi^erty  is 
Bituated,  if  the  mortgagor  is  ft  non-resident. 

No  will  made  within  this  State,  except  such  non-cupative  wills  as  are  men- 
tioned in  section  number  six,  of  chapl  er  sixty-six  of  the  Revised  Statutes,  shall 
■fee  effectual  to  pass  any  estate,  whether  real  or  personal,  nor  tu  change  or  in  any 
Tray  affect  the  same,  unless  it  be  in  writing,  and  signed  by  the  testator,  or  by 
Bome  pj^rson  in  bis  presence,  and  by  his  express  direction,  and  attested  and  sub- 
•ctlbed  la  the  presence  of  the  testator  by  two  qx  more  competent  wdtues80»,  an* 


■PECIAL   LAWS    OT   ONTARIO,   ETC.  ^7 

ft  tfco  witneeses  are  competent  at  the  time  of  attesting  the  execution  of  the  wfU, 
tlwir  subsequent  incompetency,  from  whatever  cause  It  may  arise,  shall  not  pre- 
■veiitthe  probate  and  allowance  of  the  will,  if  it  be  othenrlso  BtttlafaotnrilT 
pioved. 

SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  WYOMING. 

EXEMfTIOXS  FROM  FORCED  Salk.  -Nome  trorfh  SlfiOO,  aniJ  r^rsonnl  Pron. 
erit/.  A  homestoad  consisting  of  a  house  and  lot  in  a  villftRe  or  ri(.y,  or  land  not 
#xceeding  U'.0  ■■u•^e^»,  the  value  not  in  eitlier  case  excocdiriR  S1'>(KI,  i!.  allowed  to  a 
househoKler  occupyinj:;  the  panic.  Also  tl\c  followjnj;  proix-rtv  of  a  householder, 
bwing  the  head  of  .1  family,  is  exempt.  Wtariny  apparel,  family  Uililcti,  ril<turcf>, 
school  books,  cenu'tcry  lots,  beddin;,',  furniture,  provision?,  nn.l  such  otlicr  ai  ti- 
des .»s  the  debtor  nuiy  select,  not  ex<-eedin(j  in  value  .?.".no.  TikiIs,  tf.-am,  or  slock 
in  tra.le  of  a  mechanic,  miner,  or  other  person,  kepi  and  used  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  o.-)  bis  business  or  trade,  not.  oxceeding  ?.',fK),  are  exempt.  Library,  in- 
strninenfs,  jnd  implements  of  any  professionar  man,  worth  not  mi>ro  th.an  $300. 
The  person  t'^aiiuing  exemption  must  be  a  bona  fide  resident  of  the  tenitorj-. 


SPECIAL  LAWS   OF  ONTARIO,    CANADA. 

ExF.MrTiONS  FROM  FoROED  SALE.— Tlie  bed,  bedding  and  bedsteads  in  ordi- 
nary use  by  the  debtor  and  his  family.  The  nceussary  and  ordinary  weariiii 
ftpparol.  One  stove  and  pipes,  1  crainj  and  its  appeutlages,  1  pair  of  andirons,  1 
Bet  of  cooking  ulinsils,  1  pair  tongs,  1  shovel,  1  table,  G  chairs,  ti  knives,  6  forks, 
6  plate.<.  6  teacupj,  C  saucers,  x  sugar  basin,  1  milk  jug,  1  lea  pot,  G  spoons,  16 
hives  of  bees,  all  i  pinning  wheels  and  weaving  looms  in  donicslic  use,  10  volumes 
of  books,  1  saw,  1  ,jUn,  G  traps,  and  such  lishing  nets  and  seines  as  arc  in  ronimon 
wse.  All  necessaiy  fuel,  meat,  lish.  Hour  an<l  vegetables  actually  provided  for 
family  use,  not  mc»Te  than  BulKcient  for  the  ordinary  consumption  of  the  debtor 
and  his  family  for  h-')  days,  and  not  exceeding  in  value  the  sum  of  ?*1C.  One  cx)w, 
4  sheep,  'i  hogs  anil  food  thereo'  for  ."U  d;iys.  The  tools  and  implements  or 
chattels  ordin.-irily  ucej  in  the  debto.-'s  oi.-cup.'ition  to  the  value  of  i'llO. 

Exemptions  FKo.v  Forced  Sales.— 0;t /'AC  6' niHts  and  Jlnncsfcadx  in  the 
T'os.icKxUni  0/  Actini  I  Stlilcrs,  in  the  Algom.a  and  Kippissing  Distrirfs.  and  cirtaiii 
lands  between  the  Kiver  Ottawa  and  :ho  tieori^iin  Bay,  are  c':ctni)t  from  seizure, 
while  in  personal  propct^ty,  beds,  bedsteads,  bedding,  ami  wearing  appan-l  of  the 
debtor  and  his  family.  )wo"usehohl  furniture,  provi.«iou!^,  farm  slock,  tools,  and 
implements  to  the  value  of  SGO,  are  vxcinpt  from  seizure. 

RlErUANH's'  LlE>;.— lytechanii-s,  laborers  and  material  men  have  a  lien  on 
buildings  and  on  the  land  on  wld<h  said  buildinas  are  situate,  for  work  or 
niaterials  furnished  for  erecting  orrcpairingeame.  Lien  can  be  secured  by  tiling 
d  statement  of  the  claim  in  the  registrar's  otlioe  within  o(i  days  after  the  coniple- 
tiou  of  the  work.    It  will  ceaso  to  hold  good  after  the  expirali(>n  of  DO  ilays. 

The  (JoLLECTioN  OF  Deuts.— T>cfenilant  is  liable  to  arre.'^t  on  allKbivit  by 
the  plaintilT  that  he  is  a  coneealed  ilebtor,  oris  about  to  abscond  from  the  pro- 
vince with  the  design  and  inteiit  to  defraud  l.iin  outof  his  just  debt. 

Writ  of  attachnient  may  issue  for  any  debt  or  damages  arising  upon  any  con- 
tract, express  orimplied,  or  upon  any  judgment  wheii>!  allitUivit  or  aUirmation  is 
made  before  the  judge  of  the  county  court,  a  juslieo  of  the  peace,  or  the  rh-.vk  of 
a  division  court,  where  the  debtor  abseonds,  or  i.s  .'dK)ut  to  absooud  fr^'iu  the  pro- 
viucji,  leaving  property  liable  to  seizure  unditr  ixccutioii  for  dcM  in  any  county 
of  Ontario,  or  sh.dl  atienipt  10  remove  his,  Inr,  or  lluir  property,  either  outof 
the  iirovince,  or  froni  one  county  to  aiuitln^r  th;  rein,  or  from  C)ntaiio  to  Quebec, 
or  shall  keep  coneealed  in  any  county  of  Ont-.irio  to  avoid  servi.  e  of  proc<.'Sii. 
Such  judge,  clerk  or  justice  of  the  p(  ace,  siiail,  on  yu«  h  ofiidavil  bring  iimdo. 
forthwith  issue  a  warrant  under  his  hand  and  seal,  directed  to  a);y  <-or-ir.b!e  ot 
the  county,  or  tlirceted  to  l.b.ebaiiilT  of  . I  Division  Court,  within      .'   "  aiuf 

vas  issued,  empowering  taid  constable  or  bajlifl'  to  att.-wdi,  siL''  aeiy 

keep  all  such  effects  aiul  estate  of  paiil  ub.-icondiug  or  conci^aled  .  ;\  er 

found  within  said  eountv,  and  shall  vithin  tiveniy-lonr  hours."  ur«, 

tall  to  his  aid  two  freeholdeis,  who  sh.*li,  after  being  tworn.  \  1  okq 

thp  s^ideffectsBo  Fcizi-d,  when  the  B.aid  hr.Uitf  orconstable  fhall  .  ■    urn 

•aid  iareutory  with  tbe  proportj',  to  thii  ckrk  of  the  LiTisiou  Lgiut.  wiiJbM 


918  SPECIAL    LAWS    OF    OSTTAKIO. 

■which  such  warrant  was  issued.  Proceedings  may  be  conducted  to  judgmenft 
and  execution  in  any  case  commenced  by  attachment.  Defendants,  ngainet 
•whose  effects,  &c.,  a  warrant  is  issued,  may  tender  a  bond  to  their  creditors,  with 
sureties  (in  double  the  amount  of  the  sum'claimed)  prior  to  judgment  and  obtain 
a  release  of  the  goods.  No  real  estate  is  liable  to  seizure  under  Division  Court 
writs  of  attachment. 

The  jurisdiction  of  Division  Courts  (of  which  it  is  provided  that  there  shall  at 
no  time  be  less  than  three,  nor  more  than  twelve,  in  a  county,  each  to  be  held 
once  everv  two  months,  or  oftener  at  the  discretion  of  the  judge)  extends  to 
claims  of  <lel»t,  account  or  breach  of  contract,  or  covenant,  or  money  demand, 
'.whithsr  payable  in  money  or  otherwise,  where  the  amount  or  balance  claimed, 
does  not  exceed  SlOO,  andin  all  torts  to  personal  chattels,  to  and  including  the 
Bum  of  S40.  Summons  to  be  ser\-ed  10  days  before  sitting  of  court.  Personal 
eerviee  of  summons  necessary  where  claim  exceeds  §8.  Ko  unsettled  account 
to  a  greater  amount  than  $200  shall  be  sued  for  in  any  Division  Court,  in  which 
case  judgment  shall  be  in  full  discharge  of  all  deruands.  Ko  debt  due  for 
liquors,  drunk  in  a  tavern  or  ale-house,  or  any  gambling  debt,  or  any  claim 
touching  the  title  to  real  estate,  or  involving  any  right  to  custom  or  toll",  or  for 
eeduetion,  or  breach  of  promise  of  marriage,  is  suable  in  a  Division  Court.  Trial 
by  jui-y  is  accorded  in  cases  of  tort  or  trespass  where  claim  exceeds  $10,  and  in 
all  other  cases  where  amount  exceeds  S20.  Debtor  removing  to  another  county 
may  be  served  with  summons  from  the  division  Court  where  the  debt  was  con- 
tracted, summons  in  this  case  to  be  niafied  to  the  Clerk  of  the  Division  Court 
■where  the  debtor  may  reside  to  be  served  by  the  bailiff  of  said  Court,  who  ■will, 
through  the  Clerk  of  his  Dirlsion,  return  the  oiiginal  of  said  summons  duly  en- 
dorsed with  afhdavit  of  Fervice  to  the  issuing  clerk.  TN'rit  of  execution  may  bo 
issiied  and  judgment  debtor's  goods  be  levied  on  by  the  same  means.  Execu- 
tions are  returnable  within  30  days  from  date  of  issiie,  and  ailect  personal  prop- 
erty only  ;  if  returned  nulla  bona,  a  transcript  of  the  judgment,  if  for  §40  or  up- 
■wards,  from  the  clerk  of  the  Division  Court,  attested  by  the  seal  of  said  court, 
may  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  County  Court  where  such  judgment 
■was  obtained,  or  in  the  county  where  the  judgment  debtor's  lands  may  be 
Bituate,  and  when  thus  tiled  shall  become  a  judgmer.t  of  the  said  County  Court 
and  issue  execution  on  said  lands.  DivisionCourt  judgments  are  made  payable 
in  ten,  fifteen,  or  twenty  days,  more  or  Ics  ■,  at  the  discretion  of  the  judge  (.but 
not  for  more  than  50  days  from  the  service  of  summons,  unless  plaintin  ccn- 
Bents),  but  execution  may  issue  forth'with  on  sufficient  evidence,  adduced  by 
plaintiff ,  to  satisfy  the  judge  that  the  said  plaintiff  will  be  in  danger  of  loFirg 
■the  amount  of  said  judgment  by  delay  till  the  day  of  payment  before  issuing 
execution. 

On  return  of  execution  endorsed  nulla  bona,  judgment  summons  may  issuo 
citing  judgment  debtor  to  appear  in  court  for  examination  under  oath  by  tho 
judM  toucTiing  his  ways  and  means  of  payment,  what  dispo;-ition  he  may  "have 
made  of  his  property,  the  circumstances  under  which  he  contracted  the  debt, 
Ac,  on  which  the  judge  may  order  defendant  to  pay  a  stated  sum  per  month  on 
eaid  judgment  until  the  same  be  paid,  and  in  default  of  such  payments,  or  if 
guilty  ot  fraud  in  contracting  the  debt,  may  commit  said  defendant"  to  the  com- 
mon jail  of  the  county  for  a  period  r.ot  e'xccedirg  forty  days.  Such  imprison- 
ment shall  not,  in  any  case,  operate  as  a  satisfaction  or  extingiiishment  of  the 
debt,  but  the  party  imprisoned  may  be  released  forthwith  on  payment  of  th» 
debt  and  costs.  The  judge  in  his  dis'eretion  may  suspend  any  judgment,  order, 
or  execution  given,  on  being  saii.«l!ed  that  any  "defendant  is  "unable,  from  sick- 
ness or  other  sufficient  cause,  to  payor  discharge  the  debt  and  damages  recov- 
ered against  him.  or  any  instalment  thereof,  until  it  shall  appear  by  the  lik« 
proof  that  such  temporary  disability  has  ceased. 

Wlierevcr  any  goods,  chattels,  deeds,  bonds,  pro.  notes,  books  of  account, 
Taluable  securities,  or  other  personal  property,  shall  be  wrongfully  taken  or  un- 
lawfully detained,  the  owner,  person,  or  corporation,  who  by  "law  can  now  bring 
an  action  of  trover  or  trespass  for  ])prsoi!al  property,  shnll  have  and  may  bring 
an  action  of  replevin  for  the  recovery  of  said  goods,  with  accrued  damages  for 
unlawful  caption  and  detention.    Judgment  holds  good  for  10  years. 

The  jurisdiction  of  County  Court  extends,  in  cases  of  debt  contract,  to  $200  ; 
where  the  amount  is  ascertained  b  ■  the  si^uatr.re  of  the  defendant,  to  $400  ;  in  all 
matters  of  tort  relating  to  personal  chattels,  where  the  sum  does  not  exceed  §200. 
The  Superior  Law  Courts  have  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the  County  Court. 
The  above  amounts  may  be  sued  for  in  the  Superior  Courts,  but  all  concerned  v.lll 
only  be  liable  to  pay  and  receive  County  Court  costs  and  fees.  County  Court 
irrtt  Of  sumawns  may  be  aei  ved  on  aefcudaxit  ia  any  wanty  in  \.h»  provinoe,  hut 


SPECIAL   LATTS   OF    OXTAEIO.  9 

Bnlt  must  be  bronght  in  the  county  where  the  defeiKlant,  or  one  or  more  of  then 
resides,  or  where  the  contract  was  made  payable.  The  County  Court  juri«dictloi» 
also  extends  to  the  relief  of  persons  oiititlod  to  an  account  of  the  dealings  and 
transactions  of  a  partnerslup  (the  joint  stock  or  capital  not  having  bc(  n  over 
?800)  dissolved  or  expired,  seeking  siuh  a'count,  or  to  a  creditor  up.jn  the  esta* 
of  any  deceased  person,  such  creditor  i=oo:vinc  i)avmont  of  hisdfbt.not  exceodinjt 
§200,  out  of  the  deceased's  assets  not  exreeuinc:"S800  ;  or  to  a  legatee  under  tha 
will  of  any  deceased  person,  eueh  le^'ate^  seeking  pavment  or  delivery  of  hi* 
legacy,  not  exceeding  <?J00  in  value,  out  of  such  deceased  person's  assets,  not 
exceeding  §800  ;  or  to  a  residuary  legatee,  or  oi:o  of  the  rt  .-iduarv  le^utei  s  of 
any  deoea5ed  person  seeking  an  accoant  <■£  the  residue  and  pavmcht,  or  appro- 
priation of  his  share  therein,  the  eit.ito  nut  exceeding  §800  ;  or  loan  executor  or 
administrator  of  any  such  deceased  person  seeking  to  have  the  personal  estate, 
not  exceedinf;  iSSCO,  of  s^uh  deceased  person  administered  under  tho  direction  of 
the  Judge  of  the  Coiuity  Court  for  the  County  within  which  such  executor  or 
administra'.or  resides;  or  to  a  le^al  or  equit.-ib'e  mortgageo  whose  mortgage 
is  created  '/y  some  instrument  in  writing,  or  judrrniont  creditor  having  only  regis- 
tered his  -lUdgment ;  or  per.'jon  entitled  to  a  li5ii  lor  securiiy  for  a  debt,  seeking 
forsclosura  or  sale,  or  otherwise  to  enforce  his  security,  when  tho  sura  claimed 
does  not  f  xceed  S200  ;  or  to  any  person  entitled  to  redeem  any  legal  or  equitable 
mortgage,  or  any  charge  or  lien,  seeking  to  redeem  tho  same,  where  tho  sum 
actually  I «maining  due  does  not  exceed  5-On.  Jnjunctii  ns  to  restr;iin  (he  com- 
mitting of  waste  or  trespass  to  property  by  uiJawfully  cutiii;g,  dcslroving, 
or  removing  trees  or  timber,  may  be  granted  "by  the  Judge  of  any  Coiintv  Court, 
which  injunction  shall  remain  in  fofe  one  monUi.  unless  sooner  disso"lved  on 
an  application  to  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Judgment  in  a  Cotinty  Court 
is  not  a  lien  on  real  estate  owned  by  dofcnilant. 

Jurisdiction  of  Superior  Court  extends  to  claims  of  over  6200  damages,  and 
over  SlOO  (secured  claim)  to  any  amount.  Judgments  in  the  County  Court  do  not 
hold  real  or  persoual  estate  until  the  execution  is  in  sherilT's  hands. 

■The  j-.irisdic^tion  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  is  limited  to  S40,  in  actions  for 
wages  between  masters  and  servants.  Garnishment  may  issue  to  recover  money 
due  debtor. 

Deeds,  MonxGAGES.  Chattel  Mortgages.  &c.— Conveyances  of  real  estata 
must  be  in  writing,  sealed  by  the  grantor,  and  subscribed  by  him  or  his  attoniey 
duly  authorized,  and  attested  by  two  witnesses.  iJeeiis  must  be  under  seal,* 
scrawl  will  not  answer.  Deeds  and  mort;.'ages  of  real  estate  are  proved  by  aftid.v 
Tit  of  one  of  tho  witnesses  to  said  deed  of  mortgage,  raid  aliidax  it  being  engrossed 
on  what  is  called  a  memorial,  setting  forth  a  digest  of  the  principal  details  of  the 
deed ;  this  memorial  shall  be  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  grantee  or  the 
grantor,  and  is  left  for  pemia"-ent  record  with  tlie  registrar  of  the  county  iu 
which  the  property  conveyed  is  situate.  To  illustrate  :  John  Smith,  and  Mary 
his  wife,  convey  proijertj'  to  Kobert  Bell ;  each  will  sign  the  deed  in  the  order 
named,  and  John  tiyrdoii  and  Peter  Ross  will  witness  deed.  In  this  case  the  af- 
fidavit on  the  memorial  will  read  as  follows  : 

County  of  York. )  John  Gordon,  of  Toronto,  in  the  said  county  of  York,  gentle- 
To  \nt:  I  man,  in  tho  within  Memorial  named,  niaketn  oath  and  eaith, 
that  he  was  present  and  did  see  tl^e  Indenture  to  which  the  said  Memorial  relat-i-'S, 
duly  executed,  signed,  sealed  and  delivered,  by  the  therein  named  Jolm  Smith 
and  Mary  his  wife,  and  that  he  is  a  subscribing  witness  to  the  e\ecution  of  the 
said  Indeiuure,  and  (hat  he,  this  deponent,  also  s.lw  the  said  Vemorial  dulr 
signed  and  scaled  bv  the  therein  named  KobertRell,  for  registry  (Iiereof.  Which 
said  Mcnorial  was  attested  by  him  this  deponent,  and  another  subscribing  wit- 
ji  s-=,  and  that  both  said  instruments  were  executed  at  the  city  of  Toronto,  in  the 
VI  il  county  of  York. 

fiv.oru  before  me  at  Toronto,  in  the  said  County  of  York,  this 
ninth  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1^78. 


Samuel  Hill, 


JOBX  GOKDOV. 


A  Commissioner  for  taking  afSdavits  in  tho  Queen's  Bench, 
in  and  for  the  said  County  of  York. 
Within  the  province  the  afidavit  to  execution  »f  deed  may  bo  taken  on  uid 
memorial  before  the  r(  gistrarof  tho  county  or  his  deputy,  or  before  any  judge  of 
tlie  Court  of  Qnoen'sEenoh  of  Ontario,  or  any  judge  of  a  conntv  court,  or  any 
eonimiesioner  of  the  i  lid  Court  of  Queen's  Bencti, In  t>ntario.  tmt  of  tho  Prov- 
'ucc,  pr-jol  Qf.  ueeUe,  iouvs'-aacM,  or  will*,  may  be  made  bj-  afiid»Tit  (or  U«cl«r 


$20       KULBS  FOE  coMPTrrnr*  peecteittages,  etc. 

ktloQ  when  BMd  declaration  is  by  law  pennissable)  eWorn  before  the  inaycr  oK 
chief  miigi^trate  of  any  city,  borough,  or  town  corporate  in  Great  Britain  or  ti»> 
laud,  under  the  common  seal  of  such  citv.  borough  or  town  corporate,  or  before 
the  chief  justice  or  judge  of  any  court  of  Queen's  Bench  in  Quebec,  or  of  the 
supreme  coui-t  of  any  British  colony,  or  before  tlie  mayor  of  any  city,  borough, 
or  town  corporate  in  any  foreign  country,  or  any  consul  or  vice-consul  of  Her 
Majesty  resident  therein.  Deeds,  conveyances,  judgments,  &c.,  must  be  recorded 
in  the  county  where  property  is  situate,  and  bii^d  lands  according  to  priority  of 
registration.  A  wife  must  join  in  a  deed  with  the,husband,  in  selling  his  real  es- 
tate, to  relinquish  dower,  and  he  must  join  with  her  in  selling  her  separate  real 
estate,  acquin^d  jirevious  to,  <?r  subsequent  to  inani.ige. 

No  chattel  mortgage  is  valid  us  agamstthe  ri;,'htsof  third  parties  (if  the  goods 
remain  witli  the  grantor)  unless  said  instrumeit  is  duly  tiled  in  Iheo^ce  of  thu 
clerk  of  the  county,  in  which  tlie  prot^erty  so  raortgajxed  is  sitiiatCj  and  it  shall 
cease  to  be  valid  as  ag^iinst  creditore,  if  not  rcHlcd  before  the  exiiinition  of  tbo 
first  year,  togetlier  witli  a  statement  exldbiting  the  interest  of  the  mortgagee  in 
the  property" thereby  claimed.  Everv  chattel  mortgage  is  void  as  against  credit- 
ors, unless  accompanied  with  an  affidavit  of  tlie  mortgagee,  sworn  before  a  com- 
missioner of  the  court  of  Queen's  Bench  or  common  ^eas,  that  the  mortgagor  is 
justly  and  truly  indebted  to  the  mortgagee  in  the  sum  mentioned  in  said  mort- 
gage, and  that  it  was  executed  in  good  faith  and  for  the  express  purpose  of  secur- 
ing the  payment  of  the  nioney  so  justly  due^  and  not  for  tile  purpose  of  protect- 
ing the  'goods  and  chattels  mentioned  {herein  against  the  creditors  of  the  mort- 
gagor— and  in  case  of  an  absolute  sale,  that  thesale  is  borui  fide  and  for  good  con- 
sideration (iiaming  the  Bum)  and  not  for  the  purpose  of  holding  the  gooas  against 
the  creditors  of  the  bargainor. 

Tlie  husband's  property  i^  not  liable  for  debts  contracted  by  his  wife  previotiii 
to  her  marriage,  free  froni  all  liability  for  her  husband's  debts. 

For  form  of  wills  and  mode  of  attestation,  see  Form  No.  45,  p.  815. 


RULES  FOR  COMPUTING  PERCENTAGES,  PROFITS,  &c. 

Rate  per  CIent. — To  find  the  Gain  or  Loss  lohen  the  Cost  and  Rale 
per  Cent.  Us  giuen. — R^de.  Multiply  the  cost  by  the  rate  per  cent,  and 
point  off  two  places  to  the  right  as  cents.  Excunple. — Bought  flour  for 
S500.00,  and  sold  it  at  an  advance  of  J2per  cent.  How  lunch  did  I  gair.  ? 
500  multiplied  by  \2  ^er  cent,  equals  .^60. 

To  Find  the  Rate  pew  Cext.  "sviien  the  Cost  axd  Selli>g  Prick 
ARE  Knowx — Rule.  Find  the  difi'erence  between  the  cost  and  selling 
.price,  the  difference  will  be  the  gain  or  loss  ;  then  annex  two  cipl.ers  to 
tlie  gain  or  loss  60  found  and  divide  bj'  the  cost,  the  result  will  be  the 
late  per, cent.-  Example. — Sold  a  drove  of  cattle  for  $10,000,  which  cost 
I  me  .?8,50a  What  per  cent,  did  I  gain?  ^  n.s.— 510,000— 8,500  equals 
^!fl,500  :  150,000  divided  by  8,500  equals  17  ll-17  per  cent. 

To  Determine  the  'Cost  -vthex  the  Selling  Price  and  the  Rath 
TEE  Cent,  of  the  Cain  or  Loss  are  Given.— iiu/r.  Aniie.\  two  ci- 
i|)hers  to  ihe  selling  price  and  divide  by  $1.00  increased  by  the  rate  pet 
cent,  of  gain  or  loss. ,  Example. — A  cargo  of  coifce  was  sold  for  $25,000, 
realizing  a  gam  of  25  per  cent.  .  AMuit  was  the  cost?  Ans. — 1  plus  23 
equals  1.25.     2500.00  divided  by  ?~\.2a  cqiial.s  20.0i  0. 

To  Find  the  Cost  when  the  Loss  or  Gain  and  the  Rate  per 
Cent,  are  Given. — Rule.  Aniieitwo  cii>heis  to  the  jjain  or  loss  and 
divide  by  tlie  rat^  per  cent.  Example. — A_J(>t  of  ice  was  sold  at  a  p-rofit 
of  S3,0O0,  the  percentage  of  the  profit  being  iS.  Wh.at  was  the  cost? 
_lns.— 3000  divided  by  15,  equals  |82,0O0.         '    .      . 

To  Find  the  Rate  a^ien  the  Cost  and  Gai,n,or  Loss  are  Giyen. 
-r-Riile.  Annex,  two  ciphers  to  the  gain  or  lo.-s  and  divide  by  the  cost 
Example. — A  wine  merchaiit  sold  a  lot  pf  wine  which  cost  him  S650,  and 
««ined  sSl-IO.  AVliat  was  the  gain  per  cent.  7  Ana,— 12(M).09  divided  b| 
«50  equals  20  per  cent 


SPECIAL    LAWS   OF    NEW   BEUNSWICKJ  9,21i 

SPECIAL   LAWS  OF   N^W    BRUNSWICK. 

lixEJrPTiONS  FROM  FORCED  Sai,e.— There  is  no  homestead  law  in  this  pror- 
ince.  The  wearing  appaPel,  beddinj;,  kitchen  utonsilB,  and  tools  of  his  trade  or 
calling,  to  the  value  ot  ?100,  of  any  debtor,  are  exeniptfrom  levy  or  sal«  under 
*xecutton.  "     i 

Mechanics'  Lien. — No  house  or  other  property  in  the  province  can  bo  held 
liable  for  drbts  due  parties  for  furnishing  materials  for  coDstmctlng  or  repairing 
same. 

Collection  of  Debts.— A  person  not  having  priviloffo  may  be  arrested  and 
held  to  bail  or  committed  to  prison  on  nVesne  process,  in  any  cauBo  of  »>i*tlon  within 
the  iurisdiotion  of  the  Supreme  or  .-xny  County  Court,  if  nn  aflirtuvit  be  first  made 
by  the  plaintirt'  or  his  agent  of  t  ho  plaintilT'arausodf  action,  and  that  the  amount  j 
thereof  not  being  loss  than  $20  is  ^lustly  duiv to  the  plrilntilf,  and  that  such  arresw 
is  not  made  for  the  ptirpose  of  vexing  or  har:i,s.<ing  t1»o  debtor.  When  the  Can8« 
of  action  is  not  a  debt  certain  a  jUili;o'a  order  must  bo  obt.ained.  M 

In  artioTis  in  justices' Civil  Courts  aiul  Parish  <,'ourt3,  a  person  maybe  ar- 
rested on  the  plaintilT's  making  an  altidavit  of  his  cause  of  action,  and  that  after 
giviiig  full  credit  for  all  payment*  and  oliVots  the ilofeiidant  is indt-bUMl  tohini  in 
&  sum  not  exceeding  S'l-'O  nor  less  than  S2,  as  the  Ca.se  maybe,  ai.dlhnt  ho  is  afraid, 
of  losing  his  debt,  and  that  he,  the  defendant,  is  of  the  a'je  of  twelitv-ono  years. 

Slembcr.'?  of  the  legislatuve,  judges,  and  witnesses  atf  :.idliigtrial,  are  exempt 
from  arre.-it,  and  ill  actions  bioa^ht  in  justices'  Civil  Courts.  Feniul.-s  also  are 
exempt  from  arrest.  No  licrsou  can  bo  arrested  niulcv  an  execiilion  issued  on  a 
judgment  in  the  Supreme  or  ( 'ouiity  Courts,  ^k.*^  arrest  may  bi- made  on  a' judg^ 
meiit  obiaiiied  in  justices'  Civil  Courts,  the  City  Court  of  St.  .lolin,  the  tO'.vn  of 
Portland  Civil  Court,  the  clly  of  Frederioton  Cf\il  Court,  and  in  <;ivil'  Courts 
held  liy  Police  or  Stii)cndiaiy  Magistrates,  and  in  I'ari.sh  Courts;  to  the  'amounts 
for  V.  Inch  such  cburts  respectively  havo  jurisuiction.  ■  ■     ' 

Arrest  and  iniprisonineiit  may  be  had  and  I'.llov.-cd  for :  1 .  Default  in  the  p.ay- 
meirt  of  a  penalty  or  Bum  in  fho  nature  of  a  penalty  other  th.an  a  pijiialiy  in  th« 
jjiiture  of  a  contract.  2,  Default  in  payment  of  any  Fum  reeoverabie  on  summary 
conviction.  3.  Default  in  pa>-meiit  of  County,  City,  Town,  Parish  or  District 
rates-  4.  Default  by  an  attorney  orsolieitor  in  payment  of  a  sum  of  innuey,  whfeii, 
ordered  to  pay  the  same  in  his  character  of  an  6lMcei!k)f  the  Court  making  thi>' 
order.  5.  Defauh  by  a  trustee  or  person  acting  in  tho  fiduciary  character,  aii<t 
ordered  to  pay  by  the  Court  of  Equity  anysam  in  his  possessioii  or  under  hi* 
control. 

Decrees  of  the  Court  of  Equity  may  be  enforced  by  execution  either  against 
the  good.-i  or  body.  A  debtor  in  custody  may  on  notice  apply,  and  on  making 
requisite  disclosure  be  discharged,  but  if  any  property  appears  on  discloBuio  It 
may  be  attached. 

The  real  or  jiersonal  property  within  the  province  of  any  defendant,  which  br 
law'is  liable  to  b-.i  taken  in  execution,  m.-iy  iii  respect  of  any  cau.se  of  actioi)  up6n 
a  contract  bo  attached  and  held  as  security  To  satisfy  the  judgment  to  the  amount 
of  the  uttachnient.  A  pcrpon  at  the  tiine/of  entering  into  a  contract,  may  (ex- 
cept in  the  case  of  a  negotialdo  instrument)  agree  ami  stipulate  as  part  of  such 
contract,  that  in  respect  thereof  tho  property  of  tho  contracting  party  Shall 
not  be  subjs'-t  to  attachment.  IJcforo  any  writ  of  attachment  can  issue  the  i>Iairi- 
titT  or  some  one  on  his  behalf  must  make  aiiiilavitof  his  cause  of  action,  and  of^ 
the  amount  due,  and  (except  in  ca.':e  of  negotiatdo  instrument,  or  when  tho  causa 
of  action  arose  prior  to  April  8th,  IbTi)  that  no  agreement  whs  made  that  an  at- 
tachment should  not  issue,  and  also  that  thedeniand  is  not  seen  red  by  mortgage' 
or  othern  ise,  and  that  the  nttachment  is  not  sued  out  to  vex,  or  to  harass,  or  to 
hinder,  delay,  or  defraud  any  creditor,  and  either:  1.  Thatttie  defendant  is  fc 
non-resident  of  the  province,  an. 1  the  contract  was  made  or  is  payable  in  the  prov- 
ince, or  that  tho  plaintiff  is  a  resident  of  tho  province,  or,  2.  That  the  defeiidant 
is  a  resident  of  theprovince^  and  that  plaintilt  isai)prehen.sive  that  unless  attach- 
ment is  issued'  that  he  may  lose  his  demand.  In  cases  of  a  contract  other  than  nl 
contract  for  the  payment  of  money,  no  attachment  shall  issue  unless  upon  aa 
order  of  the  Court  or  a  juilge  thereof . 

Garnishment  may  issue  to  arrest  money  due  the  debtor  from  third  parties- 
Thc  sheritf  having  an  execution  may  s-ei/o  and  take  any  money,  or  bank  <»r  r>o« 
■linion  notes,  bonds,  specialties  or  other  securities  for  money  belonging  to  tbo 
[^•Tson  against  whom  the  execution  is  issued. 
>    A  justice  of  the  peace  has  jurisdiction  in  actions  of  debt  when  the  sum  d»\ 


^22 


"SPECIAL   LAWS   OP   JTEW   BfiUXSWICK. 


imanded  does  not  exceed  the  sum  of  "520,  and  in  actions  of  tort  to  real  or  p«r60iiat 
property  where  damages  claimed  do  not  exceed  ?8,  but  they  have  not  jurisdiction 
over  civil  actions  where  the  Queen  is  a  party,  or  where  the  title  to  land  comes  in 
question.  "  I 

There  is  a  Court  in  each  parish  (except  when  there  is  a  resident  Police  or  Sti- 
pendiary  Magistrate)  called  "  The  parish  of  (name  of  parish')  Civil  Court."  whsre 
the  jurisdiction  goes  as  high  as  §40  in  actions  of  debt,  and  S16  in  actions  of  tort, 
tut  has  no  juris(£etion  over  civil  actions  when  the  Queen  is  a  party,  or  where  th« 
title  to  land  comes  in  question.  ' 

There  is  also  "  The  City  Court  of  St.  John,"  and  "  The  Town  of  Portland  Civil 
Court,"  having  jurisdiction  in  actions  of  debt  to  the  amount  of  §&0,  and  S-0  im 
actions  of  tort.     There  is  also  the  City  of  Frederictou  Ci\"il  Court,  having  juri.s-  . 
diction  in  actions  of  debt  to  the  amount  of  S^O,  and  in  actions  of  tort  to  the  ^ 
amount  of  S32,  but  no  jurisdiction  over  civil  actions  where  the  Queen  is  a  party,  • 
or  the  title  to  land  comes  in  question. 

The  names  of  the  several  Courts  are  :   Supreme  Court,  Circuit  Court,  Equity 
Court,  Divorce  aud  Matrimonial  Court,  County  Courts,  Probate  Courts,  St.  Jotm 
City  Court,  City  of  Fredericton  Civil  Court,  Small  Debt  Court  of  Fredericton,  ' 
Town  of  Portland  Civil  Courts,  Parish  Cotirts,  Justices'  Civil  Courts.  , 

Judgments  obtained  in  the  Supreme  and  County  Courts  bind  the  lands  of  tb« 
debtor,  on  the  party  obtaining  it  lilinc:  a  memorial  of  the  judgment  in  the  office  of 
,the  Registrar  of  Deeds  for  the  County  in  v.hieh  the  lands  lie.  Memorial  must  be 
renewed  every  five  years.  Executioii  placed  in  the  sheriff's  hands  for  the  pur- 
pose of  bemg  executed  will  also  bind  the  lands. 

A  debtor  may  obtain  a  full  discharge  from  his  debts  by  making  an  assignment, 
of  his  property  aud  complying  with  the  other  siipulations  required  by  the  Do- 
minion Insolvent  Act  which  is  in  force  in  this  Province. 

Ox  Deeds,  Kicnxs  of  Married  "W;>me2»,  Wills,  &c.— Deeds  must  be  under 
seal ;  a  scrawl  is  not  snSicient,  and  one  witness  only  is  required  by  law.  Before 
"the  registry  of  any  conveyance  the  execution  of  the'same  shall  either  be  acknowl- 
jedged  by  the  person  executing  the  same,  or  be  proved  by  the  oath  of  a  subscrib- 
ing \vitnes3  in  the  manner  following,  that  is  to  say  :— If  the  execution  of  such 
jconveyance  be  acknowledged  in  the  province,  then  surh  acknowledgment  may  be 
taken  before  a  jud^e  of  the  Supreme  or  any  County  Court,  or  a  member  of  the 
Executive  or  Legislative  Council,  or  before  "any  P.egistrar  or  Deputy  Eegistrar  of 
I>eeds,  or  any  Notary  Public  appointed,  and  resident  in  the  province",  and  certified 
"under  his  hand  and  oSicial  seal,  or  before  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the  County 
In  which  the  convey.ance  is  to  be  registered.  If  the  execution  of  such  convey- 
ance be  proved  in  the  province,  such  proof  may  be  taken  by  and  before  any  of  the 
officials  hereinbefore  in  this  section  mentioned,  except  a  justice  of  the  peace  : 
provided  always,  that  in  cases  where  the  subscribing  witness  or  witnesses  to  any 
such  conveyance  is  dead  or  without  the  province,  then  the  execution  thereof  may 
be  proved  before  the  Supreme  Court,  or  some  Circuit  or  County  Court,  by  the  or- 
dinary legal  proof.  If  such  acknowled;rDient  or  proof  be  ta'-cen  out  of  the  province, 
the  same  shall  be  taken  by  or  before  some  one  of  the  off.eials  foUowing,  that  is  to 
say  : — Any  commissioner"  for  taking  af.idavits  and  administering  oaths  under 
Chapter  36 ;  or  before  any  commissioner  authorized  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  to  ad- 
minister oaths  in  Chancery  in  England  ;  or  before  any  Notary  Public  certified 
under  his  hand  and  official  seal  ;  or  before  the  Mayor  or  Chi?f  Magistrate  of  any 
city,  borough,  or  municipality  or  town  corporate,  or  the  seal  of  such  Mayor  or 
Chief  Magistrate,  or  before  any  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench,  or  Com- 
mon Pleas,  or  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  Great  Britain  or  Ireland,  or  Master  in 
Chancery  in  England  or  Ireland,  or  any  judge  or  Lord  of  Session  in  Scotland,  the 
handwriting  of  any  such  judge,  baroii,  or  Lord  of  Session  being  authenticated 
under  the  seal  of  a  Notary  Public,  or  before  a  judge  of  any  Court  of  Supreme 
jurisdiction  in  any  colony'belonging  to  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
or  any  Dependaucy  thereof  ;  or  before  any  British  Minister,  Ambassador,  Consul, 
Viee-"Consul,  Acting  Consul,  pro-Consul, 'or  Consular  Agent  of  Her  Majesty,  ex- 
ercising his  functions  in  any  foreign  place  ;  or  before  the  Governor  of  a  State, 
and  certified  under  the  hand  and  Seal  of  office  of  such  Minister,  Ambassador, 
X^onsul,  Yice-Consul,  Acting  Consul,  pro-Consul,  Consular  Agent  or  Governor. 
If  the  conveyance  be  by  a  corporation,  proof  of  the  Corporate  Seal  shall  in  all 
cases  be  sufficient. 

A  conveyance,  or  power  of  attomev  for  the  same,  bv  a  married  woman,  of  all 
her  light  and  interest  in  land  jointly  \i1th  h.-rhi:sbr.nd,  shall  be  valid  if  executed 
without  compulsion  from  him.  and  the  pei-^on  authorized  by  law  to  take  acknowl- 
edgments of  convevances  in  other  cases  ccrtifyiiTr  thereon  that  he  has  examined 
her  apart  from  h^;r  husband,  and  that  she  2ci:i:ov,lcdge4  tiat  £he  executed  th* 
eouveyance  freely. 


SPECIAL   LAWS    OP    NOVA    SCOtlA    AND    tfUEBEO.        923 

A  "Wife's  property  acquired  boforo  marriage  is  in  no  case  liable  forberhur 
band's  debts.  'J'bo  Inisband's  properly  is  liable  for  the  wifo's  anto-nuplial  debt* 
on  judgment,  being  obtained  ayuinst  bini. 

Mortgages  on  vbattcl  properly  are  valid,  and  require  to  be  registered,  but  not 
•very  year.  Bills  of  sale  require  to  be  registered  in  the  lietord  Olllco.  For 
Wills,  consult  Form  No.  45,  page  815. 


SPECIAL  LA^VS  OF  QUEBEC. 

Exemptions  from  Poeckd  Sale.— Personal  property  exempt  from  forced 
•ale  being  used  and  owned  by  the  debtor  :  Bed,  bedding  and  bedstead  ;  necessary 
apparel  for  himself  and  family  ;  set  of  table  and  stove  furniture;  all  spinning 
wheels  and  weaver's  looms  in  use  in  the  family  ;  1  axe,  1  gun,  1  saw,  C  traps,  ilsh 
nets  in  common  use,  and  10  volumes  of  books  ;  fuel  and  food  for  30  days,  worth 
$20  ;  1  cow,  4  sheep,  'J,  hogs,  with  necessary  food  for  30  days  ;  tools  and  ijistru- 
uients  used  in  his  trade  to  the  value  of  §'.'() ;  15  hives  of  bees,  and  wages  and  iJ^* 
aries  not  yet  due ;  besides  certain  otlier  properties  granted  by  tho  courts. 


SPECIAL  LAWS  OF  NOVA  SCOTIA, 

Exemptions  from  Forced  Sale.— There  is  no  homestead  exemption  lawio 
this  Province.  Nothing  is  exempt  from  forced  sale  except  personal  property  t» 
the  amount  of  $40, 

Meciiakics'  Lien. — No  law  exists  to  enforce  a  mechanics'  Hen  in  the  Prov- 
ince. Creditor  to  secure  himself  on  properly  must  get  a  bill  of  sale  on  chattels, 
&c.,  and  have  it  recorded  in  County  Kegistrar'a  ollice. 

The  Collection  OF  Debts. — Defendant  is  li.ible  to  arrest  under  execution 
if  the  amount  is  S^l  oi  upwards  ;  and  on  affidavit  by  plaintiff  that  defendant  is  a 
concealed  debtor,  or  is  about  to  abscond  from  the  Province  with  the  intent  and 
design  to  defraud  him  out  of  his  just  debt,  capias  may  issue  and  arrest  ensue  tor 
Bums  of  §4  and  ujnvard. 

Writ  and  attachment  may  issue  under  the  Absconding  Debtor's  Act  against 
defendant's  property  for  sums  of  $20  and  upwards.  A  book  account  is  outlawed 
in  6  years ;  a  bond  in  6  yeais  ;  a  note  in  C  years,  and  a  judgment  in  4  years.  .luris- 
diclion  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  is  limitcil  to  $J0  ;  two  justices  may  rende.-  judg- 
ment for  $80.  The  largest  judgment  obtainable  in  the  County  Court  is  8500  ;  tho 
amount  of  judgment  obtainable  in  the  Superior  Court  is  unliinited.  Money  can- 
not be  seized  under  execution.  Judgments  bind  defendant's  real  and  personal 
estate  as  soon  as  obtained. 

The  husband's  properly  is  liable  for  debts  contracted  by  his  wife  previous  to 
marriage,  and  as  to  his  wife's  estate  acquired  previous  to  marfUkge,  thg  liusbtuid 
V»*  full  control  exc«pt  over  eutailed  property. 


924 


TABLES,    &C.,    FOB   MINERS. 


Miscellaneous  Facts  and  Processes  relating  to  Mef  - 
allurgy,  Gold  and  Silver  Mining,  Treatment  of 
Ores,  &c. 

In  raining  operations  a  knowledge  of  the  following  facts,  calculations, 
*c.,  is  of  great  utility. 

Ix  Measuees  of  Earth,  Rock,  &c. 

!J5  cub.  ft.  of  sand  =  1  ton.   13  cub.  ft.  of  quartz,  unbroken  in  lode  =  1  to*. 

17  cub.  ft.  of  clay  =  1  ton.  20  cub.  ft.,  broken  from  lode  =  1  ton  cont.  meaa. 

18  cubic  ft.  solid  earth  =  1  ton.     27  cubic  ft  of  loose  earth  =  1  ton. 


Table  for  the  Co>rrER.siON  or  EjfC.iJSH  and  Metric  Units. 


1  Meter  =^  32807  feet. 

1  Foot  =  0-3018  m. 

1  Liter   (vol.   of  1  kilog.  water)  = 

0-2202  gal. 
1  Gallon   (vol.   of  10  lbs.  water)  = 

4-5tl  liters. 
1  Kilog.  persq.  meter  =  0-20:18  lbs. 

jjer  sq.  ft. 
1  Kilog.  per  sq  n:-".  =  1422  28  lbs. 

l>er  sq.  in. 
1  Lb.  per  sq.  in.  =  703-0958  kilogs. 

per  sq.  m.  , 

1  Gram  =  15-4323  grs. 
1  Grain  =  0  OfySgram. 
1  Kilogrameter  =  7-2331  ft. -lbs. 


1  Foot-pound 
1 


01383  kgm. 
Atmosphere  =  147  lbs.  j>er  sq.  in. 

=  10-333  kilogs.  per  sq.  meter  = 

29-922  in.  or  760  mm.  of  mercury 

=  33-9  ft.  or  101  uieters  water. 
1  Kilogram  =  2  2046  lbs.  av. 
1  Pound  av.  —  0-4.'jot>  kilog. 
1  DRg.  Centigrade  =  5-9 de^  F.— 32* 
1  Deg.  F.ibrentieit  =^"9-5  'deg.  C.  -f 

32'* 
1  Calorie  (kilog.  -water  raised  1°  C.) 

-=  4-24  kitogrameters  =  89683 

heat-units. 
1  Heat-unit  (lb.  water  raised  J"  f) 

=  772  ft.-lbs  =  0-252  cai; 


For  additional  items  consult  pp.  126  and  57G. 
Chapman's  Tests  foe  the  Hardn-ess  of  Gold  or  Silver  Ores. 

H.4RDNE6S  =  1.5  yields  witli  difficulty  to  the  naiL 

H.'^RDNESS  =  2.5  does  not  yield  to  the  nail,  does  not  scratch  a  coin,  but 
js  erif^ily  scratched  by  it. 

H'niJNKSs  =  0.5  Bcratcbes  a  copper  coin  easily,  but  is  scratched  by  it  with 
diihciilty.  " 

For  Table  showing  quantity  of  Gold  to  the  ton  of  Ore,  &a,  see  page  667. 

There  arc' in  minei-als  ny/i?  shades  of  v.hite,  nine  of  grey,  six  of  black, 
/.:•:■  of  biue,  tir.i'h:e  of  green  and  yellow,  ^/iffoi  of  re(},  anii' eight  of  brown, 
bosidos  clear,  dark,  light,  or  pale  In  these  .shades. 

Metiiis  have  five  degrees  of  lustre,  splendent,  shining,  glistening,  glimmer* 
ing,  duU. 

H.4.RDNESS  of  MINERALS,  BEGINNING  -WITH  THE  SOFTEST. 

laminated, 


1.  Talc  ;    common    laminated,    light 

green  variety 

2.  G.\-[)sura,  a  crystalhzed  variety. 

S.  Calcareous    spar ;   a    transparent 
variety. 

4.  Fluor- Spar  ;  crystalline  variety. 

5.  Apatite  :  transparent  variety. 

P,  5.  Scapolite :  crystalline  variety. 


6.  Feldspar  ;  white  cleaveable  vari* 
ety. 

7.  Quartz  :  transparent. 

8.  Topaz  ;  transparent. 

9.  Sapphire  ;  cleaveable  varietieB. 

10.  Corundum. 

11.  Diamond. 


TAfeti:i5,  AC,  i-bii  MiifiRg 


925 


«— :■        '•  >      '       .■''>■■■     _^.U  ■     ill  V    tl  :■.    1      ■'    '       I    •.,,!•     ..f; .  .       ..      ,    .    ,     .,     . 
TmS  BABDNESS  OF  FREOIOnS  STOTfES   IS  IN  Tni?  y;OLLOWrN(»  ORDEk,    BE« 
lilNNING  WITH  THE  UAUDE8T, 

1.  Diamoud.  5.  Hvadntli.  ft  Ji^ie, 

|.  Ruby.  .  fi.  Ememld.  10.  Torquoiso. 

i.  Sapphire.  7.  Garnet.  11.  OpaL 

4.  Topaz.  a  Anietliyst. 

In  THK  Scomi  ok  watkr-course  Beds. 

1  ft  per  second  will  scour  fine  clar- 

I"  "  "    ,   "    saa. 

i  "  "  "    coarse  sano. 

1  "     .    .      '^      .,  "  ^fijio  gravel. 

2  f|:.  per  second  will  scour  vouiul  .'jhingle  i  in.  diam. 

3  ft.        "  "    angular  stone,  size  of  an  egjj. 
3ft-        "      ,.;.."    conglo^i^ratp.    ,■,,,  , 

VAmB  OF  Gold  AccoRw^ifr,;  to  t^ix^ciifEss.— rPiirQ^gold,  lopQ-fiuo-,  is 
worth  §20.67  per  oz.  ;  gold  .niiO  fine,  is  wortli  HO.o] ;  (iOO  f^ne,  $13.^0  •  700 
fine,  $1'4.4:9  ;  800  ijue,  $10.53  ;  iK)0  line.  SiafiO..  Attiiq  .mini;  ii^  San  Fran- 
cisco, thecharjje  for  melting,  assaying  and  reCiiiing  is  .1-1  t^-nts  pqr  qz.. ■ ,  I'lie 
charge  lor  coining  is  \  per  cent.  No  deposits  are  received  at  the  mint  lii  less 
Birms  than  $100.  ,  ,    >  •  ,  , 

I  The  value  of  a  ton  of  pure  gold  is  $002,799.21.  The  vaJuq  of  a  ton  o/  sil- 
ver is  §37,704.84,  The  weight  of  Sl.OOU.OOO  in  gold  coin  is  3,(;.So.8  Ihs.  avoir- 
diipoifl-  The, weight  of  $1,000,000  iu  silver  coin  js, 58,920,9  lbs,  ayoirdui-ois. 
For  other  facts  relating  to  the  weight  of  the  precious  metals  consult  pp. '  127- 

Amount  of  Metallic  Silver  obt.mnable  frojx  the  followixo  rim- 
ri.E  srnsTAxcEs  : 
Chlonde  of  silyer,  three-quarters,  or  nearly  seventy-five  per  cwit.  Siil- 
phide  of  silver,  tlu-ee-quarters,  or  seventy-five  per  cent,  liioiiiide  of  sil- 
ver, one-half,  or  fifty  per  cent.,  generally  a  little  m<jre.  Iodide  pf  silver, 
three-sevenths,  or  forty -three  per  cent.  Oxide  of  silver,  nine-tenth.^,  or 
ninety  per  cent,  generally  riiore.  Carbonate  of  silver,  tliroo-fonrth.^  or 
Beyenty-tive  J^er  cent,  generally  more.  Kitrate  of  silver,  two-thirds,  oruearly 
eixty  per  cent. 

:  .  ,  ,     -■•         ■.),:■..:■■     I-        .■  ■  111.   I  •(     U  '   ; 

Table  of  some  of  the  Properties  op  Various  Metals. 
Names  arranged  in  the  order  of  their 


Ductility. 

Mallebility. 

Power  of  Qonduct- 
iug  IleaU  . 

rower,  of  Comluet- 
IngEli'drijity. 

(Jpld. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

feilvcr. 

Silver. 

Silver. 

Copper. 
Gold. 

Copper. 

platinum. 

Copper. 

Gold. 

Iron. 

Tin. 

Tin. 

Zinc. 

Nlqk^; 

Platinum 

Irop. 

Iron. 

Copper. 

Lead. 

Lead.    1 

Tin. 

Zipc. 

Zinc. 

Bismuth. 

Lea^. 

Tin. 

Iron. 

Antimony. 

Lead. 

Nickel. 

liismuth. 

To  determine  THE    PROPORTIOX  OFGOLOINA    JllKTCllE  OF  GOLD    AN1» 

Quartz. — To  find  the  specific  gravity  of  a  lump  of  guld,  quartz  or  aurifer- 
ous quartz,  divide  the  weight  of  the  luuip  in  air  by  tlio  wciaiht  <>f  an  cqu;;l 
amount  of  water.  To  find  the  weight  of  an  equal  amount  of  water,  dPMiut 
the  weight  of  the  lump  in  writer  from  the  woiu'lit  of  the  lumt>  in  air.  ^Vll(>a 
tlie  lumjAis  to  be  weighed  in  water,  it  should  \\h  suspendf-d  by  a  horso-h-dr 
BO  as  to  hang  into  the  water ;  keeying,  of  coursOj  all  other  parts  of  the 
scales  clear  of  the  water. 


926  ■VTHEEE    TO   VIST)    GOLD    BEAEEfG   QUAETZ. 

Phillips  gives  the  following  rule  for  ascertaining  the  amount  of  gol4  in  % 
lump  of  auriferous  quartz  : 

"  The  specific  gravity  of  the  gold— 19,000. 

"  The  specific  gravity  of  the  quartz — 2,600. 

"  These  numbers  are  given  here  merely  for  convenience  in  explaining  the 
rule  ;  they  do  not  accurately  represent  the  specific  gravities  of  all  quart* 
and  quartz  gold.  (The  quartz  gold  of  California  has  not,  on  an  average,  & 
specific  gravity  of  more  than  18,600.) 

"  1.    Ascertain  the  specific  gravity  of  the  lump.    Suppose  it  to  be  8,C67. 

"  2.  Deduct  the  specific  gravity  of  the  lump  from  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  gold  ;  the  difference  is  the  ratio  of  the  quartz  by  volume  :  19,000 — 8,067 
=  10,933. 

"  3.  Deduct  the  specific  gravity  of  the  quartz  from  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  lump  ;  the  difference  is  the  ratio  of  the  gold  by  volume  :  8,067 — 2,600 
=  5,467. 

"4.  Add  these  ratios  together,  and  proceed  bv  the  rule  of  proportion. 
The  product  is  the  percentage  of  gold  by  bulk  :  10,933+5,467=16,400.  Then 
as  16,400  is  to  5,467,  so  is  100  to  3:3,35. 

"5.  Multiply  the  percentage  of  gold  by  bulk  by  its  specific  gravity.  The 
product  is  the  ratio  of  the  gold  in  the  'lump  by  weight  :  33,35X19,00== 
643,65. 

"6.  Multiply  the  percentage  of  quartz  by  bulk  (which  must  be  66,65 
since  that  of  the  gold  is  33,35)  by  its  specific  gravity.  The  product  is  the 
ratio  of  the  quartz  in  the  lump  by  weight :  66,65X2.60=173,29. 

"7.  To  find  the  percentage,  add  these  two  ratios  together,  and  proceed 
by  the  rule  of  proportion  :  633,65-4-173,29=806,94  Then,  as  806,94  is  to 
633,65,  so  is  100  to  78.53.  Hence,  a  lump  of  auriferous  quartz,  having  a 
specific  gravity  of  8,067,  contains  78,73  per  cent  of  gold,  by  weight. 

Gold-bearing  quartz  is  always  found  near  grauite  and  slate,  so  that  it  ig 
labor  lost  to  search  for  gold  where  the  primary  granite  is  covered,  thousands 
of  feet  deep,  witli  stratified  rocks,  as  in  the  coal  beds  of  Pennsylvania,  or  the 
blue  limestone  of  south-western  Ohio.  The  probabilities  are  that  gold  will 
be  found  where  granite,  slate,  and  quartz  are  found  together.  It  is  well  es- 
tablished that  aU  native  gold  either  is  or  was  at  one  time  embedded  in 
quartz,  hence  the  common  saying,  "  quartz  is  the  mother  of  gold."  Placer 
gold  appears  to  have  been  liberated  by  the  cnimbling  of  quartz  ;  and 
•wherever  gold  is  foimd  in  granite,  or  other  rocks,  the  theory  is  that  it  has 
been  communicated  from  neighboring  quartz  while  all  were  in  a  condition 
of  fusion. 

The  poorest  quartz  that  is  worked  yields  $10  per  ton,  some  yields  S4000 
per  ton,  but  the  richest  vein,  on  an  average,  will  possibly  not  be  over  SlOO. 

Gold  is  usually  foimd  in  metallic  condition,  but  never  free  from  silver. 
The  proportion  of  silver  iu  the  gold  of  the  Comstock  lode  is  from  30  to  45 
per  cent.,  in  that  of  the  Gold  Hill  lode,  X.  T.,  47  to  50  per  cent.  Gila  River 
and  Australian  gold  contains  from  3  to  5  per  cent.  Up  to  July  2.  1878,  the 
entire  product  of  the  two  mines  known  as  the  California  and  Consolidated 
Virginia  may  be  divided  as  845,000,000  gold,  and  ^55.000, 000  silver.  The 
color  of  gold  varies  according  to  tlie  proportion  of  silver  it  contains,  60  per 
cent,  of  silver  imparts  a  white  color  to  the  aUoy. 

In  gold  mining,  the  precious  metal  not  being  found  in  ore,  is  eliminated 
from  the  containing  quartz  or  alluvium  by  very  simple  mechanical  or 
chemical  processes  ;  in  silver  mining,  the  raetal  is  found  in  many  varieties 
of  ore,  each  of  which  must  be  reduced  by  intricate  chemical  processes 
Varied  by  the  character  of  the  mineral  nnder  treatment. 

The  business  of  mining  re.-:embles  a  lottery  ;  in  Mexico,  the  Count  Regla 
obtained  for  nianv  vears  S5.0OO,C0O  per  annum  from  them ;  Count  Valenciana 
$1,250,000,  and  the'Marquis  del  Apardado  got  84,000,000  in  six  months  from 
a  mine .  In  the  United  States,  among  those  who  have  been  lifted  into  nota- 
ble prominence  by  successful  mining  operations  may  be  mentioned  Joha 


KNOBMOUS    WEALTH   OF   PERV.  927 

Mackey,  chief  o\mer  of  the  Consolidated  Virginia  mine,  whoHO  wealth  is  eeti- 
mated  at  about  $80,000,000  ;  Hon.  ■\Villiam  Sharon,  of  Nevada,  supixjsed  to 
be  worth  about  S'.iO,000,000  ;  James  C!.  Fair,  pujit.  of  tlie  Ciuipoliilatcd  Vir- 
ginia and  California  iniues,  estimated  wealth  about  $50,000,000  ;  Hon.  J.  V. 
Jones  of  Nevada,  worth  about  $70,000,000,  and  many  otliers.  All  arc  hif;lily 
gifted  with  practical  sagacity  in  mining  matters,  and  as  a  general  rule  work- 
ed their  way  upwards  through  many  reverses.  Tlio  miner  who  would  at-" 
tain  success  mu.'it  qualify  himself  by  toilins;  to  obtain  the  knowledge  neces- 
sary for  his  guidance  in  emergencies.  Let"  him  not  dispense  with  it  after  tha 
fashion  of  the  miner  who  once  brought  a  si>ccimcn  of  a  sui>i)osed  very  rich 
gold  ore  to  a  San  irancisco  assayer  for  examination.  On  being  informed 
that  it  was  nothing  but  iron  pyrites,  and  not  worth  a  cent  a  ton,  tlie  a.-*- 
tounded  miner  exclaimed  in  the  direst  dismav  :  "  Great  Creation  !  there  is 
an  old  woman  up  our  way  who  owns  a  liill  of'it,  and  1  married  her  I  " 

The  silver  mines  of  Potosi  are  so  notably  rich  that  $17,000,000  have  been 
coined  there  since  1845.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  chain  are  the  celebrated 
silver  mines  of  Guautajaya,  once  famous  for  t!io  largo  lumps  of  silver  form- 
erly found  there,  one  of  which  weighed  800  lbs. 

A  Peruvian  legend  of  questionable  veracity  narrates  the  finding  of  a  large 
lump  or  nugget  of  native  gold  weighing  400  lbs.  at  the  mine  of  San  Juan  do 
Oro,  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Amazon  river,  during  the  reign  of  Charles 
the  Fifth. 

From  time  immemorial  the  mines  of  Peru  have  been  fabulously  rich  in 
silver  products.  This  was  the  inciting  cause  of  the  barbarous  enonnities 
and  rapacity  of  the  Spaniards  at  the  time  of  their  conquest  of  the  country,  iu 
murdering  the  inhabitants  and  jilundcrinc;  the  tombs  of  the  Inca  kings,"  tho 
royal  repositories,  and  ancient  temples.  From  one  temple,  that  of  Cusco,  tlio 
robbers  obtained  $11,000,000. 

By  a  parity  of  what  wc  mufst  regard  as  retributive  justice,  much  of  the 
Tast  wealth  obtained  by  these  enormities  from  the  helpless  natives  iu 
Spanish  South  America  and  the  West  Indies,  was  in  turn  pillaged  from  the 
freebooters  by  armed  vessels  under  the  English  flag.  These  mutual  ])lnn- 
derings  extended  over  a  long  succession  of  years,  and  during  the  reign  ot 
various  monarchs. 

In  Peru,  the  immense  silver-bearing  deposits'of  the  Cerro  de  Pa.sco  mines 
have  been  worlced  since  16G0.  They  are  situated  on  the  eastern  side  of  tho 
we-^tern  Cordillera  of  tho  Andes,  at  an  elevation  of  14,000  ft.  above  tide  level, 
and  in  consequence  have  hitherto  been  dilficult  of  acce.'S,  but  under  the  new 
conditions  created  by  the  construction  of  tho  Trans-Andean  railway  (one  of 
the  wonders  of  South  America),  an  output  of  20,000  tons  of  ore  per  day  is  spok- 
en of  as  a  possible  amount.  At  ])resent  there  arc  8(1  stamps  at  work,  each  with 
an  estimated  capacity  of  crusliing  5  tons  of  ore  per  day,  but  200  or  300  head 
are  looked  forward  to  as  a  small  number  at  an  early  d.T.y.  The  ore  will 
average  about  SSO  per  ton,  and  theanticii)atcd  annual  production  of  tho 
mines  is  $100,000,000.  From  $2r)0,000,000  to  SoOO.OOO.OaO  of  free  milling  ores 
wiD  be  left  above  drainage  level  by  tho  new  ttmnel  lately  constructed  : 
the.se  ores  it  is  proposed  to  excavate  by  means  of  .steam  shovels,  and  load 
directlj'  into  railway  trucks,  which  deliver  them  at  the  top  of  the  mill.  Tho 
water  power  is  supplied  from  a  stream  issuing  from  a  lake  near  the  mines, 
and  is  utilized  by  six  double  turbine  water  wheels,  manufaetur'^d  by  James 
LeiTel  &  Co. ,  Springfield,  Ohio.  Four  of  these  turbines  are  of  ;-!0  ins.  diam., 
each  developing  200  horse-power,  and  two  of  23 ins.  diam.,  developing  100 
horse-power  each.  The  mineral  railway,  undoubtedly  the  highest  in  tho 
world,  is  7  miles  long,  and  cost  $1,200,000,  the  object  of  the  road  being 
to  transjiort  ores  from  the  mines  to  water-power  for  milling  ])urposes.  Tho 
rolling  stock,  bridges,  rails,  &c.,  of  the  road,  were  transjKjrted  from  tho 
coast,  nearly  200  miles  distant,  on  the  backs  of  mules,  over  almost  impassi- 
ble roads.  Nothing  weighing  over  .'100  lbs.  could  ho  carried  ;  even  tli#. 
•yliuders  of  the  locomotives  were  brought  iu  sections. 


HjiB  VAST   -VTEALTH   OF   rST>IA. 

The  silver  niiue  of  Potosi  is  sugar-loaf .  in  form,  9  miles  round,  16,000  ft 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  2700  above  the  jjlain.  The  upper  part  hag 
5000  adits  for  mines.  South  America,  per  Humboldt,  yields  per  annum 
$13,500,000  •wortli  of  silver  ;  at  the  present  time  the  yield  is  much  greater. 
One  mine  is  a  third  of  a  mile  deep,  and  8  miles  in  length,  employin;?  SOOO 
iniserables.  In  Pern  over  40  districts  are  famous  for  their  vast  mineral 
"wealth  in  gold  and  silver. 

In  Russia,  the  immense  mines  of  Siberia  are  government  property,  and  are 
"worked  by  miserable  unfortimates  who  have  been  banished  by  a  cruel  des- 
potism for  crimes  which  are  in  many  cases  merely  imaginary  ;  tlie  Tr*tched 
exiles,  when  once  consigned  to  the^  gloomy  deptlis,  are  never  permit^d  t> 
emerge  into  the  light  of  day,  but  death,  more  ineriifnlthan  the  tyract. 
soon  ends  the  strife,  for  few  siunive  the  ordeal  more  than  9  years. 

The  "  wealth  of  the  Indies"  is  no  poet's  dream  ;  there  the  mines  are  inui- 
genons,  and  the  accumulation  of  the  precious  metals  has  been  such  that  it  is 
TisuaUv  estimated  that  Nadir  Shah,  in  17-0,  carried  away  not  less  than  IROO 
or  $2.(300,000,000.  In  Jahomqueirs  nr.t'>-bicgniphy,  he  reLites  that  a  golden 
platform  around,  his  throne  weighed  40  tops.  His  throne  and  crown  were 
\yorth  820,000,000.  On  his  marriage  te  presented  his  queen  wit!>  as  many 
lacs  of  rupees  as  amounted  to  S-19,0CO.C00,  jiud  with  a  necklace  of  40  toads 
which  cost  him  $10,COO  per  bead.  He  spent  besides  SIO.OOO.COO  on  the  tomb 
of  his  father  Akbar,  one  of  the  wonders  of  India.  The  province  of  Berar, 
on  one  occasion,  furnished  above  S20.000,000  in  gold . 

The  ceiling  of  the  pavilion  of  t!ie  Peacock  HaU  in  Delhi  was  orginally  cov- 
ered with  silver  filigree  work,  but  in  1799  the  Mahrattas,  after  the  capture 
of  the  city,  took  the  silver  down  and  melted  it,  the  value  of  the  same  being 
estimated  at  $1,000,000.  Here  was  the  famous  peacock  throne,  so  called 
from  its  having  the  figures  of  two  peacocks  standing  behind  it,  their  tails 
being  expanded,  and  the  whole  so  inlaid  with  sapphires,  rabies,  emeralds,  and 
other  precious  stones  of  appropriate  colors,  as  to  represent  life.  The  throne 
itself  is  6  ft.  long  by  4  ft.  broad  ;  it  stood  on  siis  massive  f oet,  wluch,  with  the 
lx)dy,  were  of  .solid'  gold,  inlaid  with  rubies,  emeralds  and  diamonds.  It  was 
surrounded  with  a  canopy  of  gold  supported  by  12  pillars,  e:nblazoned  with 
costly  gems,  and  a  fringe  of  pearls  around  the  borders  of  the  canopy.  Be- 
tween the  peacocks  stood  tlie  figure  of  a  parrot,  life  size,  carved  from  a  sin- 
gle emerald.  On  either  side  of  the  throne  stood  a  chatta,  or  umbrella  (on« 
of  tlie  Oriental  emblems  of  royalty)  made  of  crimson  velvet,  embroidered 
and  fringed  with  pearls.  The"  handles  were  8  ft.  long,  of  solid  gold,  and 
studded  with  diamonds.  The  cost  of  this  superb  work  of  art  was  estimated 
at  $25,000,000. 

The  Melbourne  Herald  thus  describes  the  "  Welcome  nngget,"  weighing  184 
lbs.  Troy,  and  worth  $42,000,  found  at  Ballarat,  Australia,  on  the  9th  June, 
1858,  at'a  depth  of  190  ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  earth:  "A  large,  mis- 
shapen, irregular  lump  of  gold,  water-worn  and  rounded  upon  each  of  the 
numerous  edges  presented  by  a  surface  completely  and  more  or  less  honey- 
combed. Its  total  length  is  about  20  inches,  its  greatest  breadth  about  i2 ' 
inches,  and  •■  3  greate.-t  depth  about  8  inches."  Other  nuggets  varyiug  in 
weight  from  10  to  45  ozs.  had  previously  been  talcen  from  the  same  claim. 

Another  nugget  weighing  145  lbs.  was  found  at  Korong,  Australia,  during 
the  summer  of  1857,  in  the  form  of  a  solid  mass  of  virgin  gold,  2  ft.  4  ins. 
long.,  10  ins  broad,  and  from  1  to  2  ins.  thick,  estimated  value  $35,000. 

Tictoria,  in  Australia,  is  world  renowned  from  the  discovery  of  its  im- 
mense gold  fields  in  1851,  which  La  1852  produced  the  enormous  amotmt  of 
$70,000,000. 

A  nu^et  weighing  161  lbs.  avolrdapois  (including  about  20  lbs.  of  quartz), 
of  an  estimated  value  of  $29,000,  was  found  in  Calaveras  Co.,  California,  in 
November,  1854. 

Perhaps  not  less  than  from  1800  to  2000  nuggets,  weighing  lib.  or  mora 
Mcb,  have  been  found  from  tim*  to  time  in  Califorma.  ~0f  these  probably 


lE[NrS"G   IX   COLORADO  929 

less  than  140  weigh  over  20  lbs.  each.  Nuggets  weighing  from  1  to  T  ozn. 
have  been  found  in  imnionsD  niuubers.  i 

Color.idu  i>reseiit-»  a  contlueiice  of  wonders  in  the  form  of  mineral  de)x>Bit!i, 
whicli  it  would  require  a  volume  to  d(stTil)e. 

In  the  Silver  Cliffp,  near  Rositn,  in  what  is  known  as  tlio  HardsrraliMe 
district,  the  newly  discovered  mine,  worlied  by  Powiell,  Kdward^i  and  HaU 
ford  (named  the  "  H;icii\e  Boy"),  yields  a  return  of  875  02s.  of  wlrrr  to  tl  0 
ton.  The  low  grade  pans  out  100  o/s.  and  upward.  Tlie  niino  in  at  jiresMil 
(Nov.  1S7S)  not  over  10  ft.  deep  and  alnioj^t  25  ft.  wide,  but  yitlds,  with  A 
very  small  force  of  men,  between  {I'JOOO  and  S:XXX)  per  dav".  So  far  tli» 
mine  has  yielded  nothing  but  horn  silver,  a  chloride  carried  )n  decompoird 
porphyry  "full  of  scams  ;  the  ore  is  found  in  deposits  without  any  cri-vica 
veins  or  di.-;tiuct  walls.  Volcanic  upheavals  s^ecni  to  have  b'.;."st  the  priisiary" 
granite,  and  to  have  forced  tlirough  chimneyed  i\as«a,::;c.«  Masses  of  eruptiini 
bearing  molten  precious  iiietals.  The  silver  h:is  been  pooled  amid  a  mix- 
ture of  porphyry,  manganite,  feldsjxir,  pT]isum,  and  other  minenil  substiinc^i 
more  or  less  decomposed  and  unstratiiied.  Font  miles  jiontli-east  oi  the 
Silver  Cliffs  is  the  great  "  Maine  mine,"  which  made  a  very  poor  man  a  miU 
liomiaire  in  one  year.  ;  ' 

In  Lead\ille,  a  notable  mining  region,  high  up  in  the  Colorado  mountains, 
the  mineral  is  found  in  layers,  one  above  anotlier,  with  a  regulr.r  and  con- 
tinuous dip  into  tiie  ground.  Some  of  the  mines  have  disclorscd  the  existeneo 
of  two  or  three  deposits  underlying  the  first  mineral  vein  gtrnck  by  a  phaft, 
and  many  singular  variations  from  the  usual  fonn  of  mineral  dcivisits  havo 
been  observed  here,  presenting  a  notable  contrast  to  the  jirevailing  tyj-e  in 
Californiaand  the  other  parts  of  Colorado.  The  mineral  carries  KO  ozs.  of 
silver  i>er  ton  and  upwards,  in  high  grade  ores,  and  from  2.5  to  fiO  ot.f.  in 
low  grade  ores,  wliile  the  percentige  of  lead  varies  from  30  to  70.  The  ores 
lie  in  a  sand  or  soft  rock  and  are  easily  dug  out  with  pick  add  drill,  th6 
quality  improving  with  the  increase  of  depth. 

On  September  3,  187S,  a  miner,  wliile  prospecting  about  half  a  mile  in 
the  gulch  on  Bald  Mouutiiu,  discovered  a  mine  of  marvellous  richness.  The 
ore  is  of  similar  character,  but  of  a  much  higher  grade,  than  tlie  orf:il"vo 
noted,  much  of  it  rvinning  as  high  as  3000  ozs.  per  ton.  A  mining  eri  »':1  f  - 
timated  the  value  of  the  mine  at  §1,000,000  :  the  cwner  asserted  tluu  ho 
refused  SL;r>0,000  for  it,  yet  six  weeks  previously  be  had  not  taofaey  enough 
to  buy  a  pair  of  boots  ! 

Mention  is  made  of  a  prospector  who,  while  recently  exploring  on  the 
west  side  Oi  Bodie  Bluff,  laid  liarc  with  few  strokes  of  his  pick  an  8  inch 
vein  of  white  quartz,  almost  filled  witli  solid  gold,  and  tliat  the  samples  as- 
sayed $40,000  per  ton  in  gold  and  §1500  in  silver  ! 

*  Recent  e:Jaminations  of  the  Arizonui.  mining  region  by  Prof.  Cox  of  ][nd., 
has  demonstrated  that  the  mining  property  of  South  Arizonia,  once  devel- 
oped, would  supply  the  world  with  precious  metals,  llirce  shafts  in  the 
Touij'h  Nut  Mine,  in  tlie  Tombstone  district,  averaging  10  ft.  deep,  show  a 
solid  body  of  ore,  which,  at  the  low  average  of  $700  to  the  ttm,  will  . ;  ..1 
§2,400.000.  lie  was  present  when  assays  were  made  of  ore  from  thi^  :  ■ 
gouig  from  Si ,000  to  §27,000  per  ton.  the  conditions  as  regards  timlx :  ;.Md 
water  are  vastly  superior  to  similar  surroundings  in  tlie  mining  regions  ot 
"Colorado  and  Nevada. 

'  For  several  years,  mining  under  the  most  unfavorable  conditions  lia* 
"been  progressing  on  Silver  Islet,  a  st<irm-beateu  ledge,  situate  hbont  ^  milo 
from  the  main  land,  and  exposed  to  the  full  sweep  of  200  miles  of  1-iUo 
Superior  tempests.  The  locality  is  on  the  Canadian  shore,  17  miles  !>■  -n'l 
of  Cape  Kovale,  and  7  miles  east  of  Thunder  Cape.  Tlie  ore,  when  fir.-i  .!i>- 
covered,  appeared  as  .^treaks  of  sl'.iuiug  white,  from  H  to  10  ft.  under  v.i.ti-, 
and  proved  to  be  woith  from  .«14eK)  to  §7000  i.er  ton,  the  genend  avenite 
keiiig  §1500,  of  the  kind  known  as  "  packing  ore,"  being  suffideutlj  n«lt 


&S0  MTN-EBAL   WEALTH   OF   KOBTH   AMERICA. 

to  be  shipped  fn  barrels  and  smelted  without  further  treatment  The  Trork* 
ings,  which  penetrate  1000  ft.  under  water,  are  protected  by  means  of  a 
system  of  breakwatei-s,  cribs,  co:;Ier  dams,  ic.  baHastedw-A  rocks  and  clay, 
erected  at  immense  cost  and  with  much  difficulty.  On  manv  occasionf 
furious  storms  have  utterly  wrecked  tlie  works,  sweeping  away  cribs,  rocks, 
buildings,  &c.,  leaving  nothing  but  min  and  desolation  beliind,  causing  in- 
credible expeniie  to  reclaim  and  maintain  t':.e  mine.  The  richest  deposit  wag 
found  March  20,  1S7S.  For  the  week  endinsr  September  28,  1878.  the  v:eld 
■was  843,000  ;  Oct.  5,  §73,000  ;  Oct  12,  §69,000;  Oct  '.J,  §103,000:  Oct.  28, 
$80,000.  The  richness  of  ore  increases  with  the  depth:  50  head  of  stamp* 
crush  60  tons  daily. 

The  Homestake  Mine,  Black  Hills,  has  an  80  stamp  mill,  cmshing  175 
tons  of  ore  per  day.  >-ieldiag  §[>00  i>er  ton;  another  SO  stamp  mill  is  to  be 
finished  by  spring.  The  cost  of  mining  and  milling  varies  from  §2.50  to 
$3.50  per  ton  ;  daily  profit  §1000.  It  is  estimated  thiit  10  years'  supply  of 
ere  is  in  sight,  and  that  500  stamps  could  be  supplied. 

The  mines  on  the  Comstock  lode  yielded,  during  the  23  years  following 
their  discoverv,  §500.000,000  in  gold  and  silver  bullion,  and  have  wast^ 
«250,000,000  more. 

In  North  America,  the  mineral  wealth  of  the  United  States,  Mexico,  and 
the  British  posses-sions,  is  absolutely  incalcuLible.  Xotwidistandiug  the 
enormous  yield  of  the  mines  during  late  years,  the  discovery  of  new  fields  of 
astonishing  richness  is  at  the  present  time  (1878)  a  matter  of  almost  daily 
occurrence.  It  is  asserted,  on  good  authority,  tliat  during  30  years  prior  to 
Jan.,  1878,  there  have  been  created  in  the  countries  west  of"  the  Missouri 
River,  and  mostlv  on  United  States  territorv,  bnllicm  values  to  the  amount 
of  §1,94^3,000,000.'  Of  this  turn  about  §l,5i<5,000.000  ha.*  been  composed  of 
gold,  very  little  silver  having  been  produced  prior  to  18G1.  when  the  Com- 
Btock  deposits,  discovered  3  years  before,  began  first  to  turn  out  this  metaj 
in  notable  quantity.  Of  the '§33, 000.000  turned  ont  by  the  Comstock  lode  in 
1S77,  43  per  cent  has  been  gold.  Of  tlie  base  bullion  made  in  Eureka  dis- 
trict last  year  ( 1S77 ),  valued  at  §12,OCO,000,  over  16  per  cent  was  gold.  The 
bnUion  from  Nevada  is  nearly  40  per  cent  gold.  Since  the  beginniuij  of 
1861,  tlie  production  of  gold  for  the  entire  Pacific  const  has  been  §876.000,- 
COO;  of  silver,  §.372.000,000.  During  1877,  the  bullion  values  consijsted  of 
about  §51,000,000  gold,  and  §49,000.000  silver. 

The  following  tabtdated  statement  is  interesting,  as  showing  the  gradu- 
ally increasing  product  of  the  mines  on  the  Pacific  coa^  daring  tie  4  years 
Doted  in  the  table : 

1S73.  1874.  1875.  1876. 

California §18.025.722  §20,000.531  §17,753.151  §19,000.000 

iH^evada 35,ivV4.507  o5,452,233  40,478.309  49.300! 000 

Oregon 1,376.389  609.070  l,165.0i6  1.200.000 

Washington 209.395  155.535  81.932  100.000 

Idaho 2.343.654  1.SS0.004  1,554.1'02  1.700.000 

Montana, 3,892.810  3.439.498  3,573.t3O0  2.800.000 

Utah 4,906.337  5.911.278  5.687,494  5,600,000 

Arizona 47.778  26.066  109.093  1.400^000 

Colorado 4,083,268  4.191.405  6,299,817  7;000,000 

Mexico 868,798  798.878  2,408.671  2,200.000 

British  Columbia 1,250,035  1,636,557  1,776,953  1.500,000 

Total §72,258.693      §74,401,055       §80,889,037       §91,800,000 

The  product  of  1876  will  be  swelled  to  §93,000.000  by  adding  the  sum  of 
$1. "200. 000  to  represent  the  yield  of  Wyoming,  Dakota  and  New  Mexico. 

As  illustrative  of  the  fluctuating  value  of  mining  property,  it  may  be 
VMatioued  that  during  the  early  part  of  September,  1878,  the  stock  of  Ui# 


TEMPERATURE  OF  MINES,  &C.  .         981 

Sierra  Nevada  and  Union  Consolidated  Mineg,  vhich  had  been  selling  at  (4 
per  share,  took  a  sudden  leap  to  f  llHt,  btiiij;  et|uiv.ileut  to  tlio  faliulous 
amount  of  $30,000,000  additional  capital,  each  niino  having  108,(KX)  sliarofv. 
No  ore  had  previously  been  found  behnv  the  1.800  foot  level,  but  an  incalcu- 
lable quantitj-  of  rich  ore  had  been  found  by  still  deeper  penetration.  Some, 
specimens  are  reported  to  have  assayed  tliousands  of  dollars  to  a  ton,  and 
one  notable  specimen  not  Ic^s  than  SlO.OOO. 

The  Gwin  Mine  in  Calavera.sCo.,Cal.,  i.*?  1400  ft.  deep,  runs  80  stamps,' 
and  yields  $60,000  to  $70,000  per  mouth,  of  whicli  amount  one-half  is  clear 
profit. 

Of  the  qnartz  mines  in  Soulimine  Co.,  one,  the  Confidence,  from  a  gross 
product  of  S611,853,  paid  to  the  owners  ^195,000  in  dividends,  besides  pay- 
ing in  full  for  equipment. 

The  yield  of  tlie  Gilpin  Co.  (Colorado)  mines,  for  the  year  1876,  wa» 
$2,105,037,  and  the  product  of  the  Boston  and  Colorado  Smelting  Works  at 
Black  Hawlc,  Col.,  derived  from  Gilpin  Co.  ores,  was  S2,0lil.l.'44,  coin  value. 

As  evidence  of  the  ab.sorbiug  iutcrest  pervading  the  public  mind  regard- 
ing the  vast  mining  industries  of  the  country,  it  may  be  noted  that  during 
the  last  two  weeks  of  1878  no  less  than  20  niining  companies  were  incorpo- 
rated in  San  Francisco,  witli  an  aggregate  cai.ifcd  of  over  6200,000,000. 

On  the  Pacific  coast  the  productive  capacity  of  the  mines  is  greatly  cur- 
tailed by  dry  sea.sons  and  a  short  water  sujijily,  as  a  full  allowance  of  this 
element  is  indispensable  in  hydraulic  miniug,  and  for  tho  operation  of  tha 
ore-crushing  mills  wherever  steam  power  is  not  available. 

Among  the  serious  obstacles  in  mining  at  profound  depths  may  be  men- 
tioned the  influx  of  water  and  the  high  teuiperature  of  tlio  mine.  Incases 
where  the  workings  are  kept  above  the  adit  level  the  water  will  pass  away 
through  this  channel  by  its  own  gravity,  and  no  pumps  will  be  reqHired; 
but  when  the  excavations  penetrate  deeper  than  thistlie  water  must  bo  ele- 
vated by  pumps  or  other  macliineiy  nj)  to  tliat  point.  In  causing  the  water 
to  make  its  exit  through  the  adit  level  an  enormous  saving  is  effected,  for 
other\vi8e  the  water  would  have  to  be  pumped  to  the  summit  of  the  shaft, 
frequently  at  a  vast  expense.  It  sometimes  happens  that  a  single  adit  ia 
made  to  drain  a  chain  of  mines,  as  in  the  west  of  Cornwall  the  "great 
adit,"  as  it  is  called,  which  extends,  including  its  brandies  to  various  mines, 
over  30  miles,  and  conveys  away  a  torrent  of  water  resembling  a  small  river. 
In  addition  to  draining  off  the  water,  the  adit  subserves  the  important  use 
of  ventilating  the  mine  by  cau.sing  a  circulation  of  air,  and  tho  |iassage  may 
be  still  further  utilized  as  a  tram-way  for  the  conveyance  of  ore  and  rubbish 
from  the  interior  excavations,  the  outflow  of  the  water  being  eCfected 
through  a  channel  beneath  the  tram-way.  The  water  is  raised  by  the  pump- 
ing machinery  from  tlie  "Sump,"  or  bVttom  of  the  engine  shaft,  wliich  is 
generally  sunk  below  the  deepest  level  of  the  mine,  so  as  to  form  a  pit  into 
which  the  water  may  flow  before  being  pumped  up 

In  reference  to  the  temperature  of  mines,  tho  solar  heat,  as  a  general 
rule,  exerts  no  influence  at  a  greater  depth  than  from  50  to  100  ft  At  Paris, 
us  determined  by  Poisson,  a  thermometer  placed  at  a  dcptli  ot  70  ft.  remains 
stationary  all  the  year  round.  By  jtenetrating  into  the  earth  beneath  the 
point  affected  by  the  solar  heat,"  we  find  a  regular  and  rapid  increase  of 
temperature.  In  Cornwall,  with  a  surface  temperature  of  50°,  the  tempera- 
ture of  tlie  rock  in  the  Dalcoath  mine,  at  a  depth  of  1381  ft.,  Ia  75. G°  ;  the 
temperature  of  springs  at  a  depth  of  1440  ft  is  82°  ;  in  tlie  United  Cop- 
per Mines,  Cornwall,  tlte  temperature  of  the  rock  at  1201  ft  is  88°  ;  in  the 
Guanaxato  Silver  Mine,  Mexico,  with  a  surface  temperature  of  0)8.8°,  the 
temperature  of  simnsrs  at  a  depth  of  1713  ft.  was  ".»8.2o.  The  last  noted  in- 
etanco  indicates  1°  of  heat  for  every  45.8  ft.  ;  observations  recorded  in  Eng- 
land give  44  ft.  for  a  change  of  1  degree  ;  in  Saxony  it  is  considerably  gre.at- 
•r,  being  nearly  65  ft.  to  a  degree  ;  and  a  few  observations  in  the  UultMt 


932  cosiPOsmoN  of  vaeious  bocks. 

States  indicate  54  ft.  to  a  degree.  According  to  Kupffer,  the  average  lor  tlM 
various  countries  Avlierc  observations  liaVe  licen  maile,  is  'M.Sl  it.  to  a  de- 
gree, liuttliis  rr.te  of  increase  is  inanifestly  tro  rapid:  for  assnniing  it  to  b« 
true,  a  heat  sufficient  to  boil  ^Yater  livonld  be  found  r.t  a  depth  of  5t)C*2  ft.,  or 
Fligiitly  more  than  a  mile,  at  48  miles  a  temperature  of  7000°,  sufficient  to 
melt  ail  l:nov.  n  roclis,  and  at  the  centre  of'  tie  earth  it  would  amount  to 
677.000O. 

The  deepest  ai-tesiau  well  in  the  world  is  at  Pestli.  Hungary,  being  3254 
ft  deep,  or  about  twice  the  depth  of  that  in  Paris.  It  sends  up  a  jet  of  boil- 
ing water  42  ft.  high. 

Of  the  rock.s  encountered  by  miners,  it  may  be  noted  tliat  the  crystalline 
rocks  are  the  granitic  series  of  qiiiartz,  feldspar,  mica,  gneiss,  syenite,  pbr» 
phyry,  green-stone,  basalt,  and  compact  lavas,  all  in  ■XT.rieties. 

Qrta'rtz  is  the  base  of  all  the  siiicioiTs  comi)Ounds  in  nature,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  liardness  of  the  bodies,  as'  crystals,  gritty  sand,  &c.  "It 
cannot  be  cut  with  a  knife,  and  strikes  tire  with'steeL  It  is  96  or  iJT  parts 
eilica  in  100,  and  2  or  3  of  clay  and  lime. 

Syenite  is  a  midole  rock  between  granite  and  porphyry,  composed  of 
feld^ar  and  liornblende,  or  qhartz  and  mica.  ' 

Feldspar  is  composed  of  lamina  or  plates.  Its  constituents  arc  silica  and 
alumina,  with  some  pot:ish. '  Abounds  in  granite,  syenite,  gneiss,  and  por- 
phyry. "Wlien  large  crjstals  of  feldspar  apjx'arin  granites  they  are  called 
porpiiyritic.  Feldsjiar,  next  to  quarte,  is  ti)e  most  abundant  stone,  being  a 
constituent  of  granite  and  other  rocks  ;  it  scratches  glass,  gives  out  sparks 
with  steel,  is  of  a  vitrified  nature,  and  wlicn  ci-umbkd  forrr^s  the  basis'  of 
clay.  Feldspar  is  white,  red,  or  gray,  and  consists  Ci  CI  in  100  parts  of 
eilex,  19  of  clay,  2  of  lime,  13  of  |>otash,  and  1  of  oxide  of  iron. 

Mica,  tiie  other  equal  j  art  of  granite,  is  47  silica,  22  clay,  14.5  potash.  15 
oxide  of  iron,  and  1.75  oxule  of  manganese.  Mica  is  ocraVionaily  found  in 
large  plates,  is  tough.  flc3di<le,  elastic,  semi-tranrpjirent,  and  sometinies  used 
as  a  substitute  for  glass.  When  decom3>osed  by  tl.e  atm.osphere  or  •worn 
down,  it  mixes  with  tlie  clay  of  the  feldspar  or  the  sand  of  the  quartz. 

Porphyry  is  st'^ne,  with  a  comjMict  base,  intermixed  with  crystals.  The 
base  is  trap,  and  the  crystals  fcMsjiar  or  quartz. 

Serpentinf  \s  so  called  fromits^?.rieg^tcd  colors,  usually  green :  composed 
of  32  silica,  37^  magnesia,  half  alumina,  lOi  lime,  with  iron  and  caiiJonic 
acid  15. 

Cuned  gneiss  proves  that  n  -was  once  fluid:  it  is  in  slaty  layers  or  plates, 
formed  of  feldspar,  quartz  ar.d  mica,  seiuircted  by  thin  lawyers  of  mica,  it 
contains  in  its  veins  all  themeuds,  and  follows  the  sinuosities  of  the  granite. 

Hornhlende  is  42  silica,  30  oxide  of  iron,  12  clay,  and  11  lime. 

Augite  is  54  silica.  22  lime,  12  magnesia,  and  10  oxide  of  iron. 

The  Schistose  strata  are  inclined  from  52  to  70  degrees  in  mountains. 

ifegiicsian  Limestone  confciins  about  20  magnesia,  ."0  lime.  48  carbonic 
acid,  clay  and  oxide  of  ironi  It  renders  dilute  nitric  acid  millvv,  and  effer- 
vesces little  in  acids. 

Mica  slate  is  mingled  with  quartz  in  masses  ;  clay  slate  lias  quartz  la 
layers. 

"  Carbonate  of  lirie,  forming  one-eighth  of  the  crust  of  the  globe,  contains 
5G  parts  in  100  of  oxygen. 

Poi'tland  stone  is  coarse  grit,  cemented  with  earthy  spar. 

Emery  is  a  mineral  containing  tli  alumina,  3  silica,  and  4  iron. 

Corundum  is  a  stone,  which  in  crystals  is  a  six-sided  prism,  called  ada- 
mantine spar. 

The  hardness  of  rocks  is  a  surimse  to  ma«y,  but  all  wonder  will  ceas» 
when  we  consider  the  effects  of  licat,  combined  with  the  pressure  of  super- 
incumbent rocks  during  millions  of  years,  in  forming  rf)Cks  cf  ]  limary 
graywacke  from  sand,  and  primary  slates  from  clay.  In  ex]iloring  or  pros- 
pecting for  mineral  veins,  it  is  well  to  remember  that  gold  is  not  confined 


BOW    TO   FIIfD   MINEBAIi   pEPOSITS.  J>3$ 

to  one  class  of  rocks.  In  Mariposa,  Cal.,  some  gold-bearing  quartz  veins 
are  in  granite;  but  tlie  largestiiiul  richest  are  in  slate  :^We  noted'Oncida, 
Keystone,  Kiireka  and  Springhill  veins  arc  also  in  slate,  to;;etlicr  with  the 
most  valuable  veins  in  Amador.  The  vein  oC  the  Eureka  had  a  thirkne^s  of 
G  ft.  at  its  "  outcrop  "  on  the  surface  of  the  ground ;  and  dotvn  to  a  depth  6t 
loOO  'ft.,  to  which  it  has  been  worked,  the  thickness  and  value  has  con- 
stantly increased  with  the  sinking.  In  the  Calaveras  district,  rich  gold-bear- 
intr  quartz  veins  are  found  both  in  liniCftono  and  granite;  in  Tuolumne  tha 
richest  veins  occur  in  granite  I'm  tlie  Alt;i  district  the  "  wall-rock  "  is  serixso" 
tine,  with  white  talc  iii  the  richest  deposits. 


Fig:  1. 

Ground  plan  of  the  intersection  of  lodes  in  the  Ipmmelfalirt  min«. 

Tlie  engraving,  sketched  by  Weis^^enbach,  shows  the  appearance'presented 
by  the  intersection  of  two  veins  in  the  Ilimmelfalirt  mine,  near  Freiburg, 
Germany. 

Jletallic  ores  exist  in  four  ways  :  1.  In  irregular  masses.  2.  In  fissurog 
or  veins  crossing  the  strati  and  filled  witii  tiic  ore,  combined  ^vith  some 
matrix.  3.  In  regular  interstratified  layers  Or  beds,  and  4.  Intermixed  ia 
suirill  fragments  among  tl'.o  rocks. 

A  knowledge  of  geology  and  geometry  is  of  the  utmost  value  to  the 
practical  miner  to  aid  him  in  ascertaining  the  location  of  mineral  deposit.'', 
and  to  operate  to  the  best  advantage  in  obt:iiiiing  possession  of  them.  The 
instruments  used  are  :  1.  The  m.agnctic  compass;  it  is  used  to  determine 
the  direction  of  a  mctillic  deposit  in  places  where  the  influence  of  iron  i9 
absent.  2.  The  graduated  Fcmi-clrcle  or  clinometer,  which  is  used  to 
measure  tlie  dip  or  angle  of  the  lode.  3.  This  chain  or  cord,  to  mcasufS 
distances  between  two"  pohitA.  4.  A  plane  table  or  plate  whenever  tho 
proximity  of  iron  nullifies  the  action  of  the  compass. 

In  cx|iloring  for  mineral  veins,  a!)r.ndaht  experience  has  shown  tho  pri- 
mary importance  of  the  following  Fuggestions  :  1.  That  they  are  uioro 
uundeious  in  mountainous  and  hilly  districts  than  in  tho  level  territory.    2. 


9S4  THE   VAJMOUS   MINIEBAL   TERfS   DESCBIBED. 

Tkat  the  richest  lodes  occur  about  the  junction  of  the  crystalline  and  strati* 
fied  rocks,  and  are  more  abundant  in  the  former  than  iu  the  latter.  3. 
That  their  situation  is  frequently  determined  by  the  color  of  the  land,  •which 
is  often  influenced  by  the  decomposition  of  part  of  the  mineral  coraponeuta, 
and  scattered  fragments  of  the  vein  intermingled  -with  the  soil.  4.  In  cases 
■where  the  location  of  the  bearing  is  partially  ascertauied,  the  lode  may  fre- 
quently be  found  by  sinking  a  shaft  through  strata  into  the  imderlying  rock, 
and  thence  driving  "a  drift  or  tunnel  at  right  angles  to  the  bearing  of  the 
lode.  5.  The  best  proof  of  the  existence  of  a  lode  is  the  discovery  of  its 
outcrops  ;  this  sets  eveiy  doubt  at  rest  For  further  information,  see  Pros- 
pecting/or Quartz,  page  452. 

Gold-bearing  quartz  veins,  in  California,  generally  run  from  north 
Borth-Tvest  to  south  south-east,  with  a  steep  dip  to  the  eastward.  The  dif- 
fusion of  gold  through  tlie  quartz  is  very  unequal,  and  the  lodes  varj'  from 
a  line  to  ^  ft.  Two  ounces  of  gold  to  1  lb.  of  rock  is  a  rarity  greatly  ad- 
mired by  quartz  miners,  for  that  proportion  is  held  to  be  exceedingly  rich 
in  the  precious  metal. 

Mineral  veins  are  usually  graded  into  species,  of  ■which  the  prevailing 
forms  are  :  1.  The  Bake  vein,  -which  extends  downwards  to  unknown 
depths,  is  frequently  many  miles  in  length,  and  is  the  prevailing  tj-pe  of 
the  mineral  veins  most  highly  valued  by  miners.  Beginning  at  the  "  out- 
crop "  it  perforates  the  strata  downwards  almost  to  their  plane  of  stratifica- 
tion. It  also  intersects  or  penetrates  the  granite  rocks.  The  inclination  or 
"  dip"  of  these  veins  varies  from  a  few  degrees  to  a  vertical  direction.  2. 
The  Interlaced  vein,  which  is  composed  of  many  small  veins  grouped  to- 
gether like  irregular  net  work,  is  frequently  surrounded  by  granite  rocks, 
and  more  usually  bear  tlie  ores  of  tin  than  any  others.  3.  The  Pipe  vein, 
which  appears  like  an  irregular  shaft  filled  with  ore,  is  usually  found  be- 
tveen  the  strata.  This  class  of  veins  present  a  great  variety  of  si^es,  and 
the  angle  of  inclination  is  generally  less  than  the  dip  of  the  rake  vein.  4- 
The  Dilated  or  Flat  vein,  which  inits  extension  is  subject  to  varying  con- 
tractions and  expansions,  is  foimd  in  flattened  masses  iu  horizontal  posi- 
tions like  seams  of  coal^but  differs  from  a  coal  bed  by  great  variation  in 
thickness  within  the  distance  of  a  few  feet  wherever  breaks  or  interrup- 
tions occur.  The  best  mineral  deix)sits  are  often  found  at  these  faults.  5. 
The  Accumidated  vein,  usually  found  filling  large  vacancies  in  the  earth,  is 
a  great  irregular  mass  of  ore,  apparently  isolated  from  all  other  mineral 
deposits-  Veins  of  this  class  occur  interposed  between  the  stratified  rocks 
and  also  in  the  granite. 

As  to  the  nature  and  origin  of  the  spaces  occupied  by  metallic  veins, 
they  are  :  1.  The  cracks  and  fi.-^sures  made  in  roclcs.  2.  Openings  be- 
tween their  layers,  especially  in  Schistose  or  slaty  kinds.  These  crevices  or 
fissures  are  produced  in  great  numbers  where  a  region  of  rock  is  under- 
going upUft  or  where  a  folding  of  the  strata  is  in  progress,  o-wing  to  earth- 
quakes or  other  movements  of  the  earth's  depths.  The  mineral  contents  of 
toese  crevices  may  have  been  charged  :  1.  AVheu  the  fissures  or  crevices 
yrere  filled  from  either  side  or  below,  and  did  not  descend  to  regions  of 
liquid  rock,  being  not  connected  -with  igneous  ejections.  Tliese  include  all 
tanded  mineral  veins,  and  nearly  all  those  filled  with  quartz  or  granite. 
The  intense  heat,  acting  on  the  moisture  present,  would  inevita.bly  decom- 
pose the  rocks  ;  then  their  mineral  matter  sooner  or  later  would  be  swept 
Into  the  crevices,  and,  in  combination  with  emanations  from  the  deeper 
|>art9,  form  metallic  lodes.  Also,  2.  Where  the  rents  or  fissures  descended 
to  regions  of  liquid  rook  and  were  filled  from  belo^w.  In  this  case  the  min- 
eral contents  of  the  vein  have  been  brought  up  in  some  state  of  combina- 
"  tion  as  solutions  or  vayiors.  The  veins  of  silver  ores  in  Nevada  and  many 
ethers  thus  originated  in  connection  with  suLterrnnonn  disturbances. 

Werner's  theory  is  that  opeu  fissures  in  the  earth's  crn.';t  were  filled 
^th  crystalliue  and  metallic  soaUer  by  aqueous  infiltrdtious  from  above|. 


THEORIES   OF  NOTED   tTRITKRS.  §^ 

and  tbftt  the  substances  of  mineral  veins  have  been  precipitated  from  a 
chaotic  menstruum  into  fissures  in  tlie  earth  wliile  it  was  in  some  nascent 
condition. 

Dr.  Huttou  contends  that  the  contents  of  mineral  veins,  like  those  of 
dikes,  were  formerly  molten,  luid  Avhile  in  this  condition  were  injected  from 
below  by  mechanical  force. 

Dr.  Bucklaud  and  M.  Neckar  propound  the  theory  that  the  contents  of 
some  metallic  lodes  were  deposited  in  crevices  and  fissures  in  the  earth's 
crust  by  the  condensation  of  mineral  exhalations  from  immense  subter- 
ranean fountains  of  intensely  heated  matter. 

Sir  E.  Phillips  contends  that  metals  are  penerated  by  long  continued 
galvanic  action  between  mixed  rocks,  and  are  the  Auru  of  rocks,  combined 
with  oxygen,  nitrogen  and  hydrogen,  whose  actions  and  reactions  are  elec- 
tricity. The  results  are  a  matrix,  a  compound  of  sonic  of  tho  peculiar  aura 
with  oxygen  and  hydrogen  ;  exhalations  from  tho  lower  parts  of  the  vein 
are  also  to  be  considered.  Ores  and  cryst-illizations  are  therefore  direct 
products  of  tho  oxygen  and  liydrogcn  rendered  active  in  electricity,  and  of 
the  exudations  and  aura  of  the  rocks  and  strat^i.  rroximity  is  not  essential 
to  electrical  iulluences  ;  the  walls  of  fissures  may  be  affected  by  excite- 
ments from  a  distance. 

It  is  asserted  that  a  hole  drilled  into  auriferous  quartz  in  the  Urals,  and 
intended  to  bo  used  for  blasting,  but  never  so  used,  was  examined  40  years 
after  it  was  made,  and  found  to  be  full  of  fine  crystals  of  gold. 

From  the  present  known  existence  of  electro-currents  in  many  Cornish 
Teius,  and  the  analogy  between  voltaic  combinations  and  the  arrangement 
of  matter  in  mineral  veins,  Mr.  Fox  and  M.  Becqnerel  reason  that  the  for- 
mation of  many  metallic  lodes  are  due  to  electro-chemical  agencies. 

When  icide  fissures  or  fractures  of  strata  are  filled  with  stones  or  earth, 
they  are  called  faults  or  dikes,  but  when  charged  with  mineral  contents 
they  are  called  veins.  The  tests  of  a  probable  mine  are  metallic  ores  or 
sand  at  the  outcrop,  mineral  waters,  trees  or  grass  discolored,  and  the  pro- 
ducts of  boring. 

The  best  systems  of  minerals  are  those  of  Berzilius,  and  the  chemical 
arrangemeutof  Mobs  ;  Naumaiui  unites  them.  As  a  writer  on  the  min- 
eral kingdom,  mines,  furnaces,  the  treatment  of  ores,  &c.,  Emanuel  Swe- 
denborg  occupies  a  high  rank. 

Cf  late  years  among  works  of  notable  utiUty  to  miners  may  bo  men- 
tioned, Phillips'  Elements  of  Metallurgy;  Dana's  Manual  of  Mineralogy  ; 
Randall's  Quartz  Operator's  Uand-Dook;  Silversmith's  Practical  Hand- 
Book  for  Miners;  Kustd's  Processes  of  Silver  and  Gold  Extraction.  Most 
of  the  engravings  of  furnaces  and  some  of  the  amalgamating  pans  de- 
scribed in  this  book  are  taken  from  the  last  noted  work,  which  may  be  re- 
garded as  absolutely  indispensable  to  every  progressive  miner.  Due  ac- 
knowledgments are  also  rendered  to  other  standard  authors,  succe.s.sful 
miners  and  exiierienced  mill-men,  for  much  of  tlio  valuable  information 
presented  in  these  pages. 

The  superficial  appearance  of  the  outcrop  of  veins  often  indicate  the 
metals  they  contiun.  The  presence  of  fluorsjiar  indicates  metallic  associa- 
tions wherever  found.  A  brown  jiowder  at  the  surface  indicates  iron,  and 
often  tm  ;  a  pale  yellow  powder,  load,  and  green,  copper.  (!old  and  silver 
are  found  in  primary  and  transition  rocks,  porphyry,  auartz,  syenite,  and 
the  lowest  sandstone,  occasionally  in  coals,  and  abundantly  in  the  8audii» 
of  rivers.  PlatLna,  iialladium,  rhodium,  osmium,  and  iridium  are  found 
almost  wholly  in  the  sands  of  rivers.  Mercury  is  found  in  slate,  limestone, 
and  coal  strata.  Copper  in  primarv  and  transition  rocks,  syenite  (sometimes 
aandstone),  coal  strata,  and  alluvi;il  ground.  Iron  is  found  in  every  kind  of 
rock,  tin  in  granite,  gneiss,  mica-slate,  and  slate,  lead  and  zinc  in  primary 
taxi  transition  rocks  /except  trap  and  serpentine),  porphyry,  syenite,  U4 


936 


StEfEfG  SOiCEXCLATCE^. 


Fi'-' 


lovre-t  sandstooe,  and  occasionally  in  coal  stmti.    (Jold  is  yeljov,  copp^ 
red.  iron,  i^y,  lead,  felne,  col«It  and  manganese,  grey;  ill  the'VSthers  Sx9 
■white;  ...... 

i-=c.,-;  the  transverse  section  of  a  mineral  vein,  in-wliich.  in 
^  A  A  represents  the  '•  co!/?»if>-^,"  br^chcom'poping  the 
:-  tliemn.  1>.  kaiigrfnci-icaU.  V,f(Xft-icaU:  pD,  sh  u;je,(^ 
•>  .  >»,i;te  rock  or  rubbish  is  termed  deoni^ or  aSCi^; -workings  in 
a  mfne  by  person?;  of  "wliom  no  record  remains  are  termed  o 'if  nu^y;  an 
opening  left  for  lettlpg  dt)vm  ore  is  cnDett  a  pnsx ;  the  place  at  which  a  lode 
divides  in  ttvb  is  named  point  of  horse  ;  the  lowest  workings  in  a  mine  or 
level  are  called  b-'ttoms ;  the  appearance  of  a  mineral  lode  at  the  surfkce  ia 
called  an  ovtrrop :  the  amount  of  slope  of  a  minernl  vein  measured  from  a 
hori-rontal  line  is  termed  a  'fip  ,-  a  Irorizont;''.  or  nenrly  horizoirtal  working  in 
a  caine  is  caOed  a  d,rij't,  yailery,  level,  or  gunny  ;  the  subatance  iu  which  or« 


mm 
ride 

Vll'J 


Ilg.  2.— Traxsa'ersb'  Sectiox  of  a  Tetk, 


fc  fonnd  f  -  '  ' '  ■■  !  ■"  -  " "  ''.  -  '  ■  fr  ;  a  cavern  or  fissure  in  which  water 
fells  and  ■■' :  the  ascending  air-cnrrent  from  a 

mine  i- t'  ■.  vai  J  current  is  called  a  rfoir/ica^f,  &c., 

&r^.  Mort  of  t'.iv.-.;-  tci;i.s,  tj^cthcr  with  a  vocabulary  of  similar  technicali- 
ties, derive  their  origin  from  the  Cornish  miners.  ■ 

Metals  are  ;?:"  =  ''  :^ '  --  -''vs.  sulphurets,  oxides,  or  salts.  GcZd. 
platinum,  and  ..nlv  as  aHovs.    Silver,  mercurv,  cop^ 

per.  iron,  r.nti:  r.It' in  the  four  states.     Lead  and  zinc 

in  the  three  l.''-.<t.  T  ::i;:.-::ii.  i:i.".n:i:m.lit;jnium,  chromium,  and  tantalium, 
only  as  o:rides.  In  r!'=-ns;ty.  tl^e  order  of  iiietals  is  j^latina,  gold,  silver,  mer- 
ctirv,  lead,  copper,  tin.  iron,  zinc. 

FciiV  met,ils  are  found  pnredr  native,  but  in  ores,  gangues  or  compounds, 
comhined  with  r-xve-n  .>i-  p<^-?-7c  ;  o^teh  tt«r»  or  p^ore  rewriting  metals,  with 
■Of"  ■  '         "        "      "      "-:i  V'dies  beins  tailtil 

fi^  f  lead,  called  galena. 

i     _  :  i u in g  rocks  ;  the  ag© 

cf  tl~.e  Litter  ii  is  uoi  ^osyaiblft  to  tlc-beruilue  eveu  approximately.    Iu  treatiog 


GEOLOGlCAt   fePOC&S,   AC.  9:^7 

of  geological  epochs,  Dana  remarks  ;  "If  time,  from  tlie  cpmincnciBmeut  of 
the  Silurian  forinations  (those  restiug  oii  the  granite)  included  48  millioiia  of 
years,  which  wuie  .^eolugists  would  pionoimce  much  too  low  au  e.^liiiiatc,  tho 
Paleozoic  part,  accordiny;  to  tlio  above  ratio,  would  cuiuiirj.'^u  'M  miilioua, 
the  Mesozic,  1)  millious,  and  Ceuzoic,  ^  millions.  ,  It  should  lie  noted,  how- 
ever, that  as  rochs  are  foriued  of  earth,  and  as  luctaly  are  foimtl  mainly  iu 
veins  and  crevices  of  rocks,  tliat  they  must  he  of  more  recent  origin  tliaii 
the  latter. 

The  above  noted  estimate  of  geological  tuno  will  doubtless  astonish  many 
who  have  been  led,  by  a  mistaken  aMireheusioii  of  tlie  true  meaning  vt 
Genesis,  to  suppose  tliat  only  about  (iOUO  years  have  elapsed  t;incp  tlie  crea-' 
iion.  For  further  evidence. on  this  eabjctt,  sco  Oroloijiail  i\:vLs;  Ai/e, 
Orir/hi,  and  Ultimate  Duration  of  theluirih,  cu  ]iage  7JS.  The  atlaujantiue 
facts  of  geology  render  very  sligh.t  homage  to  t!:Q  chcrisljcd  cma-f;  ul  tl.o 
TvorUl,  and  have  struck  fearful  blows  at  Iho  old  ex^ilaiiali  );;.s  of  (Icnosis, 
tut  time  is  u  iVjworf  ul  reuioilcllcr.  Already  nearly  o6o  cc:iLiu  tcs  attoit  tio 
eternal  verity  of  the  giaud  tiutlis  for  t'lo  pro;)ag;'"tion  of  which  Bruno  suf- 
fered death  and  Calileo  endured  imprisoumcut,  for  their  alleged  incuusLst- 
ency  with  the  Jewish  cosmogony,  which,  iu  describing  au  apparent  truth, 
speaks  of  "  the  rising  of  the  pan  and  t"ao  going  down  of  tlio  eamo  "  accord- 
ing to  appearances  as  presented  to  the  senses. 

The  world  has  witnessed  with  afitoni.;lnuciit  the  disgraceful  treatment  ac- 
corded to  Sir  James  Y.  Sinipson,  by  iu  famous  bigots,  who  insisted  that  his 
humane  use  of  auiesthetics  to  mitigate  the  jjains  of  Avorpen  iu  labor  waa 
neither  more  nor  less  than  a  direct  .contravention  of  tlie  uriuieval  curse, 
which  affirmed  that "  iu  sorrow  she  sliould  bring  fortli  children."  It  is  safe 
to  say  that  the  bigots  did  not  belong  to  the  female  se.\.  At  this  day  such  ab- 
surdity would  not  be  tolerated  a  single  hour. 

The  popular  outcry  which  at  onetime  denounced  the  use  of  the  lightning 
conductor  as  a  flagrant  defiance  of  heaven  is  also  silenced  forever.  li;;ilroads 
and  telegraphs  have  been  similarly  deuouuced.  These  insanities  are  now 
numbered  with  the  things  of  tlie  past. 

It  is  notoriously  true  tliat  in  Scotland  the  fanning  mill  was  fiercely  as- 
sailed as  au  ungodly  machine,  and  the  inventor  was  subjected  to  persecution 
by  arrogant  lunatics  who  asserted  thatuotliing  cou'd  I'C  cither  good  or  useful 
which  contravened  the  passage  which  reads :— "  The  wind  bloweth  where  it 
listcth."  Now  millious  use  f;inuiug  mills  during  their  lifetime  without  ever 
thinking  of  such  an  objection. 

The  science  of  geology  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy,  but  its  teachings  have  met 
with  very  general  a(ce]it:ince among  iutelLigcut  observer.-^.  It  is  sophi.stry 
to  afhrm'that  what  is  new,  must,  for  that  reason,  necessarily  be  false,  for  of 
the  disclosures  unfolded  by  the  stony  facts  of  geolo-y  v,o  are  compelled  to 
affirm  that  they  must  be  true,  though  at  variauce.with  the  beliefs  of  a  thou- 
sand generations. 

A  high  authority  has  classified  the  placers  of  California  as  follows  : — 

1.  A  co.'irse,  boulder-like  drift,  the  result  of  abrasion  and  powerful  cur- 
rents iu  a  great  body  of  water. 

2.  A  river  drift  or  coarse  alluvium,  ancient  and  modem. 

3.  Alluvial  deposits  on  flats  aud  broad  surfaces,  not  confined  to  river 
channels. 

4.  Lacustrine  deposits  made  at  tlie  bottoms  of  former  lakes  and  iwudB. 
They  are  found  in  extensive,  basin-shaped  depression.^  in  the  surface  of 
inetiimorphic  rocks,  these  depressions  have  es  idently  been  filled  with  deep 
quiet  water,  from  which  thick  stratii  of  clay,  fine  sand,  ami  volcanic  ashes 
have  been  deposited  ujion  the  auriferous  layer  at  the  bottom. 

In  the  gullies  and  ravines  the  auriferous  dirt  is  generally  a  very  stiff 
clay,  abouiiding  in  coarse  gravel  aud  stoues,  and  is  usually  as  wide  as  tlio 
stream  of  water  during  the  wet  season.  In  a  ravine  where  the  extremo 
width  of  the  stream  does  not  exceed  5  ft.,  as  a  general  rule  the  pay-dirt  will 


988  PLmcE  srrsrrjfG,  &c. 

not  be  more  than  a  foot  deep,  with  a  bed  of  barren  dirt  on  top.  Wliere  fh« 
channel  of  a  stream  in  a  smaJl  ravine  has  slightly  changed,  the  pay-dirt  may 
be  buried  under  G  or  8  ft.  of  alluvial  soil.  The  gold  will  not  lodge  ou  the 
smooth  or  steep  bed  rock  of  a  guUy  ;  the  richests  spots  will  be  found  whera 
the  bed  is  level,  and  where  the  strata  of  the  rock  are  almost  vertical  and  pre- 
sent mraiy  jagged  points  to  detain  the  gold,  the  largest  pieces  being  usually 
found  ne£r  the  bed  rock  in  the  deepest  part  of  the  stream. 

In  rJluvir.l  workings,  near  rivers  and  streams,  the  various  companies  who 
work  neighloring  claims  often  club  together  and  construct  a  Lirge  flume, 
into  which  the  stream  is  conducted  by  means  of  a  strong  barricade  or  wiu^ 
dam  of  rocks,  timber,  mud,  &c.,  which  causes  a  diversion  of  the  current, 
leaving  the  bed  of  the  river  nearly  dry,  thus  affording  access  for  working  i( 
to  good  advantage.    The  stream  affords  plenty  of  water  for  mining  pur- 


poses, together  with  ample  power  for  operating  under  shot  wheels  for  work- 
ing pumps  to  rid  the  claims  of  the  surplus  water  which  accumulates  in  th» 
workings.    See  Fig.  3,  representing  flume  mining. 

For  Placer  Mini})!-!,  Board  Sluice  Process,  see  page  453;  tor  Hydraulic 
Miniiifj,  Long  Tom  Process,  &c.,  fee  page  43 i;  for  Gold  Assay  by  Smelting 
Process;  Gold  Assay  icUh  a  JlcrjiSpccyti:  Assay  cf  Pock  containing  Pyrites  ; 
Silver  Assay  by  Smcltinq ;  Assay  of  2rgent:j'erous  Galena;  Silver  Assaij 
icith  Testing'  Tubs  ;  Test  for  Iron  or  Copper  Py rites,  pee  page  451 ;  for  Pros- 
pcctinff  far  Quartz;  Prospecting  a  River  Bar;  Prospecting  in  a  Gully; 
Prosp'^cting  in  Flats;  Prospecting  iriih  a  Knife.  <S;c.,  see  page  452.  _ 

In  order  to  .thoroughly  dispel  the  common  illusion  that  a  mine  is  merely 
ava.-t  excavation  in  the  earth,  expopcd  to  the  open  air,  rain,  storms,  &5., 
like  a  quarry,  it  may  be  well  to  enlighten  the  reader  by  presenting  a  few 
facts  relating  to  .some  of  the  silver  mines  nn  tlio  Comstfick  lode  in  Nevada. 
At  the  main  shaft  and  hoisting  works  of  thri  Consolidated  Virginia  Mining 
Company,  we  f.rd  a  great  mass  of  buililinzs»,  resembling  a  vast  manufac- 
tory, containing  engine  pud  boiler  l:or.?e.'«,  machine  shopr  blacksmith  shop, 
carpenter  shop,  and  nuiucroua  vSIcCtf  cymicctcd  with  the  worka.    ArooM 


DESCRIPTION   OP   A   GBEAT   MUTE.  930 

the  buildings  are  enormous  piles  of  timber  and  lumber,  resembling  the  sur- 
roundings of  an  immense  saw-mill  with  its  accumulated  stork.  This  timber 
is  used  for  supports,  «S:e.,  in  the  mine,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  more  timber 
has  been  absorbed  by  these  mines  than  there  is  iu  all  the  houses  in  Sao 
Francisco. 

The  main  shaft  appears  as  an  opening  in  the  floor,  about  5  ft.  in  width, 
and  20  ft.  in  length,  with  a  depth  of  2000  ft.,  and  is  securely  cribbed  by 
means  of  substantial  timbers.  Thirt  opening  is  divided  into  four  compart- 
ments by  means  of  partitions  running  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  tlie 
shaft  ;  tliree  of  these  four  compartments  are  used  for  hoisting  purposeg, 
and  in  these  the  hoistmg  cages  pai=s  iii>  and  down  to  and  from  the  various 
levels,  after  the  manner  of  an  elev;!tor  through  the  varioiis  stories  of  a  high 
building.  The  fourth  compartment  is  occupied  by  the  tanks  and  pump 
column  ;  an  iron  pipe  from  12  to  l(j  ins.  diam.,  throiigli  which  the  water  is 
forced  from  the  lower  levels  of  the  mine  to  the  surface  by  means  of  the 
massive  pumping  machinery.  The  cages  in  the  difTcrent  divisions  work 
independent  of  each  other  ;  one  may  bo  going  down  while  the  other  is 
going  up,  or  one  may  be  at  rest  while  the  others  are  in  motion. 

The  motive  power  for  hoisting  is  supiilicd  by  powerf i:l  engines  at  the 
opposite  end  of  the  building,  about  50  or  CO  ft.  dist:iut  from  tlio  shaft,  and 
the  hoisting  is  effected  by  means  of  a  flat  cable,  some  6  or  6  ins.  wide,  J 
ins.  thick,  and  braided  of  the  be.st  qu.ility  of  steel  wire.  This  cable  is 
wound  and  unwound  on  an  enormous  reel  situated  near  the  engine,  and  tlie 
great  iron  wheels  and  pulleys  which  sustain  the  cables  are  supported  on 
•what  is  termed  the  gallows  frame,  a  huge  structure  compot^ed  of  m.iFsive 
upright  and  cross  timbers  constructed  directly  over  the  mouth  of  the  shaft. 
The  positions  of  the  cages  in  the  shafts  are  indicated  to  tlio  engineer  by 
means  of  a  hand  moving  over  a  dial  in  the  engine  room,  and  the  signals  for 
elevating  and  lowering  the  cages  are  struck  on  bells  near  the  engineer  by 
parties  in  the  cages  or  levels  below. 

The  entire  machinery  of  the  works  is  driven  by  a  compound  condensinjf 
engine  of  600  horse-power  ;  the  engine  has  two  cylinders,  the  first  24  x  48 
ins.,  and  the  second  48  x  48  ins.  in  size.  The  main  shaft  of  engine  is  J4  ins. 
diam.,  and  weighs  15,000  lbs.  On  this  shaft  is  a  fly  wheel  (which  is  also  a 
band  wheel,  carrying  a  belt  by  which  the  batteries  arc  driven)  18  ft.  in 
diam. ,  and  weighing  IG^  tons.  On  the  extreme  end  of  tlie  main  driving 
shaft  is  coupled  a  shaft  11  ins.  diam. ,  extending  into  tlie  amalgamathig 
room,  and  driving  the  pans,  agitators,  &c.  Engiue  weighs  about  SO  tons  ; 
there  are  8  boilers,  each  54  ins.  diam.  and  16  ft.  iu  length.  The  smoke 
stacks  are  4  in  number,  42  ins.  diam.  and  CO  ft.  high. 

In  tlie  new  stamp  mill  of  this  company  (100  ft.  long  and  58  ft  wide) 
there  are  GO  stiiups,  each  weighing  800  lbs.,  the  whole  requiring  one  car 
load  (1800  lbs. )  of  ore  to  be  sent  out  from  the  shaft  every  6  minutes  during 
the  day  and  night.  The  sta!n])3  are  driven  by  a  belt  from  the  main  band 
and  fly  wheel  ;  the  belt  is  24  ins.  in  width,  and  IGO  ft.  iu  length  ;  speed 
3600  ft.  per  minute.  This  runs  the  counter-shaft  in  front  of  the  latteries, 
and  from  the  pulliea  on  this  countcr-aliaft  there  .?re  belts  14  ins.  wide  aud  60 
ft  long,  which  run  each  battery  of  10  stamps.  The  batteries  are  fed  by  the 
Tulloch  self-feeders,  one  feeder  being  required  for  every  5  .'^tanips,  and  two 
men  only  are  required  to  oversee  the  whole,  without  any  handling  of  the 
ore.  There  are  o2  amalgamating  pans,  each  pan  holding  about  2000  lbs.  of 
pulp  from  the  batteries,  and  there  are  8  settlers  to  each  pair  of  pans.  The 
monthly  loss  of  quicksilver  alone  in  the  mills  of  the  comjjany  is  estimated 
at  from  S60,000  to  $80,000.  The  owners  have  to-day  11  mills,'  ranging  from 
15  to  80  stamps,  making  altogetlier  a  b.ittery  force  of  375  stamps,  the 
largest  stamp  capable  of  pulverizing  5  tons  of  ore  every  24  hours.  The 
whole  liunian  force  employed  iu  the;^e  mills  numbers  622  men,  when  the 
mills  are  running  to  their  ful\  capacity. 

From  500  to  700  men  are  employed  and  divided  into  thrf^c  f  hif ts,  eacb 


aio 


HEidHT  oy  MiNis. 


siiifi ATorking  8  hours.  One.  shift  goes, on  at  7a.in.,one  at  3  jD.m.,.aHd 
anotiier  at  11  p.m.  Order  is  respected  lii  every  thing  ;  there  are  superintend- 
ents, foremen,  engineers,  miners,  timbermen,  watchmen,  pumpmen,  pick- 
"boys,  &c.  Each  employee  in  tlie  mine  lias  his  duties  assigned  him.  yhich 
muBt  be  performed,  and  each  is  confined  to  his  own  level,  and  there  only. 


tBBK 


UK  ill  i 

iilli 
iilll 


i  (!Mih'iBk'5a  mil  ^^ 


iLiHi  'iiiiii  "S 


MASMINCrOfil 


Fig.  4.— DiAGEAH  Illustrating  Height  of  SIines. 
,  To  describe  the  mine,  -vee  will  in  imagination  compare  it  to  a,  house  of 
enorin,ou8  altitude  and  vast  dimensions  on  the  eartli  ;  tliis  house  Tvould 
require  to  be  2000  ft.  high,  with  20  stories  or  lloors,  each  100  ft.  nn.-i.it.  It 
is  safe  to  say  that  such  a  building  was  never  constructed,  and  never  will  ba 
in  this  world.    To  an  observer  in  Wall  street,  or  on  Broadway,  New  York, 


MTN-EES   FATNTTITG    FROM   HEAT. 


941 


THnity  Church  presents  an  imposing  spectacle,  but  our  imiiginarj  building, 
representing  the  Consolidated  Virginia  mine,  would  be  nearly  7  times  liit;he»f 
In  the  mines  on  the  Comstock  lude  there  arc  10>  miles  of  drifts,  galleries, 
cross-cuts,  shafts,  winzes,  tc,  and  as  one  mine  <o  nccts  •with  aiMt^.-r  tl,cre 
r.re  Avhat  might  be  called  streets,  3  miles  long.     Tuc  n  all 

lighted  with  lamps  and  candles  which  are  always  ki  ■■'  at 

nuiuberof  engines  are  in  operation  in  the  lower  levels  1.  .  ...., ^    tlie 

miners,  elevating  ore  at  the  winzes,  operating  Burleigh  driils.  nind  driving  fans 
or  blowers  (like  those  nsed in  a  fouiidn.)  to  supj^ly  frcsli  air  to  the  workmen 
who  are  pantin?  with  the  heat  in  distant  parts  of  the  nunc.  Tliese  engines 
are  run  by  compressed  air,  furni.-<ln'd  by  powerful  compressors  at  the  sur- 
face, as  owing  to  the  high  temperature  at  these  profound  depths  steam 


rig.  C— Mi>-EKS  Fainting  FR^^t  iifat  i>-  thi; 

COMSTOCK. 


.OWEK      jLEVELS     Ol     THB 


engines  could  not  be  tolerated  a  single  hour.  Wlicn  at  work  the  miners  are 
naked  to  the  waist,  and  some  from  the  middle  of  the  thighs  to  their  feet. 
The  only  garments  worn  are  a  pair  of  thin  pantaloons  or  overalls,  rtout 
ehoes,  and  a  light  hat  or  small  felt  cap  to  jirotect  the  bead  from  the  falling 
eand.  Notwithstanding  all  this  many  faint  outright  from  tlie  effects  of  the 
beat. 
One 

giant-ix)wde"r"  100  gals' f^^        '      '    '^'^  ^^-  "^ '^""d  oil,  800  lbs.  of  tallow 
20,000  ft.  of  fuse,  37  tons  ■  .-h.  charcoal,  1\  tons  of  steel,  5  tons  oj 

round  and  square  irr.ii.  4  i  '  ■'  ■  ',  60  kegs  of  nails.  &-c.    W'^nthly 

vages,  ?90,000.    Miners  i  .  engineers,  carpenters,  machtn- 

iats.  blacksmiths,  kc,  fp  ••  ,    ,    ,     v 

The  Savage  and  Hal*  ..^■a  ....        ■  mcs  on  the  Comstock  lode  hav« 


month's  supplies  for  .this  mine  may  be  estimated  as  follows,  vii.  : 
ft.  of  timber.  550  cords  of  wood,  350  boxes  of  candles,  2  tons  of 


942 


THE    StrXRO    trXXEL. 


Fhaite  6x20  ft.,  and  2500  ft.  deep.  The  Savage  Company  intend  to  sink 
tueir  present  i=haft  to  a  depth  of  4000  ft.  Their  grer^t  lioir-ting  cable  of  pteel 
Avire  is  4000  ft.  long,  weighs  i;5,190  lbs.,  ami  is  v.oaud  J.ud  iinwouml  on  a 
cone-shaped  reel  15  ft.  long,  with  a  diam.  of  22  ft.  ut  the  large  end  r.uJ  13 
ft.  at  the  small  one.  The  reel  is  siisx^ended  on  a  cast-iron  shaft  IG  ias.  iu 
diam.,  the  ends  of  which  revolve  iu  ponderous  bearings  sustained  by  loun- 
dations  of  cut  stone  resting  ou  the  solid  rock.  Tiic  engines  fur  driving  the 
liuge  reel  are  two  iu  number,  of  200  horse-power  eacli,  ai:d  are  capable  of 
lioisting  from  4S0  to  500  tons  of  ore  every  24  hours.  The  h^  istiag  car  used  c  ii 
the  lower  incline  is  made  wliolly  of  iron  and  steel,  rmis  on  an  iron  track,  and 
'Lolds  about  5  tons  of  rock.  The  incline  begins  at  the  foot  of  tlie  vertical 
shaft,  1.300  ft.  below  t'.ie  surface,  and  runs  to  tho  lov.r r  levels  of  Ir.e  rcine. 
The  hoL-Jtuig  cages  on  the  Eiincs  of  the  Comstock  are  all  supplied  with  safety 
i-ppliances,  which  o.)erate  instantaneously  iu  arresting  the  descent  of  the 
cage  in  the  event  of  the  cable  breaking. 


Fig.  6.— StTTRo  TcmrKi- 


As  showing  the  vast  sums  of  money  disbursed  by  capitalists  when  full 
confidence  exists  of  obtaining  remunerative  returns  from  mining  operations, 
it  may  be  interesting  to  note  the  following  items  regarding  the  outfit  of  a 
mine  which  has  not  as  yet  produced  a  cent's  worth  of  ore.  The  works  will 
be,  when  finished,  a  boiler  house  102  ft.  long.  50  ft.  wide,  containing  10 
lx)ilers,  54  ins.  diam.,  16  ft.  long  ;  one  main  lioisting  room,  151  ft.  long,  40 
ft.  wide,  43  ft.  high  ;  a  carpenter  shop,  50  ft.  wide  by  100  it.  loner,  for  fram- 
ing the  timbers  for  the  shaft,  a  machine  shop,  50  x  100  ft.,  and  a  blaek- 
pmith's  shop,  40  x  GO  ft. 

At  the  shaft  is  a  double  cylinder,  high  pressure,  direct-acting  eugme,  both 
cylinders  being  connected  with  one  shaft  "carrying  two  reels  for  winding  tha 
Topes.  It  is  of  1200  horse-power,  and  capable  of  hoisting  10  tons  of  ore 
from  a  depth  of  nearly,  if  not  quite,  one  mile.  The  crank  shaft  weighs 
nearly  40  tons,  and  ia  one  piece  of  wrought  iron.    The  intended  piston  spied 


THE    STJTRO   TUNXKL. 


{b  960  ft.  per  minute,  which  will  tiko  n  "  cage  "  thronph  the  shaft  at  mii- 
wjiy  speed.  Tlie  cables  used  iii  the  shait  .ire  mndc  of  nuiienled  sUcI  wire,  7 
inches  wide  and  ^  ius.  thick,  and  :uo  wmmd  on  tin-  rods  like  a.  ribl)on  on'  a 
spool.  The  reels  are  15  ft.  diiim.,  will  hold  40U0  ft.  of  cable,  ai.d  each 
is  fitted  with  powerful  luakcs  and  safety  appliances  to  regulate  tlic  move- 
ments of  the  cages.  The  engine  foundations  are  6o;id  masonrv,  5ti  ft.  long, 
38  ft.  wide,  and  22  ft  deep,  to  which  tlie  engines  are  bolted  with  80  "-in.  and 
3^in.  bolts,  reaching  the  bottom  of  t'.ie  stone  work.  The  piston  rods  and 
all  the  valve  rods  are  of  steel,  and  the  valves  of  iiard  brass. 

The  pumping  engine  is  a  horizont;d  compound  condensing  engine,  direct 
acting.  The  cylinders  are  of  the  following  dimensions  :  The  initial  cylinder 
is  33  ins.  diam.  and  12  ft.  stroke.  The  exY.ansion  cylinder  is  tJG  in.s.  di;.ni. 
and  12  ft.  stroke  ;  engine  shaft  20  ins,  in  diam.,  about  18  ft.  long,  and  h::s  a 
fly-wheel  on  each  end  SO  ft  in  diam.,  and  each  wheel  weiglis  30  t<.n!».  The 
engine  and  line  of  pumps  for  1200  ft.  weigh  749  tonss.  The  cost  price  of 
engine  and  pumps  before  erection  was  $COO,000.  It  is  to  drive  two  lines  of 
14  inch  pumps  of  10  ft.  stroke.  Its  web  of  cams,  rods,  cut-off  gear,  air- 
coshions,  drop-weights,  &c.,  display  the  highest  skill  in  workmanship. 


Fig.  7.— LoxGiTrnrsAL  Section  of  the  Comstock  Lonj.,  showixo  Tnn 
niffekent  mixind  claims  located  thereon,  the  ore  bodies  t.x- 
tkactep,  .\.nd  the  intersection  of  the  sl'teo  tcnxel  with  tub 
Lode  at  B.,  etc. 

The  Sutro  tunnel,  a  work  without  a  compeer  in  mining  enterprises  on 
this  continent,  was  begun  October  10,  18()9  ;  the  object  being  to  penetrate 
the  mines  on  the  Comstock  lode  at  a  point  nearly  2000  ft.  below  tlie  surface 
of  the  earth,  and  thus  form  an  outlet  for  the  drainage  and  rapid  transit  for 
the  miners  and  their  supplies,  together  with  quick  transportation  for  t!:e  ora 
and  mineral  matter  taken  from  the  mines.  It  enters  the  mountains  in  tlio 
valley  of  the  Carson  river,  at  the  town  of  Sutro,  3i  miles  below  Dayton.  1^. 
miles  from  the  river,  150  ft  above  the  river  bed,  and  strikes  the'ltWO  ft. 
level  of  the  Savage  mine  at  a  point  C0,018  ft  from  the  moutii  of  the  tunnel. 
The  work  was  prosecuted  day  and  niglit  with  a  result  of  from  1?>  it.  to  IsJJ.  ft 
per'day,  imtil  on  Julv  8,  1878,  a  connection  was  made  with  the  above  ncted 
shaft  A  wire-tramway,  running  from  the  Carson  river  to  the  mines,  will 
soon  be  in  operation  through  tlie  whole  length  of  the  tunnel,  with  an  outfit 
of  rolling  stock  capable  of  transj^orting  1000  miners  from  the  village  of 
Sutro  to  the  mines  in  15  minutes.  During  the  past  years,  nearly  3000  mine™ 
\i&\e  been  employed  in  these  mines,  and  hours  have  been  consumed  at  each 
shift  in  sending  down  the  men  In  cages,  a  dozen  or  so  at  a  time. 

Tlie  mines  on  the  Comstock  lode,  and  all  other  mines  in  the  district,  ara 
eomi)elled  for  all  time,  to  pay  the  Tunnel  Company  $2  jier  ton  fore\ery 
ton  of  ore  extracted  and  sent  "to  the  mills  for  reduction.  Tlie  rates  estab- 
lisfaed  for  transportation  is  26  centa  per  ton  per  mile  over  the  4  miles  q£ 


<U4 


THK    SUTRO   TUNNEL. 


main  tunnel,  and  25  cents  each  way  for  persons.  Ice,  now  sold  to  the  mining 
companies  at  ^20  pet  ton,  can  be  supplied  in  unlimited  quantities  by  the 
Tunnel  Company  from  its  ponds  on  the  Carson  river,  at  less  than  Si  pei* 
ton.  Cordwood,  now  sold  m  Virginia  city  at  .Sl2  per  cord,  can  be  passed 
through  the  tunnel,  elevated  nearly  2000  ft.  through  the  main  shaft,  naA 
laid  down  for  $S  per  cord. 


nJK'^iaiQ. 


Fig.  8.— GEOLOGICAL  Cross  Sectiox  of  the  CorrjfTRY  fkom  thip  kxtrance 

OK    THE    SUTRO    TCXXEL    TO    AX1>    BEVOXD  THE  COMSTOCK  |jOr>E ;    ALS6 

THE  Foi.'R  Shafts  on  the  Tunxel  Line-  ... 

The  notable  sanitary  u.sos  subserved  by  the  tunnel  has  already  dissipated 
the  poisdnous  gases  in  the  lower  drifts  of  the  Savage  mines,  and  jfowered  the 
temperature  of  the  2000  ft.  level  from  120°  to  i)0o  Falir.  A  covered  .<-.tfiain- 
tight  drain  is  to  be  constructed  the  entire  length  of  the  tunue^  (under  the 
railT0.^d  track)  to  form  an  outlet  for  the  drainage  of  the  mine.  Much  of 
the  water  in  tlie  workings  stands  at  a  temperature  of  1G0°  Fahr.,  and  if 
this  was  passed  through  the  tuiincl  in  An  open  channel,  no  liviug  thing 
conld  exist,  owing  to  the  hot,  confined  Vapor.  It  id  further  intended  to 
utilize  this  water  as  a  source  of  power  for  movhig  the  long  ti-aius  of  cars 
used  in  transporting  the  miners,  together  with  their  necessary  stores;  tim- 
ber, ore,  &c.  The  discharge  of  this  water  has  heretofore  been  elTected  at 
an  aimual  cost  of  $-3,000,000.  The  drainage  must  pass  through  10  puinps 
and  tanks,  tlirough  2000  ft.  of  iron  pipe,  from  12  to  16  ins.  diam.,  before 
reaching  the  surface.  The  great  iron  pump  rod,  2000  ft  in  length,  and  hung 
at  several  points  with  immense  balance  bobs  to  prevent  it  from  being  torn 
asunder  by  its  own  weight,  is  kept  continually  sw.'iying'  up  and  down  r,t  its 
round  of  duty.  HcnceforwarAtln::  drainage  will  only  require  to  be  elevated 
to  the  tunnel  level  in  :  rder  to  find  an  outlet.  The  Tnniiel  Company  liave  so 
far  expended  on  the  tuimcl,  with  the  immense  shafts,  buildings,  machine 
shops,  eugiues,  &c.,  coniiectcd'  therewith,  the  vast  sum  of  $3,200,000,  and 
the  projected  branches  and  extensions  towards  the  various  mines  will  still 
absorb  a  large  additioiiril  sum.  In  carrying  out  this  wonderful  enterprise 
the  obstacles  presented  by  nature  were  of  the  most  formidable  discription 
and  well  nigh  insurmomitable,  but  they  were  finally  overcome  by  the  un- 
tiring energy  and  indomitable  perseverance  of  Mr.'Sutro,  who  brought  to 
the  execution  of  this  hercoleau  task,  an  iron  will,  and  a  rare' Qombination  of 
executive  abilities.  '  '  ■  -  - 

Many  rich  deposits  of  marvellous  extent  have  been  found  on  the  Comstock 
lode,  but  on  the  1500  foot  level  has  been  discovered  what  appears  to  be  the 
central  mass,  a  body  of  ore  unparalleled  in  extent  and  value  by  any  thing 
hitherto  known.  This  has  enjoyed  world-wide  fame  under  the  name  of  the 
"  Big  Bonanza"  (a  Mexican  term  denoting  a  large  and  rich  body  of  ore— pros- 
perity. Borrasca  is  the  very  (Opposite  of  bonanza,  and  signifies  bajrren-rock 
—bad  luck— vdversitv),  and'  measures  UOO  ft.  iu  length,"550  in  depth,  and 
fcom  30  to  200  ft  fiick. 


DTNAillCS    OF   YOLCANIC   FOKCE.  SlS 

The  immense  chasm,  rent,  or  iSssure  in  tlie  rocts,  whicli  is  filled  by  tho 
"  vcin-miitter,"  or  gaugue  (pronouuced  r/an</)  forniiug  the  Comstock  lode, 
extends  from  the  east  counti'y  rock  (prophylito)  to  the  west  country  rock 
(syenite),  a  distance  of  from  1000  to  ll'OO  ft.  Tlio  pangiie  is  composed  oE 
quartz,  porphyry  and  clay,  wliich  incloses  the  ore.  This  chasm,  known  to  be 
about  4  miles  long  and  about  1200  ft.  wide,  was  undoubtedly  formed  during 
ages  inconceivably  remote,  by  means  of  volcanic  action,  njid  immense  frag- 
ments of  rock  appear  to  have  broken  away  from  tho  edges  of  the  chasm, 
fallen  into  tho  crevice,  and  thus  |n-ovcnted  it.s  closing.  In  mining  nomen- 
clature these  are  termed  "horses  ;  "  they  still  remain  in  tho  vein,  and  the 
ore,  quartz,  &c.,  has  filled  up  all  tho  space  around  tliom.  Some  of  tho 
"  horses  "  are  of  great  exteiit,  bomg  f roiu  50  to  10(1  ft.  in  lengtli,  witli  pro- 
portionate thickness,  while  others  arc  at  least  1000  ft.  in  length,  and  from 
300  to  400  ft.  thick.  The  f ragnicnts  from  tho  west  side  of  the  crevice  are 
syenite,  those  fjom  the  east  side  are  prot)hylite,  usually  termed  porphyry  by 
the  minors. 

The  charging  of  this  enormous  crevice  with  what  now  forms  the  mineral 
contents  of  tlie  Comstock  lode,  is  manifestly  tho  work  of  subterranean  forces 
combined  with  hot  mineral  water,  steam,  gases,  &c.,  from  boiling  springs 
beneath,  which  have  filled  up  tlie  vein  with  its  rich  sulphurets  and  other 
ores  of  silver.  Traces  of  hot  springs  are  everywhere  visible  on  tho  neigh- 
boring hills  to  the  eastward  of  the  vein,  and  the  noted  stejiinboat  springs, 
only  a  few  miles  distant,  are  even  now  in  full  blast,  engaged  in  tho  formation 
of  a  metallic  lode  by  the  omission  of  hot  mineral  watei-,  steam,  and  enormous 
volumes  of  heated  gas,  through  a  crevice  over  a  mile  in  Icngtli.  Who  will 
not  say  that  hero  wo  find  one  <;)f  the  instrumentalities  of  creative  power  in 
the  very  act,  as  it  were,  of  replenishing  the  earth  with  the  gifts  of  a  benef- 
icent Providence  ? 

The  action  of  boiling  springs  is  due,  J,  To  the  access  of  subterranean 
waters  to  heated  rocks,  producing  steam,  wliicli  seelys  exit  by  upward  vents : 
2.  To  cooler  superficial  w.-itcrs  dosceiiding  chaniicls  to  where  tlio  steam 
prevents  fu;-ther  descpiit,  and  gradually  accumulating, uiilil  the  chamiel  is 
filled  to  tlio  top  :  3.  To  the  healing  of  these  npjier'watcrs  by  the  steam 
from  below,  to  near  the  boiling  point,  when  the  lower  portion  of  these  u])per 
waters  becomes  converted  into  steam,  and  tho  eruption,  or  jet  of  water 
results. 

The  dynamics  of  volcanic  force  is  an  iriterestiiig  study.  Tho  roar  of 
Niagara  is  a  gentlo  zephyr  comjiared  with  tho  beljowihg  of  a  volcano.  Tho 
power  required  t()  rupture  a  battery  of  steam  boilers  is  as  notliing  compared 
with  the  inconceivable  energy  nece.-^sary  for  tlie  upheav<il  of  mountains,  tlio 
rending  of  rocks,  the  raising  of  ishaids  from  the  ocean's  bed,  and  forcing 
out  tlie  melted  lav;i  from  bcneatli  the  guoi.ss  and  granite.  Very  frcqu('ntly 
large  fragments  of  these  rocks  are  broken  off. and  thrown  outwiih  the  la\a: 
Cotonaxi,  nearly  20,000  ft.  high,  has  jn-ojected  a  stone  100  cubic  yds.  in  vol- 
ume to  tho  distance  of  9  miles,  and  has  tlirown  matter  (5000  ft.  above  its 
summit  Tills  of  itself  would  require  ;i  force  of  nearly  1500  atmospheres,  or 
22,500  lbs.  to  tho  square  inch  !  In  UttJO,  tlie  amount  of  lava  ejected  by 
Mount  iitn.a  was  20  times  greater  than  tho  whole  mass  of  the  mountain,  and 
in  1009,  wlieii  77,000  persons  were  destroyed,  the  lava  covered  8fl  square 
miles.  In  tlie  eruption  from  Skajitar  Jokul,  in  Iceland,  during  17H3,  two 
streams  of  lav.a  flowed  in  opposite  directions,  one  of  tiicm  50  miles  long  and 
12  broad,  and  tho  other  40  miles  long  and  7  broad  ;  both  haying  an  average 
thickness  of  100  ft.,  which  was  sometimes  iiicreased  to  500  or  (iOO  ft. ;  twenty 
Tillages  and  9000  inhabitants  were  destroyed.  'Die  seat  of  voh-anic  [lower 
must  be  djeeply  .seated  beneath  the  e;irth's  cru.<t,  where  the  lieat  is  extremely 
Intense  ;  lava  ejected  over  100  years  ago  from  .loniUo,  in  Mexico,  1000  ft. 
lugh,  ig  not  yet  cool.  The  lava  thrown  out  of  Ktna  in  l."^19,  was  in  mtition  9 
months  later  at  the  rate  of  a  yard  a  day,  and  lava  from  a  previous  efuytiou 
o(  tbe  eame  mooatalo  was  in  motion  after  the  lApBO  dt  10  yeara. 


©46  THE   MINERAL   TVEALTH   OF   THE    WOBLDl 

Not  only  do  very  many  mountains  and  mineral  lodes  owe  their  origin  t# 
volcanic  action,  but  numerous  islands  as  well.  The  Sandwich  islands,  of 
which  Hawaii,  tlie  largest,  contains  4000  square  miles  of  surface  and  rises 
18,000  ft.  above  the  ocean  ;  Teneriffe,  13,000  ft.  high  ;  the  Madeira,  Iceland, 
Sicily,  Bourbon,  St.  Helena,  Java,  Sumatra,  Tristan  d'Acunha,  Faroe  and 
Azore  islauds,  with  much  of  Celebes,  Japan,  &c.,  are  mainly  composed  of 
lava  and  rocks,  as  sandstoue  and  limestone,  upheaved  by  volcanic  action. 
Such  are  some  of  the  effects  of  that  tremendous  power  which  in  the  hands 
of  Omnipotence  has  played  so  important  a  partintlie  formation  of  the  habit- 
able globe. 

During  the  most  ancient  times,  and  in  tlie  divinely  framed  language  of  in- 
spiriition,  silver  is  used  as  the  primary  symbol  to  denote  truth.  Truth  is  as 
nn  ocean,  vast  and  inexhaustible.  Of  a  verity  the  symbol  is  in  this  instance 
true  to  its  original,  for  such  a  thing  as  an  exhausted  silver  miae  has  never 
been  known  within  the  memory  of  mau.  Pliny  speaks  of  silver-muies  being 
worked  during  his  time  to  the  dej^th  of  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  old  Spanish 
mines,  opened  long  before  the  time  of  Hannibal,  are  still  worked  with  enor- 
mous profits  ;  the  Hungarian  mines,  worked  by  the  Romans  long  prior  to 
the  Christian  era,  are  still  productive;  the  South  American  silver  mines  have 
yielded  great  profits  during  300  years.  The  silver  mines  in  theHartz  moun- 
tains, and  at  Freiberg,  Germany,  discovered  during  the  11th  century,  and 
worked  constantly  ever  since,  yield  a  steady  increase.  The  Mexican  silver 
mines  have  yielded,  since  the  Spanish  Conquest  up  to  1860,  $2,039,100,000, 
and  are  even  now  enormously  rich.  In  Sweden  and  Norway,  silver  mines 
worked  before  the  discovery  of  America  are  still  yielding  profitable  returns. 
The  Cerro  de  Pasco  mines,  Peru,  discovered  in  1630,  from  which  5,000,000  lbs. 
of  silver  have  been  taken  in  45  years,  are  still  productive.  The  entire  silver 
yield  of  Spain  is  at  present  about  100,000  lbs.  troy  per  annum.  In  Bolivia, 
S.  A. ,  the  annual  production  of  silver  is  at  present  about  450,000  lbs.  ;  here 
are  situated  the  famous  mines  of  Potosi,  formerlv  belonging  to  Peru,  which 
are  said  to  have  yielded  $1,200,000,000.  Of  the  silver  lode  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Mexico  and  South  America,  the  Sierra  Madre  mines  have  yielded 
§800,000,000  ;  Veta  Madre,  $2.35,934,636  ;  Rio  Grande,  .$650,000,000  ;  Rovas, 
§85,421,015  ;  Valencia,  $31,813,486  ;  Santa  Anna,  $21,S47,210  ;  Biscauia, 
$16,;'«41,000.  The  Russian  mines  in  the  Urals,  according  to  Marshall,  yielded 
in  10  late  years,  65,330  lbs.  of  gold,  412,246  lbs.  of  silver,  and  6067  of  pla- 
tina,  from  the  serpentine  rocJis. 

Acoordiug  to  approximate  estimates  by  the  best  American  and  German 
authorities,  the  total  product  of  all  the  gold  and  silver  mines  in  the  world, 
from  tlie  vear  1500  to  1874,  is  as  foUows:  Pounds  of  gold,  17,000.000,  valued 
at  $6,450,000,000.  Pounds  of  silver,  364,000,000,  valued  at  $8,175,000,000 
Total  pouuds  of  gold  and  silver,  381,600,000,000,  valued  at  $14,(;25,000,(K)0. 
In  1810  the  annual  supply  of  bullion  to  Europe  was  estimstcd  at  $40,000,000, 
of  which  one-third  was  used  for  manufactures  ;  at  the  jiresent  day  the  an- 
nual supply  is  much  greater.    The  wealth  of  France  is  about  $  40,300,000,000. 

Among  civilized  nations  the  greater  part  of  this  enonnous  mineral  wealth 
is  absorbed  bj'  the  coinage.  The  British  mint  has  8  melting  furnaces,  2 
rranes,  and  2  pouring  machines.  Tlie  furnaces  .are  used  three  times  per  day, 
and  as  each  pot  is  about  420  lbs.  they  melt  10,080  lbs.  in  a  day  of  10  hours. 
The  gold  pots  are  about  100  lbs.  aud  melt  it  in  an  hour.  The  gold  bars  ara 
rolled  cold  to  the  thickness  of  the  coin,  and  the  silver  bars  hot  The  8 
presses  in  the  mint  strike  60  blows  per  mmute,  aud  produce  3600  coins  per 
hour  for  10  hours,  or  r.t  least  30,000  per  day,  making  240,000  for  the  8  presses. 
Good  steel  dies  make  300,000  to  400,000  impressions  before  wearing  out. 

A  lb.  troy  of  gold  yields  46^'-%  sovereigns,  a  lb.  troy  of  silver  yields  668. 
(the  ailoy  is  extra),  and  there  are  107,520  halfpence  in  a  ton  of  copper,  worth 
£224.    Griffin  estimates  the  wenltli  of  tlie  United  Kingdjjui  at  $39,2tK),000,OOOL 

The  ores  of  silver,  tin,  copper,  lead.  &c.,  are  generally  found  in  what  ar« 
cdlcd  "  lodes"  ifhicix  resemble  deep  jgssuies  in  the  earth,  filled  up  with  ort 


T)15TAILS   OP   MlNrifG. 


947 


tad  vein  stuff.  Thero  r.ro  no  ores  of  gold,  but  it  is  found  to  pervade  simliar 
lodes  m  quartz  rock.  Tliese  lode,  nro  known  to  penetrate  the  eirth  to  pr^ 
lound  depths,  and  uio.n  frequently  assume  the  form  of  a  wedge,  with  the  tliin 


•''<y/'f~^— r--?'^  tf/w«Vc; 


"m^ii^'^-'^'^ 


end  uppermost,  -widening  as  it  descends  downwai-ds  to  an  unknown  dis^ 
tauce.  In  some  cases  these  lodes  enter  the  earth  with  a  slight  incline  and 
they  are  known  to  extend  to  a  distance  of  several  miles  in  a  horizontal  direc- 


rr 


tion,  with  ft^vidth  ranging  from  less  than  1  inch  to  many  feet.    Fig.  9,  ropro* 
duced  from  ITeoia'*  admirable  wriea,  represents  two  lode»,  the  first,  «,  6/ to 


948 


EXPLOITATION'  ET   MIKES. 


the  right,  enters  flie  earth  at  an  angle  ;  c,  d,  represents  a  lode  nnderiying  te 
the  left  ;  /,  represents  a  cross-cut ;  ggg,  a  shaft,  at  first  perpendicular,  after- 
"wards  upon  the  lude. 

Fig.  10  represents  a  longitudinal  section  of  a  mine  in  Tvhich  tlie  shaded 
part  represents  the  excavations  penetrated  by  two  perpeudicul  shafts,  a  b, 
the  adit  level,  c  d,  c  d,  c  d,  other  levcL^.  usually  10  fathoms  or  60  ft.  below- 
each  other  ;  e  e,  ■winzes,  or  siual  shafts  connecting  two  levels,  and  used  for 
the  purposes  of  ventilation  and  exploration. 

A  shaft  may  be  ve:tical  or  inclined.  It  is  styled  a  tunnel  when  it  forms 
with  the  horizon  an  angle  less  than  45  degrees. 


UNDERHAND  StOPI:?0, 


Fig.  11. 


OVEKHAJfD  STOPIITG. 


Fig.  11  represent.':  the  process  of  siopinfj  or  erphilation  in  veins  of  th« 
Rake  swcies,  by  which  the  ore  is  exti-icted  from  the  workings.  Stoping 
may  bedassitied  under  two  heads:  1st  Overhand  stoping  ;  as  shown  on  the 
right  side  of  tlie  figure,  by  which  tlie  ore  is  extracted  by  working  from  below 
upwards.  Overhand  stoping  is  the  method  in  general  use  in  this  country  ; 
by  this  method  of  working  in  ascendmg  steps,  the  ore,  as  detached,  falls  by 
its  own  gravity.  2nd.  Uuderliand  stoping  ;  as  shown  on  the  left  cvf  the  cut, 
by  which  tlie  mineral  is  taken  from  the  vein  by  working  iu  descending  steps 
from  above  duwnwards. 

In  the  cut,  B  A  is  the  hoisting  shaft,  C  D  r.nd  E  F  are  air  shafts,  S  is  the 
6ump  or  well  at  the  bottom  of  tlie  slia't,  and  D  F  a  tunnel,  level,  or  gallery 
in  the  mine.  Imagine  the  ore  iu  the  vein  to  he  laid  oat  in  rectangular  masses 
as  exhibited  in  the  cut  ;  these  steps  or  benches,  generally  15  or  20  ft.  long, 
6  or  8  ft.  high,  and  as  ^ide  as  therein,  form  in  consecutive  succession  the 
ground  from  whence  the  ore  is  extracted  by  stoping  or  working  in  steps.  The 
miners,  in  overliand  .-^topiug.  use  temporary  stages  from  which  they  attack 
the  vein  by  means  of  drills,  picks,  &c.  ;  "the  ore  and  rubbish  are'  blasted 
down  and.  jiLled  beliind  the  miners  on  a  strong  scaffolding  of  timbers,  from 
whence  tixe  ore  is  discharged  through  suitable  apertures  called  mfife  or  passes 
(located  at  proper  distances  apart)  to  the  level  below,  to  be  conveyed  by  cars, 
&c.,  to  the  mouth  of  the  level,  or  to  the  hoisting  shaft,  for  elevation  "to  the 
surface.  The  worthless  rubbi.sh  is  sorted  out  and  used  for  filling  material 
to  occuT>y  the  vacancies  and  to  support  the  mine.  When  this  material  is  de- 
ficient it  must  be  supnlied  from  the  surface,  especiallv  when  the  ore  deposits 
ureof  grent  extent  and  the  vacancies  large.  Tie  filling  should  be  tamped  ?oUd. 
In  the  \icinity  of  the  working  elialt  and  other  suitable  places,  pillara  of  veift 


IIOISTIXG    1IACU1^'EET. 


949 


rtone  may  be  allowed  to  remain  with  good  results.  lu  Mexico,  very  exten- 
sive mines  are  w  holly  sustained  by  pilhirs  of  ore,  the  number,  size,  distance 
apart,  &c.,  of  whicli  are  dearly  defined  by  law. 

The  first  process  in  opcuuig  a  mine  i.s  to  find  the  lode,  then  a  hole  ia 
usually  driven  straight  down  into  tlic  earth  go  as  to  etriho  the  lude,  a.s  rep- 
resented in  Fig.  P.  This  id  termed ''sinking  the  sBaft,"  which  is  thou 
carried  down  upon  it  as  shown  in  the  ci'.t,  nlthoui^h  it  frcqucnllv  hapiicns 
that  the  sliaft  is  carried  down  on  the  lode  from  the  sarfaLO.  Astlio  sliaft 
descends  the  adit  level  is  driven  ;  this  is  merely  a  tunnel  dug  from  the 
nearest  valley  or  water-(onr.>^e  ri;;lit  into  the  niouutain  or  hill  iii  whicli  t!ie 
5ode  is  located,  so  th.it  all  the  water  above  the  level  will  How  away  of  itself. 
In  going  deeper  «;tlier  levels  are  d.ivcu  to  the  right  and  left,  extending  to' 
great  distances  from  the  shaft,  but  always  following  the  direction  of  the 
lode,  and  these  levels  are  intoriicnetrated  at  suitable  distances  by  smaller 
shafts,  called  lainzcs,  which  are  of  great  use  in  promoting  proper  ventilation 
in  the  mine.  As  the  workings  are  extended  other  shafts  arc  dug  from  tho 
surface  as  necessity  may  require,  but  they  should  be  at  least  SOO  ft.  apart  ; 
aiid  where  a  mine  has  more  than  one  lode,  a  gallery  or  level,  called  a  "  cross- 
cut," is  driven  to  it  as  shown  at/,  in  Fig.  l).  The  size  of  shafts  vary  accord- 
ing to  the  duty  required.  To  accommodate  pumping  and  winding  m'achincry 
for  elevating  the  ""  kibbles,"  or  buckets  of  ore,  by  steam  ])ower,  it  should  bo 
from  G  to  8  it.  in  width  and  from  14  to  I'O  ft.  in  lengtli.  Square  shafts  are 
usually  lined  ui  whole  or  in  part  with  timber,  and  circular  shafts  are  gen- 
erally built  up  with  stone.    For  a  depth  of  from  50  to  100  ft.  tho  elevation 


Fig.  12.— WlKDLASfl. 

of  the  ore  may  be  effected  by  me.ans  of  a  windlass,  as  shown  in  Fig.  12  ;  in 
jinkii.g  a  "  wiiize  "  from  level  to  level,  but  not  penetrating  to  the  surface, 
the  same  means  are  used,  hut  in  deeper  excavations  it  is  usual  to  raise  tho 
ore  by  what  is  styled  a  "  whim,"  worked  by  horsc-oower,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
13,  in  which  the  cable  which  elevates  the  ore  is  wound  around  a  vertical  drum. 

=3 


Fig.  13 — iroKSE  Whim. 


The  next  illustration,  Fig.  14.  represent.s  an  ingenious  miner's  hoisting 
tt)wer  constructed  by  Reynolds,  Ris  &  Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  who  claim  th*5 


950  hoistin-'g'  MACHnraUT. 

it  will  do  the  work  of  a  steam  engine  at  one-tenth  the  expense,  as  one  hont 
can  easily  hoist  by  it  1000  Iba.  at  a  depth  of  500  ft. 


Fig.  14.— MnraiR's  Hoisting  potver; 

For  deep  mines  the  horse  whim  is  generally  superseded  by  reversible 
winding  engines,  Fig.  15,  in  which  the  chain  or  wire-rope  passes  around  a 
horizontal  drum,  which  is  driven  witli  great  rapidity  by  steam-power,  but 
this  costly  machinery  is  seldom  applied  to  mines  unless  it  is  settled  beyond 
•  doubt  that  they  will  become  of  permanent  value. 


Fig.  15.— The  Gkiffith  &  "Wedge  Winding  Enginb. 


Water-power,  if  available,  can  also  be  used  to  good  advantage  for  lower- 
ing into  the  mine  timbers,  tools,  supplies,  &c. ,  and  for  elevating  ore,  pump- 
ing, &c. 


HOISTIIfG  MACiiTKERT. 


951 


^f;  IG  represents  a  "kibble,"  or  large  iron  bucket  used  in  raising  the 
ore  :  it  will  hold  a  ton,  more  or  less.  Fig.  17,  at  a,  represents  a  contrivance 
running  on  wheels  (on  rails  or  guides  nf  wood  or  nietil)  called  a  "  skip  ■* 
bb,  represents  the  guide,  cc,  timbers  of  the   shaft,  dd,  rock  through  which 


Fig.  16.— A  Kibble,  Fig.  17.— A  Skip. 

the  shaft  is  sunk.  The  skip  has  the  lower  end  of  one  side  hinged  like  a 
dooT,  and  will  hold  2  tons  or  more  if  required.  Formerly  these  contrivances 
were  elevated  by  means  of  hemp  ropes  or  iron  chaiiir,  which  in  manv  cases 
caused  dreadful  accidents  through  frequent  breakages.  Of  late  years  wire 
ropes  have  displaced  the  ropes  and  chains  of  former  times,  "the  tensile 
etreugth  of  wire  rope  being  much  greater,  and  its  tendency  to  rai)tnre  being 
much  less  than  tliat  of  ropes  or  iron  chains,  which  are  liable  to  part  quita 
Widdenly  without  the  slightest  warning,  often  causing  fearful  loss  of  lif«. 
fVire  ropes  never  break  without  giving  previous  warning. 


Fig.  18.  Fig.  19. 

Fig.  18  represents  the  manner  of  timbering  tunnels  when  the  rock  ia  of 
A  Boti,  cruiQbllog  uature^  with  a  liability  to  care  iaward,  tb«  cross  pieces  oa 


952 


TIMBERIIJTG   OP   MINES. 


tlie  tiinnel  bed  being  placed  against  the  vertical  posts  to  enable  ttiem  to 
■v\-itbstand  the  inward  pressure.  Fig.  19  represents  the  method  of  timber- 
ing where  tl>e  tunnel  is  composed  of  solid  rock  on  the  one  side  and  lo«s9 
material  on  the  other. 


Fig.  20.  Fig.  21.  Fig.  22. 

Tigs.  20,  21  and  22  represent  the  underground  timbers  of  a  mine  ;  thff 
first  two  show  the  position  of  timbers  to  sustain  a  vertical  pressure  from 
above,  the  third  figure  represents  an  inclined  timber  to  sustain  both  vertical 
and  side  pressure. 

In  the  lofty  excavations  on  the  Comstock  lode  such  supports  as  the  above 
noted  would  be  utterly  inadequate,  hence  the  plan  of  timbering  in  square 
fcts  was  contrived  and  adopted.  This  consists  of  square  14-inch  timbers 
framed  and  put  together  in  the  form  of  cribs,  as  shown  in  Fig.  23,  four  by 
five  or  six  feet  in  size  ;  tlie?e  cribs  are  piled  one  upon  another  to  any  desired 
height,  and  firmly  framed  together  so  as  to  fill  up  and  support  the  roof  and 
pidcs  of  any  sized'  cavity  or  excavation,  wliile  the  interior  vacancies  may  be 
packed  solid  with  waste  rock.  They  also  serve  to  sustain  the  stulls  or  "tim- 
bers (frequently  in  very  lofty  positions)  which  are  occupied  by  the  miuers 
while  at  work  extracting  the  ore. 

A  tunnel  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  shaft  when  it  forms  with  the  horizon  an 
angle  exceeding  forty  five  degrees  (45°).  A  common  size  for  tunnels  is  3 
ft.  wide  at  th.e  top,  3|  to  4  ft.  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  6  ft.  high,  but  the  size 
is  quite  often  determined  by  the  size  of  the  vein  in  which  it  is  driven,  the 
size  of  tlie  one  being  generally  made  to  conform  to  that  of  the  other.  As  a 
Tule,  shafts  and  tunnels  should  be  wrought  in  the  lode. 

The  item  of  timbering  the  various  shafts,  tunnels,  excavations,  &c.,  of 
mines  is  one  of  immense  cost,  but  it  is  of  paramount  importance  that  the 
■work  be  efBciently  performed  by  competent  workmen,  otliervvise  loss  of 
life  and  serious  damage  to  the  works  will  certainly  result.  The  timber 
should  be  left  as  roimd  as  possible,  be  stripped  of  its  bark,  and  to  ensure 
safety  against  rot,  be  kept  well  saturated  with  water  by  means  of  little 
spouts  or  pipes  in  connection  with  the  cisterns. 

In  some  mines  the  pillars  of  rock,  ore,  &c.,  left  standing  at  suitable  dis- 
tances for  the  ]irotection  of  the  mine,  preclude  the  necessity  for  proi>s  of 
timber.  In  addition  to  the  above,  ^'le  refuse  rubbish  which  accumulates  in 
the  mine  after  the  extraction  of  the  ore,  is  piled,  up  against  the  supports  to 
£11  up  the  excavations  so  as  to  sustain  the  immense  masses  overhead. 

In  mining  operations,  penetration  is  effected  by  means  of  rock  drills, 
manual  tools,  gunpowder,  fire,  nitro-glycerine,  &c.;  the  hand  tools  for  drill- 
ing and  blasting  are,  a  sledge,  borer,  claying-bar,  scraper,  needle  or  7iail, 
and  a  tamping-bar.  The  borer  is  of  iron,  titipcd  with  steel,  shaped  lilvC  a 
Btout  chisel,  and  well  tempered.  The  hole  being  drilled,  a  cartridge  is  in- 
serted iu  it^  or  a  quautity  ot  gunpowder  ia  rammed  in  aud  fir^d.    To  in- 


now    PENETRATION    IS    EFFECTED 


953 


crease  tlie  force  of  tho  [lowder,  tlip  npppr  part  of  the  ixpcrturo  ahovo  the 
powder  is  (aiter  the  (use  is  propiuly  inserted)  lillfd  with  sand  or  clay, 
wliich  is  rammed  down  hard  by  iikmiis  of  a  tampin;/  bar,  formod  of  hard 
■wood,  or  of  iron  with  a  copper  tip,  wliicli  is  ptriick  witli  .1  heavy  hammer. 
In  many  instances  lamentable  accidents  have  occurred  by  the  use  of  iron  or 
steel  tamping  bars  causing  premature  explosions  by  stril/ing  fire  against  the 
sides  of  the  hole  ;  hence  tho  necessity  for  the  use  of  wooden,  or  copper- 
tipped  tamping  bars,  which  never,  under  any  circumstances,  strike  fire  by 
concussion  against  the  rocks.  Tho  hole  being  tamped,  tho  projecting  end  of 
the  safety-ftrsoi;?  ignited,  and  ■while  tho  combustiblo  matter  which  fills  tho 
interior  of  t^.e  fu?o  is  slowly  burning  towards  tho  end  inserted  in  tha 
powder,  the  men  ■wit.hdraw  to  a  sheltered  place  to  avoid  danger  from  tho  (ly- 
ing rocks  projected  by  the  explosion.  As  nearly  as  CJiu  bo  computed  tha 
amount  of  powder  employed  iu  blasting  sliould  be  just  enough  to  split  tho 
rock  ;  in  some  cases  this  is  effected  by  the  action  of  fire  without  blasting. 


Fig.  23.— Timbering  of  Mikks  on  the  Comstook  i.nni'. 

In  using  nitro-glyceriue  for  blasting  in  mines,  tho  advantages  are,  that 
it  requires  a  smaller  hole  than  gunpowder;  it  disi)euses  witli  tamjiing,  aa 
water  only  is  used  (to  fill  the  holes),  in  which  it  is  easily  ignited  ;  it  is  much 
cheaper  than  gunpowder,  and  has,  taken  volume  for  volume,  twelve  tiniea 
greater  explosive  force.  See  page  iMVi  Lastly,  it  can,  with  j^ropor  ])re-. 
cautions,  be  easily  manufactured  on  or  near  the  s^wit  where  it  is  required 
lor  use,  the  main  conditions  being,  that  syrup  of  glycerine  shall  be  slwwlj 


954  QUARTZ   MACHINEET. 

dropped  in  a  compound  formed  of  equal  quantities  of  nitric  and  sulp^.iaricj 
acids  contained  iu  a  strong  vessel  surrounded  by  ice,  witii  a  thorough  agita- 
tion of  the  mixture  alter  each  addition  of  the  syrup.  The  nitro-glyceriue, 
of  an  oily  composition,  is  removed  from  tlie  surface  and  repeatedly  wa^lied 
with  clean  water.  It  is  liable  to  explosion  during  the  process  of  manufac- 
ture, if  not  kept  cold. 

The  disadvantages  of  nitro-glycerine  are,  that  it  is  poisonous,  and  exhales 
poisonous  vapors  after  being  exploded,  thus  rendering  its  use  impossible  ia 
confined  workings  under  ground  ;  it  explodes  at  a  temperature  of  300*^ 
Fahr.  ;  when  pure  it  explodes  by  concussion  alone,  and  when  impure  it  is 
liable  to  spontaneous  explosion. 

In  quartz  mining  the  grand  primary  step  in  beginning  should  be  to  deter- 
mine, beyond  doubt,  the  value  of  the  vein  or  mine.  In  "prospecting"  a 
vein  of  the  Rake  species,  a  shaft  should.be  sunk  on  it  to  a  depth  of  at  least 
100  ft.  and  a  tunnel  driven  to  correspond.  If  the  ore  on  being  worked  yields 
favorable  results,  tlie  inference  is  that  it  is  safe  to  invest  money  on  a  large 
jscale  in  the  erection  of  suitable  machinery  for  extensive  mining  operations. 

QUARTZ  MACHINERY. 

Among  the  appliances  for  this  purpose  may  be  mentioned  ore-breakers, 
stamp  batteries,  grinders,  amalgamators,  concentrators,  separators,  cruci- 
ties,  retorts,  &c.  The  ore-breaker  is  used  for  crushing  mineral  substances 
into  fragments  small  enough  to  be  passed  into  the  stamp  batteries. 

The  following  cuts  represent  the  Blake  Ore  Breaker,  a  machine  widely 
known  as  having  earned  for  itself  the  highest  character  for  efficiency  where- 
ever  it  has  been  brought  into  use. 


Fig.  24.— Breaker  at  'Work.        Fig.  25.— Sectional  view  of  Breakkb, 

Its  principal  features  are  a  heavy  frame,  in  which  are  set  two  upright 
jaws,  one  of  which  is  usually  fixed,  while  the  other  has  a  slight  vibratory 
movement  imprtTted  by  a  rotating  shaft.  These  jaws  are  wide  enough  ajiart 
at  the  top  to  receive  the  ore  to  be  broken,  but  converge  towards  each  other 
below,  so  that  at  the  bottom  the  opening  is  only  wide  enough  to  permit  the 
fragments  to  pass  when  broken  to  the  required  size.  The  working  parts 
are  made  enormouslx  strong  and  massive  to  with.stand  the  strain  and  wear 
to  which  they  are  subjectjid  in  crushing  rocks  and  minerals,  some  of  which 
will  yield  only  to  a  pressure  of  l',ih  tons  (27,000  lbs.)  to  the  square  inch. 
One  of  these  machines,  weighing  11,600  lbs.,  and  requiring  6  horse-power, 
with  a  feed  opening  of  15  x  i)  ins.  area,  will  reduce  100  to  1.50  tons  of  rock 
per  day  to  a  size  suitable  for  the  batteries.  Tliese  machines  are  made  of 
various  sizes  ;  some  of  them  will  take  in  a  stone  weighing  hulf  a  ton  and 
reduce  it  to  fragments  in  5  seconds.  The  crank  should  lu.nke  about  180 
revolutions  per  minute.     For  macadamizing  purposes,  a  15  x  !)  macliine  will 

Eroduce  100  cubic  yds.  of  road  metal  per  day,  the  fragments  being  1|  ina. 
1  diam.  and  less.    The  distance  between  the  jaws  at  the  bottom,  wbkb 


THE   STAMP  BATTEEY.  056 

Bmits  the  size  of  the  fragments,  may  be  regulated  at  pleasure,  and  tb« 
wearing  parts,  when  worn  oat,  may  be  replacoU  by  new  platrs  at  >li^'iit  aost. 
There  are  other  ore  breakers  iu  the  market,  as  Alden's,  liulKxk's,  &c., 
which  give  very  good  results,  and  are  iu  every  respect  reliable  iuachiu«». 

THE  STAMP  BATTERY.  , 

Fig.  26- presents  a  view  of  the  method  of  wet-craghlng  by  stamp  batteries, 
with  a  row  of  Hepburn  and  Peterson's  amalgamating  pans  iu  front.  Iu  the 
rear  is  the  engine  which  supplies  the  motive  power  to  operate  the  stami)s, 
which  are  raised  by  cams  secured  to  the  horizoutil  sliaftiug  showu  in  front 
of  the  vertical  stamp  stems.  The  liquefied  ma.-;s  of  ore  paivses  from  the  b.at- 
teries  through  the  perforated  sheet-iron,  or  wire  screens,  int(j  the  sluice 
boxes  disi)layed  in  front  of  the  batteries.  The  battery  couijirises  tlie  frame 
(usually  formed  of  strong  timbers),  stiiups,  mortars,  stamp-stems,  cams, 
cam-shaft,  tappets,  shoes,  dies,  guides,  and  screens. 

In  operating  on  a  large  scale,  mortars  are  usu.illy  arranged  to  accomo- 
date three,  four,  five,  or  six  stamps  each,  but  mill  men  of  long  exi)erienc« 
prefer  the  five-stamp  mortar,  and  round  instead  of  square  stamps.  The 
cam-shaft  is  a  round  bar  of  iron,  usually  about  4\  ins.  diam.,  turned,  finish- 
ed, and  with  the  cams  secured  on  it  by  means  of  "keys,  is  frequently  used  to 
operate  from  5  to  GO  or  more  stamps  stinding  in  "line.  The  lift  of  the 
stamps  is  effected  by  the  cams  operating  on  tappets  which  project  from  the 
stamp  stems.  The  latter  are  of  wrought  iron,  turned,  finished,  and  fitted 
into  the  stamp  head,  which  is  formed  of  the  toughest  cast-iron,  and  armed 
■with  a  "shoe"  formed  of  the  best  cast-steel  or  white  iron,  on  the  lower 
part,  next  the  mortar  die.  The  shoes  may  be  removed  and  rei)laced  by 
new  ones  when  they  are  worn  out.  The  mortiir  dies  should  be  formed  of 
the  same  material  as  the  shoes,  and  well  secured  on  solid  timber  foundations 
■with  one  die  under  each  stamp.  The  stimp  guides  are  usuallv  formed  of 
the  hardest  wood  procurable,  and  are  fastened  by  iron  bolts  to  the  cross  ties 
of  the  battery  timber  frame. 

The  screen  in  general  use  for  working  ores  by  the  wet  process,  is  formed 
of  the  best  Russia  i«heet-iron,  perforated  by  punches  ranging  in  size  from 
the  number  nine  to  the  number  one  sewing  needle.  In  working  ores  by  the 
dry  process,  the  screen  is  generally  made  of  wire,  ranging  iu  fineness  from 
900  to  10,000  meshes  to  the  inch. 

Tlie  capacity  of  a  stamp  weighing  650  lbs.,  with  90  12-in.  drops  in  a  min- 
ute, is  equivalent  to  the  reduction  of  L'J  tons  of  hard,  tough  ore  in  24  hours, 
and  the  power  used  is  nearly  ^  horse-jwwcr  per  ton  of  ore.  To  obtain  the 
best  results  m  feeding  the  rock  into  the  battery,  the  rule  among  practical 
mill  men  is  to  grade  the  supply  of  rock  so  that  the  blows  of  iron  to  iron  will 
be  heard  every  10th  or  15th  stroke  of  the  stamp,  and  the  weight  of  water  to 
rock  required  for  the  reduction  of  gold  or  silver  ore  is  as  4?!  to  1.  j 

In  constructing  a  sfcimivmill,  the  primary  object  should  be  to  secure  a 
flite  of  at  least  21  or  22  ft.  elevation,  in  order  to  so  arrange  the  different! 
floors  that  the  material  under  manipulation  shall  pass  by  its  own  gravity! 
from  one  stage  of  the  process  to  another,  and  the  location  should,  if  ix)ssible,[ 
be  in  close  proximity  to  the  mine  from  which  the  mineral  pnxlucts  are  ob- 
tained. The  foundations  under  all  the  machines  must  possess  absolute 
stability  :  if  the  bed-rock,  owing  to  it*  depth,  is  not  available  for  founda- 
tion purposes,  brick  or  stone  work,  or  timber  mud-sills  mu.<t  be  substituted. 
¥or  stamp  batteries,  vertical  timbers,  strongly  btiuud  together,  resting  oa 
the  bed-rock,  or  otherwise  properly  secured,  will  he  found  in  every  respect 
to  form  the  be.*;t  possible  foundation  for  the  mortars.     The  vertical  positioa 

fives  easier  access  for  making  re)>airs, the  removal  of  defeitive  timbers, 
:c.,  together  with  less  con'-'issiou  fr-mi  the  blows  of  the  stamps  than  wb«^ 
the  futudatiou  timbera  occupy  a  horizontal  position. 


AKRi.N'GEirE'S'T   OF   GOLD  AJJt)   STLVEB  MILLS.  957 

The  entire  appliances  of  the  mill,  consisting  of  the  batteries,  rock- 
l)re;iker,  grinders,  amalgamators,  concentrators,  &c.,  arc  oiieratod  by  mcana 
of  shafting,  wiiich  transmits  the  power  to  tlic  various  machines  by  nicans  of 
pulleys,  belts,  or  gearing,  tlic  prime  mover  being  either  water  or  Kteam 
power. 

In  the  arrangement  of  a  silver  mill,  the  rock  breaker,  or  ore  crvuher 
is  the  first  in  order,  and  the  stanip  bulteries  follow  at  a  distance  of  12  or 
more  feet,  tht.  iced  floor  of  the  latter  being  10  ft. ,  more  or  leas,  below  tho 
floor  of  the  ore  crusher.  Tlie  rock  icd  into  the  batteries  being  trltarateJ 
sufficiently  fine  to  pas  ^  thiciigh  Ni  4  or  No.  5  perforated  Russia  iroij 
screens,  the  fluid  mass  passes  from  tiio  stamps  into  the  settling  tanlcs,  which 
are  generally  placed  so  that  their  tops  are  level  witli  the  upper  side  of  the 
battery  frame  sills. 

The  liinks  should  be  arranged  in  successive  series  in  order  to  accord 
ample  space  for  the  water  to  deposit  tho  suspended  ore  before  passing  off. 
A  good  size  for  tanks  is  5  X  7  ft.,  with  a  depth  of  3  ft,  which  will  afford 
capacity  for  between  4  and  5  tons  of  crushed  ore. 

Ne.Kt  in  order,  near  the  tanks,  follow  the  grinders  and  amalgamators, 
with  their  upper  rims  level  with  the  tops  of  the  tanks.  After  pa.«sing  tho 
tanks  the  ore  is  worked  in  charges,  and  reduced  in  these  machines  to  a 
slimy  mass,  and  one  of  these  ccmtrivances,  with  muller  4  ft.  diam.,  requir- 
ing about  5  ft.  fall  and  7  ft.  run,  the  muller  making  75  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, will  reduce  5  tons  of  ore  in  24  hours  with  5  horee-power. 

Tlie  separator  follows  in  close  proximity  to  the  grinder  and  amalgama.- 
tor,  its  sides  being  frequently  under  the  iilatform  of  the  latter,  and  some- 
times removed  from  under  it  and  slightly  elevated  above  it.  Wheeler  and 
Randall's  Conoidal  Separator,  7  ft.  diam.,  with  a  capacity  for  working  10 
tons  of  ore  per  day  with  1  horse-power,  requires  of  itself  4  to  5  ft.  fall  and 
y  ft.  run,  including  platform. 

The  concentrator  is  the  next  in  order,  receiving  tho  ore  as  it  passes  from 
the  separator,  the  denser  and  richer  portions  flowing  off  at  tlie  aulphuret 
l)ipe  into  the  tank,  and  the  less  valuable  part  passing  away  at  tie  discharge 
end.  Tho  Tabular  Concentrator  requires  about  .'•  ft.  fall  and  10  ft.  run,  and 
is  capable  of  working  from  5  to  10  tons  of  ore  per  day  with  one-half  of  a 
horse-power. 

The  applia,nces  of  a  gold  mij-l  include  the  rock  breaker,  stamps, 
grinder  and  amalgamator,  sejiaratov,  &c.,  as  noted  above  in  the  descnj)- 
tion  of  a  silver  mill,  with  tlio  .sole  exception  that  they  are  subject  to  greater 
modification  of  arrangement,  which  is  determined  in  every  case  by  tho 
character  of  the  gold  and  the  rock  to  be  operated  upon. 

The  various  machines,  as  arranged  in  the  silver  mill  just  described,  may 
be  rendered  available  for  operations  on  gold  where  the  latter  is  fine  and 
equally  diffused  through  the  rock,  only  a  larger  number  of  concentr.itors 
and  amalgamators  should  be  used,  the  latter  ju^t  after  the  stamp  batteries, 
and  as  amalgamators  only. 

Amalgamators,  grinders  and  separators  should  not  be  employed  where 
tho  »)ld  is  quite  coarse  and  clean  in  the  rock. 

What  is  known  as  the  "  continuous  process  "  is  the  one  best  adapted  for 
■working  rock  where  the  gold  is  coarse  and  coated. 

Where  the  gold  in  the  rock  is  largely  combined  with  sulphurcts,  the 
T)est  method  is  to  use  the  concentrators  and  amalgamators  imuiediatoly 
after  the  batteries,  the  approved  way  being  to  reduce  the  concentrated  por- 
tions of  the  rock  in  the  grinders  and  amalgamators,  work  in  separators,  and 
lastly,  tre;it  by  means  of  another  scries  of  concentrators. 

The  be.st  authorities  prefer  amalgamating  in  the  batteries,  but  tliis  must 
be  done  with  the  iitmast  care,  for  if  too  little  quicksilver  be  added  tlio 
amalgam  will  become  dry  and  gi».nular,  and  flow  away  with  the  current  nf 
crushed  ore  ;  if  too  much  be  added  the  resultiut  amalgam  will  liquify  and 
l>e  carried  off  by  the  stream.    The  practiail  rido  is  to  feed  the  quicksilvet 


1^58 


JifiXlCAS'  ARASTSl. 


kito  the  batteries  In  small  quantities,  and  feed  frequently,  spnnkhng  ot 
expressing  it  through  buckskin  or  other  porous  material,  go  that  the  amal- 
gam after  emergiug  from  the  screens,  maj-  be  mdented  by  a  slight  pres- 
sure between  the  fingers  ;  if  the  consistency  is  such  tliat  ifwill  retain  the 
fint^er  marks  it  is  just  right.  The  quantity  of  quicksilver  required  varies 
Tvith  tlie  amount  of  gold  in  the  ore  ;  1  oz.  of  quicksilver  to  1  oz.  of  gold  is  a 
common  ailo-a-ance  ;  -when  the  gold  is  very  fine,  1^  to  1^,  and  even  2  ozs.  to 
1  of  gold  may  be  added.  ,       . ,        ,  ^^  ,  ^  ■   ■      ^.v 

In  amal<^amating  in  the  battery,  the  sides  of  the  enclosure  contammg  the 
stamps  ia  fitted  the  entire  length  of  the  battery  vrith  amalgamated  copper 
plat«s  from  3  to  5  ins.  wide,  arranged  with  a  pitch  of  35°  or  40°  toward  the 
dies  One  of  the  plates  is  placed  at  the  feed  side  and  the  other  at  the  dis- 
charge side  of  the  stamps,  and  the  amalgamation  is  effected  by  rubbing 
quicksUver"^on  the  pl.ites.  as  described  on  page  454.  With  ore  containing 
heaw  gold  from  60  to  70  per  cent,  may  be  saved  in  the  battery  by  tha 
amal'^'am  plate's,  but  with  lisht  gold,  from  300  to  400  fine,  not  so  much,  aa 
it  is  liable  to  become  entangled  with  the  light  scum  of  foreign  matters  and 
pass  away  with  the  current. 


Fig.  27.— Mexica>'  Abastba. 

Amaixjamation  of  Gold  in  the  Ak.\str.v. — The  arastra  is  composed 
of  a  circular  granite-paved  bottom,  from  6  to  20  ft.  in  diam.,  surrounded  by 
a  wooden  enclosure  over  2  ft.  high,  with  a  vertical  wooden  shaft  in  the  cen- 
tre, provided  with  two  or  more  projecting  arms  to  which  muUers  (composed 
of  large  blocks  of  granite)  are  attached  by  means  of  chains,  as  shown  in 
rig.  27.  This  primitive,  but  effective  machine  is  oiwrated  by  mules  wheu 
■water-iiower  is  not  available  ;  the  mullers  making  from  G  to  10  revolutions 
per  minute,  with  a  cajiacity  of  grinding  from'  1^  to  2  tons  of  rock  (the  frag- 
ments being  broken  as  small  as  a  hen's  egg.  or  less)  in  24  hours.  Of  tha 
araptra.  Mr.  Kustel.  a  high  authoritv,  writes  as  follows  : 

"  When  in  motion,  the  arastra  is'charged  with  200  lbs.  of  ore,  with  soma 
water.  One-quarter  of  an  hour  afterward  the  balance  of  the  whole 
charge,  irom  400  to  600  lbs,,  is  introduced.    As  gooa  as  the  ore  is  turned 


TREATMENT  OF  GOLD  ORES.  959 

Into  mud  1  or  2  ozs.  of  cjuicksilver  are  pressed  through  a  dry  cloth  over  the 
thick  pulp.  ,  A  sample  is  taken  from  time  to  time  with  the  horn  spoon, 
waslicil,  and  cx;iinincil.  'Wlien  free  {:oki  is  perceived,  after  the  amalgama- 
tion lias  tjone  on  for  some  time,  some  more  (luicksilver  may  be  aihlcd.  Tho 
first  charges  re(]uire  a  litllc  more  iiuicksilver.  After  4  or  5  liours  the  pulp 
is  diluted  with  water  and  dischari;('d.  The  next  charge  is  treated  in  the 
same  way.  and  so  on  tiil  ]IX)  t)r  l.'-O  ton.s  are  worked  through.  The  quick- 
silver must  be  used  always  in  proportion  with  the  g,old— 1  or  1^  ozs.  to  1  or.. 
of  gold.  The  amalgam  imbeds  in  the  crevices  of  the  bottom,  and  must  bo 
always  dry.  Tb.e  use  of  too  much  quicksilver  makes  the  amalgam  thin, 
causes  an  imperfect  amalgamation,  and  a  loss  in  quicksilver,  which  is  often 
found  beneath  the  liottom  rock."  When  the  reducing  and  amalgamating 
proce.-^s  is  Uuished  the  slime  is  washed  off,  and  the  amalgam  cleaned  up, 
Bqueezed,  and  retorted. 

A.'M.\L«AJi.\TioN  OF  GoLD  BY  THE  Pan  PROCESS. — In  tliis  proccs.s  the 
ore,  as  it  comes  from  the  stamps,  is  still  further  reduced  by  being  thor- 
onglily  ground  (with  sufficient  water  to  form  a  thin  paste)  in  iron  pans,  in 
combination  with  quicksilver.  Some  maintiiin  that  the  i)rocess  is  acceler- 
ated by  means  of  heat,  applied  by  passing  steam  into  cluimbers  underneath 
the  pulp,  or  into  tlie  charge  in  the  pan,  but  extended  experiments  do  not 
confirm  this  view.  The  quicksilver  is  generally  added  as  the  pans  com- 
inouce  running,  and,  to  avoid  excessive  trituration  of  the  quicksilver,  tho 
addition  is  often  made  with  the  mnller  slightly  elevated,  after  the  grindiufe^ 
of  the  ores.  After  the  process  is  finislied  the  charge  is  withdrawn  and 
Avashcd,  leaving  the  amalgam  in  the  separators.  With  the  Wheeler  & 
Kiuidall  grinders  and  amalgamators  (4  It.  mnller),  the  proportions  of  thf 
charge  is,  ore  'JOOO  lbs.,  quicksilver,  30  to  70  lbs.,  revolutions  of  nmller,  GO 
to  t)5,  time  of  reducing,  generally  about  3  hours. 

The  pan  process,  if  well  conducted,  will  secure  as  much  as  95  per  cent, 
of  the  gold  detected  by  a  fire  assay,  but  it  is  not  well  adapted  for  treating 
raw  ores  containing  the  compounds  of  suli>hur,  iron,  bismuth,  tellurium, 
antimony,  arsenic,  lead,  or  zinc,  until  such  ores  have  been  roasted  or 
emclted,  and  the  pernicious  substances  tluu'oughly  expelled. 

Treatment  of  Gold  Ores  hytiik  Ciilc)rination  Process. — In  this 
process  the  effective  agent  is  chlorine  gas,  evolved  bj  heating  sulphuric 
acid,  per-oxido  of  manganese,  and  salt  in  a  leaden  generator.  The  aurif- 
erous ore.  after  being  well  pulverized,  roat^tcd,  cooled,  aiul  wet  with  water, 
is  placed  in  wooden  tubs  about  7  ft.  diam.  and  25  or  30  ins.  deep,  provided 
with  false  bottoms.  The  cldoriue  gas  is  conveyed  from  the  generator  under 
the  false  bottom  by  lead  pijies,  and  permeates  the  whole  mass  in  a  few 
hours,  transforming  the  gold  into  a  terchlorido  of  gold.  When  the  greenish 
tinge  of  the  gas  becomes  visible  on  the  surface  of  the  mass,  the  tub  is  cov- 
ered close  by  a  wooden  cover  for  the  space  of  10  or  15  hours,  after  which  it 
is  removed  and  clean  water  is  poured  on  the  ore,  which  leaches  through  it 
and  carries  off  tho  dissolved  gold  through  a  discharge  pipe  lielow  into  glass 
vessels.  The  addition  of  sulphate  of  inm,  in  solution,  is  u.sed  to  precipitate 
the  gold,  which  falls  in  the  form  of  a  black-brown  jiowder,  and  may  be  col- 
lected, melted,  and  run  into  bars.  Ores  containing  lime  and  talc  should  be 
roasted  with  salt  before  being  treated  by  this  process,  and  in  every  case  the 
j^as  should  be  purified  from  muriatic  acid  by  being  forced  through  clean 
water  before  being  used.  Any  silver  in  the  metallic  state  jircsent  in  tho 
ore  treated  by  this  ju-ocess,  is  transformed  into  chloride  of  silver,  which  i« 
eoluble  only  in  a  hot  .solution  of  .^alt,  but  the  chloride  of  gold  is  soluble  in 
water,  as  described  above. 

Retorting  of  Gold  Amaloam. — The  retorts  in  common  nse  are  cone- 
•shaped  cast-iron  vessels  with  circular  bottoms.  Tiie  cone  is  attached  to  the 
upper  i)art  bv  a  clamj)  and  wedu;c  (the  joint  between  being  hited  with  clay> 
aud  is  provided  with  au  exhaust  iii^ie  iu  syphou  ehapc,  the  ghorter  arm  of 


960  MBTALLUEGY    OF    SILTEE. 

•which  is  screwed  into  the  cover,  while  the  longer  one  passes  throngh  a  ves" 
eel  filled  with  cold  water  (or  a  wrapping  of  wet  cloths  may  be  used  instead! 
during  the  time  of  ojjeration.  The  interior  of  the  retort  should  be  dusted 
with  whiting,  meal,  or  any  other  suitable  substance,  to  preveut  the  amalgiim 
from  adhering,  and  then  filled  not  over  two-thirds  full,  this  precaution  being 
necessary  to  prevent  the  apparatus  from  rupture  by  the  choking  of  the  ex- 
haust pipe,  or  from  any  other  cause.  Apply  the  heat  first  of  all  to  tlie  upper 
part  of  the  retort  and  the  short  arm  of^he  i>ipe,  then  to  the  lower  part,  in- 
creasing the  heat  gradually  to  all  parts,  but  never  going  much  higher  than 
a  brii^ht  cherry  red. 

The  quicksilver,  volatilized  by  the  heat,  passes  over  and  down  the  long 
arm  of  the  pipe,  through  the  condenser,  and  into  the  receiver,  which  is 
usually  a  vessel  filled  with  water. 

Ckccibles. — Crucibles  are  used  for  melting  metals,  compounding  alloys, 
reducing  ores,  assaying,  &c.  Forfuil  directions  for  making  crucibleg,  con- 
Bult  pp.  491  and  502. 

Ingot  Moulds. — These  are  formed  of  cast-iron  with  a  trough-shaped 
cavity,  slightly  wider  and  longer  at  the  upper  part  t'.jan  nt  the  lower,  so  as  to 
permit  the  easy  dislodgemeut  of  tJie  ingot  This  is  further  promoted  by  oil- 
ing tlie  interior  of  tlie  mould  previous  to  use. 

In  estimating  the  capacity  of  an  ingot  mould,  it  is  usual  to  rate  each  cubic 
inch  for  gold  at  $125,  and  for  silver  at  $4.25. 

T'.vx. — Tn  metallurgy  or  chemistry  a  flius  is  a  substance  or  mixture 
used  to  promote  tlie  fashion  of  metals  or  minerals.  Black  jflux  is  used  by  in- 
troducing slowly  in  small  portions,  into  a  crucible  heated  to  a  very  dull  red 
heat,  a  compound  of  either  ec|ual  parts  of  cream  of  tartar  and  nitre,  or  two 
jjarts  of  cream  of  tarter  and  one  of  nitre,  muie  flux  is  compounded  of  one 
part  of  cream  of  tartar  and  two  parts  of  nitre. 


METALLURGY  OF  SILVER. 

The  methods  in  common  use  for  the  extraction  o£  silver  from  the  ore  may 
be  classified  as  follows :  1.  Amalgamation  of  unroasted  ores  in  iron  iians- 
2.  Amalgamation  of  roasted  ores  in  btirrels,  iron  pans,  steam  tul>s.  &c. 
.%  Patio  process  of  amalgamation  in  l)e:.:,s.  4.  Smelting  with  lead  ores,  or 
iead,  and  final  separation  of  the  silver  by  cu]>ellation. 

Ajialgamatiox  of  Uneoasted  Oke.-;  ix  Iron  Paxs. — This  method, 
known  among  miners  as  the  "  wet  process,"  is  in  quite  extensive  n?c  for 
grinding  the  unroa.<tcd  ore  (after  jia-^sing  through  the  stamj^s  and  settling 
tanks)  with  water  into  an  impalpable  slime.  The  limited  capacity  of  t!.o 
first  pans  proved  a  barrier  to  extensive  operations  by  the  wet  process,  the 
small  quantity  of  ore  operated  on,  and  the  long  time  required  to  work  tlie 
charge,  being  serious  drawbacks  to  rapid  progress.  Figures  28  and  29  jire- 
seut  a  view  of  tlie  common  iron  pan,  in  whicli  a  is  a  wooden  cross  in  which 
wooden  blocks,  b,  with  iron  shoes,  c,  are  fastened  by  the  bolts,  d ;  each  shoe 
has  a  pin,  e,  fitting  into  the  wooden  block,  in  order  to  prevent  its  moving  ; 
on  the  shaft,  r/,  L?  the  yoke,  /;  the  two  ends  of  the  yoke  fit  in  the  holes,  h, 
of  the  cross,  a,  but  not  too  tightly,  so  that  the  mnller  can  descend  as  the 
shoes  wear  away.  Steam  is  passed  into  the  slimy  charge  of  ore  through  the 
pipe,  ?,-  k  k  are  discharge  pi'>es  ;  m  is  a  false  bottom  of  iron,  formed  in  one 
piece,  and  2  inches  thicli.  In  the.-je  jwius  the  uiuller  revolves  with  a  srrinding 
action,  like  a  millstone,  reducing  t'.;e  previously  pulverized  ore  to  the  finest 
slime,  and  intermixing  the  quicksilver  ^vith  the  mass. 

The  Wheeler  &  Randall  Excelsior  Grinding  and  Amalgamatins  Pan.  rei>- 
resented  by  Fia:.  28.  takes  high  rank  as  an  efficient  mrchine.  It  is  of  ^-.st- 
Iron,  has  the  conoidal  form,  the  centre  rising  as  high  as  the  rim,  and  moulded 


METALLUBGT    OP    SILVB*.  Ml 

GO  that  its  veilical  section  forms  the  tractory  curve,  or  cnrve  of  equal  w««r, 
eecuriug  perfect  unil'onuity  in  tlie  ^yoariug  of  the  shoes  on  tlio  mullex 
and  the  dies.  Tlie  mullor  is  propelled  by  a  centre  shaft,  the  nnpor  part  of 
which  is  a  screw  to  which  the  mailer  la  attached,  and  is  propelled  by  gear 


i'lg.  i:^).— COUUON  AHAIiOAHATtNO  PAS. 


Fig.  29i 

wheelg  on  the  unjier  side  of  the  pan.  The  rauller  Is  attached  by  a  large  nut 
and  secured  to  its  place  bv  a  kev  which  euttrs  a  slot  cut  n])on  one  side  of  the 
screw.  The  bottom  is  provided  with  a  steam  chamber  or  false  bottom  :  the 
distince  between  the  miillcr  and  the  dieH  is  rei;ulated  In-  a  screw  on  the  out- 
side of  the  pan.  which,  bv  means  of  n  bent  lever  nt  the  bottom,  raises  the 
vortical  shaft,  liftintr  the  muller  from  the  surface  when  required. 

In  chardnc,  the  muller  is  raised  a  little,  aoas  to  revolve  freely,  water  i« 
admitted  tijrongh  the  liose  or  pipe,  the  ore.  as  it  come?  from  the  8tamp<»  an* 


962 


METALLtJBGT   OJ*    SILVEB. 


BCttling  tanks  (ores  containing  mucli  antimony  should  be  roasted)  is  shovelled 
in,  and  steam  is  introduced  througli  tlie  steam  chamber  in  the  bottom,  or 
directly  into  the  pulp,  the  latter  method  giving  the  higher  temperature. 
Keep  the  heat  at  or  near  200°  Fahr.,  turn  off  the  steam  if  the  pulp  becomes 
too  thin,  and  allow  it  to  thicken  by  the  evaporation  of  the  water  while  the 
temperature  is  maintained  by  means  of  the  steam  chamber.  Do  not  pass 
the  exhaust  steam,  charged  with  oil  from  the  engine,  direct  into  the  pulp,  aa 


Fig.  30.— WHEELEa  AXD  RA2a)ALL'S    A  M  A  T.fl  ^  IT  a  TPTft  PaX. 


It  prevents  amalgamation  ;  use  live  steam  from  the  boiler  for  this  purpose, 
but  the  former  may  be  used  in  tlie  steam  cliamber  if  desired.  The  pulp,  if 
too  thick,  causes  a" waste  of  power,  if  too  thin  it  will  not  amalgamate  well. 

After  commencing  to  grind,  the  muUer  should  be  gradually  lowered  ;  in 
2  hours  the  ore  should  be  reduced  to  a  fine  pulp  ;.  at  this  period  quicksilver 
ie  enprplled  by  pressing  it  through  canvas,  so  as  to  scatter  it  throagn  the  pulp 


ITETALLTTRGT   OF    SILTHB.  S)65 

In  A  finely  divided  Ptete  ;  the  muller  is  then  slightly  raised  from  the  bottom, 
to  aToid  grinding  the  quicksilver,  which  would  flour  it,  and  the  jiction  ih 
continued  for  '2  hoars  longer. 

Th9  proportions  used  to  clitirgc  one  of  these  mns  with  4  ft.  muller  are  • 
ore  t*ttie  charge,  liOOO  lbs.,  quicksilver,  30  to  70  lbs.,  rarying  witli  the  quality 


Fig.  31.— Agitator. 


Fig  S2.— Wheeler's  Agitatok. 

•f  the  ore  ;  revolutions  of  muller  per  minute,  60  to  G5.  Many  cliemical  i 
pounds  have  been  used  in  treatins:  raw  ores  containinp  sulphide  of  silver,  in 
order  to  promote  the  decomno.^ition  of  the  ores,  but  their  use  was  more  prev- 
alent of  late  years  than  at  tne  present  time.  A  number  of  practical  receipti 
lor  making  them  will  be  found  below. 


964  METALLUBGT   OP   SILVER. 

The  grinding:  and  amalgamating  being  completed,  the  palp  is  diluted 
■with  water  and  diALharged  into  the  separator,  when  it  is  tiioitsughly  waahed 
in  plenty  of  clean  wr.ter.  Duiing  the  first  twenty  minutes  but  little  water 
phould  be  ad  led  tj  tlie  slime  in  the  separator  :  after  that  time  it  may  La 
tilled  IK  arly  to  the  trim  by  a  small  stream  of  pure  water  kept  running'  for 
.0  Liiuutes  or  more  if  necessary  ;  then  one  aiter  another,  beginning  with 
the  highest,  draw  the  plugs  from  the  holes  and  allow  the  pulp  to  run  off 
slowly,  clean  water  being  allowed  to  flow  into  the  machine  at  the  same  time. 
In  the  conoidalse^virat-T  (capacity.  10  tons  of  ore  in  24  hours)  the  amalgam 
is  depo>itcd  wit'.i  i  '  •  lkjwI  and-        '  ve  at  the  cir- 

cumierenoc.    Tt.:  -r  is  with>V  ^h  a  hole  in 

the  bottom  of  ta'-  :  ly  being  vr:  ^  .  ezed.  and  re- 

torted. In  silver  aiiiali;aui  couUiiniug  le;;d,  squeezevl  ai  a  temperature  of 
144'' — 1>0^  Fahr.,  the  lead  passes  off  with  the  mercury,  but  if  squeezed  at  a 
lovrer  tc.npcrr.t-.re,  it  will  remain  in  the  bag.  The  pulp  is  conveyed  from 
the  >e  r.r.it  r  ):itj  a  .:it;itors,  or  other  inventions  used  for  the  purpose  of  col- 
l:-ct;nz  ..Vie  .«^.ay  a:r  'rrni  or  quicksilver  which  maybe  discharged  along 
with  the  coarser  s  "  ■  o  se:«rator. 

The-  •.:xi::\toT  U  t  lb,  2  or  3  ft.  in  diam.  and  aboat  12  ins.  high, 

ficted  with  an  ni  i.,...,  v.;.  ..liich  are  arranged  4  projecting  arms  eirryiBg 
stirrers.     See  fig.  ol. 

Wheeler's  aTit~it:)r,  r<?-ire?er.ted  by  fig.  32,  is  about  8  ft.  in  diam.;  the 
sides  r.i 3  formed  of  wj  -  from  -5  to  30 ins.  lugh,  and  the  bottom  is 

composed  of  cast-iron,  r  irds  the  centre,  ending  in  the  cavity  h.  for 

the  accvimulation  of  th.     r  ;  this  is  always  kept  full,  and  when  the 

pans  are  discharrcd  the  surplus  quicksilver  passes  away  by  the  syphon 
shown  in  cut.  TIio  tailings  pr.ss  av.ay  continually  through'a  pijie  fths  of  an 
in.  in  ui:im.  and  4  in.  fro'n  t!^e  bottom,  sh'>vrn  at  it.-,  and  the  lower  pipe,  /, 
1  in.  in  diam.,  is  the  discharge  pipe  when  the  agitator  reqtures  to  be  cleaned; 
another  discharge  hole  is  represented  at  o. 

CHZiucALS  rszD  IX  TAEiors  Mills  ix  Tkeatixg  Silteb  Ores  by 
THE  Pax  PnocESS. —  i  he  following  practicr.l  receipts  are  transcribed  from 
Guido  Kustel's  valuable  work,  entitled,  "Proccfsca  of  Gold  and Siher  Ex- 
traction." The  allowance  in  each  case  is  for  1  t  in  of  ore.  a.  Chloride  of 
conper,  13  lbs. ;  common  salt,  60  lbs.  6.  Chloride  of  iron,  13  lbs.  c.  Sul- 
]']i{:i  '  '  iron,  1  lb.;  sulphate  of  copper,  8  Ih.-:. ;  common  salt,  60  lbs.  d. 
J^  ;!  h'.:::  acid,  3 lbs.;  sulphate  of  copper,  2  lbs.;  salt,  15  lbs.  e.  Sulphuric 
acid,  2  1^5.;  alum,  2  lbs.;  sulphate  of  copper,  1^  lbs.  /.  Sidphate  of  cop- 
per, IS  ozs. ;  snlphate  of  iron,  16  ozs. ;  sal  ammoniac,  8  ozs. ;  common  salt, 
2H^s.  ff.  Alum,  1}  lbs.;  sulphate  of  copi>er,  l^lbs.;  salt.  40  lbs.  A.  Mnri- 
r.tie  acid,  CO  ozs. ;  peroxide  of  niantjanese,  8  ozs. ;  blue  vitriol,  10  ozs. ;  green 
vitriol,  10  ozs.  I.  Common  salt,  15  lbs. ;  nitric  acid,  1  to  2  lbs. ;  sulphate  of 
iion,  1 1.>  2  lbs     k.  Common  salt,  25  lbs. :  blue  vitriol.  2  lbs. :  catechu.  2  lbs. 

X.  rz. — a.  b,  c,  are  calculated  for  ore  contair.ing  2C0  tooOOois.  of  silver  in  sul- 
pliTiriis.  All  chemicals,  except  salt,  are  used  in  solution.  The  salt  is  charged 
La^f  a'.ihonr  before  the  chemicals  are  p'Jt  in.  These  chemical.-?  are  not  well 
adapted  for  treating  oreo  containing  sulphur,  arsenic,  or  autimonv  ;  they  should 
be  roast od- 

DzscaiPTiox  OF  THE  ilACHTXE. — A,  Driving  shaft :  B,  Cylinder  ;  CC, 
Levers  to  stufling  boxes  ;  D,  Lever  for  pressing  upper  shoes  upon  the  cylin- 
ders ;  E  E,  Lj)per  ehoes  or  dies  ;  F,  Inside  of  cylinder  ;  G,  Concave  bottom 
of  casing  ;  1 1,  Outside  of  casing. 

IxsTr.ucTOxs  FOR  usixG  Beath's  Ajlvlg-Vmator  axt>  Szp.^rator. — 
Two  of  the  amalgamators  being  in  operation  with  one  separator,  each  amal- 
gamator is  to  be  charged  with  800  or  1000  lbs.  of  ore  as  it  is  collected  from 
the  batteries  :  at  the  same  time  add  sufficient  water  to  keep  it  at  a  thick, 
pulpy  consistency  :  you  then  add  fom  10  to  50  las.  of  quicksilver,  according 
t/->  the  diameter  and  richne.*s  of  the  ore.  The  machines  are  kept  in  oi)eia- 
tion  until  the  reduction  and  amalgamation  are  complete,  which  time  will 
vary  from  2  to  4  hoars,  according  to  the  character  of  the  ore  being  reduced. 


■R0A8TIKG    OP    SILVEE   0KE8. 


S66 


After  the  oro  is  siifnciently  reduced  and  amalgamated,  tlie  pulp  us  dis- 
charged into  the  separator,  and  the  machine  is  immediately  rc-char-tl 
without  ptoppjug.  " 

After  t!ie  pulp  is  received  by  tlio  separator,  it  is  to  be  thinned  witli  vnUr 
ta  a  consistency  that  will  allow  the  quicksilver  and  amaljjam  to  i)rfcipilat« 
:iud  still  retiiiu  sufficient  body  to  keep  the  coarser  particles  of  the  pulp  sus- 
pended in  the  wa,ter  witli  the  slum. 


Roasting  of  Silver  Ores.— Argentiferous  ores  are  more  productive 
when  roasted  tlian  when  worked  raw.  The  volatile  components  of  the  ores 
must  be  expelled  by  heat,  and  thia  is  effected  in  two  ways,  viz. :  in  heaps 
or  in  furnaces.  By  the  former  method  the  ore,  generally  as  it  comes  from 
the  niine,  is  piled  in  alternate  layers  with  fuel,  the  bottom  layer  being  of 
wood  piled  iii  angular  form  in  order  to  permit  free  circulation  of  air.  For 
the  upper  layers  coal  or  wood  may  be  used,  the  j)roportion  of  o^e  U^  fuel 
varying  from  1  to  G,  to  1  to  IS  ;  fine  ores,  or  ores  abounding  in  .'^ulpliur  re- 
quiring less  fuel  than  coarse  ores,  or  ores  poor  in  suljiluir.  Antinionial  or 
or  arsenical  ores,  with  little  or  no  sulphurets,  should  contain  an  addition  o( 


S66  EOASTmd   OS-   SILVEB  OSES. 

2  or  3  per  cent,  of  calcined  green  vitriol  before  being  roasted.  The  fire  i* 
ig«it«d  through  vertical  openings  extending  downwards  through  the 
heap  to  the  ground  layer ;  these  apertures  are  closed  when  the  fire  ia 
thoroughly  kindled,  and  the  smouldering  process  is  continued  for  weeks 
and  months,  the  sulphur  in  the  ore  supplying  fuel  to  the  fire,  while  the 
intensity  of  the  heat  may  be  coutroUed  to  any  extent  by  closing  or  opening 
the  draft  holes  or  chimneys.  It  sometimes  occurs  that  ores  similarly  inter- 
stratified  with  fuel  are  roasted  iu  inclosures  resembling  kilns,  provided  with 
aide  openings.  The  roasting  process  transforms  the  silver  into  a  chloride, 
easily  decomposed  by  the  quicksilver,  and  therefore  rapidly  amalgamated. 

The  leading  reactions  which  take  place  in  roasting  silver  ores  with  salt, 
are  mainly  as  follows  :  In  submitting  iron  pyrites  and  other  sulphurets  to  a 
red  heat  in  contact  with  air,  they  become,  in  a  great  measure,  transmuted 
Into  sulphates,  part  of  the  sulphur  becomes  sulphuric  acid,  which  combines 
•with  the  metallic  oxides,  while  another  portion  disappears  as  sulphurous 
acid.  As  this  part  of  the  process  requires  a  low  degree  of  heat,  no  decom- 
position of  the  salt  will  take  place,  but  on  the  formation  of  the  sulphates 
and  the  disappearance  of  all  odor  of  sulphurous  acid,  the  temperature 
must  be  increased  and  the  decomposition  of  the  salt  will  begin.  This  takes 
place  iu  two  ways: — 

First. — In  roasting,  the  sulphates  of  iron  and  other  sulphates  give  off  vap- 
ors of  sulphuric  acid,  which,  iu  union  with  salt  forms  sulphate  of  soda,  while 
the  chlorine  escapes  in  a  gaseous  form  and  combines  with  any  native  metals  in 
the  mass  under  treatment,  decomposing  the  sulphurets  in  such  a  manner 
that  one  part  of  the  chlorine  gas  combines  with  the  sulphur  as  chloride  of 
Bulphur,  which  exhales,  while  the  other  part  forma  a  coloride  with  the  liber- 
ated metal. 

Second. — By  tlie  other  method  of  decomposition  the  salt  and  sulphate 
mutually  decompose  each  other.  The  sulphate  of  sUver,  being  compounded 
of  sulphuric  acid,  oxygen,  and  silver,  being  heated  in  contact  with  common 
Bait  (which  is  composed  of  chlorine  and  sodium),  the  silver  combines  with 
the  chlorine,  the  result  being  chloride  of  silver,  while  the  oxygen  and  sodium 
forming  soda,  is,  with  the  sulphuric  acid,  converted  into  sulphate  of  soda. 
When  the  vapor  of  water  is  present,  during  these  various  reactions,  muriatic 
acid  is  formed  iu  addition.  The  quantity  of  sulphurets  and  earthy  mat- 
ters present  Lu  ores  should  be  determined  by  inspection  previous  to  roast- 
ing them.  A  surplus  of  lime  in  the  ore,  will,  by  combining  with  sulphuric 
acid,  form  sulphate  of  lime,  which  will  remain  imchanged  throughout  the 
process.  To  ellect  decomposition  in  such  ores,  sulphates  or  ^uartzose  ores 
must  be  added  in  qu.antity  sufUcient  to  change  all  the  lime  into  sulphate. 
Talcose  ores  must  be  treated  in  a  similar  way,  the  primary  nse  of  the  sul- 
phurets in  the  ore  being  to  decompose  the  quantity  of  ealt  required  for  chlo- 
rination. 

Gnido  Kiistel,  in  his  admirable  work  on  the  ^' Frecesses  of  Silver  and 
Gold  Extraction,"  writes  ;  "  In  Freiberg  (Germanj')  it  was  the  rule  to  sub- 
ject only  that  ore  to  roasting  which  contained  enough  sulphurets  to  give 
25  to  30  per  cent,  of  m.itt  (sulphide  of  iron)  when  assayed  for  that  purpose. 
If  less  matt  was  obtained,  tlie  ore  had  to  be  mixed  with  other  ore,  or  so 
much  iron  pyrites  was  added  that  the  required  quantity  of  sulphurets  was 
obtained.  The  second  class  ore  of  the  OphLr  and  Mexican  claims  in  the 
Comstock  lode,  consisting  of  pure  decomposed  quartz,  contains  silver  sul- 
phurets, with,  a  small  proportion  of  iron  pyrites,  yielding  from  6  to  8  pet 
cent,  of  matt.  Tlie  roasting  with  salt,  however,  gives  a  satisfactory  result, 
which  must  be  attributed  chiefly  to  the  pure  quartzose  condition  of  the  ore. 

"  If  the  ore  contains  an  abundance  of  sulphurets,  the  roasting  must  be 
peKormed  without  salt,  for  about  two  hours,  till  the  greatest  part  of  the 
sulphur  is  driven  off,  otherwise  it  would  bake,  and  cause  an  imperlec* 
roestii^. 


TREATMEK"r   OT   STLVSR  ORES.  96? 

♦'The  quantity  of  sulphiirets  h.is  a  great  influence  on  the  result  of  roast* 
ing.  Ore  like  that  of  the  Ophiror  Mexican  mines,  containing  Rilvcrglance, 
polybasite,  brittle  silver  ore,  native  silver  and  gold,  some  iron,  and  but  littlo 
copper  pyrites,  will  give  a  good  result  by  roasting,  even  when  less  attention 
is  paid  to  the  time  and  diligent  stirring,  than,  for  instance,  with  tlie  so- 
called 'base-metal  ore,'  which  abounds  in  copper  pvritcs,  zinc-blond,  sul- 
phuret  of  lead,  etc.  The  presence  of  base  metals  causes  a  hiirher  loss  in 
eilver.  The  chloride  of  silver  is  not  volatile,  except  at  a  high  temperature. 
But  it  has  been  observed  that,  in  the  presence  of  base-metal  chlorides,  tho 
chloride  of  silver  volatilizes  also.  The  increased  beat  increases  the  Tolatil- 
ization,  but  decomposes  the  base-metal  chlorides.  By  keeping  a  low  heat, 
the  loss  of  silver  is  less  if  the  zinc-bleud  is  not  argentiferous,  the  latter 
requiring  a  higher  heat  to  effect  decomposition.  But  in  roasting  at  a  low- 
heat,  the  base-metal  chlorides  remain  in  the  ore,  and  cause  more  loss  of 
quicksilver  in  the  subsequent  amalgamation,  and  require  more  metallic  iron 
tin  the  barrels  ;  besides,  tlie  bullion  contains  a  great  deal  of  base  metals. 
In  treating  such  ore  in  the  roasting-fumace,  the  application  of  steam  ia 
advantageous,  creating  hydrochloric  acid  by  the  decomiiosition  of  chlorides, 
at  the  same  time  becoming  a  decomposing  agent  for  the  sulphurcts.  Tho 
hydrogen  of  the  steam  decomposes  also  the  chloride  of  silver,  which,  upon 
being  reduced  to  a  metallic  condition,  by  its  affinity  for  chlorine,  in  turn 
decomposes  the  hydrochloric  acid.  The  silver  may  thus  change  repeatedly 
from  metallic  condition  to  the  chloride,  while  the  base-metal  chlorides  are  re- 
duced to  oxides,  and  in  that  state  do  not  interfere  with  the  amalgamation." 

Roasting,  Calcixing,  and  Crloridizing  Silver  Oiies  i.v  FrKN.\cE.«i. 
— Of  the  many  furnaces,  and  for  this  purpose,  the  revcrbatitry  kind  is  bv  far 
the  best  The  interior  surfaces  should  be  constructed  of  the  best  fire  bVick, 
placed  edgeways,  the  exterior  walls  may  be  of  stone  or  connnon  brick,  and 
the  whole  structure  should  be  throughly  braced  with  iron  rods  and  well- 
eeasoned  previous  to  being  used.  The  reverberatory  furnace  is  constructed 
either  with  one,  or  two  hearths,  as  may  be  desired  ;  the  calcining  and 
chloridizing  being  effected  on  the  lower  hearth,  while  the  roasting  and 
sulphatization  is  done  on  the  upper  one.  On  the  upper  hearth  the  pulver- 
ized ore  is  placed  to  a  depth  of  from  2  to  4  ins.,  the  heat  it  maintained  at  a 
low  temperature,  not  over  a  brown  or  dull  red,  witu  frequent  stirring  of 
the  ore,  and  the  supply  of  air  should  be  abundant.  To  promote  oxidation 
and  control  tlie  temperature,  a  jet  of  steam  should  be  u.^cd.  When  the  ores 
contain  arsenic,  powdered  charcoal  in  small  quantities  may  be  used  to  good 
advantage,  and  if  the  ores  are  poor  in  sulphur,  from  2  to  3  per  cent,  of  tha 
sulphate  of  iron  may  be  added.  Tlie  roasting  and  sulpl-.ati.-'.ing  will  be  com- 
pleted in  from  4  to  5  hours,  when  the  ore  is  permitted  to  drop  through  an 
aperture  in  the  upper  hearth  on  to  the  lower  one,  where  for  some  time  it  ia 
kept  at  a  temperature  but  sli:;htly  liigher  than  that  previously  noted,  but  is 
afterwards  raised  and  maintained  at  a  cherry  red,  and  should  never  exceed 
a  bright  red,  the  ore  being  stirred  meanwhile,  during  the  calcining  and 
chloridizing  processes.  "Wlien  the  calcination  is  effected,  which  wilfbe  in 
from  4  to  5  hours,  a  melted  and  well  pulverized  mixture  of  co:nmon  salt, 
and  7  part.^  of  cold  calcined  ore,  are  added  to  tho  hut  ore  on  the  hearth 
(calculated  at  15  part.;),  and  the  whole  mass  is  completely  intermixed  by 
vigorous  stirring.  Th.ls  latter,  called  t'.io  chlorination  process,  will  usually 
occupy  about  15  or  20  minutes. 

Ajialgamatiox  is  Du.  VEiTcn's  Steam  Tit.s,  —The  primary  difference 
between  this  process  and  the  last  noted  consists  in  the  employment  of  tubs 
instead  of  barrels  and  tlie  use  of  steam  directly  in  tho  jnilp.  Thc  tubs  are 
alwut  4  ft.  deep  and  4  ft  diam.  The  bottom  is  made  of  cast-iron  with  t'lree 
circular  apertures  for  the  rocejitinn  of  cast-iron  iiorforated  p'.ate^  :  below 
are  tlie  steam-chambers.  The  lioic.'i  are  about  2  ins.  apart,  and  very  small. 
la  the  ventre  of  tha  tub  is  a  vertical  shaft,  sus^ieuded  iu  a  box  outiide  of  tht 


9«8 


AHALGAMATIOJ?  BY  PATIO   PK0CBS8. 


tab.  Tliero  are  three  anas  attached  to  it,  each  having  three  arms  of  coppftf 
or  iron  ^  l.itcs  ibcjiging  perpendicularly  in  concentric  lines.  The  movabis 
cover  hrj?  an  orilice  in  connection  with  a  flue  by  which  the  steam  and  soma 
r  •;ic*siiver  are  conveyed  into  cooling  tanks. 

In  o^ieratincr,  the  steam  is  projected  throngh  the  perforated  plates  ir:  > 
;e  pulv-  and  impels  tiie  quicksilver  in  Fpray,  or  globules  of  every  size,  in  ;i 
itre'.m  through  the  entire  mass,  causing" an  intimate  blending  between  tho 
ore  and  the  mercury.  The  nine  iron  pkitcs  (or  if  theie  is  much  copper  in 
the  ore,  copper  plates  should  be  used)pa?3  through  the  ore  edgeways,  with 
a  circular  motion,  and  agitate  the  pulp,  tlie  decomposition  of  the  chlorides 
nienntiiTif  pr<^''rr~<^!!!t  v  ry  rapidiy  by  mc;ui3  of  the  he.it  and  impact  agr.in.c.t 
t'.       ■         "   ■  -      .  of  nearly  36C0  sq.  ins.  of  suriace  to  COO 

< ;  jcn  properly  roasted  amalgamation  will 

1  :  _  ;     IS  ores,  intended  to  Lc  treated  either  bj 

tiiis,  or  t.ie  kuiel  auialguuiauun  process,  should  be  free  from  metallic  gold, 
or  it  KiUot  be  extracted  previous  to  roastlug  the  ore,  f  r  sr.bseqnent  to  roatt- 
in^.  the  goI:l  is  not,  like  silver,  in  a  soluli.e  state,  but  in  a  mctaiiic  condition, 
j-.jaally  coated  with  an  oxido  (es-ieciaily  if  in  contact  with  sulnhurct  of 
lead),  "which  renders  the  amalgamation  of  tue  gold  extremely  difficult. 


Fij.  34.— Amalgamation  bt  Patio  Peocess. 

A?iAi.r:A:.iATiox  by  the  ilnxic.v;^-  or  Patio  PiiocEss.— Tlie  Spanish, 
word  Paiio  denotes  a  yard.  Tlie  ores  Left  adapted  to  this  treatment  are, 
ruby  silver,  brittle  silver  ore,  iwlybii.'^ite,  6trome\Tite,  iodyrite,  silverglance, 
auG  chloride  of  silver.  Silver  ores  containing  gold  are  tuif;t  for  treatment 
unless  th.at  ract  il  I'.as  been  previou.sly  extracted  by  go.uie  otlier  protess. 
Argentiferous  ziuj-Lkni,  pyrites,  and  a  few  other  combinations  cannot  bo 
treated  unless  j-.errci-t!y  roa.«ted.  Silver  ore  combined  with  antimony  and 
''^p-er  sho:ild  be  slier!. tly  roasted  previous  to  treatment  Argentiferous 
.Id  ores  and  gold  ores  are  utterly  unsnitaLle  for  treatn.cnt. 

The  amalgamatiiig  ya:d  is  levelled  off,  paved  v.ith  granite  blocks  cr 
i  ricks,  enconr.^is.^cd  hy  l:igh  walls,  and  is  generally  left  exposed  to  tho 
Rtn;c?T.hc!e.  Over  tlil.s'  yavement,  tlie  silver  ore  (previously  dissolved  to  aa 
impaVable  sli:  .e,  1  y  rue:  iis  of  arattra-,  stamps,  or  other  machinen.)  is 
dovhosited  and  s-  road  t'>  a  depth  of  from  C  to  12  ins.,  and  surrounded  by* low, 
cl'^se  curbs.  Ne:;t,  salt,  in  quantity  to  conform  with  its  quality  and  tl.o 
richness  of  the  ore,  is  added  to  the  mass  and  thoroughly  intermixed  by  beir  ^ 
t  imed  with  shovels  and  trodden  by  liorses,  mules,  or  oxen.  See  fig.  34. 
Tiie  chemical  action  of  the  salt  produces  chloride  of  silver  and  desnlphnr- 
izesthe  sulphides.    The  mass  is  then  allowed  to  rest  one  whole  day. 

Magl.stral,  j.  c,  copper  pyrites,  ro.a.<:ted  and  pr.lvorized,  are  added  to  the 
ma.«s  one  hour  after  the  treading,  t:!nnng.  &•".,  begins,  the  quantity  varying 
with  it?  quality,  the  temperature  of  the  Eca.~on,  and  the  ricHuess  of  theore, 
the  primary  efTect  of  the  magistral  b^ing  to  revive  the  silver  by  depriving  it 
01  chlcriue. 


SICSLTEN-G    OF    SILVEK   ORES.  969 

The  ncTt  addition  is  qaicksilver,  -which  is  usnnlly  nAAM  in  thr*«  charjjes 

to  tlie  ore  by heiussi'rinklcd  thiol— h  cloth,  bii''"'  ■         ..fior 

tho  iir.<t  charge  the  mas.^  is  t!:.'!n,'.,hlv  mixed.  :  r.f 

about  one  ton  cacli,  suiooihcd  oH".  r.i.  i  let  sliiiid  l  .  tl.o 

moniiiiji,  eTcry  otncr  day,  the  treating,  tuiniiijr,  .ijiJ  hciipii.^  j  .\.oc=^os  is 
rejieatod  for  the  s-a.  e  of  5  to  G  lioiirs.  "The  sfitnul  charge  of  quicksilver  is 
added  and  the  trcu.t:r.cut  repeated,  and  by  wasliir.g  a  panii'le  ,<<',.-■-  '-ro 
it  is  determined  ■vrhethor  or  not  the  ftrst  char.ire  has  been  ju  ,1 

with  the  mass.    The  third  char  ire  is  added  alter  tlie  due  ii.  .  ..f 

the  second,  in  r:  '  '      .'   .  :.;y  i^articles  of  silver,  and  to  lender  t!:e 

*malc:am  iiio:" 

Limeisau.i    .  .1  to  he^U,  as  tlie  temperature  of  the 

•re  luay  require.  Wiih  too  miuh  Li  at  tlie  quieksUver  becomes  pulveruleut 
and  of  a  dark  sliade,  ^\ith  scattered  brown  .«iK>ts  upon  its  surface  ;  with  too 
little  it  retains  its  natural  aiii>e,nrance  and  fluidity-.  With  tlie  p»opf;r  tem- 
perature the  amalgam  -will  present  a  prayish  white  tint  and  yield  easilv  to 
fientle  pressure.  An  excess  of  qnickjilver,  maijistral,  or  lime*  is  ininiic.-il  to 
the  proce.-s  ;  an  overplus  of  salt  will  cause  a  loss  of  qaicksilver  but  no 
further  injury-. 

For  ore  valued  at  $50  per  ton,  a  proper  projwrtion  of  the  above  noted 
ingredients  would  be,  to  each  ton  :  sJdt,  of  prime  quality,  80  lbs.  ;  magistral 
(coutaininjr  10  per  cent  of  the  sulphate  of  copper>,  in"  p-imirior.  TO  !!  ?..  in 
winter,  10  lbs.  ;  quicksilver,  first  char::e,  14  lbs.,  .■  '  '  •'lird 

charge,  7  lbs. ;  lime,  more  or  less,  15  ll'S.,  as  ma  .  o  of 

treatment  varies  from  IJ  to  00  days,  according  to  i  .  etc. 

The  separ-i.tion  is  ellected  by  washiug  the  mast,  v^.iii  plenty  of  water  in  a 
capacious,  deep,  circular  vessel,  essentially  the  same  in  principle  as  the 
common  seiiarator  or  settler,  whereby  the  lighter  ix)rtions  are  caused  to  flow 
slowly  away,  leaving  tlie  amaliram  to  be  gathered  last  of  all  by  itself,  to  be 
removed  and  retorted  at  the  icfining  works. 

Smeltixq  of  Ohes. — Tliis  is  elTectcd  by  varioug  •  •  a.  !!i:<ha8 

"  Cupola  "  and  "'  Eeverbci-atory  "  Furnaces,  "  Ilackwu'  ••  Scotch 

and  American  hearths,"  &c,  the  object  being  to  reduce  i .  ^  ihu  metal- 
lic state  by  means  of  fire,  assisted  by  fluxes  of  limestone  or  lime,  carbonate 
of  soda,  iron,  and  fluor  spar.  Lead  ore,  grann!at4^d  ]e?d  nnd  litluirge  arc  used 
as  fluxes  for  cold  and  silver.  The  size,  f<  "  .  of  the  furnace 
may  be  made  to  conform  to  the  requiren;  :  the  Castilian 
furnace  is  of  an  annular  shai>e,  wliile  the  T.  i  is  more  of  an 
elUptical  form.  The  fuel  and  ore  are  intenuLicd  in  prcj.tT  i)roiu>rtious  in 
the  cuixjla,  being  introduced  through  the  charging  door,  several  feet  a1x)ve 
the  bottom  of  tlie  cupola.  The  furnace  is  vertical  in  position,  about  15  ft. 
in  height,  with  au  interior  area  through  its  largest  horizontal  sn  tion  of 
about  12  sq.  ft.,  varying  more  or  less  according  to  size.  See  page  064  for  de- 
tails of  furnaces,  modes  of  operating,  blast,  &c.  : 

The  fire,  urged  by  the  bla.st,  consumes  the  fuel,  and  imparts  its  heat  to 
•the  ore,  which  is  arranged  in  alternate  layers  with  the  fuel.  The  fluxes, 
which  have  an  alfinity  for  some  part  of  the"  mineral  under  treatment,  either 
induce  its  dis^ijiation"  or  form  with  it  a  fnsib!"  c<->m]v^!ind  or  ^!ag,  which' 
being  lighter  than  the  raetal,  is  frequently  <■         '       '  '    :  by  being 

drawn  off  from  the  surface,  or  peniiitted  !  is  with- 

drawn from  below.     The  kind  oflluxtol'  ,  .   iii»on  the 

variety  at  hand  and  the  character  of  the  ores  and  gunj^'ue?  to  le  treated.  If 
the  gauigne  of  the  ore  is  comixised  of  different  earths,  with  the  oxidea  of 
base  nut  '     "  '  i-tz  and  carbonate  of  soda  may  be  used  as  fluxes. 

If  quart;:  c  of  the  ore,  lime,  tho  oxides  of  the  1:.",se  metals, 

»iia  carbi  •  \  be  used,  while  such  fluxes  as  metallic  imn  and 

litharge,  liiiio,  iiiid  earbuhatc  of  soda  are  well  adapted  for  the  treatmeut  of 
or*a  uoutaioiug  much  sulphide.  / 


&70 


TEEATiEENT    OF    SILVER,    ETC. 


A  primary  condition  in  almost  every  form  of  smelting  silver  ores  is  th« 
nse  of  lead  in  oue  or  more  of  its  various  forms  ;  if  lead  is  not  combined 
■with  t.ie  ore  mider  treatment  it  must  be  added  thereto.  In  smeltuig  silvei 
ores  the  r-'-tAble  uses  subserved  by  leud  and  its  compounds,  are  these,  viz.  : 
On  tliC  fusion  of  lead  with  tlie  sulphate,  oxide,  or  sulphide  of  silver,  the 
latter  ia  reduced  to  the  metallic  sU-.te,  and  forms  an  alloy  with  excess  of 
lead  ;  in  f  a:i:ig  sulphate  of  lead  with  sulpliate  of  silver  argentiferous  lead  is 
formed  ;  a  blast  of  air  directed  nwn  a  fused  compound  of  silver  and  lead 
has  an  oxiulzing  elTcct  ou  the  lead,  but  eitects  no  change  on  the  silver  ;  lead 
has  a  greater  affinity  for  siiver  than  for  auy  of  the  inferior  metals  ;  imder 
treatment  in  tlie  furnace,  the  sulphide  or  snb-suli>hate  of  lead  and  the  sul- 

§hate  of  lead  react  upon  ench  other,  and  absorb  the  silver,  if  any  be  present, 
urtlier  ;  three  yiarts  of  suly.hate  of  lead  and  oue  part  sulphide  of  lead 
react  on  each  other  and  producs  lit'.iarge.  Again  ;  sulphide  of  lead  and 
copper,  antimony,  zinc,  or  metallic  iron  in  a  fused  state,  react  upon  each 
other  and  produce,  on  the  one  bR.sis,  sulphide  of  in>n,  and  on  the  other,  metal- 
lic lead,  &C.  Sirailn.r  results  will  take  pLace  if  the  sulphide  of  lead  at  the 
same  time  contain  the  salph.ide  of  silver,  and  the  lead  and  silver  combine 
together  in  an  alloy,  while  the  iron  or  other  metals  noted  is  formed  into  a 
sulphide. 

In  smelting  ores  contaming  gold  and  silver  it  is  not  necessary  to  chang* 
or  vary  the  process  by  reason  of  the  presence  of  the  former  metal. 

Treatmext  of  Silver  Ores  Br  Silesiax  Process  i>r  a  CtT>OLA 
FrEXACE. — The  raw  argentiferous  galena  and  the  necessary  iron-flux  are 
first  broken  Lito  small  pieces  and  thoroughly  mixed,  when  they  are  passed 
into  the  cupola  so  that  tliey  will  occupy  the  rear  of  the  chamber,  while  the 
fuel  ia  placed  in  the  front  ]virt.  The  blast  is  applied  so  that  a  gradual  fu- 
sion results  and  the  cuixila  hearth  becomes  ovei-spread  with  molten  lead  and 
floating  slags,  owing  to  the  reactions  of  tiie  sulphur  and  iron  combined  with 
oxygen.  At  proper  intervals,  the  lead,  all  ready  for  cupeUation.  is  with- 
drawn through  an  orifice  in  the  bottom  of  the  furnace  and  the  floating  slags 
through  a  higher  aperture  ;  the  more  valuable  portion  of  the  slags,  or 
matt,  being  composed  of  the  sul2>hide  of  iron  and  lead  with  silver  in  min- 
ute quantity,  are  put  tlirough  an  additional  treatment  of  roasting  and 
fusion.  The  proper  twoportions  of  a  charge  are  :  argentiferous  galena,  well 
broken,  100  j.arts  ;  broken  slag  froiuiion  forge,  14  parts  ;  cast-iron,  12  parts; 
coal,  126  pails. 

Ix  THE  Ramtjelsberi  PROCESS  of  Cupola  treatment  the  ores  of  argen- 
tiferous galena  loaded  with  a  Lirge  suri>Ius  of  impurities  and  foreign  matter, 
are  first  treated  either  in  Heaps  in  the  open  air  or  in  REVERBERATORr 
FcRXACES.  In  Haps,  ores  rich  in  sulphides  of  zinc,  copper,  and  iron  are 
thoroughly  intermixed  with  galena,  and  graded  according  to  the  dimensions 
of  the  blocks,  tlie  largest  below  and  the  smallest  at  top,  iu  a  fabric  erected 
to  a  height  of  several  feet  upon  a  thick  substratum  of  wood.  The  whol«  is 
covered  with  a  Layer  of  granulated  roasted  ore,  to  exclude  an  excess  of  air. 
The  wood  being  liindled,  ignites  the  sulphides  throughout  tiie  ore,  which  in  a 
heap  containing  about  150  tons,  wUl  keep  .^mouldering  away  for  from  4  to  6 
mouths.  This  constitutes  the  first  roasting,  which  is  to  be  followed  by  a 
series  of  roastings,  to  continue  until  the  volatile  components  of  the  ore  aro 
expelled. 

In  the  Rererhcrntorrj  Fvnxnne  the  ore  is  first  roasted  in  the  usual  manner 
to  tlie  proper  degree  of  oxidation.  The  furnace  door  is  then  closed,  the 
hejit  raised,  and  the  charge  fused.  The  sUicates  of  lead,  lime,  &c,  are 
generated,  and  with  the  sulphate,  oxide,  and  sulphide  of  lead  are  spread 
upon  the  floor  of  the  f^niace.  cooled  off.  and  broken  into  Inmps  about  the 
size  of  oranges,  th.e  dimensions  Le^t  adapted  for  treatment  in  a  cupola 
fimiace. 

Is  charging  the  cupola  the  right  proportions  are  :  roasted  ore,  IM  parti  | 


BARREL   AMALGAMATION,   ETC-  971 

highly  Bilicious  sla^s,  40  parts  ;  litharge,  1  to  2  parts.  The  ore,  intermiied 
■with  the  slags,  and  pieces  of  old  cupels,  should  be  reduced  to  the  size  of 
ordinary  potiitoes,  and  well  mixed.  Apply  a  vigorous  blast,  fuse  and  treat 
the  slags,  matt,  and  lead  as  noted  under  the  preceding  process. 

Ctn-OLA  Treatment  of  Silver  Ukes.— 3/cxKau  Procexs.  The  ore, 
oncontaniinated  with  lead,  and  largely  compotsed  of  sulphide  of  iron  and 
quartz,  sulphide  of  silver,  &c.,  is  well  iiixed  with  half  its  weight  of  charcoal 
and  roasted  in  kiln-like  enclosures  exposed  to  the  atmosi)here.  Sometimes 
dry  wood  is  substituted  for  charcoal,  and  the  roasting  is  accomplished  in 
circular  structures  with  an  interior  diam.  of  4^  ft.  ;  height  the  same,  built  of 
adobe,  or  sun-dried  brick,  with  a  capacity  (inchiding  fuel)  of  1  ton  of  ore 
each.  The  roasted  ore  (from  these  kilns),  with  the  proper  fluxes,  being 
thoroughly  miied,  the  cupola  is  charged  in  the  following  ratio  ;  charcoal,  > 
60  to  75  parts  ;    roasted  ore,  as  above  described,  75  jijirts  ;  litharge,  100 

{larts  ;  matt  of  former  operations,  25  parts  ;  lead  sbgs,  Ki  parts  ;  cupel 
jottoms,  16  parts  ;  native  carbonate  of  soda,  IR  ])nrts.  The  blast  being  ap- 
plied, fusion  faikes  place,  and  the  metal  drawn  off  at  stjited  periods  is  cast 
into  ingots  ready  for  cupellation,  while  the  matt  secured  is  finally  returned 
to  the  furnace  to  aid  in  the  fusion  of  future  ch.nrgcs  of  ore. 

Amalgamation  by  the  Foster-Fikmin  Trocess.— In  this  process  th« 
quicksilver  is  atomized  by  steam,  compressed  air,  water,  or  other  efjuivalent 
medium,  and  forced,  after  the  manner  of  the  well-known  sand  blast,  through 
a  stream  of  falling  ore  which  may  be  either  wet  or  dry.  While  in  the  act 
pf  entering  the  amalgamator  tb.o  ore  is  impinged  upon  by  a  stream  of  mer- 
cnrjr  which  escapes  from  a  small  receptacle  at  the  rear  of  tlio  hopper  (con- 
taining the  ore)  through  an  inner  pipe.  The  flow  of  ore  and  mercurj-  is 
broken  up  and  carried  forward  by  steam  or  air  pressure.  Tlie  ore  which 
flows  into  the  amalgamator  is  discharged  intot'je  washer,  where  it  is  heated 
by  steam  and  worked  for  a  short  time  until  it  is  mulched  sufTlciently  to 
flow  evenly.  Water  is  then  injected  into  the  chamber  at  the  bottom  of  the 
washer,  when  the  bulk  of  the  mercury  is  withdrawn  and  the  waste  flows 
into  the  first  settler  of  the  series,  and  the  water  passes  on  until  it  finally 
escapes  from  the  lower  settler.  The  mercury  is  deposited  iu  the  central 
eonical  space  in  the  vessels,  from  which  it  is  removed  occasionally  through 
the  discharge  coclis.  One  of  the  settlers  is  provided  with  amalgamated 
copper  plates,  which  are  vibrated  by  the  action  of  tiic  water,  thus  elTecting 
the  arrest  of  tl;e  fine  particles  of  gold  or  mercury  carried  in  the  water  as  it 
passes  between  them,  while  any  gold  leaf  which  may  float  on  the  surface  is 
retained  by  partition. 

The  iiiventors  claim  that  with  their  apparatus  they  have  obtained  tha 
•ntire  quantity  of  metal  contained  in  the  ore  and  have  recovered  from  i'8  to 
100  per  cent,  of  the  mercury  used,  the  whole  operation  from  the  commence- 
ment to  the  production  of  the  amalgam  being  completed  within  one  liour,  at 
a  very  low  cost,  thus  rendering  the  working  of  poor  ores  profiUible.  During 
a  recent  public  trial  of  this  apparatus,  silver  ore  was  pa.ased  through  a  single 
amalgamator  at  tlio  rate  of  3000  lbs.  per  hour  ;  1)9  per  cent,  of  ssilver  and  (i7i 
percent,  of  the  mercury  were  recovered  within  an  hour.  During  another 
similar  trial  ore  was  passed  through  at  the  rate  of  3,()00  lbs.  per  hour,  97.>'8 
per  cent,  of  mercury  and  silver  togetlier  were  recovered  iu  45  miinites,  and 
within  half  an  hour  (1\  hour  from  tlie  start)  07  per  cent,  of  the  silver  was 
cruciblcd  ;  subsequently  an  additional  quantity  of  amalgam  was  collected 
and  treated,  bringing  up  the  result  to  fully  99  per  cent  of  silver  and  yoj  i>er 
cent,  of  mercury  recovered. 

Barrel  Amalgamation  of  Silver  Ore.— The  following  account  of  th» 
treatment  of  silver  ores  by  barrel  amalgamation,  at  Walsbruccke,  near  Frei- 
berg, is  from  Phillip's  M<'talhir;nj,  and  closely  resembles  similar  methods 
now  used  in  Nevada  : — The  usual  comjwnents  of  the  ores  there  (reated  ar» 
sulphur,  antimony,  arsenic,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  zinc,  which  ara 
nore  or  let>o  mixed  vritli  v«.i:<uus  eMtli^  oiiAerals,  besides  t>oaietiiucii  cob* 


9'r2  BASEEL   A3IALGAMATI02f. 

t-.ining  small  quantities  of  bismnth,  gold,  nickel,  and  cobalt  In  the  scleev 
tion  of  these  ores,  they  are  so  assorted  as  not  to  contKin  alxjve  7  per  cent;  ot 
lead,  or  1  per  cent,  of  copper,  as  from  combining  with  the  mercury  added 
these  metals  give  the  am;ilgam  a  pasty  consistency,  and  thereby  render  the 
treatment  extremely  difficult  and  exiiiensive.  The  mixture  of  the  different 
ores  obtained  from  the  mines  i.s  so  arran!;ed  that  the  charges  of  the  fnmai-es 
shall  contain  75  to  SO  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton  of  mineral ;  it  is  also  e^ential 
th;U  thev  should  contain  a  certain  proportion  of  sulphur.  This  usually  ex- 
ists in  the  form  of  iron  pyrites,  which,  on  being  roasted,  gives  rise  to  the  for- 
mation of  the  sulphate  and  oxide  of  iron  necessary  to  the  success  of  the  sub- 
sequent opc-m,t!  'US.  If,  as  is  sometimes  the  case,  the  amount  Qf  jiyrites 
n.-iturally  occuring  in  the  ores  is  not  sufficient  for  these  purposes,  addition 
is  made  either  of  this  mineral,  or,  in  some  instances,  of  ready-formed  sul- 
phate of  iron. 

The  ore,  •■'       "' red,  is  laid  on  a  large  floor,  40feet  in  length  and 

tbo.::  12  ia  ■  top  of  it  is  thrown  about  10  per  cent  of  com- 

r/ion  ?alt.  V. .  ;.m  an  upper  room  through  a  sx>out  placed  in  the 

r.  -or  for  that  puri>c.-e.    TI.e  heap,  when  it  has  been  thus  made  up  of  alter- 

:-  .te  strata  of  ore  and  common  salt,  is  well  mixed  by  being  carefully  turned 

—  -'  '  ■    -    '  -'•quently  divided  into  small  parcels  called  roast-posts,  each 

to  4^  cwts.    The  salt  annually  employed  for  this  pumose 

.e  works  amounts  to  JOO  tons,  and  is  supplied  by  the  Pras- 

:  re  of  ore  and  salt  is  now  roasted  in  reverberatory  furnaces  pro- 

1:..  fumc-ij-.ics  f:)rthe  recotion  of  any  pnlvernlent  matters  which 

■  mcchani rally  taken  over  by  the  draught.    The  preparc-d  charge  is 

'  -Ml  th.e  bott<^m  nf  t!;c  l><»nrth.  where  it  is  at  first  very  gently  heated, 

— "  ■  ^  "T  a  greater  or  less  extent 
_:.  which  usually  occupies 
t  :  by  a  log  iron  rake,  and 

V,  ..ea  this .» ,er.iii.>u  L-.  ,.  Jvr.aced,  the  heat  is  so  far  in- 

creased as  to  cause  t!-.  .  r.nd  to  render  the  ore  red-hot 

The  far:r-  ^  =■  '  '    .  .  l  ■    .3  i     .    ........e  for  about  fonr  hours,  during 

whici  time  Decome  oxidlre^,  and.  sulphurous  acid  gas  is  rajjidly 

p-Tcn -ff.  -  :eis  by  constant  stirring  prevented  from  becoming 

-.    The  teniporr.turo  is  now  still  further  raised,  and 

1  given  off,  to  icthcr  with  vapors  of  ch'oride  oi  iron 

., T!:e  hydrochloric  acid  generated  at  this  stage  of 

tae  operation  is  due  to  decomposition  of  the  chloride  of  iron,  by  the  action 
cf  "--zen  r"id  wntervm^^r.  Th!<>  l-x.^t  firintr,  whi<'h  occuriies  about  three- 
c  '       '  '       '     ■        '       '  '  -''    '    :    :  *;■  r  ■ --/- letakcn 

i  has  for 
:  ;tes  pro- 

cI.i.Ai.  D.uliig  tL.J3  piixc^  th:io:e  iacicAses  c^.n^iclcrcbly  in  volume,  and 
a=:;  lies  a  deen  brown  color.  When  theroa.<rting  is  temiinnted  the  eh.irge 
i  '  -^  ■'  -  -  ^  furnace  to  the  fl;-or  of  the  establishment,  from  whence, 
1  allowed  to  cool,  it  is  removed  for  the  purpose  of  bc'ug 
"t  rf  f.::2  sieves,  by  which  the  finer  powder  is  separated 
:: j:a  the  r..  -.    These  are  broken  down  to  a  proper  size,  and 

:  'ter  being  -h  quantity  of  sea-salt  are  again  roasted  iv:  t!:e 

ni -T^T-    \.,,/..    .  , .cs  are.  on  the  contrary,  taiien  to  a  pair  of  hoary 

where  they  are  reduced  to  the  .'tete  "of  an  impalpalle  powder. 

■-rtc'ki?  wnrhs  there  are  14  roa«ting-furT>?.cef!.  sr.d  ??  r'rnv  raiT 

.  togetVer,  rre  cap^l'.e    '  '  "  :ig 

■  '^k.    Tlie  ore,  after  ]  1, 

;.^  L  >  120  revolutions  ],er  :  ^h 

a  uix-^siiii:  auparatii.-=,  whu-h  renders  it  as  impalpable  a,-;  the  iiue.--t  iluur. 

Tne  amalgamation  of  this  prepared  ore  is  performed  in  20  wooden  ca^ks, 
arranged  in  four  rows,  and,  each  turning  on  cast-iron  axles,  sectired  to  tht 


BAaaEL    AMALGAMATIOX.  073 

c- Js  hj  m.-^ans  of  l)'>lt3.  Tbese  Iwrrels,  \clach  are  2  ft.  10  ins.  in 
;  I.!  2  it.  H  ill.-;,  in  lat.-i  ;i.;i  di.i  iictcr,  ;i;e  iu;ule  of  oaii  sUufes  M  iua.  ii 
1  S.J.  ;.:i'inrof;c.t.ior  strciiullieuejl  by  iron  lioo|)s  nnd  biudc.-v,  Ououc-of 
t  .  lis  of  c'lcli  t  ;ii  i.-<  iil;ice;i  a  t  lotiicd  whofi,  wlucli  woi-k.s  iiiU*  ftuother 
t  > .:  i.'l  wiie-M,  m  i.int.'d  <);i  ;vu  :i>;lo,  wliich  ret-civcd  ii.s  uiotiMU  diitoUy  frma 
Ti  -.T-.tor-vvIicol.  Ab-ive  c;ich  of  tuo  tiiii.s  bo  arranged  is  placed  a  wramcB 
:  .<e,  into  w'ujh  is  thrown  the  prepared  miiioiiil,  aiul  whidi  is  funii.<hod 
v.;tli  a  Icat.iern  hose,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  the  powdered  oro  into 
tiio  .liiTerent  barrels.  With  this  view,  each  ca.sk  is  furnished  with  a  cirruLar 
poenins.  ami  an  iron  or  wooden  \nn,  which  is  einploved  for  running  off,  at 
tlie  termiiiaiion  of  Uie  process,  the  argeutif  eroiu  amalgam. 


Tig.  35.— Bakrel  Amai.gamatiok. 
Tlie  ba-sinss.  situated  immediately  above  each  tnn.  are  of  pnch  a  size  za 
to  exactly  contain  the  amount  of  water  necessary  ff>r  one  chnrge.     Below 
t'.ie  tuns,"  aud  a  little  above  t!ie  Burf:ioe  of  the  gjowi '  '     ..l  trinnsiil.ar 

tioaglis.  destined  to  receive  the  various  elalwrated  ;he  iiTiniua- 

ti  >n  of  the  ojjeration.     At  the  com:uencement  of  t  ii,  :;  cwts.  of 

v.-.itcr  are  rim  into  each  barrel  from  the  reservoir,  wiui  which  10  cwts.  of 
tie  linely-around  and  lifted  ore  are  intn>duced  through  the  hose.    To  ibis 

.".re  added  from  78  to  100  lbs.  of  wroui:ht-iron,  cut  into  f-v *     ■  f  about 

an  inch  square,  and  threo-ei;:!iths  of  an  inch  in  thicici  .ich,  in 

pro;x)rtion  as  they  bei-ome  di>si>Ived  by  tlie  action  of  ;  f s  by 

v/hi_h  they  are  associated,  are  rejilaccd  by  fre.-sh  jiieces.     Ti:c  w 

ti^'htly  closed  by  s  row-.st'aTipers.  and  as  soon  jw  tluy  liave  all  1  i, 

the  appanitus  is  thrown  into  ;:ear  by  the  means  of  a  screw,  ai. .  ig 

bloc'.c,  wliich  cause  the  t;in<  to  rotate  with  a  r.i]>idity  of  from  18  to  -o  uims 
per  minute.  At  tise  exoimtion  of  two  hours  the  machinery  is  a^iu  Ktoipid, 
and  the  tans  are  oiiencd  for  the  jiurpose  of  cxaminiuii  the  state  of  the 
nietnllifemu.'?  f^ste  which  they  ccnUiin.  If  the  chartre  i^  trto  lirni,  a  littl» 
Vater  i£  added  ;  but  if.  on  the  c^'atz^^rr.  it  is  foiuid  to  be  too  liquid,  a  small 


974 


BABB£L   AMALGAUATIOK. 


quantity  of  powdered  ore  is  thrown  in.  When  this  has  been  attended  to.  5 
cwts.  of  mercury  are  poured  iuto  each  cask,  and  the  tuus,  after  being  se* 
ciirelj  closed,  are  again  thrown  into  gear,  and  kept  constantly  re%-olving  for 
16  or  18  hours,  at  the  rate  of  from  20  to  25  turns  per  minute.  During  this 
time  they  are,  liowcver,  twice  examined,  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  whether 
the  paste  which  they  contain  be  of  the  proper  consistence  ;  for  if  it  be  too 
thick,  the  particles  of  mercury  are  not  sufficiently  brought  into  contact  witli 
the  silver  contained  in  the  ore,  and  if  too  much  water  has  been  added,  they 
remain  at  the  bottom  of  the  caslv,  and  are  not  sufficiently  mixed  with  the 
different  constituents  of  the  charge.  In  tlie  first  case  it  is  necessary  to  add 
a  small  quantity  of  water,  and,  iu  the  second,  a  little  powdered  ore.  After 
the  introduction  of  the  mercury,  the  temperatr.ro  of  the  casks  becomes  cou- 
eiderahly  raised  by  the  chemie.'il  changes  constantly  going  on  within,  so  that, 
even  in  winter,  it  sometimes  stands  as  high  as  lOi"^  Fiihr. 

At  the  expiration  of  20  hours  the  amalgamation  of  the  silver  is  ordinarily 
complete,  and  the  tuns  are  now  entirely  filled  with  water,  and  again  made 
to  turn  2  hours,  with  a  velocity  of  only  8  revolutions  per  minute.  The  amal- 
gam is  by  this  means  separated  from  the  sliniy  matters  withwhich  it  was 
mixed,  and  collects  in  one  mass  at  the  bottom  of  the  tuns.  When  this  ag- 
gregation of  the  amalgam  has  been  accomplished,  the  different  casks  ara 
successively  thrown  out  of  gear,  and  are  stopped  with  their  apertures  im- 
mediately over  the  spouts.  A  small  peg  in  the  bung  is  now  removed,  and 
the  liquid  amalgam  flows  out  and  is  received  in  the  triangular  spout  ;  the 
workman  closely  watclics  this  period  of  tlie  operation,  and  the  moment  any 
of  the  earthy  matters  begin  to  ilow  from  the  orifice,  it  is  again  tightly  closed. 
The  mercury  is  now  run  off  through  the  iron  tube,  into  the  gutter,  by  whicli 
it  ia  conducted  iuto  a  receiver  prepared  for  that  purpose. 


Fig.  36.— Barkel  Amalgamation. 

The  casks  are  now  turned  with  their  apertures  upward,  and  as  soon  as 
the  bimgs  have  been  removed,  they  are  again  brought  back  to  their  former 
jjosition,  and  the  muddy  residuum' is  discharged  into  a  spout  from  which  it 
flows  into  large  reservoirs  situated  at  a  lower  level.  This  residuary  ore  is 
found  to  be  stripped  of  its  silver  to  within  about  5^  ozs.  to  the  ton,  and  is 
therefore  often  subjected  to  another  amalgamation.  The  emptying  and  dis- 
charging of  tlie  casks  occupies  about  two  hours,  and  the  whole  process  is 
therefore  finished  in  less  than  24  hours.  In  14  days  160  tons  of  mineral  are 
treated  in  this  establishment,  every  5  tons  of  which  require  an  expenditure 
of  15  lbs.  of  metallic  iron,  and  2  lbs.  12|  ozs.  of  mercury:  so  that  every 
poimd  of  metallic  silver  produced  is  obtained  at  an  expense  of-  0.95  of  aa 
ounce  of  mercury. 

During  the  first  2  hours  that  the  casks  are  set  iu  action,  and  before  the  in- 
tzoductiou  of  the  mercury  the  sesquichloride  oi  iron  contained  iu  the  oro  ig 


BABB£L   AMALGIlMATION,  ETC.  974 

decomposed  by  the  metallic  iron  present,  and  converted  into  protochloride. 
If,  iustead  of  operating  in  the  way  described,  the  mercury  were  immediately 
introduced  into  the  casks,  it  would,  by  reacting  on  the  prochloride  of  iron, 
become  partially  converted  into  calomel,  which,  not  becoming  again  reduced 
during  the  sub!<equent  stages  of  the  operation,  would  be  productive  of  a 
considerable  loss  of  this  valuable  uiet;il.  Tliis  inconvenience  is,  however, 
completely  avoided  by  the  action  of  tlie  metallic  iron,  as  the  protochloride 
thus  formed  is  entirely  without  action  on  metallic  mercCtTy.  The  chloride 
of  silver  contained  in  the  roasted  ore  is  held  in  solution  with  the  chloride 
of  sodium,  and,  becoming  reduced  to  the  metallic  state  by  tlie  constant 
agitation  with  tlie  metallic  iron,  combines  with  the  mercurvto  form  a  liquid 
amalgam.  The  chlorides  of  lead  and  copper  are  decomposed  at  the  sama 
time  as  the  chlorides  of  silver,  and  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  amal- 
garaproduced. 

when  the  residual  earthy  matters  are  drawn  ofif  from  the  casks,  the 
pieces  of  metallic  iron  are  retained  by  means  of  a  gratijig,  whilst  the  slimes, 
after  being  run  into  proper  receivers,  are  conducted  into  pug-tubs,  where 
they  are  constantly  kcjit  stirred  with  a  large  quantity  of  water. 

These  tubs  are  furnished  with  openings  at  various"  distances  from  the  bot- 
tom, by  which  the  muddy  water  is  successively  drawn  off.  whilst  a  certain 
quantity  of  amalgam  is  found  collected  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.  This  is 
collected  at  the  close  of  the  operation,  and  added  to  that  obtained  by  tapping 
directly  from  the  amalgamation  tubs,  as  before  described. 

The  mercury  and  amalgam  obtained  from  the  casks  is  afterward  filtered 
through  close  canvas  bags  by  which  the  liquid  quicksilver  is  separated  from 
the  pasty  amalgam,  which  is  retained  by  the  closeness  of  the  web,  whilst  the 
mercury  passes  through  into  reservoirs  prepared  for  that  purpose.  The  pasty 
amalgam  which  is  retained  in  the  bags  consists  of  a  mixture  of  six  parts  o£ 
mercury  and  one  part  of  an  alloy  composed  of  about  80  per  cent,  of  silver, 
and  20  of  a  mixture  of  copper,  lead,  bismuth,  antimony,  gold,  nickel,  zinc, 
and  some  other  metals.  This  mixture  is  subsequently  heated  in  a  distilla- 
tory furnace,  and  is  thus  freed  from  the  adliering  mercury,  whilst  the  non- 
volatile constituents  of  the  alloy  are  obtained  in  the  solid  form. 

Mr.  Kostel  remarks  :  "  The'amalgtimation  in  barrels  is  not  adapted  to 
ore  containing  gold.  Unroasted  ore  has  been  tried  with  chemicals  nnsuc« 
cessfaUy.  The  construction  of  the  barrels  does  not  differ  much  in  the  differ- 
ent works  of  Nevada  Territory.  They  have  a  cylindrical  shape,  the  dianjeter 
and  depth  being  nearly  equal.  The  staves  are  3  or  4  inches  thick.  There 
are  two  sizes  in  use.  The  smallest,  capable  of  receiving  from  1000  to  1300 
pounds  of  ore,  are  32  inches  each  way  ;  the  larger,  receiving  a  ton  of  ore, 
measure  from  44  to  48  inches  in  the  clear. 

Ayeb's  Process  of  Treating  Silver  Ores. — By  this  process  the  ore, 
as  received  from  the  mine,  is  subjected  to  the  action  of  intense  heat  in  a  fur. 
nace,  and  afterwards  thrown,Vhile  still  hot.  into  alkali  water  or  brine,  which 
has  the  effect  of  cnimbling  it  into  small  pieces  :  the  fragments  are  subjected 
to  aJditioual  reducing  processes,  and  afterwards  amalgamated. 

Fig.  37  representsKent's  method  of  arranging  barrels  for  amalgamating. 
The  amalgamation  is  effected  by  tlie. rotary  motion  of  the  barrels,  aftei 
which  tlie  mass  is  discharged  through  large  sjyDuts  into  the  agitator  below, 
where  the  amalsrara  accuniulates  at  the  bottom.  The  following  is  Mr.  Kcut't 
account  of  his  improved  process  of  treating  gold  and  silver  ores. 

"  By  this  '  improved  mode  of  prejiaring  ores.'  the  ore  is  not  only  desul- 
phurized in  the  best  and  cheapest  manner,  but  the  base  metals  are  converted 
into  soluble  cMorid^s,  which  are  7)ot  readily  decomjiosed  by  heat,  and  may 
be  subsequently  removed  by  washing  the  prepared  ore.  or  by  the  water  u»e4 
in  the  jirocess  of  amalgamation,  and  the  gold  is  thus  left  free  and  bright,  and 
in  the  best  possible  condition  for  combining  with  the  mercury  used  in  tliat 
process. 

"  To  effect  this  object,  the  crashed  ores  or  tailingi  are  simply  mixed  witft 


976  K.ENT'3   AilAl,GAiiIATING    PKQCESS. 

a  Bolution  of  common  salt,  and  made  into  cakes,  lumps,  or  bricks,  which 
are  tlitu  liileined  ui  a  cummoii  kiiu,  s^iich  as  is  used  lor  buiuiMg  iime  or 
bricks,  lu  tnVi  process,  tlie  suli)liur  iu  die  oii?  is  uxidized  by  tiie  oxv,;c-ii  id 
t!io  ;.tmo.spiiure,  and  tiie  sulpiiuric  acidtlulsl^|■oduced  immedi;itelycoml)iuc9 
vltli  the  soda  in  l.ie  sa,lt,  forming  sulphate  of  soda,  and  liberating  the  niiiri- 
r.ii;acid,  which  iu  its  ttiia  attacks  the  base  metals,  forming  chlorides  of 
Conner,  zinc,  antimony,  etc.,  together  with  chloride  of  silver,  and  leaTiiig 
metallic  gold.  All  tlie  acid  used  in  the  process  is  prepared  in  the  process  it- 
Fr  if,  and  the  chemical  changes  are  produced  in  the  nascent  state,  whicli  is 
t')0  most  favorable  condition  for  effecting  them,  and  the  sulphur  being  ilui3 
roiubined  with  the  .soda,  a  smaller  proportion  escapes  into  the  atmoaphera 
than  when  ores  are  simply  roaiited  alone. 


-• .®  m^-:^.::   ^ 

'  -  ■ 

W:l 

:' '         ■!;■ 

■i 

Fig.  37.— Kent's  AirALGAMATrNO  Babeels. 

"  By  the  application  of  the  salt  in  solution,  one  bushel  will  make  suffl. 
oimt  for  a  ton  of  ore  ;  and  by  nunkingthe  ore  into  bricks,  which  may  be  dona 
tcita  one  m.i'.'hine,  at  the  rrte  of  23  t(ms  per  day,  the  uee  of  expensive  rever- 
f." !:; to ry  funuues,  as  nsed  r.t  Freiberg,  is  avoided,  and  25  tons  of  gold  or 
F'Jver  ore,  i:>  a  common  liine-'.viin,  or  1200  tons  iu  a  brick-kiln  composed  of 
tiie  caLce-d  o:-3  in  tlie  form  of  bvicks,  inay  be  calcined  at  one  operation,  in  tl)3 
chc;^aie.-t  an  I  hct  manner,  without  foiv  furnace  at  all,  by  the  pasnagc  of  a 
current  of  bet  air  tlirougli  the  interstices  of  tlie  briclc  so  formed. 

"  Alter  tha  chninical  decomposition  of  the  ore  is  thus  effected,  it  becomes 
so  Koft  that  it  may  be  gro'md  w'th  common  Ijurr-mills,  at  the  rate  of  40 
bu.shels  per  hour,  for  sm.algamation  in  barrels,  or  it  may  be  ground  and 
ara:tIsr:miatod  at  the  same  time,  bv  tlie  upe  of  Uie  W,a.«hoo  i>ans.  When  tv.o 
different  kinds  of  ore  are  mixed  together,  in  suitable  proportions.  bef<jr« 
ealiing,  which  is  sometimes  of  very  great  adv-Tutase.  r.ml  the  calcination  artt 
amri1:famationare  done  in  the  best  manner,  aboist  five  times  as  much  gold 
or  silver  as  from  crude  ore,  or  from  seventy-five  per  cent,  to  the  fall  assay 
value,  may  be  obtained." 

Extraction  of  Silveb  bt  Hot  Fbocess  vh  Coppeb  Ketti^,s.— Thii 


lOXTURKS  or   ORES,  ETC.  977 

process  i?  mainly  nspd  in  Snrth  An-.'^ricn.  on  orfp  rich  i-;  n.-.fivo  c;;ver.  or  in 
the  (•;.;  -ffj 

and  :  t 

bott.  ;:  ,  ,,1 

10  to  15  per  vciiU  i'i  suit  is  l.ieu  iiiiroii:  r. 

oughly  stirred.     Next,  f^njokpilvor.  <>i  ,.,. 

present,  is  abided  t  >  f  '  ■ 

silver  wlicuever  ;i  t 

Lastly,  thP  ;nr.:;Lv.r.i  : 

is  squeezed,  n  t.uttl  r.ii.l  rciiiitd,  uhjjo  Uit  t,-aiiguc*,  i»  dc-^aeU,  uii>-  be  ai.  - 

mitted  to  the  I'.ti.)  ).n:.ce*s. 

In  the  Par/.''  Prirtss,  lend  oo^it- •'■•••'  -■' —  ■■  '••  -  '  = -;.—    -  •  ;-  ^ 

pots,  and  melted  zinc  is  added  r: 

drawn  from  under  the  pit.  and  i  ; 

period,  while  t'le  silver  and  .".inc  r- 

lace  of  th.e  nioUen  niotr.l.  and  :  ii- 

tinues  to  ri?e.     Next,  the  scum;;!-  ...    .in 

a  liouation  retoit ;  the  pilver  and  lead  iuse.  and  are  liicn  in  larjri;  priiiK>riion 
oonaacted  into  pi-enaretl  raonlds.  The  alloy  thus  oLtriued  is  afterwards 
cupelled,  aiid  the  alloy  of  zinc  and  ,«ilver  r"'    '  ■  "  .1>- 

mitted  to  distillation  in  ordei*  to  eL"ect  a  par  cr 

thu3  obtained  is  deprived  of  iti  inipnriti'  <  1  :;8 

used  iu  charging  the  pot  nro:  ar^euli  of 

silver  to  the  i^n  of  lead.  10  to  15  ozs.  ;  i  z. 

of  silver,  i.5to21bs.    The  alloy  should  .  .  ......v..  ,.   ..,  .  .  .  •  ... ,. -  ...ur 

the  addition  of  t'..  ;  r.lnc,  and  the  proportion  oi  silver  (to  tao  toiroi  alloy) 
when  ready  fr«r  <■ ■  :-.t;oi  phor^'d  he  lO^c??. 

Tlie  Lir  '.        ■'  ■•-.■:■•         '  "      "    nd 

coT»per,  m:.'  to 

union  if  qui    .  ;  ...  •' *i 

to  near  the  nJO;tin;<  jAjiut,  will  also  !»eiiaiu,te,  and  ■  - 

eut,  will  g.Twitii  tlie  ler.d.     In  p-.-actife.  an  alloy  ■  r 

copper  matt  (a.s  it  comes  fn»m  t'.ic  smc!ti:rr  "  •  •  is 

melted  vfitn  abv.t  four  times  its  vrcipito:  a 

annular  I'lates.  which  are  rapidly  cooled     'i'  -d 

liquation  calces,  r.nd  are  arr.mgcd  in  a  lui  s, 

with  alternate  layers  of  charcoaL    The  1  t 

is  raised  to  a  de;r:oo  siigl.tly  less  than  the  m    ....,  , '   o 

silver  and  lead  l:i:v::j^aEO  conducted  to  a  receiver,  whiic  t  ;i 

Loney-comhod  0;  :;  Ti '^n.  reninir.s  in  th.e   ^ri-jhial  form.     If  t  a 

proves  deiectiv.- I      ^    '  "  •  to  the  further  t:>::t!:  mi  .i  a 

higher  de^ee  <  :  The  seiiaration  cf  t.  e  silver 

from  the  lead  is  il; 

ThefoUowiiigmistartsoi'-.K.-  '  s  excel- 

lent work,  as  i>o.«sessin:j  reliable ; 

No.  1.   MlXTV-KE   FOnOKF-SWi.,  ■    i    .    I.      1     :.■:.■.    ^M'  ...  ......  l.iTn.\BGK 

IS  Obtaixed  from  tuk  M.\xiri"L.VT:oN.— Silver  ore.  lOO  Ihs  -.  tiranulated 
lead  (or  200  Ihs.  lead  on.-),  85  lbs. ;  Swlaash,  liilljs.  ;  In.n,  25  lbs.  ;  Liuio 
(and  25  lbs.  sla;;,  when  ol)t;u;ie<l  I  ."5 11  s. 

No  2.  Mtxtcre  Foii  Ito AsTiNc  Orn.— Silver  ore.  100  lbs.  ;  GrauulaUd 
lead  85  ibs.  ;  Soda  ash.  2011)S.  ;  Iron.  8  lbs.  ;  Lime.  3  lbs. 

No.  3.  :MixTrRE  OF  Sii-v-ek  ur.r.  .\fter  PRomrrs  of  Smeltino  ark 
AT  H.AXi>.— Silver  ore,  100  ll)s.  :  Granulated  leal.  25  lbs.  :  Litharge,  7.'>  ll*.  , 
Hearth.  10  lbs.  ;  Soda  ash,  15  lbs.  ;  Chan-oal,  5  lbs.  ;  Iron,  « lbs.  ;  Lime,  8 
lbs    :  Slag,  25  lbs. 

When  the  melting  U  executed  with  rn  ,<(l.!iti..ii  ..f  h-^.d  ..r.'.  N..-;.  "  and 
3  do  not  require  pmnnlat<-d  lead,  but  ''*- 

tient  litharge.    The  quantity  of  Hux  p  v 

oftbeore.    If  the  eUii,- is  loo  thin  it  i«  l^^  ..^.w.  .  ;*■ 


978  TREATMENT   OF    SILVER   ORES,   ETC. 

ash.  The  mixture  is  introduced  with  a  shovel  when  the  furnace  is  at  a 
white  heat,  aud  spread  about  5  or  6  iu8.  deep,  to  about  half  the  length  of  the 
flux,  between  the  door  and  the  crucible.  The  door  is  closed,  and  the  firing 
continued  so  that  the  flame  reaches  the  end  of  the  flux.  The  ore  will  soon 
begin  to  melt  aud  ruu  into  the  crucible,  when  a  new"  charge  must  be  intro- 
duced as  soon  as  the  melting  ore  makes  room  for  it.  Stir  the  charge 
thoroughly  with  a  long  iron  bar,  and  continue  the  process  until  the  crucible 
is  filled.     Use  the  furnace  illustrated  on  page  983. 

Treatment  of  Silver  Ores  by  Solution. — Auf/ustin's  Process.  The 
priucpile  on  which  this  process  is  based  is  the  solubility  of  chloride  of  silver 
iu  a  hot  concentrated  solution  of  common  salt.  The  ores,  which  should  ho 
free  from  zinc,  antimony  and  arsenic,  are  first  submitted  to  dry  crushing  by 
stamps,  and  further  pulverized  by  grinding  in  suitable  mills,  after  which 
they  are  roasted  in  a  reverberatory  furnace  at  a  low  temperature,  with  a 
free  admission  of  air.  A  thorough,  uniform  roasting,  at  a  dull  red  heat, 
promotes  the  formation  of  various  sulphates  of  the  dilierent  metals  present. 
This  object  being  attained  the  heat  i.s  increased  to  a  cherry  red,  by  which 
the  aforesaid  sulphates  (with  the  .sole  exception  of  the  sulphate  of  silver)  are 
decomposed.  Tlie  sulphate  of  silver  is  next  converted  into  chloride  of  silver 
by  adding  common  sr.It,  previously  melted,  ground^  and  intermixed  with 
cold  ore,  to  tlie  hot  ore  in  the  furnace,  with  which  it  is  thoroughly  incor- 
porated by  vigorous  stirring 

The  apparatus  for  the  hurried  portion  of  the  process  consists  of  the  fol- 
lowing, arranged  in  the  order  of  mention,  viz.  :  1  spacious  heating  reser-^ 
voir,  a  set  of  dissolvmg  tubs,  2  large  settling  cisterns,  4  precipitating  tubs  to ' 
each  dissolving  tub,  and  2  roomy  receptacles,  all  arranged  on  descending 
steps.  The  aforesaid  tubs  are  nearly'circular  iu  form,  aud  are  arranged 
with  filters  composed  of  straw  and  brolcen  sticks,  cove-red  with  cloth.  Each 
tub  is  divided  into  two  unequal  divisions  by  means  of  a  vertical  partition 
placed  on  the  filter. 

The  chloridizcd  ore  being  placed  into  the  largest  divisions  of  the  dissolv- 
ing tubs,  a  hot  salt  solution,  suflicicnt  in  quantity  to  completely  saturate  the 
ore,  is  conducted  into  the  tubs  from  tlio  heating  reservoir  aforesaid,  and 
allowed  to  remain  one  hour.  The  outlet  cocks  of  the  heating  re.«ervoIr  and 
tabs  are  now  opened,  and  the  lict  salt  solution  is  permitted  to  filter  through 
the  ore  in  the  tubs,  and  pass  off  through  tlie  smaller  comjiartments  through 
apertures  at  first  above  the  level  of  tho  ore,  aud  afterwards  through 
orifices  near  the  base  of  the  tubs,  into  the  large  settling  cisterns  above 
noted.  The  current  is  shut  off  when  it  is  ascartained  by  a  piece  of  clear 
eopper  that  no  trace  of  silver  cxii-ts  iu  the  filtrate. 

The  next  step  is  to  place  copper  (cop])cr  cement)  in  |',ach  of  the  upper  two 
precipititing  tubs  in  tlie  difEorent  classes  of  four,  and  wrought  scrap  iron  in 
each  of  the  corresponding  lower  two,  and  conduct  tho  chloride  solution 
slowly  from  the  settling  cisterns  by  filtering  ittb.rough  the  various  precipi- 
tating tubs  int->  tlie  large  receptacles  bclovr.  The  chemical  effect  is  to  pre- 
cipitate the  sih'cr  by  means  cf  the  copper  in  the  upjicr  tubs,  and  th.e  copper 
iu' solution,  if  it  bo  present  iu  t;io  ore  *at  firyt,  is  jirecipitatcd  by  the  iron  iu 
the  lower  tubs.  TIio  silver  is  removed  every  tiiree  rhiys  from  the  precipitat- 
ing tubs  and  refined,  while  the  filtrate  in  the  large  receptacles  is  pumped 
into  the  heating  reservoir  for  ftituro  operations. 

The  ore,  previous  to  roasting,  should  contain  at  least  20  per  cent,  of 
Bulphur,  and  tho  ]iroportious  of  the  charge  to  the  furnace,  should  be,  of  ore 
for  roasting  aud  calciuing,  500  lbs. ;  melted  salt,  pulverized,  35  lbs.  ;  roasted 
ore,  cold,  and  mixed  with  the  salt,  220  lbs.  ;  time  of  roasting  on  upper  hearth 
of  furnace,  4  to  4|  hours  ;  calcimug  on  lower  hearth,  4  to  4^  hours  ;  time 
occupied  in  chloridizing,  from  15  to  20  minutes  ;  heat  of  salt  solution,  131° 
Fahr.  Tho  depth  of  copper  in  the  precipitating  tubs  should  be  about  (i  ius.,  , 
ol  iron  iu  do.  (provided  the  ore  contains' copper  in  quantity  worth  saving),  6 
ins.  Tho  time  for  dissolving  and  precipitating  will  occupy  20  to  24  hours  ; 
Bolutioa  of  sftit  run  tiicou^h  «ach  tab  to  1000  lbs.  of  oie,  200  to  250  cubic  feet 


TREATMENT    OF    SII  VEPw   OEES,    ETC.  973 

TREATJrENT  OF  SiLVEK  ORES  BY  ScLPntTRio  AcJV.—FreibeTf}  Proetss. 
Tlio  argentiferous  copjter  matt,  a.s  it  comes  from  the  furnace,  is  thoroughly 
pulverized,  roasted  and  chloridizcd  as  ia  tlie  last  described  prorecs,  in  tubs, 
and  submitted  to  tl'.o  action  of  hot  Fulpburic  add.  l!y  this  means  the  cop- 
per and  iron  (if  anj'  is  pre.-;cnt)  aro  dissolved,  while  the  silver  remains 
intact.  Tiio  copper  solatK^n  is  coiv.lucted  into  vats,  and  crystallized  into 
sulphato  of  copper,  while  the  intact  rcmaiudcr,  containing  the  silver, 
is  smelted  with  lead  and  cupelled. 

TjJEATMrNT  OF  SriAT.K  0:;e?<  r.v  Soltttion. — ZicrvogcVs  ProresK. 
The  ore,  of  the  c\?s-:i  descril)c.l  under  Augustin's  process,  is  efTcctually  pul- 
verized, roasted  and  calcined  to  decompose  the  sulphates  of  iron  and  other 
inferior  metals,  the  sulj^hrto  of  silver  only  remaining  unafTectcd.  The  test 
of  comploto  calcination  being  a  slifjht  blue  col:. r  given  out  by  asmallciuantity 
of  the  roasted  ore  when  thrown  into  water.  The  process  is  jiredicatea  on  tho 
solubility  of  sulphato  of  silver  in  hot  water,  the  suliih.i.tized  ore  being 
treated  i'u  every  way  as  tho  chloridized  ore  in  Anjjustiu's  ])rocess,  with  tho 
sole  exccptionVnat  pure  water,  at  a  temp,  of  14'J*  Fahr.,  is  used  instead  of 
the  hot  salt  solution. 

TuE.\TMEXT  OF  SiLATtR  Ores  BY  THE  Rammei^berg  PROCESS.— Argen- 
tiferous grannl;;tcd  copper  ore  is  placed  in  tubs  e:^poscd  to  the  atmositherc, 
and  submitted  to  tlio  action  of  hot  sulphuric  acid,  which  is  slowly  flowed 
over  it  in  a  small  stream,  convertins:  it  i:ito  sulphato  of  copper.  The  solu- 
tion of  dissolved  copper  is  conducted  through  an  r.rranficmcnt  of  troughs, 
in  which  it  is  deposited  in  the  .<;hapo  of  rough  crystils,  whil3  tho  liquid  por- 
tion is  returned  and  reheated,  to  be  again  poured  over  tho  oro  in  the  tubs. 
The  next  step  is  to  wash  the  rough  crystallized  salt  deposited  in  the  tronglu^, 
conduct  it  into  rats,  and  allow  it  to  recrystallize.  The  silver  present  in  tho 
ore  will-be  found  in  tlie  dissolving  tubs,  and  is  finally  smelted  with  lead  and 
cupelled  for  its  silver. 

Pattixson's  rKOCESS.— 1st.  Tliis  process  is  founded  on  these  facts :  If  a 
melted  alloy  of  silver  and  lead  is  stirred  while  cooling  slowly,  crystals 
of  lead  form  and  sink,  which  may  be  rcuioved  by  a  drainer.  A  large  jior- 
tion  of  the  lead  mav  thus  bo  separated  from  tlio  silver.  2nd.  Cast-iron 
jtans,  cap:iblo  of  holding  abor.t  5  tons  each,  provided  with  fire-places,  are 
arranged  in  a  series,  as  A,  B,  C.  D,  E,  F,  O,  in  a  straight  line.  3rd.  The 
metal  of  ores  containing  silver  and  lend  as  it  comes  from  ordinary  smelting 
works,  is  melted,  for  inf.tance,  in  pan  D,  and  then  r.llowed  to  cool  very 
slowly.  Tho  met::l,  while  cooling,  is  stirred,  especially  near  the  edges  of 
the  pan  with  an  iron  bar.  As  soon  as  crystals  form  and  sink  to  the  bot- 
tom they  aro  t-keu  out  with  rn  iron  drainer,  raised  to  a  temperature  some- 
what higher  than  that  of  the  metal  bath.  From  one-half  to  two-thirds  of 
the  charcrc  is  thus  removed  to  pnn  E,  and  th.o  balance  taken  to  pan  C 
Other  cliarfos  of  Dr.ro  similarly  t-catcd,  and  disposed  of  m  like  manner, 


al'ov  should  not  exceed  f'JCO  tt  the  h'n.—Qunrtz  Operator's  Hand-lio-'k. 

To  Pcu-ry  JlcKCvrv.— Quicksilver,  to  be  in  i»rimo  condition  foramalgani- 
ntin'T  ininio'^es,  should  bo  free  f r^m  impurites  and  forciirn  sub-stances,  as  zinc, 
bismuth,  lead,  £:c.,  wl-.idi  i-.n-.r.ir  its  power  for  combining  with  the  preciouH 
metals.  To  c  Tect  this  th c  iuviure  quicksilver  should  be  distilled  lu  a  common 
covered  retort,  rr  if  this  is  net  available  a  retort  may  be  readily  improvised 
by  u.sin"  a  common  quicksilver  fl.nsk  and  an  iron  pipe  bent  in  tlie  shape  oi  a 
^T'aon,~thc  .«hovt  leg  of  the  pine  being  inserted  in  tho  tlask  in  the  orificej* 


the 
below 


top,  while  tho  long  leg,  a"  vard  or  more  in  length,  extends  downwi 
w  the  bend,  and  must,  while  iu  operation,  be  kept  cold  by  meana  of 


wet 


980 


CtTPKLLATIOJf  PTTKNACK. 


cloths  and  cold  irr.tcr.  Fill  the  retort  two-thirds  full  with  the  impnr*  qniclc- 
silver,  apjily  the  lieat  first  of  all  to  the  short  leg  of  the  syphon  and  tlie  upper 
part  of  the  retort,  tlien  to  all  parts  of  the  flask  alike,  keeping  the  discharga 
end  of  the  pyphou  in  cold  water,  within  the  receiver.  Keep  the  bext  regular 
and  do  not  hurry  tlie  distillation. 

Lastly,  treat  t!ie  distilled  quicksilver,  in  tliin  sheets,  by  frequent  agitation 
with  "2  parts  of  jiure  water  and  1  part  uitiic  acid,  maintaiuiui^  meanwliile  a 
temperature  of  120"  Fahr.  for  se\eral  hours.  The  operations  may  be  re- 
peated until  the  impurities  are  removed,  when  the  quicksilver  may  be  poured 
off  for  use. 

ToKESTOREQncKsrLVEKWHEN  "Floubed,"  or  "Sickexed."— When 
quicksilver  becomes  inoperative  through  being  "  floured,"  or  "sickened," 
or  in  a  state  of  minute  division,  or  in  the  scum  form,  the  trouble  may  l>e  rec- 
tified by  the  addition  of  1  part  of  sodium  to  2000  or  2500  parts  of  quicksilver 
l)y  weight.  With  a  very  slight  degi-ee  of  heat  sodium  and  quicksilver  cora- 
liine  with  a  powerful  afflnity  for  each  other,  forming  sodium  amalgam, 
which  possesses  an  energetic  chemical  attraction  for  the  precious  metals  lynd 
tome  other  substances.  Its  use  is  of  imquestiouable  value  ui  extracting  gold 
or  silver  from  sweepings,  in  the  treatment  of  gold-beariog  quartz  in  batteries, 
>)arrels,  pans,  arastras.  &c.,  or  in  amalgamating  silver  ores  in  which  the  siW 
^er  has  been  reduced  to  a  metallic  condition. 


CrPELLATION  FCEXAC**-  J?"ig.  o». 

CuPELLATioN  OF  oOLD  .VN"!)  SILVER. — This  process  is  bp-sed  on  the  re- 
fractory nature  of  these  precious  metals  and  their  affinity  for  lead  in  a  stats 
of  fusion,  conjoined  with  the  well  known  tcudency  of  the  latter  metal  to  es- 
idize  while  being  subjected  to  the  ac-tion  of  heat.  The  alloy,  com)X)sed  ol 
lejid.  gold,  and  tilver,  or  lead  and  gold  or  silver,  is  fused  in  a  furnace  con- 
stmcted  with  apertures  for  the  admission  of  a  blast  of  air,  and  the  exit  of 
She  litharge.  -vai>ors,  fcj-  dissipated  by  the  heat.  Figs.  SS  and  39  represents 
» Jamac©  of  tbii»  kiiid.    •fhe-iioa  pan  is  4  It.  in  diam.  with  » tluroat,  /,  19 


EEFCTTN^G   OF    GOLD    AXD    SILTER.  981 

lBc^«fl  long  and  12  wide  for  the  escape  of  the  litliarge,  which  falls  apon  th« 
cast-iron  plate,  y.  The  pan  is  filled  with  \mod-aalic8,  raarl,  bonc-a.-hes,  or  a 
combination  of  pulverized  limestone  and  clay,  well  beaten  tvqetlier.  Tho 
bars  of  lead  are  passed  in  at  i.  wlc^ro  f\  fiio-ti'o  i<  ^lic^d  in  •liiiiii','  "lirl^tlv 
inward,  and  the  blast,  intr    '        -       •        •  •  1 

^alloj-  on  the  henrth.  This 
litharge,  whioh  is  partiriliy 
and  partially  dissipated  by  t'.e  V.y.d.    1.  >■>;•;■'  r,  <>i  .,i;ni'  ii, 

S  resent  in  the  alloy,  they  will  also  l»o  oxiliml.     Tlio  b:is«  iv 
issipated,  fcbsorbed,  .ind  oxidized,  tho  gold  (and  silver,  ii  i 

will  rem",*!!  R  brilliant  mass  on  the  henrth  of  tho  furnace  m 

conditio*.    It  auy  lend  remain  it  can  be  removed  by  tho  hii  I  ut 

assay. 

Refivixg  of  Gold  axd  Silver.— If .  after  cnjiellation  as  above  describod, 
the  meial  obtained  bo  an  all'vof  gold  and  silver,  it  i;  -^^i.  .iti,  ,i  t  .  1st. 
Qiiartation :  This  coiisist.s  in  the  alloyinjr  of  one  pait  <f  rtn 

of  silvw.     2'\    (rrnn^i'iifinn  :   Thi<»  is  Yvrfnrmed  by  '  ired 

melted  Bi.l       '  .-•.•,..  ^^  ^^ 

bundle  o!  -ef- 

fected by  -  loid 

or  concentrati-i  suli'.uuio  at-id.     Foi  I'-is  puri,i>c-o  i..-c  .  ,  14i> 

parts  nitrtc  acid  of  specific  gr.  1.32  to  10:)  parts  of  silvi  tho 

eilver  and  »uv  base  metals  that  may  be  present  out  of  \  *lio 

gold  pure.     Brdu'-'i.in  :  In  tliis  pniVe.-s  thepi)'.,!  is  rc!;;  Iv- 

ing  vessel  and  fuit'aer  treated  by  b' •;!:::■:  i:i  r'tric  r."" '  iod. 

and  melted  in  a  crucible  with  a  1'  ivor 

in  the  parting  solution  may  be  i  :  liy 

a  solution  of  salt.     In  the  former  ...  _     .    ,    ,  ,  ...     .;-':ini; 

in  water,  then  pressed,  melted  with  sa"a:>etre  and  pulverized  bunix,  and  cn^t 
into  ingots  ;  in  the  latter  case  the  chloride  of  silver  is  melted  witli  a  flux  of 
carbonate  of  soda  or  other  suitablo  fiux,  then  run  into  bars. 

FLrxKS  FOR  RKPrciNQ  Photooraphic  Wastks.— 1.  Jj/tu-k  Flur—Crenm 
of  tartar  8  o/.s.,  saltpetre  4  07.3.  Place  tlio  niixitirc  ti"'vi  n'l  in  m  P'l"  nnil  i-rnito 
it  with  a  red-liot  coal.  ■\Vlien  the  conibus;inii  i-  ,        ,     .     ..  ■    ^^^^^ 

be  powderetl  and  sifted  whilii  still  hot,  and  i  itlo 

to  prevent  tho  absorption  of  moisture  f;-"!'i  '.  .      -ing 

and  reducing  a^ent.     2.  Fiur>.<  /'.•r  ('!■'  -  n,   uii.ly 

pulverized  and  intimately  nii.x'd  with  tux.    J'ul- 

verized  castilo  soap,  niola5.--.«.  ct  s;-.  • 'iI'Ti<!o  of 

silver.  3.  Fluv/'V  /i\'liiri,i;i /he  -'   '  '    :iatj 

of  potash  8  ozs".  carb'inmL'  of  s.  :rd 

and  sifted  thro:igl;  a  l;:-i;  ri.i'-.r  si  i^n 

matters)  thoroughly  with  tht^r  <  i'l.i 

about  three-quarters  full  of  the  •  iJu 

maas,  and  place  (.«!  the  fire.    4./'  '   .t  < 

been  prepared  by  adding  a  Bolutii  i  •  i  si;. 
thoroughly  dried),  it  may  be  mixed  with  its  v 
in  the  erucible.  and  submitted  to  tho  fire:  c; 

2  ozs.    An  exeelloni,  llux.   6.  Flux  fyr  Co!In^i,-.i  j  i 

16  oza.,  carbonate  of  s  da  2  ozs.    Use  4  ozs.  of  flux  •  :      I 

proceed  as  with  the  last.    C. /'/".r /or  7^(<i.<^ '/  >'"'■  ■  ■  i' 

potash  T'i  ozs.,  carbonate  of  soda  5  oza.    l'>'   '  ^. 

and  treat  as  before  de--eribed.    7.  Fine /or   .  -  - 

cipitats  (dry)  8  ozs..  saltpetre  6  to7'>7s.   Fill  t!  ■ -li^ 

to  a  b.-ight  red  heat,  and  :'      .    '  '     '  ruined  \v :  :  /'jt 

Cfiloridt:  of  Silrer—Curhnu::  :  S  c>z8.,  jx.'  Ui9 

chloride  (Well  drieil)  with  1  '.  of  the  i!  arly 

tbree-ii^arters  full,  with  a  tiiu  ;  i-  ■  :  "t  ealt  on  ton.  a:  i  ^v;.i  i  .  .  ui.-  i  n.-.  'J, 
Fltixfor  Old  Collodim  /"i/ms— Saltpetre  S  ozs.,  carln^r.-Uo  of  p^.'.ajh  4  ozs.  I'M 
bair  as  much  flux  as  ashes,  lo  Mb!.aiu  thi  best  rosults  from  thos«  flaxos,  they 
mi'jat  bH  kept  in  wcU-stopperod  botUiis, 


982 


r)EScniPTioK"S  op  pukxaces,  ets. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  FURNACES  USED  IN 
ROASTING  ORES. 

Figs.  40  and  41  represents  the  ground  plan  of  a  fnmace  nsed  for  roasting 
eilver-ores  in  which  a  is  tie  liearth-bottoni,  comT>osed  of  the  liardest  bricks, 
placed  compactly  edgewise.  The  ore  to  be  roasted  is  introduced  at  the  aper- 
ature,  e.  Fig.  41.  and  after  being  treated  is  discharged  tlirough  the  oriSce,  b. 
Fig.  40,  in  the  hearth  of  the  furnace.  The  space  between  the  arch  aud  bot^ 
torn  near  the  bridge,  g,  is  21  ins.,  converging  to  8  ins.  near  the  flue,  c.  The 
flue  is  conducted,  either  directly  or  through  dust-chambers,  into  a  chimney, 
the  capacity  of  which  for  a  single  furnace  should  be  from  16  to  18  iue.  so! 
and  from  25  to  30  ft.  high,  and  the  bridge,  g,  should  be  formed  of  material 
Bufficiently  refractory  to  withstand  the  action  of  the  fire  and  the  friction  of 
the  hoes  used  in  turning  the  mass  of  ore. 


Fig.  41.— FtTBXArs  roit  Boasttkg  OnH*. 
Figs.  42,  43  and  44  is  a  plan  of  a  furnace  suitable  for  the  smelting  of  sil* 
Tcr  ores,  for  refiuing  silver,  or  meituig  retorted  amalgam  :  the  cast-iron 
pan.  a  a,  15  ins.  deep  and  37  ins.  dixim.,  is  lined  with  fire-proof  material  to 
form  the  hearth,  and  is  snpixjrted  by  fire-bricks  to  permit  access  of  air  under 
and  around  the  bottom  and  sides  in  order  to  temi^r  the  heat.  The  fire- 
proof matei  Ld  is  formed  of  old  fire-brick  pulverized  and  mixed  with  one- 
third  its  bulk  of  good  day,  or  of  3  pts.  piUverized  white  quarts  (pure)  with  1 
pt  clay  ;  is  beaten  with  rararaer.^  so  as  to  project  6  ins.  above  the  verge  of 
tD»  p»o,  aud  is  fiaallj  aioalded  iaw  ^jropc&bspe  wiU»  a  cur>-e<i  tooL    Tho 


CESCETPTI02T   OP  TXlTX^XCRS. 


083 


line-plate,  ^,  is  first  lined  \vith  .1  floor  of  firo-briclc,  rvnd  finally  coated 
with  a  mortiir  of  tho  fire-Droof  material  carefully  smoothed  down.  The  ore 
is  passed  in  at  k,  -n-henco  it  descends  to  tho  hearth,  //;  the  slag  is  discharged 
r.t  the  orifice,  0,  andilie  metal  and  matt  at  the  t;ip-hole  passing  through  tho 
hearth,  represented  at  b,  Fig.  43.  Tho  ore,  carried  by  tho  draft  into  the  dusk 
chamber,  2>,  i  5  removed  at  intervals  tliroitgh  tho  aperture,  6.  The  firo-placo. 
H,  13  adapted  for  coal  :  the  capacity  of  the  chimney  should  bo  from  18  to  20 
km.  squai-o  inside,  40  to  50  it  high,  and  lined  -with  fire-brick. 


984  DEscKipnoy  op  pttrn^acbs. 

high,  composed  of  fire-tiles  ;  the  bottom,  4  ins.  thick,  is  formed  of  fire- 
bnckB  ;  the  ore  is  introduced  through  the  funnel,  jj,  and  discharged  through 
the  opening,  d.  39  ins.  Ion,::  and  i  wide,  vrith  a  hinged  iron  door,  into  t-e  fun- 
nel, e.  which  carries  it  outside  tlie  famace.  The  cog- wheels  bv  which  the  hearth 
is  rotated,  and  the  balls  and  rollers  cu  which  it  rests,  are  shown  at  y  and  h. 


Rg.  4o.— IVBSACK  fob  ROA5TEte  Obe. 


:BU'  *6'       PcxsAcs  Fos  0{>£aATQ.a  Cbuciblb.       ]Kg.  4r. 


rESCRIPTION   OF   FURNACES.  066 

Fig.  46  represent"?  a  fnruace  adapted  for  operations  with  a  crucible.  Tb» 
crucible  is  supported  on  a  piece  of  tire-hrick  on  tlie  grate,  compoaed  of  mov- 
able iron  rods  ;  a,  is  a  sUdiug  door  at  the  top  ;  the  f  uniace  is  15  ins,  nqnara 
and  is  lined  with  lirP-i>iick. 


Fig.  48.— Fcrxact:  Fon  Di.-.iii.Li^(.;  Mi.uclijy. 

Figs.  47  and  48  shows  the  pL-in  of  n  fnma6e  n.sed  for  the  distillation  or  re- 
torting of  the  quicksilver  from  the  various  gold  and  silvcraiualgaiusobtained 
in  the  treatment  of  ores.  Fio:.  47  represents  a  front  view  ;  the  cover,  a,_Fi<i. 
48,  of  the  retort  being  removed.  The  retort  lir.3  two  vrini:?,  b  b.  lij,'.  4i ,  by 
which  it  is  suoiwrtcd  on  brick  worlc  so  as  to  leave  three  ins.  clear  on  each 
side  ;  it  i.s  formed  of  c:i«t-iron,  4  ft.  loner,  H  ins-  wide,  and  '.)  ins.  high.  The 
fire  has  a  full  sweep  over  t>.o  whole  sarfaco  of  the  retort  both  alx>ve  and 
below  ;  the  fire-place  is  fitted  with  grates  2  ft  Ion?,  and  may  be  made  longer 
if  required,  to  conform  to  the  kind  of  facl  used.  The  coiulcnsinjr  Pipe,  «,  la 
terminated  bv  a  funnel,  I,  while  a  constr.nt  stream  of  cold  water  is  kept  flow- 
ing around  the  pipe.  The  funnel  is  wrapped  aronnd  witli  cloth,  p,  which 
reaches  into  the  water.  The  water  in  the  vessel,  a,  should  be  kept  at  a  levtl 
about  half  an  inch  below  thofinmel.  j    r>  u 

Fic;8  49,  50,  and  51,  represent  furnaces  employed  by  the  Colorado  Uold. 
and  Silver  Sei^aratin::;  Co. 'in  treating  ores  by  the  Hasan  process. 

DE.SCRIPTIOX  OF  Tiir.FrKN.\CES.— A,  Furnaces  ;  li.  151a.st-holcs  ;  C,  Deli?- 
erv-oponiu-^.^;  T),  Perforated  steam  pities  ;  E,  Superheated  chamber  ;  G,  Flue, 
(ix8  ;  J,  Dami^eis  ;  L.  Bridgewall  of  Furnaces  ;  M,  Flue,  18x18  ;  N,  oi)omne, 
24x24;  0  Ash-;-.its  ;  P,  Stone  walls  to  s.ave  brick  ;  Q,  Drick  walls  ;  R,  \Vood 
furnaces;  S,  Coalfurnaces  ;  T,  Pipes  for  for  superheated  .steam over  fnrnacee; 
M,  Grate-bars  ;  V,  Steam  pipes  for  controUing.  the  action  in  the  redncingj 

chamber.  ,     ,       - »    o  •    i  «- 

WoRKiNo  DiKECTiOKs.— Fill  the  furnace  with  ore  broken  6  to  8  lacnea 
square,  put  fire  under,  and  work  very  moder.ately  for  24  hours  ;  then  make 
the  fire  stron-,  and  let  tho  ore  rem:;!!i  in  43  hours  longer.  At  the  expiration 
of  that  time,  commence  t.  draw  out,  taking  out  2  tons  per  hour,  at  t'l';  «inio 
time  putting  in  a  like  quantity  ;  thus  keening  the  furnace  al way.-.  I»".  ana 
bringing  the  ore  gnidusllv  from  a  temperature  of  alxmt  .50«)^  at  the  top  »  * 
temperature  of  about  900''' as  it  faUs  to  the  bottom  «f  the  furnace. 


'>586 


DESCRIPTION;    OF    FURNACES. 


Let  iu  steam  at  the  bottom  of  the  furnace,  for  10  minutes,  each  time  be- 
fore taking  out  ore,  -whicli  cools  it.  After  taking  the  ore  out  of  the  furnace, 
it  should  be  run  through  some  grinding  process  to  bring  it  down  to  find  sand. 
It  should  then  be  run  through  the  second  process,  which  should  lia\  e  a 
etrong  wood  fire  and  good  supply  of  hydrogen  gas,  as  tlie  time  running 
through  would  be  very  short  ;  after  which  it  should  be  piit  iu  some  amal- 
gamating process,  such  as.Beath's,  which  grinds  to  fine  ix)wder  as  it  aniaU 
fumates,  and  clears  off  the  oxides  at  the  same  time. 


i 

1' 

\» 

)^ 

^ 

"~~ 

L 

1 

J. 

^ 

Fig.  49. 


Fig.  50. 


Fig.  51. 


"  The  following  is  an  explanation  of  the  rationale  of  the  Hagan  process 
for  disintegrating  and  desulphurizing  gold, and  silver  ores.  Superheated 
steam  is  introduced  into  the  fire  in  such  a  manner  that,  in  a  gaseous  form, 
the  steam  impinges  upon  the  ignited  coals  or  wood  without  admixture  of 
atmospheric  air,  and  thus  effects  the  decomposition  of  water  into  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  gases.  The  oxygen  miites  iumiediateiy  with  the  carbon  of 
the  burning  coals  or  wood,  while  the  liberated  hydrogen  passes  from  the 
fire  and  burns  in  the  presence  of  the  oxygen  of  the  air.  The  hydrogen  flnmc 
and  the  resulting  gases  being  brought  into  contact  with  the  heated  gold  and 
silver  ores,  the  sulphur,  arsenic,  antimony,  etc.,  are  dissolved,  and  are  car- 
ried off  with  the  products  of  combustion.  The  povrerful  effect  of  the  flame 
of  hydrogen,  in  dissolving  pyritous  sulphur,  arsenic,  antimony,  etc.,  and  in 
attacking  oxygen,  is  well  known,  but  the  expense  of  producing  it  has  hither- 
to prevented  its  application  to  the  disintregratiou  and  desulihurizaticn  of 
gold  and  silver  ores.  Xot  until  the  invention  of  Dr.  Hagan's  cheap  and 
simple  method  of  decomposing  water  and  thus  fuvuishing  hydrogen  gas  and 
flame  abundantly,  has  itbeen  at  all  possible  to  apply  it  to  lliis  pui-pose  ;  but 
now  so  economically  can  tliis  i^owcrlul  agent  be  produced  that  t!;e  cost  of 
treating  ores  by  it  is  only  one  dollar  per  ton. 

"The  treatment  of  gold  and  silver  ores  by  the  Hagan  process  requires  a  fur- 
nace of  very  simple  and  inexpensive  construction,  which  may  be  built  of  ma- 
terials at  hand  iu  every  miner's  locality,  costing  not  over  §2000,  for  working 


DESCRIPTION   OF   FURNACES. 


987 


80  tons  per  day.  The  ores  are  fed  in  at  tlio  top  of  the  furnace  aq  they  com« 
from  the  miue,  and  are  drawn  out  at  tlio  bottom  as  soou  as  tl\cy  become  dis- 
integrated and  desulphurized,  and  thus  tlio  operation  is  kejit  up,  day  aud 
uight,  uninterrupedly,  the  ore  requiring  4S  hours  to  jkiss  through. 

"  The  ores  thus  treated  become  soft  and  friable,  and  their  chanictor  will 
be  destroyed,  so  that  tliey  will  crumble  into  iwwder  under  slijjlit  pressure. 
Tlie  sulphurets  of  iron,  copper,  aud  nther  base  mineral  coinixMindfi,  will  bo 
converted  into  oxides.  The  finest  i)articlcs  of  meUiUicgold  will  bu  liberated 
from  their  inclosing  niatrLx,  and  the  silver  ore  will  bo  j>ut  in  a  chemical  con- 
dition suitable  for  perfect  nmalpamation,  so  that  both  the  silver  and  gold  may 
be  easily  separated  without  the  great  waste  and  losses  attending  the  old  nietli- 
oda  of  working  the  ores. 

"  When  properly  manipulated,  the  ores  can  be  made  to  render  all  tho 
precious  metals  they  coutjiin,  or,  say,  within  five  per  cent  of  the  assay— 
whereas  by  the  ordinary  method,  the  miners  of  Colondo  have  only  obti'iuud 
$25  per  too  from  orea  actually  containing  from  SlOO  to  S500  or  more  per 
•on,'^ 


Fig.  52.— FrRXACE  for  ExxKACTCfO  Q^^CKSIL^^:B. 

Fig.  52  represents  furnace  used  for  tho  extraction  of  quicksilver  from  tl4 
cinnabar  at  the  New  Almadcn  mines.  It  is  constructed  of  bricks  witii  a  ca- 
pacity for  holding  from  Gr>,000  to  110,000  lbs.  of  ore,  according  to  iU  grade. 
The  fuel  used  is  wood,  fed  into  a  lateral  furnace  which  supplies  heat  to  the 
chambers  containing  tb.e  qic,  but  separated  from  thera  by  a  wall  pierced 
•with  numerous  apertures  formed  bv  tho  omi.ssion  of  bricks  at  proper  inter- 
vals The  heat  is  conducted  among  the  ore  and  through  all  the  chambers 
exhibited  in  the  diagram,  until  the  mercury  is  thoroughly  condensed,  while 
tho  draft  is  conducted  tlirou<:h  inclined  stjiclvs  to  tl;e  t<:)p  of  a  distant  emi- 
nence where  the  deadly  emanations  of  tho  furnace  arc  discharged.  The  fur- 
naces rest  upon  double  arches  of  brick-work  and  the  whole  is  arranged  with 
efifective  appliances  for  securing  the  condense<l  quicksilver.  The  ore  is  hand- 
■broken  to  remove  th-i  barren  r<v>!c :  no  flux  is  employed,  tlie  lime  associated 
■with  the  ore  beimr  all-sufficient  for  tlie  decom|>osition  of  tho  sulpluirets 

The  metal  be"-ins  to  run  in  from  4  toG  hours  after  the  heat  is  applied,  and 
the  process  is  complete  in  about  CO  hours.    The  mercury  is  o«nducted  by 


Oxsa 


aiOJiNlEE  S   DESULPnUEIZING   PKOCESS. 


irou  pipcfl  through  various  coudensiiig  chambers,  and  finally  discharged,  in 
a  pure  condition,  into  large  kettles. 

Fig.  52  represents  Bruckner's  f  iiruace  for  roasting  ores.  The  contrivance 
is  formed  of  iiii  iron  cylinder  suspended  by  chains,  which  by  means  of  a  ro- 
tary motion  mixes  and  stirs  the  ore  wliHe  under  treatment.  The.se  furnacei* 
are  made  of  two  sizes,  one  (5  ft.  lona;  to  contam  800  lbs.,  and  the  other  i)  ft 
lonj;  to  hold  1400  lbs.,  the  first  noted  requires  three-fourths  of  a  hoi-se-power 
to  drive  it  and  the  other  one  horse-power.  They  are  eminently  suitable  for 
localities  dilSciilt  of  access  as  they  can  be  transported  en  the  backs  of  mules. 


rig.  53.— BnrrKXEn's  Fikx.vce. 


MoN'XiEr.'g  D^'5T?LPnuRiziKO  Procksp. — This  process  is  adaptable  to 
cupriferous  or  nickeliferon.9  ore.s,  as  also  ^vhoro  gold  and  silver  occur  with 
the  sulphides  of  copper  and  iron,  one  of  the  primary  features  being  the 
utih.-'.iitinu  of  tlie  e'.hnin  Ued  sulphur  for  the  manufacture  of  oil  of  vitriol  by 
the  convcr.^iqn  of  the  sulphurous  fumes  into  sulphuric  acid.  The  extraction 
of  tlie  silver,  copper,  nickel,  or  cobalt,  as  either  of  these  niebils  may  bq  pres- 
cut  in  the  ora  uiiiler  treatment,  is  cllccted  by  means  of  sulphate  of  soda, 
the  jjnld  remaining  in  the  residue  £md  desulphurized  oxide  of  iron  in  a  stite 
2;3rm:s.~ivc  of  ersy  amalgamation.  The  ore,  mixed  with  sulphate  of  soda, 
is  nr.<t  )mlver!i:c  r  by  means  of  ore-crushers  so  as  to  pass  through  a  sieve 
wilU  20  holes  to  the  in;]],  and  afterwards  calcined  in  a  muffle-furnace  80  ft. 
i:i  'cna;ta  and  G  ft.  wide,  the  hearth  of  the  muffle  (upon  which  the  ore  is 
placed)  being  Iniiit  of  tile  4\  ins.  thick  ;  the  heated  gases  traverse  the  entire 
length  of  t!ie  furnace  from  the  fire-chamber  to  the  end  of  the  structure  un- 
dGruoath,  without  communicating  with  the  nn\jHe.  Access  to  the  ore  is 
gained  by  side-doors  along  one  side  of  the  furuace,  through  which  it  is 
turned  and  stin-cd  once  every  hour,  being  gradually  worked  onwards  from 
the  rear  end  of  tlie  furnace  t(iwards  the  front,  where  it  is  recharged  through 
a  hopper  into  the  muffle  towards  the  front,  where  it  is  charged. 

The  ore  is  thus  gradually  lic.ated,  and,  by  the  presence  of  the  sulphate  of 
Boda,  most  of  the  sulphur  is  elimin.-ited  and  a  large  amount  of  sulphates  of 
tlie  oxides  of  iron  and  copper  (silver,  nickel  and  cobalt)  produced.  When 
the  charge  reaches  the  front  of  the  muffle,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
fire  box.  and  where  the  temperature  is  most  elevated,  the  sulphate  of  the 
oxide  of  iron  is  decomposed,  producing  oxide  of  iron,  some  bi  sulphate  of 
B«da,  and  completely  converting  the  copper  (silver,  nickel  and  cobalt)  int* 


MONNIER'S    DESULPHtTBlZrtrO   PEOCKSS. 


989 


i*lubl«  sulphates.    This  stage  of  the  operation  rftqnirw  oar**  hi  «^»>  mnnirf- 

ineut  of  the  temperature,  yiuce,  by  too  1o\t  n    '^  '  '  ,,, 

not  all  1)0  couvcrted  into  iiisohiWe  oxido,  ci  ,■ 

temperature,  some  of  t!ic  other  metals  mav  I 

lirivation  of  their  sulplii:ric  acid.    If  it  bd  the  u! 

mamifacturG  oil  of  \itriol  as  well  as  to  extract  t 

placed  at  the  end  and  above  t];o  lire-box,  nii><^  '  '^ 

the  quantity  of  aUnosphcric  air  rniir.i.-llo  to  t  , 

its  passasje  through  the  len.sth  of  tlio  i:ini:ii'—; 

ousacidgas  leading  from  the  rear  e.idol'thonir.;;ic,  clnjo  totli<c]  ■  r  i'l  •  liv  - 

nel,  into  the  oil  of  vitriol  chamber.     Tlio  ore  thus  calcined  is  iixiviatodwiiii 


1 

•» 


Fig.  54.— Fprnacbs  used  ik  Moknier's  Pro 


Fig.  55.— Sectional  DRAWiifG  of  Flbi^ace. 


990  LncmATrs-G  tubs,  etc. 

•water  to  extract  the  snlphates  of  copper,  silver  and  soda  (cobalt  and  mek«l% 
and  the  insoluble  residue  consists  of  oxide  of  iron  and  earthy  matters,  and 
contains,  if  the  ore  treated  has  been  auriferous,  all  the  ^old.  The  method 
of  Irxiviation  [see  Fig.  56]  is  the  same  as  that  practiced  m  soda  works  for 
-what  is  called  "  black  ball  ; "  that  is  to  sav,  the  calcined  ore  is  placed  in  a 
series  of  tanks  [a.  a.  a.]  having  false  bottoms,  serving  as  filters.  The  warm 
water,  introduced  at  the  top,  percolates  through  the  mass,  dissolving  the 
Fulpliates,  and,  passing  through  the  filter,  is  raised  through  a  leaden  pipe 
(placed  verticaUy  through  the  ore  and  communicating  with  the  space 
under  the  false  bottom  or  filter)  into  another  similar  tank  charged  with 
the  calcined  ore,  and  thus  through  the  series,  becoming  more  and  more  satu- 
rated with  the  soluble  salts.    If  the  residue  [collected  in  agitator,  c]  after 


Pig.  56.— LixiviATEro  Tubs,  SIonsxeb's  Pkocess. 

fixiTiation  contains  only  oxide  of  iron  and  gangue,  it  is  thrown  away  ;  but 
should  the  ore  treated  have  been  auriferous,  the  insoluble  residues  contain 
the  whole  of  the  gold,  pcrfectbjfree  from  sulphur,  which  may  easily  be  ex- 
tracted by  first  re-grinding  the  mass  in  a  Behr  mill,  and  then  passing  it 
through  a  series  of  three  Tyrolean  amalgamators.  The  preliminary  grind- 
ing requires  but  smaU  power  as  the  calcined  ore  is  very  friable .  "With  three 
amalgamators  the  oi^eration  is  perfect,  as  has  been  demonstrated  on  a  large 
scale  in  North  Carolina.  The  solution  containing  the  snlphates  is  treated 
according  to  the  metals  present  If  cobalt  and  nickel  are  present  in  suf- 
ficient quaatities,  the  operation  becomes  exceedingly  complicated.  Tho 
liquor  containing  the  sulphates  of  soda,  copper  and  silver  is  treated  as  fol- 
lows :  the  silver  is  first  precipitated  by  means  of  pL^tes  of  copper,  and  sub- 
sequently this  added  copper,  as  wcU  as  that  existing  iu  the  ore,  is  removed 
from  the'  solution  by  ca?t-iion,  after  which  it  is  evaporated  to  dryness  to 
recover  the  sulphates  of  soda,  which  may  thus  be  repeatedly  used  for  the 
calcination  of  fresh  ore.  The  metaUic'copper  dnd  silver  so  obtained  are 
eeparately  worked  in  the  usual  way.  The  copper  is  so  pure  that  it  requires 
only  a  single  fusion  to  produce  ingots  of  the  first  quality.  The  precipitation 
is  made  in  a  reverberatory  furnace  of  peculiar  construction.  In  a  wooden 
trough  (54  feet  long,  10  feet  wide  and  2i  feet  deep)  is  a  leaden  pan  (of  10 
pounds  to  the  square  foot)  of  the  same  dfmensions,  the  bottom  of  which  ia 
covered  by  a  two-inch  floor  of  wood,  and  the  sides  of  which  are  protected  by 
a  nine-inch  brick  wall,  extending  one  foot  above  the  sides  of  the  leaden  pan, 
and  the  whole  covered  with  a  low  arch  and  well  braced .  Along  oue  side 
and  above  tlie  leaden  pan  is  placed  a  number  of  working  doors,  through 
which  the  copper  is  removed  after  preci;-vitation.  The  plates  of  cast-iron 
(2  feet  long.  1^  feet  wide  and  one  inch  thick)  are  placed  across  the  furnace, 
at  intervals  of  one  foot,  so  as  to  form  partitions.  At  a  distance  of  two  feet 
liom  the  end  of  the  furnace  is  constructed  the  fire-box.  which  connects  br 
fu  arch  with  tiie  arch  of  the  precipitating  furnace,  and  the  gases  from  whiea 


BLOW-nrE    ASSAY,    AC.  S91 

ar»  discliarscd  from  a  stack  in  tho  latter  nrch.  Tho  liquid  to  be  prccipitatr-i 
Is  then  introduced  into  the  furnace  to  tlie  hcisht  of  the  leaden  p.in.  and 
removed  after  the  precipitation  of  tho  copper  bv  means  of  a  i."r',-c  phip  ;  t 
the  bottom  of  tlie  furnace.  The  fire  is  very  moderate,  tho  object  bcin-  to 
create  a  reducinjj  atmosphere,  to  j)reventtiib  oxidation  of  tho  protoxide  of 
iron,  tho  presence  of  \vhich  would  cause  a  loss  of  ca»t-iron.  Tho  evaporator 
18  of  similar  construction,  except  th.it  tlie  arch  is  close  to  the  upper  edge  of 
the  leaden  i>an,  so  aa  to  compel  the  heat  to  travel  ns  clothe  as  possible  to  tho 
surface  of  the  liquid  to  bo  evaporated,  but  r.t  a  diftTnce  of  ten  feet  from  tho 
fire  box  commences  gradually  to  raise,  in  order  that  the  firo  may  be  adnnt- 
ted  at  r.liout  3  ft.  above  the  solution.  Tiie  furnace  is  kejit  constantly  full  of 
■n-ater,  in  order  tliat  the  leaden  sides  may  not  be  melted.  When  nearly  full 
of  sulphate  of  soda,  the  firo  id  extinguished,  tho  mother  liquid  removed,  and 
the  three  working  doors  nt  tho  bottom  opened.  The  solid  and  semi-fluid 
sulphate  is  discharged  upon  a  wooden  floor,  and  as  soon  as  consolidated  is 
placed  upon  the  top  of  the  furnace  to  dry.  The  dry  sub-hate,  as  alwvo 
stated,  is  mixed  -with  the  fresh  ore,  ground," and  used  repeatedly  in  the  de- 
6ulphurizati(3n.  The  iirccipitntiug  and  evaporating  f'urnaces  might  ba 
constructed  of  brick,  but  tho  difRculty  in  prevcntmg  leakage  tlirough  tho 
brick,  and  cost  of  material,  will  nearly  counterbalance  the  expense  of  tlio 
lead,  which  preserve."! .it  all  times  its  value.  In  the  old  method  of  manufac- 
turing .sulphuric  acid  from  pyrites  cor  t.iining  a  small  qn.intity,  the  residue 
has  been  submitted  to  a  smelting  process.  In  this  metliod  w.iter  does  tho 
work,  and  an  ore  containing  not  more  than  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  copper  (which 
has  hitherto  been  refused  by  smelting  works  in  this  country)  can  be  .suc- 
cessfully and  profitibly  treated.  A  residue,  with  no  greater  content  of  cop- 
|)er  th.an  above  given,  .ind  perfectly  free  from  suliihnr,  is  worthless  to  smelt- 
ing esfciblishments  in  this  country  ;  ln;t  by  the  ap])lic.it:on  of  the  process 
we  have  described,  the  wliole  is  extracted  by  w.ater  at  but  small  cost,  saving 
concentration  and  wa,<te  of  ore,  and  enabling  mines  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try, now  considered  valueless,  to  become  profitable  and  dividend  paying. - 
Abndjed  from  Miner's  Jland-Book. 


BLO^V-PIPE  ASSAY,  FLUXES,  HYDROSTATIC 
WEIGHING,  CUPELLATION,  &c. 

In  the  oxy-hydrogeu  lilowpipe.  2  volumes  of  hydrogen  to  1  of  pnre  oxy- 
gen generates  the  greatest  heat  and  light  ever  produced.  Tlie  most  refrac- 
tory substances  are  fused,  melted,  and  dissipated  immediately.  Ueforc  it 
opal  and  flint  dissolve  into  enamel  ;  quartzinnd  rock  crystal  arc  reduced  to 
glass  ;  the  diamond  and  gold  are  volatilized  ;  brass  wire  and  platina  bum 
with  a  green  flamo  ;  emerald,  blue  .sapphire,  lapis  lazuli,  and  talc  are  con- 
verted into  glass  ;  copper  melts  without  burning,  and  iron  evolves  a  brilliant 
li.jht. 

The  common  blowpipe  is  simply  n.  Iicnt,  tapering  tube  of  brass,  from  7  to 
10  ins.  long,  with  a  very  minute  orilice  for  the  breath  to  escaj)C.  Small  and 
simple  as  it  is,  however,  it  is  of  pnramount  utility  to  every  miner  and  mill- 
jnaii,  as  by  its  use  every  effect  of  the  most  intense  furnace  heat  may  bo 
produced  by  concentrating  to  a  point  the  flame  of  a  candle  or  laiin>  by 
urging  it  with  t'.io  breath  upon  a  sniaU  particle  of  any  substance.  Hy  this 
means  the  identity  and  vabie  of  most  mineral  subsfcmces  m.iy  bea.scertained 
and  e.stalilished  by  an  operation  rcniiiring  less  than  .TO  minutes  to  perform  it. 
A  blow-j-.ipe  should  be  of  brass,  with  an  ivory  or  horn  mouth-piece  to  secure 
ease  of  operation  ;  a  chamber  to  retain  the  condensed  moisture  from  the 


Od2 


BX.6w-PiPi6  "ASSAT,   AC. 


breath,  and  a  platinum  tip,  or  point,  to  ■withstand  immersioa  in  tne  acida 
required  to  ensure  cleanliness. 

Besides  the  blow-pipe,  the  assayer  requires  the  following  apparatus  :  1. 
An  assay  or  blow-j^pe  balance.  2."  A  small  hammer  with  slightly  rounded 
face  and'a  transverse  sharp  edge  atthe  other  extremity.  3.  A  square,  smooth 
piece  of  steel  to  use  a.s  an  auril.  4.  A  small  porcelain  or  agate  mortar,  in 
■wliich  to  pulverize  the  assay.  5.  A  mixing  scoop,  in  which  to  mix  ore  with 
fluxes.  6.  A  small  magnet  to  te.=t  ores  for  iron,  &c.  7.  A  small  magnifying 
glass.  8.  A  small  drill  to  perforate  cavities  in  the  charcoal  iu  which  the 
paper  tubes  containing  the  ore  is  to  be  placed.  9.  A  small  cylinder  to  make 
paper  tubes  in  Avhich  to  pack  and  melt  the  assay.  10.  Cupels  made  of  bone  ' 
ash.  11.  A  cupel  holder  made  of  copper  or  brass.  12.  A  variety  of  flu?:cs, 
cliarcoal,  &c.  lo.  A  steel  forceps,  or  cutting  pliers,  for  separatingsmall  frag- 
ments of  minerals.  14.  A  small  file,  and  gla.'is  tubes  iu  lengths  fro.m  24  to 
36  ins. ,  with  apertures  about  three-sixteenths  of  an  in.  in  the  clear.  They 
are  cut  with  the  file  into  lengths  of  4  and  8  ins. ,  of  which  the  shorter  are 
open  at  both  ends,  and  ready  for  use.  By  heating  the  8  in.  pieces  over  an 
alcohol  lamp,  with  the  fingers  over  each  end,  until  they  become  red-hot,  and 
tlien  drawing  tJieni,  they  will  part  in  two  pieces,  each  with  one  end  closed, 
s  most  convenient  formfor  many  operations. 


57.— Reducisg  Flame. 


Fig.  58.— OxiDizixa  Flame. 


To  obtain  the  best  results  from  the  b!ow-pii>e  in  treating  refriictory 
minerals,  &c.,  it  is  necessary  that  the  blast  should  be  continuous.  To  effect 
this,  breathing  and  blowing  should  go  together.  This  may  be  difficult  to  a 
beginner,  but  is  soon  perfected  by  practice  iu  breathing  through  the  nostrils 
and  blowhig  through  the  instrunient  with  the  mouth  at  the  same  time.  The 
mode  of  operating  with  the  blow-jiipe  is  exhibited  bj-  Figs.  57  and 58. 

The  blow-pipe  flame  is  formed  of  two  cones  ;  an  inner,  of  a  blue  tint, 

¥rodncing  a  most  vehement  heat,  just  beyond  the  verge  of  the  blue  flame, 
his  is  called  the  reduction  flame,  and  should  entirely  envelope  the  assay,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  57.  The  outer,  called  the  oxidation  flame,  is  represented  by 
Fig.  58,  and  in  this  case  the  assay  should  be  placed  just  beyond  the  verge  of 
the  outer  flame,  expo^J•d  to  the  action  of  the  atmosjjhere.  To  produce  the 
former,  the  point  of  the  blow -pipe  must  just  touch  the  flame  as  shown  at  a. 
Fig.  57;  to  produce  the  last  noted,  the  ])omt  of  the  blow-pipe  must  be  inserted 
a  little  into  the  flame,  as  shown  at  a.  Fig.  58.  The  exact  adjustment  of  the 
blow-pipe,  to  produce  the  desired  effect  in  each  case,  is  well  exhibited  in  the 
engravings.  Tlie  flame  may  l>e  supplied  by  a  spirit  lamp  ;  a  caudle  with 
a  large  wick,  or  by  a  lamp  with  a  large  wick  fed  with  olive  oil. 

To  sustain  the  mineral  under  treatment  in  tlie  flauie,  a  ])l.'itinum  wire  or 
forceps  may  be  used,  or  a  piece  of  sound  charcoal  made  from  pine  wood, 
with  a  slight  cavity  for  the  assay  (to  iirevcnt  it  froni  blowing  away  by  the 
blast),  will  answer  every  purpose.  For  many  minerals  charcoal  is  the  best 
iupport  obtainable,  as  the  carboa  of  the  coal  renders  great  assistance  to  the 


WOW.plM  ASSAY,  hC,  9MI 

Md«M|J«ff  rw**^*?.    WTi*re  n?*  bettfr  nan  bi«  had,  mica,  and  th»  mUt«t«l 

r  trpnttnriit  \n  the   Mow« 

pin  ,  .     .;iii  tlinse  rp{iresfnte(i  111  tb* 

cuti!.  With  many  kinds  of  a  leliiictorv  olinnu-tf r  verv  thhi  spefimeii.'«  5hoTil4 
be  FClected.  as  thereby  fusion  is  Rieatly  proniotetl.  where  otherwise  it  wonld 
be  imp<\ssible.  The  sue  of  the  whole  assny  ehould  be  less  than  tlie  bnlk  of 
a  small  pe;i. 

Many  minerals  are  absolutely  infusible  without  a  flux  to  aid  rcdartlnn. 
Hie  substajices  in  common  use  as  fluxes,  are  :  carb<>na(e  of  soda,  borux,  bi- 
sulph'i'e  o/iMtassa,  and  salt  ofpho.'!]^horus  or  microrosmic  litlt.  The  carbon- 
ate of  soda  should  be  free  fn^n  suiiiluiric  at-id,  as  rir  • 'iiMtion  will 

induce  a  reddish  tint  in  the  glass  obtjuned  by  the  fusi'  To  obtain 

the  full  energy  of  borax  it  should  be  vitrified  by  tnolt  et  cf  iron 

or  in  a  cnicible,  common  borax  into  a  clear.  sub- 

sequently pulverized  and  set  awuy  in  j.!  m-  as 

required.  This  muM  &€  A';<<  where' it  will  nii      ;   :    , hich 

ruins  it  for  use.  To  prepare  hi-ivlphate  o/pvUisna,  mix  in  a  jiorctilaiii  cup  2 
ozs.  pulv.  sulphate  of  potassa  and  1  oz.  saliinuric  acid  ;  licat  f>ver  an  iilcohol 
lamp  until  the  mixture  assumes  a  quiet,  clear,  transjiarcit  r  r.     It 

is  then  removed  from  the  fire  and  iwured  on  apiece  nf  -  It  is 

used  for  testiivgore  for  bromine  aaid  iodine.    To  prejiare  .«/  /»(.«, 

dissolve  16  y>aits  of  sal-ammoniac  in  a  small  quantity  of  boilinj:  \v;a«  i.  then 
add  100  parts  of  crystallized  phosphate  of  soda,  buiUiiij  (/euthj  the  \s  hole, 
then  set  off  to  cool.  The  salt  of  phosphorus  is  deposited  in  euiall  cry.'-t;il». 
Too  much  heat  while  boilin;^  will  cause  decomiwsition. 

The  flaxes  should  be  carefully  pulverized  and  mixe<i  with  the  powdered 
mineral  in  the  mixing  scoop  previous  to  being  inseited  in  the  pBjier  tubes 
and  placed  on  the  chaicoaL  Tough  silver  ore  may  be  treated  in  ^niall 
pieces,  and  thiee  times  as  much  lead  as  silver  should  be  ii.sed.  Pmimtion 
of  borax  should  be  about  GO-lOOOths,  but  nioi-o  may  be  added  if  ne<  cs.«ary. 
Soda,  whan  used,  may  jireferably  be  added  in  small  successive  quantities. 
The  paper  tubes  for  receiving  the  assay  are  formed  by  cutting  note  paper 
into  strips  1^  ins.  by  1,  and  winding  the  strips  around  the  small  wooden 
cylinder  (above  noted)  .CO  as  to  forma  tube,  in  which  the  r..-.<ay  is  j^acked 
previous  to  placing  it  ou  the  charcoal.  One  part  of  the  tube  should  project 
a  little  over  the  cylinder,  and  this  projecting  part  should  be  tui-ued  down  so 
as  to  close  oiie  end. 

In  addition  to  the  apparatus  above  noted,  tlie  assayer  should  have  oa 
h.and  a  quantity  of  fine  platinum  wire  (bent  at  one  extremity  into  a  circle 
one  or  two  lines  in  diameter)  for  holding  tlie  assay  during  the  <>i  ciation  ; 
also,  p'a'inunifoil,  for  euvelojiing  minerals  that  decrepitate.  Tin:  fnlluwing 
cheraicr.ls,  etc.,  will  also  i)rove  useful  in  manv  cases  as  reliable  tots  ; 

1.  Tin-foH,  for  using  with  various  per-oxidcs  of  metiils  to  reduce  them  to 
i  protoxides.  Dy  touching  the  assay,  previously  heated  in  the  reducing-flame, 
with  the  extreif.ity  of  the  tin-foil.'a  very  small  quantity  of  a  metiilhc  oxide 
may  at  once  be  detected.  2.  Anhydrovs  bisulpnatr  of  potaxh,  used  for  de- 
tftctiug  lithia.  It  should  be  kept  (well  pulverized)  in  a  bottle  where  it  \\ ill 
not  absorb  moisture.  3.  Saltpetre  i^  used  in  detecting  I'.iang.TUC-e.  It  di  \  il- 
opes  the  peculLir  amethystine  color  when  the  amount  of  this  mineral  i.~t''> 
small  to  color  glass  without  this  re-agent.  The  heated  globule  i»;  touci.(.d 
with  the  point  of  a  crystal,  just  at  the  instant  of  suspending  the  bla^t  The 
fused  mass  swells,  foams,  and  either  turns  immediately  colored,  or  bectmiea 
so  soon,  uix>n  cooling.  4.  Boron'r  rind  and  ii-on  trire  is  used  fortestiiu  '  r 
phosphoric  acid.  5.  Xitrate  of  Cobalt  (imre)  in  iolution.  is  n.swi  fonl  ':- 
gnishing  alumina  and  magnesia;  Use  a  platinum  wire  inserted  ii;  •  k 
stopper  to  appl^v  adron  when  required  for  use.  fi.  Gvyfiim  and /»«•>■.  nt 
ttsts  of  each  other.  Two  part*  of  uilcinod  gypsum  and  one  of  fluor.  wbea 
intermixed  and  heated,  fuse  into  a  clear  glass,  presenting  a  mDk-whitc  ea. 


994  TEST    TUBES,    CITPELLATIOX,    &C. 

amel  on  cooling.  7.  Oxalate  of  Nickel,  or  Nitrate  of  Nickel,  is  used  to  deted 
potash.  It  should  be  free  from  cobalt,  for  which  it  may  bo  tested  by  treat- 
ing it  with  bor.ix  ;  the  result  sliould  give  a  browu,  not  a  blue  bead. 

The  behavior  of  diiTerent  minerals  before  the  blow-pipe  is  various. 
Some  are  so  refractory  as  to  be  wholly  infusible  ;  some  specimens  melt  only 
at  the  edges  ;  others  arc  easily  fused,  while  some  are  dissipated  wholly  or 
in  part  Kobell's  scale  for  representing  the  various  degrees  of  fusibility  by 
figures,  is  as  follows :  1.  Gray  Antimony.  2.  XatroUle.  3.  Cinnumcix 
,Si»ne  (Var.  of  garnet).  4.  Black  Hornblende.  5.  Feldspar.  G.  Chrondro- 
dite.  The  fusibility,  when  equal  to  that  of  natroline.  ia  represented  by  2  ; 
or  if  like  hornblende,  by  4,  etc. 


Fig.  59.  Fig.  ca 

The  test  tube's  above  noted  are  used  to  determine  the  presence  of  watel 
and  other  volatile  components  of  various  ores.  The  mode  of  operation  H 
erxhibitod  by  Fig.  59,  in  which  A  represents  the  tube,  B  the  mineral  under 
treatment  in  the  flame  of  a  spirit  lamp,  and  C  the  aqueous  or  volritile  pro- 
ducts a.s  usually  condensed  on  the  upuor  part  of  the  tube.  Acid  furaea 
may  be  detected  by  inserting  a  strip  of  litmus  or  other  te.st  pajier  in  the  up- 
per part  of  the  tube  ;  the  fumes,  if  acid,  will  turn  the  paper  red. 

Cri'KLLATioy.  The  object  of  t'.iis  process  is  to  separate  gold  and  silver 
from  lead,  by  absorbing  and  oxidizing  the  base  metal  while  the  other  is  left 
pure.  Fig.  GO  represents  the  manner  in  which  this  process  is  nerformed 
ty  the  blow-pij)e.  A  is  the  assay  under  treatment,  C  is  tlie  cupel,  and  B  is 
the  cupel  holder.  A  circular  perforation,  about  J  in.  each  way,  is  made  iu 
a  firm  piece  of  charcoal ;  in  this  cavity  place  some  moi.'^tened  bone-ashes, 
pressed  downsraootli;  dry,  and  on  this  place  the  assay,  and  submit  to  the  ac- 
tion of  the  outer  flame.  Under  this  treatment  fusion  takes  place  ;  the  lead 
is  eliminated  as  an  o.xideand  is  absorbed  by  the  bone  ashes,  while  the  sil- 
TCr  is  left  as  a  small  brilliant  globule  in  the  cavity. 

As  usually  y)erformed,  the  assay  is  treated  in  a  cupel  made  of  bone-ashes 
(or  in  a  .«mall  hollow  on  charcoal,  containing  bone-ashes,  as  alK)ve  noted), 
■where  the  air  has  free  admission.  The  assay  being  melted,  the  action  ot 
the  atmosphere  effects  the  oxidation  of  the  lead,  whioh  disappears  ia  tli% 
porous  cupel,  beiag  absorbed  by  the  bone-ashes. 


SYDEOSTATIC   BA^AjfCE,   4a  9&i 

The  speoiflc  gravity  of  a  mineral  is  determined  by  the  blow-pine  bal- 
ance, which  IS  adapted  for  hydrostatic  weighings,  as  represented  by  Fig  61 
T^It  ^  rl?  *¥,  V-'^l'ince  whose  scales  are  suspended  by  threads  of  unequal 
length.  To  obtain  a  density  by  the  balance,  the  mineral  a  must  be  placed 
masUng  suspended  by  a  hair  or  a  filament  of  silk  from  the  siiuill  hook 
below  ttie  scale  b.    The  ore,  thus  suspended  on  the  thread,  is  weighed  aod 


Fig.  61.— Htdrostatio  Balance,  &c. 


the  contents  noted.  The  mineral,  still  suspended,  is  next  immersed  about  i 
in.  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  in  the  glass  vessel  c.  All  adherent 
bubbles  of  air  are  carefully  wiped  away  from  the  ore  ;  it  is  now  weighed  a 
second  time,  and  the  loss  by  immersion  calculated.  By  the  specific  grav- 
ity, or  density  of  a  mineral,  is  understood  its  weight  as  CDmpared  with  that 
of  an  equal  bulk  of  distilled  water,  at  the  temp,  of  60°  Fahr. 

The  preceding  instructions  cannot  fail  to  prove  of  immense  utility  to  the 
operator  in  proceeding  with  the  practical  tests  noted  in  the  following  elab< 
joxate  details  relating  to  minerals,  etc. 

IHOW  TO  IDENTIFY  AND  TEST  METALLIC 
ORES  :  CONDENSED  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE 
CHEMISTRY,  GEOGNOSTIC  SITUATION,! 
&C.,  OF  METALS. 

Characteristics  of  Metals. — Metals  are  distinguished  by  the  properties  of| 
fusibility,  malleability,  ductility,  tenacity,  elasticity,  crystalline  texture,  and 
trilliancy,  combined  with  the  quality  of  conducting  heat  and  electricity. 

GOLD. — This  metal  is  seldom  found  in  its  native  purity  ;  it  is  "found 
only  in  its  metallic  state  in  combination  with  other  metals,  generally  in 
veins  pervading  primary  and  secondary  rocks,  as  granite,  slate,  hornstone, 
quartz,  limestone,  sandstone,  gneiss,  mica-slate,  mica,  and  sometimes  in 
graywacke  and  tertiary  strata  ;  also  in  veins  of  silver,  copper,  antimony, 
zinc,  lead,  iron  ore,  barytes,  &c.  The  attrition  of  the  elements  operating  on 
the  containing  rocks  and  metallic  lodes  during  uncounted  ngps,  has  washed 
thousands  of  millions  into  the  beds  of  streams,  the  margins  of  rivers,  and* 
alluvium  or  drift  deposits.  In  the  primary  rocks  it  is  found  mainly  inj 
schistose  or  slaty  fissures. 

In  external  appearance  gold  is  of  a  golden  or  orange  yellow  color,  pass^ 
ing  Into  grayish  or  brass  yellow,  and  is  the  heaviest  of  metals  except  pla- 
tina.  It  is  the  most  ductile,  tenacious,  and  malleable  of  all  the  metals.  On 
being  struck  with  a  hammer  it  will  flatten  out  :  iron  and  copper  pyrites, 
and  yellow  mica,  which  resemble  it,  will  crumble  under  this  test.  Inter- 
nally it  is  bright  yellow,  shining,  gli.stening  and  metallic.  It  has  equal  axes 
like  the  cube,  has  no  cleavage,  has  a  hackly  fracture,  and  often  exista 
crystallized  in  cubes,  oc.tohedrons,  rhombcidal  dodecahedrons,  and  tetiar»i 
tedrons. 


Gold  ie  fTi«ibl«  with  the  Wow^pip*  (um  the  reduciiig  flama  with  carboft* 
at«  of  sckU  for  ftux).  inslts  at  2590°-,  is  soluble  in  mtro-murlatic  acid,  which 
is  siiTiply  2  parts  muriatic  add  tind  1  part  nitric  acid,  and  » eniains  unal- 
tered by  exposure  to  Bimple  acids,  air,  or  nioLstare.  Nitric  acid  (aqiia- 
forti<1  \vill  dissolve  any  saspected  brass  liliiiga  iu  gold  dust.  Specinc  grav- 
ity lt).2(i  to  19.5. 

'  I:;  SoLCTioxs  of  Gold  (peroxide),  Ainmonia  produces  a  yellow  precip- 
itit.i  (aiirate  of  ammonia  or  luimi^iatiug  gold)  ;  Ferrocyanidc  of  Potassium 
produces  an  emerald  crtefrx  cr^hr  ;  CJrf'h  AvM  produces  r  precipitate  of 
metallic  gold  ;  Pi'  -  -  .         •  -  solutions  an 

insfciut  prccipitr.te  '  coloring  is 

first  perceived,  foil         -  _.    .  -,        .  •!  (in  heated 

solutions),  after  a  time  jiruduceH  a  triiiiuii  rvdJis»U-biv>\vn  pi ecipitate,  con- 
sisting of  tcroxide  of  gold  mixed  with  tenhloride  of  gold  and  potassa. 
Protoch-ovklc  of  T-  ""-'•  ".  ~  '-  ■■  -■--•  :  ;,l  has  been  added,  im- 
parts a  reddish  pr.  ;  in  concentrated  solu- 
tions a  red-purphi  ■  is  formed.  ^1  Bar  of 
iletnUic  Zinc  \\v(x\\\lulLi  Uitt;.luc  f,>.Kl  i;i  tl.c  i&viu  of  a  brown  coating. 

PLATINUM. — This  raetal  is  mr.:i:'y  found  in  alluvium  or  drift,  some- 
times iu  granite,  syeuite,  &c.,  combined  with  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron, 
lead.  &c.,  but  al■.v.^ys  m  the  metallic  state  in  round  grains  and  rolled  pieces 
about  the  size  of  jjeas,  and  like  large  iron  filings. 

In  color  platinum  is  steel-gray,  nearly  resembling  silver,  but  not  quite 
so  bri^'ht  In  lustre  it  is  shining  and  gUt^tening  ;  iu  stnu  ture  it  is  some- 
time.slareeller  ;  is  malleable  and  ductile  ;  with  hardness  almost  equal  to 
that  of  iron. 

Platinum  is  infusible  in  tlie  hottest  furnaces,  but  melts  readily  before 
the  reducing  fJamo  of  the  compouud  blow-pine  at  a  temp,  of  S060°.  Dis- 
solves in  nitro-muriatic  acid,  a:;d  is  unaHectcd  by  exposure  to  air,  raoLs- 
turo,  or  simple  acids.     Siiecilic  gravity  20.i;'S. 

I.v  Solutions  of  PLAXi^ri'M  (Peroxide),  Potassa  produces  a  yellow  cry-- 
talliue  prcci^iitate,  consisting  of  the  double  chloride  cf  platinum  and  iiotKs- 
sium  ;  the  addition  of  hydrocliloric  acid  favors  its  formation  ;  it  is  iui^ohi- 
ble  in  acids,  but  dissolves  iu  ].ot".K3a  with  the  r.id  of  heat ;  it  is  very  .«ligiitly 
soluble  in  water,  and  insoluble  in  strong  alcohol  ;  Chloride  of  Tin,  in  pres- 
ence of  free  hydrochloric  acid,  imparts  to  solutions  of  bichloride  of  plati- 
num a  decp-bro'.vu  color  wi'J.iout  producing  any  precipitate  ;  Suhnitratc  of 
Me^'nirii  produces  a  ycllowi.<h  red  precipitate. 

SILVEIi. — This  metal  is  found  native,  as  also  combined  with  muriatic 
»cid  and  sulphur  in  prim.ary  and  secondarv  slates.  Great  quantities  e.xist 
in  the  mct.".liic  .«tate  combined  with  gol^,  copper,  areenic,  and  lead,  in 
rocks  com]^o<;ed  of  mica-shnto,  gnei^•s,  clay-slate,  graywacke. 

Xat'.i-c  .'yilv-:r  occurs  iu  primitive  andsecondary  rocks,  irregular  quart*, 
&c.,  with  the  ores  of  copper,  silver,  colmlt.  In  color  it  is  white,  sometimei 
a  tarnished  gray,  or  reddlth  shade.  It  occurs  iu  plates  and  spangles,  and 
crystallized  in  tubes,  octohedrons,  rhomboidnl  docahcdrons  and  tetrahe- 
drons, deuii/orm,  capillary,  ramose,  reticulated,  rarely  large,  and  generally 
disseminated.  AVhen  broiren  it  appears  tine  and  hackly,  with  a  bright, 
shining  lustre.     Its  color  and  midlcability  are  prominent  characteristics. 

It  is  composed  of  silver  with  a  little  iron,  antimony,  copper,  or  arsenic, 
is  soluble  iu  nitric  acid,  is  fusible  into  a  globule,  and  melts  at  IbTiJ''  Falir. 
Oxide  of  silver  with  borax  in  oxidizing  flame,  before  the  blow-pipe,  forms  a 
white  opaque  glass  ;  iu  reducing  flau'.e,  with  carbonate  of  soda,  readily  re- 
duces to  met.al.     Specific  gravity  10  to  10.5. 

Antimonial  Silver,  composed  of  silver,  84  parts  ;  antimony,  14  parts  ;  oc- 
curs in  granite  and  clay-slate,  combined  with  the  other  ores  of  silver  ;  is 
found  in  curved  lamina-,  also  in  grains,  in  cylinders.  Is  massive;  yields  to 
the  knife  ;  haa  a  concboidal  fracture  ;  and  "is  fumble  under  the  blow-pip« 


(•volvmg  antimoni&l  vai^ore)  into  a  button  of  sDver.  Th«  chw&eteristic* 
:u  fi,  the  auvimouial  vapor,  a  ailvej;  or  tin-white  color,  the  want  of  ductilitr, 

!  not  giviug  a  bluo  globule  vrith  borax. 

Sulphurct  of  Silver^  composed  of  Rilver,  S5  parts  ;  sulphur,  13  parti  ;  a 
very  productive  oro  ;  occurs  iu  the  primary  and  scconditry  rocki*  ;  is  of  a 
dar!;,  lead-gray  color  ;  frequently  with  au  Iridiscent  tinge,  and  exists  in 
tubc3  and  octohedrons  ;  al50  ramose,  reticulated,  amoqihouH.  lamelliform, 
aud  iu  plates.  The  characteristics  are,  malleability  ;  impcrfe<t  cleavage  ; 
flat,  conchoidal  fracture  ;  cau  be  cut  with  a  knife  ;  has  less  specific  gravity 
than  native  silver,  and  fuses  with  intumesence  and  a  sulphurous  odor  un« 
der  the  blow-pipe.     Specilic  gravity,  7. 

Brittle  Sulphurct  of  Silver,  composed  of  silver,  CG.5  part-^  ;  antimony,  10 
parts  ;  sulphur,  12jiarts  ;  iron,  5  parts  ;  arsenic  and  siduhur,  5  parts  ;  is  a 
very  rich  ore,  and  occurs  in  the  prijuary  rocks  with  otlier  ores  of  silver. 
It  exists  iu  crysfciUiiie  structure  and  diffused  ;  also  iu  heiahedral  prisiUB, 
and  is  of  a  dark,  lead-gi-ay  hue,  or  bluLsh-gray,  passhig  into  iron-black.  The 
structure  is  foliated  ;  crystals  mostly  intercept  each  other,  with  a  dull,  me- 
tallic lustre.  The  oro  is  soft  aud  brittle  ;  the  fr.s,cture  is  conchoidal.  Solu- 
ble in  nitric  acid,  and  fusible,  with  the  emission  of  sulphur,  antimony  and 
arsenic,  into  a  globule  of  silver  surrounded  by  a  slag.  The  charicter- 
istics,  compared  witli  other  ores,  are  its  dark  color  and  brittleness  ;  from 
sulphurct  of  silver  it  diilers  iu  its  lack  of  malleability.     Specific  gravity,  7. 

Sulphurctcd  AntiniQuial  Silver  (Red  Silver),  comixDsed  of  silver,  GO  parts  ; 
antimony,  20.3  parts  ;  sulphur,  11.7  parts  ;  oxygen,  5  parts  ;  is  an  excellent 
ore,  and  is  found  iu  primary  rocks,  mainly  in  mica-slate,  gniuite  and  por- 
phyry. It  possesses  a  metallic  adamantine' lu.'itre ;  structure  is  imperfectly- 
foliated,  has  a  red  color  of  various  tints,  passing  into  lead-gray  aud  grayish- 
black  ;  the  powder  is  crimsou  red.  It  exists  in  masses  and  grain.s,  also 
dentritic,  capillary,  membranous,  and  crystallized  iu  hcxahodral  pri;im», 
terminated  by  heialiedral  prisma  ;  also  iii  double  six-sided  pyramids  ;  is 
translucent,  opaque. 

The  cliaracterijtics  are,  malleability,  diCCers  from  sulphuret  of  arseuic 
In  leaving  a  globule  of  silver,  and  in  possessing  greater  sjiecific  gravity.  Is 
fusible,  with  emission  of  antimonial  fumes.  Sulphuret  of  mercury  volatil- 
izes under  the  blow-pipe.  The  red  oxide  of  copper  is  readily  reduced  to  the 
metallic  stato  bytlie  blow-pipe  ;  specular  oxide  of  iron  is  rendered  magnetic 
by  the  same  process.    Specific  gravity,  5.20  to  6.68. 

Muriate  of  Silver  (Horn  Silver),  composed  of  muriate  of  sQver,  88.7 
parts:  oxide  of  iron,  6  parts  ;  alumine,  1.75  parts  ;  sulphuric  acid  (oil  of  vit- 
riol), 0.25  i\irts  ;  au  excellent  ore  ;  is  found  in  the  primary  rocks,  with  other 
ore.?.  In  color  is  xjearl  gray,  greenish  or  reddish-blue,  yellowish  or  greeuiah- 
white  aud  Lrowu.  In  lustre  is  glistening  aud  wavy.  Is  malleable  ;  feebly 
translucent  ;  becomes  brown  by  exposure.  Exists  massive,  investing  other 
minerals,  amorphous,  reniform',  aud  crystallized  in  tubes,  octohedrons,  aud 
acic  Lxr  prisms. 

The  characteristics  are,  the  emission  of  muriatic  acid  fumes  before 
the  blow-pipe  ;  fusibility  iu  the  flame  of  a  candle  ;  softness  ;  yields  to  the 
kuLfe  and  to  pressure.  Abraded  on  damp  or  wet  zinc  it  leaves  a  film  of 
silver.  Muriate  of  mercury  volatilizes  before  blow-pipe  without  leaving  a 
film  of  silver.     Sj  ocilic  gravitv,  5.5. 

MERCUKY.— Tiiis  metal  rarely  occurs  in  its  native  state.  By  far  the 
grejiter  part  is  found  in  the  form  of 

Sulplvirct  of  Merctinj  {Ciiinobar),  composed  of  mercury,  84.5  part*  :  siil- 
phur,  14. 75  parts.  It  occurs  mainly  in  new  red  sandstone  ;  occasionally  in 
limestone,  mica-slate,  graywacke,  gneiss,  deposits  of  bituminous  shale,  com- 
bined with  black  niiueral  resin,  .".Ihivium,  clay,  gray  sandstone  and  limestone, 
aud  iu  rocks  of  the  coal  form.ition.  In  color  it  is  scarlet  ur  carnniic,  .'•iiadimf 
off  into  cochineal  red  and  lead-gray,  occasionally  witii  a  yellow  tint.  la 
translucent  or  opaque.  Occurs  ma.ssive  and  crystallized  iu  acute  rhomboida; 


998  SYKOPSIS  OP  METALUJBOT,   AC. 

certain  kinds  with  a  jellovr  tint ;  i«  sometimes  foand  in  thin  plates  or  tnbnlac 
crystals.  Lustre  is  adamantine,  varying  to  metallic  ;  occasionally  shining 
eiiky.    The  fracture  is  granular  or  fibrous. 

The  characteristics  are,  the  emission  of  sulphur  vapors,  while  the  com- 
pound volatilizes  before  the  blow-pipe.  This  test  determiues  the  difference 
Detween  this  ore  and  red  silver  ore,  arsenate  of  cobalt,  red  oxide  of  copper, 
and  snlphuret  of  arsenic.    Specific  gravity,  8. 

COPPER. — Copper  is  found  in  primary  and  transition  rocks,  syenite, 
sandstone,  coal  strata  and  alluvial  ground.  It  occurs  in  beds  and  largo 
blocks.     The  ores  of  copper  are  the  following  : 

Native  Copper  is  nearly  pure,  and  is  found  in  the  veins  of  primary  and 
•econdary  rocks.  In  color  is  copper-red,  brownish-black  ;  tarnished  exter- 
nally ;  is  malleable,  fusible  at  2oiS°  Fahr.,  and  soluble  in  acids.  Occurs 
dentritic,  reniform,  capillary,  amorphous  ;  also  crystallized  in  tubes  and 
octohedrons.     Specific  gravity,  8.5. 

Gray  Copper,  composed  of  copper,  52  parts  ;  iron,  23  parts  ;  and  sulphur, 
14  parts ;  is  found  with  other  ores  of  copper.  In  color  is  steel-gray,  verging 
into  black,  with  brownish  streak.  Is  brittle,  with  metallic  lustre,  and  small 
crystals.  Specular  oxide  of  iron  gives  out  arsenical  fumes  when  heated  ;  is 
magnetic,  and  softer  than  arsenical  iron.  Gray  copper  ore  is  fusible  but 
very  refractory.    Specific  gravity,  5. 

Copper  Pyrites,  composed  of  copper,  40  to  35.3  ;  iron,  40  to  33 ;  sulphur,  20 
to  35;  a  very  valunble  ore;  is  found  in  beds  and  veins  in  primary  and  second- 
ary rocks  as  well  as  in  other  prominent  formations.  The  color  is  brass- 
yellow,  with  metallic  lustre  ;  lamellar  structure  ;  tessular  cleavage,  and 
uneven  fracture.  Is  the  most  abundant  ore  of  copper  ;  yields  to  the  knife. 
It  occurs  dendritic  ;  stalactical ;  amorphous  ;  in  concretions,  and  crystallized 
in  tetrahedrons  and  dodecahedrons.  Is  fusible,  and  tinges  borax  green. 
Iron  pyrites  does  not  tinge  borax  green.  Lacks  malleability.  Native  gold 
is  malleable  and  native  bismuth  is  lamellated.    Specific  gravity,  4.3. 

Snlphuret  of  Copper,  composed  of  copper,  7(5.50  parts  ;  sulphur  22,  ; 
Iron,  0.50  ;  is  found  located  same  as  the  last  noted  ore.  Exterior  color  ia 
blackish  steel-gray,  occasionally  iridescent ;  internally  is  lead-gray.  Has 
lamellar  structure  ;  conchoidal  fracture  ;  is  easily  sectile,  with  brilliant 
iaces  ;  crumbles  readily,  and  has  equal  axes  like  the  cube. 

The  characteristics  are,  fusibility,  with  the  emission  of  sulphur  fumes; 
is  also  soluble  in  hot  nitric  acid.  Is  distinguished  from  gray  copper  ore 
by  behig  softer,  also  by  the  latter  decrepitating  before  the  blow-pipe.  A 
-very  productive  ore.    Specific  gravity,  5. 

'Blue  Carbonate  of  Copper,  composed  of  oxide  of  copper,  70  parts  ;  carbonic 
acid,  24  parts  ;  water,  6  parts  ;  is  found  in  the  primary  and  secondary  rocks. 
The  color  is  blue,  fracture  irregularly  foliated,  generally  showing  broad 
fibres.  Occurs  massive  ;  diffused  ;  'stalactical  ;  incrusting,  and  crystal- 
lized. 

The  characteristics  are,  solubility  in  nitric  acid  with  effervescence,  is 
refractory  without  a  flux  ;  fused  with  borax  yields  a  green  glass  ;  does  not 
become  magnetic  under  the  blow-pipe,  and  is  insoluble  in  water.  Copper 
melts  at  2548°. 

Red  Oxide  of  Copper,  composed  of  copper,  88.5  to  91  parts  ;  oxygen, from 
11.5  to  9  parts ;  is  found  with  other  ores  of  copper.  Is  of  a  red  color,  lamel- 
lated structure,  metallic,  adamantine  lustre  ;  is  brittle,  translucent,  easily 
■ectile  :  has  irregular  and  conchoidal  fracture.  Is  found  amorphous  and 
crystallized  in  octahedrons  and  cubes. 

The  prominent  characteristics  are,  easy  reduction  and  solubility  ;  ia 
foluble  in  nitric  acid  with  effervescence  audin  muriatic  acid  without.  Oxide 
of  copper  fuses  in  the  oxidizing  flame,  before  the  blow-pipe  ;  in  the  reducing 
flame  forms  metal  ;  with  borax,  in  tlie  oxidizing  flame,  colors  the  glasi 
gte«n  J  in  the  reducing  flame,  brown-red.    Specific  gravity,  4  to  5.9. 


SYNOPSIS   OB'  MEtAlLURGY,   iC.  599 

IRON. — Occnrs  both  in  primary  and  secondary  rocks.  The  principal 
•tM  from  -which  iron  is  extracted  are  the  following  : 

Brown  Hematite. — This  ore  is  found  in  primary  rocks  and  occasionally 
in  secondary  formations.  It  yields  a  superior  iron.  In  color  it  is  brown, 
yellowish,  or  blackish-browu  ;  on  the  outside  resembling  black  glazed  eartlf 
eu-ware.  It  yields  to  the  knife  ;  is  fibrous  in  structure,  with  silky  and  res- 
inous lustre.  It  occurs  stalactical,  tuberous,  nodular,  and  amorphous.  A 
variety  of  this  ore  has  a  compact  structure,  devoid  of  lustre,  with  yellow- 
ish-brown streak,  and  conchoidal  or  earthy  fracture. 

Specular  Oxide  of  Iron  (Iron  Glance),  composed  of  iron,  CO  jiarts  ; 
oxygen,  31  parts  ;  yields  an  excellent  malleable  iron,  and  occurs  mainly  iu 
primary  rocks,  associated  with  magnetic  iron,  red  hematite,  quartz,  &c.  ; 
occurs  also  in  secondary  rocks.  In  color  is  steel-gray,  with  a  liighly  polish- 
ed surface  ;  often  tarnished.  Occurs  crystallized  in  pyraaiidal  dodecahe- 
drons, hexahedral  tables  ;  also  massive,  disseminated,  in  concretions.  Has 
a  cherry-red  streak,  lamellar  structure  ;  brilliant  lustre  ;  is  slightly  attracted 
by  the  magnet  ;  infusible  ;  and  insoluble  iu  acids.  Affords  a  red  powder  on 
being  heated,  and  becomes  magnetic.    Specific  gravity,  5.52. 

Bed  Hematite,  composed  of  oxide  of  iron,  90  parts;  silica,  2  parts;  lime, 
Ipart;  yields*  first-class  iron  for  drawing  and  rolling;  is  found  mainly  in 
primary  rocks  ;  frequently  in  lead  mines.  In  color  is  blood-red ;  also  steel- 
gray.  Yields  readily  to  the  knife  ;  occurs  massive,  and  in  plates;  also  re- 
niform,  globular,  and  pulverulent  It  adheres  to  the  tongue;  the  fracturo 
is  uneven  and  earthy.  Is  infusible,  but  becomes  magnetic.  Specific  gravity, 
4.75. 

Spathic  Iron  {Clay  Iron  Ore),  composed  of  oxide  of  iron,  58  parts;  car- 
bonic acid,  35  parts;  oxide  of  manganese,  4.25  parts  ;  magnesia,  0.76 parts: 
lime,  0.05  parts  ;  yields  an  iron  -well  adapted  for  steel  making  ;  is  found 
principally  in  carboniferous  limestone,  arranged  iu  thick  formations  ;  alsd 
in  veins  iu  granite,  mica-slate,  clay-slate,  gneiss,  and  gray wacke ;  as'<ociatcd 
with  ores  of  silver,  lead,  and  cobalt,  but  seldom  in  nickel  or  bi.smuth  ;  nioro 
frequently  with  galena,  iron  pyrites,  antimony  ore,  and  copper  ore.  to. 
other  veins  it  is  associated  with  brown,  red,  and  black  iron  ore,  quartz,  and 
calcareous  spar  ;  occurs  also  filling  up  amjgdaloidal  caviLics  in  traii-rocks. 

The  colors  of  the  ore  are,  yellow,  brown,  white,  and  black.  It  yields 
to  the  knife,  is  easily  broken  ;  the  structure  is  foliated  or  lamellar,  with 
shining,  vitreous  lustre,  and  white,  or  yellowish-brown  streak.  It  occurs 
massive,  disseminated  with  pyramidal  impressions;  also  in  granular  distinct 
concretions  ;  nodular  and  crystallized.  Crystals  are  usually  small,  and 
exist  in  groups. 

The  chemical  tests  are  :  effervescence  with  muriatic  acid  ;  is  infusible, 
blackens,  and  becomes  magnetic.  Heated  with  borax,  it  makes  an  olive- 
green  glass.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  earthy  minerals  by  its  weight, 
from  other  iron  ores  by  its  crystalline  foliated  cleavage,  and  from  blendo 
by  its  yielding  magnetic  iron.    Specific  gravity,  about  4.  , .         -r  r/» 

Magnetic  Oxide  of  Iron  {Iron  Sand),  composed  of  oxide  of  iron,  85.50 
parts  ;  oxide  of  titanium,  14  parts  ;  oxide  of  manganese,  0.50  parts ;  an  ex- 
cellent ore,  yielding  from  50  to  iK)  per  cent  of  the  best  bar  iron,  is  generally 
found  imbedded  in  traivrocks,  and  styled  mountain  ore.  The  color  is  iron- 
black  ;  is  found  in  octahedral  crystals,  also  in  minute  grains,  rhe  powder 
is  black  ;  the  fracture  conchoidal  ;  intensely  magnetic,  and  infusible  by  the 
blow-pipe.  .,.  .      „  **!,    V.1 

Peroxide  of  iron  remains  unchanged  in  the  oxidizing  flame  of  the  blow- 
pipe ;  in  the  reducing  fiame,  blackens  and  becomes  magnetic;  witli  borax, 
in  the  oxidizing  flame,  forms  glass  bright-red  while  hot  pale  dirty-red  wlicn 
cold  ;  in  the  reducing  flame,  forms  glass  varying  from  bottle-green  to  blacks 
green;  with  carbonate  of  soda,  on  charcoal,  reduces  to  metal  as  u  «aw 
Biague'tic  p«wder.    Specific  gravity,  G.22. 


1000  BYKOPSia  0»  MSTAtJutr»Qy,  4a. 

TtsU/oj*  lwn.-^Pru95late  of  ^Uvah  added  to  iron  dJBsoked  in  an  tct& 

ftau!«e3  .1  blue  ptecipitiite,  and  ru  infusion  of  galls  a  liiadc  precipitate. 

LEAD.— Ti)0  principal  ore  from  winch  t!ic  preiit  nmss  of  the  lead  of 
coniinerco  is  obtained  is  the  sulphuret  of  lead,  or  galena,  it  is  com- 
posed of  lead,  sulphur,  lime,  and  silex,  and  is  often  combined  with  ores 
of  silver,  and  frequently  with  ores  of  zinc,  copper,  and  iron.  It  occurs  in 
beds,  veins,  and  imbedded  masses  in  primary  and  secondary  rocks  ;  frc» 
quently  in  tiie  latter,  and  very  often  in  limestone  ;  also  in  alluvial  deposits. 

The  shades  of  color  are  bluisli-|;ra)%  lead-gray,  and  oii  the  outside  blackisli- 
gray.  Is  soft ;  yields  to  the  knife  ;  has  a  lamellated  structure  ;  niefcillic 
lustre,  very  brittle,  and  opaque  Submitted  to  heat,  it  first  decrepitates,  with 
the  emission  of  sulphur  fumes,  then  melts  into  a  j^lobuloof  l«xd  ;  blende, 
molybdena  and  gniplute,  which  resemble  tl.is  ore,  are  infusible. 

Teds  for  Ja'uU. — Oxalic  acid  produces  in  ueutKil  solutions  of  oxide  of 
lead  a  white  precipitate,  Glauber's  salts  and  an  infusion  of  galls,  pive  to 
a  solution  of  this  metvlawhito  precipitate.  Oiidc  of  lead,  in  oxidizing 
flame  before  the  blow-pipe,  turns  first  blue,  then  4ises  to  a  glass  of  orange 
color  ;  with  c.irbonate  of  soda,  on  chara)al,  in  tlie  reducing  flame,  reduces 
to  metal  ;  with  borax,  forms  glass  yellow  while  hot,  colorless  wliile  cold. 

TIN. — The  regular  ore  from  which  this  metiil  is  extracted  is  : 

Oxide  of  Till  (  Tinsli<nc),  composed  of  tin,  77.5  parts  ;  o.\ygen,  21.5  parts; 
oxide  of  iron,  0.25  p.'irt ;  silica,  0.75  part  ;  usually  occurs  in  primary  rocka 
in  veins,  traversing  gneiss,  granite,  mica-slate,  poriihyry,  and  clay-slato, 
and  is  generally  found  with  iron  pyrites,  chlorite,  quartz,  topaz,  fliior,  &Ci 
The  metal  obtained  from  ores  thus  located  is  called  block  tin.  The  grain 
tin  of  eoiumerco  is  obtained  from  the  stream  tin  ore  found  in  alluvium  and 
drift.  I 

The  colora  are  black,  brown,  green,  red,  white,  and  yellow.  It  is  brittle, 
gives  sparks  with  steel  ;  has  a  lamellar  structure,  with  adamantine  or 
resinous  lustre,  and  grayish-wliite  .streak.  Occurs  in  crystals,  and  in  massea 
from  t'.io  size  of  grains  to  that  of  the  fist. 

On  a  chemical  te^t  it  decrepitates,  but  by  the  blow-pine  it  may  be  reduced 
to  t;ie  metallic  state  on  i-harcoal.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  spathic  iron 
by  tlie  latter  leaving  an  iron  button  under  the  blow-pipe.  Blende  cannot 
be  reduced,  and  is  not  so  hard.  Specific  gravity,  G.7  to  7. 
f  Tests  fur  Tin. — In  .solution  of  tin  oxide,  p/iosp/ta/e  o/ so Ja  produces  a 
■white  y)reci])itate.  X  bar  of  metallic  zinc  pTec\\ViUitc»  tin  in  small  grayi.sh- 
white  metallic  spangles.  To  a  solution  containing  the  metal,  present  a  per- 
fectly clean  sheet  of  iron,  the  result  is  nietallictin.  Oxide  of  tin,  in  the 
oxidizing  flame,  before  the  blow-pipe,  presents  a  dirtj-yellow  color  ;  with 
cari)i  mate  of  soda,  in  reducing  flame,  ou  charcoal,  reduces  to  metal;  with 
bor.ix  forms  a  clear  glass. 

ZINC. — One  of  the  ores  of  zinc  is  : 

Bind-' {Mj^Ic  Lead,  Fa\%c  Galena,  Black  Jack),  corapo.sed  of  zinc,  sul- 
phur, iron,  and  silica ;  is  found  in  veins  of  primary  and  secondary  rocks, 
usually  united  with  iron  and  copper,  with  galena.  It  is  frequently  used 
after  roasting  in  the  preparation  of  brass,  but  is  usually  too  much  dissemfe- 
uaied  in  its  gangno  to  make  its  extraction  profitable 

The  colors  are  brown,  yellow,  and  black.  It  is  brittle,  yields  to  tha 
knife,  has  ii  foliated  structure,  with  shining,  adamantine  lustre.  Itoccura 
ma.<sive,  disseminated,  laraelliforra,  in  grr.nnlar  concretions,  and  crystal' 
lized.  It  decrepitate.-  v,-hen  heatfd  ;  evolve.^  tV.e  smell  of  rotten  eggs  when 
thrown  iati3  oil  of  vitriol  ;  is  infusible,  and  does  nat  tinge  borax  green. 
Specific  gravity,  3.7  to  4. 

Calami nr,  composed  of  oxide  of  zinc  and  carbmicacid,  is  found  in  veins, 
often  associated  with  oxide  of  iron,  nnd  occa.sionally  with  galena;  is  also 
found  in  beds,  nests,  filling  up  or  lining  hollow*,  m  oonglomerat©  rock  and 
eecoudary  limestone. 


SYNOPSIS   OF   JfKTALLUKGY,   &C,  1001 

The  colors  are  sometimes  nearly  white,  at  others  gray,  greenish,  o» 
fcrowTi-  yellowish.  Is  easily  sectile.  Occurs  compact,  aiuori-hous,  i»8eudo« 
morphous,  crystallized,  and  cupriferous.  lu  chemical  te.-^ts  it  dissolves 
ivith  effervesence  in  heated  nitric  acid,  or  muriutic  acid,  and  is  infiisihlo. 
Pi.ide  of  zinc,  in  the  oxidizing  flame,  before  the  blow-pipe,  exliibits  a 
Irhitish-greeu  color ;  while  hot  this  oside  is  slii,'htly  yellow — when  cold  is 
white  :  with  borax  forms  glass,  which  in  an  internVittant  flame  becomes 
milky  ;  iii  the  reducing  flame,  ou  charcoal,  reduced  to  metal,  w  hich  readily 
lablimes. 

Jicd  Ore  of  Zinc,  composed  of  oxide  of  manganese  and  oxMe  of  cine,  is 
found  in  primary  aud  transition  rocks,  linie.-;t"ne,  and  iron  mines.  It  \i 
brittle  ;  yields  to  the  knife  ;  has  a  foliated  s^tructure  aud  shining  lustre, 
becoming  dull  by  exposure.  The  color  is  red  ;  it  occurs  ma,<sive  and  dis- 
f  eminated.  In  chemical  tests  it  dissolves  with  cfTervesccnce  in  strong  ai-ius. 
Is  distinguishable  by  its  wciglit  aud  iufusibility.     Specific  gravity,  (J.22. 

MAXGAXKSE. — Tliis  metil  iu  its  metallic  state  is  of  no  avail  in  the 
arts.  The  ore,  which  subserves  all  required  uses  without  preparation,  is 
called 

Black  Ox  lid  of  Manganese. — It  Is  composed  of  manganese,  oxygen,  and 
water  ;  is  found  in  imbedded  ma.<jses  and  veins  in  primary  rocks,  and  often 
with  ores  of  iron.  The  color  is  of  a  dark  steel-gray,  with  metallic  lustre, 
black  streak,  and  conchoidal  earthy  fracture.  It  occurs  massive,  in  fibrous 
concretions,  and  crystallized.  In  a  chemical  test  is  doct>mposed  by  being 
tlirown  iuto  v.ater,  and  turns  the  water  green.  On  exposure  to  the  air  r.b- 
Forbs  so  much  oxygen  that  it  falls  into  powder.  Is  infusible  alone,  but  with 
borax  yields  a  purple  globule  ;  becomes  brown  by  heat ;  with  b'jnix,  iu  the 
oxidizing  flame,  much  oxide  employed,  the  glass  is  black  ;  little  oxido  em- 
ployed, the  glass  is  of  an  amethyst  color — in  the  reducing  flame,  and  on 
charcoal,  this  latter  glob-ilo  becomes  colorless,  and  so  remains  if  quickly 
cooled  ;  with  soda  in  the  oxidiziug  flame,  aud  on  platiuum  foil,  forms  an 
opaque  green  glass. 

COBALT.— This  metal  is  of  no  avail  in  its  metallic  Btate  for  use  in  the 
ni-^  ;  is  in  use  mainly  by  painters  aud  bronzers,  as  zaffre,  smalt,  &c.  The 
ore  producing  t!iem  is, 

Arsenical  Cobalt,  composed  of  cobalt,  arsenic,  and  sulphur,  Is  found 
combined  with  silver,  bismuth,  nickel,  arsenic,  and  copper,  in  veins  trav- 
ersing primary  ro<'ks.  The  color  is  silver-white,  with  a  reddish  copper  tint. 
Has  a  metallic  Itistre  ;  is  brittle  ;  difflcultto  cut ;  with  conchoidal  fracture. 
Occurs  massive,  reticulated,  dendritic,  stalactical,  and  crystallized  in  cube* 
»nd  octahedrons.  Fused  with  borax  it  yields  a  blue  glass.  Tunis  black, 
with  the  euiission  of  garlic  fumes,  in  the  blaze  of  a  candle.  Tlie  oxide  is 
unchangeable  by  it^^elf  (before  the  blow-pipe),  but  with  carlxmate  of  si'da, 
on  charcoal,  forms  a  gray  magnetic  powder  ;  with  borax,  both  in  oxidjziug 
and  reducing  flame,  gives  a  deep  blue  bead.    Specific  gravity,  G.30  to  7.30. 

For  full  directions  for  preparing  smalt,  sec  page  2H3. 

MCKEL.— The  ore  from  which  this  metal  is  derived  is. 

Arsenical  Xickcl  {Kiipfer,  or  Copper  Nickel),  composed  of  nickel,  arsonie, 
Bulnhur,  lead,  iron,  aud  cobalt,  is  found  associated  with  cobalt.  It  oocura 
m.assive,  reticulated,  and  botryoidal.  In  color  is  copj^cr  red,  witli  hut;!!; ^ 
lustre;  is  cut  with  dilflculty  :  forms  a  green  solution  in  aqua  forti.-^,  ;  ;  i 
emits  s:arlic  fumes  when  heated.  Oxide  of  nickel  (before  tie  IiIlav-.  ,:  •  < 
infusible  alone  ;  in  the  oxidizing  flame,  with  borax,  forms  ai:  i 

globule  which  becomes  nearly  colorless  on  cooling  ;  in  the  red. 
(Dn  charcoal,  tlie  bead  becomes  gray  ;  in  the  reducing  flame.  \s.i,,_.     ...  vu 
charcoal,  reduces  to  a  mnmi'  tic  jiowder.     .Specific  gravity,  G.fiO  to  7.  .U. 

BlSMnil.— Tliis  mim-ral  is  often  found  in  its  j.ure  state  tit  for  iiiime- 
di.ate  use,  but  more  frequently  .associated  with  cohalt.  iron  pyritts.  -a\'n«. 
arsenic,  silver,  &c.,  in  the  primary  rocks,  tspecially  iu  gneiss,  quartz,  and 
■uca-slate.    la  color  is  silver- white,  with  a  reddish  tint,    b  suftei  tha» 


1002  ST5TOPSIS    OF   METALLUEGT,    *C. 

copper  •  tarnishes  ;  has  a  metallic  lustre,  lamellar  structure,  and  melts  at 
476".  Before  the  blow-pipe,  bismuth  fuses  and  gives  off  inodorous  fumes. 
On  charcoal  it  becomes  surrounded  with  a  dark  brown  oxide,  which  is  pale< 
jellow  on  cooling  ;  the  flame  directed  on  the  coating  is  not  tinged  ;  ulti- 
mately tlie  metal  is  wholly  vaporized.  The  oxide  of  bismuth,  with  carbon- 
Tite  of  soda,  on  charcoal,  reduces  to  metal.     Specific  gravity,  9. 

ANTIMONY. — The  ore  from  which  commerciai  antimony  is  obtained  is 
tlife 

Sulphnret  of  Antimony,  composed  of  antimony,  74  parts  ;  solphur,  26 
l^;irts  ;  and  found  chiefly  in  granite,  mica-slate,  and  gneiss,  associated  with 
ores  of  iron,  copner,  arsenic,  blende  and  galena.  It  occurs  crystallized  and 
massive,  composed  of  delicate  threads  or  needles.  Is  brittle  ;  yields  to  the 
knife  ;  has  fibrous  fracture  and  splendid  lustre.  Tested  in  a  candle-flame 
it  melts.  The  ores  of  antimony  afford  fumes  usually  white  on  charcoal, 
which  are  inodorous.  The  oxides  form,  with  soda  on  the  platinum  wire,  a 
clear,  colorless  bead,  which  becomes  white  on  cooling  ;  on  charcoal  they 
are  reduced.  In  an  open  tube,  antimony  gives  white  fumes,  which  coat 
the  glass  and  vaporize  easily  on  a  new  application  of  the  heat,  without 
fusion  to  globules.     Specific  gravity,  4  to  4.80. 

GRAPHITE  (Black  Lead,  Plumbago),  composed  of  carbon,  9  parts  ; 
iron,  1  part  ;  is  found  in  clay-slate,  also  in  the  coal  formation.  The  Dixon 
Crucible  Co.,  of  Jersey  City,'  N.  J.,  obtain  their  graphite  from  the  "  Black 
Lead  Mountain,"  near  the  village  of  Ticonderoga,  Essex  Co.,  X.  Y.  Tlie 
ore  is  chiefly  of  the  foliated  variety,  interspersed  in  gneiss  and  quartz  ia 
veins.     Graphite  is  also  found  in  great  abundance  near  Ottawa,  Canada. 

ROCK  SALT  is  found  in  secondary  strata  ;  frequently  associated  with 
gvpsum,  marl,  clav,  &c.  Near  Goderich,  in  Canada,  at  a  depth  of  about 
1000  ft.,  there  is  a  bed  of  rock-salt  14  to  40  ft.  thick.'  The  salt  of  Salina  and 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  is  obtained  from  wells  of  saltwater  150  ft.  and  upwards  ia 
depth,  which  are  borings  in  saliferous  rocks,  which  here  are  from  700  to 
1000  ft.  thick.  Flora  £§  to  45  gals,  of  the  water  yields  a  bushel  of  salt, 
■while  of  sea  water  it  takes  350  gals,  for  the  same  quantity. 

'  PRECIOUS  STONES. — Diamonds  are  found  in  association  with  sand  or 
alluvium  which  contain  grains  of  gold.  In  Brazil  tlie  diamond  district  is 
called  Minas  Geraes,  50  miles  by  25,  near  Tejuco.  The  emerald,  garnet, 
amethyst,  tourmaline,  chalcedony,  topaz,  chrysprase,  chrysoberyl,  sapphire, 
iolite.  spinel,  are  always  found  in  tlie  primary  rocks.  The  sardonyx,  jas- 
per, carnelian,  cacholong,  are  often  found  in  secondary  .strata,  principally  in. 
the  trap  rocks.  Cairngorm  is  a  species  of  quartz.  The  exudationg  which 
form  crystals  are  a  very  extensive  mode  of  rock  formation  in  all  varieties. 
For  hardness  of  precious  stones  see  pa^e  925. 

COAL. — .\mong  the  varieties  of  coai  may  be  noted 

Anthracite  (Blinder  Glance  Coal),  sometimes  called  stove  coal,  is  found 
in  imbedded  masses,  veins  and  beds  in  primary  and  secondary  rocks,  fre- 
quently in  trai>-rocIcs,  grayw.-icke,  slate,  sandstone,  &c. 

Black  or  Bituminous  Coal  occurs  chiefly  in  the  secondary  rocks,  some- 
times in  sand.stone,  limestone,  and  clay.  The  various  kinds  are  styled 
slate,  coarse,  foliated,  and  cannel  coal.  The  coal  beds  vary  in  thickness 
from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  30  or  40  ft.,  but  seldom  exceed  8  ft.,  and  are 
generally  much  thinner  :  8  to  10  ft.  is  tlie  thickness  of  the  principal  bed  at 
Pittsburg,  Pa.  ;  29^  ft.,  that  of  tlse  "  Mammoth  vein  "  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
oT-i  ft.  that  of  one  of  the  two  great  veins  at  Pictou,  in  Nova  Scotia.  The 
coal  beds,  fciken  together,  make  uv  n<it  more  than  one-fiftieth  part  of  the 
coal  formation  ;  that  is,  tliere  are  50  feet  or  more  of  barren  rock  to  1  foot  of 
coal.  An  acre  of  coals  2  ft.  thick  yields  3000  tons,  3  ft.  thick,  4840  tons, 
and  5  ft.,  8000  tons. 

liy^'.ile  (Bnncn  Coal)  occurs  in  secondary  rocks,  and  occasionally  in 
mlavium.     For  facts  relating  to  coal,  fuel  v.".lues,  Szc.,  see  page  627. 

(jTPSUM  occurs  in  tiie  new  red  sandstone  and  other  secondary  locla. 


■TWOPSIS   OF   METALLUROT,    AC.  1008 

LIMESTONE,  composing  most  of  the  rocks  below  the  drift,  in  a  com- 
pact rock  of  grayish  aud  other  dull  shades  of  color  to  black.  Consistn  es- 
8«ntially  of  carbonate  of  lime.  When  impure,  and  therefore  good  fof 
making  hydraulic  lime  (lime  that  will  set  under  water),  it  is  called  liydmnU 
ic  limestone.  When  composed  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  magnesia  it  ig 
ca.l\<id  dolomite.  When  containing  fossils  it  is  QnUedfossili/ernits  limei^tone. 
Tlie  limestone  rocks  owe  their  origin  to  the  organic  remains  of  various 
species  that  have  lived  and  died  during  ]>ast  time.  The  best  marble  is 
found  in  the  upper  part  of  the  primary,  aud  lower  parts  of  the  secondary 
rocks. 

Lime  (oxide  of  calcium),  before  the  blow-pipe,  is  infusible  alone  ;  with 
borax,  effervesces  ;  with  a  comparatively  large  quantity  of  borax,  forms  a 
clear  glass  which  becomes  angular  on  cooling  ;  in  the  flame  of  the  oxyhy- 
drogen  blow-pipe  emits  a  dazzling  white  light,  and  fuses  at  the  edges. 

BORAX  (Bihorate  of  Soda),  before  the  blow-pipe  intumeses  and  fuses 
to  borax-glass  ;  with  fluor-spar  and  bisulphate  of  pota*ih,  colors  the  flaipe 
green  ;  soluble  in  water  ;  the  solution  changes  vegetiible  blues  to  green. 

ALUMINA  (.Sesqiioxide  of  ahiminum),  before  the  blow-pipe,  remains 
unaltered  both  alone  and  with  soda  ;  fuses  with  borax  with  great  diffl- 
cnlty,  also  with  salt  of  phosphorus  ;  moistened  with  cobalt  solution  and 
brought  to  a  high  heat,  becomes  blue  ;  is  not  attacked  by  acids. 

SULPHUR,  heated  in  an  open  glass  tube,  emits  fumes  of  sulphurous 
acid  ;  heated  with  soda,  the  compound,  moistened  with  water,  blackens  sil- 
ver. 

TELLURIUM  (Oxide:),  before  the  blow-pipe,  colors  the  flame  green, 
fuses  and  sublimes  ;  with  borax,  in  the  oxidizing  flame,  forms  a  colorless 
glass  ;  in  the  reducing  flame  the  glass  becomes  gray  ;  its  behavior  witli  car- 
bonate of  soda  is  similar  as  with  borax  ;  on  charcoal,  readily  reduces  to 
metal. 

QUARTZ  (Silicic  acid),  before  the  blow-pipe,  undergoes  no  change 
alone  ;  with  soda,  readily  fuses  to  a  transparent  glass. 

NITRE,  before  the  blow-pipe,  deflagrates  vividly  :  detonates  witli  com- 
bustible substances  ;  dissolves  readily  in  water  ;  not  altered  by  exposure. 

FLUOR-SPAR  (J'^Kor/rfe  of  Ccdciinn),  before  the  blow-pipe,  decrepitates 
and  fuses  to  an  enamel  ;  the  flame  continued,  the  specimen  assumes  a  cauli- 
flower ;  heated  with  salt  of  phosphorus  in  a  glass  tube,  it  etches  or  rough- 
ens the  in'!i-de  of  the  glass. 

PHOSPHORUS,  moistened  with  sulphuric  acid  and  heated,  gives  a  green, 
tinge  to  tlie  flame. 

CHLORINE.— A  substance  containing  chlorine,  combined  with  the  salt 
of  pho.sphorusand  oxide  of  copper,  on  the  platinum  wire,  colors  the  flams 
deep  blue. 

SOD.\  {Oxide  of  Soditim),  colors  the  flame  deep  yellow. 

ARSENIC  (Oxide),  before  tlie  blow-pipe,  volatilizes  in  white  fumes  of  a 
garlic  odor  ;  heated  to  redness  burns  with  a  pale  bluish  flamp. 

The  following  additional  tests,  &c.,  for  the  determination  of  gold  and 
silver  ores,  is  extracted  from  Mr.  Kustel's  incomparable  work. 

Sec.  10.  The  use  of  the  following  systematic  proceeding  can  be  under- 
stood easily  by  an  example  : 

A  silver  mineral,  for  instance,  approved  as  such  by  an  examination  oa 
pilver,  must  be  observed  first  as  to  what  In.stre  it  shows,  or  whether  it  is 
dull.  Sui>pose,  then,  the  mineral  has  a  niofcillic  lustre.  (Seel.)  The  color 
must  be  observed  next,  and  compared  with  tho.se  under  I.  The  ore  is  fur- 
tlier  found  to  be  "  lead  grav."  We  have  then  to  proceed  from  the  indicated 
letter,  B,  on  the  right  side,  to  B  on  the  left,  and  examine  accordingly, 
whether  the  mineral  gives  a  sublimate  or  not.  If.  for  instance,  nosubliinate 
has  been  obtained,  we  must  jiroceed  to  r,  as  indicated.  On  the  described 
lamination  under  c,  the  mineral  appears  tough  ;  it  can  be  cut  with  e  kiul«i 


1004  irETAiLt7R«T    OF   SOLD    AND    SILTBK. 

We  go  orer  to  Section  16,  and  gee  the  numbers  2  and  20,  Silverglance  and 
Hes?ite.  The  description  of  both  will  lead  to  tlie  right  determination  of  tho 
Boiueral. 

L—Lu8lre  metallic  or  Sub-metallic. 

Color,  white,  greyish- white,  yeUowiah-white,  or  yellow,  see I 

Color,  lead-pray,  blackish  lea_-gray,  or  iron-black, B 

(^)lor.  liclit  steel-gray C 

Color,  reddish  lead-gray, D 

Color,  pinclibcck-brown, ...  /; 

II. — Lustre  Ji<:sinous  and  Adamantine. 

Color,  pearl-gray,  yellowish-green,  green,  olive-green,  lemon-yellow,  or 
light  yellow,  see  F 

m.-DuU. 

Color,  red,  dark  red  (sometimes  externally  lead-gray) r/ 

Color,  blackish-blue // 

Color,  prrpeni^h-M.T'k / 

.1  It  ■    "•\  see ft 

-'  '  \...     b 

7'  1 11  iiuate,  even  under  the  plow-pipe, c 

7;  It  uiw- ;i  5  t.   iiu^.ti-,  with  f)r  without  the  blow^)lpe, d 

(•  inn  .L.-pil  fil.i-,  111  sublimate, e 

(■  w  '       •    r 

J'  \:.  k-red,  sublimate.    See  Sep.  16  (8  or  9). 

i'   I;  1 1 \\h»,  no  sublimate.    See  Sec.  G  (4). 

F  I  1  I       -.  .1  ..r  .<j.t  u  tube,  no  sublimate, r; 

r  I ,  ,1       .  itli  the  aid  of  the  blow-|>it)e,  a  sliffht  sublimate, h 

0\u:  '  ■■' '■ -■''■'■"—   -tibliniate.     Sec.  16  (10). 

0  It  av.     Sec.  16  (IC). 

7/ III  l';(3n'). 

/  '!i  '        !  ,u-.     *;<t.  lti(ll  n'). 

f    \<         '  tf  ylobule.     Sec.  16(1). 

rt  It  iiiLit:,  ..ii  v.iia;v.  .a  i.>  ii  ii...i...nv  jellow  or  yellowish  globule.     Sec.  i5 

(1). 
h  It  melt?  on  Hnrcoal  to  a  globule  of  metallic  lustre,  coating  the  coal  white. 

s. 
/   It  somewhat,  giving,  before  fusing,  a  slight,   very  volatile 

u ..:iiig.     Sec.  15(4),  or  Sec.  16  (22  or  33). 

r  It  can  be  cut  with  a  knife.     Sec  18  (2  or  2ti)- 

c  It  caiuiot  be  cut  ;  i«<  brittle.     P»»r«  10  (S  or  4  t  or  6),  or  Sec.  15  (2). 

rf  In  a  r!o«r,l  till'  irite.     Sec.  Ifi  (fi  «'). 

<   ( "n  .  li:in-..:(l  it  ■  oatiug.     See.  15  (■'?). 

f  III  ailuseJ  tub-, .:  :..    _       , ., ,.  ..  _..;k  red  sublimate.      Sec.  16 

(11). 
y  On  charcoal  it  fuses,  emits  an  acrid  odor,  and  leaves  globules  of  silver  :  in 

■A    ;  .~' il  tube,  with  bisulphate  of  potissa,  emits  no  colored  vapors.  Seci 

!'■     !J  . 
£,■  It  -i\  1  -.  with  bisul|)hate  of  poLissa,  red-brown  vajvjrs.    Sec.  16  (13  or  14). 
?!  iu  a  tlnseil  tube,  witli  bisiiliih.ite  of  p«ita.-'s;i.  violet  vapors.      Sec.  16(15). 
DKSCKIITION    OF    (;OLD    AND    .SILA'FR    nRKS.     A.     Gold  Ores  — 
Sr<-.  15.  Gold  a;  ''v  iu  luetallii-  !■  "  :tt  never  free  rn)m 

sil\er.     It  is  fun;  in  the  forni  of  I's.  dn«t,  :\1.'<>  ;)i  the 

sh.ijrt.  of  leaves,  t!  rvptals.    It  is  ni  t  -d  but  supposed  that 

a  part  of  the  gold  iu  ixun  pyrites  doM  not  exidl  in  uietallic  state,  bat  cum. 


METALLURGY    OF    GOLD    AND    SILVKB.  1005 

«ined  with  sulphur,  or  with  ars&nic  in  the  arsenical  pyrites.    The  cold  ia 
found  in  combination  with  the  following  metals :  t.        ■» 

1.  Silver— In  dilicreut  proportions.    The  gold  of  Gold  Hill  lode,  N  T. 
eontains.ortv-seven  to  fifty  per  cent,  of  silver  ;  that  of  the  Comstock  lodo. 
thirty  to  forty-live  ;  Gila  River  and  Australian  gold,  three  to  five  percent! 
According  to  the  amount  of  silver,  the  gold  appears  more  or  less  whitish. 
Sixty  per  cent,  of  silver  renders  the  alloy  white 

On  charcoal,  treated  with  the  oxidation  flame,  it  gives  sometimes  a 
bluirih- white  coating  of  antimony.  With  borax,  played  upon  with  reduction 
tlame,  a  reaction  of  copper  may  be  observed. 

I-  With  Tclha-ium.— It  contains  gold,  20;  silver,  14;  tellurium,  59: 
wiyk  traces  of  lead,  copper,  and  antimony  ;  hardness,  1.5  ;  gravity  5.7  to 
5.5  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  color,  li-ht  gray. 

In  an  open  tube  it  emits  white  funics,  and  gives  a  gray  sublimate  of  tel- 
lurium. Directing  the  flame  on  the  sublimate,  it  melts  into  transiparent 
drops.  The  fumes  Lave  a  peculiar  sour  odor.  On  charcoal,  it  melts  to  a 
dark-gray  globule.  Played  upon  with  the  oxidation  flame,  it  gives  a  white 
coating,  which  disappears  with  a  bluish-green  color,  nnder  the  oxidation 
flame.     Continued  blowing  yields  a  yellow,  bria;htgold  button. 

8.  Willi  Telhirivm  and  Lead.— Go\<\,  9  ;  tellurium,  32  ;  lead,  54,  with 
traces  of  copper,  sulphur,  and  antimony;  H.  =  1.5;  Gr.  ==  7.72  •  color, 
dark  lead-gray.  ' 

In  an  oj)cn  tube  it  fumes,  and  yields  a  gray  sublimate,  the  upper  part  of 
which,  formed  by  antimoiiious  acid,  can  lie  driven  awav  by  the  flame.  Ou 
charcoal  it  fumes  and  gives  two  coatings— a  white  one,  which  is  volatile, 
consisting  of  tellurous  and  antimonious  acids  and  sulphate  of  lead  ;  the 
other  coating  is  yellow,  less  volatile,  and  consists  princinally  of  oxide  of 
lead.  Continued  blowing  leaves  a  small  metallic  button,  showing  gold  color 
when  cupelled. 

4.  With  Mcrcimi  and  /SiZtr?-.— Gold,  36  ;  silver,  5  ;  mercury,  58.  The 
gold  is  foundalso  alloyed  with  molybdenum,  ])latinuni,  and  rhodium. 

B. — SILVER  ORES.  Sec.  16.  Silver  is  found  mostly  in  combination 
witli  .sulphur,  also  alloyed  with  other  metals  and  substances.  It  appears 
often  in  metallic  condition. 

1.  Native  Silver  ig  found  crystallized,  in  threads  or  filaments.  It  often 
contains  a  small  amount  of  antimony,  arsenic,  iron,  gold,  or  copper.  The 
native  silver,  one  variety  of  the  Comstock  lode,  K  T.,  contains,  silver, 
60-85;  gold,  l.'J  ;  lead,  8-r,0  ;  copper,  1-5;  H.  =  2.7-3  ;  Gr.  =  lO.G-ll.S. 
Heated  ou  charcoal,  it  becomes  covered  with  lead  globules,  disapi>earing 
again  when  red  liot.  It  gives  a  yellow  coating  of  lead,  and  furtlior  off,  a 
bluish-white  of  antimonious  acid.  It  colors  the  borax  glass  green  witli  tha 
oxide  of  copper. 

a.  Combination  icith  Sulphrir. — 2.  Silver  qlance  (Sulphuret  of  Silver). 
—Silver,  87  ;  sulphur,  12.9  ;  H.  =2.5  ;  Gr.'  =  6.0-7.2  ;  lustre,  "metallic  ; 
color  and  streak,  blackish  lead-gray  ;  streak,  shining.  It  may  be  cut  like 
load.  On  charcoal,  it  melts  into  a  dark  blue  globule,  generally  emitting 
metallic  siiver  on  tlie  surface  on  cooling,  especially  if  a  small  particle  of 
borax  glass  is  added,  which  dissolves  impurities.  li  yields  a  silver  globule 
when  melted  with  soda. 

3.  Stromeycrite  {Silver-Copper  glance). — Silver,  50-53  ;  copper,  31 ;  sut 
phur,  15  ;  11.  =  2.5  ;  Gr.  =  6.2  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  color,  blackish  lead-gray. 
In  a  closed  tube,  gives  sometimes  a  little  sulphur  sublimate  ;  in  an  open 
tube,  sulphurous  acid.  Ou  charcoal,  it  fuses  to  a  steel-blue  globule,  emit- 
ting sometimes  metallic  silver  on  cooling.  Melted  with  soda,  it  gives  a  coi> 
per  button,  which  yields  silver  Avhcn  refined.  It  occurs  in  the  Heiutzelmau 
mine,  Arizona. 

a' .  A  variety  of  this  ore,  containing  40-33  per  cent,  of  silver,  with  a  dull 
blackish-blue  color  ;  streak,  shining  ;  can  be  cut ;  occurs  in  Arizona. 

4.  Stembergile  [Svl^fmret  of  Silver  arid  Iron). — Silver,  30-33  ;  iron,  36; 


1006  MBTALLURGT   OP  GOtD   AND    SILVER. 

sulphur,  30  ;  H.  =  1 ;  Gr.  =  4.2  ;  metallic  lustre  ;  color,  piuchbeck-brown; 
gtreak,  black.  In  thin  Liminre.  flexible,  resembliii!:;  prfv[rhite.  In  an  opeu 
tube  it  gives  out  sulphurous  acid.  It  melts  to,  a  globule  on  charcoal,  emit- 
ting  silver,  and  follows  the  magnet. 

a'.  A  variety  of  this  ore  is  found  in  the  Gold  Hill  lode,  N.  T.  It  cousist* 
of  silver,  33.25  ;  iron,  34.05  ;  H.  =  2.8  ;  Or.  =  5.2  ;  color,  dull  bluish-sray. 
The  fracture  has  a  metallic  lustre  and  dark  lead-gray  color.  The  powder  ig 
Tslackish-brown.  It  is  found  in  small  f  nigments  of  indistinct  cubic  shape. 
On  charcoal,  it  melts,  with  a  spongy  ai>pearance,  to  a  dull  gray  globule, 
following  the  magnet.  A  slight  yellow  coating  indicates  a  trace  of  lead.  la 
melting,  it  gives  out  a  great  deal  of  sulpluirous  acid.  Treated  with  soda,  a 
silver  globule  is  easily  obtained. 

b.  Combinations  v:ith  Sulphur  and  Antimony,  or  Arsenic. — 5.  Brittle 
Silver  Ore.— Silver,  70  ;  antimony,  13.9  ;  sulphur,  15.7  ;  II.  =  2.5  ;  Gr.  = 
6.2  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  color  and  streak,  iron-black,  or  blackish  lead-gray. 
In  a  close  tube,  it  decrepitates,  melts  to  a  globule,  and  gives  a  blackish  sub- 
limate, which  turns  red-brown  when  cold,  consisting  of  sulphide  of  anti- 
mony. In  an  open  tube  it  melts,  evolving  sulphurous  acid,  and  fumes. 
On  charcoal  it  fuses,  and  coats  the  coal  white  with  antimonious  acid.  By 
continual  blast,  the  coating  assumes  a  pink  color,  derived  from  the  oxide  of 
silver.     It  occurs  frequently  in  the  Comstock  lode. 

(i.  Pohjbdsite  (Eiif/cn  Glance). — Silver,  G-1-72  ;  copper,  3-10  ;  sulphur, 
17  ;  H.  =  2.5  ;  Gr.  =  G.2.  It  coutains  also  antimony,  arsenic,  iron,  and 
sometimes  zinc.  Lustre,  metallic  ;  color,  iron-black  ;  streak,  black.  In  a 
closed  tube  it  yields  nothing  volatile.  In  an  open  tube  it  gives  antimouial 
iumes  and  sulphurous  acid.     It  occurs  also  in  (iold  Hill  lode,  N.  T. 

a'.  The  polyba.site  of  the  Comstock  lode  contains  l>4  jier  cent  of  silver. 
It  gives,  in  a  closed  tube,  with  the  aid  of  the  blow-pipe,  a  reddish-brown 
Bubliniate,  with  a  yellow  edge.  lu  an  open  tube,  white  fumes  arise,  aud 
some  white  sublimate  dei»osits.  On  charcoal,  with  the  reduction  flame,  it 
evolves  an  odor  of  garlic.  Played  upon  with  the  oxydaticn  flame,  it  gives 
out  sulphurous  acid  and  a  white  coating  of  autiiuonious  acid.  It  melts  to  a 
globule  with  a  metallic  lustre.  If  the  hot  blast  is  changed  suddenly  to  a 
cold  one,  and  directed  on  the  globule,  holding  the  blow-pipe  point  close  to 
it,  metallic  silver  is  emitted.  It  the  cold  blast  is  stopped  too  soon,  the  silver 
"will  disappear  again. 

7.  Miar;i]rrite. — Silver,  36.8;  antimony,  42.8:  sulphur,  21;  H.  =  2.5  ; 
Gr.  =5.2-5.4  ;  lustre,  metallic  adamantine  ;  color,  iron-black  ;  streak,  dark 
cherry-red.  In  a  closed  tube  it  decrepitates,  melts  easily,  and  gives  out  a 
Bublimate  of  sul[ihide  of  antimony.  In  an  open  tube,  sulphurous  acid  .and 
antimonial  fumes  are  emitted,  depositing  a  white  sublimate  of  antimonious 
acid.  On  charcoal  it  melts  quietly,  emitting  sulphurous  acid  aud  antimonial 
luraes.  It  covers  the  coal  with  a  white  coating,  which  becomes  pink-colored 
"by  continual  blast.  Melted  with  soda,  a  silver  button  is  obtained,  which, 
treated  with  borax  and  tin,  reacts  on  copper. 

8.  Dark  red  Silver  Ore  (Pyrarrjyrite,  Antimonial  Blend). — Silver,  58.9  ; 
antimony,  23.4  ;  sulphur,  17.5  ;  11.  =2.5  ;  Gr.  =  5.7.  Lustre,  metallic-like 
adman  tine  ;  color,  dark-red  ;  powder,  cochineal-red.  In  a  closed  tube,  by 
the  aid  of  the  blow-pipe,  it  yields  a  sublimate  of  sulphide  of  antimony,  black 
■while  hot,  but  varying  from  red  to  reddish-yellow  when  cold.  In  an  open 
tube  it  gives  autimonial  fumes  and  Bulj)hufous  acid.  On  charcoal  it  melts 
easily,  aud  deposits  a  white  coating  of  antimonious  acid.  With  soda  it 
gives  a  silver  globule.     It  occurs  also  in  the  Gold  HUl  lode,  N.  T. 

9.  Light  red  Silvtr  Ore  (Provstite,  Arsenical  Blend). — Silver,  65.4 ; 
jtrsenic,  15.1  ;  sulphur,  19.4;  H.  =2.5;  Gr.  =5.5-5.0;  color,  similar  to 
dark  red  silver  ore,  but  lighter.  Behaves  like  the  preceding,  except  tho 
Arsenical  fumes. 

10.  Xon^Aocone.— Silver,  64  ;  arsenic,  13.4  ;  sulphur,  21.3  ;  H.=2  ;  Gr. 
(^"1^-6.2  ;  color,  dull  red  to  clove  brown  ;  powder,  yellow.    Wh«u  heated  in 


UETALLUEGT   of   GOtD   AND  SILVER.  1007 

%  closed  tube  it  becomes  dark  red,  molts,  and  gives  some  subliraato  of  sul- 
phide of  arsenic.  While  hot,  it  is  dark,  brownish-red,  and  red  to  reddish- 
yellow  when  cold.  In  an  open  tube  and  on  charcoal,  it  behaves  like  the 
preceding.  , 

11.  Silver  Fahlerz  (Arr/entiferous  Gran  Copper  Ore).— Silver,  17  71- 
31.29  ;  antimony,  26.63-24.63  ;  sulphur,  23.52-21.17  ;  copper,  25.23-14  81  • 
iron,  3.72-5.98  ;  zinc,  3.10-0.09  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  color,  liglit  steel-;,'rav.  hi 
a  closed  tube  it  sometimes  decrepitates,  melts,  and  gives,  by  aid  of  the 
blow-pipe,  a  dark  red  sublimate  of  tersulphide  of  antimonv,  with  antimo- 
nious  acid.  In  an  open  tube  it  fuses,  gives  antimonial  fume's  and  sulphur- 
ous acid.  On  charcoal  it  fuses  easily,  and  gives  a  bluish-white  coating  of 
antimonious  acid  and  antimonial  funies.  There  is  also  a  yellowish  coating 
close  to  the  test,  which  appears  white  on  cooling.  This  coating  is  created 
by  oxide  of  zinc. 

a'.  The  Reese  River  ore,  from  the  Comet  lode,  seems  to  be  a  metamor- 
phosed silver  fahlerz.  The  sulphur  is  represented  by  carbonic  acid,  so  that 
almost  all  copper  and  silver  is  a  carbonate.  It  contains  silver,  22.35,  cop- 
per, 17,  antimony,  and  some  lead.  It  has  a  dull  greenish-black  or  black 
color  ;  streak,  shining  ;  powder,  greenish-gray.  In  a  closed  tube  it  yielda 
nothing  volatile.  In  an  open  tube  some  sulphurous  acid  can  he  observed. 
On  charcoal,  fuses  slowly,  but  boils  up  suddenly  in  contact  with  glowing 
coal,  leaving  a  button  of  silver  and  copper.  This  button,  when  played 
\ipon  with  the  oxidation  flame  on  another  spot  of  the  charcoal,  gives  first  a 
bluish  coating  of  antimonious  acid,  then  a  j-ellow  one,  nearer  to  the  assay 
of  the  oxide  of  lead.  The  silver  can  be  separated  from  copper  by  cupella- 
tion  with  lead. 

b'.  The  silver  fahlerz  of  Sheba  lode  (Humboldt)  contains,,  silver,  8.20, 
gold,  0.008,  some  antimony  and  lead,  but  very  little  copper.  It  has  a  light 
gray  metallic  lustre.     It  is  also  called  gray  silver  ore. 

c.     Combination  icUh  Chlorine,  Bromine  and  Iodine. 

12.  Horn  Sih-cr  (Chloride  of  Silver).— Silver,  75.2  ;  chlorine,  'M.6  ;  H.= 
1.5  ;  Gr.=r5.5-5.6  ;  lustre,  adamantine  ;  color,  gray,  greenish  or  blackish  ; 
streak,  shining.  It  looks  like  horn  or  wax.  It  is  translucent,  and  may  be 
cut  like  wax.  Occurs  frequently  in  the  Comstock  and  Gold  Hill  lodes,  also 
in  California.  It  fuses  in  a  candle  flame.  On  charcoal  it  is  easily  reduced, 
and  gives  an  odor  of  chlorine.  If  treated  under  the  reduction  flame,  with 
an  addition  of  copper,  it  forms  a  chloride  of  copper,  and  colors  the  flame 
azure-blue. 

13.  Embolite  (Chlorobroynide  of  Silver).— SiU-ev,  66.0  to  75  :  H.=l-1.5  ; 
Gr.  =5.3-5. 4  ;  lustre,  resinous  ;  color,  yellowish-green  or  green.  On  char^ 
coal  it  fuses  ea.sily,  evolves  vapors  of  bromine,  and  gives  metallic  silver. 
Mixed  with  oxide  of  copper,  it  colors  the  flame  greenish-blue. 

14.  Bromi/rite  (Bromie  Silver). — Silver,  57.56  ;  bromine,  42.44  ;  n.= 
1-1.5  ;  Gr.=5.8-5.6.  In  a  closed  tube,  treated  with  bisulphate  of  potissa, 
it  emits  brown  vapors.  On  charcoal  it  fuses  easily  and  yields  a  globule  of 
silver.     It  is  yellow  or  greenish,  and  may  be  cut  like  chloride  of  silver. 

15.  lodyrhe  (Iodide  of  Silver).— Silver,  46  ;  iodine,  54  ;  H.=1.5  ;  Gr.= 
5.5  ;  lustre,  adamantine  ;  color,  yellow,  also  greenish.  It  is  translucent. 
In  scale  shape  it  is  always  lemon-yellow.  When  heated  in  a  closed  tube  it 
becomes  fire-red,  but  assumes  its  former  color  when  cold.  It  fuses  easily, 
and  gives,  by  the  aid  of  the  blow-pipe,  a  reddish-yellow  sublimate,  gettdng 
lemon-yellow  on  cooling.  With  bisulphate  of  potassa,  it  emits  beautiful 
violet  vapors.  In  an  open  tube  it  gives  an  orange  sublimate,  lemon-yellovr 
on  cooling.  On  charcoal  it  assumes  a  fire-red  color  before  it  fuses,  and 
spreads  on  the  coal  and  yields  many  minute  silver  globules.  With  an  addi- 
tion of  oxide  of  copper,  it  makes  an  intensely  green  flame  with  a  bluish 
tinge. 

16.  Iodide  of  Silver  and  Mercury. —Silver,  40-42  ;  iodine,  quicksilver, 
jmd  sulphur  (cblorine  ?),  color,  dull,  dark  red  ;  streak,  shitung  ;  powdeij 


IW)8  IfETALLTTEGT   OF   GOLD    AND    SII.VEE. 

dark  red,  l>nt  changes  soon  into  lead-gray,  H  exposed  to  the  light  In  a 
dosed  tube  it  gives  three  sublimates',  sej^arated  in  rings.  Tlie  nearest  to 
the  assay  is  black  (pulpliide  of  mercury),  the  second,  yellow  (subchloride 
of  mercuxy  ?),  the  third  is  gray  (metallic  mercury).  An  addition  of  bisul- 
phate  of  potassa  causes  it  to  yield  violet  vajK)rs,  which  come  from  lh« 
iodine.  In  an  open  tube  it  gives  the  same  sublimate,  but  the  black  is  very 
slight :  it  gives  also  yellow  fumes.  A  gold  particle  in  the  tube  becomea 
amalgamated.  Litmus  jiaper  at  the  upi)er  end  is  colored  red  by  the  sul- 
phur. Heated  on  ch;ircoal  it  turns  black,  fu.*es  easily,  and  yield*  silver 
f  lobules.  Melted  with  soda,  it  draws  partly  into  the  coal.  If  this  crust  is 
roken  out  and  laid  on  a  blank  piece  of  silver,  with  a  droji  of  water,  the 
eulphur  in  it  will  cause  a  black  sj^iot  on  the  silver.  Heated  with  a  small 
piece  of  uure  lead,  it  gives  a  beautiful  green  coating,  with  a  yellow  border, 
nearest  the  assay.  This  coating  (iodine  and  lead)  is  far  off  from  the  test. 
"With  copper  oxide,  like  the  iodyrite. 

This  mineral  occurs,  to  my  knowledge,  only  in  the  Heintzelman  mine, 
JLrizoua. 

d.  Conioination  with  Antimonii. — 17.  Antimoniai  Silver. — Silver.  77.84; 
antimony,  23-16 ;  H.=a5  ;  Gr.=9.4-9.8  ;  Instre,  metallic  ;  color  and 
streak,  silver-v  I  -  •  '  v  ..1  it  fuses  c~'  *  r  '' :;le.  coating  the 
coal  white.     A  :iders  the  v.  ::sh. 

e.  Combiii'...  :\. — 18.  ^Vi  /  of  SUrer). — 
Silver,  73  ;  seleuiiiiii,  :io  ;  11. =2.5  ;  Gr.=8  ;  luttie,  Uictiiiiic  ;  color,  iron- 
black.  It  melis  easily  on  charcoal,  but  with  intumescence  in  the  reduction 
flame.  It  emits  the  selenium  odor  of  rotten  radish-  With  soda  it  yields 
metallic  silver. 

11>.  £ucaii  iU  {Seknid  rf  ,S'ifiv:r  and  Copper). — Silver,  43.1;  selenium, 
31.0  ;  copper,  25.3  ;  1  .  lie  ;  color,  lead-gray.    On  charcoal  it  meltg 

to  a  gray  nietaliic  g'.  -.  and  re-acts  on  borax  with  copper.    Thia 

mineral  is  soft,  and  k.;4,.  .^  . ...  ..  ith  a  knife. 

.;'.  With  TiUurium.—-M.  Hcstitc  ( TtUurid  of  Silver).— Silxer,  62.42  ; 
tellurium,  36.i)G  ;  iron,  0.24  ;  Gr.=S.4-8.ri ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  color,  lead- 
gmy  IT  steel-gray.  It  is  soft,  and  can  be  cut  like  lead.  According  to  Mr. 
Blake,  this  mineral  is  fonnd  in  Caliiomia  also.  He  describes  the  re-action 
as  follows  : 

■■  lu  an  open  tube  the  mineral  (uses  quietly,  coloring  the  glass  a  bright 
yellow  under  hss.^v.  A  wliite  «->r  gray  s'lMimate  is  d'<p"sitfd  at  a  short  dis- 
i  ■■       "  ■  '  "    ■        '      •    '    ■  . I  rent 

::le, 

„         . ttens 

unuc-r  the  hauimer.  With  th«  it^ditiou  of  AudsL,  a  silver  giubule  is  ob- 
tained." 

/.     Wilh  BU-        '      ■:'     '     "^   -^  —Silver,  60 ;  bismuth,  10 ;  con- 

fer, 7-8,  and  ?•  i :  ;  color,  tin-white  or  grayish. 

On  cli.;."i  •;'.l  it  i>al  dark  orange.     It  in  yellow 

whi!  u  cvid.    The  oxide  of  copjier  in  it  colors 

the  >  II  charcoal. 

g.  ....  ...  .  •  --  -  r  Jmal;;am.—Savet,  at.8-26.2 ;  quicksil- 
ver, G5.2-7o.7  ;  H.=^3.5  ;  Gr.=13.7-14  ;  lustre,  metallic  ;  colpr,  aiivei^white ; 
brittle.     In  a  closed  tube  the  mercury, sublimates. 

23.  ^9U£ri^«.— Silver,  8G.49  ;  qiucksilver,  ia51.  It  beeves  like  tli« 
amaaigsuax 


FIRE    ASSAY   OF    50LD    AUTD    SILVEB   OKKS.  lOOi 

DRY  AND  HUMID  ASSAY  OF  MINERALS. 

AssAT  OF  Ores  bt  the  Dry  a:nt>  Hrjno  Processes.— In  the  dry, 
fir  fire  assay  of  gold  and  silver  ores,  the  apparatus  required  i?,  1.  A  re^ 
liable  assay  balance,  as  previously  noted.  2.  A  pair  of  less  delicate 
balances,  with  the  capacity  of  weighing  3  ozs.,  the  weight"*  to  be  troy 
onnce,s  :  each  ounce  to  be  divided  into  tSS-  ".  An  iron  mortar.  4.  A  lot 
of  French  clay  No.  7  crucibW.  glass  mattresses,  and  small  crnciblps  of 
(dry  cups)  pipe  clay.  5.  Crucible  tongs.  6.  A  fine  wire  cloth  sieve  (50 
holes  to  the  inch  ;  2500  to  a  sq.  in.),  extended  on  a  wooden  frame.  7. 
Cupel  tongs.  8.  Two  or  3  muffles,  10  ins.  long,  4  ins.  wide,  and  .".ins.  iiigh". 
9.  Avery  small,  stiff  brush.  10.  A  fme  sieve  with  about  40  holes  to  the  t 
inch.     11.  A  brass  mould,  and  bone  ashes  for  making  cupels. 

The  formation  of  the  cupels  requires  bones  to  be  burned  perfectly 
■white,  tlien  pulverized  and  sifted  through  the  la.'^t-notcd  sieve.  These 
ashes  are  mixed  with  water  and  worked  with  the  hands  to  a  i)uttv-like  coa- 
sistence,  then  placed  in  the  mould  and  beaten  with  the  pestle  by  a  wooden 
mallet.  The  pestle  is  finally  withdrawn  by  a  twisting  movement  and  th« 
cupel  is  forced  ont  of  the  mould  by  the  ball  of  the  hand . 

In  addition  to  the  above  noted,  the  following  materials  will  be  required. 
1.  nfieat  flour  ;  to  use  as  a  substitute  for  charcoal  in  reducing  a  portion  of 
the  litharge  to  lead.  A  compound  of  12  parts  of  wheat  flour  with  100  parts 
of  soda  is  an  excellent  flux  for  lead  assays.  2.  LUharr/c  ;  is  of  great  ntiliiy 
in  promoting  fusion.  It  should  be  thoroughly  mixed,  sifted,  and  kept  from 
damp.  With  silver  ore,  in  a  crucible,  1^  ozs.,  with  10  grs.  of  wheat  flour, 
will  produce  a  button,  which  is  to  be  cupeled,  and  the  weight  of  silver 
product  noted.  This  weight  is  to  be  deducted  from  the  assays  where  this 
amount  of  litharge  is  nsed.  3.  Irori;  is  used  to  desulphurize  the  sulphu- 
I3ts.  Should  be  supplied  in  small  pieces  of  wire ^  or  i'^  of  an  in.h  thick, 
and  from  J  to  Mn.  in  length.  4.  Carbonate  of  soda;  for  use  expose  the 
crystals  to  the  air  until  it  forms  a  dry  white  powder.  Soda-a$h  or  Bicar- 
tonate  of  soda  may  be  substituted  for  it  with  good  results.  5.  Common 
table  salt :  to  use,  the  water  of  crystallization  must  be  expelled,  by  melt- 
ing the  salt  on  a  sheet-iron  ]>late  until  intumescence  ceases.  The  early 
fusion  of  the  salt  in  tlie  assay  mixture  prevents  the  injurious  contact  of 
air  with  the  latter  during  t'le  process.  6.  Glass;  serves  <as  an  excellent 
flux  ;  for  use  it  must  be  well  pulverized  in  the  iron  mortar,  and  afterwards 
sifted. 

The  sample  of  ore  to  be  treated  being  thoroughly  polverired,  it  is,  with 
the  fluxes,  weighed  out  in  the  following  proportion  : 

a.  Ores  or  Tailitif/s  containiuff  but  little  Sul])hurets. — Ore,  250  grs. :  glass, 
125  grs.  ;  flour,  8  grs.  ;  litharge.  1^  ozs.  ;  soda.  1  oz. 

b.  Ores  containirtfj  about  50 per  cent,  of  Sulphiirets. — Ore,  250  grs. ;  glass, 
125  grs.  ;  iron,  50  grs.  ;  litharge,  IJ  ozs.  ;  soda,  1  oz. 

c.  Ores  being  nearly  all  Sulphurets. — The  mixture  is  like  the  preceding, 
but  double  the  amount  of  iron,  100  grs.  must  be  used.  The  foregoing  pro- 
portions are  given  on  the  high  authority  of  Mr.  Kustel. 

The  soda  and  litharge  are  first  placed  in  the  crucible,  over  a  sheet  of 
paper;  then  the  rest  of  the  mixture;  all  are  carefully  mixed  ttigetber 
(making  sure  that  no  jwrtion  is  lost  or  spilled),  tap  the  crucible  in  order  to 
settle  the  mixture  ;  strew  over  the  whole  a  layer  of  salt  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  deep,  cover,  and  place  the  crucible  on  the  mufll*  in  the  middle  of  the 
furnace  ;  if  there  are  several  assays  place  them  in  a  row  touching  each 
other,  but  apart  from  the  walls  of  the  furnace,  and  pile  the  fuel  {charcoal) 
around  them,  but  no*  higher  than  the  tops  of  the  crucibles.  Ignite  the  char- 
coal and  maintain  the  fire  as  it  burns  down,  by  means  of  fresh  fuel,  so  as  to 
I  the  fire  nearly  level  with  the  tops  of  the  crucibles.    The  latter  8houl4 


1010  FIRE    ASS^T   OF    GOLD    AXD    SILVER   ORES. 

be  large  enongh  to  prevent  the  assay  seething  over  into  the  fire.  Ag  th« 
meltins  proceeds  the  bone-ash  cupels  are  placed  on  the  muffle  and  brought 
to  a  reii  heat. 

The  melting  will  occupy  about  one  hour  ;  when  accomplished,  remove 
first,  the  crucible  covers,  and  then  the  crucibles  themselves,  by  gra.sping 
them  with  the  long  crucible  tongs  provided  for  tliat  pnrixise  :  remove  from 
the  furnace,  and  \)0\it  the  contents  into  the  iron  moulds,  which  are  formed 
with  small  cavities  or  depressions,  about  |  in.  deep,  for  receiving  the  melted 
assay.  The  metallic  button  in  the  mould,  after  being  cooled,  is  freed  from 
adhering  slag  by  being  hammered  into  a  square  ehape,  and,  by  means  of 
the  cupel  tongs  above  noted,  is  transferred  into  the  red-hot,  bone^ash  cuj^ls, 
where  it  fuses  in  a  short  time  and  the  lead  in  tlie  mixture  assumes  a  bright, 
agitited  appearance,  fumes,  works  up  to  the  surface,  and  draws  off  to  the 
sides  of  tiie  cupel,  where  it  is  absorbed  and  disappears  in  the  porous  mass. 
By  a  proper  application  of  heat  this  activity  continues  until  a  bright  dazzlhig 
play  of  rainbow  colors  announces  the  final  disappearance  of  all  tlie  lead, 
leaving  the  button  of  silver  beliind. 

The  silver  button  is  freed  from  any  adherent  bone-ash  by  hammering 
on  the  edge  ;  it  is  then  weighed,  and  the  weight  noted,  then  transferred  to 
a  gla-xs  tube  containing  about  i  oz.  of  pure  nitric  acid,  and  submitted  to  tha 
flame  of  an  alcohol  lamp,  where  it  soon  boils,  emitting  reddish-brown 
vai>ors,  and  separates  from  any  gold  that  mav  be  present,  leaving  the  latter 
as  a  blackisli  sediment,  undissolved  in  the  tube.  The  silver  being  dissolved, 
the  acid  solution  is  carefuUy  poured  off.  leaving  the  gold  behind,  and  the 
tube  is  then  filled  with  distilled  water.  When  the  auriferous  sediment  has 
settled,  the  water  is  poured  off  carefully,  and  it  is  again  filled  with  all  the 
■water  it  will  coutain.  The  tube  is  then  covered  with  a  dry  cup,  or  jupe-clay 
crucible,  and  suddenly  turned  upside  down  so  as  to  depo.sit  the  sediment  oa 
the  bottom  of  the  cup.  The  tube  is  very  carefully  withdrawn  from  the 
■water  so  as  to  leave  every  particle  of  the  gold  in  the  fluid,  and  after  the  gold 
has  completely  subsided'the  water  is  slowly  drained  off,  and  the  sediment 
dried  in  the  cup  over  an  alcohol  flame  until  the  gold  assumes  a  yellow 
color.    This  gold  is  weighed  and  the  weight  noted. 

The  utility  of  this  manipulation  will  be  manifest  from  the  important  re- 
enlts  obtained,  as  shown  by  the  following  calculations,  transcribed  (rom 
Kustcl  : 

'•  The  gold  w.as  found  to  weigh,  for  instance,  rllz,  and  the  silver  button 
"before  dissolving  A"«.  If  the  gold  is  subtracted  from  the  silver  which  con- 
tained this  gold,  i»  e  find  thus  the  pure  silver — 

356—35  ~  321  silver  x  1  "le  =  3723  ounces  per  ton. 
and  35  gold   xll6  =  40fi 

To  find  the  value,  the  ounces  of  gold  must  be  multiplied  with  20.67  and 
those  of  silver  with  1.30.    These  numbers  in  their  fractions  are  not  perfectly 
correct,  but  will  serve  our  purpose.    Continuing  the  calculation  we  find 
Silver  =  372-3  ounces  x    130  =  S483.09 
Gold     =    40-6       "       X  20-67  =  S8.39.20 


Total  value $1,323.19  per  ton. 

In  case  the  ore  for  the  assay  has  been  weighed  out  by  half  an  ounce,  equal 
to  240  grains,  the  calculation  is  made  the  same  way  as  before,  with  the  ex- 
ception that  the  number  1.215  must  be  substituted  for  1.1(5.  The  procedure 
of  the  preceding  example  would  be  as  follows : 

The  weight  of  the  button  was  321.  "Wiis  multiplied  with  1.215  will  give 
theamouut  of  ounces  per  ton  of  ore  of  2000  lbs. 

32  (321)  X  1215  ==  390  ounces.  The  quantity  of  floxea  used  for  250gtaiJM 
<rf  ore  will  also  eerve  for  half  ovmce  aesaf  a. 


FIPvE    ASSAY    OF    MINERALS.  lOU 

In  gold  assays,  the  resulting  button  being  insoluble  in  nitric  acid,  it  must 
be  weighed,  melted  on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe  with  three  timee  its 
weight  of  pure  silver,  then  dissolved  and  tieated  as  above  noted." 

The  assay  of  gold  or  silver  ores  may  also  be  effected  by  f usiug  iu  a 
crucible  the  following  mixture  : 

Ore  finely  pulverized 4  parts. 

Litharge 4     " 

Black  Flux 3    " 

If  much  oxide  of  lead  be  present  in  the  ore  use  the  black  flux  only.  I£ 
pyrites  are  abundant  in  the  sample  under  treatment  use  saltpetre  aud  nitre. 
If  the  resultant  button  be  an  alloy  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead,  add  to 
it  silver  aud  lead,  so  that  the  sample  will  approximately  consist  of  gold.  1 
jiart ;  silver,  3  parts  ;  and  lead,  from  12  to  Hi  parts.  Place  the  lead  vvithiu 
a  b'ine-a;ih  cupel  within  a  muffle,  melt,  then  add  the  gold  and  silver  wrap- 
ped  iu  paper,  maintain  the  heat  until  the  play  of  colors  comes  over  the  bnt- 
t<^m  as  it  brightens  and  becomes  tranquil  Tthen  cool,  and  weigh  it.  To 
"  part "  the  gold  from  the  silver,  anneal  the  br.tton,  hammer  it  thin,  and 
twist  it  into  a  roll  (called  a  "  cornet ")  and  submit  to  licat  in  dilute  nitric 
acidaslougas  action  continues,  th.en  in  concentrated  nitric  a<:id  until  the 
silver  is  wholly  dissolved.  Next,  well  wash,  dry,  and  ignite  the  "  cornet"; 
the  weight  of  silver  is  equivalent  to  the  weight  of  the  button  before  parting, 
less  that  of  the  refined  cornet. 

Note. — Chloride  of  silver  (Horn  silver),  composed  of  silver,  75.2  ports  ; 
chlorine.  24.6  parts,  cannot  be  d-ecomposed  by  heat  alone.  It  melts  at  500" 
Fahr.  At  a  temperaturs  of  212^'  Fahr.,  it  is  decomposed  by  eaustic  putinsa 
and  soda,  and  may  be  reduced  to' the  metallic  state  by  the  addition  of  a 
littla  cane  sugar.  It  may  aliso  be  reduced  to  the  metallic  state  i)y  fusing  1 
part  of  the  chloride  with"2  parts  carljonate  of  soda,  or  1  jiart  of  the  chlorida 
with  2  parts  of  chr.l'c  and  2  parts  of  charcoal. 

Asset]!  of  Copper  Ores,  containivf/  Svlphvr,  hut  othcrin'se  same  ns  the  last. 
— Pulverize  well,  and  melt  in  an  eartiien  crucible,  at  a  didl  red  heat,  equal 
parts  of  ore  and  vitrified  borax,  remove  from  tlie  slag  the  matte  (criule 
copper)  Dutton.  Pulverize  it  well  and  slowly,  roast  ir.  an  earthen  crncible, 
stirring  meanwhile  with  a  steel  rod  to  promote  tlie  emission  of  sitlphuroua 
acid  fumes.  When  no  more  vapors  arc  evolved  i-aiseaud  maintain  the  tem- 
perature at  a  white  heat  for  several  minutes  ;  then  introduce  into  the  sam« 
crucible. 

Roasted  matte 1    part. 

Black  flux 3  to  4  parts. 

Cover  the  compound  with  a  Inyer  of  vitrified  borax  and  submit  it  to  a 
cherry-red  heat  for  20  minutes  iu'^a  wind  furnace  ;  then  remove  aud  weigh 
the  resultant  copper  button. 

Assay  of  Copper  Ores  containing  Arsenic  and  rariov.s  other  Metals. — Treat 
the  pulverized  matte  as  iu  the  previous  case,  then  roast  it  with  pulverized 
charcoal  until  the  emission  of  arsenical  fumes  ceases.  Melt  the  resnltuit 
matte  with  black  flux  and  borax  as  above  noted,  and  cupel  the  button  in  a 
bone-ash  cupel  witii  pure  lead.  After  the  metallic  globule  becomes  tran- 
quil, and  the  brightening  takes  place,  cool,  extract,  and  weigh  the  metallic 
button. 

Asseni  of  Silcer  Ores  by  the  Humid  Process.— Digest  the  pulverized  ore  in 
nitric  acid,  th.cu  add  a  solution  of  common  salt  or  nuiriatic  acid  to 
the  si!\er  f-ohition  as  long  as  any  pieci,  irate  i.><  thrown  down.  Next, 
filter  ai;d  djy  the  residuuin,  then  melt  the  dry  rcsiduinu  with  carbonate 
of  soda  iu  an  "earthen  crucible  ;  when  cool,  extract  aud  weigh  tlie  motallio 
burton.     Chlnride  of  silver  (Koru  tiUvci)  is  uot  udapted  lor  this  treatiueuW 


1012  BBT   JLSTD   HUMID   ASSAY   OF   OBS*. 

being  insoluble  in  nitric  acid,  but  it  can  be  dissolved  in  ammonia,  or  ia 
boiling  solutions  of  the  chloride  of  potassium,  barium,  sodium,  strontium 
and  calcium.  Cyanide  of  pot;\s»>iuni,  in  solution,  will  also  dissolve  cblorido 
of  silver  ;  strong  sulphuric  acid  gradually  decomposes  it  ;  iron  anvl  zinc 
■will  likewise  effect  its  decomposition,  especially  in  presence  of  free  muriatic 
acid.  The  behavior  of  Bntnide  of  silver  is  nearly  identical  with  the  chloride. 
Assm/  of  Gold  Oresby  tlw.  Humid  Process. — Digest  the  ore  (well  pulyerized) 
in  1  part  of  nitric  and  4  parts  of  hydrochloric  acid,  then  dilute,  filter  aud 
evaporate  nearly  to  dryness  to  ex\)el  excess  of  acid.  Next,  dilute  t!ie  dried 
filtrate  in  pure  water,  and  boil  the  solution  with  a  solution  of  sulphate  of 
iron,  which  precipitates  the  gold  as  a  dark  p'-nple  powder.  Next,  filter  and 
heat  the  residuum  with  hydrochloric  acid,  theii  filter,  wa.<5h,  and  dry  the  gold 
powder.  Oxalic  acid,  substituted  for  the  su'phate  of  iron,  precipitates  the 
gold  in  large  Hakes. — Quartz  Oi^erator's  Hand-Book. 

Assay  of  Iron. — Melt  in  a  covered  crucible  a  well-pulverized  mixture 
of: 

Powdered  and  roasted  ore 4  parts- 
Fluor-spar 2    " 

Charcoal 2    " 

Common  salt  strewed  over  the  whole 8    " 

After  fusion  remove  and  weigh  the  resultant  button  of  cast  iron.  A 
▼ariety  of  fluxes,  as  clay,  lime,  &c.,  may  be  employed,  according  as  the 
nature  of  the  ore  may  require. 

Assay  of  Galena,  or  Ores  of  Lead  containing  Sidphnr^ — Place  the  follow- 
M»g  in  an  earthen  crucible  in  tlie  order  of  mention  : 

Well  pulverized  ore 10  parta. 

Iron  in  strips  or  plates 1  to  3     " 

Black  flux 30     " 

Common  salt,  a  thick  layer  over  all,  with  a  piece  of  charcoal  on  top. 
Cover  the  crucible,  melt  the  assay,  gradually  increasing  the  temperature 
from  a  low  heat  to  a  bright  red,  "continuing  the  latter  about  30  minutes. 
Next,  tip  the  crucible  to  consolidate  the  contents,  cool,  and  remove  the 
metallic  button. 

Assay  of  Oxidized  Ores  of  Lead.— Place  the  following  in  an  earthen  cru- 
cible in  the  order  of  mention  : 

Well  pulverized  ore 10  parts. 

Carbonat.^of  soda 30  to  40    " 

Granulaed  charcoal 3    " 

Iron,  in  strips  or  ]ilates,  if  sulphur  be  present.     1    " 
Common  salt,  a  thick  layer  over  alL 
Treat  as  in  preceding  manipulation. 

Assay  of  Copper  Ores  tchere  no  other  Metal t  are  present  but  Iron  and 
Clipper. — Place  in  a  crucible  the  following  : 

Well  pidverized  ore. . .  parts. 

Blackflui 6    " 

Begin  with  a  gradual  heat,  increasing  to  a  bright  red,  continuing  15 
minutes,  then  extract  the  button  from  the  slag,  and  note  the  weiglit. 

To  recover  Gold  and  Silver  Residues  in  Photographic  Wastts. — A  large  list 
of  fluxes  for  redncius  these  wastes  will  be  found  on  page  981.  To  precipi- 
tate the  precious  metal  from  rejected  solutions  of  nitrate  of  silver,  add  the 
following  as  long  as  it  causes  a  precipitate  ;  carbonate  of  soda,  4  ozs.  ; 
•water,  6  ozs. 

Add  water,  and  then  thoroughly  wash  the  precipitate  in  plenty  of  v:arm 
^ater;  lastly,  dry,  and  put  up  the  precipitate  in  well-stoppered  bottles,  if 
not  to  be  reduced"  forthwith.  Lime  water  is  also  a  first-class  precipitating 
•olutioQ  for  KUrer.    To  obtaia  it  plAce  some  pieces  of  Uiue  in  a  ^ide-oiouUieQ 


^ROCSSSKS,  ETC.,  I!f  TARIOUS  TRADES.         1013 

•ettlo  at  ooTcred  vessel ;  fill  tii^-with  waiWT,  ehalcc  ■well  and  allow  the  mLxtore 
to  subside  for  several  daya,  then  pour  ofl'  the  clear  for  use. 

Among  other  precipitating  solutions  for  photographer's  use  the  following 
may  be  noted:  1.  J^ir  iJivelopfr  Washimjx.  Common  salt,  4  ozs.,  water, 
10  ozs.  2.  For  Toniiig  Bath,  biilohate  of  iron,  4  ozs.,  water,  Ifi  ozs.  3.  J-\ir 
Jlyposulphite  Fixing  Iialh%.  Sulphide  of  potash,  4  02s.,  water,  1(5  ozs.  4.  The 
Xitrie  Acid  Plate-Solution.  Hydrochloric  acid,  4  ozs.,  water,  8  ozs.  5.  For 
Nitrate  of  Silver  Solution,  old  Baths,  etc.  Hydrochloric  acitl,  4  ozs.,  water, 
4  ozs.  "rhe  above  are  used  for  promoting  tiie  sep-iration  of  valuable  ingre-t 
dients  in  a  solid  state  from  chemical  solutions.  The  process  is  assisted  by 
previously  heating  the  solution  ;  then  add  the  reagent  gradually,  and  stir  wi-ll 
to  effect  a  thorough  intermixture.  The  solution  is  then  allowed  to  rest  until 
the  precipitate  subsides.  Then  add  a  few  drops  more  of  the  reagi^nt  to  the 
liqtiid,  and  if  no  additional  precipitation  is  effected  the  process  is  complete. 

iVALUABLE  PROCESSES,  ETC.,  IN  VARIOUS 
TRADES. 

The  following  items,  selected  from  the  Watchmaker,  having  been  crowded 
font  of  the  appropriate  department,  are  inserted  here,  being  deemed  too  valua- 
Ible  to  omit 

MAIN  SPRINGS. — When  amain  spring  is  cleaned,  most  inexperienced  work- 
men will  take  hold  of  one  end  and  pull  the  spring  about  half  it«  length  straight 
out,  to  save  time.  This  practice  will  break  springs  when  nothing  else  will ; 
and  sprinjrs  treated  thus  generally  break  after  the  wat-ch  has  been  dehveicd  to 
the  customer  only  a  few  days.  Breaking  into  many  pieces  is  owing  to  the  acid 
in  the  oil  which  is  used.  We  will  suppose  the  main  spring  is  a  line  one,  and 
has  been  evenly  tempered  and  properly  cleaned ;  if,  now,  old  oil  is  used,  or 
that  of  an  inferior  quality  if  fresh,  the  acid  it  contains  will  eat  into  the  spring, 
and  will  finally  destroy  it.s  texture.  The  coil  nearest  the  centre  breaks  first, 
and  as  it  recoils  it  breaks  every  coil  in  the  barrel,  and  sometimes  each  coil  is 
broken  twice.  The  spring  has  become  so  impregnated  with  acid  that  it  haa 
no  life  left.  

TO  PURIFY  OIL.— To  make  the  oQ  pure,  take  a  good  sixed  bullet  or 
other  piece  of  lead  which  has  s  thick  coating  of  lead  rust,  cut  it  up  fine,  put  it 
into  the  oil,  and  let  it  stand  for  two  weeks.  This  causes  the  acid  to  aottle, 
and  it  then  resembles  milk  at  the  bottom.  Now  pour  off  the  top,  and  your  oil 
is  pure.  Common  clock  oil  can  be  treated  in  this  manner  and  made  better 
than  some  watch  oil. 

TO  RESTORE  LUSTRE.— If  not  too  much  darkened  it  may  be  restored 
hj  dipping  the  wheel  in  piue  muriatic  acid.  Test  your  acid  by  dipping  a 
piece  of  polished  steel  in  it ;  if  :t  destroys  the  polish,  reduce  the  acid  with 
rain  water  until  it  will  not.  Rinse  the  wheels  well  in  water.  This  will  also 
restore  the  polish  to  steel  that  has  been  blued  by  heat. 

GRINDING  GLASSES. — Provide  two  pieces  of  cork,  one  concave  and  one 
eonvex  ^which  may  be  cut  to  shape  after  fitting  to  lathe).  Take  a  copper  cent, 
or  other  suitable  article,  and  soft  solder  a  screw  to  fit  the  lathe  and  then  wax 
it  to  the  cork  ;  then  get  a  twenty-five  cent  emery  wheel,  s.ich  as  is  used  o:i 
sewing  machines,  and  you  have  a  complete  outfit  for  -ititting  your  watcti 
glasses.  Polish  the  edge  on  the  zinc  collar  of  the  emery  wiii-el,  or  use  a  piece 
of  sine  to  do  it.  The  other  cork  sho-.M  be  wajced  to  a  penny  and  centred. 
The  spectacle  lenses  may  be  cut  on  the  same  emery  wheel,  if  the  wheel  is 
.  attached  to  the  lathe  so  as  to  revolve. 

Another  method  is  to  take  a  comnon  piece  of  window  glass  (green  ^lau  ia 
the  best)  and  make  a  grindstone  of  that,  using  the  flat  surface  to  grind  on. 
Cement  it  on  a  large  chuck,  the  glass  being  from  2  to  ^'.5  inches  in  diametar. 

Any  one  not  familiar  with  this  method  would  be  surprised  to  see  how  fast 
the  glass  is  cut  away,  for  either  spectacles  or  watches.  In  grinding  watok 
I  pat  thtm  flat  ob  the  chuck  class — not  on  the  edgtb 


1014  PBOCESSESj  ETC.,  IN   VARIOUS   TRADES. 

Some  watchmakers  are  excusable  for  not  keeping  a  fall  supply  of  watcfc 
glasses  on  hand  all  the  tune,  wnen  it  is  remembered  that  there  are  OTer  four 
thousand  different  sizes. 

COMPOSITION  OF  BRONZE  FOR  MACHINERY. -Below  will  be 
found  the  composition  of  alloys  approved  of  and  used  by  prominent  French 
mechanics  in  government  and  railway  work. 

rasscH  siABntE.  Copper.  Tin,  Zinc 

Tough  bronze  for  rods,  valTes,  cocks,  etc S8  19  i 

Very  tongh  bronze  for  eccentric  straps,  etc 90  ]C  3 

3ror.ze  for  plummer  blocks 86  14  3 

Hard  bronie 84  1ft  2 

Very  hard  bronre  for  steam  brass-cocks. 82  18  S 

Beil  bron.Te 78  22  0 

Autifriction  bronze,  with  8  parts  antimony 4  Qft  0 

razscH  sAiLJioms. 

C.\T  pillows ; S9  18  3 

Locomotive  and  tender  oil  boxes 84  16  2 

slide  valves. 83  18  3 

C"cks gij  13  2 

The  bronze  composed  of  86  copper,  14  iin,  and  2  zinc,  is  least  porous,  and 
therefore  is  most  suitable  when  pressure  1?  to  be  resisted. 

PAHAFFINE  AS  A  LUBRICANT.— According  to  a  correspondent  of 
the  Railroad  Gazette.,  the  Erie  Railway  has  reduced  its  oiling  expenses  from 
^■5.0(.K)  to  $1,000  a  j'ear,  by  using  paraflBne  on  passenger  car  jovtrucds,  and  has 
r-^uced  the  number  of  hot  journals  from  535  to  ^2.  During  tiie  winter 
months  it  is  used  withoat  the  addition  of  any  other  oil,  but  during  the  srunmer 
it  is  mixed  with  some  other  lubricant  to  give  it  bod]  ,  as  owing  to  its  limpidity 
it  is  difficult  to  retain  in  the  axle  boxes.  A  lubricant  of  notable  power  for 
cooling  hot  journal  boxjs  is  composed  of  a  mixture  of  sulphtir  with  oil  or 
grease.     Used  on  the  hot  bearings  of  steamships,  etc.,  it  is  unequalled. 

\V0013S  HEAVIER  THAN  WATER.— These  are  French  box,  Irish 
boj  oak,  pomegranate,  vine  lignumvitae,  Indian  cedar,  ebony,  mahogany, 
ana  heart  of  oak.  Lignumvitoe  is  one-third  heavier  than  water,  pomegranate 
rather  m'>re.     Cork  and  poplar  are  the  lightest  woodv  products. 

A  COMSTOCK  LODE  MINING  PUiiP.— The  new  Chollar  Potoai 
mining  pump  consists  of  double  columns  of  15  in.  plungers.  The  rods  with 
which  these  are  worked  are  14  x  14,  each  stick  being  of  Oregon  pine  and  100  ft.  in 
iength.  They  are  locked  together  and  held  by  iron  plates  10  ins.  wide  and  1  in, 
thick.  The  motive  power  is  a  compound,  condensing,  direct  acting  engine,  of 
700  H.  P.,  the  initial  cylinder  being  10  ft.  10  ins.  long,  by  3~  Lbb.  diam.  ;  the 
expansion  cylinder  being  8  ft.  long  and  65  ins.  diam. 

THE  DEEP  MINXES  OF  THE  WORLD.  — ihe  TeUow  Jacket  i»  th» 
deepest  mine  on  the  Comstock  Lode,  being  now  (ilarch,  ISTit)  2,500  ft.  below 
the  mouth  of  the  main  shaft,  and  2,933  ft.  below  the  Could  &,  Curry  crop- 
pings,  the  datum  line  of  the  Comstock  Mines.  The  highest  beat  known  in 
these  mines  is,  for  air  154^,  in  a  closed  drift  in  the  Crown  Point  Mine^  and  for 
water  154=',  in  the  Savage,  Hale  &  Norcross  Mines.  The  Adcdbert,  a  lead- 
sOver  mine,  in  Austria,  is  probably  tho  deepest  mine  in  the  world,  the  perpen- 
dicular shaft  being  3,280  ft.  deep.  The  next  deepest  on  the  Continent  of 
Europe  ia  the  Viviers  coal  mine  in  Belgium,  2,'>47  ft.  deep  This  mine 
penetrated  to  a  depth  of  ZJ^")  ft.,  but  no  coal  being  found,  all  below  the 
2,847  ft.  level  has  been  abandoned.  In  England  the  Dunkirk  CoUierj',  Lan- 
cashire, has  been  opened  to  a  dppth  of  2,824  ft,  and  the  Rosebndge  Colliery, 
samie  locality,  to  a  depth  of  2,4.58  ft.,  these  bemg  the  deepest  minea  in  Great 
Britain. 

INSIDE  SURFACE  COATING  TO  PREVENT  SCALE  IN  STEAM 
BOILERS — Beutt</en' ack's  Process. — Gradr.allv  dissolve  5  lbs.  of  a  mii- 
t'jire  of  36  parts  of  oolophonium.  2-,  part  graphite,  and  3^^  parts  of  iamp- 
Uac^C,  m  4(.<  Hm.  of  boiling  gas-tar,  adding  about  1  lb.  of  tallow.     The  sol'itaoo. 


PROCESSES,  ETC.,  IN  TAJtlOUS   TIUSSS.  1015 

with  about  50  per  cent,  of  petroleunij  is  applied  in  a,  warm  rtate.  It  has  «  pnn- 
gent  smell,  and  shoiild  be  put  on  rapidly,  taking  the  precaution  of  using  clo«f  d 
lanterns.    It«  effect  is  to  cause  the  scale  to  come  off  in  large  flakes  when  picked. 

PLUMBAGO  AS  A  LUBRICANT  FOR  STEAM  CYLINUKRS.— A 
practical  engineer,  in  a  communication  to  the  American  Machinut,  gives  t:,i 
result  of  his  remarkable  experience  with  dry  plumbago  as  a  lubricant  for 
steam  cylinders,  which  fully  establishes  its  vast  superiority  over  the  oil,  tal- 
low, etc.,  generally  used  for  that  purpose.  The  engine  upon  which  the  experi- 
ments were  carried  on  was  an  11  x  30  horiiontal  engine,  with  a  piston  speed  of 
30'J  ft.  per  minute,  and  was  worked  to  its  full  capacity.  To  obtain  the  bes> 
results,  the  common  oil-cup  was  exchanged  for  a  goblet-shaped  tallowcup 
with  a  lid,  after  which  the  piston-follower  and  springs  were  taken  out  and 
cleaned.  Before  starting  the  engine,  one-third  of  an  ounce  of  finely  pulveriy.cd 
plumbago  was  placed  in  the  cup.  When  fairly  under  way  the  valve  of  the 
tallow-cnp  was  opened  half  way,  and  a  little  later  it  w.-w  opened  to  its  utmost 
extent.  The  piston-rod  became  caated  with  the  plumbago  Boon  after  Btartinrj, 
and  by  noon  the  whole  had  passed  from  the  tallow-cup  into  tl;e  cylinder.  On 
starting  up  in  the  afternoon,  one-third  ounce  more  was  placed  in  the  cnp,  and 
the  engine  ran  till  six  o'clock  with  a  like  result.  There  was  no  noise  in  the  cyl- 
inder, either  in  the  starting,  running,  or  stopping  of  the  engine,  and  after 
eighteen  months'  use,  with  the  above-named  quantity  applied  twice  a  day,  no 
noise  had  been  heard  in  the  cylinder,  except  when  the  steam  was  shut  off  for 
the  purpose  of  stopping  the  engine,  when  it  would  be  heard  during  one  or 
two  strokes  of  the  piston  just  before  the  engine  stopped.  This  occurred  not 
more  frequently  than  would  have  taken  place  if  tallow  or  oil  had  been  used. 
Soon  after  beginning  to  use  it,  a  portion  of  the  plumbago  would  be  found  re- 
maining in  the  cup.  To  obviate  this,  about  one  ounce  of  water  was  poured 
into  the  cup,  after  the  plumbago  had  been  put  in,  when  a  decided  improve- 
ment was  observed,  in  that  it  could  be  fed  into  the  cylinder  as  readily  as  oil 
or  tallow.  After  four  weeks'  use,  the  cylinder-head  was  taken  off,  and  the 
working  part  of  the  cylinder  was  found  coated  with  plumbago,  which  oould 
not  be  easily  rubbed  off  with  the  fingera.  The  interior  of  the  piston  was  found 
as  clean  as  when  it  left  the  lathe,  so  far  as  dirt  of  any  kind  was  concerned,  and 
such  was  the  condition  at  the  time  of  writing. 

There  was  an  absolute  freedom  from  all  choking  in  the  sLeam  passages.  The 
gum  joints,  six  in  number,  had  been  renewed  a  few  days  before  the  new  lubri- 
cant was  applied,  and  at  the  latest  advices  all  were  in  perfect  condition,  show- 
ing no  signs  of  leakage,  whereas,  if  oils  or  tallovv  had  been  used,  they  would 
have  required  two  renewals  during  that  time. 

SILVER  POLISH  STARCH  ENAMEL.— Melt  2}^  Iba.  of  the  very  best 
A  1  paralEno  wax  over  a  slow  fire.  When  liquiiied,  remove  from  the  fire  and 
stir  in  100  drops  oil  of  citronella.  Have  a'  lot  of  round  new  pie-tins,  clean 
and  nice ;  place  them  on  a  level  table  and  coat  them  slightly  with  sweet-oil, 
and  pour  about  6  tablespoonfuls  of  the  enamel  into  each  tin.  The  pan  may 
be  floated  in  water  to  cool  the  contents  sufiSciently  to  permit  the  mixture  to 
be  cut  or  stamped  out  with  a  tin  cutter  into  small  cjikes  about  the  size  of  a 
peppermint  lozenge.  Two  of  ti.ese  cakes  added  to  each  pint  of  starch  will 
cause  the  smoothing-iron  to  impart  the  finest  possible  finish  to  mualin  or  hnen, 
besides  perfuming  the  clothes  in  first-class  style.  Thousands  of  dollars  have 
been  made  by  manufacturers  and  dealers  out  of  this  one  article,  for,  when  well 
made  and  attractively  put  up  in  boxes,  etc.,  the  sale  is  great  and  the  profits 
immensci  

SUPERIOR  BAKING  POWDER.— Take  2  lbs.  best  tartaric  acid  in  crys- 
tals, 3  lbs.  bi-carbonate  of  soda,  and  o  lbs.  potato  starch.  Each  article  must 
be  pulverized  separately  and  slowly  dried  by  a  gradual  beat,  and  afterwards 
thoroughly  mixed  by  being  passed  through  a  fine  sieve.  In  quality  this  arti> 
cle  has  no  superior,  and,  when  attractively  packsd  in  tins,  lead  foil,  or  }^>apier 
glazed  on  the  outside  (it  must  be  kept  free  fxozn  damp),  it  comutaads  a  most 
profitablo  sale. 


1016  PBOCESSES,  ETC.,  IK   VARIOUS   TRADW. 

VIOLET  WRITING  INK.— For  3  gals.,  heat  2  gills  of  alcohol  in  a  -^^^t* 
bath ;  add  to  the  alcohol  2  ozs.  of  yiolet  aniliue,  and  stir  till  dissolved,  then 
add  the  mixture  to  two  gals,  of  boiling  water ;  mix  well,  and  it  is  ready  for 
use  Smaller  quantitie*  lu  proportion.  This  is  the  so^ret.  from  the  sale  o£ 
which,  together  with  the  products  of  manufacture,  so  many  fortimes  are  said 
to  have  Ijcen  made.  Some  parties  assert  that  it  is  worth  to  an  active  man 
mnre  tlian  $1,OOU,  on  account  of  the  large  profits  obtainable  from  possible 
•ales. 

MANIFOLD  PAPER,  sometimes  called  copying-paper,  is  produced  by 
mxin''  finely  pnlverize<l  plumbago  or  lampVilark  into  a  putty -like  paste.  Pass 
ih?  .suDrttance  over  tissue  paper  with  flannel,  and  remove  tli«  surplus  matter 
with  a  soft  rag.  In  use,  these  sheets  are  altematetl  with  black  carbon  paper, 
and  when  written  on  with  a  hard  graphite  pencil  the  product  will  be  several 
copies  of  a  letter  with  one  writing. 

DL'NCAN,  FLOCKHART  ±  CO.'S  BliUE-BLACK  AND  COPYING 
IXICS. — Blue  Alepjx)  galls  (free  from  insect  perforation.^),  4}*  ozs. ;  bruised 
cloves,  1  dr.,  cold  water,  40  ozs.,  pirilied  sulphate  of  iron,  1^  ozs.,  pure 
sulphuric  acid  (by  measure),  "o  minimi,  sidphate  of  indigo  (in  the  form  of  a 
paste)  and  which  should  be  neutral,  or  nearly  so,  1  oz.  The  weights  used  an 
avoirdupois,  and  the  measures  apothecaries'  measures.  Place  the  galls,  when 
brui-i^ed,  with  the  cloves.  La  a  50  oz.  bottle,  pour  up)on  them  the  water,  and 
digest,  often  daily  shakmg  for  a  fovtiiighL  Then  filter  through  paper  in 
another  ."iO  oz.  bottle,  (irt  out  also  the  n  fuse  of  the  galls,  and  wring  out  of  it 
the  remaining  Liquid  through  a  stro!  g  clean  linen  or  cotton  cloth,  into  th« 
filter,  in  order  that  as  little  as  possible  may  be  lost.  Next  put  in  the  iron, 
dissolve  completely,  and  filter  through  paper.  Tlien  th.i  acid,  and  agitata 
briskly.  Lastly  the  indigo,  and  thoroughly  mix  by  shaking.  Pass  the  whole 
through  pap-:r;  just  filter  out  of  one  bottle  into  ancther  until  the  operation  is 
finished.  X'Ae. — No  gum  or  sugar  is  proper  and  on  no  account  must  the  acid 
be  omitted.  When  intended  for  copying,  5 Lj  ozs.  of  galls  is  the  quantity.  On 
the  large  scale  this  fine  ink  is  made- ov  percolation. 

GLAZE  FOR  ROAST  CUFFEE.— In  one  patented  procesa  the  roasted 
c^.Tee  is  ooitcd  with  a  prepariition  composed  of  Irish  moiia,  V^  oz.,  gelatin.  J^ 
01.,  isin^-l:i-;s,  -^  oi.,  white  su^'ar,  1  oz.,  ef.'gs,  24.  The  first  three  arc  boiled  in 
wate.'  auii  the  UiOia  strained  clear.  Anottitr  recipe  is  1  oz.  French  isinglasa 
and  4  ozs.  water,  the  mosa  mi.xed  and  molded  to  form. — AintTitun  Grocer. 

VALUE  UP  FOREIGN  COIN'S.— By  a  recent  official  statement  of  the 
Pecrefciry  of  the  U.  S.  Treasury,  the  value  oi;  foreign  coins  in  U.  S.  money  ia 
rated  as  here  shown,  and  the  values  ^.f  all  foreign  merchandise  made  out  in  any 
of  these  currenci'.s,  imported  on  or  alter  Jan.  1,  1S79,  will  be  estimated  od 
the  fuUuwlng  Loaid: 
■R  -iiriiitr!.  f^no,  w"M  nrid  silver,  19.5  cents.    |  .Tun^n.  yen.  (fold,  99.7  renta. 

T  '     -  '  r.r.l  ~ilver,  9fi.5cenui.     j  7  ■' •     Wr,  gold,  fl. 

i  I  iii.s,  gold,  54.5ceiit.s.  '  ?  -r.  silver.  $1,015. 

1  ..I  X.  A^  dollar,  gold,     ;  .!  jrir..  gold  i:  silver,  88.5 cenu. 

51.  I  ;%  -a:!.,  .  :    ..hi.  giilcl,  -^'i.  8  cents. 

E  '?"ta.  p««,  gold.  96  5  cpnts.  1  reru,  dollar.  »;lver.  fti..5  it?ntfi. 

CVntml  .\me""en.  do'lar.  silver,  9*5.5  cents.    |  iv-rtneal.  milreis  of  llKX)  rtris  gold,  fl.06. 

r  ;        ■  u   ruble   ot   100  copecka,  8ilv«r,  74.3 

].  -  .eh  Islands,  dollar,  gold,  $1. 

}  -.  ■.•1).  $4. if?.  4.     .-p:!  Q.  peseta  of  100  centimes,  bilvar,  1«.3 

!  -—T,  19.3  Cents.      I  tfnt-s. 

V  .  Uij,  gold,  34  86  !  Sweden,  crown,  gold,  26.8  cents. 

f.^.  j  bwitzrrlaml,    franc,   gold  and   silver,    19. -J 

Groece,   drachma,    gnid    and    silvCT',    19.3        ctnta. 

cents.  Tripoli,  mahab  of  35  piast«rs,  silve  .  84.4 

Serman  Empire,  mark.  gold,  ^i.^  cents.  cent-. 

l.idia.  rupee  of  lb  annaii,  silvrr,  44.4  ceata.      Turkey,  piaster,  gold,  4.3  cent*. 
Ualf ,  lira,  gold  aad  silver,  1U.3  ceuc^i  •  U.  S.  of  Columbia,  i>eiK>,  ailve^  93.S  oemtA, 


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Child  after  Delivery  ;  Period  of  Nursing  Influence  ;  Foeticide  ;  Diseases  Peculiar  to 
Women  ;  Diseases  Peculiar  to  Men  ;  Masturbation  ;  Sterility  and  Impotence ; 
Subjects  of  which  More  Might  be  Said  ;  A  Happy  Married  Life— How  Secured. 

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The  Christian  Unio.v. 

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WHY  NOT  MAKE   HONEY 

BY  USING   YOUR   BRAINS 

Instead  of  laboring  day  after  day  for  a  mere  existence  ?  It 
you  are  disposed  to  speculate  and  take  a  good  chance  of 
leaking  a  fortune  rapidly,  you  ought  to  get  a  few  ideas  from 
-•ir  n'^w  and  very  instructive  book  giving  hints  and  helps 
t^ow  to  (to  it,  entitled. 

The  Game  In  Wall  5treet, 

AND   HOW   TO   PLAY   IT  SUCCESSFULLY. 

By    •' HO'SrivEI.  ' 

A  complete  expose  of  pool  methods,  illustrated  with  chfirts 
an<l  diagrams,  showing  now  thousands  of  men  have  made 
monpv.  The  mo3t  original  and  complete  work  ever  written 
on  WiiU  Street.  Bead  the  following  extracts  selected  from 
the  mnny  excellent  personal  and  press  notices  which  the 
book  has" received : 

The  anUior  taies  th3  grotuid  thai 
trading  In  exoc^  Is  a  ^tue  In  wtUcn 
tlie  anlniaated  oalr  tafee  clianos.  Ue 
m&intainB  Uut  all  the  tending  atc>c^  on 
the  martet  are  directed  Oj  pools  who 
Inflaence  the  prices,  making  on  an  aver- 
age twx>  campaigns  each  year,  bnvicg 
the  BioctLS  seiected  when  they  are  down, 
then  caoBlng  a  boom  and  selling  out 
aystemaiicaUy  at  a  profit.  The  author 
shows  that  95  per  ct-nt.  of  the  trading 
done  on  the  stocK  exchanges  is  ?pecnla- 
dve.  and  to  prove  Instances  shows  tliar 
the  wDo'.e  or  the  common  stoci  of  the 
American  Sugar  Com)«nv  Is  bought 
and  so:d  on  the  New  York  pock  ex- 
change every  six  to  ten  da\  6  on  an  aver- 
age throaghont  the  year. 

The  aath'"'r.  while  despairing  of  l)c;ng 
able  to  dissuade  his  readers  trom  poli.g 
Into  specolation.  nndertates  to  show 
them  how  thev  can  stand  a  chiince  of 
winnlLg.  With  this  end  in  vicw,  he  re- 
vl'-As  the  movements  of  the  leading 
s'ocS  for  several  jear8,and  draws  de- 
ducnons  i-^^ircr'rr^  iTsr^Doanc  man- 
ner ia  T  opciutdd  It 
by  the                                  -.em. 

T^.e  :-  „  .  . . .  „  .. .-  if  as  much  tn- 
teresl  to  the  lay  reader  as  the  man  who 
follows  the  eXieeL— Boston  Tinges. 


Letter  from  W.  P.  Eager,  author  of 
'•  Wall  Street  St^cta  Verstia  Wall  Street 
F*Eciea.*' 

Mt  Dbab  Sir:— I  beg  to  acknowledge 
re- fipt  or  yi  ar  boot  and  I  hiive  read 
the  same  over  very  carefuiiy  and  found 
It  verr  lusrmcOve.  You  have  do  doubt 
pnbli<:^ed  one  of  the  most  exhaustive 
and  ln'ere«.jig  bxiks  on  Wall  Strett, 
To  a  would  t>e  speculator,  this  book 
iLlght  v*  worh  htmdreds  of  do.la-g  end 
tx.e  experien  €  therem  out^int-d  can  only 
be  reprrKiuced  after  many  years  of  act- 
aal  experience,  such  a^  yon  have  had. 


Ttilfl  book  glvfcain  plain  lanj^nage  the 
mifts  for  specmaimg  in  Wall  Street, 
Those  who  live  up  to  the  mies  which  the 
%uthor  gives  are  xh»  winners.— Aeu? 
Fork  ITorld. 


I  This  boo*  Is  a  comnlete  expose  of 

aool  m-Uiods,  a:;d  of  ho.--  •bo„j«and-5  of 
waenhave  made  sioEey.  nic^iy  Ul'^istrared 
rw.th  harts  and  diagriDui.  The  ir.os: 
original  and  complete  worS  ever  wrnitn 
on  W  all  Street— i^utt&trpft  FYess. 


This  book  is  a  revelation  to  the  amateur,  and  will  help 
him  to  make  a  fortune.  12mo,  10)  pases.  Handsomely  oouna 
in  cloth.  Price,  $1.00.  Sent  by  mail,  postpaid,  to  any  ad- 
dress on  receipt  of  price.    Address  all  orders  to 

J.  S.   OGILVIE  rUBLISHIXG  co:^irAXY^ 
TP,  O.  Box     767,  57  Hose  Street,  Hew  TvHt, 


BLAKELEE'S  INDUSTRIAL 

CYCLOPEDIA. 

A  Ready  Reference  and  Reservoir  of 
Useful  Information. 

In  this  book,  by  George  E.  Blakelee,  a  practical 
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explaining  clearly  the  easiest,  most  practical,  and 
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has  overlooked.  The  housewife,  too,  has  a  department  of  her  own,  where,  among 
hundreds  of  other  things,  she  Is  taught  the  mysteries  of  bleaching  and  dyeing,  the 
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It  trill  be  sent  by  mail,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price. 


Price  in  heavy 


paper  cover,  $1,00 ;  handsomely  bound  in  cloth,  $2.00. 

Address  all  orders  to 


J.  S.  OGILVIE  PUBLISHING  COMPANY, 
Lock  Box    767.  -'47  EOSE  STEEET,  NEW  YOEK. 


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IfiDUSTRiAL  FACTS 


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